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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78811 ***
+
+
+
+
+                    WAR MEDALS OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Gold Cross and Clasp
+]
+
+
+
+
+                               WAR MEDALS
+                                 OF THE
+                             BRITISH ARMY,
+                                  AND
+                           HOW THEY WERE WON.
+
+
+                                   BY
+
+                             THOMAS CARTER.
+
+          REVISED, ENLARGED, AND CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME
+
+                                   BY
+
+                              W. H. LONG,
+
+                               EDITOR OF
+
+     “_The Oglander Memoirs_,” “_Memoirs of Lady Hamilton_,” _&c._
+
+           “What is a ribbon worth to a soldier?
+           Everything!—Glory is priceless!”
+                                   _Sir E. B. Lytton, Bart._
+
+           “He wears her like her medal, hanging
+           About his neck.”—_Winter’s Tale._
+
+                                LONDON:
+                    NORIE AND WILSON, 156, MINORIES.
+                                 1893.
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE.
+
+
+When Napoleon proposed the institution of the Legion of Honour, he was
+met by the assertion that: “Crosses and ribbons were the pillars of an
+hereditary throne, and that they were unknown to the Romans, who
+conquered the world.” In his reply to this objection—after showing that
+Rome rewarded the achievements of her citizens by all kinds of
+distinctions—he added: “For the soldier, as for all men in active life,
+you must have glory and distinction; recompenses are the food which
+nourish military virtue.”
+
+For many years a similar antagonistic feeling to the granting of Medals
+to all ranks prevailed in this country, although the propriety of
+rewarding the victors of a hundred fights with some decoration was
+warmly advocated by the press, and the result eagerly expected by the
+veterans who had survived.
+
+It remained for her present Majesty the Queen to carry out the foregoing
+maxim of a great military genius, in her Army and Navy; for with the
+exception of the Medal given for Waterloo, the soldiers who won the
+fields of Assaye, Salamanca, and Vittoria, and the gallant seamen who
+conquered at St. Vincent, the Nile, and Trafalgar, remained undecorated
+till the year 1847, without even a piece of ribbon to show for the many
+actions in which they had risked their lives in the service and defence
+of their country.
+
+The following Work, besides describing the Medals, aims at giving a
+concise account of the Campaigns and Actions for which Medals and Clasps
+have been conferred, drawn from the most authentic sources; interspersed
+with notes and anecdotes of regimental and individual acts of bravery.
+The engravings have been executed from the Medals themselves, so as to
+ensure their exact representation; and it is hoped the narratives of
+“How they were won,” will be found equally trustworthy, as no pains have
+been spared to secure accuracy.
+
+The accounts of the Wars in New Zealand and South Africa, and of the
+numerous Expeditions for which the Indian General Service Medal has been
+granted, will be found in a more detailed and collected form than
+hitherto published in a single volume.
+
+The first edition of this Work, by the late Mr. T. CARTER, described the
+Medals of the British Army, and the Campaigns for which they were
+granted, to the year 1860. This part has been carefully revised, and
+alterations either of excision or addition made in almost every page.
+For the accounts of all Expeditions and Battles, and the Decorations
+given for them, from 1860 to the present date, the Editor alone is
+responsible.
+
+Descriptions of some Naval Engagements and Actions of Naval Brigades
+will also be found, as in most of the campaigns the operations of the
+two branches of the service have been so combined, that it is scarcely
+possible to describe one without the other.
+
+A complete history of the Medals of the British Navy, and how they were
+won; forming a companion volume to the present, is now in the press, and
+will be published as speedily as possible.
+
+                                                                W. H. L.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+                              CORRIGENDA.
+
+
+ Page 176.—In Note, for “colours” read “accoutrements.”
+   „ 234.—Afghanistan Medals. No. 3, “Candahar and Ghuznee,” was never
+      issued.
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                     PAGE
+ BADGES OF CHARLES I.                                                   2
+ THE DUNBAR MEDAL                                                       5
+ THE CULLODEN MEDAL                                                     6
+ THE EAST INDIA COMPANY’S MEDALS                                        7
+ THE MEDAL FOR EGYPT, 1801                                              8
+ THE INDIANS WAR MEDAL, 1799–1826                                      11
+ THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL                                                15
+ STORM OF ALLIGHUR                                                     17
+ BATTLE OF DELHI                                                       20
+ BATTLE OF ASSAYE                                                      22
+ SIEGE OF ASSEER GHUR                                                  28
+ BATTLE OF LASWARREE                                                   28
+ BATTLE OF ARGAUM                                                      31
+ SIEGE OF GAWILGHUR                                                    32
+ DEFENCE OF DELHI                                                      33
+ BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF DEIG                                            34
+ NEPAUL WAR, 1816                                                      36
+ BATTLE OF KIRKEE AND CAPTURE OF POONA                                 37
+ BATTLE OF SEETABULDEE AND CAPTURE OF NAGPORE                          38
+ BATTLE OF MAHEIDPORE                                                  39
+ DEFENCE OF CORYGAUM                                                   40
+ WAR IN AVA, 1824–26                                                   41
+ SIEGE AND STORM OF BHURTPORE                                          50
+ THE INDIAN MEDAL, 1799–1826                                           54
+ THE PENINSULA MEDAL                                                   54
+ THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN, 1801                                           59
+ BATTLE OF ALEXANDRIA                                                  63
+ THE TURKISH MEDAL FOR EGYPT                                           70
+ BATTLE OF MAIDA, 1806                                                 70
+ THE MAIDA MEDAL                                                       73
+ BATTLE OF ROLEIA AND VIMIERA                                          74
+ THE MEDAL FOR ROLEIA AND VIMIERA                                      80
+ SIR JOHN MOORE’S CAMPAIGN                                             80
+ SAHAGUN AND BENEVENTE                                                 81
+ BATTLE OF CORUNNA, 1809                                               89
+ BATTLE OF TALAVERA, 1809                                              95
+ THE TALAVERA MEDAL                                                   103
+ CAPTURE OF MARTINIQUE AND GUADALOUPE                                 105
+ BATTLE OF BUSACO, 1810                                               107
+ BATTLE OF BARROSA, 1811                                              112
+ BATTLE OF FUENTES D’ONOR                                             117
+ BATTLE OF ALBUHERA, 1811                                             124
+ THE ALBUHERA MEDAL                                                   130
+ CAPTURE OF JAVA, 1811                                                131
+ SIEGE OF CIUDAD RODRIGO, 1812                                        135
+ SIEGE OF BADAJOZ, 1812                                               138
+ BATTLE OF SALAMANCA, 1812                                            141
+ CAPTURE OF FORT DETROIT                                              144
+ BATTLE OF VITTORIA, 1813                                             147
+ ACTIONS OF THE PYRENEES                                              151
+ SIEGE OF SAN SEBASTIAN, 1813                                         158
+ THE GOLD CROSS AND CLASPS                                            161
+ ACTION OF CHATEAUGUAY                                                165
+ PASSAGE OF THE NIVELLE, 1813                                         167
+ ACTION AT CHRYSTLER’S FARM                                           169
+ PASSAGE OF THE NIVE                                                  171
+ BATTLE OF ORTHES, 1814                                               174
+ BATTLE OF TOULOUSE, 1814                                             176
+ THE CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS                                             180
+ ACTION AT QUATRE BRAS                                                181
+ ACTION OF JUNE 17TH, 1815                                            185
+ BATTLE OF WATERLOO                                                   186
+ THE WATERLOO MEDAL                                                   197
+ THE CAPE MEDAL                                                       199
+ CAMPAIGNS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1834–5                                    201
+ SECOND KAFFIR WAR, 1846–7                                            204
+ THIRD KAFFIR WAR, 1850–53                                            206
+ CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GALEKAS AND GAIKAS, 1877–78                     213
+ CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GRIQUAS, 1878                                   216
+ THE BASUTO WAR, 1879–80                                              216
+ THE ZULU WAR, 1879                                                   218
+ OPERATIONS AGAINST SEKUKUNI                                          230
+ THE AFGHANISTAN MEDALS AND STAR                                      233
+ THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR, 1839                                           235
+ CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE                                                   237
+ DEFENCE OF JELLALABAD                                                242
+ SECOND AFGHAN CAMPAIGN, 1842                                         247
+ ADVANCE ON CABOOL                                                    248
+ KANDAHAR, 1842                                                       253
+ KELAT-I-GHILZIE                                                      254
+ BATTLE OF GONINE                                                     255
+ RE-CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE                                                256
+ SECOND AFGHAN WAR, 1878–9–80                                         258
+ ALI MUSJID                                                           260
+ PEIWAR KOTUL                                                         261
+ CHARASIA                                                             264
+ CABUL, 1879                                                          268
+ AHMED KHEL                                                           272
+ MARCH TO KANDAHAR, 1880                                              274
+ THE CHINA MEDALS, 1840–60                                            278
+ THE FIRST CHINESE WAR, 1840–42                                       279
+ SECOND CHINESE WAR, 1856–60                                          286
+ ACTION OF FATSHAN CREEK                                              287
+ CAPTURE OF CANTON                                                    290
+ CAPTURE OF THE PEIHO FORTS, 1858                                     292
+ CAPTURE OF THE TAKU FORTS, 1860                                      293
+ OCCUPATION OF PEKIN                                                  295
+ THE SCINDE MEDALS, 1843                                              298
+ THE BATTLE OF MEEANEE                                                299
+ BATTLE OF HYDERABAD                                                  302
+ THE BATTLES OF MAHARAJPOOR AND PUNNIAR, 1843                         304
+ THE SUTLEJ AND PUNJAUB MEDALS                                        308
+ THE SUTLEJ CAMPAIGN, 1845–46                                         309
+ BATTLE OF MOODKEE                                                    310
+ BATTLE OF FEROZESHAH                                                 312
+ BATTLE OF ALIWAL                                                     315
+ BATTLE OF SOBRAON                                                    318
+ THE PUNJAUB CAMPAIGN, 1848–9—SIEGE OF MOOLTAN                        321
+ BATTLE OF CHILIANWALA                                                325
+ BATTLE OF GOOJERAT                                                   329
+ THE NEW ZEALAND MEDAL                                                329
+ FIRST NEW ZEALAND WAR, 1845–7                                        332
+ SECOND NEW ZEALAND WAR, 1860–66                                      338
+ THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL                                     346
+ SECOND BURMESE WAR, 1852–3                                           347
+ THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN, 1856–7                                         352
+ NORTH WEST FRONTIER EXPEDITIONS, 1849–63                             356
+ AGAINST THE AFRIDIS, 1850                                            356
+ AGAINST THE HUSSUNZIES AND BOREE AFRIDIS, 1852–3                     358
+ AGAINST THE LURRUCKZAI MOHMUNDS, &C., 1854–5                         359
+ AGAINST THE AFRIDIS AND BOZDARS                                      359
+ AGAINST THE CABUL KHAIL WUZEREES, &C., 1859                          360
+ THE UMBEYLA CAMPAIGN                                                 361
+ BHOOTAN, 1864–5–6                                                    364
+ LOOSHAI, 1871–72                                                     366
+ PERAK, 1875–76                                                       367
+ JOWAKI, 1877–8                                                       369
+ NAGA, 1875–80                                                        370
+ BURMA, 1885–87–89                                                    371
+ SIKKIM, 1888                                                         374
+ HAZARA, 1888                                                         375
+ CHIN-LUSHAI, 1889–90                                                 376
+ SAMANA, 1891                                                         377
+ THE CRIMEAN MEDAL, 1854–56                                           378
+ BATTLE OF THE ALMA                                                   380
+ SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL                                                  394
+ FIRST BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL                                      395
+ BATTLE OF BALAKLAVA                                                  398
+ SORTIE OF OCT. 26TH                                                  403
+ BATTLE OF INKERMANN                                                  404
+ SECOND BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL                                     425
+ THIRD BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL                                      431
+ FOURTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL                                     434
+ FIFTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL                                      439
+ FINAL BOMBARDMENT AND FALL OF SEBASTOPOL                             440
+ THE FRENCH MILITARY MEDAL                                            445
+ NAMES AND DEEDS OF RECIPIENTS                                        446
+ THE SARDINIAN MEDAL                                                  478
+ NAMES AND DEEDS OF RECIPIENTS                                        479
+ THE TURKISH WAR MEDAL                                                509
+ MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD                         510
+ THE VICTORIA CROSS                                                   511
+ NAMES AND DEEDS OF RECIPIENTS                                        512
+ THE INDIAN MUTINY MEDAL, 1857–58                                     545
+ SIEGE OF DELHI                                                       546
+ DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW                                                   557
+ RELIEF OF LUCKNOW                                                    568
+ CAPTURE OF LUCKNOW                                                   573
+ CAMPAIGN IN CENTRAL INDIA, 1858                                      578
+ THE ABYSSINIAN MEDAL                                                 587
+ THE ABYSSINIA EXPEDITION, 1868                                       588
+ THE ASHANTEE MEDAL                                                   594
+ THE ASHANTEE WAR, 1873–74                                            595
+ THE EGYPTIAN AND SOUDAN MEDALS                                       602
+ THE BOMBARDMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, 1882                                  604
+ BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR, 1882                                         607
+ WAR IN THE SOUDAN, BATTLE OF EL TEB                                  610
+ TAMAAI, 1884                                                         614
+ SUAKIN, 1884                                                         616
+ THE NILE, 1884–5                                                     617
+ ABU KLEA, 1885                                                       619
+ KIRBEKAN, 1885                                                       623
+ SUAKIN, 1885                                                         625
+ TOFREK, 1885                                                         628
+ GEMAIZAH, 1888                                                       631
+ TOSKI, 1889                                                          632
+ NORTH WEST CANADA MEDAL, 1885                                        634
+ INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL, 1891                                   635
+ MEDAL FOR LONG SERVICE AND GOOD CONDUCT                              636
+ MEDAL FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE                                        637
+ EAST INDIA COMPANY’S MEDAL, 1848                                     638
+ THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER                                      639
+ INDIAN ORDER OF MERIT                                                639
+ MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY MEDALS                                        640
+ REGIMENTAL MEDALS                                                    645
+ MEDALS OF THE MILITIA, YEOMANRY, AND VOLUNTEERS                      650
+
+
+                             COLOURED PLATES.
+
+ THE GOLD CROSS                                            _Frontispiece_
+ THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL AND THE GUZNEE MEDAL              to face page   11
+ THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL                                 „      „       15
+ THE PENINSULA MEDAL                                    „      „       54
+ THE TURKISH MEDAL FOR EGYPT                            „      „       70
+ THE TALAVERA MEDAL                                     „      „      103
+ THE WATERLOO MEDAL                                     „      „      197
+ THE AFGHANISTAN MEDAL                                  „      „      233
+ THE STAR FOR GENERAL ROBERTS’ MARCH                    „      „      275
+ THE MEDAL FOR FIRST CHINESE WAR AND SECOND BURMESE WAR „      „      279
+ THE SECOND JELLALABAD MEDAL, AND THE MAHARAJPOOR STAR  „      „      303
+ THE SUTLEJ AND PUNJAUB MEDALS                          „      „      308
+ THE NEW ZEALAND MEDAL                                  „      „      332
+ THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL                       „      „      346
+ THE CRIMEAN MEDAL                                      „      „      378
+ THE FRENCH WAR MEDAL                                   „      „      445
+ THE SARDINIAN MEDAL                                    „      „      477
+ THE TURKISH MEDAL                                      „      „      509
+ MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD           „      „      510
+ THE VICTORIA CROSS                                     „      „      511
+ THE INDIAN MUTINY MEDAL                                „      „      545
+ THE ABYSSINIA MEDAL                                    „      „      587
+ THE ASHANTEE MEDAL                                     „      „      594
+ THE EGYPTIAN MEDAL                                     „      „      602
+ THE KHEDIVE’S STAR                                     „      „      604
+ THE MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL, AND THE CAPE MEDAL      „      „      637
+
+
+                                WOODCUTS.
+                                                                     PAGE
+ THE DUNBAR MEDAL                                                       5
+ THE MAIDA MEDAL                                                       73
+ COIN OF ELLIS                                                        198
+ THE SOUTH AFRICAN MEDAL                                              200
+ THE GHUZNEE MEDAL, 1839                                              242
+ THE FIRST JELLALABAD MEDAL                                           246
+ THE GHUZNEE AND CABUL MEDAL                                          257
+ THE GERMANTOWN MEDAL                                                 648
+ MEDAL OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND’S SHARPSHOOTERS                      651
+
+
+
+
+                          BRITISH WAR MEDALS.
+
+
+The highest rewards in all ages and nations have invariably been
+bestowed upon deeds of valour and martial daring; and no renown has
+generally been considered equal to that honorably gained by Arms in face
+of an enemy. The most noble families are proud to trace their descent
+from some celebrated warrior, and any distinction or trophy won by him
+is usually more treasured and prized than any other dignity or mark of
+honour. The custom of striking medals to commemorate victories,
+important events, or in honour of remarkable persons or deeds, dates
+from the times of the Greeks and Romans; but only in modern times have
+medals been issued as a reward of martial services, and worn as personal
+decorations.
+
+Gold chains and medals were frequently bestowed by Princes in the XV.
+and XVI. centuries on Ambassadors, and others whom they wished to
+honour, and these marks of favor were certainly intended to be worn by
+the recipients; Queen Elizabeth[1] gave medals for naval achievements;
+but not until the next century can instances be found of such rewards
+being conferred for distinguished services in the field. Probably the
+earliest Medal in existence struck by, or for an Englishman, is a war
+medal dated 1480, of large size, and in the early Italian style. On the
+obverse is a head with “JO KENDAL RHODI. TURCUPELLARIUS,” and on the
+reverse the arms of Kendal, with the inscription “TEMPORE OBSIDIONIS
+TURCORUM, MCCCCLXXX.” The first medals given in England for Military
+services were struck by order of Charles I., by a warrant dated from the
+Court at Oxford, May 18th. 1643; to reward such soldiers as
+distinguished themselves in forlorn hopes. The warrant was issued to the
+Wardens of the Mint:—
+
+  “CHARLES R.,
+
+  “Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well: whereas we have received
+  information that those soldiers which have been forward to serve us in
+  the Forlorn-hope, are not looked upon according to their merited
+  valour and loyal service. We do therefore require, that from
+  henceforward, the Commander-in-Chief, both of Horse and Foot, which
+  lead up the Forlorn-hope, upon whom also we mean to bestow special
+  tokens of our princely favour, do signify in writing the names of
+  those soldiers whom they find most forward in serving us, their King
+  and country, that care may be taken to reward their deservings, and
+  make them specially known to all our good subjects. For which end we
+  have thought fit to require Sir William Parkhurst, Kt., and Thomas
+  Bushell, Esq., Wardens of our Mint, to provide from time to time
+  certain Badges of Silver, containing our Royal image, and that of our
+  dearest son, Prince Charles, to be delivered to wear on the breast of
+  every man who shall be certified under the hands of their
+  Commander-in-Chief to have done us faithful service in the
+  Forlorn-hope.
+
+  “And we do therefore, most straightly command, that no soldier at any
+  time do sell, nor any of our subjects presume to buy, or wear, any of
+  these said Badges, other than they to whom we shall give the same, and
+  that under such pain and punishment as our Council of War shall think
+  fit to inflict, if any shall presume to offend against this our Royal
+  command. And we further require the said Commanders and Wardens of our
+  Mint, to keep several Registers of the names of those, and of their
+  country, for whom they shall give their certificate. Given at our
+  Court at Oxford the 18th. day of May, 1643.”
+
+These Medals had the effigy of the King on one side, and of Prince
+Charles on the other.
+
+On Sunday, October 23rd., 1642, was fought the battle of Edgehill, in
+which Robert Welsh or Walsh, an Irish gentleman, who commanded a troop
+of horse, succeeded in recovering from the Parliamentary forces, the
+standard of the King’s own regiment, taken by them, and also captured
+two pieces of cannon, and a waggon belonging to the Earl of Essex. The
+following morning, the king, upon the top of Edgehill, knighted Mr.
+Walsh, who was presented to him with these trophies by Prince Rupert;
+and on the 1st. of June, 1643, a gold medal was ordered for this
+officer, the obverse to bear the royal figure and his son Prince
+Charles, the reverse to have the royal banner used in the above battle,
+to be inscribed “PER REGALE MANDATUM CAROLI REGIS HOC ASSIGNATUR ROBERTO
+WELCH MILITI.” Sir Harris Nicolas states that a copy of the warrant,
+with a drawing of the medal, which is oval, having on one side the
+effigies of the king and of Prince Charles, inscribed CAR. REX. M. B. F.
+ET H. CAR. PRINCEPS; and on the reverse the royal standard, in bend
+sinister, inscribed “PER REGALE MANDATV’ CAROLI REGIS HOC ASSIGNATUR
+ROB: WELCH MILITI,” was recorded in the College of Arms, on the 14th. of
+August, 1685. This medal was worn on the breast, as appears by the
+knight’s own narrative, printed for himself in 1679. The long parliament
+passed an act in 1649, enacting that the tenth of all prizes due to the
+Lord High Admiral, should be appropriated for medals or other rewards
+for eminent service at sea, which ordinance was repeated in the
+succeeding year.[2]
+
+After the defeat of the Scots at Dunbar, by Cromwell, on the 3rd. of
+September, 1650, the House of Commons “ordered that it be referred to
+the committee of the army, to consider what medals may be prepared for
+officers and soldiers, that were in this service in Scotland, and set
+the proportions and the values of them, and their number, and present
+the estimate of them to the House.” The house voted that the officers
+and men “which did this excellent service” should be presented with gold
+and silver medals. Simon, an eminent engraver of that day, was sent to
+Cromwell, to consult with him as to the device for this medal. Dr.
+Harris, in the appendix to his “Historical and Critical Account of
+Oliver Cromwell,” page 538, has printed an original letter of Cromwell’s
+to the parliament (then in the possession of James Lamb, Esq., of
+Fairford, in Gloucestershire, and subsequently of John Raymond Barker,
+of the same place), on Symond’s (Simon) proceeding as above stated. The
+letter is highly characteristic, and is as follows.—
+
+  “For ye Honble the Committee for the Army, these.
+
+  “Gentl.,—It was not a little wonder to me to see that you should send
+  Mr. Symonds so great a journey about a business importinge so little,
+  as far as it relates to me when, as if my poore opinion may not be
+  rejected by you, I have to offer to that wch I thinke the most noble
+  end, to witt, the commemoracon of that great mercie at Dunbar, and the
+  gratuitie to the army, wch might better be expressed upon the meddal
+  by engraving as on the one side the Parliamt, wch I heare was
+  intended, and will do singularly well; so, on the other side, an army
+  wth this inscription over the head of it, The Lord of Hosts, wch was
+  or word that day: wherefore, if I may begg it as a favor from you, I
+  most earnestly beseech you, if I may do it wth out offence, that it
+  may be soe; and if you thinke not fitt to have it as I offer, you may
+  alter it as you see cause, only I doe thinke I may truely say it will
+  be verie thankfully acknowledged by me, if you will spare the having
+  my effigies in it.
+
+  “The gentlemans paynes and trouble hither have been verie great, and I
+  shall make it my seconde suite unto you that you will please to
+  conferr upon him that imploymt in yr service wch Nicholas Briott had
+  before him; indeed, the man is ingenious and worthie of encouragemt. I
+  may not presume much, but if at my request and for my sake he may
+  obteyne this favor, I shall put it upon the accompt of my obligacons,
+  wch are not a few, and I hope shal be found readie gratefully to
+  acknowledge and to approve myself, Gentl.,
+
+                                                “Yor most reall servant,
+
+  “Edinburgh, 4th. of Feb., 1650–1.”      “O. CROMWELL.”
+
+Cromwell’s modesty was over-ruled, and the medal bears his bust. On the
+obverse is the head of Cromwell, profile; under the shoulder, Tho: Simon
+F.; the motto about the head, WORD AT DUNBAR,—THE LORD OF HOSTS,—SEPTEM
+YE 3, 1650; behind the head a prospect of the battle. The reverse has
+the House of Commons sitting, as represented on the Parliament Great
+Seal, 1648, and also on that of the Commonwealth, 1651. It is remarkable
+also for Cromwell’s likeness when Lieutenant-General. This is engraved
+in “The Medallick History of England,” and in “Simon’s Medals and
+Coins.” The Dunbar Medal is of two sizes,[3] and is the first given
+generally to officers and men, as is the present practice, and no
+instance occurred of a general distribution of medals by the Sovereign’s
+command until that for Waterloo was authorised.[4]
+
+[Illustration: Illustration with two oval panels connected side-by-side.
+Left panel shows a profile portrait labeled “The Lord of Hosts,”
+identified as Oliver Cromwell, with the date September 1650. Right panel
+shows a large parliamentary or assembly hall filled with seated figures
+facing a central speaker.]
+
+In the two works immediately referred to there are engravings of several
+medals, probably worn by officers and soldiers as honorary badges; some
+contain the effigy of King Charles the First or Prince Rupert, or Sir
+Thomas Fairfax or his son, or the Earls of Essex, Manchester, or
+Dumferline, General Rossiter, or of other Parliamentary commanders; on
+the reverse were their names or arms, or a representation of the
+Parliament, or the words MERUISTI, or PRO RELIGIONE LEGE ET PARLIAMENTO,
+or FOR KING AND PARLIAMENT. It now seems impossible to discover the
+precise history of these medals. The victory of Naseby, on the 14th. of
+June, 1645, was commemorated by a silver-gilt medal, with a ring: on one
+side was the effigy of Sir Thomas Fairfax, inscribed, THO: FAIRFAX MILES
+MILIT. PARL. DUX. GEN.; the reverse bore MERUISTI, within a circle, and
+POST HÆC MELIORA, 1645. The Parliamentary medal, which was distinct from
+the naval medal, before adverted to, cannot be described with certainty;
+but it is supposed to have had the effigies of the victorious generals
+on one side, and the Parliament on the other. It appears to have been
+instituted soon after that for Dunbar, as the House of Commons conferred
+it on Colonel Mackworth, by resolution dated the 27th. of August, 1651,
+with a chain of gold to the value of one hundred pounds. This officer
+was governor of Shrewsbury, and his service consisted in refusing to
+surrender the castle and garrison when summoned by the forces of the
+royalists.
+
+With these exceptions the medals of the Commonwealth era appear to have
+been given for naval services against the Dutch, such distinctions being
+granted to Generals Blake and Monk, Vice-Admiral Penn, and Rear-Admiral
+Lawson, and certain officers of the fleet. Blake’s medal for the victory
+over the Dutch fleet off the Texel, in 1653, was purchased by William
+the Fourth for one hundred and fifty guineas. At this period the
+position of these officers was scarcely defined, for at times they
+appear to have fought on land as well as at sea.[5]
+
+The medals of succeeding reigns appear to have been confined to naval
+services: although medals were struck in commemoration of the victories
+of the great Duke of Marlborough, it is certain that they were not worn
+by either officers or soldiers.
+
+After the battle of Culloden, on the 16th. of April, 1746, a gold medal
+was struck, having on the obverse, the head of the Duke of Cumberland;
+the reverse had a figure of Apollo, and a dragon pierced by an arrow,
+inscribed, ACTUM EST ILICET PERIT, and in the exergue, PRÆL. Colod. AP.
+xvi., MDCCXLVI. This medal was given to officers who commanded regiments
+at the battle, and was worn round the neck by a crimson ribbon with a
+green border.
+
+The medals granted by the HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY[6] are next in
+order of time.
+
+A medal was issued to Officers and men, by the East India Company, for
+the Campaigns in the Deccan, against Hyder Ali and his son Tippoo Sahib,
+1780–84. This medal was granted by an order in Council, January 19th.,
+1784, and was in gold, silver, and inferior metal. Obverse, Britannia,
+seated upon a trophy of Arms, holding a wreath in her outstretched hand
+towards a fortress in the distance. Reverse, an inscription in Persian,
+which may thus be translated: “The courage and exertions of those
+valiant men by whom the name of Englishmen has been celebrated and
+exalted from Hindostan to the Deccan, having been established throughout
+the world, this has been granted by the Government of Calcutta, in
+commemoration of the excellent services of the brave. Year of the
+Hegira, 1199,” _i.e._, 1784. Within a circle is the following legend,
+also in Persian: “As coins are current in the world, so shall the
+bravery and exploits of those heroes by whom the names of the victorious
+English nation was carried from Bengal to the Deccan.” Suspended from a
+yellow cord.
+
+In 1793, June 4th., by an order in Council, the East India Company
+granted a medal to the Officers and men under Lord Cornwallis, General
+Meadows, and General Abercromby, engaged in the war in Mysore, 1791–92,
+against Tippoo Sahib. The medal was issued in gold, silver, etc., as the
+Deccan Medal. Obverse, a Sepoy in the Military costume of the time,
+holding the British flag in his right hand, in his left the Mysore
+banner reversed, in the background a view of Seringapatam. Reverse,
+within a wreath, “For services in the Mysore, 1791–1792”; surrounded by
+a Persian inscription, “A token of the bravery of the troops of the
+English Government in the war in the Mysore, in the year of the Hegira,
+1205–1206.”
+
+There were two sizes of this medal in silver, and it was worn suspended
+from a yellow silk cord.
+
+One of the most dashing exploits in the war of Mysore was the capture of
+Bangalore, the second city in the dominions of Tippoo. It was enclosed
+by a high wall and a deep ditch, and the gate was covered by a close
+thicket of Indian thorns. The attack was made without any examination of
+the ground, and the troops in advancing and endeavouring to force an
+entrance, were exposed to a destructive fire of musketry. Colonel
+Moorhouse, one of the best officers in the service, fell mortally
+wounded. At length Lieutenant Ayre, a man of diminutive stature,
+succeeded in forcing his way through the shattered gate; which gallant
+action, being observed by General Meadows, he shouted to the stormers,
+“Well done! now whiskers, try if you can follow and support the little
+gentleman.” This animated appeal succeeded, the troops rushed through
+the gate into the town, and drove out the enemy at the point of the
+bayonet.
+
+By an order in Council, Fort William, May 15th. 1807, a medal was
+granted to the troops engaged in the capture of Ceylon from the Dutch,
+1795–96. Obverse, “For services in the Island of Ceylon, A.D. 1795–96.”
+Reverse, an inscription in Persian, “This medal was given by way of
+acknowledgement of services in Ceylon, in the year of the Hegira,
+1209–1210,” suspended from a yellow silk cord. (_Seringapatam Medal, see
+post_).
+
+A medal for services in Egypt was granted by general order, July 31st.,
+1802. In 1801, General Sir David Baird was dispatched from India in
+command of a force of 2,800 British troops, 2,000 Sepoys, and 400 picked
+artillerymen, to Egypt, to join the army under Sir Ralph Abercromby,
+landed them from England, to act against the French. Sir David was
+joined on the 17th. of May, at Jeddah, in the Red Sea, by an expedition
+from the Cape of Good Hope, consisting of the 61st. Regiment, some light
+cavalry and artillery, and on June 8th. landed at Cossier. (_See
+Egyptian Campaign, post_). Obverse, a Sepoy holding a Union Jack in his
+right hand, in rear, a camp, with an inscription in Persian: “This medal
+has been presented in commemoration of the defeat of the French armies
+in the Kingdom of Egypt, by the bravery and ability of the victorious
+army of England.” Reverse, a ship in full sail, with the Union Jack
+flying; pyramids and obelisk in the back ground. In the exergue, the
+date, 1801. Worn as the preceding.
+
+In 1850 a clasp was added to this medal, which was sanctioned by the
+Queen in 1848.
+
+In July, 1810, a small Anglo-Indian force, under the command of Colonel
+Keating, with a squadron of ships of the Royal Navy, under Commodore
+Rowley, captured the Isle of Bourbon from the French.
+
+On the 29th. of November of the same year, an army of about 10,000 men
+from India, commanded by General J. Abercromby, assisted by a squadron
+of ships, under the command of Vice-Admiral Bertie, landed in the Isle
+of France, and after a smart action, in which the French were defeated,
+General Decaen, the French Governor, proposed terms of capitulation, and
+on December 3rd., surrendered the Island to Great Britain. Two hundred
+and nine pieces of heavy ordnance, with ample stores of ammunition, five
+French frigates, and a corvette, with twenty-four merchant ships, were
+captured. From that time, the Isle of France, henceforth known by its
+older name of Mauritius, has remained a dependency of the British crown.
+
+For these services a medal was granted, by general order, dated, Fort
+William, September 10th., 1811. Obverse, a Sepoy holding the Union Jack,
+trampling on the French colours and Eagle; by his side a gun; in the
+back ground, ships at anchor. Reverse, within a wreath a Persian
+inscription: “This medal was conferred in commemoration of the bravery
+and accustomed fidelity exhibited by the Sepoys of the English company
+in the capture of the Mauritius Islands, in the year of the Hegira,
+1223.” Round the wreath, “RODRIGUES, 6th. July, MDCCCIX. BOURBON, 8th.
+July, and ISLE OF FRANCE, 3rd. December, MDCCCX.” The medal is worn as
+the preceding.
+
+Her Majesty’s 69th. and 86th. Regiments were engaged in this service.
+
+By a general order, February 11th., 1812, a medal was conferred on the
+troops, numbering about 12,000, engaged in the reduction of Java, under
+the command of General Sir S. Auchmuty. (_See capture of Java, post_).
+Obverse, Sepoys carrying Fort Cornelis; on the flag-staff is the British
+flag over the Dutch, above, the word CORNELIS. Reverse, a Persian
+inscription: “This medal was given in commemoration of the valour and
+courage displayed by the Sepoys of the East India Company, in the
+capture of Java, in the year of the Hegira, 1228.” The legend is in
+English, “Java, conquered, 26th. August, MDCCCXI.” Worn as the
+preceding.
+
+Her Majesty’s 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. Regiments of foot
+were present at the capture of Java.
+
+A medal was granted by general order, March 20th., 1816, for the two
+campaigns in Nepaul, 1814–16, under Generals Marley, Wood, Gillespie
+(who was killed), and Ochterlony. Obverse, troops marching across hills
+crowned with stockades; on the left, a field gun. Reverse, inscription
+in Persian: “This medal was given by the Nawab Governor-General Bahadur,
+in testimony of the energy, good service, skill, and intrepidity which
+were displayed during the campaigns on the hills, in the year of the
+Hegira, 1229–1230.”
+
+Worn as the preceding. A clasp for Nepaul was granted with the “Army of
+India” Medal in 1851. (_See War in Nepaul, post_).
+
+In 1826, April 22nd., a medal was granted for the first Burmese War,
+1824–26, troops commanded by Sir Archibald Campbell and General
+Morrison. Obverse, the white Elephant of Burmah crouching to the British
+Lion; the Burmese colours lowered to the Union Jack, palm-trees in the
+back ground. A Persian inscription: “The Elephant Ava submitting to the
+British Lion, 1826.” Reverse, a storming party advancing towards the
+Great Pagoda of Rangoon, a steam-boat and boats on the river Irrawaddy;
+Sir A. Campbell directing the movement in the foreground, under a
+palm-tree. An inscription in Persian: “The Standard of the victorious
+army of England in Ava.” This medal is by Wyon, and worn with a crimson
+ribbon with blue edge. A clasp for “Ava,” was given with the “Army of
+India” Medal in 1851. (_See War in Ava, post_).
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Indian War Medal.—1799–1826
+
+  The Ghuznee Medal.—1830
+]
+
+
+
+
+                         THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL.
+                               1799–1826.
+
+
+On the 21st. of March, 1851, a General Order was issued, announcing that
+The Queen had been pleased to signify her assent to a measure that had
+been proposed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, of
+granting a medal to the surviving officers and soldiers of the Crown,
+who were engaged in the following services in India:—Storm of Allighur,
+September 4th., 1803; Battle of Delhi, September 11th., 1803; Battle of
+Assaye, September 23rd., 1803; Siege of Asseer Ghur, October 21st.,
+1803; Battle of Lawsarree, November 1st., 1803; Battle of Argaum,
+November 29th., 1803; Siege and Storm of Gawilghur, December 15th.,
+1803; Defence of Delhi, October, 1804; Battle of Deig, November 13th.,
+1804; Capture of Deig, December 23rd., 1804; War in Nepaul in 1816;
+Battle of Kirkee, and Battle and Capture of Poona, November, 1817;
+Battle of Seetabuldee, and Battle and Capture of Nagpoor, November and
+December, 1817; Battle of Maheidpore, December 21st., 1817; Defence of
+Corygaum, January 1st., 1818; War in Ava, 1824 to 1826; and Siege and
+Capture of Bhurtpore, January, 1826.
+
+The mode of application was similar to that specified in the General
+Order granting the War Medal, (_see War or Peninsula Medal, post_,) but
+the concluding paragraph announced that, “It having, moreover, been
+represented to Her Majesty, that the officers and soldiers of the Crown,
+who were engaged in the Mysore war, and at the Siege of Seringapatam had
+already received medals from the East India Company for those services,
+Her Majesty has further been graciously pleased to permit the same to be
+worn by them with their uniforms.”
+
+Following the order of date, the first service is
+
+
+
+
+               THE MYSORE WAR AND SIEGE OF SERINGAPATAM.
+                         FEBRUARY TO MAY, 1799.
+
+
+Although the reduction of the power and resources of Tippoo Sahib,
+effected by the treaty of Seringapatam, which terminated the campaign of
+1792, had weakened his influence, yet it had not extinguished his
+intense hatred of the British. The Sultan had entered into a negotiation
+with the Governor of the Isle of France, in 1798, and sent an embassy to
+Zemaun Shah, Sovereign of Cabool, for the purpose of inducing him to
+attack the possessions of the Company. Having also derived encouragement
+from the successes of the French arms in Egypt, from which country the
+Directory intended to act against the British dominions in India, Tippoo
+commenced augmenting his military force, and his hostile designs became
+every day more apparent. The Governor-General the Earl of Mornington
+(afterwards Marquis of Wellesley) perceiving a rupture inevitable,
+resolved to anticipate the attack, and ordered the army to take the
+field, and march into the heart of Tippoo’s territory.
+
+Major-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, who was serving with the
+local rank of Lieutenant-General, in conformity to these orders,
+advanced with the army under his command on the 11th. of February, 1799,
+and entered the Mysore territory on the 5th. of March. On the 27th. the
+troops arrived at Mallavelly, and on approaching the ground of
+encampment the forces of Tippoo were seen drawn up on a height a few
+miles off. The enemy attacked the advanced pickets, and a general action
+ensued, in which the 33rd. regiment highly distinguished itself. A body
+of two thousand men moved forward in the best order towards the
+regiment, which, firmly standing its ground, coolly reserved its fire
+until within a distance of about sixty yards, and then led by its
+Lieutenant-Colonel, the Honourable Arthur Wellesley, in person, boldly
+advanced, and charging with the bayonet, compelled the approaching
+column to give way. This movement being seconded by Major-General Floyd,
+who made a rapid charge with the cavalry, completed the disorder, and
+the enemy retreated before the whole of the British line, which
+immediately moved forward.
+
+While this attack was being made by the left wing, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Arthur Wellesley, with the Nizam’s
+contingent, the 33rd., and Major-General Floyd’s cavalry,
+Lieutenant-General Harris with the troops, which formed the right wing,
+had been also engaged.[7]
+
+In this affair Tippoo sustained a loss of nearly two thousand, including
+some of his most valuable officers; whilst the British casualties
+amounted to only sixty-six men.
+
+On the following morning the army advanced, and arrived before
+Seringapatam on the 5th. of April, when preparations for the siege were
+at once commenced.
+
+An attack was made on an entrenchment of the enemy about six o’clock in
+the evening of the 20th. of April, in which the flank companies of the
+12th. and 73rd. regiments were employed. This was successful, and
+although the enemy had two hundred and fifty men killed and wounded, and
+the entrenchment was occupied by about eighteen hundred of Tippoo’s
+infantry, the British had but one man wounded.
+
+The siege was prosecuted with vigour, and a breach being reported
+practicable on the 3rd. of May, the assault was ordered to take place in
+the heat of the following day, as the besieged would then be the least
+prepared to oppose the attack. On this service were employed the ten
+flank companies of the European corps necessarily left to guard the
+camp, and outposts, followed by the 12th., 33rd., 73rd., and 74th.
+regiments, three corps of grenadier Sepoys, two hundred of the Nizam’s
+troops, a hundred of the artillery, and the corps of pioneers, the whole
+under the orders of Major-General (afterwards Sir David) Baird. The
+assault took place about half-past one o’clock in the afternoon of the
+4th. of May, and in a short space of time the British colours waved over
+the fortress.[8] The Major-General had divided his force for the purpose
+of clearing the ramparts to the right and left; one division was
+commanded by Colonel Sherbrooke, and the other by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Dunlop; the latter was wounded, but both corps, although strongly
+opposed, were completely successful. The spirited attack, led by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the 74th. Highlanders, was particularly
+mentioned in general orders, in which all the officers and men were
+thanked for this memorable achievement. The body of Tippoo Sultan was
+found among heaps of slain, and was afterwards interred in the
+magnificent mausoleum which he had erected over the tomb of his father,
+the once powerful Hyder Ali, a portion of the victorious troops
+attending the ceremony.
+
+In this manner terminated the siege of Seringapatam, and the fall of the
+capital placed the kingdom of Mysore at the disposal of the British
+government, and destroyed a power in India which had proved itself a
+formidable enemy.
+
+The following regiments were engaged in the storming and capture of
+Seringapatam on the 4th. of May, 1799; namely, the 19th. and 22nd. (late
+25th.) Light Dragoons, (both since disbanded;) the 12th., 33rd., 73rd.,
+74th., 75th., 77th. regiments, the Scots Brigade, afterwards the
+94th.[9] regiment, and the 103rd.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL.—1799.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                   THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL,[10] 1799.
+
+
+This medal was distributed to officers and soldiers—European and
+Native—on one side of it is represented the storming of the breach of
+Seringapatam, from an actual drawing on the spot, with the meridian sun,
+denoting the time of the storm, and the following inscription in Persian
+underneath:—“The Fort of Seringapatam, the gift of God, the 4th. May,
+1799.” On the reverse side is the British Lion subduing the Tiger, the
+emblem of the late Tippoo Sultan’s Government, with the period when it
+was effected, and the following words in Arabic on the banner:—“ASSUD
+OTTA-UL GHAULIB,” signifying the Lion of God is the Conqueror, or the
+Conquering Lion of God.
+
+Of these medals gold ones were struck for His Majesty, the Right
+Honourable Lord Melville, the Governor-General of India at the time, the
+Marquis Cornwallis, the Nizam and his two ministers, the Peishwah and
+his minister, the Nabobs of Arcot and Oude, and the Rajahs of Tanjore,
+Travancore, Mysore, Coorga, and Berar, Dowlut Rao Scindiah, the
+Commander-in-Chief, general officers on the staff employed in the
+Service, and for the Oriental Museum.
+
+Silver-gilt medals were struck for the members of council at the three
+Presidencies, the Residents of Hydrabad and Poonah, the field officers,
+and the general staff on the service. Silver for the captains and
+subalterns, copper-bronzed for the non-commissioned officers, and pure
+grain tin for the privates.
+
+The European officers of the Company’s service received permission in
+August, 1815, to wear the Seringapatam Medal. On the 16th. of that month
+the following representation was made to the Right Honourable the Earl
+of Buckinghamshire:—
+
+  “MY LORD,
+
+                          “Medals having been struck by the Court of
+  Directors, with the approbation and concurrence of His Majesty’s
+  Ministers, in commemoration of the storming of Seringapatam, and of
+  the other splendid successes of the British Army in Mysore, in 1799;
+  to be executed by an eminent artist, and distributed to the officers
+  and soldiers, both of His Majesty’s, and of the Company’s troops, who
+  served in that brilliant and decisive campaign.
+
+  “The European officers of the Company’s Service have represented to us
+  that highly as they have been gratified with the receipt of those
+  honourable bestowments, they experienced considerable mortification in
+  not feeling themselves at liberty to wear them on great public
+  occasions, such as being presented at Court, and at the Military
+  Levees of His Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+  “This sentiment necessarily strikes them with peculiar force at the
+  present period, when all the officers of Europe, who have
+  distinguished themselves in the service of their several Sovereigns,
+  appear upon all public occasions, decorated with the honourable badges
+  of their services and glory.
+
+  “We therefore intreat your Lordship to transmit these circumstances to
+  His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent, and to solicit his gracious
+  permission, that the medals granted by the East India Company, upon
+  the occasion of the capture of Seringapatam by storm on the 4th. of
+  May, 1799, and the other splendid successes of the British Army in
+  Mysore in that year, may be worn by the officers, who have received
+  them, in such manner, and at such times as to His Highness may appear
+  proper.
+
+                                                 “We have etc.,
+                                                         “CHARLES GRANT.
+                                                         “THOMAS READ.”
+
+This request was complied with in a letter, dated Whitehall, 29th.
+August, 1815, of which the accompanying is an extract:—
+
+  “Gentlemen,
+
+                          “His Royal Highness has been pleased to grant
+  his gracious permission that such officers may wear their medals in
+  any part of His Majesty’s dominions.
+
+           “To the Chairman and      (Signed) BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.”
+           Deputy-Chairman.”
+
+
+
+
+                           STORM OF ALLIGHUR.
+                         4TH. SEPTEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+This service occurred during the Mahratta war. The empire of the
+Mahrattas, of which Sevajee was the founder, had become a confederacy of
+five chieftains, the Peishwah, Scindiah, Holkar, the Rajah of Berar, and
+the Guicowar; each of whom, although acknowledging a kind of fealty to
+the descendant of Sevajee, was independent of the other. The Peishwah,
+who was regarded as the nominal head of the confederation, was
+considered only as an instrument in the hands of the strongest. Dowlut
+Rao Scindiah, who ruled over Malwa and Candeish, had acquired an
+absolute control in the councils of Bajee Rao, the Peishwah, and was
+regarded with great jealousy by his rival Holkar. Both these chieftains
+had armies officered by Europeans, principally Frenchmen. Holkar
+suddenly crossed the Nerbudda, marched on Poonah, and having defeated
+the united troops of Scindiah and the Peishwah, the latter placed
+himself under the protection of the British, and after his restoration
+in May, 1803, it was ascertained that Scindiah was in négociation with
+Holkar and the Berar Rajah, with a view to subvert the British alliance
+with the Peishwah. After the evasions and procrastinations inseparable
+from oriental diplomacy, hostilities commenced, Major-General the
+Honourable Arthur Wellesley being appointed to the chief command of the
+British and allied troops in the territories of the Peishwah, of the
+Nizam, and of any Mahratta state; subject alone to the orders of General
+Stuart and General Lake, the Commander-in-Chief in India.
+
+General Lake was instructed to conquer the whole of Scindiah’s territory
+between the Jumna and the Ganges, to seize upon Delhi and Agra, and to
+destroy the army commanded by General Perron, a French officer. On the
+7th. of August, 1803, the troops advanced from Cawnpore, and entered the
+Mahratta territory on the morning of the 29th. of that month. Perron
+occupied a strong position, with about fifteen thousand men, in the
+vicinity of Coel. General Lake resolved to turn his left flank, against
+which he advanced, but the enemy retired after firing a few rounds,
+without venturing a regular engagement; the rapidity of his flight
+rendering the several attempts made to charge him quite ineffectual.
+After this affair, Perron took up a position between the town of Coel
+and the fortress of Allighur, and every effort to induce the governor to
+surrender proving unsuccessful, the necessary arrangements were made for
+the assault of the fort.
+
+Allighur was a place of considerable strength, the country being
+levelled around and open to its fire in every direction. It was provided
+with a broad ditch and a fine glacis, and had only one entrance, which
+was very intricate, and over a narrow causeway. On the 4th. of
+September, a storming party, consisting of four companies of the 76th.,
+with two battalions and four companies of native infantry, was placed
+under the orders of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Monson. At
+half-past four o’clock in the morning it had advanced within a few
+hundred yards of the place before being discovered; when, a tremendous
+fire being opened, the colonel rushed forward with the flank companies
+of the regiment, in the hope of being able to enter the main gateway
+with a fugitive guard which had been stationed in a breastwork outside
+the place. In this he was disappointed, and, as the enemy’s cross fire
+was very severe, Major Macleod, and two grenadiers of the regiment,
+endeavoured to scale the wall, but encountered such a powerful phalanx
+of pikemen that they were compelled to fall back. A gun was with some
+difficulty placed opposite to the gate, which, after a few discharges,
+was blown open. During these operations the party for twenty minutes was
+exposed to a raking fire of grape, wall pieces, and matchlocks. Colonel
+Monson was severely wounded by a pike discharged from a gun, and the
+adjutant and four officers of grenadiers were killed.
+
+After clearing the first gate, a long and intricate passage conducted
+the troops, in the midst of a heavy cross fire, through a second and
+third gateway, which were easily forced, to a fourth, that led
+immediately into the body of the place. With great difficulty the gun
+was brought up, but the gate could not be blown open. At last the
+grenadiers, with Major Macleod at their head, succeeded in pushing
+through the wicket, and mounted the ramparts, after which but little
+opposition was offered by the Mahrattas, who for the space of an hour
+had made a most vigorous defence. They lost about two thousand men,
+while the casualties of the assailants were likewise severe.
+
+As Allighur was the chief residence and principal depôt of General
+Perron, a large quantity of ordnance and military stores were captured,
+and several carriages were found laden with treasure, which the victors
+divided amongst themselves on the spot. A few days after the fall of
+this fortress, General Perron withdrew from the Mahratta service; his
+popularity amongst the natives had excited the jealousy of Scindiah,
+whose conduct would have palliated a severe retaliation; but the
+high-minded Frenchman, disdaining an unworthy action, resigned the
+command under circumstances most honourable to his personal character.
+
+The 76th. may feel proud of the praise which was bestowed upon the
+regiment and its officers by the Governor-General for their
+gallantry.[11]
+
+
+
+
+                            BATTLE OF DELHI.
+                         11TH. SEPTEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+Although General Perron had been permitted to enter the British
+territories, the troops which he had commanded still remained under
+other officers. Having left a sufficient force at Allighur, the British
+proceeded towards Delhi on the 7th. of September. After a fatiguing
+march of eighteen miles, and when, on the 11th. of that month, they had
+arrived within two leagues of the city, information was received that M.
+Louis Bourquin, another French officer in command of Scindiah’s army,
+had crossed the Jumna with a numerous force, in order to attack General
+Lake. This intelligence was quickly confirmed by an attack upon the
+outlying pickets which had just been posted.
+
+The British commander immediately proceeded with the whole of his
+cavalry to reconnoitre the enemy, and found them drawn up in order of
+battle on a rising ground, their flanks resting on a morass, while the
+front was defended by a line of entrenchments and a formidable
+artillery. As it was considered impossible to make any impression upon
+so excellent a position by a direct attack, stratagem was employed to
+induce them to quit it. The cavalry, which had proceeded considerably in
+advance, were directed to fall back before the Mahrattas, and afterwards
+to form behind the right wing of the infantry. This manœuvre was
+completely successful; the cavalry retired, while the infantry were
+quickly formed, and advanced in line, under a tremendous cannonade of
+round, grape, and chain shot. Nothing could exceed the steadiness of the
+troops; no man took his musket from his shoulder until arrived within a
+proper distance of the enemy. A volley was fired, and General Lake,
+placing himself at the head of the 76th. the whole line rushed forward
+to the charge with an impetuosity which it was impossible to withstand.
+Thrown into confusion, the Mahrattas fled in the utmost consternation,
+while the cavalry, dashing forward, completed the work which their
+irresistible companions had so well commenced. Bourquin was the first
+man to leave the field, and he surrendered, with five other foreign
+officers, three days after to his conqueror.
+
+By this splendid victory, sixty-eight pieces of cannon, two tumbrils
+laden with treasure, and thirty-seven with ammunition, fell into the
+hands of the conquerors. The loss of the enemy was estimated at three
+thousand men out of thirteen thousand infantry (nearly all regular
+troops), and six thousand cavalry, which had been brought into the
+field. Of the British, who had four thousand engaged, four hundred and
+eighty-five were killed, wounded, and missing. The 76th., the only
+King’s regiment at Allighur, Delhi, or at the subsequent battle at
+Laswarree, had two sergeants and thirty-one rank and file killed;
+Lieutenant Alexander Macdonald, one sergeant, and ninety-six rank and
+file were wounded.
+
+Delhi was entered without opposition, and the venerable and blind
+emperor, Shah Aulum, the nominal sovereign of Hindostan, who had been
+for years in the hands of the Mahrattas, was restored to his throne.
+
+In testimony of the gallantry of the troops under General Lake, the
+Governor-General in council ordered honorary colours, with a suitable
+device, commemorative of the reduction of Allighur and the battle of
+Delhi, to be presented to all. Those granted[12] to the 27th. Dragoons
+(since disbanded) and the 76th. Regiment, were to be used by these corps
+while they continued in India, or until His Majesty’s pleasure should be
+signified.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF ASSAYE.
+                         23RD. SEPTEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+This was the battle which gained a name for the illustrious Duke of
+Wellington, and it is commemorated on the colours of the 74th. and 78th.
+regiments. On the 21st. of September, Major-General the Honourable
+Arthur Wellesley had a conference with Colonel Stevenson, and a plan was
+concerted to attack the enemy’s army with the divisions under their
+command on the 24th. This intention was not carried out, as
+circumstances occurred which determined the former to attack without
+waiting for the junction of the troops.
+
+On the 23rd. of September, while on the march, it was discovered that
+the enemy was much nearer than was imagined; whereupon Major-General
+Wellesley immediately determined to move in advance to reconnoitre them,
+and if convenient bring them to action. He ordered the cavalry to mount,
+and went on with them for this purpose; the infantry, except the rear
+battalion (1st. of the 2nd. Native Infantry), received directions to
+follow by the right. The second of the 12th. to join the left brigade to
+equalize the two; the first of the second to cover the baggage on the
+ground marked for the camp, and to be joined by the rear-guard on its
+arrival, and four brass light twelve-pounders to be sent to the heads of
+the line.
+
+These dispositions did not occasion ten minutes’ halt to the column of
+infantry, but the cavalry moving in front with the Major-General, came
+first in sight of the enemy’s position, from a rising ground to the left
+of the road, and within cannon-shot of the right of their encampment,
+which lay along one of the banks of the River Kaitna, a stream of no
+magnitude, but with steep sides and a very deep channel, so as not to be
+passable except in particular places, mostly near villages. Along their
+rear ran a similar stream (the Jooee Nullah), which fell into the Kaitna
+half a mile beyond their left. Scindiah’s irregular cavalry formed their
+right, and the Berar troops their left. These were composed of seventeen
+battalions, amounting to about ten thousand five hundred men, formed
+into three brigades, each of which had a corps of cavalry of a better
+kind than the rest, and a body of skilled marksmen; and the artillery
+amounted to about one hundred and two pieces, or perhaps a few more.
+
+The infantry were dressed, armed, and accoutred like the Sepoys; they
+were remarkably fine men, and in a high state of discipline. Although
+the English officers had left them, there was a number of French and
+other European officers both with the infantry and artillery. The guns
+were served by Golundaze, exactly like those of the Bengal service,
+which had been some time before disbanded, and were probably the same
+men. It was soon, however, found that they were extremely well trained,
+and that their fire was both as quick and as well-directed as could be
+produced by the Company’s artillerymen. What the total number of the
+enemy was cannot be ascertained, or even guessed at with any degree of
+accuracy, but it is certainly calculated very low at thirty thousand
+men, including the light troops who were out on a plundering excursion
+(and were those which had marched in the morning), but they returned
+towards the close of the action.
+
+The force of Major-General Wellesley’s army in action was nearly four
+thousand seven hundred men, of whom about one thousand five hundred were
+Europeans, including artillery with twenty-six field pieces, of which
+only four twelve and eight six-pounders were fired during the action;
+the remainder being the guns of the cavalry and of the second line,
+could not be used.
+
+On the Major-General approaching the enemy for the purpose of
+reconnoitring, they commenced a cannonade, the first gun of which was
+fired at twenty minutes past one p.m., and killed one of his escort. He
+then resolved to attack their left, in order to turn it, and ordered the
+infantry column to move in that direction, while some of his staff
+looked out for a ford, to enable his troops to cross the Kaitna and
+execute this movement. All this march being performed considerably
+within the reach of the enemy’s cannon, the fire increased fast, and by
+the time the head of the column reached the ford, about a short
+half-mile beyond their left flank, it was tremendously heavy, and had
+already destroyed numbers.
+
+During this movement the first line of the enemy’s infantry changed
+their front to the left, and formed with their left on Assaye, a village
+on the Jooee, near the left of their second line, which did not change
+position, the right of their first line resting on the Kaitna, where the
+left had been. They brought up many guns from their reserve, and the
+second line to the first.
+
+Being obliged to cross the ford in one column by sections, the British
+were long exposed to the cannonade. The first line formed nearly
+parallel to that of the enemy, at about five hundred yards distance,
+having marched down the alignment to its ground. The second line rather
+outflanked the first to the right, as did the third (composed of the
+cavalry) the second. The left of the first line was opposite the right
+of the enemy’s. During this formation their artillery fired round shot
+with great precision and rapidity, the same shot often striking the
+three lines. It was answered by the guns of the first line of the
+British with great spirit and coolness, but the number of gun bullocks
+killed soon put the advance of the artillery (except by men) out of the
+question.
+
+The British lines were formed from right to left as follows:—First line;
+pickets, four twelve-pounders, one battalion of the 8th. and one of the
+10th. Native Infantry, and the 78th. regiment. Second line; 74th.
+regiment, and the second battalion of the 12th. and the 1st. of the 4th.
+Native Infantry. Third line; 4th. Native Cavalry, 19th. Light Dragoons,
+5th. and 7th. Native Cavalry. Major-General the Honourable Arthur
+Wellesley named the picket as the battalion of direction, and ordered
+that the line should advance as quickly as possible, consistent with
+order, and charge with the bayonet, without firing a shot.
+
+At fifteen minutes before three the word was given for the line to
+advance, and was received by Europeans and natives with a cheer. Almost
+immediately, however, it was discovered that the battalion of direction
+was not moving forward as intended, and the first line received the word
+to halt. This was a critical moment; the troops had reached the ridge of
+a little swell in the ground that had somewhat sheltered them,
+particularly on the left, and the enemy, supposing them staggered by the
+fire, redoubled their efforts, firing a number of chain shot with great
+effect. Dreading the consequences of this check to the ardour of the
+troops, the Major-General rode up to one of the native corps of the
+first line, and, taking off his hat, cheered them on in their own
+language, repeating the words “to march.” Again the soldiers received
+the order with loud cheers, and the three left battalions of the first
+line, followed by the first battalion of the 4th., advanced in quick
+time, and with the greatest coolness, order, and determination upon
+their opponents.
+
+On coming within about one hundred and fifty yards, the 78th. withdrew
+its advanced centre sergeant, and the men were cautioned to be ready to
+charge. Soon after the battalion opposed to them fired a volley, and
+about the same time some Europeans were observed to mount their horses
+and ride off. The 78th. instantly ported arms, cheered, and redoubled
+its pace, when the enemy’s infantry, deserted by their officers, broke
+and ran. The 78th. pushed on and fired, the front rank to the charge,
+overtaking and bayonetting a few individuals. But Scindiah’s gunners
+held firm by their guns; many were bayonetted in the acts of loading,
+priming, or pointing, and none quitted them until the bayonet was at
+their breast.
+
+The 78th. now halted for an instant to complete the files and restore
+exact order, and then moved forward on the enemy’s second line, making a
+complete wheel to the right, whose pivot was the right of the army, near
+the village of Assaye.
+
+In consequence of the pickets having failed to advance, the 74th. pushed
+up, in doing which they were very much cut down by grape, and at length
+charged by cavalry headed by Scindiah in person. They suffered severely
+(as did the pickets and the second battalion of the 12th. Native
+Infantry), and the remains were saved by the memorable charge of the
+cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell. This part of the
+British line, however, though it broke the enemy’s first line, did not
+gain much ground; and the foe still continued in possession of several
+guns about the village of Assaye, from which they flanked the British
+line when arrived opposite their second.
+
+Several of the enemy also coming up from the beds of the river and other
+ways, attacked and killed a large proportion of the artillerymen,
+amongst whom were four officers. They also regained possession of many
+of the guns of their first line, which had been taken and passed, and
+from them opened a fire of grape on the British rear.
+
+It is impossible to praise too highly the behaviour of the infantry at
+this critical moment. Deprived of the assistance of their artillery, the
+enemy’s second line being untouched and perfectly fresh in their front,
+firing steadily upon them, flanked by round shot from the right, grape
+pouring on the rear, and cavalry threatening the left. Not a word was
+heard or a shot fired, all waiting the orders of the general with the
+composure of a field day, amidst a scene of slaughter scarcely to be
+equalled. This, however, was not of long duration. The British cavalry
+came up and drove off the body that threatened the left, who did not
+wait to be charged, when Major-General Wellesley ordered the principal
+part of the line to attack the front, while the 78th. and 7th. Native
+Cavalry moved to the rear, and charged the guns which were firing from
+thence. The enemy’s second line immediately retired; one brigade in
+perfect order, so much so that it repulsed a gallant charge of the 19th.
+Dragoons, at the head of which Colonel Maxwell was killed.
+
+After being obliged to change front two or three times under the fire of
+grape, the 78th. succeeded in clearing the guns in the rear. The enemy’s
+light troops, that had been out, now came on the ground, and were
+ordered to be attacked by the Mysore Horse, which they did not wait for,
+and the firing entirely ceased. About half-past four o’clock the enemy
+had set fire to all their tumbrils, which blew up in succession, many of
+them some time later; and the corps which had retired in such good order
+appear soon to have lost it, for they threw their guns into the river,
+four of which were afterwards found, exclusive of ninety-eight left on
+the field of battle.
+
+Thus terminated the battle of Assaye, a general’s battle, due even more
+to the ability of the commander, than to the valour of his men; the
+first victory gained by the Iron Duke in which he commanded in chief,
+and one of the most decisive as well as one of the most desperate ever
+fought in India. The leader of the English was foremost in the fight,
+led two charges in person, and had two horses shot under him; of the two
+Rajahs that headed the enemy, one fled at the first onset, and the other
+followed the example, on witnessing the defeat of his cavalry. The
+British loss was very great; of Europeans, killed and wounded, including
+artillery and officers, there were upwards of six hundred, and the
+natives were estimated at about nine hundred. “ASSAYE” is borne on the
+colours of the 74th. and 78th. regiments.[13]
+
+At sunset the British collected about the village of Assaye, and lay on
+their arms all night, except the cavalry, which, after resting some
+hours, were sent back to assist in escorting the baggage; and about ten
+in the morning of the 24th. the troops were encamped on the left bank of
+the Kaitna, on the ground the column had moved over previous to crossing
+the ford into the field of battle. That evening at sunset the cavalry
+and one battalion of Native Infantry of Colonel Stevenson’s division
+arrived, and the next morning (25th.) the remainder of his force, which
+a day or two afterwards were ordered to follow the enemy into Candeish,
+and to possess themselves of the city of Berhampore and the hill fort of
+Asseer Ghur.
+
+
+
+
+                         SIEGE OF ASSEER GHUR.
+                          21ST. OCTOBER, 1803.
+
+
+Colonel Stevenson obtained possession of the city of Berhampore without
+opposition on the 15th. of October, 1803, and two days afterwards
+marched to Asseer Ghur, a strong fort in that vicinity. Having carried
+the pettah on the 18th., he opened a battery against the fort on the
+20th.; about an hour afterwards a white flag was hoisted, which was the
+signal that had been agreed upon in case the terms of surrender, offered
+two days previously, should be accepted; hostages were sent down, and it
+was arranged that this important fortress should be delivered over on
+the following morning. This was the last of the possessions of Dowlut
+Rao Scindiah in the Deccan, and the operations of the troops were
+subsequently directed towards those of the Rajah of Berar. The
+casualties were trifling, and were confined to the native troops.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF LASWARREE.
+                          1ST. NOVEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+On the 27th. of October, the British advanced against a division of the
+enemy, formed of two battalions which had escaped from the wreck at
+Delhi, and fifteen, which had been detached from the main army of
+Scindiah to support General Perron in the early part of the campaign.
+These troops amounting to nine thousand infantry and four thousand
+cavalry, and provided with a train of seventy-two pieces of cannon, had
+been directed to recover possession of Delhi. After great exertions the
+British cavalry came up with them about seven o’clock in the morning of
+the 1st. of November; they were discovered in an excellent position;
+their right resting on a rivulet, their left on the village of
+Laswarree, or Leswarree, and their whole front amply furnished with a
+powerful artillery. Being anxious to prevent their escape, General Lake
+immediately attacked them with the cavalry alone. The first brigade,
+under Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur,[14] of the 8th. Dragoons, who
+fell mortally wounded, charged their lines, and dashed into the village;
+but finding that their attacks on the masses of infantry could make no
+sensible impression, the cavalry were withdrawn out of the range of the
+destructive fire of artillery which it had encountered, in order to wait
+the arrival of the infantry and artillery. About eleven o’clock in the
+forenoon, the Anglo-Indian infantry arrived, but after so long a march,
+it was absolutely necessary to allow the men to refresh themselves, and
+during this interval Scindiah’s forces offered to surrender their guns
+if certain terms were conceded.
+
+After a fruitless negotiation, the infantry, which had been formed in
+two columns, were ordered to advance to the attack. The first of these
+headed by the 76th. regiment, under Major Macleod, was to turn the
+enemy’s right, which since the morning had been thrown back from the
+rivulet, and to attack the village of Mohaulpoor, situated between his
+two lines; while the second and a brigade of cavalry were to support
+them in the execution of this movement. Having encountered several
+impediments, the rear divisions were so retarded in their march, that a
+considerable interval was occasioned between them and the 76th., which
+had arrived within a hundred yards of the foe. In this situation the
+regiment was exposed to such a dreadful fire, and was losing so many
+men, that the Commander-in-Chief placing himself at its head, led it
+forward to the attack, supported by only one battalion and six companies
+of Sepoys, namely, the second battalion of the 12th., and six companies
+of the second battalion of the 16th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+
+“As soon as this handful of heroes,” wrote General Lake, “were arrived
+within reach of the enemy’s canister shot, a most tremendous fire was
+opened upon them.” Their loss was so severe, that the enemy’s cavalry
+advanced to the charge, but were gallantly repulsed by this steady and
+invincible band. Rallying, however, at a short distance, they assumed so
+menacing a posture, that the General directed an attack by the British
+cavalry. In superintending the attack, the horse of the General was shot
+under him, and his son who had dismounted and offered his father his
+horse, was severely wounded. The cavalry charged with admirable
+intrepidity, while the infantry fell upon the Mahratta line, which at
+length gave way, though disputing every inch of ground, and fighting
+till it was driven from every position and had lost every gun. By four
+o’clock in the afternoon the work of destruction had ceased.
+
+The loss of the enemy was most severe; his numerous French-officered
+battalions of infantry—the boasted “Deccan Invincibles”—were
+annihilated; his cavalry dispersed; and the baggage and camp equipage,
+elephants, camels, and bullocks, with forty-four stand of colours,
+seventy-two guns, sixty-four tumbrils of ammunition, three laden with
+treasure, and two thousand prisoners, remained in the hands of the
+victors; five thousand stand of arms were collected in the field.
+
+By this victory, which was mainly gained by the gallantry of the 76th.,
+that regiment acquired great honour, and its “heroic bravery” was borne
+testimony to in the official despatches. During this campaign the
+regiment acquired a gurrah, or Indian gong of great value, which was
+afterwards carried about by the corps; being usually planted opposite
+the guard room, and a sergeant regularly striking the hours on it.
+
+This decisive action terminated the campaign of 1803 and the war with
+Scindiah, a treaty of peace highly advantageous to the East India
+Company being concluded on the 30th. of December.
+
+“HINDOOSTAN” inscribed around the elephant on the colours of the 76th.,
+keeps in remembrance the services of the regiment in the East at this
+period. “LESWARREE” was, however, authorized for the guidons and
+appointments of the 8th. Hussars, which is the only corps that bears the
+word. General Lake gained a peerage, being created Baron Lake of Delhi,
+Leswarree, and Aston Clinton. Several Indian titles were also conferred
+upon him, which being translated from the Persian, signified Saviour of
+the State, the hero of the land, the lord of the age, and the victorious
+in war.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF ARGAUM.
+                          29TH NOVEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+A series of active movements in pursuit of the Rajah of Berar were
+re-commenced on the 25th. of October, 1803; and on the 29th. of
+November, Major-General Wellesley, having been joined by the subsidiary
+force under Colonel Stevenson, encountered the united armies of
+Scindiah, and the Rajah of Berar, on the plains of Argaum. Although late
+in the day, the Major-General resolved to attack; he formed his army in
+two lines, the infantry in the first, the cavalry in the second, and
+supporting the right; and the Mogul and Mysore cavalry the left, nearly
+parallel to that of the enemy, with the right rather advanced, in order
+to press upon his left. When formed, the whole advanced in the greatest
+order; the 74th. and 78th. Highlanders were attacked by a large body,
+supposed to be Persians, who were all destroyed. “These two regiments,”
+wrote the British general, “had a particular opportunity of
+distinguishing themselves, and have deserved and received my thanks.”
+The enemy’s line retired in disorder, leaving thirty-eight pieces of
+cannon and all their ammunition; whereupon the British cavalry pursued
+them for several miles, destroying great numbers, and capturing several
+elephants and camels, with a considerable quantity of baggage. One hour
+more of daylight, and not a man would have escaped.
+
+In the orders thanking the army for its exertions on this day, the 74th.
+and 78th. were particularly mentioned; Colonel Harness being very ill,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 78th., commanded the right brigade in
+the action, and Major Scott being in charge of the pickets as field
+officer of the day, the command of the regiment fell to Captain Fraser.
+In this battle, as at Assaye, a scarcity of officers occasioned the
+colours of the 78th. to be carried by sergeants, and it is somewhat
+extraordinary that not a shot penetrated either colour in the two
+actions; at the latter it was probably owing to the high wind, in
+consequence of which they were carried rolled close round the poles. The
+names of the non-commissioned officers who carried them on these
+memorable occasions were at Assaye Sergeant Leavock, paymaster’s clerk,
+afterwards quarter-master, and Sergeant John McKenzie, senior sergeant,
+and immediately afterwards quartermaster-sergeant. At Argaum, Sergeants
+Leavock and Grant; the latter was regimental clerk, and was subsequently
+promoted to a commission in the 78th. Highlanders.
+
+The regiments of the crown engaged were the 19th. Light Dragoons, and
+the 74th., 78th., and 94th. regiments.
+
+
+
+
+                     SIEGE AND STORM OF GAWILGHUR.
+                         15TH. DECEMBER, 1803.
+
+
+After the victory of Argaum, Major-General Wellesley, resolved to lose
+no time in commencing the siege of Gawilghur, a strong fort situated on
+a range of mountains between the sources of the rivers Poorna and
+Taptee; he accordingly marched on, and arrived with both divisions at
+Ellichpoor on the 5th. of December, whence, after establishing an
+hospital for the men wounded at Argaum, both divisions advanced upon
+Gawilghur, on the 7th. of that month. The heavy ordnance and stores were
+dragged by hand over mountains and through ravines, for nearly the whole
+distance, by roads which the troops had to make for themselves. The
+batteries were opened against the place on the morning of the 13th., and
+the breach of the outer fort being reported practicable on the following
+night, the storm took place on the 15th. of December. All the troops
+advanced about ten in the morning, and an entrance was effected without
+difficulty. The wall in the inner fort, in which no breach had been
+made, had then to be carried; when Captain Campbell with the light
+infantry of the old 94th. escaladed the wall; opened the gates for the
+stormers, and the fort was shortly in their possession. This service was
+effected with slight loss, but vast numbers of the enemy were killed,
+especially at the different gates. The garrison was numerous, comprising
+a great portion of the infantry which had escaped after the battle of
+Argaum, and were all armed with the Company’s new muskets and bayonets.
+
+This led to a treaty with the Rajah of Berar on the 17th. of December,
+and on the 30th. of the same month, peace was signed with Scindiah.
+
+
+
+
+                           DEFENCE OF DELHI.
+                             OCTOBER, 1804.
+
+
+This defence of Delhi by Native troops, under British superintendence,
+presents a striking contrast to that made by them during the Indian
+Mutiny, against their former instructors in the art of war, and
+deservedly met with a different result.
+
+As General Lord Lake advanced upon Muttra, Holkar secretly despatched
+his infantry and artillery for the purpose of surprising Delhi, leaving
+his cavalry to engage the attention of the British Commander. From its
+great extent and unprotected state, Holkar expected an easy conquest;
+his troops arrived before the city on the morning of the 8th. of
+October. Colonel Ochterlony, the resident, at once made the most
+judicious preparations for its defence; his garrison amounted to nearly
+two thousand two hundred men, and consisted entirely of Native troops.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Burn, as senior officer, commanded, and the
+resident’s time was fully taken up in preserving peace within the city,
+with the Mahomedan population of Delhi. Lieutenant Bose, with two
+hundred of the 14th. native infantry, one hundred and fifty irregulars,
+and a reserve of fifty men and a six-pounder, made a sortie during the
+evening of the 10th., and succeeded in storming the enemy’s battery, of
+which he gained possession, and having spiked the guns, withdrew, with
+trifling loss. At daybreak on the 14th. of October, under cover of a
+heavy cannonade, the enemy assaulted the Lahore gate, but were repulsed,
+leaving the ladders behind, which were drawn up over the walls by the
+Sepoys. After this defeat Holkar’s troops became dispirited, and before
+the following morning, his whole force had retired from the place. This
+successful defence by so small a force, was highly applauded, and it is
+a circumstance worthy of record, that as the men could not be frequently
+relieved, the resident caused provisions and sweetmeats, of which the
+natives are specially partial, to be distributed to them.
+
+
+
+
+                            BATTLE OF DEIG.
+                         13TH. NOVEMBER, 1804.
+
+
+The British army which had marched from Muttra on the 12th. of October,
+arrived at Delhi on the 18th., and encamped under its walls. On the 5th.
+of November the main body of the infantry, of which the 76th. was the
+only King’s regiment, with some corps of native cavalry, and the park of
+artillery, proceeded under the command of Major-General Frazer towards
+Deig, on the right bank of the Jumna, where the enemy’s infantry and
+guns were assembled. Although numerically the foe was superior, it was
+determined to attack him, and about daybreak on the 13th. of November,
+the action commenced. Major-General Frazer received a dangerous wound
+from a cannon-shot, which carried away his right foot and part of the
+leg, and resulted in his death eleven days after; whereupon the
+Honourable Colonel Monson assumed the command. According to the most
+reliable statements the opposing force consisted of twenty-four
+battalions, from five to seven hundred men each, a numerous body of
+cavalry, and one hundred and sixty guns. In this battle the 76th.
+acquired additional renown; its “undaunted bravery and steadiness” being
+specially adverted to in the despatches. About two thousand of the enemy
+were killed and drowned in attempting to escape. Eighty-seven pieces of
+cannon were captured, including some which Colonel Monson had previously
+lost.
+
+
+
+
+                            CAPTURE OF DEIG.
+                         23RD. DECEMBER, 1804.
+
+
+When the troops of Holkar fled before the British in the action of the
+13th. of November, the guns of the garrison of Deig, which belonged to
+the Rajar of Bhurtpore, were opened upon the pursuers, and the fugitives
+were sheltered within the fort. Accordingly an order was issued for the
+annexation of all his strongholds and territories, to the dominions of
+the Company; and the army encamped within ten miles of the strong
+fortress of Deig, on the 3rd. of December. The siege commenced on the
+14th. of that month. A fortification had been erected by the foe on an
+eminence named Shah Bourj, or King’s redoubt, which commanded the town
+and forts; and the besieged had also entrenched themselves in its front,
+throwing up batteries in the best situations. The possession of this
+eminence being deemed essential, at half-past eleven o’clock in the
+night of the 23rd. of December, the flank companies of His Majesty’s
+22nd. and 76th. Foot, and those of the 1st. European regiment, and the
+first battalion of the 8th. Native Infantry, were ordered to storm it.
+In an hour the gallantry of this heroic party had surmounted every
+obstacle, and completely succeeded in the enterprise. The two other
+columns were equally fortunate, notwithstanding that the enemy’s gunners
+offered a strenuous resistance; fighting desperately with their tulwars,
+and being mostly bayoneted at their posts. About half-past twelve the
+moon arose, and enabled the assailants to secure the guns they had so
+nobly captured. An attempt was now organized for the assault of the
+citadel, but during the night of the 24th. it was evacuated; and on
+Christmas morning the British flag was hoisted on the fortress.
+Considering the nature of the operations the loss was small. One hundred
+guns, sixteen of which were brass, became the trophies of the victors.
+The flank companies of the 22nd., and 76th. Foot, represented the King’s
+troops on this service.
+
+
+
+
+                          WAR IN NEPAUL, 1816.
+
+
+In consequence of the Rajah of Nepaul having refused to ratify the
+treaty which had been signed by his ambassadors, an army was collected
+under the command of Major-General Sir David Ochterlony, K.C.B., with a
+view to coerce this refractory ruler. There were three King’s regiments
+with this force: the 24th. belonging to the first brigade, the 66th. to
+the second brigade, and the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers to the third
+brigade. The first brigade, commanded by Colonel Kelly, of the 24th.,
+was to penetrate by Hurryhurpore; the second brigade, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nicol, of the 66th., was to enter the hills at
+Ramnuggur, and by a circuitous route join Sir David Ochterlony before
+Muckwanpore. The third brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, of the
+87th., remained with the fourth brigade (native troops), under Sir David
+Ochterlony, who marched through the forest at the foot of the Nepaul
+Hills on the 9th. of February. Great difficulty was experienced in
+carrying the guns through the forest, which was accomplished by the
+personal exertions of each individual.
+
+On the 27th. of February, the advance guard arrived at Muckwanpore, and
+on the following day the brigade was ordered to take possession of the
+heights of Sierapore; an action ensued, which commenced about noon, and
+terminated at six o’clock, leaving the British in possession of the
+heights for a considerable distance from Sierapore, and of one
+field-piece.
+
+For this affair, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Miller, of the first
+battalion of the 87th., and Lieutenant Fenton, who had performed very
+arduous duties, having been placed in charge of the advanced guard,
+composed of the light company of his regiment and those of the native
+infantry, with two guns, received the public thanks of the authorities
+in India.
+
+Meanwhile Colonel Kelly, with the first brigade, encountered and
+defeated the Rajah’s troops on the heights of Hurryhurpore, on the 1st.
+of March.
+
+Convinced of the inutility of further opposition, the Rajah sued for
+peace, and a treaty was eventually concluded on the 4th. of March, which
+terminated the war in Nepaul.
+
+           BATTLE OF KIRKEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF POONA.
+                            NOVEMBER, 1817.
+
+
+On the 2nd. of November accounts were received of the Peishwah’s renewed
+treachery, when the division under Brigadier-General Lionel Smith, C.B.,
+was instantly put in motion, and on arrival at Ahmednuggur on the 8th.,
+it was ascertained that the gallantry of the troops at Poona under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Burr, of the 7th. Bombay infantry, had successfully
+resisted the Peishwah’s attempt to annihilate them, in their position at
+Kirkee, on the 5th. of November. After some slight skirmishing on the
+road, the force under Brigadier-General Smith (of which the King’s 65th.
+regiment formed a portion), joined the Poona brigade at their position
+on the 13th. of November, when immediate preparations were made for
+attacking the enemy’s camp, which was on the opposite side of the
+Moottah Moola. The force moved down before daybreak on the 14th. of
+November, but finding the river too deep to cross, it again encamped.
+The ford having been more particularly ascertained under some
+skirmishing and trifling loss, the left wing under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Milnes, of the 65th., crossed on the evening of the
+16th., in face of the enemy, whose artillery and matchlocks occasioned
+considerable loss during the passage and advance to a position on the
+right of the Peishwah’s camp.
+
+During the night the Peishwah abandoned his capital, and moved to the
+southward. The inhabitants made their submission, and about noon on the
+17th. of November, the British flag was hoisted on his palace, under a
+royal salute.
+
+The 65th. regiment, for the above and subsequent services, has received
+authority to bear on its colours and appointments the figure of the
+Royal Tiger, with the word India above, and Arabia beneath, also the
+84th., this regiment now being linked to the 65th.
+
+
+
+
+       BATTLE OF SEETABULDEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF NAGPOOR.
+                      NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER, 1817.
+
+
+Without any previous declaration of hostilities, or the slightest act of
+aggression on the part of the Indian government, the Rajah of Berar
+attacked the troops at Nagpoor; consisting of two weak battalions of the
+Madras Native Infantry, and three troops of cavalry, in the evening of
+the 26th. November; and after an action which lasted eighteen hours was
+repulsed. Lieutenant-Colonel Scott at the requisition of the Resident
+had taken post on the hill of Seetabuldee, overlooking the city of
+Nagpoor, when the attack took place, in which the three troops of the
+6th. regiment of native cavalry, and the 1st. battalions of the 20th.
+and 24th. Madras Native Infantry, were highly distinguished.
+
+Reinforcements immediately marched on to the seat of war, of which eight
+companies of the 2nd. battalion of the 1st. Royals, formed part of the
+second division, under Brigadier-General Doveton. Upon his arrival the
+Rajah was desirous of treating for peace, and agreed to surrender his
+guns and disperse his troops; but the treachery he had already evinced
+made the Brigadier-General dispose his troops in order of battle, when
+he advanced to take possession of the guns. This precaution was not in
+vain. No opposition was encountered in obtaining the first battery, but
+on the soldiers entering the plantation, a sharp fire of musketry was
+treacherously opened upon them. The Rajah had formed an army of
+twenty-one thousand men, of which fourteen thousand were horse; the
+position being marked by irregularities of the ground, and clusters of
+houses and huts, and a thick plantation of trees, with ravines and a
+large reservoir. In the action of the 16th. of December, which ensued,
+the 2nd. battalion of the 1st. Foot added to the former honours of that
+corps. The batteries were carried with great gallantry, the enemy driven
+from all his positions and pursued a distance of five miles; his camp
+equipage, forty elephants and seventy-five guns being captured. The
+battalion had nine men killed and twenty-six wounded.
+
+After this success the siege of the city of Nagpoor was commenced. The
+troops which defended this place, consisting of about five thousand
+Arabs and Hindoostanees, insisted upon extraordinary terms, and these
+not being acceded to they determined on a desperate defence. On the
+23rd. of December a breach was made in one of the gates, when an assault
+was resolved upon. At half-past eight o’clock in the morning of the
+24th. of December the stormers advanced, but the breach being found
+untenable, the troops were withdrawn, although the parties had gained
+the desired points. On the following day the Arabs renewed their offer,
+and their terms being granted, they marched out of the city on the 1st.
+of January, 1818; being permitted to go where they pleased with the
+exception of proceeding to Asseerghur.
+
+“NAGPORE” on the regimental colours of the Royals commemorates the
+foregoing services.
+
+
+
+
+                         BATTLE OF MAHEIDPORE.
+                         21ST. DECEMBER, 1817.
+
+
+While the eighth battalion companies of the Royals had been engaged at
+Nagpoor, the two flank companies, commanded by Captain Hulme, had shared
+in the movements of the first division of the army of the Deccan. On the
+8th. of December the troops arrived near Maheidpore, where the army of
+Mulhar Rao Holkar, one of the coalesced Mahratta powers against the
+British interests in India, was assembled. After various fruitless
+negotiations the Anglo-Indian troops advanced against the enemy on the
+morning of the 21st. of December, and as they were crossing the ford of
+the Soopra river they were exposed to a powerful and concentrated
+cannonade. About half a mile beyond the river stood the troops of
+Holkar, and after passing the stream Brigadier-General Sir John Malcolm
+proceeded with two brigades of infantry to attack their left, and a
+ruined village situated on an eminence near the centre. They were
+completely routed, and in the general orders of Lieutenant-General Sir
+Thomas Hislop, Bart., Commander-in-Chief of the army of the Deccan,
+dated 22nd. of December, the charge of the squadron of the 22nd. Light
+Dragoons, under Captain Vernon, and the intrepid courage and animated
+zeal of the flank companies of the Royals under Captain Hulme, were
+specially commended.
+
+In commemoration of the conduct of the flank companies the words
+“MAHEIDPORE” was authorized to be inscribed on the regimental colours of
+the Royals.
+
+
+
+
+                          DEFENCE OF CORYGAUM.
+                          1ST. JANUARY, 1818.
+
+
+This eminent service was confined to the Company’s troops. The Peishwah
+having advanced towards Poonah, Colonel Burr, commanding in that city,
+requested a reinforcement from Seroor; accordingly Captain Staunton, of
+the second battalion 1st regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, was
+despatched with that corps, barely six hundred strong, a few Madras
+artillery, with two six-pounders, and about three hundred auxiliary
+horse. The Peishwah’s army, estimated at twenty thousand horse and about
+eight thousand infantry, were encamped on the right bank of the Beemah,
+above the village of Corygaum. Captain Staunton, upon coming in sight of
+this overwhelming force, on the 1st. of January, immediately moved upon
+Corygaum, and had scarcely succeeded in reaching the village, when he
+was attacked by three divisions of infantry, supported by immense bodies
+of horse, and two pieces of artillery. The enemy obtained immediate
+possession of the strongest posts of the village; and the remaining
+position was most obstinately contested from noon until nine at night,
+after a fatiguing march of twenty-eight miles. Ultimately the enemy was
+forced to abandon the village, after sustaining great loss. During the
+night of the 2nd., the detachment returned unmolested to Seroor, which
+was reached at nine o’clock on the following morning, without having
+partaken of any refreshment since the evening of the 31st. of December.
+Nearly all the wounded were brought in, and both the gun and the colours
+of the regiment were preserved.[15]
+
+
+
+
+                              WAR IN AVA.
+                             1824 TO 1826.
+
+
+The repeated acts of aggression of the Burmese governors in the country
+adjacent to the British territory, at length rendered it necessary to
+demand an explanation from the Court of Ava. This terminated by a mutual
+declaration of war, and troops were assembled to penetrate the Burmese
+empire. His Majesty’s 13th. and 38th. regiments, and two companies of
+artillery, and the 40th. Native Infantry, amounting to two thousand one
+hundred and seventy-five men, proceeded from Bengal, while His Majesty’s
+41st. and 89th. Foot, the Madras European regiment, and the 9th., 12th.,
+28th., and 30th. Madras Native Infantry, and artillery embarked from
+Madras,—making in all eleven thousand four hundred and seventy-five men.
+The troops from Bengal embarked in April and May, 1824.[16] To occupy
+Rangoon and the country at the mouth of the Irrawaddy was the first
+object. Brigadier-General Sir Archibald Campbell with his troops took
+possession of Rangoon on the 12th. of May, without the loss of a man;
+and Cheduba, on the Arracan coast, was also captured by storm on the
+17th. of May, by a detachment under Brigadier-General McCreagh, of the
+13th. Light Infantry, three companies of the regiment being employed on
+this service.
+
+Meanwhile the Burmese army continued in great force in the vicinity of
+Rangoon, under the fortifications of wood called stockades, and of the
+dense jungle which covered the country. In carrying the stockades
+without ladders on the 28th. of May, portions of the 13th. and 38th.
+regiments were specially noticed. On the 10th. of June, Kemmendine was
+assaulted; when about two miles from the town, the head of the column
+was stopped by a strong stockade, full of men, against which the
+artillery opened fire, and in half an hour a breach was made. The 41st.,
+and part of the Madras European regiment, stormed the works in front;
+and the detachments of the 13th. and 38th. assaulted the rear face,
+which was ten feet high. The soldiers being encouraged and animated by
+the spirited conduct of Major (afterwards Sir Robert) Sale, who was the
+first on the top, climbed the works, one helping another up, and
+entering simultaneously with the party by the breach, they bayoneted
+every man that opposed them.
+
+This point being gained, the column advanced about a mile, and at four
+o’clock in the afternoon took up a position against the principal
+stockade. Batteries were erected during the night, and the artillery
+opened a heavy fire at daylight, when the Burmese forsook their works
+and fled.
+
+An attack was made upon the British pickets on the 1st. of July, which
+was repulsed. The Burmese position in the rear of the great pagoda was
+assaulted on the 5th. of July, and a general attack was made on the 8th.
+of that month, one column advancing by land, under Brigadier-General
+M‘Bean, while the other column proceeded by water. Major Wahab, with the
+Native Infantry, landed and immediately attacked the breach;
+Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin, of the 41st., entered the work higher
+up by escalade; Major Sale encountered the Burmese commander-in-chief in
+the works, and slew him in single combat, taking from him a valuable
+gold-hilted sword and scabbard. Eight hundred of the enemy were killed
+on this occasion, and thirty-eight pieces of artillery, forty swivels,
+and three hundred muskets were captured.
+
+An expedition was sent on the 11th. of October against Martaban, on the
+Saluen river, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Godwin, of His
+Majesty’s 41st. regiment, and the place was captured on the 30th. of
+that month.
+
+Meanwhile the Burmese recovered from the consternation into which they
+had been thrown, and a veteran chief, named Maha Bandoola, being
+appointed their commander, he approached the British position on the
+1st. of December, with upwards of fifty thousand foot, a body of Cassay
+horse, and three hundred pieces of artillery, and commenced forming
+entrenchments. Major Sale advanced against the left of the Burmese line
+with two hundred of the 13th. Light Infantry, under Major Dennie, and
+two hundred and fifty of the 18th. Native Infantry, under Captain Ross,
+and stormed the entrenchments in sight of the whole army. The soldiers
+of the 13th. led the charge with great intrepidity; they burst through
+the intrenchments, and overcame all opposition; this example was
+followed by the native infantry, when the Burmese fled, and the British
+troops returned to their posts laden with trophies.
+
+This victory was followed by another over the left wing of the Burmese
+army, on the 5th. of December. The first advantage was followed up, the
+enemy was overthrown, and of the three hundred pieces of ordnance which
+they had in position, two hundred and forty were brought into the
+British camp.[17]
+
+On the 7th. of December the trenches were assaulted in four columns of
+attack, under the superintendence of Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, the
+second in command, and led by Lieutenant-Colonels Mallet (both of the
+89th.), Parlby, Brodie, and Captain Wilson, of the 38th. regiment. At a
+quarter before twelve every gun that would bear upon the breaches opened
+fire. Major Sale at the same time made a diversion on the enemy’s left
+and rear. At noon the cannonade ceased, and the columns moved forward to
+their points of attack, when the total defeat of Bandoolah’s army
+ensued, his loss being estimated at five thousand men.
+
+In an attack on the enemy’s corps of observation, on the Dalla side of
+the river, on the 9th. of December, the 89th. regiment highly
+distinguished itself.
+
+Rallying his broken legions, the Burmese commander called reinforcements
+to his aid, and took up another position, which he fortified with great
+labour and art. These formidable works were attacked on the 15th. of
+December, when two hundred of the 13th., under Major Sale, with three
+hundred of the 18th. and 34th. Madras Native Infantry, formed the right
+column of attack under Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir Willoughby)
+Cotton; this made a detour round the enemy’s left to gain the rear of
+his position at Kokien, which was to be attacked in front by another
+column. Sir Archibald marched with the left column, which consisted of
+five hundred Europeans, from the 38th., 41st., 89th., and Madras
+European Regiment, with portions of native infantry, to attack the foe
+in front. Of this column two divisions were formed, the command of one
+being given to Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, of the 89th., and the other to
+Major Evans, of the 28th. Madras Native Infantry. On arriving in front
+of the position it presented a very formidable appearance; but when the
+signal was given, the soldiers rushed forward, and in less than fifteen
+minutes they were in full possession of these stupendous works. Major
+Sale received a severe wound in the head, and was succeeded by Major
+Dennie, who although wounded in the hand, continued at the head of the
+13th., regiment until the action was over. The Burmese after a short
+resistance, fled in a panic, leaving their camp standing, and abandoning
+all their baggage, together with a great portion of their arms and
+ammunition.
+
+These successes, connected with those of the royal navy, had produced
+important results; the maritime provinces of Mergui, Tavoy, Yeb, and
+Martaban, had been captured, and seven hundred pieces of artillery had
+been taken from the Burmese. Lieutenant-Colonel Elrington, with a small
+detachment, consisting of a portion of the 47th., with some seamen and
+marines, carried by storm the factory and stockades of Syriam on the
+11th. and 12th. of January, 1825. To wrest additional territory from the
+court of Ava, Major Sale proceeded against the city of Bassein, in the
+south-west part of the ancient kingdom of Pegu, which constituted part
+of the Burmese empire. The troops, after a tedious passage, arrived in
+the evening of the 24th. of February, off Pagoda Point, Great Negrais.
+On the 26th. the expedition entered the river, and the 13th., 38th., and
+the 12th. Native Infantry landed and captured a stockade. The force
+afterwards re-embarked, and proceeded to the next stockade, which the
+Burmese abandoned as the soldiers went on shore to storm the works; so
+great was their consternation, that the City of Bassein was set on fire
+and abandoned, the enemy retiring on Donabew.
+
+Brigadier-General Cotton, in the interim, with a detached force, of
+which the 47th. and 89th regiments formed a part, had attacked the
+pagoda stockade in advance of Donabew, on the 7th. of March. The troops
+were formed in two columns, under Lieutenant-Colonel O’Donaghue, 47th.,
+and Major Basden, 89th. regiment. All were exposed to a heavy fire,
+which was kept up to the last, with greater spirit and perseverance than
+was usual. The operations against the second defence, distance about
+five hundred yards from the pagoda stockade, were not successful, and
+the force was re-embarked on the 18th., after the enemy’s cannon had
+been spiked and his arms destroyed.
+
+Meanwhile, a force of eleven thousand men, under Brigadier-General
+Morrison, of the 44th., of which that regiment and the 54th. formed a
+portion, had been assembled at Chittagong towards the end of September
+of the preceding year, moved forward early in January, in order to
+penetrate through Arracan, and across the mountains into Ava, where it
+was to effect a junction with the army at Rangoon. The first attack at
+Arracan, on the 29th. of March, failed, owing principally to a dense
+fog, which prevented the great strength of the position from being
+discovered. On the night of the 31st., Brigadier Richards proceeded by a
+circuitous route, and gained the summit of the range unperceived; and on
+the morning of the 1st. of April the Burmese were attacked in flank,
+while the front was assailed by the main body. In a short time the
+heights were abandoned, and Arracan was gained. The Burmese army having
+retreated to Donabew, two columns were formed to attack it by land and
+water, the land column being under the command of Sir A. Campbell, and
+the water column under Brigadier-General Cotton. Donabew was strongly
+fortified by a stockade extending nearly a mile along the Irrawaddy,
+composed of teak beams fifteen to seventeen feet high, driven into the
+earth as closely as possible to each other. Behind this wooden wall was
+the old brick rampart, and the works were mounted with one hundred and
+fifty guns and swivels. The marine attack failed, after carrying the
+first stockade, and the flotilla retreated ten miles down the river,
+leaving the wounded in the power of the enemy. Next day most of the
+killed and wounded that had been left in the stockade, were crucified
+and placed on rafts, which were sent down the stream to the boats of
+their comrades.
+
+After a bombardment by the land column, Donabew was taken possession of
+by Sir Archibald Campbell on the 2nd. of April; Maha Bandoolah having
+been killed by a rocket, the other chiefs could not prevail on the
+garrison to remain, and the place was evacuated during the night of the
+1st. of April.
+
+After this success the march was resumed to Prome, where the army
+arrived on the 25th. of April, the Burmese having evacuated the town
+after setting it on fire, but the decisive measures adopted saved the
+place from a general conflagration.
+
+In consequence of the season of military operations being over, the army
+remained inactive at Prome, and in the autumn overtures of peace were
+made by the Burmese, but hostilities were resumed in the middle of
+November; and the army of Ava, having repulsed the attack of three
+bodies of Sepoys, became suddenly elevated with a high idea of its own
+power, and advanced to attack the British troops at Prome, which had
+been reinforced by the detachments left at Rangoon.
+
+About sixty thousand Burmese environed six thousand Anglo-Indian troops;
+but undismayed by this formidable host, four native regiments were left
+for the defence of Prome, and the remainder advanced on the 1st. of
+December to attack the enemy’s left wing at Simbike. This post was
+gallantly stormed by the troops under Brigadier-General Cotton, and the
+works were carried in ten minutes. The flank companies of the Royals,
+under Captain Thomas John Harvey, with the 41st. and 89th. regiments,
+commanded respectively by Major Peter Latouche Chambers, and
+Brevet-Major Henry Ross Gore, supported by the 18th. Madras Native
+Infantry, and led by Lieutenant-Colonel Godwin, performed this service.
+
+After a harassing march of about twenty miles, the troops bivouacked at
+Ze-ouke, and at daylight on the morning of the 2nd. of December they
+were again in motion, to attack the formidable position occupied by the
+enemy’s centre division on the Napadee Hills. Arriving in the vicinity,
+the British artillery commenced a sharp cannonade; Brigadier-General
+Elrington’s troops drove the enemy from the jungle, and six companies of
+the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers carried the posts at the bottom of the
+ridge; the Burmese were driven from the valley to their principal works
+on the hills, which appeared very formidable, as the heights could only
+be ascended by a narrow road, commanded by artillery, and defended by
+stockades crowded with men armed with muskets. When the artillery had
+made an impression on the works, the 13th. and 38th. regiments, the
+latter leading, rushed into them, overthrew all opposition with the
+bayonet, and forced the Burmese from hill to hill, over precipices that
+could only be ascended by a narrow stair, until the whole of the
+position nearly three miles in length, was captured. Scarcely a shot was
+fired in return to the enemy’s continued volleys, and the six companies
+of the 87th. advancing through the jungle to the right, drove everything
+before them on that side.
+
+On the 5th. of December the enemy’s right wing was driven from its post.
+The division employed under Brigadier-General Cotton consisted of two
+hundred and fifty of the Royal Regiment, two hundred and seventy of the
+41st., two hundred and sixty of the 89th., the light company of the
+28th. Madras Native Infantry, and one hundred pioneers. The immense army
+of Ava was thus forced from its positions, and the Burmese legions
+sought safety in flight. After this success the army continued to
+advance; the Burmese evacuated Meeaday, and took post at Melloon, at the
+same time they renewed their offers for terminating the war; but this
+appeared to be with the view of gaining time to re-organize their forces
+for a more determined resistance.
+
+The conditions of peace not being ratified by the stipulated time,
+hostilities were resumed on the 19th. of January, 1826, on which day the
+13th. and 38th. regiments embarked in boats under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Sale, to assault the main face of the enemy’s fortifications at Melloon.
+At the same time Brigadier-General Cotton, with the flank companies of
+the 47th. and 87th. regiments, and the 89th., under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hunter Blair, the 41st. regiment and the 18th. Madras Native Infantry,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin, commanding the first brigade of
+Madras troops, and the 28th. Madras Native Infantry, with the flank
+companies of the 43rd. Madras Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Parlby were to cross above Melloon, and, after carrying some outworks,
+were to attack the northern face of the principal work. The whole of the
+boats quitted the shore together; but the current and breeze carried the
+13th. and 38th. to their point of attack before the other divisions
+could reach the opposite bank of the river, and Lieutenant-Colonel Sale
+was wounded in his boat; but the two regiments landed, formed under the
+command of Major Frith, of the 38th. (who was wounded in the assault),
+and rushed forward with such intrepidity that they speedily became
+masters of these formidable works. When Brigadier-General Cotton saw
+that they were carried, he ordered the brigade under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Blair, of the 87th., to cut in upon the enemy’s line of retreat, which
+was performed with much effect.
+
+On the 28th. of January, the 87th., with the flank companies of the
+28th. Native Infantry, and detachments of the Governor-General’s
+body-guard and artillery, under Brigadier Hunter Blair, were sent from
+Tongwyn, to attack the position of Moulmein, eleven miles distant. The
+position, being a great annoyance to the surrounding country, was
+destroyed, and the troops returned to camp the same evening.
+
+The army advanced upon the Burmese capital, and the legions of Ava
+resolved once more to try the fortune of war. A new army of 40,000 men
+was raised, and placed under the command of a noted warrior named Nee
+Woon-Breen, which has been translated—“Prince of Darkness,” “King of
+Hell,” and “Prince of the Setting Sun.” They met the British in the open
+fields near Pagahm Mew, where an action took place on the 9th. of
+February. The 13th. Light Infantry led the right attack, supported by
+the 38th. and 89th. regiments. That on the left was supported by the
+41st. Part of the Burmese troops, broken by the 38th., retired into a
+well-constructed field-work, but were so closely pursued that they had
+not time to form for its defence: here from three to four hundred of
+them perished either by the bayonet or plunging into the river to
+escape. The result was another defeat to the enemy. The “Prince of
+Darkness” fled to Ava, where he was put to a cruel death by the order of
+the King.
+
+After this victory the army continued its advance upon Ummerapoora, the
+capital, situated upon the shores of a beautiful lake; and when within
+four days’ march of that city the king of Ava sent the ratified treaty,
+paying the expenses of the war, and relinquishing a considerable portion
+of territory. The treaty of peace was finally signed at Gandaboo,
+February 24th., 1826. The King of Ava renounced all claim on Assam,
+ceded to the East India Company Arracan, and four other provinces with
+their islands and dependencies, and agreed to pay a crore of rupees as a
+war indemnity; free trade also to be allowed to British subjects in all
+parts of his dominions. In one of the conferences the negotiators had
+objected to the payment of money, and stated, that by using great
+economy, they might furnish a million baskets of rice within a year, but
+they did not grow rupees; and if the British had any objection to the
+rice, there was abundance of fine trees in the forest, which they might
+cut down and take away in lieu of the money.
+
+On the conclusion of this campaign, the following statement appeared in
+general orders:—“While the Governor-General in Council enumerates, with
+sentiments of unfeigned admiration, the 13th., 38th., 41st., 89th.,
+47th., 1st. (or Royals), 87th, and 45th. regiments, the Honorable
+Company’s Madras European regiment, and the Bengal and Madras European
+artillery, as the European troops who have had the honour of
+establishing the renown of the British arms in a new and distant region,
+His Lordship in Council feels that higher and more justly-merited praise
+cannot be bestowed on those brave troops than that, amidst the barbarous
+hosts whom they have fought and conquered, they have eminently displayed
+the virtues, and sustained the character, of the British Soldier.”[18]
+
+
+
+
+                     SIEGE AND STORM OF BHURTPORE.
+                             JANUARY, 1826.
+
+
+Baldeo Singh, Rajah of Bhurtpore, had become attached to the British
+government, with which he formed an alliance offensive and defensive,
+and procured a guarantee for the succession of his youthful son,
+Bhulwunt Singh to the throne, from Sir David Ochterlony, then Commander
+of the forces and Political Resident at Delhi, who acknowledged the
+boy’s right, and pledged his word to support him. But among many of the
+Rajah’s subjects a strong feeling of hostility to the British existed,
+particularly in the army, and his nephew, Doorjun Sal, headed a party
+opposed to the alliance. After the Rajah’s decease his nephew gained
+possession of the capital, seized the young prince, and assumed the
+sovereign power. Sir David Ochterlony assembled a force (of which the
+59th. formed part) and marched on Bhurtpore; but the government having
+disapproved of the measures taken, the troops returned to Cawnpore. Sir
+David in consequence resigned, and died at Meerut in July, 1825, his
+decease being, it is considered, hastened by this event.
+
+It was, however, afterwards determined to carry into effect the
+engagements entered into with the late Rajah, by placing his son on the
+throne. An army was assembled under General Lord Combermere, the
+Commander-in-Chief in India, and the siege of the capital, the fortified
+city of Bhurtpore, was determined upon. Great confidence was placed by
+the natives in the strength of this place, the fort being upwards of
+five miles in circumference, and having in 1805, withstood four attacks
+of Lord Lake’s army, wherein were five king’s regiments, which had been
+repulsed with great loss.
+
+On the 10th. and 11th. of December, 1825, the British appeared before
+this celebrated city and fortress. The army amounted to twenty-five
+thousand three hundred men, of which His Majesty’s 11th. and 16th. Light
+Dragoons, and the 14th. and 59th. regiments formed part, the remainder
+being made up of Native corps. The garrison was nearly equal in numbers
+to the besieging force. The Bhurtporees had cut a sluice into the
+embankment of a lake near the town, to fill the ditch round the woods
+with water, but they were speedily driven from the spot; the sluice was
+stopped, and the embankment was turned into a military post, which was
+entrusted to a company of the 14th. Foot and some sepoys. About eighteen
+inches of water only had flowed into the ditch, and this sudden seizure
+of the embankment facilitated the progress of the siege by keeping the
+ditch nearly empty, and thus prevented the enemy from filling it with
+water, as was done in Lord Lake’s time. The several corps took up their
+ground, and the investment became complete, orange and date trees from
+the groves being converted into fascines and gabions.
+
+At an early hour on the morning of the 24th of December, the fires of
+two batteries were opened on the town; additional works were
+constructed, the batteries became more numerous, and the siege was
+prosecuted with vigour. It was, however, found extremely difficult to
+effect practicable breaches in the peculiarly-constructed walls of
+Bhurtpore, as they were in many places thickly studded with large trees
+of a very tough description of timber, which offered a remarkable
+resistance to shot. The process of mining was adopted; several
+explosions took place, and the result soon rendered it evident that the
+horrors of an assault was drawing near. Great bravery and perseverance
+was evinced by the garrison; they exposed themselves resolutely to the
+fire of besiegers, and built up in the night the works which were
+knocked down during the day, labouring under a ceaseless fire, and
+evincing a firm determination to persevere in the defence.
+
+Considerable progress having been made towards effecting practicable
+breaches, it was determined to attempt the storming of the place on the
+morning of the 18th. of January, 1826, the explosion of the mine under
+the north-east angle being the signal for the assault. The 14th. and
+59th. regiments headed the two attacks, and they were directed to wheel
+as soon as they entered the breaches, one to the right and the other to
+the left, and, continuing their career round the ramparts, to drive the
+enemy before them till they met. Some delay occurred in the mine, and
+the soldiers stood seven hours anxiously waiting for the moment to
+commence the assault, during which time the thunder of the artillery was
+tremendous. The mine having exploded in an unexpected direction, several
+men of the 14th., at the head of the column of attack, were killed, and
+Brigadier-General John M‘Combe, (of that regiment,) and other officers
+received severe contusions.
+
+As soon as the tremendous crash was over the troops rushed through the
+cloud of smoke and dust, and commenced ascending the breach, and, the
+summit, after some opposition, was gained. Here a short pause ensued
+from the native corps appointed to support not being near, when the
+enemy opened a heavy fire from the buildings near the breach, and sprang
+a mine, which killed several of the soldiers. The Bhurtpore artillerymen
+fought with great desperation, and the defenders of the walls exhibited
+much bravery; but in two hours the whole rampart surrounding the town,
+together with the command of the gates, were in possession of the
+British. The citadel surrendered about four o’clock, and the 14th., (at
+the head of which the Commander-in-Chief entered it,) was placed there
+in garrison, as a compliment to the gallantry of the corps.
+
+General Viscount Combermere, G.C.B., in his despatch stated, “I must
+particularly remark the behaviour of His Majesty’s 14th. regiment,
+commanded by Major Everard, and the 59th., commanded by Major Fuller;
+these corps, having led the columns of assault, by their steadiness and
+determination decided the events of the day.” His lordship also
+specially adverted to the services rendered by Brigadier, now General
+Sir James Wallace Sleige, K.C.B., commanding the cavalry; the general
+good and active conduct of the cavalry, and the spirited manner in which
+they volunteered their services when it was anticipated (before the
+arrival of the 1st. European regiment) to employ them in the storm were
+also mentioned.[19]
+
+Thus was accomplished the capture of this city, regarded throughout the
+East as impregnable, the natives being accustomed to remark that India
+was not subdued because Bhurtpore had not fallen. The usurper Doorjun
+Sal was captured while attempting to escape, and the young Rajah was
+placed on the throne. The 14th. had Brigadier-General Edwards and
+Captain Armstrong killed, and the 59th. lost Captain Pitman, and had
+Major Fuller and other officers wounded.
+
+The state of the Burmese war at this period rendered it of the highest
+importance that Bhurtpore should be captured, as a failure in that
+object would have paralyzed British domination in the East.[20]
+
+“BHURTPORE” was authorised by the Sovereign to be borne on the standards
+and colours of the 11th. and 16th. Light Dragoons, and the 14th. and
+59th. regiments.
+
+Lord Combermere, whose earliest services had been connected with the
+siege of Seringapatam, in 1799, and who had commanded the British
+cavalry during the Peninsula war, under Wellington, was made a Viscount
+for this capture.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL, 1799–1826.
+
+
+This medal, the design of which is extremely chaste and beautiful, has
+on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the inscription VICTORIA REGINA,
+similar to the Crimean and other medals. The artist, the late William
+Wyon, Esq., R.A., was the chief engraver to the Royal Mint until his
+decease in 1851. On the reverse of the medal is a figure of Victory
+seated, holding in her right hand a laurel branch, in her left, a
+victor’s laurel-wreath. A lotus flower, emblematic of India, is by her
+side, a trophy of Oriental arms and a palm-tree in the background. Above
+are the words, “To the army of India”: in the exergue, “1799–1826.” The
+various services are commemorated by clasps, and the medal is worn with
+a pale blue ribbon.
+
+The glorious achievements of the army of India, from the decisive
+victory of Assaye to the capture of Bhurtpore, were not commemorated by
+a medal till the year 1851, and the few survivors who took part in the
+first-named battle did not receive the decoration until _forty-eight_
+years after the event.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE PENINSULA WAR MEDAL.
+
+
+When the distribution of the Waterloo Medal both to officers and men
+took place, it was no wonder that the veterans who had fought through
+the several actions of the Peninsula war should desire to have a similar
+distinction. By a letter from the Duke of Wellington, dated Brussels,
+13th. April, 1815, to His Royal Highness Field-Marshal the Duke of Kent,
+then Colonel of the Royals, it would appear that there was some general
+distinction intended to be conferred on the Peninsula army:—“When your
+Royal Highness first communicated to me your desire that the 3rd.
+battalion Royals should wear a distinguishing badge for their services
+under my command, it was in the contemplation of His Royal Highness the
+Commander-in-Chief, that the whole army which served in the Peninsula
+and in the South of France should wear one. I have not heard what has
+prevented His Royal Highness from carrying that intention into
+execution, but I will enquire, and I will recommend that the Royals
+shall have one, if it is not intended that one should be given to the
+whole army.” This design appears to have been abandoned.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The War Medal.
+]
+
+It has been shewn that during the reign of King Charles the First, and
+the period of the Commonwealth, the humblest soldier was eligible for a
+medal, and that for Waterloo is the first since that time which has been
+conferred by the crown on both officers and soldiers. Major Mackie, in a
+poem entitled “Britannia Ingrata,” made a poetical appeal in behalf of
+the gallant Peninsula army. There were volumes of correspondence in the
+several military journals, in which the grievances of veterans were set
+forth; officers who had passed through the fields of Corunna, Talavera,
+Busaco, Salamanca,[21] and other sanguinary actions, felt they deserved
+the red and blue-edged ribbon as well as the more fortunate Waterloo
+man. Even the badge of merit was defined, some thinking that it should
+be a cross formed of the metal of guns taken during the war.
+
+The hardship continued for years, and there is no doubt that the Duke of
+Richmond in his place in Parliament, aided by public opinion, was mainly
+instrumental in obtaining the desired honour. So sensible were the war
+officers of his exertions in their cause, that a testimonial was
+subscribed for and presented to His Grace at a grand dinner at Willis’s
+Rooms, on Saturday, the 21st. of June, 1851. It was a most interesting
+gathering, and many of the Peninsula veterans were present. The
+testimonial was in solid silver, the value of the plate being about
+fifteen hundred guineas. The inscription was as follows: “Presented on
+June 21st., 1851, 38th. Anniversary of the Battle of Vittoria, to His
+Grace the Duke of Richmond, Lennox, and Aubigny, K.G., by the Recipients
+of the War Medal, in grateful remembrance of his long and unwearied
+exertion in their behalf, as a token of the Admiration, Respect, and
+Esteem, from his humbler brethren in Arms, who successfully aided in
+defending their Island Home throughout a long and sanguinary war, in
+which they gained a series of resplendent victories, that led to the
+capture of Madrid, Paris, Washington, and finally to an honourable and
+lasting peace.”
+
+Queen Victoria fully repaired the omission of her predecessors, by
+conferring the boon so long and anxiously coveted, and on the 1st. of
+June, 1847 (the anniversary of a glorious naval victory), the following
+general order was issued, which, it is almost superfluous to add, was
+read with delight by the surviving Peninsula veterans.
+
+                                         “Horse Guards, 1st. June, 1847.
+
+  “Her Majesty having been graciously pleased to command that a Medal
+  should be struck to record the Services of Her Fleets and Armies
+  during the Wars commencing in 1793, and ending in 1814, and that one
+  should be conferred upon every Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, and
+  Soldier of the Army, who was present in any Battle or Siege, to
+  commemorate which, Medals had been struck by command of Her Majesty’s
+  Royal Predecessors, and had been distributed to the General or
+  Superior Officers of the several Armies and Corps of Troops engaged,
+  in conformity with the Regulations of the Service at that time in
+  force;—General and other Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and
+  Soldiers, who consider that they have claims to receive this mark of
+  their Sovereign’s gracious recollection of their Services, and of her
+  desire to record the same, are each to apply to the Secretary of the
+  Board of General Officers, Whitehall, London, and to send in writing
+  to the same Officer, a statement of his claim, for what Action, at
+  what period of time, and the Names of the Persons, or the titles of
+  the Documents by which the Claim can be proved.
+
+  “These Claims are to be sent, by General Officers having such Claims,
+  through the hands of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army:—
+
+  “The Staff Officers having such Claims, through the General Officers
+  under whom they served, if alive;—if not alive, through the
+  Adjutant-General of the Army:—
+
+  “Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers of Regiments,
+  Battalions, and Detachments, through the Commanding Officer of the
+  Regiment, Battalion, or Detachment, at the time, if still alive.[22]
+  This will be known by enquiry at the Agents of the Regiments resident
+  in London. If such Commanding Officer should not be alive, the
+  Application, in writing, must be sent through the Adjutant-General of
+  the Army.
+
+  “The Board of General Officers is hereby, by Her Majesty’s Command,
+  directed to take into consideration,—to investigate the facts stated
+  in each of these several applications,—and to report to the
+  Commander-in-Chief upon the same, for the information of Her Majesty,
+  and to enable those commanded by Her Majesty to deliver to the
+  Claimants the Medals accordingly.
+
+  “The Adjutant-General, and the Military Secretary of the
+  Commander-in-Chief will transmit to the Secretary of the Board of
+  General Officers, such information as they may have been able to
+  acquire, to assist in the investigations which the Board will have to
+  make.
+
+  “The Commander-in-Chief has been required to desire, that the Board of
+  General Officers will have Alphabetical Lists made out of the names of
+  the Claimants to one of these Medals, with his Rank, and the name of
+  the particular Battle or Siege for which he claims to receive the same
+  inserted in the Margin,—and at which the Board of General Officers may
+  consider that he was present.
+
+  “The occasions for which Medals have been granted by the Sovereign are
+  specified in the annexed page for general information and guidance, as
+  at page 73 of the Annual Army List.
+
+                         “By Command of Field-Marshal,
+                             THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, Commander-in-Chief,
+                                     JOHN MACDONALD, Adjutant-General.”
+
+“Honorary Distinctions have been granted to Officers in Commemoration of
+their Services in the following Battles or Actions:—Maida, July 4th.,
+1806; Roleia, August 17th., 1808; Vimiera, August 21st., 1808; Sahagun,
+Benevente, etc., December, 1808, and January, 1809; Corunna, January
+16th., 1809; Martinique, February, 1809; Talavera, July 27th. and 28th.,
+1809; Guadaloupe, January and February, 1810; Busaco, September 27th.,
+1810; Barrosa, March 5th., 1811; Fuentes d’Onor, May 5th., 1811;
+Albuhera, May 16th., 1811; Java, August and September, 1811; Cindad
+Rodrigo, January, 1812; Badajoz, March 17th. and April 6th., 1812;
+Salamanca, July 22nd., 1812; Fort Detroit, America, August, 1812;
+Vittoria, June 21st., 1813; Pyrenees, July 28th. to August 2nd., 1813;
+St. Sebastian, August and September, 1813; Chateauguay, America, October
+26th., 1813; Nivelle, November 10th., 1813; Chrystler’s Farm, America,
+November 11th., 1813; Nive, December 9th. to 13th., 1813; Orthes,
+February 27th., 1814; Toulouse, April 10th., 1814.”
+
+A similar order was issued regarding naval services, these commenced
+with Lord Howe’s action on the 1st. of June, 1794, but the earliest
+military service thus decorated was the campaign in Egypt, 1801, a
+general order, dated the 12th. of February, 1850, being issued, by which
+the war medal was to be conferred on the surviving Egyptian veterans;
+and if they had already received it, an additional bar, bearing the word
+“EGYPT,” was to be granted.
+
+The MEDAL has on the obverse the head of the Queen, with the date 1848;
+and on the reverse Her Majesty, as the representative of the country or
+people, is in the act of crowning with a laurel wreath the Duke of
+Wellington, in a kneeling attitude, as emblematic of the army. In the
+exergue is engraved 1793–1814, (the former date only applying to the
+navy,) and by the side of the dais is the British lion. The inscription
+is “TO THE BRITISH ARMY.” In the illustration only a few of the bars are
+given, but all the services enumerated in the foregoing list were of
+course commemorated by their names being placed on the bars. Fifteen is
+the greatest number of bars known to have been worn by any recipient of
+the medal. The rank and names of recipients were engraved round the edge
+of the medal. The ribbon is red, with blue edges.[23]
+
+The first service then, in the order of date, is
+
+
+
+
+                      THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN, 1801.
+
+
+In the year 1800, a French army, which had been designated the “Army of
+the East,” held Egypt in subjection, and the British government
+anticipating that India was the meditated scene of conquest, determined
+to employ the disposable force of the kingdom in relieving Egypt from
+her invaders. After experiencing much severe weather at sea, the fleet
+arrived at Malta, where the troops landed, and the abundance of fresh
+provisions afforded by the inhabitants was most welcome. Leaving that
+island on the 20th. of December, 1800, the armament sailed to Marmorice,
+in Asiatic Turkey, where the fleet anchored in a spacious bay environed
+by mountains, whilst gunboats were being procured for the expedition,
+horses for the cavalry, and a plan of co-operation was in course of
+arrangement with the Turks.
+
+This force was under the command of the veteran General Sir Ralph
+Abercromby, K.B., and about six thousand men from India and the Cape of
+Good Hope, under Major-General Baird, so celebrated for his conduct at
+Seringapatam, were appointed to co-operate.
+
+At this period the British forces were brigaded as follows:—Guards,
+Major-General the Honourable George J. Ludlow, First Royals, 54th., two
+battalions, and 92nd, Major-General (afterwards Sir Eyre) Coote; 8th.,
+13th., 18th., and 90th., Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Cradock;
+2nd., 50th., and 79th., Major-General Lord Cavan; 30th., 44th., and
+89th., Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir John) Doyle; Minorca, De
+Rolle’s, and Dillon’s regiments (since disbanded,) Major-General John
+Stuart, (afterwards Count of Maida.) The reserve consisted of
+detachments of 11th. and Hompesch’s dragoons, 40th., flank companies,
+23rd., 28th., 42nd., 58th., and Corsican Rangers, (since disbanded,)
+Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Moore; 12th. and 26th. dragoons,
+Major-General the Honourable Edward Finch; artillery and pioneers,
+Brigadier-General Lawson.
+
+After some delay at Marmorice, in expectation of receiving
+reinforcements of Greeks and Turks, the expedition proceeded to its
+destination, and on the 2nd of March, 1801, anchored in the Bay of
+Aboukir, eastward of Alexandria, when, notwithstanding all the exertions
+of the navy, under the orders of Admiral Lord Keith, the necessary
+arrangements for landing the troops could not be effected until a week
+afterwards, owing to unfavourable weather, and other obstructions. A
+landing was however effected on the 8th. of March.
+
+The troops forming the first division, consisting of the reserve, under
+the command of Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Moore; the brigade of
+Guards, under the Honourable Major-General Ludlow; and a portion of the
+first brigade, under Major-General Coote, got into the boats early in
+the morning; they had generally about six miles to row, and did not
+reach the point of landing until ten o’clock. The front of
+disembarkation was narrow, and a hill, which commanded the whole, seemed
+almost inaccessible. Notwithstanding their being exposed to a very
+severe cannonade, and under the fire of grape shot, the troops made good
+their landing, ascended the hill, and forced the enemy to retire,
+leaving behind him seven pieces of artillery, together with a number of
+horses. The troops that ascended the hill in the face of dangers and
+difficulties sufficient to intimidate ordinary men, consisted of the
+23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and the four flank companies of the 40th.
+regiment, under the command of Colonel Spencer, whose conduct was
+specially commended in the despatches; in which also the good order of
+the disembarkation of the 28th. and 42nd. regiments, under the command
+of Brigadier-General Oakes was particularly noticed. Whilst these
+regiments formed and mounted the position, the Foot Guards and 58th.
+regiment prolonged the attack, the Royals and the 54th. pushing forward
+to sustain their gallant comrades. A column of French infantry advancing
+through a hollow way with fixed bayonets against the left flank of the
+Foot Guards, encountered the two latter regiments; the British advanced,
+when their opponents hesitated, fired a volley, and then retreated. The
+disembarkation of the army continued on the 8th. and the day
+following.[24]
+
+The troops which landed on the 8th., advanced three miles the same day,
+and on the 12th., the army moved forward, and came in sight of the
+enemy, who was strongly posted with his right to the canal of
+Alexandria, and his left towards the sea.
+
+About six o’clock in the morning of the 13th. of March, the British
+advanced to attack the enemy’s position in front of Mandora. The leading
+brigades were commanded by Major-Generals Cradock and the Earl of Cavan.
+The 90th. formed the advanced guard of the front line, and the 92nd.
+that of the second; both battalions suffered severely, and were highly
+distinguished. These two regiments bear the word “MANDORA” on their
+colours. The French having opened a most destructive fire from their
+artillery, enfiladed the column to its whole depth, and orders were
+consequently given to deploy into line. This was considered a favourable
+moment, and the enemy immediately advanced to the attack. Major-General
+Cradock formed his brigade under a heavy fire, and the gallant conduct
+of the regiments, (the 8th., 13th., 18th., and 90th. infantry,) was
+equal to the emergency. In this action Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards
+Viscount) Hill commanded the 90th., and exhibited that coolness and
+conspicuous bravery so frequently displayed during the Peninsula
+campaigns. The remainder of the army were immediately in a situation not
+only to face but to repel the enemy. The reserve, under Major-General
+Moore, which was on the right, on the change of the position of the
+army, moved on in column, and covered the right flank. The French were
+driven from their position, and were compelled to retreat over the
+plains into the lines on the heights before Alexandria.
+
+In the general orders issued on the following day, it was stated, that
+“The Commander-in-Chief has the greatest satisfaction in thanking the
+troops for their soldier-like and intrepid conduct in the action of
+yesterday; he feels it incumbent on him particularly to express his most
+perfect satisfaction with the steady and gallant conduct of
+Major-General Cradock’s brigade.”
+
+Having gained a second victory on the shores of Egypt, the army took up
+a position about four miles from Alexandria, having a sandy plain in
+front, the sea on the right, and the canal of Alexandria and the lake of
+Aboukir on the left. The reserve, was posted under Major-General Moore,
+on very high ground, projecting a quarter of a mile on the right, and
+extending to the large and magnificent ruins of a palace, built in the
+time of the Romans, within fifty yards of the sea. This high ground of
+sand-hills and old ruins, was about three hundred yards broad; it sloped
+gradually down into a valley, which lay between it and the other parts
+of the position. The 58th. regiment occupied the ruins, and the 28th. a
+redoubt near them; the 23rd. and 42nd., with the flank companies of the
+40th., and the Corsican Rangers, were placed a short distance behind the
+ruins and the redoubt; the other corps of the army extending to the
+canal. The French occupied a parallel position on a high and almost
+perpendicular ridge of hills; in the centre of their line appeared Fort
+Crétin—in the left of its rear Fort Caffarelli,—Pompey’s Pillar on its
+right,—Cleopatra’s Needle on the left, and the city of Alexandria
+extending to the sea, with the masts of the shipping in the harbour at
+the back of the town. The whole presented a most interesting appearance;
+objects celebrated in history, even some of the wonders of the world,
+could be distinctly seen, and the ruins under the soldier’s feet were of
+interesting antiquity.
+
+For seven days the army occupied this position without interruption; the
+soldiers being under arms every morning at three o’clock, and working
+parties being afterwards employed in strengthening the post.
+
+
+
+
+                         BATTLE OF ALEXANDRIA.
+                           21ST. MARCH, 1801.
+
+
+The French army having been augmented by the arrival of additional
+troops from the interior, General Menou advanced early on the morning of
+the celebrated 21st. of March, and attacked the British position with
+great intrepidity. The action commenced about an hour before daylight by
+a false attack on the British left, consisting of the 8th., 13th.,
+18th., and 90th. regiments, which was under Major-General Cradock’s
+command, where they were soon repulsed. The most vigorous efforts of the
+enemy were directed against the right, which they endeavoured to turn.
+The attack on that point was commenced with great impetuosity by the
+French infantry, sustained by a strong body of cavalry, who charged in
+column. They were received with equal ardour, and with the utmost
+steadiness and discipline. The contest was unusually obstinate; the
+enemy was twice repulsed, and his cavalry became repeatedly mixed with
+the British infantry. At length they retired, leaving an immense number
+of killed and wounded on the field. In these attacks the 28th. and 42nd.
+regiments gained great renown; the former had been ordered into the
+redoubt on the left of the ruins of the palace of the Ptolemies,—the
+left wing of the 42nd. advanced under Major Stirling, and took post on
+the open ground quitted by the 28th., and the right wing of the regiment
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, formed two hundred yards in the rear
+of the left wing. In an instant the ruins, redoubt, and left wing were
+attacked by the enemy with great impetuosity; but the steady and
+well-directed fire of the British regiments forced their assailants to
+retire.
+
+While the front was thus engaged, a column of the famed “Invincible
+Legion” advanced, preceded by a six-pounder gun, silently along the
+interval between the left of the 42nd. and the right of the Foot Guards,
+from which the cavalry picket had retired, and calculating its distance
+correctly, although in the dark, it wheeled to its left, and penetrated
+unobserved between the wings of the 42nd. regiment drawn up in parallel
+lines. The instant this column was seen, the right wing of that regiment
+attacked its front with great gallantry, and captured the gun,—the rear
+rank of the left wing faced about attacked to its rear, and the French
+being thus placed between two fires, rushed towards the ruins of the
+ancient palace,—receiving the fire of the 28th. as they passed the
+redoubt, of the grenadiers and light infantry of the 40th. as they
+passed the ground occupied by these companies, and being pursued in full
+career by the 42nd. As the French entered the ruins, two companies of
+the 58th. wheeled back, and after firing a few rounds of musketry,
+charged with the bayonet. Being thus attacked in front and on the
+flanks, and pursued by the Highlanders, who closed with bayonets on the
+rear, the “Invincible Legion” resisted until six hundred and fifty of
+their number had fallen, when the survivors, about two hundred and fifty
+in number, threw down their arms and surrendered, delivering up their
+standard to Major Stirling, of the 42nd., who gave it in charge of a
+sergeant, with directions to remain close to the gun which the regiment
+had taken from the enemy.[25]
+
+This column of the enemy being thus disposed of, the 42nd. instantly
+issued from among the ruins, and formed line in battalion on the flat,
+with their right supported by the redoubt; but at that moment the French
+infantry pressed forward so rapidly, that Major-General Moore ordered
+the regiment forward before its formation was completed, when Sir Ralph
+Abercromby, who was on the spot, encouraging the troops, called out “My
+brave Highlanders, remember your country, remember your forefathers!”
+and the regiment rushed forward with heroic ardour, drove back the
+French, and pursued them along the sandy plain. Major-General Moore, who
+had the advantage of a keen penetrating eye, saw through the increasing
+clearness of the atmosphere, fresh columns of the enemy, with three
+squadrons of cavalry, prepared to charge through the intervals of the
+retreating infantry, and instantly calling to the 42nd. to cease
+pursuing, directed them to resume their former ground to resist the
+charge of cavalry. This order to fall back to the redoubt was repeated
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling, but it was only partially heard by the
+regiment, owing to the noise from the firing; the companies which heard
+it fell back, and the others remained in advance. While in this broken
+state, the regiment was charged by the French horsemen, who dashed
+forward with great audacity, as to an assured victory; but the gallant
+Highlanders stood firm, and their fire thinned the enemy’s ranks in the
+advance. All the companies which were formed repulsed the dragoons with
+loss; the other companies were broken, yet the Highlanders individually,
+or in small groups, maintained a fierce contest with the dragoons, and a
+number of single combats took place, in which great courage and activity
+were displayed. The French dragoons which had penetrated the broken
+companies, or passed through the intervals, turned to their left towards
+the ruins of the old Roman palace, as the column of infantry had done
+early in the morning, and were nearly annihilated by the fire of the
+28th. regiment.
+
+During this fierce contest the British troops had expended their
+ammunition, and while a supply was being procured from the ordnance
+stores at a distance, their fire ceased; that of the enemy, however, was
+continued with great execution, and put to a severe test the patient
+endurance of the troops, who suffered severely. When a supply of
+ammunition arrived, the enemy retreated, and the action terminated.
+
+One stand of colours and two field pieces were taken.
+
+Sir Ralph Abercromby received a mortal wound at the commencement of the
+action, but which he concealed until the battle was decided. This
+gallant general died on the 28th. of March, and was buried at Malta. He
+was succeeded in the command of the army by Lieutenant-General
+(afterwards Lord) Hutchinson. In that officer’s despatch, the conduct of
+the reserve, under Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Moore against
+whom the principal attack was directed, was highly noticed;
+Major-General Moore and Brigadier-General Oakes, both wounded nearly at
+the same time, were specially mentioned; and the 28th. and 42nd.
+regiments[26] were reported as having acted “in the most distinguished
+and brilliant manner.”
+
+After this victory one division traversed the country to Rosetta, and
+captured the forts at that place; part of the army then advanced up the
+River Nile, and forced the French troops at the city of Cairo to
+surrender. Another portion was engaged in the blockade of Alexandria.
+
+Meanwhile the force under Major-General Baird had sailed from Bombay for
+the Red Sea. The original design was to proceed to the port of Suez, but
+the monsoon had commenced before the fleet entered the Red Sea, in
+April, 1801, when the Major-General determined to land at Cosseir, on
+the Red Sea, and brave the difficulties of the desert, in the hope of
+affording important aid to the forces which had arrived in Egypt from
+Europe. This was the first occasion that British troops had proceeded by
+the overland route,[27] which course was again adopted during the
+Crimean Campaign, when two regiments of cavalry (10th. and 12th.
+Dragoons) proceeded from India to Sebastopol. At this early period the
+fourteen-days’ march through the desert was a more serious affair than
+in later times.
+
+On landing, the country presented a frightfully desolate prospect, but
+the soldiers commenced their march with alacrity, although suffering
+from excessive heat and dysentery, occasioned by bad water. The march
+was made during the night. A short distance from Cosseir the troops
+entered a ravine, which appeared to be the old bed of a river, along
+which they travelled three days, when it terminated at Moilah: thence
+the desert had generally a hard gravelly soil, until the troops arrived
+at Baromba, where the first habitable spot was met with after leaving
+Cosseir, not a single hut being previously seen. There was an almost
+irresistible inclination to sleep, and some soldiers straggling from the
+line of march that they might lie down, lost their lives. About ten
+miles from Baromba was Kenna, which was reached without further
+difficulty.
+
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir John Hely Hutchinson, K.B., who
+had succeeded to the command upon the death of General Sir Ralph
+Abercromby, advanced to Grand Cairo, which capitulated on the 27th. of
+June, 1801. General Menou, refusing to accept the capitulation of Cairo,
+was closely besieged in Alexandria. The operations against the enemy’s
+works commenced on the 17th. of August. Major-General Coote embarked
+with a strong body of troops in the night of the 16th. and 17th. of
+August, and effected a landing to the westward of Alexandria, and
+immediately invested the strong castle of Marabout.
+
+On the night between the 18th. and 19th., Major-General Coote opened
+batteries against the castle of Marabout. This fort, situated on an
+island at the entrance to the old harbour of Alexandria, capitulated to
+the troops under Major-General Eyre Coote, on the 21st. of August, 1801.
+No loss was sustained. A brass gun was captured from the enemy by the
+first battalion of the 54th. regiment, which it retained until December,
+1841; and on its being placed in the repository established in the Royal
+Arsenal at Woolwich, the corps received the royal authority to bear the
+word “MARABOUT” on the regimental colours and appointments, in
+commemoration of the gallantry evinced by the battalion at the capture
+of that fort. No other regiment bears this distinction.
+
+During the evening of the 27th. of August, General Menou sent an
+aide-de-camp to request an armistice for three days, in order to afford
+time to prepare a capitulation, which after some difficulties and delays
+was signed on the 2nd. of September. It is on record that after the
+terms of surrender were concluded, the French General received
+Brigadier-General Hope with the natural politeness of his countrymen,
+and an invitation was given to dinner, the repast consisting entirely of
+horse-flesh.
+
+This terminated the campaign in Egypt, and the achievements of the
+British army were a prelude to future victories. The troops received the
+thanks of both Houses of Parliament, and all the regiments received the
+royal authority to bear on their colours the word “EGYPT,” with the
+_Sphinx_ as a lasting memorial of the glories acquired during this
+arduous and important campaign, which had exalted the military fame of
+Great Britain, by the expulsion of the “invincible” legions of
+Buonaparte from Egypt, whence he had expected to extend his conquests
+through Asia. The following were the regiments employed in Egypt in
+1801:—
+
+8th. Light Dragoons, one Troop, Captain Hawkins; 11th. Light Dragoons,
+one Troop, Captain A. Money; 12th. Light Dragoons, Colonel Mervyn
+Archdall; 22nd. Light Dragoons,[28] Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable
+William Lumley; 26th. (afterwards 23rd) Light Dragoons,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Gordon; Hompesch’s Hussars, (detachment,)
+Major Sir Robert T. Wilson; Coldstream Guards, 1st. Battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Brice; 3rd. Foot Guards, 1st. Battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel T. Hilgrove Turner; Royals, 2nd. Battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan Campbell; 2nd. Queen’s Royal, Colonel the Earl
+of Dalhousie; 8th. Foot, King’s, Colonel Gordon Drummond; 10th. Foot,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Quarrell; 13th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Honourable Charles Colville; 18th., Royal Irish, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Henry T. Montresor; 20th. Foot, 1st. and 2nd. Battalions,
+Lieutenant-Colonel George Smith; 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers,
+Lieutenant-Colonel John Hall; 24th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel John R.
+Forster; 25th. Foot, Colonel William Dyott; 26th. Foot., Colonel Lord
+Elphinstone; 27th. Inniskilling, 1st. and 2nd Battalions,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Graham; 28th. Foot, Colonel Honourable Edward
+Paget; 30th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel William Wilkinson; 40th. Foot,
+(Flank Companies,) Colonel Brent Spencer; 42nd. Royal Highland Regiment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel William Dickson; 44th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel David
+Ogilvie; 50th. Foot, Colonel Patrick Wanchope; 54th. Foot, 1st. and 2nd.
+Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel John Thomas Layard; 58th. Foot,
+Lieutenant-Colonel William Houstoun; 61st. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Francis Carruthers; 79th. Foot, Colonel Alan Cameron; 80th. Foot.
+Lieutenant-Colonel John Montresor; 86th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel James
+P. Lloyd; 88th. Foot, Colonel William Carr Beresford; 89th. Foot,
+Colonel William Stewart; 90th. Foot, Colonel Rowland Hill; 92nd. Foot,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Erskine; De Watteville’s Regiment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Louis de Watteville; The Queen’s German Regiment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Peter John James Dutens; De Rolle’s Regiment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Baron De Dürler; Dillon’s Regiment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Baron Perponcher; Royal Corsican Rangers, Major
+Hudson Lowe; Ancient Irish Fencibles; Chasseurs Britanniques, Colonel
+John Ramsey; and the Staff Corps, (detachment.)
+
+
+
+
+                           THE TURKISH MEDAL.
+
+
+The Grand Seignior, with a view to perpetuate the services rendered to
+the Ottoman empire, established an order of knighthood, designated the
+Crescent, which was conferred on the general officers. He also presented
+gold medals of three sizes to the field officers, captains, and
+subalterns, which they were authorized by His Majesty to accept and
+wear. A palace was built at Constantinople for the future residence of
+the British ambassadors. The medal from which the engraving has been
+made is the smaller one, given to captains and subalterns, but is the
+same in pattern as the larger size, conferred on the field officers.
+Obverse, a Crescent and Star of eight points, surrounded by an
+ornamental border; Reverse, the Sultan’s cypher, under which is the year
+1801; the border is the same on both sides; the ribbon is dark orange,
+with a hook and chain.
+
+
+
+
+                            BATTLE OF MAIDA.
+                            4TH JULY, 1806.
+
+
+A squadron of British and Russian vessels having, in November, 1805,
+landed some troops at Naples, without any opposition from the Neapolitan
+court, shortly afterwards departed. On receiving intelligence of this
+transaction, the French Emperor issued a proclamation, that “the
+Neapolitan dynasty had ceased to reign,” and his brother Joseph,
+assisted by Marshal Massena, proceeded with an army to that country. The
+French entered Naples on the 15th. of February, and shortly obtained
+possession of the whole kingdom, excepting Gaeta. Meanwhile the Court
+had retired to Sicily. A decree was soon issued, by which the crown of
+Naples was conferred by Napoleon on his brother Joseph, who was
+proclaimed king on the 30th. of May.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Turkish Medal for Egypt.—1801
+]
+
+A body of troops was assembled by the French in Calabria, and extensive
+preparations were made for the invasion of Sicily. Major-General Stuart,
+who then commanded the British troops in Sicily, formed the design of
+penetrating Calabria, and attacking the French division, under General
+Regnier: the result was the Battle of Maida, Upper Calabria, which was
+fought on the 4th. of July, 1806. On hearing of the disembarkation of
+the British at St. Euphemia, General Regnier made a rapid march from
+Reggio, uniting, as he advanced, his detached corps. seven-pounders
+Stuart resolved to anticipate the attack, and the army commenced its
+march on the morning of the 4th. of July. By nine o’clock in the morning
+the opposing fronts were warmly engaged. The right of the advanced line
+consisted of the battalion of light infantry, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel, afterwards Sir James, Kempt, consisting of the light
+companies of the 20th., 27th., 35th., 58th., 61st., 81st., and
+Watteville’s, (since disbanded,) together with one hundred and fifty
+chosen battalion men of the 35th. regiment, under Major Robinson.
+Directly opposed to them was the favourite French regiment, the Ire.
+Légére. The two corps, at the distance of about one hundred yards, fired
+reciprocally a few rounds, when, as if by mutual consent, the firing was
+suspended, and in close compact order and dreadful silence they advanced
+towards each other, until their bayonets began to cross. This momentous
+crisis appalled the enemy; they broke and endeavoured to fly, but it was
+too late, and they were overtaken, when the most terrible slaughter
+ensued.
+
+Brigadier-General Acland, whose brigade, consisting of the 78th. and
+81st. regiments, was immediately on the left of the light infantry,
+availed himself of this favourable moment to press instantly forward
+upon the corps in his front, when the 78th., under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Macleod, and the 81st., under Major Plenderleath, had an opportunity of
+distinguishing themselves. The enemy fled in dismay and disorder,
+leaving the plain covered with their dead and wounded.
+
+Being thus completely discomfited on his left, General Regnier commenced
+a new effort in the hope of recovering the day. The grenadier battalion
+and the 27th. regiment, which formed the first brigade, under
+Brigadier-General Cole resisted the enemy most gallantly. Nothing could
+shake the undaunted firmness of the grenadiers, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+O’Callaghan, and of the 27th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith.
+The cavalry successively repelled from before their front, attempted to
+turn their left, when Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, who had that morning
+landed from Messina with the 20th. Foot, and was coming up to the army
+during the action, having observed this movement, threw his regiment
+opportunely into a small cover upon their flank, and by a heavy and
+well-directed fire completely frustrated the attempt. The 20th., with
+natural pride, always commemorated this day’s glory. The enemy having
+succeeded with his cavalry in turning the British left, owing to the
+total deficiency of that arm on the part of the English, might possibly
+have retrieved the day, but for this movement. This was the final
+struggle, and the French began precipitately to retire; leaving above
+seven hundred of their dead upon the field of battle.
+
+The British infantry continued in pursuit as long as they were able, but
+as the enemy dispersed in every direction, and the victors were under
+the necessity of preserving order, the trial of speed became unequal.
+The total loss sustained by the French was estimated at four thousand
+men.
+
+For this victory Major-General Stuart received the thanks of Parliament,
+with a vote of a thousand pounds a year for life; the approbation of his
+Sovereign, and the dignity of a Knight of the Bath; he was created Count
+of Maida by the King of Naples, and the city of London voted him its
+freedom and a sword.
+
+In the official communication from the British minister at Palermo, the
+battle of Maida was thus adverted to:—“There is not to be found in the
+annals of military transactions an enterprise prepared with more
+deliberate reflection, or executed with greater decision, promptitude,
+and success, than the late invasion of Calabria by Sir John Stuart. I
+trust, therefore, you will not think me presumptuous for venturing to
+add my testimony of the high sense entertained by this Court, of the
+merits of the British General, and of his gallant army, who, on the
+fertile plains of Maida, have added new trophies to those which the same
+troops had formerly earned, from the same enemy, on the sandy regions of
+Egypt.”
+
+The following regiments were engaged in this action, the 20th., 27th.,
+35th., 58th., 61st., (flank companies,) 78th., and 81st. Foot.
+
+
+                         GOLD MEDAL FOR MAIDA.
+
+[Illustration: Illustration of a commemorative medal with two circular
+sides connected side-by-side. Left side shows a profile portrait of King
+George III wearing a laurel wreath, labeled “Georgivs Tertivs Rex.”
+Right side depicts the goddess Britannia with spear and shield,
+accompanied by a winged figure holding a wreath, with the inscription
+“Mai Da IV MDCCCVI” and a fallen enemy figure below.]
+
+In commemoration of this victory a gold medal was struck, and conferred
+upon all the superior officers who were present. On the obverse is the
+lauriated head of the Sovereign, inscribed GEORGIUS TERTIUS REX. The
+reverse has Britannia brandishing a spear with her right hand, and on
+her left a shield charged with the crosses of the Union banner. A flying
+figure of Victory is crowning her with a wreath of laurel; behind
+Britannia is the triquetra, or trinacria, the ancient symbol of Sicily,
+and before her is inscribed MAIDA IVL. IV. MDCCCVI. Round the edge the
+name and rank of the officers were engraved. There was only one size of
+this medal, which was worn both by General and Field officers from the
+button-hole of their uniform, to a red ribbon, with blue edges, and a
+gold buckle. The issue was limited to the Commander of the Forces
+engaged, officers in command of brigades, battalions, or of corps
+equivalent to a battalion, or the officer who succeeded on the removal
+from the field of the original commander, and the Deputy
+Quartermaster-General. As a general rule, no officer below the rank of
+Major was considered eligible, unless he succeeded to the command of a
+battalion during the action. Only seventeen officers received this
+medal.
+
+
+
+
+                     BATTLES OF ROLEIA AND VIMIERA.
+                     17TH. AND 21ST. AUGUST, 1808.
+
+
+At this period the Peninsula was the centre of political interest.
+Portugal, deserted by her government, and Spain betrayed, the people of
+each of those countries rose in arms to recover the national
+independence. Dissensions had arisen in the royal family of Spain,
+occasioned by the sway of Manuel Godoy, who bore the title of the Prince
+of Peace. This minister was dismissed, but the court was unable to
+restore tranquillity. In this emergency the French Emperor was solicited
+to be umpire, and Napoleon eventually placed the crown of Spain on his
+brother Joseph, who was transferred from the throne of Naples. The
+Spaniards at once flew to arms, and the British government resolved to
+aid the Spanish and Portuguese patriots. A British army was accordingly
+ordered to proceed to the Peninsula under the command of
+Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley. After a favourable passage the
+troops destined for this service anchored in Mondego Bay, in the
+beginning of August, and a landing was effected in the vicinity of the
+village of Frejus. The division under Major-General (afterwards Sir
+Brent) Spencer, K.B., from Cadiz, consisting of about four thousand men,
+joined on the 8th. of August; and after a short halt, the army was put
+in motion to occupy a more forward position, where it remained for some
+days. Sir Arthur marched from Leiria on the 13th., and arrived at
+Alcobaça on the 19th., which place the enemy abandoned in the preceding
+night. The French, about four thousand in number, were posted at Roliça,
+or Roleia, (the latter mode of spelling having been inaccurately adopted
+from the despatch for the colours,) and Brilos was occupied by their
+advanced posts. The possession of this latter village being important to
+future operations, it was determined to occupy it, and as soon as the
+British infantry arrived upon the ground, a detachment, consisting of
+four companies of riflemen of the 60th. and 95th. regiments, was ordered
+to effect this duty. A trifling resistance was offered by a small picket
+of the enemy’s infantry and a few cavalry, after which they retired,
+being followed by a detachment of riflemen to the distance of three
+miles from Brilos. The riflemen were then attacked by a superior body of
+the enemy, who attempted to cut them off from the main body of the
+detachment to which they belonged. Large bodies of the enemy appeared on
+both the flanks of the detachment, which had advanced in support of the
+riflemen, and it was with difficulty that Major-General Spencer was
+enabled to effect a retreat to Obidos, which village it remained in
+possession of.
+
+Two days afterwards was fought the Battle of Roleia, or Roliça. General
+Laborde continued in his position at this place, and Sir Arthur
+Wellesley determined to attack him in it on the morning of the 17th. of
+August. Roliça is situated on an eminence, having a plain in its front,
+at the end of a valley, which commences at Caldas, and is closed to the
+southwards by the mountains, which join the hills, forming a valley on
+the left, looking towards Caldas. In the centre of the valley, and about
+eight miles from Roliça, is the town and old Moorish fort of Obidos,
+from whence the enemy’s pickets had been driven on the 15th., and from
+that time he had posts in the hills on both sides of the valley, as well
+as in the plain in front of his army, which was posted on the heights in
+front of Roliça; its right resting upon the hills, its left upon an
+eminence, on which was a windmill, and the whole covering four or five
+passes into the mountains in his rear.
+
+About seven o’clock in the morning the troops moved from Obidos.
+Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were immediately detached into the
+hills on the left of the valley, to keep up the communication between
+the centre and left columns, and to protect the march of the former
+along the valley; the enemy’s posts were successively driven in.
+Major-General Hill’s brigade moved on to attack the French left, and
+Brigadier-Generals Nightingall and Craufurd advanced with the artillery
+along the high road, until at length Nightingall’s formed in the plain
+immediately in the enemy’s front, supported by the light infantry
+companies, and the 45th. regiment of Brigadier-General Craufurd’s
+brigade; while the other two regiments of his brigade, the 50th. and
+91st., were kept as a reserve in the rear.
+
+Major-General Rowland (afterwards Viscount) Hill and Brigadier-General
+Nightingall advanced upon the enemy’s position, and at the same moment
+Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were in the hills on his right; the
+Portuguese infantry in a village upon his left; and Major-General
+Ferguson’s column was descending from the heights into the plain. From
+this situation the French retired by the passes into the mountains with
+the utmost regularity and celerity; and notwithstanding the rapid
+advance of the British infantry, the want of a sufficient body of
+cavalry was the cause of their suffering but little loss in the plain.
+It then became necessary to make a disposition to attack the formidable
+position which had been taken up. Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were
+already in the mountains on the enemy’s right, but no time was lost in
+attacking the different passes, as well as in supporting the riflemen,
+so as to ensure a complete victory.
+
+The Portuguese infantry were ordered to move up a pass on the right of
+the whole; the light companies of Major-General Hill’s brigade, and the
+5th. Fusiliers advanced up a pass next on the right; and the 29th.
+regiment, supported by the 9th. foot, under Brigadier-General
+Nightingall, a third pass; and the 45th. and 82nd. regiments, passes on
+the left. These were all difficult of access, and some of them were well
+defended, particularly that assailed by the 9th. and 29th. Foot; both
+regiments attacked with the greatest impetuosity, and reached the enemy
+before those whose assaults were to be made on their flanks; the defence
+was desperate, and it was in this attack that the greatest loss was
+sustained, Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable George A. F. Lake being
+killed at the head of his regiment, the 29th. Foot.
+
+General Laborde was, however, driven from all the positions he had taken
+in the passes of the mountains, and the British troops were advanced in
+the plains on their tops. For a considerable length of time the 9th. and
+29th. regiments alone were advanced to this point, with
+Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen at a distance on the left; they were
+afterwards supported by the 5th., and by the light companies of
+Major-General Hill’s brigade, which had arrived on their right, and by
+the other troops ordered to ascend the mountains, the latter arriving by
+degrees. Here three most gallant attacks were made upon the 9th. and
+29th. regiments, in all of which the enemy was repulsed; but he
+succeeded in effecting a retreat in good order, owing principally to Sir
+Arthur’s want of cavalry, and to the difficulty of bringing up the
+passes of the mountains with celerity a sufficient number of troops and
+of cannon, to support those who had first ascended. The French loss was
+nevertheless very great, and three pieces of cannon were captured.
+
+Sir Arthur Wellesley, in his despatch, observed “that although we had
+such a superiority of numbers employed in the operations of this day,
+the troops actually engaged in the heat of the action were, from
+unavoidable circumstances, only the 5th., 9th., 29th., the riflemen of
+the 60th., and 95th., and the flank companies of Major-General Hill’s
+brigade, being a number by no means equal to that of the enemy: their
+conduct, therefore, deserves the highest commendation.”
+
+Thus was the first victory in the Peninsula gained; and it afforded an
+omen of future successes, which was afterwards fully accomplished. The
+5th., 6th., 9th., 29th., 32nd., 36th., 38th., 40th., 45th., 60th.,
+71st., 82nd., 91st., and Rifle Brigade, took part in this battle.
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley did not pursue the enemy by the
+high-roads, but keeping to the right, near the sea, marched to Vimiera,
+to cover the landing of a brigade commanded by Major-General Anstruther,
+which was effected on the 20th. of August. The following morning was to
+be given up to the troops in order to prepare and repose themselves.
+Whilst the men were engaged in washing and cleaning their equipments,
+the approach of the enemy, was discovered at eight o’clock in the
+morning, and the brigades commanded by Major-General Ferguson,
+Brigadier-Generals Nightingall, Acland, and Bowes, proceeded across a
+valley from the heights on the west to those on the east of Vimiera.
+
+Marshal Junot, Duke of Abrantes, advanced to the attack of the position,
+and commenced it on the British centre, where the 50th. regiment was
+posted, moving along the front gradually to the left, until the whole
+line became engaged. Notwithstanding the fire of the riflemen, the enemy
+advanced close to the 50th., and were checked and driven back only by
+the bayonets of that regiment. The second battalion of the 43rd. was
+likewise closely engaged with them, in the road leading into Vimiera, a
+part of that corps having been ordered into the churchyard to prevent
+them from penetrating into the town. On the right of the position they
+were repulsed by the bayonets of the 97th. regiment, successfully
+supported by the second battalion of the 52nd., which, by an advance in
+column, took the enemy in flank.
+
+The attack upon the heights on the road to Lourinha was supported by a
+large body of cavalry, and was made with the usual impetuosity of French
+troops. They were received with steadiness by the brigade under
+Major-General Ferguson, consisting of the 36th., 40th., and 71st.
+regiments. These corps charged as soon as the enemy approached them, who
+gave way, and they continued to advance upon him, supported by the
+82nd., one of the corps of Brigadier-General Nightingall’s brigade,
+which, as the ground extended, afterwards formed a part of the first
+line; by the 29th. regiment, and by Brigadier-General’s Bowes and
+Acland’s brigades; whilst Brigadier-General Craufurd’s brigade and the
+Portuguese troops, in two lines, proceeded along the heights on the
+left. In the advance of Major-General Ferguson’s brigade, six pieces of
+cannon were taken, with many prisoners, and vast numbers were killed and
+wounded.
+
+An attempt was afterwards made by the French to recover a portion of
+their artillery, by attacking the 71st. and 82nd. regiments, which were
+halted in a valley in which the guns had been captured. The attempt
+failed, and the enemy were compelled again to retire with great loss.
+
+Sir Arthur Wellesley especially noticed the following corps:—The Royal
+artillery, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robe; the 20th. Dragoons,
+(since disbanded,) commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was
+killed; the 50th. regiment, commanded by Colonel Walker; the second
+battalion of the 95th. regiment, (rifles,) commanded by Major Travers;
+the fifth battalion 60th. regiment, commanded by Major Davy; the second
+battalion 43rd., commanded by Major Hull; the second battalion 52nd.,
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Ross; the 97th. regiment, commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Lyon; the 36th., commanded by Colonel Burne; the
+40th., commanded by Colonel Kemmis; the 71st., commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Denis) Pack; and the 82nd. regiment,
+commanded by Major Eyre. The British commander, always chary of praise,
+paid a special tribute to the 36th. regiment.
+
+Thirteen pieces of cannon, twenty-three ammunition waggons, with powder,
+shells, stores of all descriptions, and twenty thousand rounds of musket
+ammunition, were captured. General Beniere was wounded and taken
+prisoner, together with several officers. The defeat was signal, and not
+more than half the British army was actually engaged. The French
+casualties amounted to nearly two thousand killed, wounded, and taken
+prisoners.
+
+In this action, George Clark, one of the pipers of the 71st. Highland
+Light Infantry, was wounded; and being unable to accompany his corps in
+the advance against the enemy, put his pipes in order, and struck up a
+favourite regimental air to the intense delight of his comrades.
+
+Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the British troops for
+this victory, and the word “VIMIERA” was authorized to be borne on the
+colours and appointments of the following regiments:—2nd., 5th., 6th.,
+9th., 20th., 29th., 32nd., 36th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 45th., 50th.,
+52nd., 60th., 71st., 82nd., 91st., and Rifle Brigade.
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard arrived during the action, but did
+not assume the command: Lieutenant-General Sir Hew Dalrymple landed on
+the following day, and took command of the army. The force under
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore was also embarked during the
+negociation which subsequently took place, making the British forces to
+amount to thirty-two thousand men. This treaty, which was styled the
+“Convention of Cintra,” was signed on the 30th. of August, and by its
+provisions the French troops evacuated Portugal.
+
+All the objects of the expedition having been effected, and the French
+forces embarked for France, the British army remained for some time at
+Lisbon and its vicinity. This convention excited great dissatisfaction
+in England, and a Court of Enquiry was assembled to investigate the
+circumstances attending it.
+
+
+                   GOLD MEDAL FOR ROLEIA AND VIMIERA.
+
+Although these battles were distinct actions only one medal was
+conferred, but it was granted to those who were present at either of
+them. On the obverse Britannia is represented seated on the globe; in
+her right hand extended a wreath of laurel, and in her left a palm
+branch; to her right the British lion, and on the left a shield charged
+with the crosses of the union banner. The reverse had a wreath of
+laurel, within which the name of the event was engraved, and the year,
+thus—Roleia and Vimiera, 1808. The name and rank of the officer were
+engraved on the edge. Further particulars regarding these medals will be
+given with the description of that for Talavera, of which an
+illustration has been made, and which is similar to that granted for the
+above and subsequent victories.
+
+
+
+
+                       SIR JOHN MOORE’S CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard received His Majesty’s commands to
+place a large portion of the army in Portugal under the orders of Sir
+John Moore, to be employed on a particular service, which was announced
+in a general order on the 8th. of October, 1808, and preparations were
+accordingly made for entering Spain. Upon arriving in that country the
+troops were directed to wear the white cockade, in addition to their
+own, as a compliment to the Spanish nation, and to use every means to
+maintain the good opinion entertained of them by that high-spirited
+people.
+
+On the 27th. of October the division under the command of
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable John Hope, afterwards the Earl of
+Hopetoun, was put in motion, and after a short stay at Badajoz, resumed
+the march to Talavera de la Reyna. From this town the column proceeded
+to the Escurial, seven leagues to the north-west of Madrid, where it
+arrived and halted on the 22nd. of November. Intelligence was here
+received of the enemy’s movements, and a night march was made to the
+left by Avila and Peneranda, and finally to Alba de Tormes, where a
+junction was formed with a detachment from the army under
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore. The troops were shortly afterwards
+put in motion towards Valladolid, and subsequently to the left, to
+effect a junction with the division under Lieutenant-General Sir David
+Baird, which had landed at Corunna.
+
+Previously to this period, the Spanish armies under General Blake, near
+Bilboa on the left, General Castanos in the centre, and General Palafox
+lower down the Ebro on the right, had been completely defeated; and
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore consequently made arrangements for a
+retreat on Portugal by Ciudad Rodrigo; but it having been represented to
+him that Madrid held out against the French, he was induced to effect a
+junction with Lieutenant-General Sir David Baird, in order to make a
+diversion in favour of Madrid, by attacking Marshal Soult on the River
+Carion.
+
+
+
+
+                        SAHAGUN, BENEVENTE, ETC.
+                   DECEMBER, 1808, AND JANUARY, 1809.
+
+
+The British commander ascertained that instead of a powerful army
+covering his advance, not a Spanish soldier was in his front, the enemy
+was at hand, and those Spanish armies with which he had been directed to
+co-operate, had been routed and dispersed; at the same time the winter
+had set in with unusual severity, and the troops were almost constantly
+marching through snow. Napoleon had three hundred thousand men in Spain,
+and to confront this host of veterans, Sir John Moore had not
+twenty-five thousand British troops, yet he boldly advanced and menaced
+the enemy’s lines.
+
+Three leagues from the quarters of the Hussar brigade, consisting of
+the 7th., 10th., and 15th. Hussars, about eight hundred French
+dragoons were in cantonments at Sahagun, under Brigadier-General
+Debelle. About two o’clock on the morning of the 21st. December, the
+15th., with Captain Thornhill and twelve soldiers of the 7th. Hussars,
+and Lieutenant-General Lord Paget (afterwards Marquis of Angelsey) at
+their head, moved along the left bank of the Cea, in order to
+intercept the retreat of the French dragoons from Sahagun. The 10th.
+marched straight to the town, while Lieutenant-General Lord Paget,
+with the 15th., endeavoured to turn it. The British hussars arrived in
+the vicinity of Sahagun before daylight; but a French patrol had given
+the alarm, and his lordship found the enemy formed within the town.
+The march had been performed with difficulty, the weather being
+extremely cold, and from deep snow on the ground, the road was so
+covered with ice in many places, that the men had to dismount and lead
+their horses. Between five and six o’clock the advance guard of the
+15th. fell in with a French patrol, and took five prisoners, but in
+consequence of the extreme darkness the rest escaped, and galloping
+off to Sahagun, gave the alarm, thus preventing the surprise of the
+enemy. Upon approaching that place shortly before daylight, the French
+dragoons were discovered formed up beyond a rugged hollow way, which
+was unfavourable for cavalry, and as the 15th. came near the enemy
+withdrew towards a bridge on their left. In numbers the French were
+about two to one, but his lordship instantly charged, overthrew them,
+and captured nearly one hundred and fifty prisoners, including two
+lieutenant-colonels, and eleven other officers.
+
+Lord Paget, and Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, of the 15th., each received a
+medal. The conduct of the hussars was commended by the British General,
+and the regiment was permitted to bear on its appointments the word
+SAHAGUN.
+
+The attack by Lord Paget on a vastly superior force, so far as numbers
+were concerned, at Sahagun, in which the enemy were cut to pieces,
+occasioned Sir John Moore to issue the following order:—
+
+                                                “Head Quarters, Sahagun.
+
+  “The different attacks made by parties of cavalry upon those of the
+  enemy, on the march, have given them an opportunity to display a
+  spirit, and to assume a tone of superiority which does them credit,
+  and which the Commander of the Forces hopes will be supported on more
+  important occasions.
+
+  “The attacks conducted by Brigadier-General Stewart, with the 18th.
+  Hussars, when upon the Douro, and that by Lieutenant-General Lord
+  Paget upon the enemy’s cavalry at this place, are honourable to the
+  British cavalry.
+
+  “The Commander of the Forces begs that the Lieutenant-General and
+  Brigadier-General will accept his thanks for their services, and that
+  they will convey them to Brigadier-General Slade, and the officers,
+  non-commissioned officers, and men of the cavalry under their command,
+  for their conduct in the different affairs that have taken place.”
+
+An order like this naturally made the infantry very desirous to emulate
+the cavalry, and the opportunity was shortly afterwards afforded.
+Arrangements had been made for attacking the enemy, but the approach of
+Napoleon, with an overwhelming force, rendered a retrograde movement
+necessary; and while the cavalry pickets were skirmishing with the
+French, the baggage, and several brigades of infantry withdrew.
+Christmas, with all its social customs was thus dawning, when the troops
+commenced their retreat. A heavy and continued fall of snow hid the ruts
+in the roads, caused by the passage of the guns. Officers lost their
+boots in these ruts, and were compelled to walk barefooted. Two days
+rest after the reserve had crossed the Esla, enabled measures to be
+taken to repair the sufferings from the bad roads, a supply of soles and
+heels having been furnished to each regiment; the officers and men had
+also the welcome issue of new blankets, and one hundred and fifty pairs
+of shoes were supplied to each regiment.
+
+On the 24th. of December the hussars fell back to Cal; on the 25th. they
+arrived at Sahagun, and on quitting that place on the 26th., a
+considerable force of the enemy’s cavalry was seen on some high ground
+at Majorga. Lord Paget directed Colonel Leigh, of the 10th. Hussars, to
+dislodge them with two squadrons of his regiment, and the colonel
+instantly led one squadron forward, the other following in support.
+Arriving on the top of the hill, he paused a short time for the horses
+to recover their wind after the ascent, and was exposed to a heavy, but
+not destructive, fire; he afterwards gave the word “Charge,” and in five
+minutes the French were overthrown, many were killed, others wounded,
+and about a hundred taken prisoners. On this, and on all other
+occasions, the superiority of the British cavalry over the French
+horsemen, was proved to an extent beyond anything that had been
+anticipated. The British hussars set superior numbers at defiance, and
+their temerity was not, in any instance, punished by repulse or defeat.
+
+Continuing the retreat, the cavalry arrived at Benevente on the 27th. of
+December; they had scarcely entered the town, when an alarm of the
+approach of a body of French troops was given, and the hussars turned
+out, but the enemy retired. The infantry continued their retreat on the
+following morning, but the cavalry remained in the town, with parties
+watching the fords on the Esla.
+
+Six hundred cavalry of the French imperial guard, commanded by General
+Lefebre Desnouettes, forded the river near the bridge, and drove back
+the videttes, when the British pickets, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Otway, (afterwards Lieutenant-General Sir Loftus William Otway,) major
+of the 18th. Hussars advanced, and repeatedly charging the enemy’s
+leading squadrons, kept the whole in check until Lieutenant-General Lord
+Paget and Brigadier-General the Honourable Charles Stewart (afterwards
+the Marquis of Londonderry) arrived. A detatchment of the 10th. Hussars,
+under Major Quentin, was engaged on this occasion, and evinced signal
+gallantry. Lord Paget hastened to bring up the regiment from the town:
+Brigadier-General Stewart placed himself at the head of the pickets, and
+the ground was obstinately disputed, many charges being made by both
+sides, the French veterans fighting in a manner worthy of their high
+reputation. The pickets were ordered to fall back gradually, and the
+squadrons were repeatedly mingled. Brigadier-General Stewart evinced
+great personal bravery, and while engaged with a French officer, his
+sword fell, when Lieutenant-Colonel Otway gave the general his own
+sword, and recovered the other from the ground. While the fight was
+taking place on the plain, the hussars formed at the edge of the town,
+and, on receiving the signal to advance, they galloped forward. The
+pickets, perceiving the 10th. advancing to support them, gave a loud
+cheer, and dashed at speed upon their numerous opponents. In an instant
+the French were broken and driven in great disorder towards the river,
+which they repassed with precipitation, leaving behind them about thirty
+men killed, twenty-five wounded, and seventy prisoners. General Lefebre
+Desnouttes was pursued by the hussars, and refusing to stop when
+overtaken, he was cut across the head, and made prisoner by Private Levi
+Grisdall.
+
+On the 30th. of December the troops came up with the wretched remains of
+the army under the Marquis de la Romana; instead of these being of any
+assistance they impeded the march of the British, and exhausted the few
+resources left, the houses being filled by them.
+
+The retreat presented many harrowing features. An eye-witness,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell, of the 28th., which regiment formed
+part of the reserve, the post of honour in a retreat, states,—“On the
+arrival of the cavalry at Canberas, about midnight, the reserve
+immediately moved on, and arrived next morning, 1st. January, 1809, at
+Bembibre, just as the other division was marching off to Villa Franca.
+The scene of drunkenness that here presented itself was truly shameful.
+The stragglers from the preceding division so crowded every house, that
+there was hardly a place to be had for the wearied reserve. Crowds of
+half-naked and unfortunate peasants of Romana’s army, added to the
+confusion. On the 2nd., when Sir John Moore left Bembibre, with the
+reserve and the cavalry, for Villa Franca, Colonel Ross was left with
+that excellent regiment, the 20th., and a detachment of hussars, to
+cover the town, while officers were employed in endeavouring to collect
+the stragglers. A few were got away, but many were so tired and lame
+from sore feet, that they did not care if the French sabres and bayonets
+were at their breasts, so completely did most of them give themselves up
+to despair. The rear-guard was at length forced to retire and leave
+those unfortunate people to their fate. Some of these poor fellows, who
+had thought better of it, and were endeavouring to overtake their
+countrymen, were unmercifully sabred by the French cavalry, many of them
+in a defenceless state.”
+
+In the same gallant veteran’s “Narrative of the Campaigns of the 28th.
+Regiment,” this striking incident occurs:—“The following occurrence had
+more effect in establishing the good conduct of the reserve than
+anything that had yet been done. We were formed into close column on the
+Bembibre side of the river, when our gallant chief, General Paget, in an
+excellent address, called the attention of the soldiers to the dreadful
+and disgraceful scene of yesterday, and the merciless conduct of the
+enemy’s cavalry had shewn to many of the stragglers. He told the men
+that they had become the rear-guard of the army, and upon their sober,
+steady, and good conduct the safety of the whole depended. Just as the
+general had finished his admirable and soldier-like address, and after
+all the orders had been given, and the necessary examples that had been
+made, two men of the reserve were found in the very act of shamefully
+plundering a house in the village, and ill-treating the inhabitants. The
+report was made, and the reserve was instantly formed in square; the
+culprits were brought out, the general being determined that an example
+should be made. They were ordered to be hanged upon a tree close to the
+village. Everything being prepared, the awful sentence was about to be
+carried into execution; the unfortunate men were in the act of being
+lifted up to the fatal branch, when a officer of the hussars rode into
+the square, and reported that the enemy were at that moment advancing.
+The general said he did not care if the whole French cavalry were coming
+up, that he would hang those men, who had been guilty of so shameful an
+outrage. At that instant a few distant shots were heard, and a second
+officer arrived at full speed with another report. The general then
+stopped the execution, and turning round to the reserve, said,
+‘Soldiers! if you promise to behave well for the future, I will forgive
+those men; say yes, in an instant.’ ‘Yes!’ was said by every one. ‘Say
+it again,’ said the general. ‘Yes, yes,’ was again exclaimed by all.
+‘Say it a third time,’ ‘Yes, yes, yes?’ and a cheer followed.[29] The
+men were forgiven, the square was reduced, and the 52nd. regiment, under
+Colonel Barclay, went through the village in double-quick time, and in
+the most beautiful manner took possession of the vineyards on the
+opposite side of the river, while the remainder of the reserve crossed
+the bridge under cover of the 95th., and formed on the hill behind the
+52nd. By this time the enemy were close upon us, and attacked the 95th.
+in great force, the cavalry joining in the onset. They were terribly
+galled by the rifles as they advanced through the village. The 95th.
+then retired up the road to the right and left, the French being at the
+same time exposed to a murderous fire from the 52nd., in the vineyards,
+which completely checked them. The 52nd. then retired up the road, when
+the enemy were again most gallantly repulsed. The French in this affair
+lost the general officer commanding the advanced guard, and many men. A
+column of them was also severely handled by Captain Carthew’s guns, and
+stopped descending the hill on the other side of the river. This kept
+them quiet until the afternoon of the 5th. of January. Our gallant
+commander-in-chief was present during this affair, and wherever there
+was a shot fired was he always to be found. This was the first time the
+infantry had met the enemy.”
+
+Marshal Soult, unwilling to attack, followed the sorely-pressed army
+with unwonted caution. One night and two days brought the army from
+Villa Franca to Lugo. All the attacks of the advanced guard of the
+French upon the rear were repulsed. Notwithstanding this, however, the
+retreating troops became more and more harassed. When the two bullock
+cars, containing treasure to the amount of twenty-five thousand pounds,
+became immovable, the money had to be thrown over the precipice.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell thus narrates the circumstance:—“On
+the morning of the 5th. (January, 1809,) the reserve left Nogales. We
+were detained at a bridge a little way on the road, covering the
+engineers, who were endeavouring to destroy it, but they did not
+succeed. The 28th. regiment was now the rear-guard of the reserve, and
+the flank companies, with a company of the 95th., formed the rear-guard
+of the regiment. The whole distance was a continued skirmish. About noon
+we came up with two cars laden with dollars; but the bullocks that drew
+them being completely exhausted, it was impossible to save the treasure.
+Under these circumstances Sir John Moore decided that the whole should
+be thrown down the mountain, most judiciously considering, that if the
+casks were broken, the men would make a rush for the money, which would
+have caused great confusion, and might have cost the lives of many. The
+rear-guard, therefore was halted; Lieutenant Bennet, of the light
+company, 28th. regiment, was placed over the money, with strict orders
+from Sir John Moore to shoot the first person who attempted to touch
+it.[30] It was then rolled over the precipice; the casks were soon
+broken by the rugged rocks, and the dollars falling out, rolled over the
+height—a sparkling cascade of silver. The French advanced guard coming
+up shortly after to the spot, were detained for a time picking up the
+few dollars that had been scattered on the road.”
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF CORUNNA.
+                          16TH. JANUARY, 1809.
+
+
+Sir John Moore concentrated his army near Lugo, where he determined to
+give battle. About twelve o’clock in the morning of the 6th. of January,
+the French appeared on the opposite heights. The British soldiers, full
+of the national spirit, desired nothing better than to confront them.
+The troops were immediately under arms, but each looked at the other
+until evening set in, and it became evident that the day of battle was
+to be postponed. On the following morning the enemy at daybreak opened a
+cannonade, which was forthwith returned, and in the space of a few
+minutes the French fire was silenced. Towards sunset a French column
+commenced the ascent of the rising ground, and was met by a wing of the
+76th.; this regiment gradually retired until joined by the 51st. In the
+latter Sir John Moore had served as an ensign, and he addressed them
+briefly, reminding them of that circumstance, and expressing his
+reliance on their gallantry. The speech, short as it was, produced its
+effect, and after a few discharges of musketry, they rushed onward with
+the bayonet, when the enemy was beaten back, leaving on the ground
+several killed and wounded.
+
+At dark, when large fires illumined the heights, the British
+re-commenced their retreat, undiscovered by the French until daylight.
+But little was seen of the enemy until the army arrived at Corunna,
+where the leading brigades marched in during the afternoon of the 11th.
+of January, the adjacent villages and suburbs being occupied by the
+troops. The trying retreat was completed; but there was a disappointment
+to be experienced. No transports were there to receive the troops. In
+the evening the foe came up, and occupied a position on the other side
+of the river Mero. The battle-ground was not marked out until the 12th
+of January, and this was the range of hills round the village of Elvino,
+about a mile from Corunna, on which Sir John Moore resolved to place his
+army. Before the arrangements were completed, the French were observed
+moving along the opposite bank of the river. Nothing occurred until the
+14th., when a fire of artillery was kept up for a short time. A terrible
+explosion occurred on that day; a magazine of four thousand barrels of
+gunpowder, which had been sent from England for the use of the
+Spaniards, being destroyed, to prevent its falling into the hands of the
+French. This caused quite a panic in both armies, and, although
+occurring three or four miles from Corunna, many of the windows in the
+town were broken.
+
+Fine weather enabled the soldiers to dry their clothes, and to make
+themselves comparatively comfortable; and during the afternoon of the
+14th. the whole fleet of transports, convoyed by numerous ships of war,
+appeared in sight. Some slight skirmishing occurred to the right on the
+15th. During the afternoon and night of the 15th. the sick, wounded,
+women, and children were embarked, and on the following day the greater
+proportion of the artillery was placed on board, the ground not being
+adapted for that arm. Before going on board the cavalry had to destroy
+the remainder of their horses, and the sight was naturally most painful.
+All animals were left on the beach at Corunna;[31] but the wife of
+Sergeant Monday, the orderly-room clerk of the 28th regiment, is stated
+to have carried a lap-dog in a basket over her arm throughout the
+retreat, and brought it to England with her.
+
+About one o’clock in the afternoon of the 16th. of January, the enemy,
+who had early that day received reinforcements, and who had placed some
+guns in front of the right and left of his line, was observed to be
+moving his troops towards his left flank, and forming various columns of
+attack at that extremity of the strong and commanding position which on
+the morning of the 15th. he had taken in the immediate front of the
+British. This indication of his intention was immediately succeeded by a
+rapid and determined attack upon Lieutenant-General Sir David. Baird’s
+division, which occupied the right of the position. The first effort of
+the enemy was met by the 42nd. regiment, and the brigade under
+Major-General Lord William Bentinck. The village on the right then
+became an object of obstinate contest. Lieutenant-General Sir David
+Baird was severely wounded, and shortly after Sir John Moore fell by a
+cannon-shot. The troops though not unacquainted with the irreparable
+loss they had sustained, were not dismayed, and by the most determined
+bravery, not only repelled every attempt of the enemy to gain ground,
+but actually forced him to retire, although fresh troops had been
+brought up in support of those originally engaged.
+
+Finding himself foiled in every attempt to force the right of the
+position, the enemy endeavoured by numbers to turn it. A judicious and
+well-timed movement, which was made by Major-General the Honourable
+Edward Paget with the reserve, that corps having moved out of its
+cantonments to support the right of the army, by a vigorous attack
+defeated this intention. The Major-General, having pushed forward the
+95th., (rifle corps,) and the first battalion of the 52nd. regiment,
+drove the foe before him, and in his rapid and judicious advance
+threatened the left of the enemy’s position. This circumstance, with the
+position of Lieutenant-General Fraser’s division, which was calculated
+to give still further security to the right of the line, induced the
+enemy to relax his efforts in that quarter. They were then, however,
+more forcibly directed towards the centre, where they were again
+successfully resisted by the brigade under Major-General Manningham,
+forming the left of Sir David Baird’s division, and a part of that under
+Major-General Leith.
+
+Upon the left the enemy at first contented himself with an attack upon
+the pickets, which in general maintained their ground. Seeing,
+therefore, his efforts unavailing on the right and centre, he appeared
+determined to render the attack upon the left more serious, and
+succeeded in obtaining possession of the village through which the great
+road to Madrid passes, and which was situated in front of that part of
+the line. From this post he was soon expelled, with considerable loss,
+by a gallant attack of some companies of the second battalion of the
+14th., regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolls. Before five in the
+evening, not only had every attack upon the British position been
+successfully repelled, but ground had been gained in all points, a more
+forward line being occupied than at the commencement of the action.
+Eventually the enemy confined his operations to a cannonade, and the
+fire of his light troops, with a view to draw off his other corps. At
+six o’clock the firing entirely ceased. The different brigades were
+re-assembled on the ground they occupied in the morning, and the pickets
+and advanced posts resumed their original stations.
+
+The corps chiefly engaged were the brigades under Major-Generals Lord
+William Bentinck, Manningham, and Leith, and the brigade of guards under
+Major-General Warde, Major-General Hill, and Brigadier-General Catlin
+Crauford, with their brigades on the left of the position, ably
+supported their advanced posts. The brunt of the action fell upon the
+4th., 42nd., 50th., and 81st. regiments, with parts of the brigades of
+guards, and the 28th. regiment.
+
+About ten at night the troops quitted their position, and marched to
+their respective points of embarkation in the town and neighbourhood of
+Corunna. The pickets remained at their posts until five in the morning
+of the 17th., when they were withdrawn unperceived by the French. The
+embarkation proceed rapidly, and, with the exception of the brigades
+under Major-Generals Hill and Beresford, which were destined to remain
+on shore until the movements of the enemy should become manifest, the
+whole were afloat before daylight. The brigade of Major-General
+Beresford, which was alternately to form the rear-guard, occupied the
+land front of the town of Corunna, whilst that of Major-General Hill was
+stationed in reserve on the promontory behind the town.
+
+Soon after eight o’clock in the morning of the 17th. of January, the
+French light troops moved towards the town, and almost immediately
+occupied the heights of St. Lucia, which command the harbour.
+Notwithstanding this circumstance, and the manifold defects of the
+place, there being no apprehension that the rear-guard could be forced,
+and the disposition of the Spaniards appearing to be good, the
+embarkation of Major-General Hill’s brigade was commenced and completed
+by three in the afternoon. Major-General Beresford withdrew his corps
+from the land front of the town soon after dark, which, with all the
+wounded that had not been previously moved, were embarked before one on
+the morning of the 18th.
+
+Sir William Napier has thus described the British general’s death:—
+
+“Sir John Moore, whilst earnestly watching the result of the fight about
+the village of Elvino, was struck on the left breast by a cannon-shot.
+The shock threw him from his horse with violence, but he rose again in a
+sitting posture, his countenance unchanged, and his stedfast eye still
+fixed upon the regiments engaged in his front, no sign betraying a
+sensation of pain. In a few moments, when he was satisfied that the
+troops were gaining ground, his countenance brightened, and he suffered
+himself to be taken to the rear. Being placed in a blanket for removal,
+an entanglement of the belt caused the hilt of his sword to enter the
+wound, and Captain Hardinge attempted to take it away altogether, but
+with martial pride the stricken man forbade the alleviation,—he would
+not part with his sword[32] in the field.”
+
+Wrapped in a military cloak the warrior’s remains were consigned to
+their resting-place, by the officers of his staff, in the citadel of
+Corunna. The guns of the enemy paid his funeral honours, and Marshal
+Soult evinced the respect he bore to departed valour, by chivalrously
+raising a monument to his memory. It may be added that the soldiers of
+the 9th. Foot dug his grave on the rampart, and the well-known lines by
+the Rev. Charles Wolfe are as truthful as they are poetic. The several
+regiments, and their commanding officers, composing the army under
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore at Corunna, were as follows:—
+
+7th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Vivian; 10th. Light Dragoons,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Leigh; 15th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Grant; 18th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Jones; 3rd. Light
+Dragoons, (King’s German Legion,) Major Burgwesel; Artillery, Colonel
+Harding; Engineers, Major Fletcher; Waggon Train Detachment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Langley; 1st. Foot Guards, first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Cocks, third battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wheatley;
+1st. Foot, third battalion, Major Muller; 2nd.,[33] first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Iremonger; 4th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Wynch; 5th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie; 6th., first
+battalion, Major Gordon; 9th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron; 14th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolls; 20th.,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Ross; 23rd., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Wyatt; 26th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell; 28th., first
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Belson; 32nd., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hinde; 36th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Burn; 38th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Charles
+Greville; 42nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling; 43rd.,
+first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gifford, second battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hull; 50th., first battalion, Major Charles James
+Napier;[34] 51st., Lieutenant-Colonel Darling; 52nd., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Barclay, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel John
+Ross; 59th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Fane; 60th., second
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Codd, fifth battalion, Major Davy; 71st.,
+first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Denis Pack; 76th., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Symes; 79th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron; 81st., second battalion, Major Williams; 82nd., Major M‘Donald;
+91st., first battalion, Major Douglas; 92nd, first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Napier; 95th., (rifle regiment,) first
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Beckwith, second battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wade; Staff Corps Detachment, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Nicolay; first light battalion King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Leonhart, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Halkett.[35]
+
+
+
+
+                    BATTLE OF TALAVERA DE LA REYNA.
+                      27TH. AND 28TH. JULY, 1809.
+
+
+When the British Forces had returned to England, Corunna, Bilboa, and
+all the most important places on the northern coast of Spain, fell under
+the French sway. Saragossa was besieged a second time, and after a
+defence unequalled perhaps in modern military history, was compelled to
+capitulate. Marshal Soult quitted Gallicia, entered Portugal, and
+obtained an entrance into Oporto. In April, Lieutentant-General Sir
+Arthur Wellesley, with another British army, disembarked at Lisbon, and
+advanced on Oporto.
+
+Although no medal was granted for the passage of the Douro, on the 12th.
+of May, 1809, the exploit was a highly brilliant one. The British
+commander was desirous of passing the river to drive the French from
+Oporto; but the stream was deep, rapid, and more than three hundred
+yards in width, and ten thousand French veterans guarded the opposite
+shore. The passage was however effected in the following manner. A
+Portuguese barber had crossed the river in a skiff, and a British staff
+officer (Colonel Waters) aided by the barber and the prior of Amarante,
+traversed the stream and returned in half an hour with three large
+barges. Between ten and eleven o’clock an officer and twenty-five
+soldiers of the 3rd. Foot entered the first boat, crossed the stream
+unobserved, and took post in a large unfinished building on the banks of
+the river, designated the seminary, which was surrounded by a wall
+extending to the water on each side of it. In this manner a lodgment was
+made in the midst of the enemy’s army without being noticed. A second
+and a third boat followed, but scarcely had the men from the latter
+reached the shore, when a sudden burst of alarm was heard amidst the
+French troops, and a furious attack was made by their cavalry, infantry,
+and artillery, upon the seminary. The 3rd. Foot stood their ground
+bravely, and singly resisted the French legions until supported by the
+48th. and 66th. British and 16th. Portuguese regiments. Meanwhile
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable Edward Paget had fallen dangerously
+wounded, and Major-General Hill commanded in the seminary. A fierce
+conflict of musketry was maintained, the French artillery played on the
+building, the British guns on the other side of the river opened their
+fire, and the struggle soon became violent. Meanwhile some citizens
+crossed the river with several large boats, additional forces were
+enabled to pass over, and ultimately the French were driven from Oporto
+with the loss of five hundred men killed and wounded, in addition to
+about seven hundred left in the hospitals.
+
+The British commander subsequently pursued Marshal Soult’s army through
+the wild and mountainous districts of Portugal, but, in consequence of
+Marshal Victor having defeated General Cuesta, was compelled to resist
+from following Marshal Soult; and having formed a junction with the
+Spanish general, the combined forces proceeded along the valley of the
+Tagus, and took up a strong position at Talavera. The enemy, in the
+course of the 24th., 25th., and 26th., collected all his forces between
+Torrijos and Toledo, leaving but a small corps of two thousand men in
+that place. The united army consisted of the corps of Marshal Victor, of
+that of General Sebastiani, and of seven or eight thousand men, the
+guards of Joseph Bonaparte, and the garrison of Madrid; and it was
+commanded by him, aided by Marshals Jourdan and Victor, and General
+Sebastiani.
+
+It became obvious that the enemy intended to try the result of a general
+action, for which the best position appeared to be in the neighbourhood
+of Talavera; and General Cuesta having taken up this position on the
+morning of the 27th., Lieutenant-General Sherbrooke was directed to
+retire with his corps to its station in the line, leaving Major-General
+M‘Kenzie with a division of infantry and a brigade of cavalry, as an
+advanced post in a wood on the right of the Alberche, which covered the
+left flank of the British.
+
+The position taken up by the troops at Talavera extended rather more
+than two miles; the ground was open upon the left where the British army
+was stationed, and it was commanded by a height, on which was, in
+_echellon_ and in second line, a division of infantry, under the orders
+of Major-General Hill. Between this height and a range of mountains
+still further upon the left, there was a valley, which was not at first
+occupied, and it was commanded by the height before mentioned, whilst
+the mountain range appeared too distant to have any influence upon the
+expected action.
+
+Spanish troops composed the right, which extended immediately in front
+of the town of Talavera down to the Tagus. This part of the ground was
+covered by olive trees, and was much intersected by banks and ditches.
+The high road leading from the bridge over the Alberche, was defended by
+a heavy battery in front of a church, which was occupied by Spanish
+infantry. All the avenues to the town were defended in a similar manner;
+the town was occupied, and the remainder of the Spanish infantry were
+formed in two lines behind the banks on the roads which led from the
+town and the right, to the left of the British position. In the centre,
+between the two armies, there was a commanding spot, on which a redoubt
+had been commenced, with some open ground in the rear. Here
+Brigadier-General Campbell was posted with a division of infantry,
+supported in his rear by Major-General Cotton’s brigade of dragoons, and
+some Spanish cavalry.
+
+At about two o’clock on the 27th. of July the enemy appeared in strength
+on the left bank of the Alberche, and manifested an intention to attack
+Major-General M‘Kenzie’s division. The attack was made before they could
+be withdrawn, but the troops, consisting of Major-General M‘Kenzie’s and
+Colonel Donkin’s brigades, with Major-General Anson’s brigade of
+cavalry, and supported by Lieutenant-General Payne with the other four
+regiments of cavalry, in the plain between Talavera and the wood,
+withdrew in good order, but with some loss, particularly by the second
+battalion of the 87th., and the second battalion of the 31st. regiment
+in the wood.
+
+In his despatch, Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable Sir Arthur
+Wellesley, K.B., stated, “Upon this occasion the steadiness and
+discipline of the 45th. regiment, and of the fifth battalion of the
+60th., were conspicuous; and I had particular reason for being satisfied
+with the manner in which Major-General M‘Kenzie withdrew his advanced
+guard.”
+
+As the day advanced, the French appeared in larger numbers on the right
+of the Alberche, and it was apparent that they were advancing to a
+general attack upon the combined army. Major-General M‘Kenzie continued
+to fall back gradually upon the left, where he was placed in the second
+line, in the rear of the guards, Colonel Donkin being posted in the same
+situation further upon the left, in the rear of the King’s German
+Legion.
+
+The enemy immediately commenced his attack in the dusk of the evening,
+by a cannonade upon the left of the allied position, and by an attempt
+with his cavalry to overthrow the Spanish infantry, posted, as before
+stated, on the right. This attempt entirely failed. Early in the night
+he pushed a division along the valley on the left of the height occupied
+by Major-General Hill, of which a momentary possession was obtained, but
+it was instantly regained by an attack with the bayonet. Another attempt
+was repeated during the night, but failed, and again at daylight in the
+morning of the 28th. of July, by two divisions of infantry, which was
+repulsed by Major-General Hill. In these different affairs the 29th.,
+and the first battalion of the 48th. regiment, gained especial notice.
+Many brave officers and soldiers were lost in the defence of this
+important point, and Major-General Hill was slightly wounded.
+
+A general attack by the enemy’s whole force was made about noon, upon
+the whole of that part of the position occupied by the British army. Sir
+Arthur, in consequence of the repeated attempts upon the height on his
+left by the valley, had placed there two brigades of British cavalry,
+supported in the rear by the Duc d’Albuquerque’s division of Spanish
+cavalry. The enemy then placed light infantry in the range of mountains
+on the left of the valley, which were opposed by a division of Spanish
+infantry, under Lieutenant-General De Bassecourt. The general attack
+began by the march of several columns of infantry into the valley, with
+a view to attack the height occupied by Major-General Hill. These
+columns were immediately charged by the 1st. German Light Dragoons and
+23rd. Dragoons, under the command of Major-General Anson, directed by
+Lieutenant-General Payne, and supported by Brigadier-General Fane’s
+brigade of heavy cavalry; and although the 23rd. Dragoons suffered
+considerable loss, the charge had the effect of preventing the execution
+of that part of the enemy’s plan. At the same time he directed an attack
+upon Brigadier-General Alexander Campbell’s position in the centre of
+the combined armies, and on the right of the British. This attack was
+most successfully repulsed by Brigadier-General Campbell, supported by
+the king’s regiment of Spanish cavalry and two battalions Spanish
+infantry: the enemy’s cannon being taken by the Brigadier-General, who
+mentioned particularly the conduct of the 97th., the second battalion of
+the 7th., and the second battalion of the 53rd. regiment.
+
+An attack was also made at the same time upon Lieutenant-General
+Sherbrooke’s division, which was on the left and centre of the first
+line of the British army. This attack was most gallantly repulsed by a
+charge with bayonets by the whole division; but the brigade of guards,
+on the right, having advanced too far, they were exposed on their left
+flank to the fire of the enemy’s battery, and of their retiring columns.
+The division was obliged to retire towards the original position, under
+cover of the second line of Major-General Cotton’s brigade of cavalry,
+which had been moved from the centre, and of the first battalion of the
+48th. regiment. This regiment had also been moved from its original
+position on the heights, as soon as the advance of the guards was
+observed, and it was formed on the plain and advanced upon the enemy,
+covering the formation of Lieutenant-General Sherbrooke’s division.
+
+Shortly after the repulse of this general attack, in which apparently
+all the enemy’s troops were employed, he commenced his retreat across
+the Alberche, which was conducted in the most regular order, and was
+effected during the night, leaving in the hands of the British twenty
+pieces of cannon, ammunition, tumbrils, and some prisoners.
+
+The attacks were principally if not entirely directed against the
+British troops. The Spanish commander-in-chief, his officers, and
+troops, manifested every disposition to render assistance to their
+allies, and those of them who were engaged did their duty; but the
+ground which they occupied was so important, and its front at the same
+time so difficult, that Sir Arthur Wellesley did not think it proper to
+urge them to make any movement on the left of the enemy, while he was
+engaged with the troops more immediately under his command.
+
+Such a prolonged action against more than double the number of the
+British could not be sustained without great loss of valuable officers
+and soldiers, but the casualties of the enemy were much larger. Entire
+brigades of French infantry were destroyed, and the battalions that
+retreated were much reduced in number. The French loss was estimated at
+ten thousand men. Generals Lapisse and Morlot were killed; Generals
+Sebastiani and Boulet were wounded.
+
+Major-General M‘Kenzie, who had distinguished himself on the 27th.,
+Brigadier-General Langwerth, of the King’s German Legion, and
+Brigade-Major Beckett, of the Coldstream Guards, were killed.
+
+During a pause in the second day’s fight both armies went to the banks
+of the small stream, a tributary of the Tagus, for water, which flowed
+through a part of the battle-ground. The men approached each other and
+conversed like old acquaintances, even exchanging their canteens and
+wine-flasks. In the words of the author of “The Bivouac” (the Rev. W. H.
+Maxwell, Prebendary of Balla):—“All asperity of feeling seemed
+forgotten. To a stranger they would have appeared more like an allied
+force than men hot from a ferocious conflict, and only gathering
+strength and energy to re-commence it anew. But a still nobler rivalry
+for the time existed; the interval was employed in carrying off the
+wounded, who lay intermixed upon the hard-contested field; and, to the
+honour of both be it told, that each endeavoured to extricate the common
+sufferers, and remove their unfortunate friends and enemies without
+distinction. Suddenly the bugles sounded, the drums beat to arms; many
+of the rival soldiery shook hands and parted with expressions of mutual
+esteem, and in ten minutes’ after they were again at the bayonet’s
+point.”
+
+The following regiments were specially noticed in the despatch:—The
+cavalry, particularly Major-General Anson’s brigade; the 29th regiment;
+first battalion of the 48th.; the second battalions of the 7th. and
+53rd. regiments; the 97th.; the first battalion of detachments; the
+second battalion of the 31st.; the 45th.; and fifth battalion of the
+60th. The advance of the brigade of guards was also highly commended.
+
+This victory gained over the French army, commanded by Joseph Buonaparte
+in person, occasioned great joy in England, and Lieutenant-General Sir
+Arthur Wellesley was raised to the peerage, by the title of Viscount
+Wellington.
+
+The following regiments were engaged at the battle of Talavera de la
+Reyna, on the 27th. and 28th. July, 1809:—
+
+3rd. Dragoon Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Granby Calcraft; 4th.
+Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Somerset; 14th. Light Dragoons,
+Colonel Samuel Hawker; 16th. Light Dragoons, Major the Honourable
+Lincoln Stanhope; 23rd. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour; 1st.
+Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Arentschild;
+Royal British Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Framingham, Royal German
+Artillery, Major Hartineau; the whole artillery being under
+Brigadier-General Howorth, Royal Engineers, Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher;
+Royal Staff Corps, Major Dundas; Coldstream Guards, first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hulse; 3rd. Guards, first battalion, Colonel the
+Honourable Edward Stopford; 3rd. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Muter; 7th,
+second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir William Myers, Bart.; 24th.,
+second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond; 29th., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel White; 31st., second battalion, Major Watson; 40th.,
+first battalion, Major Thornton; 45th., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Guard; 48th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Donellan, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Duckworth; 53rd., second
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham; 60th., fifth battalion, Major
+Davy; 61st, first battalion, Colonel Saunders; 66th, second battalion,
+Captain Kelly; 83rd, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon; 87th.,
+second battalion, Major Gough; 88th., first battalion, Major Vandeleur;
+97th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Lyon; first battalion of
+Detachments,[36] Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, 3rd. Foot; second battalion
+of Detachments, Lieutenant-Colonel Copson, 5th., Foot; first and second
+light and first line battalions King’s German Legion, Major Bodecker;
+second line battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Brauns; fifth line battalion,
+Captain Humelberg; seventh line battalion, Major Burger.
+
+After this defeat the enemy continued to keep a rear-guard of ten
+thousand men on the heights on the left of the Alberche; the extreme
+fatigue of the troops, the want of provisions, and the number of wounded
+to be taken care of, prevented Viscount Wellington moving from this
+position. Brigadier-General Craufurd arrived with his brigade (first
+battalions of the 43rd., 52nd., and 95th,.)[37] on the 29th. of July,
+early in the morning, having marched fifty-two miles in twenty-six
+hours, a wonderful proof of the energy of British soldiers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Talavera Medal.
+]
+
+
+                        GOLD MEDAL FOR TALAVERA.
+
+In consequence of the victories gained in the Peninsula during 1808 and
+1809, two gold medals were struck for presentation to such superior
+officers as had distinguished themselves in action; the same medals were
+afterwards conferred for military services in other portions of the
+world. No corps were returned in the list for medals, which had not been
+engaged. This, by the Duke of Wellington’s despatches, appears to have
+been the rule.
+
+A notification appeared in the “London Gazette,” dated Horse Guards,
+9th. September, 1810, stating that His Majesty had been graciously
+pleased to command that, in commemoration of the brilliant victories
+obtained by divisions of his Army over the enemy in the Battles of
+Roleia and Vimiera, also in the several instances where the cavalry had
+an opportunity of distinguishing themselves against the enemy in Spain,
+and in the battles of Corunna and Talavera de la Reyna, the Officers of
+the Army present on those occasions should enjoy the privilege of
+wearing a Medal, and His Majesty having approved of the Medal which had
+been struck, was pleased to command that it should be worn by the
+General Officers, suspended by a Ribbon of the colour of the Sash, with
+a blue edge, round the neck; and by the Commanding Officers of Corps,
+(not being of rank inferior to Lieutenant-Colonel,) and the Chiefs of
+Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the same colour to the
+button-hole of their uniform. His Majesty was also pleased to command
+that the Medals which would have been conferred upon the Officers who
+had fallen at or died since the above-named actions, should, as a token
+of respect for their memories, be deposited with their respective
+families.
+
+These medals were alike except in size. On the obverse, Britannia,
+wearing a helmet, is seated on the globe; in her right hand extended a
+wreath of laurel, and in her left a palm branch; to her right the
+British lion, and on the left a round shield charged with the crosses of
+the union banner. The reverse has a wreath of laurel, within which the
+name of the event and the year were engraved, thus—Roleia and Vimiera,
+1808; or Corunna, 1809; or Talavera, 1809; or Nivelle, Nive, etc. The
+name and rank of the officer were engraved on the edge. The large medal,
+of the size of that granted for Maida, was for general officers; in full
+dress it was worn from the neck, to a crimson ribbon with blue edges.
+The small medal, (of which an illustration is given,) attached to the
+ribbon by a gold swivel, with a gold buckle above, was conferred on
+field and other officers.
+
+At this period the rules and regulations regarding the issue of medals
+were, 1st.—Medals are only to be bestowed upon occasions of great
+importance or of peculiar brilliancy. 2nd.—Medals of a larger size are
+conferred upon General Officers, including Brigadiers, who wear them
+suspended by a ribbon round the neck.[38] Medals of a smaller size are
+bestowed upon Colonels, and Officers of the senior ranks. 3rd.—No
+General or other officer is considered to be entitled to receive a
+Medal, except he has been personally and particularly engaged upon the
+occasion, in commemoration of which this distinction is bestowed, and
+has been selected by the Commander of the Forces upon the spot, and has
+been reported by him to have merited the distinction, by very
+conspicuous services. 4th.—The Commander of the Forces (after he shall
+have been informed of the intention of Government to bestow medals)
+shall transmit to the Secretary of State for the War Department, and to
+the Commander-in-Chief, returns signed by himself, specifying the names
+and ranks of those Officers whom he shall have selected as particularly
+deserving. 5th.—The Commander of the Forces, in making this selection of
+the most deserving Officers, will consider his choice restricted to the
+undermentioned ranks, as it is found to be absolutely necessary that
+some limitation should be put upon the grant of this honour.
+
+The rank and situations held by Officers, to render them eligible for
+the distinction of Medals, were, General Officers; Commanding Officers
+of Brigades; Commanding Officers of Artillery or Engineers;
+Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General; their Deputies having the
+rank of Field Officers, and their Assistants having the same rank, and
+being at the head of the Staff, with a detached corps or distinct
+division of the Army; Military Secretary, having the rank of Field
+Officers; Commanding Officers of Battalions, Corps equivalent thereto,
+and Officers who have succeeded to the actual command during the
+engagement, in consequence of the death or removal of the original
+Commanding Officer.
+
+
+
+
+                 CAPTURE OF MARTINIQUE AND GUADALOUPE.
+            FEBRUARY, 1809, AND JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1810.
+
+
+In January, 1809, the armament which had been assembled at Carlile Bay,
+Barbadoes, under the command of Lieutenant-General (afterwards Sir
+George) Beckwith, commanding in the Leeward Islands, proceeded against
+Martinique, off which island, then in the possession of France, it
+arrived on the 30th. of January. The troops landed in two divisions. The
+first division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost, consisting
+of between six and seven thousand men, and the second, numbering over
+three thousand men, under Major-General Frederick Maitland, landed near
+St. Luce and Point Solomon, in the afternoon of the 30th., without
+opposition, and notwithstanding the difficulties of the country,
+occupied a position on the banks of the Grande Lezarde River before
+daybreak on the 31st., after a night march of seven miles.
+
+On the 1st. of February, the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, and the light
+companies of the brigade which were in advance, drove a body of the
+enemy from Morne Bruno to the heights of Surirey, where the enemy on the
+2nd. of February made a determined stand. A sharp action ensued, in
+which British valour was conspicuously displayed, and the French were
+driven from their position with considerable loss. Batteries were
+subsequently erected, and the siege of Fort Bourbon was commenced with
+such vigour that the garrison surrendered on the 24th. of February.
+Amongst the trophies captured on this occasion were three eagles and
+several brass drums.
+
+Having thus captured this valuable island, Lieutenant-General Beckwith
+congratulated the troops, and stated in his official despatch, that “the
+command of such an army will constitute the pride of my future life. To
+these brave troops, conducted by Generals of experience, and not to me,
+their King and Country owe the sovereignty of this important colony; and
+I trust that by a comparison of the force which has defended it, and the
+time in which it has fallen, the present reduction of Martinique will
+not be deemed eclipsed by any former expedition.”
+
+The gold medal was conferred on the general and regimental commanding
+officers, according to the practice of the service at this period.
+
+An expedition, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Beckwith, against
+Guadaloupe, the only island remaining to the French in the West Indies,
+was embarked in January, 1810. The expedition rendezvoused at Prince
+Rupert’s, Dominica; and on the morning of the 28th. of January, a
+landing was effected by the first division, at the Bay of St. Marie. The
+second division sailed on the 26th. of that month, and anchored at the
+Saints until the 29th., when it proceeded towards Guadaloupe, and
+menaced the enemy’s defences at the Three Rivers. A landing was effected
+near the village of Les Vieux Habitans during the night without
+opposition. The French appeared in force on some high open ground, when
+the 15th. Foot turned their right flank, the Royal West Indian Rangers
+the left, and the 13th. Light Infantry advanced against the front, and
+the enemy was speedily forced from his ground.
+
+The 7th., 8th., 13th., 15th., 23rd., 25th., (flank companies,) 60th.,
+63rd., 90th. Foot, and 1st. West India regiment were engaged in this
+service.
+
+Shortly afterwards the conquest of the island was completed, and the
+achievement reflected great credit on the troops employed. In general
+orders, dated 6th. February, it was announced that “The Commander of the
+Forces returns his thanks to the officers of all ranks, for their
+meritorious exertions, and to the non-commissioned officers and
+soldiers, for the cheerfulness with which they have undergone the
+fatigues of a march, difficult in its nature, through the strongest
+country in the world, and the spirit they have manifested on all
+occasions to close with the enemy.”
+
+GUADALOUPE is now borne on the colours of the 15th., 63rd., 90th., and
+1st. West India regiment; and medals were granted to the superior
+officers, both for the capture of that island and also of Martinique.
+The medal was like that for Talavera, already described. When the War
+Medal was issued, bars were inscribed with the names of these two
+islands.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF BUSACO.
+                         SEPTEMBER 27TH., 1810.
+
+
+The advance of Marshal Massena in the summer of 1810, was preceded by
+the proud but vain boast, that, in pursuance of the imperial orders, he
+would drive the English leopards into the sea, and plant the eagles on
+the tower of Lisbon. His first operations were attended with success.
+Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered to Marshal Ney on the 10th. of July. After
+the gallant but hazardous combat between the light division and the
+French advance on the 24th. of that month, they passed the Coa in
+overwhelming numbers, when the retrograde movement and concentration of
+the allies behind the Mondego immediately commenced. Almedia having
+surrendered on the 27th. of August, the allies were again withdrawn to
+their former positions. The French line of invasion was not finally
+indicated until the middle of September, when they commenced their
+advance into Portugal along the right bank of the Mondego.
+Lieutenant-General Viscount Wellington, notwithstanding their vastly
+superior numbers, determined to give them battle in the position of
+Busaco, a lofty and rugged sierra or mountain ridge, extending about
+eight miles in a northerly direction from the Mondego, and crossing
+their line of march.
+
+On the night of the 26th. of September, the combined British and
+Portuguese armies assembled in line on the precipitous sierra, named
+after the village and convent of Busaco. The second (Lieutenant-General
+Hill’s) division occupied the extreme right, guarding the declivities
+towards the Mondego; next to it the fifth (Major-General Leith’s)
+division; then the third division, having the first (Lieutenant-General
+Sir Brent Spencer’s) division on its left, occupying the highest part of
+the ridge; then the light (Brigadier-General Craufurd’s) division at the
+convent of Busaco; and the fourth (the Honourable Major-General Cole’s)
+division on the extreme left. In front, within cannon-shot and in full
+view of the British position, was assembled Massena’s army, seventy
+thousand strong, occupying the opposite range of mountains. The day
+passed over peaceably, but during the evening and night, small parties
+of skirmishers, passing up the dark ravines, attempted to establish
+themselves close to the British line, and kept all upon the alert.
+
+The position of Busaco, although formidable from the steepness and
+rugged character of its face, was too extensive to be completely
+occupied by the twenty-five thousand British, and the same number of
+Portuguese troops, which formed the allied army, and there was an
+interval of about two miles between the left of the fifth and the right
+of the third division, which occupied the lowest and most accessible
+part of the position.
+
+An hour before day, Lord Wellington went through the ranks on foot. He
+passed in comparative silence, for the English soldiers seldom indulge
+in those boisterous demonstrations of joy so common with the troops of
+other nations, and indeed rarely are known to hurrah, except when
+closing with the enemy; but wherever he was recognised, his presence was
+felt as the sure presage to another victory, to be gained by the men
+whom he had already led in so many fields of triumph. To be beaten when
+_he_ commanded, seemed, in the opinion of his soldiers (which is no bad
+criterion to judge by) next to impossible.
+
+At six in the morning of the 27th. of September, two desperate attacks
+were commenced upon the British position, the one on the right, the
+other on the left of the highest point of the sierra. The assault upon
+the right was made by two divisions of the second corps, on that part of
+the sierra occupied by the third division of infantry. One division of
+French infantry arrived at the top of the ridge, when it was attacked in
+the most gallant manner by the 88th. Connaught Rangers, under the
+Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, and the 45th., under the
+Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Meade, and by the 8th. Portuguese
+regiment, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas, directed by
+Major-General (afterwards Sir Thomas) Picton. These three corps advanced
+with the bayonet, and drove the enemy’s division from the advantageous
+ground it had obtained. The other division of the second corps attacked
+further on the right, by the road leading by St. Antonio di Cantaro,
+also in front of Major-General Picton’s division; but was repulsed
+before it could reach the top of the ridge, by the 74th. Highlanders,
+under the command of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel French, and the
+brigade of Portuguese infantry, under Colonel Champelmond, directed by
+Colonel Henry Mac Kinnon; Major-General Leith also moved his left to
+support Major-General Picton, and aided in the defeat of the French in
+this post, by the third battalion of the Royals, and the first and
+second battalions of the 38th. regiment.
+
+His Lordship stated in his despatch, that he never witnessed a more
+gallant attack than that made by the 38th., 45th., and 8th. Portuguese
+regiment, on the enemy’s division, which had reached the ridge of the
+sierra. Major William Smith, of the 45th., was killed.
+
+Meanwhile, on the left, the enemy attacked with three divisions of
+infantry, of the sixth corps, that part of the sierra occupied by the
+left division, commanded by Brigadier-General Craufurd, and by the
+brigade of Portuguese infantry, under Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir
+Denis) Pack. “One division of infantry,” wrote Viscount Wellington,
+“only made any progress towards the top of the hill, and they were
+immediately charged with the bayonet by Brigadier-General Craufurd with
+the 43rd, 52nd.,[39] and 95th. regiments, and the 3rd. Caçadores, and
+driven down with immense loss.”
+
+Besides these attacks, the light troops of the two armies were
+engaged throughout the 27th. The loss sustained by the enemy was
+immense, two thousand being killed upon the field of battle, with a
+corresponding amount of wounded. Captain Lord Fitz Roy Somerset,
+(the late Lord Raglan,) Aide-de-Camp to the British Commander;
+Captain the Marquis of Tweeddale, of the 1st. Foot Guards,
+Deputy-Assistant Quartermaster-General; Major Charles Napier, of the
+first battalion 50th., (severely;) and Captain George Napier, of the
+first battalion 52nd., were amongst the wounded.
+
+BUSACO on the colours of the 1st., 5th., 9th., 38th., 43rd., 45th.,
+52nd., 74th., 83rd., 88th., and Rifle Brigade, commemorates this
+achievement.
+
+There is a charming episode related by Sir William Napier, of the orphan
+girl, which belongs to this battle:—“Meanwhile an affecting incident,
+contrasting strongly with the savage character of the preceding events,
+added to the interest of the day. A poor orphan Portuguese girl, about
+seventeen years of age, and very handsome, was seen coming down the
+mountain, and driving an ass loaded with all her property, through the
+midst of the French army. She had abandoned her dwelling in obedience to
+the proclamation, and now passed over the field of battle with childish
+simplicity, totally unconscious of her perilous situation, and scarcely
+understanding which were the hostile and which the friendly troops, for
+no man on either side was so brutal as to molest her.”
+
+On the following day there was some skirmishing on different points of
+the line, but the French, taught by experience to appreciate the
+strength of the position and the valour of its defenders, did not renew
+the assault. Towards evening their columns were seen in movement to
+their right, and their whole army was shortly on the march to turn the
+British left flank.
+
+The allies then commenced their retreat, and before daylight on the
+29th., the position of Busaco was evacuated, the divisions moving on
+their previously-arranged lines of retreat towards the lines of Torres
+Vedras. This stupendous line of entrenchments and fortifications, had by
+Viscount Wellington’s orders, been constructed, with admirable skill and
+immense labour, for the defence of Lisbon. The French general, who had
+followed the retreat through a wasted and deserted country, with the
+confident expectation that he was driving the British to their ships,
+found his progress arrested on the 10th. of October by this barrier,
+which he soon perceived to be impregnable, and which extended
+twenty-nine miles from the Tagus to the sea. Within the lines, supplies
+were abundant, and with the exception of some employment in
+strengthening the defensive works, amusements, exercises, and field
+sports of every attainable kind were the occupation of all ranks, who
+engaged in them as if no hostile interruption was to be apprehended. The
+allied army was at this time augmented by fresh regiments from England,
+and a sixth division of infantry added to it.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF BARROSA.
+                           5TH. MARCH, 1811.
+
+
+Wellington’s generals, like those under the illustrious Marlborough, did
+not often have the opportunity of fighting independent battles. What
+Wynendale was to Webb in Queen Anne’s reign, Almaraz was to Lord Hill,
+Albuhera to Lord Beresford, and Barrosa to Lieutenant-General Thomas
+Graham, (afterwards Lord Lynedoch,) who commanded the British forces in
+Cadiz at the above period. In consequence of Marshal Soult having
+proceeded into Estremadura, Marshal Victor was left to carry on the
+siege of Cadiz, and a combined attack on the rear of the blockading army
+at Chiclana was determined upon. Accordingly a British force of about
+three thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Graham, and a body of seven
+thousand troops, commanded by General Le Pena, were selected for this
+expedition. The forces having first proceeded to Gibraltar, afterwards
+disembarked at Algesiras, on the 23rd. of February, and being all united
+at Tarifa, marched thence on the 28th. of that month.
+
+General Zayas pushed a strong body of Spanish troops across the river
+Santi Petri near the coast on the 1st. of March, threw a bridge over,
+and formed a _tête-de-pont_. This post was attacked by the enemy on the
+nights of the 3rd. and 4th. of March, who was repulsed, though the
+Spaniards sustained considerable loss. On the 5th. of March, 1811,
+Lieutenant-General Graham, and the army under his command, arrived on
+the low ridge of Barrosa, and gained a decisive victory over the French
+army, under Marshal Victor, composed of the two divisions of Generals
+Rufin and Laval.
+
+The circumstances under which Lieutenant-General Graham found himself
+placed were such as compelled him to attack the very superior force, in
+point of numbers, of his opponents. The allied army, after a night march
+of sixteen hours from the camp near Veger, arrived on the morning of the
+5th. at the low ridge of Barrosa, about four miles to the southward of
+the mouth of the Santi Petri river. This height extends inland about a
+mile and a half, continuing on the north the extensive heathy plain of
+Chiclana. A great pine-forest skirts the plain, and circles round the
+height at some distance, terminating down to Santi Petri, the
+intermediate space between the north side of the height and the forest
+being uneven and broken. A well-conducted and successful attack on the
+rear of the enemy’s lines near Santi Petri, by the vanguard of the
+Spaniards, under Brigadier-General Ladrizabel, opened the communication
+with the Isla de Leon, and Lieutenant-General Graham received General La
+Pena’s directions to move down from the position of Barrosa to that of
+the Torre de Bermeja, about half-way to the Santi Petri river, in order
+to secure the communication across the river, over which a bridge had
+been recently constructed. This latter position occupied a narrow woody
+ridge, the right on the sea cliff, the left falling down to the Almanza
+creek on the edge of the marsh. An easy communication between the
+western points of these two positions were kept up by a hard sandy
+beach. Lieutenant-General Graham, while on the march through the wood
+towards the Bermeja, received intelligence that the enemy had appeared
+in force on the plain of Chiclana, about fifty miles from Tarifa, and
+was advancing towards the heights of Barrosa.
+
+This position being considered by the British general as the key to that
+of Santi Petri, he immediately countermarched in order to support the
+troops left for its defence, and the alacrity with which this manœuvre
+was executed, served as a favourable omen. It was, however, impossible
+in such intricate and difficult ground to preserve order in the columns,
+and time was never afforded to restore it entirely. Before the British
+could get quite disentangled from the wood, the troops on the Barrosa
+hill were seen returning from it, while the enemy’s left wing was
+rapidly ascending. His right wing at the same time stood on the plain,
+on the edge of the wood, within cannon-shot. A retreat in the face of
+such a foe, already within reach of the easy communication by the
+sea-beach, must have involved the whole allied army in all the danger of
+being attacked during the unavoidable confusion of the different corps
+arriving nearly at the same time on the narrow ridge of the Bermeja.
+
+Lieutenant-General Graham relying on the heroism of British troops, and
+regardless of the number and position of the enemy, determined on an
+immediate attack. Major Duncan soon opened a powerful battery of ten
+guns in the centre. Brigadier-General Dilkes with the brigade of Guards,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Browne’s (of the 28th.) flank battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Norcott’s two companies of the second Rifle corps,
+and Major Acheson with a part of the 67th. Foot, (separated from the
+regiment in the wood,) formed on the right. Colonel Wheatley’s brigade,
+with three companies of the Coldstream Guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Jackson, (separated likewise from his battalion in the wood,) and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Barnard’s flank battalion, formed on the left.
+
+As soon as the infantry was thus hastily got together, the guns advanced
+to a more favourable position, and kept up a most destructive fire. The
+right wing proceeded to the attack of General Rufin’s division on the
+hill, while Lieutenant-Colonel Barnard’s battalion, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Bushe’s detachment of the 20th. Portuguese, were
+warmly engaged with the enemy’s tirailleurs on the left.
+
+General Laval’s division, notwithstanding the havoc made by Major
+Duncan’s battery, continued to advance in very imposing masses, opened
+his fire of musketry, and was only checked by that of the left wing. The
+left wing now advanced firing; a most determined charge by three
+companies of the Guards and the 87th. regiment, supported by all the
+remainder of the wing, decided the defeat of General Laval’s division.
+The eagle of the 8th. regiment of light infantry, which suffered
+immensely, and a howitzer, rewarded this charge, and remained in
+possession of Major Gough, (afterwards General Viscount Gough), of the
+87th. regiment.[40] These attacks were zealously supported by Colonel
+Belson, with the 28th. foot, and Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost with a part
+of the 67th. regiment.
+
+A reserve formed beyond the narrow valley, across which the enemy was
+closely pursued, next shared a similar fate, and was routed by the same
+means. Meanwhile the right wing was not less successful; the French,
+confident of success, met Brigadier-General Dilkes on the ascent of the
+hill, and the contest was sanguinary: but the undaunted perseverance of
+the brigade of Guards, of Lieutenant-Colonel Browne’s battalion, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Norcott’s and Major Acheson’s detachment, overcame
+every obstacle, and General Rufin’s division was driven from the heights
+in confusion, leaving two pieces of cannon in the hands of the victors.
+
+In less than an hour and a half from the commencement of the action, the
+enemy was in full retreat. The retiring division met, halted, and seemed
+inclined to form; but a new and more advanced position of the British
+artillery quickly dispersed it. The exhausted state of the troops
+rendered pursuit impossible, and a position was occupied on the eastern
+side of the hill. When the conflict had ceased, Lieutenant-General
+Graham remained on the field of battle; but the Spanish general, La
+Pena, who had looked on while this obstinate battle was fought, did not
+seize the favourable opportunity which the valour of the British troops
+had put into his hands, of striking a severe blow at the remains of the
+French army retreating in disorder. The inactivity of the Spaniards
+continuing, the British proceeded on the following day to Cadiz.
+
+Among the prisoners were the General of Division Rufin, the General of
+Brigade Rousseau,[41] the latter being mortally wounded; the Chief of
+the Staff, General Bellegarde; an aidede-camp of Marshal Victor; the
+Colonel of the 8th. regiment and several other officers. The prisoners
+amounted to two general officers, one field officer, nine captains,
+eight subalterns, and four hundred and twenty rank and file. The enemy
+lost about three thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, and six
+pieces of cannon were captured.
+
+Both Houses of Parliament unanimously voted their thanks to
+Lieutenant-General Graham, and the officers and men under his command,
+for his victory.
+
+The following corps were engaged in this battle:—2nd. Hussars, King’s
+German Legion; Loyal Artillery; Royal Engineers; 1st. Foot Guards, 2nd.
+battalion; Coldstream Guards, 2nd. battalion; 3rd. Foot Guards, 2nd.
+battalion; 9th. Foot, 1st. battalion, (flank companies;) 28th. Foot,
+1st. battalion; 47th. Foot, 2nd battalion, (flank companies;) 67th.
+Foot, 2nd battalion; 82nd. Foot, 2nd. battalion, (flank companies;)
+87th. Foot, 2nd. battalion; Rifle Brigade, 2nd. and 3rd. battalions;
+20th. Portuguese Regiment; and one company of the Royal Staff Corps.
+
+
+                           MEDAL FOR BARROSA.
+
+The medal for this battle was similar to that granted for the victories
+commencing with Roleia, and the following Memorandum, dated Horse
+Guards, November, 1811, was published in the “London Gazette”:—
+
+“The Prince Regent having been graciously pleased, in the name and on
+behalf of His Majesty, to command that, in commemoration of the
+brilliant victory obtained over the enemy by a division of His Majesty’s
+army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Graham, at Barrosa, on the
+5th. of March, 1811, the undermentioned officers of the army, present
+upon that occasion, should enjoy the privilege of bearing a Medal, and
+His Royal Highness having approved of the medal which has been struck,
+is pleased to command, that it should be worn by the General Officers,
+suspended by a ribbon, of the colour of the sash, with a blue edge,
+round the neck, and by the Commanding Officers of corps and detachments,
+and the Chiefs of Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the same
+colour to the button-hole of their uniform:—
+
+Lieutenant-General Thomas Graham; Major-General William Thomas Dilkes;
+Colonel William Wheatley, 1st. Foot Guards; Lieutenant-Colonels Charles
+P. Belson, 28th. Foot, William Augustus Prevost, 67th. regiment, The
+Hon. T. Cranley Onslow, 3rd. Foot Guards, Andrew F. Barnard, 95th. Rifle
+regiment, John Macdonald, Deputy Adjutant-General, Edward Sebright, 1st.
+Foot Guards, John Frederick Brown, 28th. regiment, Amos Godsill Norcott,
+95th. Rifle regiment, The Hon. Charles M. Cathcart, Deputy
+Quartermaster-General, Richard Bushe, 20th. Portuguese regiment,
+Alexander Duncan, Royal Artillery, and Hugh Gough, 87th. regiment; and
+Major A. F. Baron Bussche, 2nd. Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion.
+
+By the command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, in the name and
+on the behalf of His Majesty.
+
+                                          FREDERICK, Commander-in-Chief.
+              HENRY TORRENS, Lieutenant-Colonel and Military Secretary.”
+
+
+
+
+                       BATTLE OF FUENTES D’ONOR.
+                            5TH. MAY, 1811.
+
+
+At this period the sixth division of the British army had invested
+Almeida, and a force of British and Portuguese, under Marshal Beresford,
+was employed in the Alentejo and Spanish Estremadura, which compelled
+the enemy to abandon Campo Mayor. Olivenza was next besieged by Marshal
+Beresford, and retaken on the 15th. of April, 1811, after which he broke
+ground before Badajoz.
+
+Marshal Massena had reached Ciudad Rodrigo on the 25th. of April, and
+having concentrated his forces, crossed the Agueda at that place on the
+2nd. of May, and advanced towards the allied army, posted between that
+river and the Coa, in order to blockade Almeida, which place, it was
+ascertained, was but ill supplied with provisions for its garrison. Upon
+the approach of the French, the British light division and cavalry fell
+back upon Fuentes d’Onor, where three other divisions were posted, and
+in which position Viscount Wellington determined to receive the attack
+of the enemy.
+
+The village of Fuentes d’Onor, (Fountain of Honor,) is situated on low
+ground, at the bottom of a ravine, with an old chapel and some buildings
+on a craggy eminence, which overhang one end. Shortly after the enemy
+had formed on the ground, on the right of the Duas Casas, in the
+afternoon of the 3rd., they attacked the village with a large force,
+which was gallantly defended by Lieutenant-Colonel Williams, of the
+fifth battalion of the 60th. regiment, in command of the light infantry
+battalions, belonging to Major-General Picton’s division, supported by
+the light infantry battalion in Major-General Nightingall’s brigade,
+commanded by Major (afterwards Sir Robert) Dick, and the light infantry
+battalion in Major-General Howard’s brigade, commanded by Major
+Archibald M‘Donnell, of the 92nd. regiment, and the light infantry
+battalion of the King’s German Legion, commanded by Major Charles Aly,
+of the fifth battalion of the Line, and by the second battalion of the
+83rd. regiment, under Major Henry William Carr.
+
+These troops maintained their position, but the British commander seeing
+the repeated efforts which were made to obtain possession of the
+village, and being fully aware of the advantage the enemy would derive
+therefrom in their subsequent operations, the place was reinforced
+successively by the 71st., under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cadogan, and the 79th. under Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, and the 24th.
+under Major Chamberlaine. The former, at the head of the 71st., charged
+the French, and drove them from the part of the village of which they
+had obtained momentary possession. About this time Lieutenant-Colonel
+Williams was wounded, and the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron, of the 79th. regiment. The contest continued until night, when
+the British Troops remained in possession of the whole. The light
+infantry battalions and the 83rd. regiments were subsequently withdrawn,
+leaving only the 71st. and 79th. regiments in the village, with the
+second battalion of the 24th to support them.
+
+During the 4th. of May the enemy reconnoitred the positions which the
+British had occupied on the Duas Casas river, and that night General
+Junot’s corps was moved from Almeida to the left of the position
+occupied by the sixth corps, opposite to Fuentes d’Onor. From the course
+of the reconnoissance it was considered that an attempt would be made to
+obtain possession of that place, and of the ground occupied by the
+troops behind the village, by crossing the Duas Casas at Poza Velho, and
+in the evening the seventh division, under Major-General Houstoun, was
+moved to the right, in order to protect, if possible, that passage.
+
+On the morning of Sunday, the 5th. of May, the eighth corps appeared in
+two columns, with all the cavalry on the opposite side of the valley of
+the Duas Casas to Poza Velho; and as the sixth and ninth corps also made
+a movement to their left, the light division, which had been brought
+back from the neighbourhood of Almeida, was sent with the cavalry, under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., (afterwards
+Field-Marshal Viscount Combermere, G.C.B.) to support Major-General
+Houstoun, while the first and third divisions made a movement to their
+right, along the ridge between the Turon and Duas Casas rivers,
+corresponding to that of the sixth and ninth corps, on the right of the
+latter river.
+
+Major-General Houstoun’s advanced guard, consisting of the 85th., under
+Major M‘Intosh, and the 2nd Portuguese Caçadores, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nixon, was attacked by the eighth corps, and
+compelled to retire, which was done in good order, although with some
+loss. The eighth corps being thus established in Poza Velho, the enemy’s
+cavalry turned the right of the seventh division between that place and
+Nave d’Aver, and charged.
+
+The charge of the advanced guard of the French cavalry was met by two or
+three squadrons of the different regiments of British Dragoons, and the
+enemy was driven back, Colonel La Motte, of the 13th. Chasseurs, and
+some prisoners being taken. The main body was checked, and obliged to
+retire, by the fire of Major-General Houstoun’s division, the Chasseurs
+Britanniques and a detachment of the Duke of Brunswick’s Light Infantry
+behaving in the most steady manner. Notwithstanding the repulse of this
+charge, Viscount Wellington determined to concentrate his force towards
+the left, and to move the seventh light and the other two divisions, and
+the cavalry from Poza Velho towards Fuentes d’Onor. The former place and
+neighbourhood had been occupied in the hope of maintaining the
+communication across the Coa by Sabugal, as well as to provide for the
+blockade, which objects, it became obvious, were incompatible with each
+other, and that which was deemed the least important was abandoned; the
+light division was placed in reserve in the rear of the left of the
+first, and the seventh on some commanding ground beyond the Turon, which
+protected the right flank and rear of the first division, besides
+covering the communication with the Coa, and prevented that of the
+French with Almeida by the roads between the Turon and that river.
+
+Upon this occasion the movement of the troops, although under very
+critical circumstances, was well conducted by Major-General Houstoun,
+Brigadier-General Craufurd, and Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton.
+The seventh division was covered in its passage of the Turon by the
+light, under Brigadier-General Craufurd, and this last, in its march to
+join the first division, by the British cavalry. The British position
+thus extended on the high ground from the Turon to the Duas Casas. The
+seventh division on the left of the former, covered the rear of the
+right; the first division, in two lines, was on the right; Colonel
+Ashworth’s brigade, in two lines, in the centre; and the third division,
+in two lines, on the left. The light division and British cavalry in
+reserve; and the village of Fuentes d’Onor in front of the left. Don
+Julian’s infantry joined the seventh division in Frenada, and he was
+sent with his cavalry to endeavour to interrupt the enemy’s
+communication with Ciudad Rodrigo. The efforts on the right part of the
+British position, after it was occupied as above described, were
+confined to a cannonade, and to some cavalry charges upon the advanced
+posts.
+
+One of these was repulsed by the pickets of the first division, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hill, of the 3rd. regiment of Guards; but as they
+were falling back, they did not see the direction of another in
+sufficient time to oppose it, and the Lieutenant-Colonel was taken
+prisoner, many men were wounded and some captured, before a detachment
+of the British cavalry could move up to their support. The second
+battalion of the 42nd., under Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Blantyre, also
+repulsed a charge of the cavalry directed against them. They likewise
+attempted to push a body of light infantry down the ravine of the Turon
+to the right of the first division, which was repulsed by the light
+infantry of the Guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel Guise, aided by five
+companies of the 95th., under Captain O’Hara.
+
+Throughout this day the enemy’s principal effort was again directed
+against Fuentes d’Onor, and notwithstanding that the whole of the sixth
+corps was at different periods employed to attack this village, the
+French were never able to gain more than a temporary possession. It was
+defended by the 24th., 71st., and 79th. regiments, under the command of
+Colonel Cameron; these troops were supported by the light infantry
+battalions in the third division, commanded by Major Woodgate; the light
+infantry battalions in the first division, commanded by Majors Dick,
+M‘Donnell, and Aly; the 6th. Portuguese Caçadores, commanded by Major
+Pinto; by the light companies in Colonel Champelmond’s Portuguese
+brigade, under Colonel Sutton; and those in Colonel Ashworth’s
+Portuguese brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Pynn; and by the pickets of
+the third division, under the command of the Honourable
+Lieutenant-Colonel Trench. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron was severely
+wounded in the afternoon, and the command in the village devolved upon
+the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan.
+
+In addition to the foregoing, the troops in Fuentes d’Onor were
+supported, when pressed by the enemy, by the 74th. regiment, under Major
+Russell Manners, and the 88th. Connaught Rangers, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, belonging to Colonel Mac Kinnon’s brigade;
+on one of these occasions the 88th., with the 71st. and 79th., under the
+command of Colonel Mac Kinnon, charged the enemy, and drove them through
+the village.
+
+This prolonged contest again lasted in this quarter until night, when
+the British still held their post, and from that time there was no fresh
+attempt made on any part of their position. Although the actions were
+partial, yet they were very severe, and the casualties were also. The
+enemy had a great superiority of force, and their loss was likewise
+great; they left four hundred killed in the village of Fuentes d’Onor.
+
+The following regiments were engaged at FUENTES D’ONOR:—14th. and 16th.
+Light Dragoons; the 24th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., 52nd., 60th., 71st.,
+74th., 79th., 83rd., 85th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle Brigade.
+
+On the 8th. of May the enemy retired to the woods between Espeja,
+Gallegos, and Fuentes d’Onor, in which position the whole army was
+collected by the following day, with the exception of that part of the
+second corps which continued opposite Almeida; but during the night of
+the 9th. the whole broke up and retired across the Azava, covering their
+retreat by their numerous cavalry, and on the following day the whole
+crossed the Agueda, leaving Almeida to its fate.
+
+
+                  MEDAL FOR BUSACO AND FUENTES D’ONOR.
+
+The customary medal was granted for the above battles, the pattern being
+like that for the other actions in the Peninsula. The following letter
+from Viscount Wellington to the Earl of Liverpool, dated July 11th.,
+1811, gives his views regarding the distribution of medals:—
+
+“I have had the honour of receiving your Lordship’s letter of the 22nd
+of June, in which your Lordships desires to have my opinion as to the
+restrictions which it may be expedient to put upon the grant of medals
+to British officers, for distinguished merit displayed upon such
+occasions as the battles of Vimeiro, Corunna, Talavera, and Barrosa.
+
+“My opinion has always been, that the grant of a medal to an individual
+officer ought to have been founded originally, partly on the importance
+of the occasion or action which it was intended to commemorate, and
+partly on the share which the individual officer had had in the action
+to be commemorated; and that medals should have been granted for
+important actions only, and to those engaged in them in a conspicuous
+manner, whatever might be their rank in the service. It was decided,
+however, that medals should be granted on the same principle only, but
+following strictly the example of the grant of medals to the navy,
+notwithstanding that an action on shore is very different from an action
+at sea; and the merit of the different classes of individuals is
+likewise entirely different. At the same time, this principle was
+departed from in some of the grants made.
+
+“If the principle adopted in the grant of medals to the navy is adhered
+to in the grant of medals to officers of the army, and that medals, to
+be granted to general officers, and Lieutenant-Colonels commanding
+regiments, on an occasion to be commemorated, because, on a similar
+occasion, they would be granted to Admirals and Captains of ships of the
+line, it is difficult to restrict the grant or make a selection of
+officers to whom they should be granted to commemorate the battles at
+Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if government determine that these actions
+should be commemorated in that manner. If, however, that principle is
+departed from, it is not difficult to make out a list of the names of
+officers already reported to your Lordship, who were at the head of
+corps or detachments upon these occasions, and who had a conspicuous
+share in the event which it is the intention of the government to
+commemorate in this manner. It is not probable, however, that the
+adoption of this principle will decrease the number of those to whom the
+honour would be granted; but, as I have already represented to your
+Lordship, I don’t think this important; that which is important in the
+establishment of the principle on which the grant of this honour should
+be made, is that every officer should feel that he shall receive the
+mark of distinction, if he should be in the place to distinguish
+himself, and should act in the manner to deserve to be distinguished,
+whatever may be his military rank. It may be contended for by me, that
+the officers of the British army don’t require an honour of this
+description to stimulate their exertions, and that the grant of the
+medal is therefore useless; but, however, those who contend for this
+principle must admit that a selection of those who have had an
+opportunity of distinguishing themselves in an action is a less
+objectionable mode of granting it than the grant of it by classes,
+whether the individuals composing those classes have distinguished
+themselves or not.
+
+“I have now the honour to enclose lists of the names of the officers
+who, on the principle of selection, ought, in my opinion, to receive
+medals for the battles of Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if government think
+proper to distinguish these battles by medals. In respect to the battle
+of Albuhera, I was not there, and I am not able to give an opinion upon
+it. One brigade of the fourth division of infantry, however, was not in
+the action, nor Brigadier-General Madden’s brigade of cavalry. The brunt
+of the action was on the right; but some of the corps of infantry, I
+believe, and certainly General Otway’s brigade of cavalry, on the left,
+were not engaged. At all events, these troops were not engaged, as far
+as I understand, in a greater degree than the whole army were at Busaco,
+and every corps on the field at Fuentes d’ Onor.
+
+“I mention these circumstances only to point out to your Lordship, that
+in every action on shore, however severe, there must be some to whose
+lot it does not fall to have an opportunity to distinguish themselves;
+and that the principle of selection, without reference to ranks, ought
+to be adopted in every instance of the grant of medals to the army.”
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF ALBUHERA.
+                            16TH. MAY, 1811.
+
+
+Early in May the first siege of Badajoz was commenced by the British,
+and whilst the operations against that fortress were in progress,
+Marshal Soult quitted Seville, and advanced to its relief. The
+portion[42] of the allied army under Marshal Sir William Beresford,
+moved forward to meet him, and took up a position in front of Albuhera.
+
+At nine o’clock in the morning of the 16th. of May, the enemy commenced
+his attack, and after a strong and gallant resistance by the Spanish
+troops, he gained the heights upon which they had been formed; meanwhile
+the division of the Honourable Major-General William Stewart had been
+moved up to support them, and that of Major-General Hamilton brought to
+the left of the Spanish line, and formed in contiguous close columns of
+battalions, to be available in any direction. The Portuguese brigade of
+cavalry, under Brigadier-General Otway, remained at some distance on the
+left, to check any attempt that might be made below the village.
+
+Nearly at the commencement of the battle a heavy storm of rain came on,
+which with the smoke from the firing, rendered it impossible to discern
+anything distinctly. This, with the nature of the ground, had been
+extremely favourable to the attacking columns. The right brigade of
+Major-General Stewart’s division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne,
+(now Field-Marshal Lord Seaton,) first came into action, and behaved in
+the most gallant manner, and, finding that the enemy’s column could not
+be shaken by fire, proceeded to attack it with the bayonet; while thus
+in the act of charging, a body of Polish lancers, which the thickness of
+the atmosphere and the nature of the ground had concealed, (and which
+was, besides, mistaken by those of the brigade when discovered for
+Spanish cavalry, and therefore not fired upon,) turned it, and being
+thus attacked unexpectedly in the rear, was unfortunately broken, and
+suffered immensely. The second battalion of the 31st. regiment, under
+the command of Major L’Estrange, alone held its ground against all the
+_colonnes en masse_, until the arrival of the third brigade under
+Major-General Hoghton. The conduct of this brigade was most
+conspicuously gallant, and that of the second brigade, under the
+Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Abercromby, was not less so. Major-General
+Hoghton, cheering on his men to the charge, fell pierced with wounds.
+
+Although the principal attack was on this point of the right a continual
+attempt was also made upon that part of the original front at the
+village and bridge, which were defended in the most gallant manner by
+Major-General Baron Alten, and the light infantry brigade of the German
+Legion, whose conduct, in every point of view, was reported as
+“conspicuously good.” The enemy’s cavalry, on his infantry attempting to
+force the right, had endeavoured to turn it; but the able manœuvres of
+Major-General the Honourable William Lumley, commanding the allied
+cavalry, though vastly inferior in point of numbers, foiled the design.
+Major-General the Honourable George Lowry Cole, seeing the attack, very
+judiciously brought up his left a little, marched in line to attack the
+enemy’s left, and arrived most opportunely to contribute, with the
+charges of the brigades of Major-General Stewart’s division, to force
+the enemy to abandon his situation, and retire precipitately, and to
+take refuge under his reserve. Here the Fusilier brigade, consisting of
+two battalions of the 7th. and one of the 23rd. Fusiliers, immortalized
+itself.[43] So numerous were the casualties, that Captain Stainforth’s
+company of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, was commanded, at the close
+of the action, by Corporal Thomas Robinson. The enemy was pursued by the
+Allies to a considerable distance, and as far as it was considered
+prudent, with his immense superiority of cavalry, and Marshal Beresford
+contented himself with seeing him driven across the Albuhera.
+
+Commencing at nine o’clock, the battle continued without interruption
+until two in the afternoon, when the enemy having been driven over the
+Albuhera, for the remainder of the day there was but cannonading and
+skirmishing.
+
+It was observed during this sanguinary battle, that the British dead,
+particularly the 57th. regiment, were lying as they fought, in ranks,
+and every wound was in the front. This corps here gained the name of the
+_Die-hards_.
+
+On this memorable day the loss was very severe, but the French
+casualties were still greater. About two thousand dead were left by them
+on the field, and nearly a thousand prisoners were taken. Five of their
+generals were killed and wounded. The British had Major-General Hoghton,
+thirty-three officers, thirty-three sergeants, four drummers, and nine
+hundred and seventeen rank and file killed.[44]
+
+Amongst the instances of the defence and preservation of the colours,
+the following are remarkable, and more especially that of the 3rd.,
+Buffs, for which a medal was struck. In the accounts of the time, Ensign
+Walsh, of the 3rd. Foot, was reported to have prevented the colour of
+the regiment from being taken by tearing, when the staff of the colour
+was broken by a cannon ball, the colour off and concealing it in his
+bosom. This statement misled the then Chancellor of the Exchequer when
+he moved a vote of thanks to the army, on the 7th. of June following,
+for its gallantry in this sanguinary battle. The honour, however, was
+due to Lieutenant Latham, who preserved the regimental colour from
+falling into the enemy’s hands in the following gallant manner:—While
+the Buffs were engaged with the French infantry, they were attacked in
+the rear by a large force of French and Polish cavalry. Ensign Thomas,
+who carried the second, or regimental colour, was called upon to
+surrender; but he replied that could only be with his life. He fell,
+mortally wounded, a victim to his bravery, and the colour was captured.
+The first, or the king’s colour, was carried by Ensign Walsh; the
+sergeants who protected it had fallen in its defence, and this officer
+was pursued by several Polish lancers. Lieutenant Latham saw the danger
+of the colour being borne in triumph from the field by the enemy; his
+soul was alive to the honour of his corps, and he ran forward to protect
+it. Ensign Walsh was surrounded, wounded, and taken prisoner; but
+Lieutenant Latham arrived at the spot in time to seize the colour, which
+he defended with heroic gallantry. Environed by a crowd of assailants,
+each emulous of the honour of its capture, and his body bleeding from
+wounds, Lieutenant Latham clung with energetic tenacity to his precious
+charge, defended himself with his sword, and refused to yield. A French
+hussar, seizing the flag-staff, and raising in his stirrups, aimed at
+the head of the gallant Latham a blow which failed in cutting him down,
+but which sadly mutilated him, severing one side of the face and nose.
+Although thus severely wounded, his resolute spirit did not shrink, but
+he sternly and vigorously continued to struggle with the French
+horsemen, and, as they endeavoured to drag the colour from him, he
+exclaimed, “I will surrender it only with my life.” A second sabre
+stroke severed his left arm and hand, in which he held the staff, from
+his body. He then dropped his sword, and, seizing the staff with his
+right hand, continued to struggle with his opponents until he was thrown
+down, trampled upon, and pierced with lances; but the number of his
+adversaries, impeded their efforts to destroy him, and that moment the
+British cavalry came up and the French troopers fled. Lieutenant Latham,
+although desperately wounded, was so intent on preserving the colour,
+that he exerted the little strength he had left to remove it from the
+staff and to conceal it under him. The Fusilier brigade advanced, and,
+by a gallant effort, changed the fortune of the day. Sergeant Gough, of
+the first battalion of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, found the colour under
+Lieutenant Latham, who lay apparently dead. The colour, for which so
+desperate a struggle had been maintained, was restored to the Buffs, and
+the sergeant was rewarded with a commission, being, in consequence of
+his gallant conduct, appointed ensign in the 2nd. West India Regiment,
+on the 14th. of November, 1811. After lying some time on the ground in a
+state of insensibility, Lieutenant Latham revived and crawled towards
+the river, where he was found endeavouring to quench his thirst. He was
+removed to the convent, his wounds dressed, and the stump of his arm
+amputated: he ultimately recovered. Ensign Walsh escaped from the enemy
+soon after he had been made prisoner. When recovered of his wounds, he
+joined his regiment, and made known the circumstance of the colour
+having been thus preserved by Lieutenant Latham. The officers of the
+Buffs, with a readiness which reflected great honour on the corps,
+subscribed one hundred guineas for the purchase of a gold medal, on
+which the preservation of the colour by Lieutenant Latham was
+represented in high relief, with the motto, “I will surrender it only
+with my life.” Application was made to His Royal Highness the
+Commander-in-Chief, by General Leigh, then Colonel of the 3rd. Foot, or
+the Buffs, for the royal authority for Lieutenant Latham to receive and
+wear the medal, which was granted, in a letter dated Horse Guards, 4th.
+January, 1813. The medal was presented to this gallant officer at
+Reading, on the 12th. of August following. An operation was performed in
+1815, by the celebrated surgeon, Mr. Carpue, assisted by Assistant John
+Morrison, M.D., of the Buffs, to repair the mutilation of Captain
+Latham’s face, at the suggestion of His Royal Highness the Prince
+Regent, who kindly defrayed the expense of the operation and cure.
+Captain Latham received, by authority of the royal warrant, a pension of
+one hundred pounds a year, in consequence of the loss of his left arm,
+and a further annual pension of seventy pounds on account of his other
+severe wounds. He continued to serve in the 3rd. regiment until the
+20th. of April, 1820, when he exchanged to half-pay, receiving the
+regulated difference.
+
+Ensign James Jackson carried the regimental colour of the 57th. at
+Albuhera. Soon after the action commenced, the officer with the king’s
+colour was severely wounded, and the colour fell to the ground, when
+Ensign Jackson immediately directed one of the non-commissioned officers
+to pick it up, and taking it from him, gave the regimental colour to the
+sergeant, which he retained until an officer was brought to take charge
+of it. The king’s colour, which Ensign Jackson carried, received thirty
+balls through it, and two others broke the pole and carried away the
+top. Nine balls passed through his clothes, of which four wounded—one
+through the body. During the greatest part of the battle the hostile
+lines were less than one hundred yards from each other. Brevet-Major
+James Jackson was placed on retired full pay as captain, 57th. regiment,
+on the 25th. of June, 1841, and was promoted to the brevet rank of
+Lieutenant-Colonel on the 28th. of November, 1854.
+
+Marshal Soult retired after the battle to the ground he had been
+previously on, and during the night of the 17th. he commenced his
+retreat towards Seville, leaving Badajoz to its fate.
+
+
+                          MEDAL FOR ALBUHERA.
+
+The medal for the battle of Albuhera was the same as that conferred for
+other actions of this period, and of which an illustration is given for
+Talavera; but there appears also to have been one awarded by the Spanish
+monarch, for in a letter, dated Gonesse, 2nd. July, 1815, addressed to
+Marshal Lord Beresford, G.C.B., the Duke of Wellington wrote, “You
+should recommend for the Spanish medal for Albuhera, according to the
+rules laid down by the King of Spain, for the grant of it. I think it
+should be given only to those who were there, and actually engaged.”
+When the silver war medal was authorized, it is almost superfluous to
+state that a bar was granted for this victory.
+
+
+
+
+                            CAPTURE OF JAVA.
+                      AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1811.
+
+
+The British government resolved to complete its dominion in the East, by
+the conquest of the island of Java, of which the Dutch had held
+undisturbed possession for more than one hundred years. The extent of
+the island,—six hundred and forty miles long, and about a hundred broad;
+the luxuriant and fertile character of the soil, the mountain districts
+yielding the vegetables and grain of Europe, and the plains the
+delicious fruits and other vegetable productions of the East in
+abundance, without the necessity of laborious tillage, and to so great
+an extent, as to occasion it to be sometimes called the granary of the
+East; rendered the island of Java a valuable acquisition to the United
+Provinces, and its principle city, Batavia, was the capital of the Dutch
+settlements in the East Indies. Holland having become a part of that
+empire which Napoleon was forming to prepare the way for universal
+dominion, it became necessary to deprive the Dutch of this large and
+fertile island.
+
+Lord Minto, the Governor-General of India, planned the expedition, and
+in order to carry out his idea, gave orders for the collection of a
+number of troops at Madras. The squadron was placed under Rear-Admiral
+the Honourable Robert Stopford, and the land forces were commanded by
+Lieutenant-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty; whilst his lordship determined
+to accompany the armament.
+
+A landing was effected on the 4th. of August, 1811, at Chillingching,
+within twelve miles east of Batavia, which was taken possession of on
+the 8th. of that month without opposition. The possession of Batavia was
+of the utmost importance. Although large storehouses of public property
+were burnt previous to the retreat of the enemy, and every effort made
+to destroy the remainder, some valuable granaries and other stores were
+preserved. During the night of the 8th. a feeble attempt was made by the
+enemy to cut off a small guard, which had been sent for the security of
+the place; but the troops of the advance had reinforced the party early
+in the evening, and the attack was repulsed. The advance under Colonel
+(afterwards Major-General Sir Robert Rollo) Gillespie occupied the city
+on the 9th. of August.
+
+On the 10th. a sharp affair took place with the _élite_ of General
+Jansen’s army; the British had advanced from Batavia, and found three
+thousand select men of the Gallo-Batavian troops in a strong position at
+Weltervreeden, defended by _abattis_; this post was stormed and carried
+at the point of the bayonet by the troops under Colonel Gillespie, many
+of the enemy being killed, and their guns captured; the remainder
+retreated to the entrenched position at Cornelis, between the great
+river Jacatra and the deep aqueduct of Slokan, neither of which was
+fordable. In this affair the grenadier company of the 78th., and the
+detachment of the 89th. regiment, were particularly distinguished in
+charging and capturing their adversaries’ artillery. The British loss
+was trifling compared with that of their opponents, which was estimated
+at about five hundred men, with Brigadier-General Alberti dangerously
+wounded.
+
+Although success had thus attended the British troops, further progress
+became extremely difficult, and somewhat doubtful. The position of the
+foe was extremely formidable. Seven redoubts, and many batteries,
+mounted with heavy cannon, occupied the most commanding ground within
+the lines, the whole of the works being defended by a numerous and
+well-organized artillery. As the season was too far advanced, the heat
+so violent, and the number of troops insufficient to admit of regular
+approaches, the only alternative was to attempt to carry the works by
+assault, and in aid of this design, some batteries were erected for the
+purpose of disabling the principal redoubt; a heavy fire was kept up by
+the British for two days, from twenty eighteen-pounders and eight
+mortars and howitzers. Their execution was great, and although answered
+at the commencement of each day by a far more numerous artillery, the
+nearest batteries were daily silenced, and every part of the position
+was considerably disturbed.
+
+At dawn on the 26th. of August, the assault on Cornelis was made. To
+Colonel Gillespie, a gallant and experienced officer, the attack was
+entrusted. He had the infantry of the advance and the grenadiers of the
+line with him, and was supported by Colonel Gibbs, with the 59th.
+regiment and the fourth battalion of Bengal Volunteers. They were
+intended, if possible, to surprise the redoubt, No. 3, constructed
+beyond the Slokan, to endeavour to cross the bridge over that stream
+with the fugitives, and then to assault the redoubts within the lines,
+Colonel Gillespie attacking those to the left, and Colonel Gibbs to the
+right. Lieutenant-Colonel William Macleod, with six companies of the
+69th., was directed to follow a path on the bank of the great river, and
+when the attack had commenced on the Slokan, to endeavour to possess
+himself of the left redoubt, No. 2. Major Tule, with the flank corps of
+the reserve, reinforced by two troops of cavalry, four guns of horse
+artillery, two companies of the 69th. and the grenadiers of the reserve,
+was to attack the corps at Campong Maylayo, on the west of the great
+river, and endeavour to cross the bridge at that post.
+
+The remainder of the army, under Major-General (afterwards General Sir
+Frederick) Wetherall, was at the batteries, where a column under Colonel
+Wood, consisting of the 78th. regiment and the fifth volunteer
+battalion, was directed to advance against the enemy in front, and at a
+favourable moment, when aided by the other attacks, to force his way, if
+practicable, and open the position for the line. General Jansens was
+fully prepared for the conflict, and was in the redoubts when it
+commenced. After a long detour through a close and intricate country,
+Colonel Gillespie came on the enemy’s advance, routed it in an instant,
+and, under a heavy fire of grape and musketry, rapidly possessed himself
+of the advanced redoubt, No. 3. Passing the bridges with the fugitives,
+under a tremendous fire, he assaulted and carried with the bayonet the
+redoubt No. 4, after a very obstinate resistance. Here the two divisions
+of the columns separated. Colonel Gibbs turned to the right, and with
+the 59th. and a portion of the 78th., which had now forced their way in
+front, carried the redoubt No. 1. At the instant of its capture an
+explosion of the magazine occurred, which destroyed a number of officers
+and men who were crowded on its ramparts, which the foe had abandoned.
+The redoubt No. 2, against which Lieutenant-Colonel William Macleod’s
+(69th. Foot) attack was directed, was carried in equally gallant style,
+but that officer fell in the moment of victory. The front of the
+position being thus open, the assailants rushed in from every
+quarter.[45] The cavalry, towards the rear, and horse artillery forced a
+passage through the lines, the fort of Cornelis was carried, and the
+British were triumphant at every point. Nearly two thousand of the enemy
+were killed, and about five thousand prisoners were taken, including
+three general officers.
+
+General Jansens, with about fifty horse, the remnant of his army of ten
+thousand men, escaped into the interior, where, having collected a small
+force, he made a feeble attempt at further resistance, which resulted in
+the surrender of himself and his troops in September, with the island of
+Java and its dependencies, to the British arms. This valuable island was
+annexed to the dominions of the British crown, but was restored to
+Holland at the termination of the war, by the treaty of Vienna, in
+1814.[46]
+
+The 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. regiments were present at the
+capture of Java.
+
+
+                            MEDAL FOR JAVA.
+
+The medal which was conferred for this success was the same as that
+granted for the Peninsula victories, and was similarly distributed. When
+the general silver medal was subsequently authorized for the several
+services specified at page 58, the word JAVA was inscribed on one of the
+bars, as was done for the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.
+
+
+
+
+                        SIEGE OF CIUDAD RODRIGO.
+                             JANUARY, 1812.
+
+
+As soon as the troops had recovered from their sickness and fatigue,
+Viscount Wellington determined the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, which place
+was approached on the 8th. of January, 1812. It was not, however,
+regularly invested, for the light division only crossed on that day. The
+French garrison in the Francisco redoubt considered the affair merely as
+one of observation, and amused themselves with bowing and saluting the
+new comers. At night a party was formed from each regiment of the above
+division, under Lieutenant-Colonel John Colborne, of the 52nd., and the
+redoubt was stormed: the conduct of this officer, and of the detachment,
+was highly applauded in the official despatches.
+
+Viscount Wellington, in the afternoon of the 14th. of January, opened
+fire from twenty-two pieces of ordnance in three batteries in the first
+parallel, and the British established themselves in the second parallel
+on the same night. Lieutenant-General Graham facilitated this measure by
+having surprised the enemy’s detachment in the convent of Santa Cruz, on
+the night of the 13th.; and Major-General the Honourable Charles
+Colville, in temporary command of the fourth division, had, on the night
+of the 14th., obtained possession of the convent of St. Francisco, and
+of the other fortified posts of the suburb. The latter service was
+gallantly performed by Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt, with the 40th.
+regiment, which remained from that period in the suburb of St.
+Francisco, and materially assisted in the attack on that side of the
+place. The siege was prosecuted with such vigour, that on the 19th. of
+the same month, two practicable breaches having been made in the body of
+the place, the British commander resolved to carry it by storm.
+
+The assault was made on the evening of Sunday, the 19th. of January, in
+five separate columns. Brigadier-General Pack, who was destined to make
+a false attack upon the southern face of the fort, converted it into a
+real one, his advance guard, under the command of Major Lynch, having
+followed the enemy’s troops from the advanced works into the
+_fausse-braye_, where all opposed to them were made prisoners.
+
+Major Ridge, of the second battalion of the 5th. Fusilliers, having
+escaladed the _fausse-braye_ wall, stormed the breach in the body of the
+place, together with the 94th. regiment, (Scots Brigade,) commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell. These regiments not only effectually
+covered the advance from the trenches of Major-General Mac Kinnon’s
+brigade, by their first movements and operations, but preceded it in the
+attack.
+
+Major-Generals Craufurd and Vandeleur, and the troops of the light
+division on the left, were likewise very forward on that side; and in
+less than half an hour from the time the attack commenced, the British
+troops were in possession of, and formed on the ramparts of the place,
+each body contiguous to the other. The enemy, having sustained a
+considerable loss in the contest then submitted.
+
+The British casualties were severe, especially in officers of high rank
+and estimation. During the siege, and in the assault, nine officers and
+one hundred and sixty-nine men were killed, seventy officers and seven
+hundred and forty-eight men wounded; in all nine hundred and ninety-six.
+Major-General Mac Kinnon was blown up by the accidental explosion of one
+of the enemy’s expense magazines, close to the breach, after having
+gallantly and successfully led the troops under him to the attack.
+Major-Generals Craufurd and Vandeleur were wounded, the former severely,
+whilst leading on the light division to the storm; Lieutenant-Colonel
+Colborne, of the 52nd. Light Infantry,[47] who was severely wounded, and
+Major (afterwards Sir George) Napier, who led the storming party of the
+light division, also wounded on the top of the breach, and lost an arm.
+The garrison likewise sustained severe loss, and was reduced to one
+thousand seven hundred men.
+
+Viscount Wellington specially praised the troops of the first, third,
+fourth, and light divisions, and Brigadier-General Pack’s brigade, by
+whom the siege was carried on. His lordship added:—“The conduct of all
+parts of the third division, in the operations which they performed with
+so much gallantry and exactness on the evening of the 19th., in the
+dark, affords the strongest proof of the abilities of Lieutenant-General
+Picton and Major-General Mac Kinnon by whom they were directed and led;
+and I beg particularly to draw your Lordship’s attention to the conduct
+of Lieutenant-Colonel O’Toole, 2nd. Caçadores, Major Ridge. 5th. Foot,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, 94th., Major Manners, 74th., and of Major
+Grey, 5th. Foot, who has been twice wounded during this siege.
+
+“It is but justice also to the third division to report, that the men
+who performed the sap belonged to the 45th., 74th., and 88th. regiments,
+under the command of Captain M‘Leod, of the Royal Engineers, and Captain
+Thompson, of the 74th., Lieutenant Beresford, of the 88th. (Connaught
+Rangers), and Lieutenant Metcalf, of the 45th. (Sherwood Foresters); and
+they distinguished themselves not less in the storm of the place than
+they had in the performance of their laborious duty during the siege.
+
+“Although it did not fall to the lot of the troops of the first and
+fourth divisions to bring these operations to their successful close,
+they distinguished themselves throughout their progress, by the patience
+and perseverance with which they performed the labours of the siege. The
+brigade of Guards, under Major-General H. Campbell, was particularly
+distinguished in this respect.”
+
+The British commander was advanced to the dignity of an Earl, with an
+annuity of two thousand pounds. Parliament voted its thanks to him and
+his gallant army. This success also gained for him, from the Spanish
+government, the title of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo.
+
+The 5th., 43rd., 45th., 52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd., 88th., 94th.
+regiments, and Rifle Brigade, were engaged in the capture of Ciudad
+Rodrigo.
+
+
+
+
+                           SIEGE OF BADAJOZ.
+                   17TH. MARCH AND 6TH. APRIL, 1812.
+
+
+The formidable fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo having been captured with such
+unlooked-for rapidity, astonished the French General, who had assembled
+an army of sixty thousand men for its relief, which now again returned
+to its winter quarters. As soon as the breaches were repaired, and the
+place put in a state of defence, the Earl of Wellington undertook, for
+the third time, the siege of Badajoz. The preparations for this service
+had been carried on with extraordinary secrecy, and were completed about
+the beginning of March, when the army broke up from its cantonments in
+the neighbourhood of Almeida, and, moving with the greatest rapidity,
+arrived before Badajoz on the 16th. of that month when the place was
+invested by the third, fourth, and light divisions. An advanced post,
+the Picurina, was taken by storm on the 25th., and on the following day
+two breaching batteries opened fire on the town.
+
+On the 6th. of April three breaches were considered practicable, and
+orders were issued for the assault. It was determined to assault the
+castle of Badajoz by escalade. Accordingly the attack was made on the
+night of the 6th. of April, at ten o’clock. Major-General Kempt’s
+brigade[48] led, and he was wounded in crossing the River Rivillas,
+below the inundation. Notwithstanding this circumstance and the
+obstinate resistance of the enemy, the castle was carried by escalade,
+and the third division (known as the “Fighting Third”) established
+therein about half-past eleven. Meanwhile Major Wilson, of the 48th.
+regiment, carried the ravelin of St. Roque, with a detachment of two
+hundred men of the guard in the trenches, and, with the aid of Major
+Squire, of the Engineers, he established himself within that work.
+
+The fourth and light divisions were not perceived by the enemy until
+they reached the covered way, and the advanced guards of the two
+divisions descended without difficulty into the ditch, protected by the
+fire of the parties stationed on the _glacis_ for that purpose. They
+advanced to the assault of the breaches, led by their gallant officers,
+with the utmost intrepidity; but such was the nature of the obstacles
+prepared by the garrison at the top and behind the breaches, and so
+determined the resistance, that the assailants could not establish
+themselves within the place. Many brave officers and soldiers were
+killed or wounded by explosions at the top of the breaches, and others
+who succeeded to them were compelled to give way. Repeated attempts were
+made till after twelve at night, when the Earl of Wellington, seeing
+that success was not to be attained, and that Lieutenant-General Picton
+was established in the castle, the fourth and light divisions were
+ordered to the ground on which they had first assembled for the attack.
+
+Major-General Leith in the meantime had pushed forward Major-General
+Walker’s brigade on the left, supported by the 38th., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nugent, and the 15th. Portuguese regiment, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Do Rego; and he had made a false attack upon the
+Pardaleras, with the 8th. Caçadores, under Major Hill. Major-General
+Walker forced the barrier on the road of Olivença and entered the
+covered way on the left of the bastion of St. Vicente, close to the
+Guadiana. There he descended into the ditch, and escaladed the face of
+that bastion.
+
+This proceeding was supported by Lieutenant-General Leith, with the
+38th., and the 15th. Portuguese regiment; and the British troops being
+thus established in the castle, which commanded all the works of and in
+the town; and the fourth and light divisions being formed again for the
+attack of the breaches, all resistance ceased. At daylight in the
+morning of the 7th. of April, the Governor, General Philippon, who had
+retired to Fort St. Christoval, surrendered, together with the whole
+garrison, which consisted of five thousand men at the commencement of
+the siege, of whom one thousand two hundred were killed or wounded
+during the operations, besides those lost in opposing the assault. About
+three thousand five hundred prisoners were captured, being all that
+survived of the gallant garrison.
+
+The regiments present at the capture of Badajos, were the 4th., 5th.,
+7th., 23rd., 27th., 30th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th.,
+52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd., 88th., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.
+
+This success cost the British and Portuguese the following heavy
+casualties:—Seventy-two officers, fifty-one sergeants, two drummers, and
+nine hundred and ten rank and file killed; three hundred and six
+officers, two hundred and sixteen sergeants, seventeen drummers, and
+three thousand two hundred and forty-eight rank and file wounded. No
+wonder that the Iron Duke wept, when he saw that the glory of the
+capture was purchased at such a price.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF SALAMANCA.
+                           22ND. JULY, 1812.
+
+
+On the 17th. of June, the forts at Salamanca were invested by the sixth
+division, and operations commenced by the light companies thereof, under
+Colonel Samuel Venables Hinde, of the 32nd. regiment. The remainder of
+the army was formed in order of battle on the heights of San Christoval,
+in front of Salamanca, from the 20th. to the 28th. of June, to meet
+Marshal Marmont, who advanced with forty thousand men to relieve the
+forts. They were attacked without success on the 23rd., and carried on
+the 27th. of June, by a party under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Daviss, of the 36th. regiment. Several skirmishes and changes of
+position occurred. The Earl of Wellington advanced in pursuit of the
+French Marshal, who, having received reinforcements, crossed the Douro,
+and the allies retired, skilfully manœuvring and taking up different
+positions in presence of the enemy, until the 21st., when they reached
+the ground they had formerly occupied, on the height of San Christoval.
+
+Shortly after daylight on the 22nd. of July, detachments from both
+armies attempted to obtain possession of the more distant from the
+allied right of the two hills called Dos Arapiles. In this attempt the
+enemy succeeded, his detachment being the strongest; by which success
+the French position was materially strengthened, and they had in their
+power increased means of annoying that of their opponents.
+
+The light troops of the seventh division, and the 4th. Caçadores,
+belonging to Major-General Pack’s brigade, were engaged in the morning
+with the enemy on the height of Nuestra Senora de la Pena, on which they
+maintained themselves throughout the day. The improved position of the
+French rendered it necessary for the Earl of Wellington to extend the
+right of his army _en potence_ to the heights behind the village of
+Arapiles, and to occupy it with light infantry; here the fourth
+division, under the command of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Lowry
+Cole, was placed.
+
+A variety of evolutions and movements having been made by the French
+Marshal, he proceeded to carry out his plan about two o’clock in the
+afternoon; and under cover of a very heavy cannonade, which did but
+little injury, he extended his left, and moved forward his army,
+apparently with an intention to embrace, by the position of his troops,
+and by his fire, the British post on that of the two Arapiles, and
+thence to attack and break the line; or at all events to render
+difficult any movements to the right. This extension of the French line
+to their left, and its advance upon the allied right, gave the British
+commander an opportunity of attacking him, for which he had long been
+anxious. “The attack of the third division,” says Lord Londonderry, in
+his “Story of the Peninsula War,” “was not only the most spirited, but
+the most perfect thing of the kind that modern times have witnessed.
+Regardless alike of a charge of cavalry and of the murderous fire which
+the enemy’s batteries opened, on went these fearless warriors, horse and
+foot, without check or pause, until they won the ridge, and then the
+infantry giving their volley, and the cavalry falling on, sword in hand,
+the French were pierced, broken, and discomfited. So close indeed was
+the struggle, that in several instances the British colours were seen
+waving over the heads of the enemy’s battalions.”
+
+The British General, in his despatch, observed that “Major-General the
+Honourable Edward Pakenham[49] formed the third division across the
+enemy’s flank, and overthrew everything opposed to him. These troops
+were supported in the most gallant style by the Portuguese cavalry,
+under Brigadier-General D’Urban, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hervey’s
+squadrons of the 14th., who successfully defended every attempt made by
+the enemy on the flank of the third division.”
+
+In front the French were attacked by Brigadier-General Bradford’s
+brigade, the fourth and fifth divisions, and the cavalry under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., and were driven from one
+height to another. The cavalry made a most successful charge against a
+body of French infantry, which they overthrew, and cut to pieces. In
+this charge Major-General Le Marchant was killed. The sixth division,
+under Major-General Clinton, was ordered up at a critical period to
+relieve the fourth division, which had been heavily pressed, and the
+battle was soon restored to its former success.
+
+The enemy’s right, reinforced by the troops which had fled from his
+left, and by those which had by this time retired from the Arapiles,
+still continued to resist; and while other corps were directed to turn
+the right, the sixth division,[50] supported by the third and fifth,
+attacked the front. It was dark before this point was carried by the
+sixth division, and the enemy then fled through the woods towards the
+Tormes. The pursuit was made by the first and light divisions, and
+Major-General William Anson’s brigade of the fourth division, and some
+squadrons of cavalry, under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton,
+Bart.; but the darkness of the night enabled many of the enemy to
+escape, and was unfortunately the cause of Sir Stapleton being wounded
+by one of the allied sentries. The same troops renewed the pursuit at
+break of day the next morning, with Major-Generals Bock’s and Anson’s
+brigades of cavalry, which had joined during the night. On coming up
+with the enemy’s rear-guard of cavalry and infantry near La Serna, they
+were at once attacked by the two brigades of dragoons; the French
+cavalry fled, leaving the infantry to their fate. The gallant charge
+made on the infantry by the heavy brigade of the King’s German Legion,
+under Major-General Bock, which was completely successful, was highly
+commended; the whole body of infantry, consisting of three battalions of
+the French first division, were made prisoners on this occasion.
+
+Eleven pieces of cannon, several ammunition waggons, two eagles, and six
+colours were captured; one general, three colonels, three
+lieutenant-colonels, one hundred and thirty officers, and about seven
+thousand soldiers were taken prisoners. Marshal Marmont was badly
+wounded, and lost an arm; four general officers were killed, and several
+wounded.
+
+The British loss was in all four thousand nine hundred and sixty-four
+killed and wounded. Major-General Le Marchant was killed; Field-Marshal
+Sir W. C. Beresford, K.B., Lieutenant-Generals Sir Stapleton
+Cotton-Leith, and the Honourable George Lowry Cole, and Major-General
+Victor Alten were amongst the wounded. The French loss was still more
+considerable.
+
+This victory was followed by the surrender of Madrid to the allies, who
+entered that city on the 12th. of August, and were joyfully received by
+the inhabitants. The title of Marquis was conferred on the Earl of
+Wellington.
+
+The following regiments took part in the victory of Salamanca: 5th
+Dragoon Guards, 3rd., 4th., 11th., 14th., and 16th. Light Dragoons;
+1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 7th., 9th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 30th.,
+32nd., 36th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th., 51st., 52nd.,
+53rd., 58th., 60th., 61st., 68th., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 88th., and 94th.
+Foot, and Rifle Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                        CAPTURE OF FORT DETROIT.
+                             AUGUST, 1812.
+
+
+The negotiations between the British Government and the United States of
+America, which had several times been broken off and renewed, ultimately
+terminated on the 18th of June, 1812, by the latter declaring war. Their
+first design was the conquest of Canada, and early in July the American
+commander, Brigadier-General Hull, invaded that country, by crossing the
+Detroit River on the 12th. of that month, with two thousand three
+hundred men, consisting of regular cavalry and infantry, and militia,
+with several field pieces; having driven in the militia towards
+Amherstsburg, he advanced to Sandwich, and afterwards approached the
+former place with a part of his army to the River Cunard, about five
+miles from the fort, where he was foiled in three attempts to cross that
+river, which cost him a considerable loss. The garrison of Amherstsburg
+at that time consisted of a subaltern’s detachment of the royal
+artillery, commanded by Lieutenant Troughton, a detachment of three
+hundred men of the 41st. regiment, under Captain Muir, and about the
+same number of militia, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Saint
+George, the district inspecting field officer of militia. Some
+skirmishes occurred between the troops under the latter officer, and the
+enemy upon the River Canard, which uniformly terminated in his being
+repulsed with loss. Major-General Isaac Brock detached a force down the
+River Thames, capable of acting in conjunction with the garrison of
+Amherstsburg offensively, but Captain Chambers who had been appointed to
+direct this detachment, experienced difficulties that frustrated the
+design; whereupon Colonel Proctor was ordered to assume the command, and
+his force was soon after increased with sixty men of the 41st. regiment.
+Meanwhile the most strenuous exertions were made; and voluntary offers
+of service were received from that portion of the embodied militia the
+most easily connected. The Attorney-General, John M‘Donell, Esq., acted
+as provincial aide-de-camp to Major-General Brock, and other gentlemen
+of the first character and influence evinced similar devotion.
+
+A sufficiency of boats being collected at Long Point for the conveyance
+of three hundred men, the embarkation took place on the 8th. of August,
+and in five days the troops arrived at Amherstsburg. The judicious
+arrangement which had been adopted immediately upon the arrival of
+Colonel Proctor, of the 41st., compelled the Americans to retreat and
+take shelter under the guns of the fort; that officer commenced
+operations by sending strong detachments across the river, with a view
+of cutting off the enemy’s communications with his reserve. This
+produced two smart skirmishes on the 5th. and 9th. of August, in both of
+which the Americans suffered considerable loss; the British had only
+three killed and thirteen wounded, amongst the latter were Captain Muir
+and Lieutenant Sutherland, of the 41st. regiment. Batteries had likewise
+been commenced opposite Fort Detroit, for one eighteen-pounder, two
+twelve, and two five and a half-inch mortars all of which were opened on
+the evening of the 15th. of August, Brigadier-General Hull having been
+previously summoned to surrender, and though opposed by a well-directed
+fire from seven twenty-four pounders, such was their construction, under
+the able directions of Captain Dixon, of the royal engineers, that no
+injury was sustained therefrom.
+
+Major-General Brock having collected the force at his disposal during
+the 15th. of August in the neighbourhood of Sandwich, the embarkation
+commenced a little after daylight on the following morning, and by the
+able arrangements of Lieutenant Dewar, of the quartermaster-general’s
+department, the whole landed at Springwell, about three miles west of
+Detroit. The Indians, who in the meantime had effected a landing two
+miles below, moved forward and occupied the woods, about a mile and a
+half on the British left. The force which was instantly directed to
+march against the enemy, consisted of thirty royal artillery, two
+hundred and fifty of the 41st. regiment, fifty Royal Newfoundland
+regiment, four hundred militia, and about six hundred Indians, to which
+were attached three six-pounders, and two three-pounders. The troops
+afterwards advanced to within one mile of the fort, when an assault was
+determined upon. Brigadier-General Hull, however, prevented this
+movement, by proposing a cessation of hostilities, for the purpose of
+preparing terms of capitulation. The American troops that surrendered
+consisted of two thousand five hundred men, and were divided into two
+troops of cavalry; one company of artillery regulars; the 4th. United
+States regiment; detachments of the 1st. and 3rd. United States
+regiment, volunteers; three regiments of the Ohio militia; and one
+regiment of the Michigan territory. Thirty-three pieces of brass and
+iron ordnance had already been secured. This capitulation was concluded
+at Detroit on the 16th. of August, 1812, and the 41st. foot bears the
+name of the fort on the regimental colour, likewise the 69th. its linked
+battalion. The medal granted for this service was similar to that
+authorized for the Peninsula; and on the war medal being issued a clasp
+was added commemorative of the foregoing events.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF VITTORIA.
+                           21ST. JUNE, 1813.
+
+
+On the night of the 19th. of June, 1813, the French troops, commanded by
+Joseph Buonaparte, having Marshal Jourdan as the Major-General of the
+army, took up a position in front of Vittoria, the left resting upon the
+heights which end at La Puebla de Arganzon, and extending thence across
+the valley of the Zadorra, in front of the village of Arinez. The
+Marquis of Wellington reconnoitred the enemy’s position on the 20th.,
+with design of giving him battle on the following morning, if he should
+still remain in it, and accordingly on the 21st. of June ordered an
+attack to be made on three separate points—Lieutenant-General Sir
+Rowland Hill, with the second division, was to assail the French left at
+La Puebla; with Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham, with the first and
+fifth divisions, was to make a wide detour to the left, and crossing the
+Zadorra at Vittoria, to attack their right, and to cut off their retreat
+by the great road to Bayonne. The centre, consisting of the fourth and
+light divisions, (under Lord Wellington himself,) on the right, and the
+third and seventh, (under Lieutenant-General Lord Dalhousie,) on the
+left, was to pass the bridges in front, and attack as soon as the
+movements on the flanks should be executed. The troops moved from the
+camp on the Bayas at daybreak; and the operations of the day commenced
+by Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill obtaining possession of the
+heights of La Puebla. The enemy soon discovered the importance of these
+heights, and reinforced their troops to such an extent, that the
+Lieutenant-General was obliged to detach first the 71st. regiment and
+the light infantry battalion of Major-General Walker’s brigade, under
+the command of Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Henry Cadogan, and
+successively other troops to the same point. The allies not only gained,
+but maintained possession of these important heights throughout their
+operations, notwithstanding the strenuous efforts made by the enemy to
+retake them. Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan was here mortally wounded. The
+contest was thus at first chiefly on the extreme right and left,
+because, on account of the rugged nature of the ridges they had to pass,
+the left centre column, (third and seventh divisions,) did not reach the
+Zadorra until nearly one o’clock; the fourth and light divisions crossed
+the Zadorra immediately after Sir Rowland Hill had obtained possession
+of Subijana de Alava, the former at the bridge of Nanclares, and the
+latter at the bridge of Tres Puentes. The right brigade of the third
+division, followed by the seventh division, under the Earl of Dalhousie,
+then crossed the bridge of Mendoza, the other brigades of the third
+division fording higher up the river.
+
+The seventh division and the centre brigade of the third division
+attacked the French right centre, in front of the villages of Margarita
+and Hermandad, and the Marquis of Wellington, seeing the hill in front
+of the village of Arinez weakly occupied by the enemy, ordered the right
+brigade of the third division, under Lieutenant-General Picton, in close
+columns of battalions across the front of both armies to that central
+point. The hill was carried immediately, and the French withdrew under
+cover of a cannonade from fifty pieces of artillery and a crowd of
+skirmishers, to the second range of heights, on which their reserve had
+been posted; they, however, still held Arinez on the great road leading
+to Vittoria. The brigade then advanced to the attack of the village of
+Arinez; the three right companies of the 74th., under Captain Mc Queen,
+with the companies of the 60th., immediately dashed forward and charged
+through it, drove out the enemy, and captured three guns; these
+companies were then halted under cover of some houses until the
+remainder of the regiment and brigade should come up, as the French were
+again advancing upon the post with increased numbers, keeping up a
+terrific fire of artillery and musketry. Finally they were driven back
+in confusion at the point of the bayonet.
+
+By the capture of the village the great road was gained, and the French
+extreme left was turned, while they were hard pressed by Sir Rowland
+Hill’s attack on their front. They retreated on Vittoria, and the
+British continued the advance in admirable order, notwithstanding the
+difficulty of the ground. For six miles the action became a running
+fight and cannonade. When within a mile of Vittoria, the enemy made a
+stand, and the third division, being the foremost, bore the brunt of a
+heavy fire, until a hill on the French left was carried by the fourth
+division, which caused them to abandon the position.
+
+Meanwhile Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham, with his divisions, had
+attacked the French right. The village of Gamarra Mayor was most
+gallantly stormed and carried by Brigadier-General Robinson’s brigade of
+the fifth division, which advanced in columns of battalions under a very
+heavy fire of artillery and musketry, without firing a shot, assisted by
+two guns of Major Lawson’s brigade of artillery. The French suffered
+severely, and three pieces of cannon were captured. Sir Thomas then
+proceeded to attack the village of Abechuco with the first division.
+These two villages were strongly occupied by the enemy as
+_têtes-de-pont_ to the bridges over the Zadorra at these places. During
+the operations at Abechuco, which was carried, the light battalions
+having charged and taken three guns and a howitzer on the bridge, the
+greatest efforts were made to recover Gamarra Mayor, which were
+gallantly repulsed by the troops of the fifth division, under
+Major-General Oswald. Two divisions of the French were in reserve on the
+heights upon the left of the Zadorra, and it was not possible to cross
+by the bridges until the troops, which had moved upon the centre and
+left, had driven them through Vittoria. The whole then co-operated in
+the pursuit, which was continued by all till after dark.
+
+The movement of the troops under Sir Thomas Graham, and their possession
+of Gamarra and Abechucho, intercepted the enemy’s retreat by the high
+road to France. They were then obliged to turn to the road towards
+Pampeluna, but were unable to hold any position for a sufficient length
+of time to allow the baggage and artillery to be drawn off. The whole,
+therefore, of the latter which had not been already captured by the
+troops, in their attack of the successive positions taken up by the
+French in their retreat from their first position on Arinez, and on the
+Zadorra, together with all their ammunition and baggage, fell into the
+hands of the British close to Vittoria. Only one gun and howitzer were
+carried off by the enemy.
+
+Count Gazan, the Chief of the French Staff, in his report, shewed the
+state of destitution to which the officers were reduced.—“To such an
+extent are they stripped, that no one can account for what he has, or
+what is due to him. Several of the generals and officers have nothing in
+the world but the coats on their backs, and most of them are
+barefooted.” The French occupation of the Peninsula was virtually
+settled by this day’s success.
+
+Although the nature of the ground did not admit of the cavalry regiments
+being generally engaged, they were kept close to the infantry to support
+them, and were most active in the pursuit. The court equipage of King
+Joseph was taken, and his carriage being taken, and his carriage being
+seized, he had barely time to escape on horseback. The defeat was the
+most complete that had been experienced in Spain.
+
+Marshal Jourdan’s bâton[51] was taken, and sent to the Prince Regent,
+who in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, appointed the Marquis of
+Wellington a Field-Marshal. In a most flattering letter, the Prince
+Regent thus conferred the honour:—“You have sent me among the trophies
+of your unrivalled fame, the staff of a French Marshal, and I send you
+in return that of England.” This bâton was taken by the 87th., Royal
+Irish Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Viscount) Gough.
+The colours of the fourth battalion of the 100th. regiment were also
+among the trophies, and a hundred and forty-three brass guns were
+captured on the field.
+
+Both armies were nearly equal in numbers, consisting of about seventy
+thousand men each. The French loss was stated by themselves at six
+thousand, and the casualties of the allies amounted to nearly five
+thousand men.
+
+The following regiments were present at the battle of Yittoria:—The 3rd.
+and 5th. Dragoon Guards; 3rd., 4th., 14th., 15th., and 16th., Light
+Dragoons; 1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 6th., 7th., 9th., 20th., 23rd., 24th.,
+27th., 28th., 31st., 34th., 38th., 39th., 40th., 43rd., 45th., 47th.,
+48th., 50th., 51st., 52nd., 53rd., 57th., 58th., 59th., 60th., 66th.,
+68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd., 83rd., 87th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle
+Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                        ACTIONS OF THE PYRENEES.
+                    28TH. JULY TO 2ND. AUGUST, 1813.
+
+
+After the decisive battle of Vittoria, the British commander blockaded
+the fortress of Pampeluna, besieged St. Sebastian, and took up a
+position with the covering army in the Pyrenees. On the 17th. of July
+the blockade of Pampeluna was entrusted to the Spaniards. The whole
+frontier of the Pyrenees, from the pass of Roncesvalles to the mouth of
+the Bidassoa river, was now occupied by the second, seventh, and light
+divisions, with some Portuguese brigades in the front line; and by the
+third, fourth, and sixth divisions as supports, covering the blockade of
+Pampeluna, and the siege of St. Sebastian, then going on under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham. The British army, after years of
+toil and conflict, procured liberty for the oppressed inhabitants of the
+Peninsula, had forced the intrusive monarch of Spain from his throne,
+and stood triumphant on the lofty pinnacles of the Pyrenees; but another
+mighty struggle was at hand, in which the innate valour and hardihood of
+British soldiers were about to be tested, and the French Army, having
+been re-organized by Marshal Soult, was pushed boldly forward to drive
+them from the mountains.
+
+Marshal Soult having arrived at Bayonne on the 13th. of July, to
+command, as “Lieutenant of the Emperor,” the united French army of
+Spain, on the 25th. of that month attacked with about forty thousand men
+Major-General Byng’s post at Roncesvalles. Lieutenant-General the
+Honourable Sir Lowry Cole moved up to his support with the fourth
+division, and these officers were enabled to maintain their post
+throughout the day; but the enemy having turned it in the afternoon, Sir
+Lowry deemed it advisable to withdraw during the night, and marched to
+the neighbourhood of Zubiri. A detachment of the 20th. evinced signal
+gallantry in its attacks on the head of a French column, but was forced
+back by superior numbers. The Marquis of Wellington stated in his
+despatch, that “in the actions which took place on this day, the 20th.
+regiment distinguished themselves.”
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill’s position in the Puerto de Maya, at
+the head of the valley of Bastan, was also attacked by two divisions of
+the centre of the French army in the afternoon of the same day. The
+brunt of the action fell upon Major-Generals Pringle’s and Walker’s
+brigades in the second division, under the command of Lieutenant-General
+the Honourable William Stewart. These troops were at first compelled to
+give way, but having been supported by Major-General Barnes’s brigade of
+the seventh division, they regained that part of their post, which was
+the key of the whole, and would have enabled them to re-assume it, had
+circumstances permitted it.[52] Sir Rowland Hill, having been apprised
+of the necessity that Sir Lowry Cole should retire, considered it
+advisable to withdraw his troops also to Irurita, and the enemy did not
+advance on the following day beyond the Puerto de Maya.
+
+During the seven hours these brave troops were engaged but little
+advantage was acquired by the French, notwithstanding the numerical
+superiority of the latter. All the regiments charged with the bayonet,
+and the conduct of the 82nd., which moved up with the brigade under
+Major-General Barnes, was particularly reported. Lieutenant-General the
+Honourable William Stewart was slightly wounded.
+
+These events were not known to the Marquis of Wellington until late in
+the night of the 25th. and 26th., whereupon his lordship adopted
+immediate measures to concentrate the army to the right, at the same
+time making provision for the siege of St. Sebastian, and for the
+blockade of Pampeluna.
+
+The hill on the right of the fourth division, which was occupied on the
+27th. of July by one battalion of the 4th. Portuguese regiment, and by
+the Spanish regiment of Pravia, was attacked; but these troops defended
+their ground and drove back the enemy. This height being important to
+the British position, the 40th. was ordered to reinforce it, and this
+corps, with the Spanish regiments of El Principe and Pravia, succeeded
+in holding it, despite the repeated efforts made during the 27th. and
+28th. by the enemy to obtain possession. On the morning of the 28th. the
+sixth division joined, and it was ordered to form across the valley in
+rear of the fourth. Scarcely had they taken their position when they
+were attacked by a very large force; their front was however so well
+defended by the fire of their own light troops from the heights on their
+left, and by that from the heights occupied by the fourth division and
+Brigadier-General Campbell’s Portuguese brigade, that the foe was soon
+driven back with immense slaughter.
+
+To extricate their troops from the difficulty in which they were placed,
+the enemy attacked the height on which the left of the fourth division
+stood, which was occupied by the 7th. Caçadores, and succeeding in
+obtaining a momentary possession. They were again attacked by this
+regiment, supported by Major-General Ross, at the head of his brigade of
+the fourth division, and were driven down with great loss.
+
+Now the battle became general along the whole front of the heights
+occupied by the fourth division, and in every part was in favour of the
+allies, excepting where one battalion of the 10th. Portuguese regiment
+of Major-General Campbell’s brigade was posted. This battalion having
+been overpowered, and compelled to give way immediately on the right of
+Major-General Ross’s brigade, the French established themselves on the
+British line, and that general was obliged to withdraw from his post.
+
+The 27th. and 48th. regiments were then ordered to charge, first that
+body which had established a footing on the height, and next the portion
+on the left. Both attacks succeeded, and the enemy was forced down with
+immense loss; and the sixth division having moved forward at the same
+time to a situation in the valley of Lanz, nearer to the left of the
+fourth, the attack upon that front entirely ceased, and was continued
+but faintly on other points of the line.
+
+During this hard-fought action the following regiments were specially
+noticed by the Marquis of Wellington, who observed in his despatch:—“In
+the course of this contest the gallant fourth division, which has so
+frequently been distinguished in this army, surpassed their former good
+conduct. Every regiment charged with the bayonet,—the 40th., 7th.,
+20th., and 23rd., four different times. Their officers set them the
+example; and Major-General Ross had two horses killed under him. The
+Portuguese troops likewise behaved admirably, and I had every reason to
+be satisfied with the conduct of the Spanish regiments, El Principe and
+Pravia.”
+
+As soon as it was ascertained that Lieutenant-Generals Sir Thomas Picton
+and Sir Lowry Cole had moved from Zubiri, that post not being considered
+tenable for the time during which it would have been necessary to wait
+therein, Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill received orders to march by
+Lanz upon Lizaso, and Lieutenant-General the Earl of Dalhousie from San
+Estevan to the same place, where both arrived on the 28th. of July, and
+the seventh division came to Marcalain.
+
+Sir Rowland Hill was followed by the enemy’s force that had been in his
+front, and which ultimately endeavoured to turn the left of the allies
+by an attack on his corps. They reinforced with one division the troops
+that had been opposed to him, and during the night of the 29th. and
+30th., occupied in strength the crest of the mountain on the British
+left of the Lanz, opposite to the sixth and seventh divisions, thus
+connecting their right in their position with the divisions detached for
+the attack of Sir Rowland Hill’s corps.
+
+Wellington had resolved, however, to attack this position. The Earl of
+Dalhousie was ordered to possess himself of the top of the mountain in
+his front, thus turning the enemy’s right; and Lieutenant-General Sir
+Thomas Picton was to cross the heights, so as to turn his left by the
+road to Roncesvalles. As soon as the effect of these movements on the
+flanks should become apparent, the front of the position was to be
+attacked. Major-General the Honourable Edward Pakenham, who had been
+sent to take the command of the sixth division on Major-General Pack
+being wounded, turned the village of Sorauren as soon as the Earl of
+Dalhousie had driven the foe from the mountain, by which that flank was
+defended. The sixth division and Major-General Byng’s brigade, which had
+relieved the fourth division on the left of the position on the road to
+Ostiz, at once attacked, and succeeded in carrying that village.
+
+The front of the main position was likewise attacked by
+Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry Cole, with the 7th. Caçadores, supported by
+the 11th. Portuguese regiment, the 40th., and the battalion under
+Colonel Bingham, consisting of the 2nd. and 53rd. regiments. These
+combined operations compelled the enemy to abandon a position pronounced
+by the British commander to have been one of the strongest and most
+difficult of access that he had ever seen occupied by troops. In the
+retreat therefrom the French lost a great number of prisoners.
+
+During the course of these operations, and as their success was
+observed, troops were detached to the support of Lieutenant-General Sir
+Rowland Hill, before whom the enemy appeared in his front late in the
+morning, and commenced at once an extended manœuvre upon his left flank
+which obliged him to withdraw from the height which he occupied behind
+the Lizaso to the next range; there, however, he maintained himself, and
+that general specially praised the 28th., 34th., and 60th. regiments.
+
+At sunset the Marquis of Wellington having continued the pursuit of the
+enemy, after his retreat to Olague, found himself immediately in the
+rear of their attack upon Sir Rowland Hill, from whose front they
+withdrew in the night, and on the 31st. of July took up a strong
+position, with two divisions, to cover their rear in the pass of Donna
+Maria. This pass was attacked and carried by Sir Rowland Hill and the
+Earl of Dalhousie, notwithstanding a vigorous opposition, and the
+strength of the position. On this occasion Lieutenant-General the
+Honourable William Stewart was wounded. A very thick fog prevented that
+advantage being taken of the situation of the enemy, which otherwise
+might have been effected.
+
+Meanwhile the Marquis of Wellington moved with Major-General Byng’s
+brigade and the fourth division, under Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry
+Cole, by the Pass of Velate upon Irurita, in order to turn the French
+position on Donna Maria. Major-General Byng (afterwards Earl of
+Strafford) intercepted in Elizondo a large convoy and captured several
+prisoners. The pursuit of the enemy was continued in the valley of the
+Bidassoa, and many prisoners and much baggage were taken; the latter
+General possessed himself of the valley of Bastan, and of the position
+on the Puerto de Maya, so that the British forces on the night of the
+1st. of August, occupied nearly the same positions as on the 25th. of
+July.
+
+The French troops having been considerably reinforced and re-equipped
+after their recent defeat, made a most formidable attempt on the 28th.
+to relieve the blockade of Pampeluna with the whole of their forces,
+excepting the reserve under General Villatte, which remained in front of
+the British corps on the great road from Irun. This attempt was however
+entirely frustrated by the operations of a part only of the allied army,
+and the enemy sustained a defeat, and suffered considerably both in
+officers and men. They sent off the guns to St. Jean de Pied de Port on
+the evening of the 28th. of July, which alone ensured their safety.
+
+Again the fourth division was most highly spoken of—the British
+commander stating that it is impossible to describe its “enthusiastic
+bravery.”
+
+On the morning of the 2nd. of August, the enemy still continued posted,
+with a force of two divisions, on the Puerto de Echalar, and nearly the
+entire army behind the Puerto, when the fourth, seventh, and light
+divisions advanced by the valley, of the Bidassoa to the frontier, it
+having been determined to dislodge them by a combined attack and
+movement of the three divisions. The seventh division having, however,
+crossed the mountains from Sumbilla, had necessarily preceded the
+arrival of the fourth, and Major-General Barnes’s brigade was therefore
+formed for the attack, and advanced, before the fourth and light
+divisions could co-operate, with a regularity and gallantry which the
+British commander “had seldom seen equalled, and actually drove the two
+divisions of the enemy, notwithstanding the resistance opposed to them,
+from those formidable heights.” This exploit was the admiration of all
+who witnessed it. Major-General Kempt’s brigade of the light division
+likewise forced a very considerable force from the rock forming the left
+of the Puerto. The enemy were now in their own territory, and the
+British troops awaited in the Pyrenees the capture of St. Sebastian and
+Pampeluna.
+
+In these combats, which have been designated the “Battles of the
+Pyrenees,” the following regiments were engaged, namely: 2nd., 3rd.,
+6th., 7th., 11th., 20th, 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 32nd.,
+34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th., 51st., 53rd.,
+57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 79th., 82nd.,
+91st., and 92nd. Foot.
+
+As may be readily conceived, the loss of the allies during these
+protracted encounters was great; they had forty-one officers and eight
+hundred and forty-seven men killed, and three hundred and twenty-eight
+officers and five thousand one hundred and seventy-two men wounded;
+many, however, were but slight cases.[53]
+
+
+
+
+                        SIEGE OF ST. SEBASTIAN.
+                      AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1813.
+
+
+The allies having advanced to so great a distance from Portugal, that
+country was no longer used by the British as a place of arms, and the
+establishments there were consequently broken up. In conjunction with
+the ocean, the Western Pyrenees offered a fresh base of operations, and
+the capture of St. Sebastian became of primary importance.
+
+One of the first objects was the reduction of the convent and redoubt of
+San Bartolomeo, which were battered by the artillery, and so far
+damaged, that on the 17th. of July, it was determined to storm these
+posts. The pickets of the 4th. Caçadores, and one hundred and fifty men
+of the 13th. Portuguese regiment, supported by three companies of the
+9th., with a reserve of three companies of the Royals, formed on the
+right to attack the redoubt; two hundred men of the 5th. Caçadores, and
+two hundred of the 13th. Portuguese, supported by the 9th. regiment,
+formed on the left to attack the convent. At ten o’clock in the
+forenoon, the troops rushed from behind the hill overlooking the
+convent. Both the convent and the houses of the suburb were assaulted,
+and in the latter a fierce struggle ensued, but eventually the French
+were expelled with severe loss.
+
+The capture of the convent facilitated the progress of the siege, and on
+the 24th. of July the breaches were deemed practicable, when the third
+battalion of the Royals was directed to storm the great breach, the
+38th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, the lesser breach, and
+the 9th. under Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, supported the Royals, under
+Major Peter Fraser. At daybreak on the morning of the 25th. of July, the
+troops advanced to the attack with signal intrepidity; the cannon of the
+fortress played upon them in front; the ground was difficult to pass;
+and the volleys of musketry were incessant; at the same time showers of
+hand-grenades, shells, and large stones were poured down upon them; yet
+the attack was made with valour; and the defences round the breach had
+not been destroyed, and success was found to be impracticable.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron and Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the 9th.,
+distinguished themselves on this occasion, and the latter (afterwards
+General Lord Clyde,) who led the left wing of the Royals, was severely
+wounded. The loss sustained was severe, especially by the third
+battalion of the Royals, the leading one of Major-General Hay’s brigade,
+which, being on duty in the trenches, formed the column of attack.
+
+During the contest in the mountains, before described, the siege was
+turned into a blockade; when the French, however, had been repulsed and
+driven back with severe loss, the siege was resumed, and was afterwards
+prosecuted with vigour. On the 26th. of August, the fire against the
+fort was opened, and Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham directed that
+an establishment should be formed on the island of Santa Clara, in the
+bay of St. Sebastian. At three o’clock on the morning of the 27th. of
+August, a hundred soldiers of the 9th. Foot, commanded by Captain Hector
+Cameron, sailed from Passages in boats to attack the island. As the
+boats approached the shore, a heavy fire was opened upon them, but a
+landing was effected, and the garrison made prisoners.
+
+On the morning of the 27th. of August, the French made a sally against
+the new batteries on the isthmus, but were repulsed. St. Sebastian was
+again attacked by storm on the 31st. of August, and the heroic
+perseverance of all the troops concerned was at length crowned with
+success. The column of attack was formed of the second brigade of the
+fifth division, commanded by Major-General Robinson, with the following
+detachments as supports:—one hundred and fifty volunteers of the light
+division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hunt, of the 52nd.; four hundred of
+the first division, consisting of two hundred of the brigades of guards,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Cook; one hundred of the light battalion, and
+one hundred of the line battalions of the King’s German Legion, under
+Major Robertson; and two hundred volunteers of the fourth division,
+under Major Rose, of the 20th. Foot. In reserve were the remainder of
+the fifth division, consisting of Major-General Spry’s Portuguese
+brigade, and the first brigade under Major-General Hay, together with
+the fifth battalion of Caçadores of Major-General Bradford’s brigade,
+under Major Hill; the whole were under the direction of
+Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith, commanding the fifth division. The
+difficulties to be overcome were so formidable, and the resistance of
+the enemy so determined, that the reserve brigade was pushed on by
+degrees. For five hours the conflict raged at the beaches, when an
+explosion destroyed the enemy’s traverses. The guns were turned against
+the curtain, against which a heavy fire of artillery was directed. This
+passed a few feet only over the heads of the troops on the breach, and
+was kept up with remarkable precision. The advance of the first
+battalion of the 13th. regiment, under Major Snodgrass, over the open
+breach and across the river, and a detachment of the 24th. regiment,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Bean, in support, was gallantly made under
+a very severe fire of grape. A great effort was next made to gain the
+high ridge, and to storm the hornwork. The second brigade of the fifth
+division, under Colonel the Honourable Charles Greville, moved out of
+the trenches for this purpose, and the third battalion of the 1st. foot,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Barns, supported by the 38th., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, opportunely arrived to assault the trench of
+the curtain about the time when the explosion had created some confusion
+amongst the garrison. After a severe conflict the narrow pass was
+gained, and the troops on the right of the breach having succeeded in
+forcing the barricades on the top of the narrow line wall, found their
+way into the houses which joined it. After an assault which lasted over
+two hours, a firm footing, under the most trying circumstances, was
+obtained. Nothing could restrain the impetuosity of the troops, and in
+an hour more the enemy were driven from all the complications of
+defences prepared in the streets, and after suffering severe loss, they
+abandoned the town and retreated into the castle.[54]
+
+Batteries mounting fifty-four pieces of ordnance opened a tremendous
+fire upon the citadel on the 8th. of September, and in less than three
+hours the garrison hoisted the flag of truce, and after some discussion
+surrendered. The loss of the garrison was related to have amounted to
+two-thirds of their numbers at the commencement of the siege.
+
+From the 28th. of July to the 31st. of August the British had thirty-six
+officers, thirty-one sergeants, one drummer, and five hundred and three
+men killed; seventy officers, (including Lieutenant-General Sir James
+Leith and Major-Generals Oswald and Robinson,) fifty-four sergeants, six
+drummers, and nine hundred and seventy-three rank and file were wounded.
+The Portuguese had eight officers and one hundred and eighty-one men
+killed, and thirty-five officers and five hundred and fifty-nine men
+wounded.
+
+ST. SEBASTIAN on the colours of the 1st., 4th., 9th., 38th., 47th., and
+59th. regiments, commemorates this arduous and glorious service.
+
+
+
+
+                     THE GOLD CROSS AND CLASPS.[55]
+
+
+Officers in the course of the war had received so many medals, that it
+became extremely inconvenient to wear them, and it was the practice for
+a short time to engrave the name of the second or third action on the
+medal originally given to them.[56] It was afterwards determined that
+only one medal should be worn by any officer; for every other action in
+which he might distinguish himself, a gold clasp, with the name of the
+event, was to be attached to the ribbon, until two clasps had been
+received. On the next occasion whereon he might signalize himself, a
+gold cross, having on each compartment the names of each of the four
+services, was to be conferred instead of the medal and clasps originally
+received. For every subsequent action a clasp was to be issued, to be
+attached to the ribbon above the cross. In the centre of the cross,
+which was fastened to the ribbon or swivel by a large ring, chased with
+laurel, is a lion statant; in each compartment, surrounded by an edge of
+laurel, is the name of the battle or action. Wreaths of laurel are also
+round the names of the actions on the clasps.
+
+So much reluctance was evinced by officers to relinquish the original
+medals, that the design of having them returned was given up. When
+officers had received both the medals, as necessarily happened during
+the lengthened struggle in the Peninsula, the large one was worn, with
+the clasps of the actions for which the small medals had been conferred.
+
+The following regulations regarding the grant of the Cross and clasps
+were published in the “London Gazette”:—
+
+                                      “Horse Guards, October 7th., 1813.
+
+  Whereas considerable inconvenience having been found to attend the
+  increased number of medals, that have been issued in commemoration of
+  the brilliant and distinguished events, in which the success of His
+  Majesty’s arms has received the royal approbation, the Prince Regent
+  has been pleased to command, in the name and on behalf of His Majesty,
+  that the following regulations shall be adopted, in the grant and
+  circulation of such marks of distinction, namely,—
+
+  1st.—That one medal only shall be borne by each officer, recommended
+  for such distinction.
+
+  2nd.—That for the second and third events, which may be subsequently
+  commemorated in like manner, each individual recommended to bear the
+  distinction, shall carry a gold clasp attached to the ribbon to which
+  the medal is suspended, and inscribed with the name of the battle, or
+  siege, to which it relates.
+
+  3rd.—That upon a claim being admitted to a fourth mark of distinction,
+  a cross[57] shall be borne by each officer, with the names of the four
+  battles, or sieges, respectively inscribed thereupon; and to be worn
+  in substitution of the distinctions previously granted to such
+  individuals.
+
+  4th.—Upon each occasion of a similar nature, that may occur
+  subsequently to the grant of a cross, the clasp shall again be issued
+  to those who have a claim to the additional distinction, to be borne
+  on the ribbon to which the cross is suspended, in the same manner as
+  described in No. 2, of these regulations.
+
+  His Royal Highness is further pleased to command, in the name and on
+  behalf of his Majesty, that the distribution of medals, or badges, for
+  military services of distinguished merit, shall be regulated as
+  follows, namely,—
+
+  1st.—That no general, or other officer, shall be considered entitled
+  to receive them, unless he has been personally, and particularly
+  engaged upon those occasions of great importance and peculiar
+  brilliancy, in commemoration of which the Prince Regent, in the name
+  and on behalf of His Majesty, may be graciously pleased to bestow such
+  marks of distinction.
+
+  2nd.—That no officer shall be considered a candidate for the medal, or
+  badge, except under the special selection and report of the Commander
+  of the Forces upon the spot, as having merited the distinction by
+  conspicuous services.
+
+  3rd.—That the Commander of the Forces shall transmit to the
+  Commander-in-Chief, returns signed by himself, specifying the names
+  and ranks of those officers whom he shall have selected as
+  particularly deserving.
+
+  4th.—The Commander of the Forces, in making the selection, will
+  restrict his choice to the undermentioned ranks,[58] namely,—General
+  officers: Commanding officers of brigades; Commanding officers of
+  artillery, or engineers; Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General,
+  Deputies of Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General, having the
+  rank of field officers; Assistants-Adjutant and Quartermaster-General,
+  having the rank of field officers, and being at the head of the staff,
+  with a detached corps, or distinct division of the army; Military
+  Secretary, having the rank of field officer; Commanding officers of
+  battalions, or corps equivalent thereto; and officers who may have
+  succeeded to the actual command during the engagement, in consequence
+  of the death, or removal, of the original commanding officer.
+
+  The Prince Regent is therefore graciously pleased to command, in the
+  name and on behalf of His Majesty, that, in commemoration of the
+  brilliant victories obtained by His Majesty’s arms in the battles of
+  Roleia and Vimiera, Corunna, Talavera de la Reyna, Busaco, Barrosa,
+  Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera, and Salamanca, and in the assaults and
+  captures of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, the officers of the army,
+  present on those occasions, shall enjoy the privilege of bearing
+  badges of distinction; and His Royal Highness having approved of the
+  crosses, medals, and clasps, which have been prepared, is pleased to
+  command that they shall be worn by the general officers, suspended by
+  a ribbon the colour of the sash, with a blue edge, round the neck; and
+  by the commanding officers of battalions, or corps equivalent thereto,
+  and officers who may have succeeded to the actual command during the
+  engagement, the chiefs of military departments, and their deputies and
+  assistants, (having the rank of field officers,) and such other
+  officers as may be specially recommended, attached by a ribbon of the
+  same description to the button-hole of their uniform.
+
+  The Prince Regent is also pleased to command, in the name and on the
+  behalf of His Majesty, that those badges which would have been
+  conferred upon the officers who have fallen at, or died since, the
+  above-named battles and sieges, shall, as a token of respect for their
+  memories, be transmitted to their respective families.
+
+  By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent.
+
+                                FREDERICK, Commander-in-Chief.
+                            H. TORRENS, Colonel and Military Secretary.”
+
+
+
+
+                         AFFAIR OF CHATEAUGUAY.
+                          26TH. OCTOBER, 1813.
+
+
+This was one of the actions which occurred during the war between Great
+Britain and the United States. In the autumn of 1813, a great effort was
+made by the Americans for the invasion of Canada at different points.
+The expedition commenced with the advance of Major-General Hampton to
+the frontier, whilst Major-General Wilkinson, in co-operation, embarked
+with ten thousand men, on Lake Ontario, and proceeded in boats down the
+river St. Lawrence, with the intention of reaching Montreal. On the 8th.
+of October, Major-General Hampton occupied with a considerable force of
+regulars and militia, a position on the Chateauguay river, near the
+settlement of the Four Corners. The American army crossed the line of
+separation between Lower Canada and the United States early on the 21st.
+of that month, surprised a small party of Indians, and drove in a picket
+of militia, posted at the junction of the Ontard and Chateauguay rivers,
+where it encamped, and proceeded in establishing a road of communication
+with its last position, for the purpose of bringing forward its
+artillery. All arrangements having been completed on the 24th., the
+American General commenced on the following day his operations against
+the advanced posts of the British; at about eleven o’clock in the
+forenoon of the 26th. of October, his cavalry and light infantry were
+discovered advancing on both banks of the Chateauguay, by a detachment
+covering a working party of _habitans_ employed in felling timber, for
+the purpose of constructing _abattis_.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, who had the command of the advanced
+pickets, composed of the light infantry company of the Canadian
+Fencibles, and two companies of Voltigeurs, on the north side of the
+river, made so excellent a disposition of his small force, that he
+checked the advance of the principal column, led by Major-General
+Hampton in person, and accompanied by Brigadier-General Izard; whilst
+the American light brigade, under Colonel M‘Carty, was similarly
+repulsed in its progress on the south side of the river, by the spirited
+advance of the right flank company of the third battalion of the
+embodied militia, under Captain Daly, supported by Captain Bruyer’s
+company of Chateauguay Chasseurs. Captains Daly and Bruyer being
+wounded, (the former twice severely,) and their companies having
+sustained some loss, their position was immediately taken up by a flank
+company of the first battalion of embodied militia. The American troops
+rallied and repeatedly returned to the attack, but were foiled at all
+points by a handful of men, who by their determined bravery, maintained
+their position, and protected the working parties, who were enabled to
+continue their labours.
+
+Nearly all the British troops having been pushed forward for the defence
+of Upper Canada, that of the lower province depended in a great degree
+on the valour and exertions of its incorporated battalions and its
+sedentary militia. This loyal and honourable line of conduct was
+persevered in by the Canadians.
+
+It appeared by report of prisoners taken in the affair on the
+Chateauguay, that the American forces consisted of seven thousand
+infantry and two hundred cavalry, with ten field pieces. The British
+advance force, actually engaged, did not exceed three hundred, and the
+enemy suffered severely, not only from the British fire, but also from
+their own, some detached corps in the woods having fired upon each
+other.
+
+Lieutentant-General Sir George Prevost, Bart., solicited from His Royal
+Highness the Prince Regent five pairs of colours for the first, second,
+third, fourth, and fifth battalions of the embodied battalions of the
+Canadian militia, as a mark of royal approbation of their conduct.
+
+A medal was granted for this service, which was similar to that
+authorized for the Peninsula actions, and it was afterwards commemorated
+by a bar, when the general war medal was distributed.
+
+
+
+
+                        PASSAGE OF THE NIVELLE.
+                         10TH. NOVEMBER, 1813.
+
+
+After the fall of St. Sebastian, the hostile armies remained for some
+time inactive, or occupied only in strengthening their respective
+positions, and preparing for the further prosecution of the campaign.
+The troops, however, suffered severely from the inclemency of the
+weather. Exposed on the bleak summits of the Pyrenees, they gazed with
+intense longing on the beautiful plains of France, which lay stretched
+out beneath their feet; but the close neighbourhood of a watchful enemy
+rendered the greatest vigilance necessary, and the duties were severe.
+
+Flushed with success the British troops ardently longed for further
+victories. This moment at length arrived. Early on the morning of the
+7th. of October, the army, under favour of a dark and stormy sky,
+descended from the heights, crossed the Bidassoa, and with little
+opposition established itself on the French territory. The continued
+inclemency of the weather, and the badness of the roads, retarded the
+further advance of the army till the 10th. of November, when all
+preparations being completed, the columns moved down the passes of the
+Pyrenees in the most perfect silence, and lay down, each at its
+appointed station, to await the dawn of day to make their attack. This
+was commenced by the fourth division, which carried a strong redoubt in
+front of the village of Sarre, drove the enemy from that village, and
+continued its advance against the heights in its rear, exposed to the
+fire of entrenchments by which the position was secured. These, however,
+were successively abandoned as the division advanced, the enemy flying
+in great disorder, towards the bridges on the Nivelle; the garrison of
+one redoubt, which alone offered any resistance, being made prisoners.
+The other attacks were all equally successful; the enemy driven from the
+centre of his line, concentrated himself on the heights above St. Pé,
+whence he was dislodged by a flank movement of the third and seventh
+divisions on the left, in conjunction with the sixth division, which
+proceeded in the contrary direction. Marshal Soult at length withdrew
+the whole of his army, and resigned his position to the allies, who went
+into cantonments in advance of the Nivelle, where they enjoyed another
+interval of repose.
+
+In the Marquis of Wellington’s official report occurred the following;
+after speaking of the handsome attack of the sixth division, he
+continued, “I likewise particularly observed the gallant conduct of the
+51st. and 68th. regiments, under the command of Major Rice and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hawkins, in Major-General Inglis’s brigade, in the
+attack of the heights above St. Pé, in the afternoon of the 10th.”
+
+The 43rd. and 52nd. regiments added to their former renown on this
+occasion, especially in the storming of the Petite Rhune, and in the
+completion of the victory.
+
+Considering the strength of the positions attacked, and the length of
+time (from daylight till dark) during which the troops were engaged, the
+loss, although severe, was not so great as might have been expected.
+Major-Generals Kempt and Byng were wounded. The enemy lost fifty guns,
+two thousand men, fifteen hundred prisoners, and large quantities of
+stores and ammunition.
+
+The following regiments were engaged in this service:—the 2nd., 3rd.,
+5th., 6th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 32nd., 34th.,
+36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., 48th., 51st., 52nd., 53rd.,
+57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 74th., 79th., 82nd., 83rd.,
+87th., 88th., 91st., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                      ACTION AT CHRYSTLER’S FARM.
+                         11TH. NOVEMBER, 1813.
+
+
+Major-General James Wilkinson, who had been instructed to co-operate
+with Major-General Hampton in the invasion of Lower Canada, and for the
+avowed purpose of taking up his winter quarters in Montreal, quitted
+Grenadier Island, on Lake Ontario, on the 30th October, 1813, with ten
+thousand men, in small craft and batteaux, and proceeded down the St.
+Lawrence. Having, on the 31st., halted a few miles below Gravelly Point,
+on the south side of the river, his position was on the following day
+reconnoitred, and subsequently cannonaded by a division of gunboats,
+under the command of Captain Mulcaster, of the Royal Navy. By keeping
+close to his own shore, the enemy arrived, on the 6th. of November,
+within six miles of the port of Prescott, which he endeavoured to pass
+unobserved during the night of the 7th.; but the attempt was frustrated
+by the vigilance of Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson, who commanded there, and
+the American Armada was compelled to sustain a heavy and destructive
+cannonade during the whole of that operation.
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost, having anticipated the
+possibility of the American government sending its whole concentrated
+force from Lake Ontario towards this territory, had ordered a corps of
+observation, consisting of the remains of the 49th. regiment, the second
+battalion of the 89th., and three companies of the Voltigeurs, with a
+division of gunboats, the whole under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+J. W. Morrison, of the 89th., to follow the movements of Major-General
+Wilkinson’s army.
+
+An attack was made at Chrystler’s Farm, on the 11th. of November, 1813,
+upon the corps of observation, by a portion of the American force, under
+Brigadier-General Boyd, amounting to nearly four thousand men, which
+resulted in the complete repulse and defeat of the enemy, with
+considerable loss, upwards of one hundred prisoners, with a field-piece,
+being captured; their total loss was estimated at eight hundred men.
+This action commenced about two o’clock in the afternoon, when the
+Americans, having moved forward from Chrystler’s point, attacked the
+advance, which gradually fell back to the position selected for the
+detachment to occupy, the right resting on the river, and the left on a
+pine wood, exhibiting a front of about seven hundred yards.
+
+In consequence of the ground being open, the troops were thus disposed:
+the flank companies of the 49th. regiment, the detachment of the
+Canadian Fencibles, with one field-piece, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pearson on the right, a little advanced on the road; three companies of
+the 89th. regiment under Captain Barnes, with a gun formed in
+_echellon_, with the advance on its left supporting it. The 49th. and
+89th. thrown more to the rear, with a gun, formed the main body and
+reserve, extending to the woods on the left, which were occupied by the
+Voltigeurs under Major Herriot, and the Indians under Lieutenant
+Anderson. At about half-past two the action became general, when the
+enemy endeavoured, by moving forward a brigade from his right, to turn
+the British left, but was repulsed by the 89th. forming _en potence_
+with the 49th., and both corps moving forward, occasionally firing by
+platoons. His efforts were next directed against the right, and to
+repulse this movement, the 49th. took ground in that direction, in
+_echellon_, followed by the 89th.; when within half-musket-shot the line
+was formed under a heavy, but irregular fire from the Americans.
+
+Orders were next given for the 49th. to charge the gun posted opposite,
+but it became necessary when within a short distance of it, to check
+this forward movement, in consequence of a charge from the American
+cavalry on the right, lest they should fall upon their rear; but they
+were received in so gallant a manner by the companies of the 89th.,
+under Captain Barnes, and the well-directed fire from the artillery,
+that they quickly retreated, and by an immediate charge from three
+companies, one gun was captured.
+
+About half-past four the Americans gave way at all points from an
+exceedingly strong position, endeavouring to cover the retreat by their
+light infantry, which were soon driven away by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pearson. The detachment for the night occupied the ground from which the
+foe had been driven, and afterwards moved forward in pursuit.
+
+This action was also rewarded by the usual medal, and consequently a
+bar, inscribed “CHRYSTLER’S FARM,” was authorized when the war medal was
+granted. The force engaged consisted of the Royal Artillery, 49th., the
+second battalion of the 89th. regiment; Canadian Fencibles, Canadian
+Voltigeurs, and Militia Artillery and Dragoons, and Indians.
+
+No distinction has been granted for the colours, on account of either
+Chateauguay or Chrystler’s Farm.
+
+
+
+
+                          PASSAGE OF THE NIVE.
+                     9TH. TO 13TH. DECEMBER, 1813.
+
+
+After the retreat of the French from the Nivelle, they occupied a
+position in front of Bayonne, which had, since the battle of Vittoria,
+been entrenched with great labour. The bad state of the roads, and the
+swelling of the rivulets from the fall of rain, had prevented the
+Marquis of Wellington from at once passing the Nive.[59] The state of
+the weather and roads at length enabled the British commander to collect
+the materials, and make preparations for forming the necessary bridges.
+The troops moved out of their cantonments on the 8th. of December, and
+Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill, with the right of the army, crossed
+on the 9th. at, and in the neighbourhood of Cambo, Marshal Sir William
+Beresford supporting the operation by passing the sixth division, under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, at Ustaritz; both operations
+succeeded completely. The enemy were immediately driven from the right
+bank of the river, and retired towards Bayonne, by the great road of St.
+Jean Pied de Port. Those posted opposite Cambo were nearly intercepted
+by the sixth division, and one regiment, being driven from the road, was
+compelled to march across the country.
+
+On the morning of the 10th. of December the enemy moved out of the
+entrenched camp with their whole army, with the exception only of that
+portion which occupied the works opposite to Sir Rowland Hill’s
+position, and drove in the pickets of the light division, when an action
+ensued, the brunt of which fell upon the first Portuguese brigade under
+Major-General Arch. Campbell, and upon Major-General Robinson’s brigade
+of the fifth division, which moved up in support.
+
+When night closed the French were still in great force in front of the
+British posts, on the ground from which they had driven the pickets.
+During the night they retired from Lieutenant-General Sir John Hope’s
+front, leaving small posts, which were immediately driven in. About
+three in the afternoon they again drove in that officer’s pickets, and
+attacked his posts, but were once more repulsed with considerable loss.
+
+On the morning of the 12th. the attack was re-commenced by the enemy
+with the same want of success, the first division under Major-General
+Howard, having relieved the fifth division; the enemy discontinued it in
+the afternoon, and retired entirely within the entrenched camp on that
+night. After the 10th. the attack was never renewed on the posts of the
+light division.
+
+It was not until the 12th. of December that the first division, under
+Major-General Howard, was engaged, when the guards conducted themselves
+with their usual spirit.
+
+Having thus failed in all the attacks with their whole force upon the
+British left, the enemy withdrew into their entrenchments on the night
+of the 12th., and passed a large force through Bayonne; with which, on
+the morning of the 13th. of December, a most desperate attack was made
+upon the troops under Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill. In
+expectation of this the Marquis of Wellington had requested Marshal Sir
+William Beresford to reinforce the Lieutenant-General with the sixth
+division, which crossed the Nive at daylight on that morning; and a
+further reinforcement of the fourth division, with two brigades of the
+third, received orders to join Sir Rowland Hill. The troops under his
+immediate command had defeated the enemy with immense loss, before these
+succours arrived. Two guns and some prisoners were taken from the
+French, who, being beaten at all points, and having sustained
+considerable loss, were compelled to withdraw upon their entrenchment.
+
+Soult’s objects were to gain the bridge of St. Pierre, to make himself
+master of the road to St. Jean Pied de Port, and to break through the
+position of the allies. For these purposes he put forth his whole
+strength, and was completely vanquished. Even before the sixth division
+arrived, Sir Rowland Hill had repulsed him with prodigious loss; and
+although he skilfully availed himself of a high ground in retreating, he
+could not stand against the famous charge of General Byng, and was
+entirely defeated. It was a battle fought and won by the corps of Sir
+Rowland Hill alone and unaided. At the instant of victory Lord
+Wellington came up, and in the ecstacy of the moment of triumph, caught
+him by the hand, and said, “Hill, the day is your own.”
+
+The late Field-Marshal the Earl of Strafford, and Colonel of the
+Coldstream Guards, (then Major-General Byng,) highly distinguished
+himself in this action, wherein he led his troops, under a most galling
+fire, to the assault of a strong height occupied in great force by the
+enemy, and having himself ascended the hill first with the colour of the
+31st. regiment of foot in his hand, he planted it upon the summit, and
+drove the enemy (far superior in numbers) down the ridge to the suburbs
+of St. Pierre, for which act he received the royal authority on the 4th.
+of July, 1815, to bear the following honourable augmentation, namely,
+“Over the arms of the family of Byng, in bend sinister, a representation
+of the colour of the 31st. regiment,” and the following crest, namely,
+“Out of a mural crown an arm embowed, grasping the colour of the
+aforesaid 31st. regiment, and, pendent from the wrist by a riband, the
+Gold Cross presented to him by His Majesty’s command, as a mark of his
+royal approbation of his distinguished services,” and in an escroll
+above, the word “Mouguerre,” being the name of a height near the hamlet
+of St. Pierre.
+
+The following regiments took part in this action The 16th. Light
+Dragoons, 1st., 3rd., 4th., 9th., 11th., 28th., 31st., 32nd., 34th.,
+36th., 38th., 39th., 42nd., 43rd., 50th., 52nd., 57th., 59th., 60th.,
+61st., 62nd., 66th., 71st., 76th., 79th., 84th., 85th., 91st., and 92nd.
+Foot, and Rifle Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF ORTHES.
+                         27TH. FEBRUARY, 1814.
+
+
+Little rest was accorded to the Peninsula troops. The weather having
+improved, and the roads become passable, in the second week of February
+the Marquis of Wellington continued his victorious career. The sixth and
+light divisions were ordered to break up from the blockade of Bayonne,
+and General Don Manuel Freyre was directed to close up the cantonments
+of his corps towards Iran, and to be prepared to move when the left of
+the army should cross the Adour. Immediately after the passage of the
+Gave d’Oléron, by Sir Rowland Hill, at Villenave, on the 24th. of
+February, that general and Sir Henry Clinton moved towards Orthes, near
+which place the French army was assembled on the 25th., having destroyed
+all the bridges on the Gave de Pau.
+
+At this period the third division of the British army was at the broken
+bridge of Berenx, five miles lower down the river, having the sixth and
+seventh divisions (then arrived under Marshal Beresford) on its left,
+while the remainder of the force was assembled in front of Orthes. On
+the 26th. the third division forded the river lower down, and a pontoon
+bridge was afterwards laid at Berenx, by which the fourth and sixth
+divisions crossed on the morning of the 27th., at which time the third
+division was already posted with skirmishers thrown out close upon the
+left centre of the French position. The sixth division was placed on the
+right between the third division and the river, and the light division
+on its left in rear as a reserve. During the whole morning there had
+been occasional skirmishing by the third division, but the real attack
+commenced at nine o’clock by the third and sixth divisions on the French
+left centre, and the fourth and seventh divisions on their right, which
+last was intended to be the principal point of attack; but it having
+been found, after three hours’ hard fighting, that the enemy were there
+too strongly posted, the Marquis of Wellington ordered an advance of the
+third and sixth divisions, with the 52nd. regiment, from the centre upon
+the left centre of the French position, which they carried and secured
+the victory;[60] meanwhile Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill, with the
+second division, had crossed the river above Orthes, and nearly cut off
+the only line of retreat open to the enemy, who then retired from the
+field, but without confusion, and constantly resisting the advance. The
+allies followed, keeping up an incessant fire and cannonade, but lost
+many men, particularly of the third division, which was the most
+strongly opposed; this continued until the French nearly reached the Luy
+de Bearn river, when their retreat became a flight, and they effected
+their escape by the fords and one bridge, which they destroyed, having
+lost four thousand men and six guns. In this battle the Marquis of
+Wellington was wounded.[61]
+
+The regiments engaged at Orthes were the 14th. Light Dragoons, 5th.,
+6th., 7th., 11th., 20th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 32nd.,
+34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th., 51st., 52nd.,
+58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd., 83rd., 87th.,
+88th., 91st., 92nd., and 94th Foot, and the Rifle Brigade.[62]
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF TOULOUSE.
+                           10TH. APRIL, 1814.
+
+
+This, the last general action of the Peninsula war, was fought on Easter
+Sunday, the 10th. of April, 1814. The town of Toulouse is surrounded on
+three sides by the Canal of Languedoc and the Garonne; on the left of
+that river, the suburb, which the enemy had fortified with strong
+field-works in front of the ancient wall, formed a good _tête-de-pont_.
+The city itself was only accessible from the south, and its strong
+though old-fashioned walls had been rendered more defensible by
+redoubts, and by an exterior line of entrenchments on a strong and
+rugged range of heights, about two miles in length beyond the canal. On
+the 28th. of March the enemy’s troops were driven within the suburbs of
+St. Cyprien, and several attempts were made to attack them by crossing
+the Garonne above Toulouse. Operations were, however, impeded by the
+floods and rapidity of the river, until the 3rd. of April, when the
+third, fourth, and sixth divisions, with three brigades of cavalry,
+under Marshal Beresford, passed over by a pontoon bridge fifteen miles
+below Toulouse; but the crossing of the remainder of the army was again
+impeded by the rising of the river, which caused the removal of the
+bridges, until the 8th., when the Marquis of Wellington crossed, and
+advanced within five miles of Toulouse; Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland
+Hill, with two divisions, remaining on the left bank.
+
+The Marquis of Wellington then fixed his plan of attack on the French
+position, according to which, on the left of the Garonne,
+Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill was to menace the suburb of St.
+Cyprien, while on the right of the river the third and light divisions
+were to menace the northern front, driving the enemy’s outposts within
+the canal, from its junction with the Garonne to the commencement of the
+range of heights at the hill of Pugade. A Spanish division was to carry
+that hill, and the fourth and sixth divisions, under Marshal Beresford,
+to carry the heights beyond it. On the 10th. of April, at about six
+o’clock in the morning, the battle commenced, and the different columns
+advanced according to orders. The third division on the right, next the
+Garonne, drove in the outposts of the enemy for about three miles, as
+far as the bridge of Jumeaux on the canal; this bridge was defended by a
+strong palisade _tête-de-pont_, too high to be forced without ladders,
+and approachable only on open flat. Six companies of the 74th., (three
+under Brevet-Major Miller, and three under Captain McQueen,) were
+ordered to attack this work, which they did in the most gallant style;
+but it was commanded from the opposite side of the canal, and was
+impregnable without artillery; the attacking party was therefore
+compelled to retire, after sustaining severe loss. The French then
+occupied the work in great force, and the continued efforts of the whole
+brigade could not dispossess them. The attack upon this work was
+unfortunately ordered by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton, after the
+duty assigned to his division of driving in the outposts and menacing
+the enemy had been performed, although the impossibility of carrying the
+work without artillery had been represented.
+
+Marshal Sir William Beresford crossed the Ers, formed his corps in
+three columns of lines in the village of Croix d’Orade, the fourth
+division leading, with which he immediately carried Mont Blanc. He
+then moved up the Ers in the same order, over most difficult ground,
+in a direction parallel to the enemy’s fortified position, and as soon
+as he reached the point at which he turned it, he formed his lines,
+and moved to the attack. The gallant efforts of Lieutenant-General Don
+Manuel Freyre upon the Pugade Hill did not meet with success, but they
+were highly applauded by the Marquis of Wellington. Meanwhile Marshal
+Sir William Beresford, with the fourth division under the command of
+Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry Cole, and the sixth division under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, attacked and carried the heights
+on the enemy’s right, and the redoubt which covered and protected that
+flank; and he lodged those troops on the same heights with the enemy,
+who were, however, still in possession of four redoubts, and of the
+entrenchments and fortified houses. The badness of the roads had
+induced the Marshal to leave his artillery in the village of Mont
+Blanc; some time elapsed before it could be brought up, and before
+Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Freyre’s corps could be re-formed and
+led again to the attack. As soon as this was effected the Marshal
+continued his movement along the ridge, and carried, with
+Major-General Pack’s brigade of the sixth division, the two principal
+redoubts and fortified houses in the French centre. The enemy made a
+desperate effort from the canal to regain these redoubts, but they
+were repulsed with considerable loss; and the sixth division
+continuing its movement along the ridge of the height, and the Spanish
+troops pursuing a corresponding movement upon the front, the French
+were driven from the two redoubts and entrenchments on the left, and
+the whole range of heights were gained by the British.
+
+In his despatch, the Marquis of Wellington added,—“We did not gain this
+advantage, however, without severe loss, particularly in the brave sixth
+division. Lieutenant-Colonel Coghlan, of the 61st., an officer of great
+merit and promise, was unfortunately killed in the attack of the
+heights; Major-General Pack was wounded, but was enabled to remain in
+the field; and Colonel Douglas, of the 8th. Portuguese regiment, lost
+his leg, and I am afraid I shall be deprived for a considerable time of
+his assistance.”
+
+“The 36th., 42nd., 79th., and 61st. regiments lost considerable numbers,
+and were highly distinguished throughout the day.
+
+“The fourth division, although exposed on their march along the enemy’s
+front in a galling fire, were not so much engaged as the sixth division,
+and did not suffer so much; but they conducted themselves with their
+usual gallantry.”
+
+After these operations the French withdrew behind the canal, and thus
+ended this hard-fought but unnecessary battle.[63]
+
+The 5th. Dragoon Guards, 3rd. and 4th. Light Dragoons, 2nd., 5th., 7th.,
+11th., 20th., 23rd., 27th., 36th., 40th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., 48th.,
+52nd., 53rd., 60th., 61st., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st.,
+94th., and Rifle Brigade were engaged at TOULOUSE.
+
+During the night of the 11th. of April, the French troops evacuated
+Toulouse, and a white flag was hoisted. On the following day the Marquis
+of Wellington entered the city, amidst the acclamations of the
+inhabitants. In the course of the afternoon of the 12th. of April,
+intelligence was received of the abdication of Napoleon, and had not the
+express been delayed on the journey by the French police, the sacrifice
+of many valuable lives would have been prevented. A disbelief in the
+truth of this intelligence occasioned much unnecessary bloodshed at
+Bayonne, the garrison of which made a desperate sortie on the night of
+the 14th. of April, and Lieutenant-General Sir John Hope, (afterwards
+Earl of Hopetoun,) was taken prisoner. Major-General Andrew Hay was
+killed, and Major-General Stopford was wounded.
+
+A treaty of peace was signed between Great Britain and France; May
+30th., 1814, Louis the Eighteenth was restored to the throne of France;
+and Napoleon Bonaparte was permitted to reside at Elba, with the title
+of Emperor, the sovereignty of that island having been conceded to him
+by the allied powers.[64]
+
+
+
+
+          THE WATERLOO MEDAL, AND CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS, 1815.
+
+
+There was but a brief interval of peace after the battle of Toulouse.
+The triumphs of the Peninsula were not destined to give repose to
+Europe. Napoleon having learnt that at the Congress of Vienna it had
+been debated whether he should not be sent to St. Helena, (a measure
+opposed by the Duke of Wellington, and the idea relinquished,) and
+reckoning on the attachment of the French people, escaped from Elba,
+landed at Cannes, in Provence, on the 1st. of March, 1815, with a
+handful of men, and on the 20th. of that month entered Paris at the head
+of an army which had joined him on the road. Louis XVIII at once
+withdrew to Ghent, and Napoleon assumed his former dignity of Emperor of
+the French; the allied powers at once refused to acknowledge his
+sovereignty, and determined to effect his dethronement. Preparations for
+war commenced, troops were assembled in the Netherlands, and the
+regiments which had been engaged in America were, on their return,
+immediately forwarded to the seat of war.
+
+Britain had no selfish end in view in this great struggle, but sent her
+sons to battle in support of the rights of nations, and to secure
+herself from a military despotism. To those readers who would study the
+events of this short but momentous campaign, no better guide can be
+recommended than Captain Siborne’s elaborate account,—the work of a
+life-time. In this last success, Wellington, like a graceful actor, took
+his leave of war, for this terminated his active military career. The
+right wing of the Duke’s army, in and about Ath, was commanded by Lord
+Hill; the left, near Braine le Comte and Nivelle, was under the Prince
+of Orange; the cavalry, under the Earl of Uxbridge, was quartered about
+Grammont, and the reserve was in proximity to Brussels and its
+neighbourhood.
+
+
+
+
+                         ACTION AT QUATRE BRAS.
+                           16TH. JUNE, 1815.
+
+
+Napoleon left Paris on the 12th. of June, and endeavoured by one of
+those rapid marches for which he had been so celebrated, to interpose
+his forces between the British and Prussian armies, and then attack them
+in detail. Information of this movement arrived at Brussels during the
+evening of the 15th. of June, and the Duke of Wellington caused the
+troops to be prepared to march. Pursuing their way through the forest of
+Soignies, Genappe, and along the road towards Charleroi, after a march
+of twenty-two miles, they arrived on the 16th. of June, at some
+farm-houses denominated Les Quatre Bras, where the main road from
+Charleroi to Brussels is crossed by another from Nivelles to Namur, and
+which served as the British communication with the Prussians on the
+left. Here the second French corps, under Marshal Ney, was developing a
+serious attack against that position with very superior numbers.
+
+The battle commenced by an attack on Perponcher’s Dutch-Belgian Brigade,
+which was commanded by the Prince of Orange. As fast as the British
+regiments arrived on the scene, they were formed and led into action.
+About two o’clock Picton’s division came up, with Pack’s brigade, and
+Best’s Hanoverians. Soon after, part of the Black Brunswickers, and some
+of the Nassau troops arrived, and about six in the evening the brigade
+of Sir Colin Halkett, consisting of the 30th., 33rd., 69th, and 73rd.
+regiments, with Kielmansegge’s Hanoverians came up.
+
+Considerable loss was sustained, but the repeated charges of the enemy
+were repulsed. About four o’clock His Royal Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick fell bravely fighting at the head of his troops, who were
+seized with a panic, and retired, pursued by the French cavalry, who
+were repulsed in their turn by the 92nd. In the Duke of Wellington’s
+account of this action the 28th., 42nd.,[65] 79th, and 92nd.[66]
+regiments were specially mentioned.
+
+Speaking of one of the attacks of the French cavalry, Captain W.
+Siborne, in his “History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815,”
+observes, “If this cavalry attack had fallen so unexpectedly upon the
+42nd. Highlanders, still less had it been anticipated by the 44th.
+regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel Hamerton, perceiving that the lancers were
+rapidly advancing against his rear, and that any attempt to form square
+would be attended with imminent danger, instantly decided upon receiving
+them in line.... Never, perhaps, did British infantry display its
+characteristic coolness and steadiness more eminently than on this
+trying occasion. To have stood in a thin two-deep line, awaiting, and
+prepared to receive, the onset of hostile cavalry, would have been
+looked upon at least as a most hazardous experiment; but with its rear
+so suddenly menaced, and its flanks unsupported, to have instantly faced
+only one rank about, to have stood as if rooted to the ground, to have
+repulsed its assailants with so steady and well-directed a fire, that
+numbers of them were destroyed—this was a feat of arms which the oldest,
+or best-disciplined corps in the world might have in vain hoped to
+accomplish; yet most successfully and completely was this achieved by
+the gallant second battalion of the 44th. British regiment, under its
+brave commander’ Lieutenant-Colonel Hamerton.
+
+“In this attack occurred one of those incidents which, in daring, equal
+any of the feats of ancient chivalry; which make the wildest fables of
+the deeds of the knights of old appear almost possible; which cause the
+bearing of an individual to stand out, at it were, in relief amidst the
+operations of the masses; and which, by their characteristic
+recklessness, almost invariably ensure at least a partial success. A
+French lancer gallantly charged at the colours, and severely wounded
+Ensign Christie, who carried one of them, by a thrust of his lance,
+which, entering the left eye, penetrated to the lower jaw. The Frenchman
+then endeavoured to seize the standard, but the brave Christie,
+notwithstanding the agony of his wound, with a presence of mind almost
+unequalled, flung himself upon it, not to save himself, but to preserve
+the honour of his regiment. As the colour fluttered in its fall, the
+Frenchman tore off a portion of the silk with the point of his lance;
+but he was not permitted to bear the fragment beyond the ranks. Both
+shot and bayoneted by the nearest of the soldiers of the 44th., he was
+borne to the earth, paying with his life for his display of unavailing
+bravery.”
+
+Just before seven o’clock, Sir G. Cooke’s brigade of guards, came into
+action, after a forced march of 27 miles, drove the enemy back, and
+repulsed at all points the repeated and desperate charges of Kellerman’s
+cavalry, supported by a preponderance of artillery. As the British
+reinforcements arrived, Key’s furious attacks became feeble and fewer,
+and about sunset the conflict ceased, and the French retired upon the
+village of Frasnes. After a long march of nearly forty miles the British
+cavalry, and some artillery arrived, but too late at night to take any
+part in the battle.
+
+The following is a list of the regiments engaged, and of their killed
+and wounded at Quatre Bras, a battle gained by the British infantry:—
+
+ ┌───────────────────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐
+ │      Regiments engaged.       │     KILLED.      │     WOUNDED.     │
+ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────┬────────┼─────────┬────────┤
+ │               „               │         │Non-com.│         │Non-com.│
+ │                               │Officers.│Offi. & │Officers.│Offi. & │
+ │                               │         │  Men.  │         │  Men.  │
+ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
+ │Royal Artillery                │         │       9│        2│      17│
+ │1st. Foot Guards, 2nd.         │        2│      23│        4│     256│
+ │  battalion                    │         │        │         │        │
+ │„        3rd.           „      │        1│      20│        6│     235│
+ │2nd.     „        2nd.         │         │        │         │        │
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │3rd.     „        2nd.         │         │        │         │       7│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │30th. Regiment,   2nd.         │         │       5│        2│      28│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │33rd.           „              │        3│      16│        7│      67│
+ │69th.     „       2nd.         │        1│      37│        4│     110│
+ │  battalion                    │         │        │         │        │
+ │73rd.     „       2nd.         │         │       4│        4│      44│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │28th.     „       1st.         │         │      11│        4│      77│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │32nd.     „       1st.         │        1│      21│       21│     153│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │79th.     „       1st.         │        1│      28│       16│     258│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │95th.     „       1st.         │        1│       8│        4│      51│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │1st.      „       3rd.         │        6│      20│       12│     180│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │42nd.     „       1st.         │        3│      42│       15│     228│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │44th.     „       2nd.         │        2│      10│       15│      94│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ │92nd.     „       1st.         │        4│      35│       21│     226│
+ │        „                      │         │        │         │        │
+ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
+ │             Total             │       25│     289│      137│    2031│
+ └───────────────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┘
+
+Whilst Marshal Ney was attempting to force this position, the Emperor
+defeated the Prussians at St. Amand and Ligny. During the night Marshal
+Blucher, finding himself so weakened by the severity of the contest, and
+the fourth corps not having arrived, determined to fall back and
+concentrate his army upon Wavre.
+
+
+
+
+                      ACTION ON THE 17TH. OF JUNE.
+
+
+This movement of the Prussian commander rendered a corresponding one
+necessary on the part of the British, who retired from the farm of
+Quatre Bras upon Genappe, and thence on Waterloo on the morning of the
+17th., at ten o’clock. No effort was made by the enemy to pursue Marshal
+Blucher, neither was there any attempt to molest the march of the
+British to the rear, although made in the middle of the day, excepting
+by following with a large body of cavalry, brought from the French
+right, the cavalry under the Earl of Uxbridge, who had taken up a
+position to cover the retrograde movement. The rear of the infantry and
+artillery having proceeded some miles along the great road from Quatre
+Bras through Genappe, the cavalry were withdrawn by brigades in
+succession, each brigade re-forming as soon as it arrived at a suitable
+position in the rear of the column. The enemy’s cavalry advanced in
+great force; the main body of his army moved on Quatre Bras, and his
+advance guard began to press on the rear of the retiring troops. To
+check this movement, the 7th. hussars charged a corps of French lancers
+in the town of Genappe; the lancers, however, having their flanks
+secure, presented an almost impenetrable row of pikes, and they were
+enabled to repel the charge. The attack was repeated by the hussars, but
+without making any impression; the French cavalry pressing forward,
+passed the ground occupied by the 7th., when the 1st. Life Guards were
+directed by the Earl of Uxbridge to charge the French lancers. Wheeling
+about, the Life Guards advanced to the attack, which proved
+irresistible, and the lancers were pursued through the streets of
+Genappe. After this repulse the retreat was continued with cannonading
+and skirmishing, until the cavalry arrived at the position of Mont. St.
+Jean, in front of the forest of Soignies, and near to the village of
+Waterloo.
+
+About five in the afternoon the allies had taken up their prescribed
+position, and during the wet and disagreeable night, violent showers
+having fallen during the afternoon, and the rain continuing throughout
+the night, accompanied by cold and strong gusts of wind, so frequently a
+prelude to the Duke’s victories, awaited the dawn of the memorable 18th.
+of June.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF WATERLOO.
+                           18TH. JUNE, 1815.
+
+
+The position which was taken up in front of Waterloo, crossed the
+high-roads from Charleroi and Nivelles, its right being thrown back to a
+ravine near Merke Braine, which was occupied; its left extended to a
+height above the hamlet of Ter la Haye, which was also occupied. In
+front of the right centre, and near the Nivelles road, the house and
+garden of Hougomont, which covered the return of that flank, was made
+available for defence, and in front of the left centre the farm of La
+Haye Sainte was put to a similar use. By the left a communication was
+maintained with Marshal Prince Blucher, at Wavre, through Ohain, who had
+promised that in case of an attack, he would advance in support, not
+with one or more corps, but with his whole army.
+
+On a range of heights in front of the British, were collected during the
+night the whole of Napoleon’s army, with the exception of the third
+corps, under Marshal Grouchy, who had been detached to watch the
+movements of the Prussians. At about half-past ten on the morning of the
+18th., a furious attack was made upon the post at Hougomont, occupied by
+a detachment from Major-General Byng’s brigade of Guards, which was in
+position in its rear, and it was for some time under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir James) Macdonell, and subsequently
+under Colonel Home. It was maintained throughout the day with the utmost
+gallantry by these brave troops, although repeated efforts of large
+bodies vainly endeavoured to obtain possession of the place.
+
+“About one o’clock a cart of ammunition, which had been sent for early
+in the day, was brought into the farm-yard of Hougomont, and proved most
+seasonable. The men had only time to fill their pouches, when a
+discharge of artillery suddenly burst upon them, mingled with the shouts
+of a column rushing on to a fresh attack. A cloud of tirailleurs pushed
+through the wood and cornfields: they were aimed at with fatal certainty
+from the loopholes, windows, and summit of the building. But the enemy
+eventually compelled the few men that remained outside to withdraw into
+the chateau by the rear gate. In the meantime the French redoubled their
+efforts against it, and the fire of the immediate defenders of that
+point for a moment ceased. The gate was then forced. At this critical
+moment Macdonell rushed to the spot with the officers and men nearest at
+hand, and not only expelled the assailants, but re-closed the gate. The
+enemy, from their overwhelming numbers, again entered the yard, when the
+guards retired to the house, and kept up from the windows such a
+destructive fire, that the French were driven out, and the gate once
+more was closed.” Such is the description given by Colonel MacKinnon, in
+his valuable “Record of the Origin and Services of the Coldstream
+Guards.” Captain Siborne thus narrates the circumstances “The French,
+however, succeeded in forcing the gate; but the defenders betook
+themselves to the nearest cover, whence they poured a fire upon the
+intruders, and then rushing forward, a struggle ensued, which was
+distinguished by the most intrepid courage on both sides. At length
+Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell, Captain Wyndham, Ensigns Gooch and Hervey,
+and Sergeant Graham, of the Coldstream Guards, by dint of great personal
+strength and exertions, combined with extraordinary bravery and
+perseverance, succeeded in closing the gate against their assailants.
+Those of the latter who had entered the courtyard fell a sacrifice to
+their undaunted and conspicuous gallantry.”
+
+Alluding to Sergeant Graham, he adds, “This individual deserves
+honourable mention, having greatly distinguished himself during the
+memorable defence of Hougomont. At a later period of the day, when in
+the ranks along the garden wall facing the wood, and when the struggle
+was most severe in that quarter, he asked Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell’s
+permission to fall out. The Colonel, knowing the character of the man,
+expressed his surprise at the request made at such a moment. Graham
+explained that his brother lay wounded in one of the buildings then on
+fire, that he wished to remove him to a place of safety, and that he
+would then lose no time in rejoining the ranks. The request was granted:
+Graham succeeded in snatching his brother from the horrible fate which
+menaced him, laid him in a ditch in rear of the enclosures, and, true to
+his word, was again at his post.”
+
+Finding Hougomont so stubbornly defended, the French artillery opened
+upon the house, which was quickly in a blaze. The Guards however, about
+2000 men, with 1100 German troops, maintained the post to the end of the
+day, against the repeated attacks of nearly 30,000 men. The loss of the
+enemy was fearful, the killed and wounded lying in heaps round the
+chateau, in the woods, and in every avenue leading to it. The division
+of General Foy alone lost 3000 men, and the total loss of the French in
+their attacks upon this position, was not far short of 10,000 killed and
+wounded.
+
+This attack upon the right of the British centre was accompanied by a
+heavy cannonade upon the whole line, which was destined to support the
+repeated attacks of cavalry and infantry, occasionally mixed, but
+sometimes separate, that were made upon it. In one of these the French
+carried the farmhouse of La Haye Sainte, as the detachment of the light
+battalion of the German Legion, which held it, had expended all its
+ammunition, and the enemy occupied the only communication there was with
+them. Repeated charges were made by the French cavalry upon the
+infantry, but these attacks were uniformly unsuccessful, and they
+afforded opportunities to the British cavalry to charge, in one of which
+Lord Edward Somerset’s brigade, consisting of the Life Guards, Royal
+Horse Guards, and 1st. Dragoon Guards, highly distinguished itself, with
+that of Major-General Sir William Ponsonby, having taken many prisoners
+and an eagle.
+
+Soon after four o’clock a grand onslaught was made on the British front
+by the whole of the French cavalry; cuirassiers, lancers, and chasseurs
+à cheval of the Imperial Guard, consisting of about forty squadrons,
+supported by a tremendous fire of artillery. As they advanced, every
+discharge of the British guns, double shotted, fearfully shattered their
+ranks; but they rushed on, with shouts of “Vive l’Empereur!” to the very
+faces of the infantry squares, inside of which the gunners were lying
+down for shelter, and swept round the flanks, till they recoiled in
+disorder and confusion before the close and destructive fire under which
+men and horses fell in heaps.
+
+These attacks continued to be repeated until about seven o’clock in the
+evening, and the Prussians were fast approaching Planchenoit, on the
+right rear of the enemy, with about 30,000 men and sixty-four guns, when
+Napoleon made a last desperate effort with his Imperial Guard in two
+columns, supported by the fire of artillery, to force the left centre,
+near the farm of La Haye Sainte. Led by Ney, the veterans of Jena and
+Wagram, in spite of a decimating fire of case and grape shot, advanced
+to within fifty yards of Halkett’s brigade, and the Foot Guards, who
+were lying down to avoid the cannonade which covered the onset of
+Napoleon’s chosen troops. On the word being given, the Guards in a line
+four deep, sprang to their feet, and poured in such a destructive volley
+that the front of the column of the Imperial Guard seemed to melt away.
+Their officers vainly strove to rally them, when the British with a
+ringing cheer charged, and the enemy were driven down the hill in wild
+confusion. The second column of the Imperial Guard, rent and torn by
+close discharges of case shot, and assailed with volleys of musketry in
+front and flank, also broke, turned, and fled, only two rear battalions
+retaining their ranks.
+
+Having observed that the enemy retired from this attack in great
+confusion, and that the march of General Bulow’s corps upon Planchenoit
+and La Belle Alliance had begun to take effect, the fire of his cannon
+being perceived, and as Marshal Prince Blucher had joined in person with
+a corps of his army to the left of the British line by Ohain, the Duke
+immediately advanced the whole line of infantry, supported by the
+cavalry and artillery. The Anglo-allied army formed line, and with one
+impetuous charge decided the fortune of the day. The enemy was forced
+from his position on the heights, and fled in the utmost confusion. The
+pursuit was continued until long after dark, and then, in consequence of
+the fatigue of the British troops, which had been engaged during twelve
+hours, Marshal Blucher was left to follow the enemy, from whom he
+captured sixty pieces of cannon, belonging to the Imperial Guard,
+together with several carriages, baggage, etc., belonging to Napoleon.
+About one hundred and fifty pieces of cannon, with their ammunition, had
+been taken by the British, together with two eagles.
+
+Sir Thomas Picton,[67] the hero of so many Peninsula actions, fell, and
+Major-General the Honourable Sir William Ponsonby. The Earl of Uxbridge,
+after having passed unscathed throughout the day, lost his right leg by
+nearly the last shot fired, and His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange
+was wounded. Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Baron Alten, Major-Generals
+Sir Colin Halkett, Sir Edward Barnes, (Adjutant-General,) Fred: Adam,
+Sir James Kempt, and Cooke, and Colonel Sir William De Lancey[68]
+(Deputy-Quartermaster-General,) were wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Lord
+Fitz Roy Somerset (the late Lord Raglan) had his right arm amputated.
+
+Vain would it be to select regiments on this glorious occasion. “It
+gives me the greatest satisfaction (so wrote the Duke to Earl Bathurst,)
+to assure your Lordship, that the army, never, upon any occasion,
+conducted itself better. The division of Guards, under Major-General
+Cooke, who is severely wounded; Major-General Maitland, and
+Major-General Byng, set an example which was followed by all; and there
+is no officer nor description of troops, that did not behave well.”
+
+At Waterloo the Anglo-allied army consisted of sixty-seven thousand six
+hundred and sixty-one men, and one hundred and fifty-six guns;[69] and
+the French had seventy-one thousand nine hundred and forty-seven men,
+and two hundred and forty-six guns, composed of fifteen thousand seven
+hundred and sixty-five cavalry, seven thousand two hundred and
+thirty-two artillery, and forty-eight thousand nine hundred and fifty
+infantry.
+
+Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the army with the
+greatest enthusiasm, “for its distinguished valour at Waterloo;” and the
+following regiments engaged, also the battalions to which they are now
+linked, but which took no part in the battle, bear the word “WATERLOO”
+on their colours and appointments, in commemoration of their
+distinguished services on the 18th. of June, 1815, namely, 1st. and 2nd.
+Life Guards, Royal Horse Guards, 1st. Dragoon Guards, 1st., 2nd., 6th.,
+7th., 10th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., and 16th. Light Dragoons,
+Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Fusilier Guards, 1st., 4th.,
+14th., 23rd., 27th., 28th., 30th., 32nd., 33rd., 40th., 42nd., 44th.,
+51st., 52nd., 69th., 71st., 73rd., 79th., and 92nd., Foot, Rifle
+Brigade, and Royal Artillery. Every subaltern officer and soldier
+present in this battle, or in either of the actions immediately
+preceding it, received permission to count two years additional service.
+
+The oft-mooted question as to the share taken in this momentous contest
+by the Prussians, and to their presence on the field in gaining the
+victory, must be met by the Duke’s opinion, as expressed in his
+despatch:—“I should not do justice to my own feelings, or to Marshal
+Blucher and the Prussian army, if I did not attribute the successful
+result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I
+received from them. The operation of General Bulow upon the enemy’s
+flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found myself in a
+situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would
+have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and
+would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should
+unfortunately have succeeded.” There are, however, even now, some
+prejudiced people, who exclaim, like Solomon Probity, in “The Chimney
+Corner,” “Don’t tell me! it was Blucher as won Waterloo.”
+
+The meeting of the Duke and Blucher at La Belle Alliance after the
+battle is apocryphal. In the concluding volume of the Wellington
+Dispatches, (page 332,) there is a letter to Mr. Mudford, in which
+occurs the following passage in reference to this and other
+mis-statements:—“Of these a remarkable instance is to be found in the
+report of a meeting between Marshal Blucher and me at La Belle Alliance;
+and some have gone so far as to have seen the chair on which I sat down
+in that farmhouse. It happens that the meeting took place after ten at
+night, at the village of Genappe; and anybody who attempts to describe
+with truth the operations of the different armies will see that it could
+not be otherwise. In truth, I was not off my horse till I returned to
+Waterloo, between eleven and twelve at night.”
+
+The following anecdote is illustrative of the effect produced by the
+irresistible attack of the Life Guards:[70]—Immediately after the first
+charge, while the Life Guards were pursuing the French, three of their
+cuirassiers turned down a narrow lane, with a view of escaping that way,
+and they were pursued by Private John Johnson, of the 2nd. regiment.
+There proved to be no thoroughfare at the end of the road, when Johnson,
+though alone, attacked the three, and, after a slight resistance, they
+surrendered themselves prisoners. Several instances of distinguished
+bravery displayed by individuals of the Life Guards, have been recorded;
+amongst others, Corporal Shaw and Private Godley, of the 2nd. regiment.
+The former for his great prowess, and the number of cuirassiers he slew;
+and the latter for a distinguished act of bravery, namely, when his
+horse was killed, himself wounded, and his helmet knocked off,
+bareheaded as he was, he attacked a cuirassier, slew him, and mounted
+his horse. Shaw was killed in the first charge. Godley lived several
+years after, and a stone was erected to his memory by his comrades in
+the burial ground of St. John’s Wood, London, with appropriate devices
+and inscription. During the engagement the Duke of Wellington came to
+the head of the 1st. regiment of Life Guards, and thanked the squadrons
+for their gallant behaviour.
+
+Colonel Ferrier, of the 1st. Life Guards, before he fell had eleven
+times led his regiment to the charge. Several of these charges were made
+after his head was laid open by a sabre cut, and his body had been
+pierced by a lance.
+
+During the heat of the conflict Captain Alexander Kennedy Clark (now
+Lieutenant-General A. K. Clark Kennedy, C.B.) commanding the centre
+squadron of the 1st. Royal Dragoons, having led his men about two
+hundred yards beyond the second hedge on the British left, perceived, in
+the midst of a crowd of infantry, the eagle of the French 105th.
+regiment, with which the bearer was endeavouring to escape to the rear.
+Against this body of men Captain Clark instantly led his squadron at
+full speed, and, plunging into the midst of the crowd, overtook, and
+slew the French officer who carried the eagle. Several men of the Royal
+Dragoons coming up at the moment of its capture, Captain Clark gave the
+eagle to Corporal Stiles, and ordered him to carry it to the rear. The
+corporal was afterwards rewarded with an ensigncy in the 6th. West India
+Regiment.
+
+Another eagle, that of the French 45th. regiment, was captured by
+Sergeant Charles Ewart, of the 2nd. Royal North British Dragoons. This
+gained for the gallant sergeant an ensigncy in the 3rd. Royal Veteran
+Battalion.
+
+The following is a remarkable instance of preservation:—Lieutenant
+George Doherty, of the 13th. Light Dragoons, besides being severely
+wounded in the head, was struck by a ball, which was stopped and
+flattened by the interposition of his watch. He had taken out his watch
+to remark the time, when the regiment was ordered to advance, and not
+being able to return it, he put it into the breast of his jacket, and
+thus, providentially, his life was saved.
+
+In one of the charges made by the 28th. regiment at Waterloo, a flag
+belonging to the 25th. French regiment was taken by Private John
+O’Brien, of the eighth company, who the moment after received a severe
+wound, which ultimately occasioned the loss of his leg. The trophy,
+however, was preserved, and sent to Major-General Sir James Kempt, who
+commanded the division, when the regiment arrived at Paris.
+
+In the “Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Simon Frazer, K.C.B.,”
+commanding the Royal Horse Artillery in the army under the Duke of
+Wellington, edited by Major-General Edward Sabine, from which the above
+has been extracted, is this allusion to Waterloo:—“Never was there a
+more bloody affair, never so hot a fire. Bonaparte put in practice every
+device of war. He tried us with artillery, with cavalry, and, last of
+all, with infantry. The efforts of each were gigantic, but the admirable
+talents of our Duke, seconded by such troops as he commands, baffled
+every attempt.”
+
+There is some difference of opinion as to the exact time the battle
+commenced. In the “Life of Lord Hill,” by the Rev. Edwin Sidney, A.M.,
+occurs the following:—“In reading the various accounts of this battle,
+it is curious to observe the discrepancies as to the time it commenced.
+Lord Hill has, however, settled this point. On arriving in London the
+autumn after the conflict, he passed his first evening at the house of
+his friend Lord Teignmouth. ‘Can you tell me,’ said Lord Teignmouth, ‘at
+what time the action commenced?’ Lord Hill replied, ‘I took two watches
+into action with me. On consulting my stop-watch after the battle was
+over, I found that the first gun was fired at ten minutes before
+twelve.’”
+
+Captain Moorsom, in his “History of the 52nd. Light Infantry,” gives the
+following characteristic account of the commencement of the action:—“The
+night was wet and disagreeable, as usual before—the Duke of Wellington’s
+battles. As the morning broke, between four and five o’clock, Captain
+Diggle’s company of the 52nd., and two or three companies of the 95th.
+Rifles, were sent into the enclosures of the village of Merbe Braine,
+with their front towards Braine-le-Leud. At twenty minutes past eleven a
+cannon-shot was fired. Diggle, a cool old officer of the Peninsula, took
+out his watch, turned to his subaltern Gawler, who was another of the
+same Peninsula mould, and quietly remarked, ‘There it goes.’ The
+leaders, in fact, had then opened the ball.”
+
+In the “Life of Lord Hill,” before quoted, occurs the following account
+of the final struggle:—“Sir Digby Mackworth, who was on the staff of
+Lord Hill, has kindly communicated what he witnessed of his General’s
+efforts at the grand crisis of the day. ‘He placed himself,’ Sir Digby
+states, ‘at the head of his Light Brigade, 52nd., 71st., and 95th., and
+charged the flank of the Imperial Guard, as they were advancing against
+our Guards. The Light Brigade was lying under the brow of the hill, and
+gave and received volleys within half-pistol-shot distance. Here Lord
+Hill’s horse was shot under him, and, as he ascertained the next
+morning, was shot in five places. The general was rolled over and
+severely bruised, but in the _mêlée_ this was unknown to us for about
+half an hour. We knew not what was become of him; we feared he had been
+killed; and none can tell you the heart-felt joy which we felt when he
+rejoined us, not seriously hurt.’ When the tremendous day was over, Lord
+Hill and his staff again re-occupied the little cottage they left in the
+morning. His two gallant brothers, Sir Robert Hill and Colonel Clement
+Hill, had been removed wounded to Brussels; the party was, nevertheless,
+nine in number. A soup made by Lord Hill’s servant, from two fowls, was
+all their refreshment, after hours of desperate fighting without a
+morsel of food. Lord Hill himself was bruised and full of pain. All
+night long, the groans and shrieks of sufferers were the chief sounds
+that met their ears. It was to them all a night of the greatest misery.
+The men whom the nations of Europe were about to welcome with
+acclamations, and to entertain in palaces, could only exchange sigh for
+sigh with each other in a wretched cottage. Such is war even to the
+winners. May a gracious God soon make it to cease in all the earth!”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Waterloo Medal
+]
+
+The casualties amongst the officers of the British army, (including the
+King’s German Legion,) amounted to one hundred and thirty-nine killed,
+five hundred and eighty-five wounded, and fifteen missing. The
+Hanoverian troops had twenty officers, and three hundred and eight men
+killed, seventy-seven officers and one thousand two hundred and
+forty-four men wounded. The Brunswick troops had seven officers and one
+hundred and forty-seven men killed, and twenty-six officers and four
+hundred and thirty men wounded. The Nassau contingent had five officers
+and two hundred and forty-nine men killed, and nineteen officers and
+three hundred and seventy men wounded. Numerous as these casualties
+were, those of the French far exceeded them, amounting, according to the
+most correct calculations, to about thirty thousand.
+
+
+
+
+                          THE WATERLOO MEDAL.
+
+
+A medal was struck for this victory, which was conferred on all present
+in the three actions of the 16th., 17th., and 18th. of June, 1815. In a
+letter from the Duke of Wellington to the Duke of York, dated Orville,
+28th. June, 1815, His Grace wrote, “I would likewise beg leave to
+suggest to your Royal Highness the expediency of giving to the
+non-commissioned officers and soldiers engaged in the Battle of Waterloo
+a medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the army; and
+if that battle should settle our concerns, they will well deserve it.”
+In a letter from His Grace to Earl Bathurst, Secretary of State for the
+War Department, on the 17th. of September, this passage occurs:—“I have
+long intended to write to you about the medal for Waterloo. I
+recommended that we should all have the same medal, hung to the same
+ribbon as that now used with the medals.”
+
+The Waterloo Medal has on the obverse the laureated head of the Prince
+Regent, inscribed GEORGE P. REGENT; on the reverse is Victory, seated on
+a pedestal, holding the palm in the right hand, and the olive branch in
+the left. Above the figure of Victory is the name of the illustrious
+commander WELLINGTON, and under it the word WATERLOO, with the date of
+the battle, June 18th., 1815. This figure evidently owes its origin to
+the ancient Greek coin represented in the accompanying engraving. A
+specimen of the coin is preserved in the British Museum. The name, rank,
+and regiment of the officer or soldier were engraved round the edge[71]
+of the medal, which was to be suspended from the button-hole of the
+uniform to the ribbon authorized for the military medals, namely,
+crimson with blue edges. In the “London Gazette,” of the 23rd. of April,
+1816, was published the following official notification:—
+
+
+                               MEMORANDUM.
+
+                                       “Horse Guards, March 10th., 1816.
+
+  “The Prince Regent has been graciously pleased, in the name and on the
+  behalf of His Majesty, to command, that in commemoration of the
+  brilliant and decisive victory of Waterloo, a medal should be
+  conferred on every officer, non-commissioned officer, and soldier of
+  the British Army, present upon that memorable occasion.
+
+  “His Royal Highness has further been pleased to command, that the
+  ribbon issued with the medal, shall never be worn but with the medal
+  suspended to it.
+
+  “By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent;
+
+                                      FREDERICK, Commander-in-Chief.
+                      H. TORRENS, Major-General and Military Secretary.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  COIN OF ELIS, about 450, B.C.
+]
+
+The distinction for Waterloo became the more valuable, from the fact
+that there was only one ribbon and one medal for all ranks of the army,
+from the Commander of the Forces to the youngest drummer.
+
+The 35th., 54th., 59th., and 91st. regiments forming the brigade of Sir
+Charles Colville, which was detached, were granted the medal, but these
+regiments do not bear “Waterloo” on their colours.
+
+The Prince Regent also ordered that medals should be given to the
+Brunswickers who survived the actions of the 16th., 17th., and 18th. of
+June. This medal, of bronze, was made from the captured guns. Obverse,
+bust of Duke Frederick William, who fell at Quatre Bras, with the
+legend, “Friedrich Wilhelm Herzog.” Reverse, the date 1815, within a
+wreath of oak and laurel; legend, “Braunschweig Seinen Kriegern—Quatre
+Bras and Waterloo,” the ribbon yellow, with a light blue border.
+
+The Hanoverian troops present at Waterloo, received a silver medal.
+Obverse, laureated head of the Prince Regent, with the legend, “George
+Prinz Regent, 1815.” Reverse, “Waterloo, June 18th.,” above which is a
+military trophy, below, laurel branches; legend, “Hannoverscher
+Tapferkeit.” Ribbon, red with blue border.
+
+To the soldiers of the Duchy of Nassau, a small silver medal was
+awarded, worn with a dark blue ribbon, yellow edge.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE CAPE OR SOUTH AFRICA MEDAL.
+
+
+On the 22nd. of November, 1854, a general order was issued, announcing
+that the Queen had been pleased to command that a medal should be
+prepared, “to commemorate the success of her Majesty’s Forces in the
+wars in which they were engaged against the Kaffirs, in the years
+1834–5, 1846–7, and in the period between the 24th. of December, 1850,
+and the 6th. of February, 1853; one of which was to be conferred on
+every surviving officer, non-commissioned officer, and soldier of the
+regular forces, including the officers of the staff, and the officers
+and men of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and Sappers and Miners,
+who actually served in the field against the enemy in South Africa, at
+the periods alluded to, excluding those who may have been dismissed for
+subsequent misconduct, or who have deserted and are absent.”
+
+The obverse has the Queen’s head, with the inscription VICTORIA REGINA.
+On the reverse is the lion crouching under a shrub, above which are the
+words SOUTH AFRICA, and beneath the year “1853.” The ribbon is orange,
+with dark blue stripes. No clasp was granted with this medal for any of
+the actions fought during the campaigns between 1834, and 1853. The same
+medal, or rather one similar, with the substitution of crossed assegais
+and a shield in the exergue, instead of the date 1853 (ribbon the same),
+was given for the campaigns in Kaffraria, Basutoland, and Zululand;
+against the Galekas and Gaikas 1877–78, the Griquas 1878, Basutos 1879,
+Zulus 1879, and Sekukuni 1878–79. The dates of the campaigns are given
+on the only clasp issued.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                       CAMPAIGNS IN SOUTH AFRICA.
+                                1834–5.
+
+
+The aggressions of the Kaffir tribes, which were divided into three
+nations, the Amapondas, the Tambookies, and the Amakosa, about this time
+assumed a formidable and an atrocious character before unknown. The
+colonial boundary extended, on one side, to the Keiskamma; but a chief
+named Macomo had been permitted to reside within the British territory.
+Owing to some outrages committed by him and his followers on the
+Tambookies, he was deprived of the lands he held by sufferance in the
+British territory. His expulsion, however, was not strictly enforced
+until 1833, when he was removed beyond the boundary, and he became
+violently incensed against the government. The predatory habits of the
+Kaffirs also led to disputes when the British were searching for stolen
+property, and the lenity observed towards the aggressors, emboldened
+them to become more violent in their attacks. Towards the end of 1834,
+multitudes of Kaffirs rushed into the colony, and commenced the work of
+murder, rapine, and devastation by fire amongst the settlers. The ruins
+of once flourishing farms spoke of savage vengeance. Graham’s Town was
+barricaded, and the houses turned into fortifications. Troops were
+ordered to the frontier, and preparations were made to carry hostilities
+into the heart of Kaffirland, to visit with necessary chastisement these
+aggressions, and to take measures to prevent the recurrence of similar
+outrages.
+
+The forces which were assembled for operations beyond the eastern
+frontier, were distributed into four divisions. The first division,
+(with which were the head-quarters of the Commander-in-Chief,
+Major-General Sir Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,) was commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Peddie, K.H., of the 72nd. Highlanders, and consisted
+of two guns Royal Artillery, a detachment of Cape Mounted Riflemen,
+72nd. Highlanders, first battalion Provisional Infantry, and the
+Swellendam Burgher Force. The second was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Somerset, K.H., and was composed of two guns Royal Artillery, Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, (head-quarter division,) the George, Uitenhage, and
+the Albany Burgher Forces. The third, commanded by Major Cox, of the
+75th. regiment, consisted of two guns Royal Artillery, detachment Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, second battalion Provisional Infantry, detachment
+Swellendam Burgher Force, Beaufort Burgher Force, and the Kat River
+Legion. The fourth, under Field Commandant Van Wyk, consisted of the
+Somerset Burgher Force.
+
+Colonel Smith, C.B., (afterwards the celebrated Sir Harry Smith, of
+Aliwal,) was appointed second in command, continuing at the same time in
+the performance of his duties as Chief of the Staff to the United
+Regular and Burgher Forces; on the 26th. of March, 1835, he led a
+well-directed inroad into the enemy’s country; the Buffalo Mountains
+were penetrated, and the combined and successive operations in
+Kaffirland were eminently successful, numerous heads of cattle, the
+great wealth of the enemy, being captured.
+
+On the 24th. of April, 1835, it was declared that the troops were in a
+state of hostility with the Kaffir tribes of the Chief Hintza, but it
+was decided that no kraals or huts should be burnt, and that the gardens
+and cornfields should be foraged in a regular manner.[72] The operations
+of the troops were so successful that Hintza sued for peace, which was
+concluded personally with that chief by the end of the month.
+
+To give some idea of the difficulties inseparable from these campaigns,
+it may be sufficient to state that in the expedition beyond the mouth of
+the Bashee, Colonel Smith, with his force, composed of detachments of
+the 72nd., Cape Mounted Riflemen, and some colonial levies, in seven
+days marched two hundred and eighteen miles, overcame all opposition,
+crossed and re-crossed this large river, of very difficult banks, and
+brought off from its further side three thousand head of cattle, which
+had been plundered from the colony, besides rescuing from destruction a
+thousand of the Fingo race, who would have fallen a sacrifice to the
+Kaffirs.
+
+The difficult and laborious service of conducting the British
+missionaries and traders, with their families and effects, (previously
+brought in from the Bashee by Captain Warden,) the Fingo nation,
+amounting to more than ten thousand souls, from the eastern side of the
+Kei, into the colonial border, was accomplished by Colonel Somerset,
+with the second division.
+
+It is a singular fact that the tribes were found to possess many guns,
+but without ammunition, and strenuous exertions were used to prevent
+gunpowder being conveyed beyond the boundary of the eastern frontier by
+importers and retail dealers.
+
+Major William Cox, of the 75th. regiment, made a very successful series
+of operations in the mountains of the Chumie, Amatola, and Keiskamma
+range during the end of July, and beginning of August, 1835, which
+resulted in an interview with Macomo and other chiefs, when a
+provisional cessation of hostilities was agreed upon.[73]
+
+During September some effectual excursions were made by Lieutenants
+Moultrie and Bingham, of the 75th., which caused them to be thanked in
+orders by the Commander-in-Chief at the Cape, (Major-General Sir
+Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,) who also therein praised the cool and
+soldier-like conduct of Private Thomas Quin, of that regiment, on the
+15th. of that month.
+
+Peace was not finally concluded until the following year. On the 8th. of
+August, 1836, a despatch was received at the Cape, from the Secretary of
+State for the Colonies, communicating to the troops employed in the
+Kaffir war, that “It affords His Majesty high gratification to observe
+that in this new form of warfare, His Majesty’s forces have exhibited
+their characteristic courage, discipline, and cheerful endurance of
+fatigue and of privations.”—(Signed) GLENELG.
+
+The 27th., 72nd., 75th., and Cape Mounted Riflemen, were the regiments
+employed during this campaign.
+
+
+                     SECOND KAFFIR WAR, 1846–1847.
+
+From the numerous outrages upon life and property that had for some time
+been perpetrated by the Gaika Kaffirs on the settlers located along the
+frontier, the Government declared war against them in the beginning of
+April, 1846.
+
+The force with which it was proposed to invade Kaffirland was organised
+into two divisions; one was placed under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Richardson, (now Major-General
+Richardson-Robertson,) of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, and consisted of the
+following detail:—Three troops of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, part of the
+reserve battalion of the 91st. regiment, two guns of the Royal
+Artillery, and one company of the Cape Mounted Riflemen. The second
+division was placed under the command of Colonel H. Somerset, of the
+Cape Mounted Riflemen, and consisted of one troop of the 7th. Dragoon
+Guards, two guns of the Royal Artillery, two companies of the 91st., and
+the head-quarters of the Cape Mounted Riflemen. The total strength of
+the British force, including cavalry, infantry, and artillery, did not
+amount to more than seven hundred men; whilst it was to be expected that
+the whole of the Gaika Kaffirs would join in resisting the invasion of
+their country. There were supposed to be upon good authority nearly
+sixty thousand fighting men, a considerable portion being armed with
+muskets.
+
+Captain Bambrick, of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, fell early in the
+operations, namely, on the 16th. of April, 1846. This officer in the
+eager pursuit of the Kaffirs, was decoyed into an almost impenetrable
+jungle, where a shower of balls was discharged at his party, and he was
+killed. Captain Rawstorne and Lieutenant H. D. Cochrane, of the 91st.
+regiment, were wounded, the latter dangerously. Of so entangled a nature
+was the bush, that several of the swords of the men were torn out of the
+scabbards by its thorny branches. Captain Sandes, of the Cape Mounted
+Riflemen, was killed three days afterwards.
+
+Sir Peregrine Maitland arrived from Port Victoria in April, and a
+general order, dated Block Drift, 20th. April, 1846, was issued, in
+which he congratulated Colonel Somerset and the officers and troops
+under his orders, on the chastisement of the enemy, which closed the
+operations of the 18th. of April. The movement on Block Drift had been
+successfully effected by the combined force with little loss, in the
+presence of an enemy of many times its numerical amount, through a
+harassing country, and against persevering attempts to impede its march.
+
+The Kaffirs were no longer the same foe as on former occasions, when
+they were chiefly armed with native weapons, but at this period they had
+become more formidable, from a great increase of numbers, a considerable
+mounted force, and especially through possessing firearms, an
+acquisition particularly adapted to their entangled country.
+
+Colonel Somerset, with the second division, after a series of successful
+movements, discovered and fell in with the enemy in two considerable
+bodies, on the 8th. of June, in the neighbourhood of the Gaika and
+Gwanga streams, when he attacked and routed them, killing two hundred,
+and capturing one hundred firelocks, twenty horses, and large quantities
+of assagais, besides securing two prisoners. This was effected with a
+loss of two men killed, and three officers and sixteen men wounded.
+
+It being considered desirable to amalgamate the troops and Burgher
+forces, which were assembling, they were formed into two divisions, the
+first under the orders of Colonel Hare, C.B., and the second under
+Colonel Somerset, K.H.
+
+Immediately after the troops moving to Block Drift, the Kaffirs entered
+the colonies in large bodies, and committed great destruction of life
+and property. To impede the operations of the British, the enemy burnt
+the grass everywhere along the line of march, and from the long and
+unusual drought, it became so dry that they readily effected their
+object. Active operations were however brought to a successful
+termination in October, the Chief Sandilli, together with his brother,
+and eighty of his followers, having surrendered. The closing services
+were rendered the more arduous by the constant inclemency of the weather
+to which the troops were exposed. The columns of attack against Sandilli
+were commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Buller, of the first battalion of
+the Rifle Brigade, and by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the reserve
+battalion of the 91st. regiment.
+
+Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, Bart., G.C.B., who had highly
+distinguished himself in India, and had previously seen so much service
+at the Cape, was appointed Governor, High Commissioner, and
+Commander-in-Chief of the forces in the Colony, the duties of which he
+assumed on the 17th. of December, 1847.
+
+During this long and protracted desultory warfare great fatigue and
+exertions had been undergone with the characteristic heroism of the
+British soldier, and the humanity and forbearance displayed by him
+towards the fickle, treacherous, and revengeful enemy, were as
+conspicuous as his bravery.
+
+The following corps shared in this campaign:—7th. Dragoon Guards, Royal
+Artillery, Engineers, and Sappers and Miners, 6th., 27th., 45th., 73rd.,
+90th., and 91st. regiments; the Rifle Brigade (1st. battalion,) and Cape
+Mounted Riflemen.
+
+
+                      THIRD KAFFIR WAR, 1850–1853.
+
+Some years of peace resulted, but the Kaffir tribes stifling their
+resentment for a time, at length determined to venture again on
+hostilities. Sir Harry Smith hearing of their designs, immediately
+summoned a meeting of the chiefs, which was attended by several, but
+Sandilli, who was regarded as their king, did not appear, whereupon he
+was outlawed; this occasioned a general rising, and operations for the
+purpose of securing Sandilli were at once commenced in the Keiskamma
+River by Colonel Mackinnon, who left Fort Cox on the 24th. of December,
+1850, with a force of six hundred men, composed of three hundred and
+twenty-one of the 6th. and 73rd. regiments, one hundred and seventy-four
+of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and about one hundred of the Kaffir
+Police. The Kaffirs attacked these troops in the Keiskamma defile, and
+it was with difficulty that he succeeded in reaching Fort Cox. Sir Harry
+Smith’s position at Fort Cox, too, had become critical, being hemmed in
+by numbers of the enemy; while Colonel Somerset, in his endeavour to
+succour him from Fort Hare, had been driven back on the 29th., after a
+hard contest, in which the small body of regular troops made a gallant
+but unavailing resistance. Lieutenants Melvin and Gordon, (adjutant,) of
+the 91st. regiment, were killed in action on the 29th. of December.
+
+The Governor at the head of a flying escort, escaped from Fort Cox, and
+arrived at King William’s Town, at which place his head-quarters became
+established. Flushed by the advantages which the knowledge of their
+native fastnesses afforded the Kaffirs, and which made them almost a
+match for disciplined troops, they ravaged the country, and committed
+great depredations. It would be wearisome to detail all the skirmishes
+that occurred; the only warfare that could be adopted against an enemy
+who avoided concentration, or to encounter his opponents in open fight,
+was to continually harass them in their strongholds; but the force at
+the Cape was numerically insufficient for the contest. In these
+campaigns the great object was to carry on operations rapidly, and at a
+distant point, which made the fatigue excessive.
+
+On the morning of the 3rd. of January, 1851, Fort White was attacked in
+force by the Kaffirs, in four bodies, but they were driven back, with
+great loss, by the garrison under Captain Mansergh, of the 6th. Foot.
+
+A sharp action was fought, on the 21st. of January, between about six
+thousand Kaffirs, who hemmed in Fort Hare and the adjacent Fingo village
+of Alice, and the troops which garrisoned that post, under Major
+Somerset. The Fingoes were formerly held in subjection by the Kaffirs;
+but being relieved by the war of 1836, they afterwards proved friendly
+to the British, and behaved with great determination.
+
+The troops, serving upon the frontier and in British Kaffraria, were in
+February, 1851, formed into two divisions designated the first and
+second. The first was under Major-General Somerset, and the second under
+Colonel Mackinnon; and combined operations were carried out by these
+officers, in order to clear the Chumie Hoek of the enemy.
+
+About the end of May an insurrection broke out amongst the Hottentots in
+Lower Albany, and Major-General Somerset proceeded from Graham’s Town
+with a portion of the 74th. Highland Regiment, which had recently
+arrived at the Cape. A desperate encounter took place on the 3rd. of
+June, and two days afterwards the stronghold of the insurgents were
+surrounded.
+
+Major-General Somerset commenced his operations in the Amatola Mountains
+on the 26th. of June, 1851. The gallant attack made by the 74th., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, upon the enemy’s position on the 28th. of
+that month, which was carried, received special commendation.
+
+Colonel Mackinnon had proceeded from King William’s Town on the 24th. of
+June, with a force of two thousand and fifty-five men, composed of three
+hundred and thirty-seven of the 6th. Foot, four hundred and twenty of
+the 73rd., forty-seven of the Royal Marines, one hundred and twenty of
+the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and the rest consisting of colonial levies.
+During the course of his operations the troops under Major-General
+Somerset were seen scouring the ridges between the Amatola and Wolf
+Valley. These combined movements harassed the enemy at all points and
+were fully successful. In September, a force proceeded under Colonel
+Mackinnon to the Fish River Bush. The 2nd. Foot, on the 9th. of that
+month, sustained in these fastnesses a severe loss, Captain Oldham, four
+sergeants, and nineteen men being killed in action, and four corporals
+and nineteen privates wounded. During the month, this regiment,
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Burns, which had just arrived at the
+seat of war, lost five sergeants and thirty-two men killed and died of
+wounds.[74]
+
+From the 14th. of October to the 8th. of November, 1851, the troops were
+employed in the operations in the Waterkloof. The plan comprised a
+series of attacks on the mountain fastnesses of the Kromme range,
+Waterkloof, Fuller’s Hock, and other heights, wherein Macomo determined
+to await the approach of the British. The scouring of the various
+ravines was carried out, the inclemency of the weather adding to the
+natural difficulties of the place. During these operations
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, the beloved commanding officer of the 74th.,
+was killed on the 6th. of November.[75] The regiment also lost
+Lieutenants Carey and Gordon and many men, among them some who were
+taken prisoners, and who were subjected by the Kaffirs to the most
+horrible tortures.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre effected the passage of the Kei in December,
+1851. Here occurred the first instance during the war of the enemy
+throwing obstacles in fords, and constructing breastworks; the Kaffirs
+ingeniously heaped large stones together in the river, and erected a
+number of stone breastworks, one above the other, forming a somewhat
+formidable flank defence against musketry. The troops were six weeks
+in the field without a single blanket, and without tents.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Pole, of the 12th. Lancers, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Napier, Major Somerset, and Captain Bramly, of the Cape Mounted
+Riflemen, were specially noticed in general orders. Other operations
+followed, and the Kaffir chiefs of the Gaikas and Seyolo sued for
+peace, but declining to comply with the proffered terms, the troops,
+in seven columns, were directed to penetrate the Amatolas, and the
+country of Seyolo and other chiefs, on the left bank of the Keiskamma.
+
+In March Major-General Somerset conducted operations in the Waterkloof,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel (now Major-General Sir John) Michel carried the
+Iron Mountain with the bayonet, despite a spirited opposition.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Perceval and Major Armstrong, in two divisions, on
+the 10th., attacked the strong position of the Chief Stock in the Fish
+River Bush, and after a sharp conflict, drove the enemy from every
+point.
+
+Reinforcements had been sent from England to the Cape, but, owing to the
+wreck of the “Birkenhead,” nine officers and three hundred and
+forty-nine men, out of fifteen officers and four hundred and seventy-six
+men (the total number embarked) perished.[76]
+
+Attacks were also carried out by Lieutenant-Colonels Eyre and Perceval,
+(Macomo’s den being carried by the former,) the result of which was that
+the Kaffirs were driven from all their strongholds in the Amatolos.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre’s pursuit of the enemy with his herds across the
+Kei, was pronounced by Sir Harry Smith to be one of the most
+enterprising and successful forays of the campaign, in which Major
+Armstrong, of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and Captains Cureton and Oakes,
+of the 12th. Lancers, greatly distinguished themselves.
+
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart relieved Sir Harry
+Smith in the command at the Cape, in April, in which month five hundred
+Minié muskets were placed at the disposal of the troops in South Africa;
+these were equally distributed at six per company; the six best
+marksmen, being men of trust and intelligence, in each company were
+selected, and were termed “marksmen.”
+
+Major-General York, (now Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Yorke, G.C.B.,
+and recently Military Secretary at the Horse Guards,) a Peninsula and
+Waterloo veteran, commanding the second division of the army acting in
+British Kaffraria, having obtained reliable information as to the
+movements and position of the permanent Laager of the rebel Hottentots,
+who associated with the hostile Kaffirs, had committed great outrages,
+made his arrangements at the moment when they were all at home, for a
+combined attack on the Buffalo Mountains, with a portion of the 43rd.
+and 73rd. regiments, and other troops of the brigade of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre. This disposable force proceeded from the post
+occupied by the latter in the centre of the Amatolas. A similar movement
+was made by a force consisting of parts of the 6th. and 60th. regiments,
+and certain levies, under Lieutenant-Colonel Michel, issuing from King
+William’s Town. On the morning of the 20th. of June, the columns, one
+from the north, and the other from the south, approached Murray’s Krantz
+nearly simultaneously. The intricacies and difficulties inseparable from
+the rugged and densely wooded forests were surmounted; and although the
+enemy attempted a stand on several occasions, yet they were driven
+headlong over the Krantz with severe loss.
+
+Forays still continued. Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart, in July,
+moved with three columns upon the Waterkloof; the enemy appeared in
+considerable numbers, but offered only a faint resistance.
+
+In August, when Major-General Somerset was placed on the staff in India,
+Colonel (now Major-General) Sir George Buller was appointed to the
+command of the first division, and that of the first battalion of the
+Rifle Brigade devolved on Major (now Sir Alfred) Horsford.
+
+A force of four guns and three thousand troops were collected in
+September, for the purpose of finally clearing the Waterkloof and
+adjacent fastnesses. Each night the troops bivouacked on the ground of
+their operations, and the following day pursued the arduous task of
+searching for, and clearing the forests and krantzes of, the enemy.
+
+This protracted struggle was now drawing to a termination; in November
+the troops marched into the Orange River territory, and on the 20th of
+December were engaged with the Basutos, under their chief Moshesh, at
+the Berea. The contest lasted from early in the morning until eight
+o’clock at night, when the enemy, with a force of about six thousand
+well-armed horsemen, under considerable organization, were defeated and
+driven from the field; after repeatedly assailing the troops at every
+point, with such severe loss, as to be compelled to sue for peace.
+
+Hostilities shortly afterwards terminated, peace being proclaimed on the
+12th. of March, 1853; the result of these exertions was the final
+clearance of the Waterkloof, Fish River, and all the other strongholds
+of the Kaffirs within the colony; the surrender of the chiefs Sandilli,
+Macomo, and the Gaika people, who had been expelled from all their
+former territories, including the Amatolas,—that troublesome race being
+removed to the banks of the Kei. The Basutos, Tambookies, and other
+tribes were completely subdued, and the Hottentot rebellion was
+extinguished.
+
+In the words of Sir George Cathcart,—“The Field of Glory opened to them
+in a Kaffir war and Hottentot rebellion, is possibly not so favourable
+and exciting as that which regular warfare with an open enemy in the
+field affords, yet the unremitting exertions called for in hunting
+well-armed yet skulking savages through the bush, and driving them from
+their innumerable strongholds, are perhaps more arduous than those
+required in regular warfare, and call more constantly for individual
+exertion and intelligence.”
+
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable George Cathcart, and Major-General
+Henry Somerset, C.B., were appointed Knights Commanders of the Most
+Honourable Order of the Bath; and Lieutenant-Colonels William Eyre, of
+the 73rd. regiment, John Michel, of the 6th. Foot, Charles Cooke
+Yarborough, 91st. regiment, John Maxwell Perceval, of the 12th. Foot,
+and George Thomas Conolly Napier, late Lieutenant-Colonel of the Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, to be Companions of the above Order. Colonel Eyre was
+also appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen, with the rank of Colonel in
+the army.
+
+During this campaign the troops employed were the 12th. Lancers, Royal
+Artillery, Royal Engineers, and Sappers and Miners, 2nd., 6th., 12th.,
+43rd., 45th., Royal Marines, 60th., (2nd. battalion,) 73rd., 74th.,
+91st., Rifle Brigade, (1st. battalion,) and the Cape Mounted Riflemen.
+
+
+
+
+                CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GALEKAS AND GAIKAS,
+                                1877–78.
+
+
+Kaffraria and Basutoland lie to the eastward of Cape Colony. The Fingoes
+and Gaikas occupy the portion called British Kaffraria, or sometimes the
+Ciskei, and the Galekas, Griquas, Pondos, and other tribes, the
+Transkei, or Kaffraria proper. The Fingoes, whose name signifies “dogs,”
+had always been persecuted by the other tribes, and had been since 1835,
+under British protection. They are a peaceable race, wealthy in cattle,
+and in time of war are staunch allies, fighting always on the British
+side. The Galekas led by their chief Kreli, and the Gaikas under their
+chief Sandilli, mortal enemies of the Fingoes, who were formerly their
+slaves, and envying their prosperity resolved on attacking them, in hope
+of an easy conquest and plenty of plunder. The old Cape Mounted Rifles
+having been disbanded in July, 1877, the only Colonial force was the
+Frontier Mounted Police, little more than three hundred strong, with
+three field pieces, commanded by Charles Griffiths, an old British
+officer. On September 25th., 1877, a body of about five thousand
+Galekas, crossed the frontier, and fiercely attacked the Fingoes (about
+one thousand five hundred strong) and a small party of the Mounted
+Police, at a place called Guadana; but after a sharp contest, were
+repulsed with loss. A few days after, about eight thousand Galekas
+attacked the fortified station of Ibeka, held by Commandant Griffiths,
+with a handful of men, three seven-pounders, and about two thousand
+Fingoes. After a series of determined assaults, from ten in the morning
+till five in the afternoon, the enemy disheartened by their enormous
+losses gave up the contest and retreated. General Sir Arthur Cunningham,
+commander-in-chief of the forces in South Africa, a Crimean veteran, now
+assumed the chief command. Detachments of the 24th. and 88th. regiments
+were sent to the front, volunteers were enrolled for active service, and
+Commandant Griffiths, with three thousand Europeans, and five thousand
+Fingoes led by European officers, were ordered to invade Kreli’s
+country. Griffiths with two guns advanced, and after an action in which
+the Galekas lost one thousand five hundred men, captured and burnt
+Kreli’s kraal, but was compelled to fall back for want of supplies. The
+enemy were well armed with muskets and assagies, and fought with much
+determination. After a smart skirmish at Umzintzani, in December, the
+General resolved to cross the river Kei with all available force. The
+88th. Connaught Rangers were ordered to the front, fifty men of the
+24th. regiment were mounted as cavalry, and their band were utilized as
+gunners. On December 26th., the column started, the centre under Colonel
+Glynn, the right under Major Hopton, the left under Captain Upcher of
+the 24th. Each column had a gun or two, and to each was attached a small
+Naval Brigade, from H. M. S. “Active” and “Florence,” some of the
+Mounted Police, and one thousand Fingoes. Information being received
+that the Galekas now joined by the Gaikas of Sandilli, were
+concentrating in strength near the Kei river, Colonel Glynn, joined the
+Quintana Column, commanded by Major Owen of the 88th. at a place called
+Nynnuxa, and immediately advanced against the enemy. Colonel Glynn took
+command, Major Owen leading his column, which was in the first line, and
+Captain Upcher the second. In the centre were the guns, under Lieutenant
+Kell, and a rocket party of blue jackets under Lieutenant Maine, R.E.
+After a very sharp action, the enemy terrified by the execution done
+among them by the rockets, and the Martini-Henry rifles, (this being
+almost the first time they were used) broke and fled, leaving four
+chiefs of rank among the slain. The enemy then collected in great
+numbers in the Chickaba Valley, which is about thirteen miles long, and
+covered with a dense bush, so thick in some places as to render any
+movement all but impossible. On January 14th., 1878, two columns, the
+right under Colonel Lambert, and the left under Major Brown, both of the
+88th. regiment, left Komgha, to attack Chickaba. The enemy for a time
+showed a bold front, but were shelled and driven out of the valley, and
+a vast number of their sheep and cattle taken. Soon after, another large
+body of Galekas and Gaikas, about four thousand, under Kreli and
+Sandilli, were repulsed with great loss in an attack upon Quintana, by
+the column of Colonel Glynn. The enemy fought bravely, and withstood and
+returned a heavy fire of rifles, rockets, and case shot for twenty
+minutes, at a distance of five hundred yards, but after this defeat they
+never again appeared in bodies in the field. On the day of the victory
+at Quintana, another was gained by Commandant Griffiths over a chief
+called Gongabele, who occupied the most difficult position in the
+country, and one which the Kaffirs had held during the last war, in
+spite of all efforts made to dispossess them. This position was carried,
+and the enemy routed, with the loss of five only of the attacking party.
+Soon after this, the 90th. Perthshire regiment with a field battery
+arrived from England, and on February 25th, Sir Arthur Cunningham was
+superseded in the command of the Army by General Thesiger, better known
+as Lord Chelmsford, as he succeeded to the title on the death of his
+father a few months later. Sandilli with a large number of his tribe
+assembled in the Perie Bush on the Amatola Mountains, in February, 1878,
+was defeated by a column under the command of Colonel (now Sir Evelyn
+Wood), who also made another successful attack upon the enemy at Intaba
+Indodo, April 30th. In these affairs Major Buller of the 60th. Rifles
+(now General Sir Redvers Buller V.C.), much distinguished himself. After
+a few more skirmishes, the war was ended, Sandilli[77] was killed, and
+Kreli had previously surrendered. On June 28th., 1878, an amnesty was
+proclaimed for all except the sons of the first-named chief; and the
+Gaikas were removed to new settlements beyond the River Kei.
+
+
+
+
+                  CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GRIQUAS, 1878.
+
+
+While the war was still raging in Kaffraria, disturbances arose in
+Griqualand West, to the northward of the Orange river. The Griquas are a
+mixed race, descended from the Dutch Colonists, and the original
+Hottentot inhabitants. About seventeen years before, they had emigrated
+from Cape Colony to the territory named from them Griqualand, of which
+Colonel Owen Lanyon, of the 2nd. West India Regiment was Governor, at
+the time the revolt against British Authority broke out. This
+insurrection was suppressed by the Colonial forces alone, after several
+sharp engagements, with a hardy foe, armed with muskets, and skilled in
+their use. On June 11th. their stronghold was attacked, and carried
+after a contest of six hours, by a force under Inspector Nisbett; and a
+large number of cattle, sheep, and horses were captured. In June and
+July several skirmishes took place, in all but one of which the Griquas
+were worsted, with heavy loss in men, and cattle. On July 20th., 1878,
+they again suffered a severe defeat, soon after which an Amnesty was
+proclaimed, and the war ended.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE BASUTO WAR, 1879–80.
+
+
+The Amnesty had scarcely been proclaimed among the Griquas, before a far
+more formidable conflict began with the Basutos, who had been at peace
+with the British since the action at Berea 1852. In 1868, Basutoland was
+declared to be a portion of Cape Colony, and this was confirmed by an
+Act of the local Parliament in 1871. The Basutos are divided into
+tribes, and at this time were supposed to number about one hundred and
+fifty thousand. The troubles began with an old warrior called Moirosi,
+and his son Dodo, chief of a tribe known as the Baphutis; who resisted
+the payment of a hut tax, which they had agreed to pay, in return for
+the protection of the Government. After a trifling skirmish with the
+Cape Mounted Rifles, Moirosi and his people retired to an almost
+inaccessible mountain near the Orange River, which some time before he
+had strongly fortified and provisioned, and now believed to be
+impregnable. Three sides of this mountain were perpendicular, and the
+fourth was protected by a series of walls, and traverses from eight to
+ten feet high, loopholed for musketry. The Baphutis were excellent
+marksmen, artillery proved useless against their traverses, and Moirosi
+for nine months defied the whole forces of the Colony. Several gallant
+attacks in this stronghold were repulsed, but at length an old brass
+mortar obtained from the Cape Town Museum, made such havoc among the
+defenders, by the shells thrown from it over their walls, and exploding
+behind them, that the place was stormed with but little loss, and
+Moirosi was among the slain. Dodo escaped, but the Baphutis were
+decimated; the fortifications were blown up, and the mountain abandoned
+to its pristine solitude.
+
+An Act for the disarming of the native tribes, kindled the flames of war
+fiercer than ever. The musket of a Basuto is dearer to him than wealth,
+wife, or child, and he will consent to part with it, only when reduced
+to the last extremity. The Colonial Government had made a great error in
+allowing firearms to be sold to the natives, “but blinded by a desire to
+secure cheap labour,” about four hundred thousand muskets and rifles,
+many of them breechloaders, had been conveyed into the country. The
+Basutos proved themselves to be admirable horsemen; very skilful in the
+construction of stone defences, and fought with much more courage and
+daring than had been expected. The Imperial troops in the Colony in
+1879, were the 3rd. Buffs 2nd. battalion, 1st. battalion of the 13th.
+(Somersetshire Light Infantry), 1st. battalion 24th. (Warwickshire
+Regt.), and some Artillery, but other regiments soon arrived from
+England, and before the war was ended, the Imperial and Colonial forces
+in the field amounted to fifteen thousand men. Early in the contest, the
+Basutos till that time considered loyal, joined their countrymen, and
+the Tambookies, a tribe numbering over ninety thousand, also helped to
+swell the ranks of the rebels. In fact, the whole of the native tribes
+were in a state of dissatisfaction and ferment, and a racial war seemed
+to be imminent. The Frontier Armed Police, which had been changed into
+the Cape Mounted Rifles, about six hundred and fifty strong, under
+Colonels Carrington and Bayley, were the first in the field, but their
+numbers were too few to act with effect against the overwhelming force
+of the enemy. The first skirmish was with the followers of a rebel chief
+named Letherodi. The Rifles routed the enemy, but the latter being
+strongly reinforced, surrounded and besieged the Colonial troops at a
+place called Matafeng, which they made desperate attempts to carry by
+storm. Their attacks failed, and Matafeng was relieved by a force under
+Colonel Clarke. Colonel Bayley was surrounded at Maseru, in October, but
+after several hours fighting, the Basutos retreated. On November 10th.
+Colonel Carrington severely defeated the enemy at Golah Mountain, and
+the war afterwards was little more than a succession of skirmishes; in
+which a few hundreds of white men with native allies more or less
+doubtful, withstood the onset of thousands of Kaffirs, repelling their
+attempts to beleaguer them, and routing them in the open field,
+generally with great loss, with wonderfully few casualties among
+themselves. Some of the rebel chiefs were slain, others fled, and
+Letherodi who was one of the principal instigators of the revolt, was
+anxious to submit to the Government. In April 1881, a treaty of peace,
+and general amnesty was proclaimed, by which the Basutos gained nearly
+all they demanded before the commencement of the war.
+
+
+
+
+                          THE ZULU WAR, 1879.
+
+
+Zululand lies to the north-east of Natal, and its inhabitants are the
+most warlike of all the Kaffir tribes. Chaka, who became chief of the
+Zulus in 1810, established a military despotism, which converted the
+whole manhood of the tribe into a disciplined army, obedient to the will
+of one man. These warriors in battle fought with desperation, as on
+their return from an expedition, all cowards were ruthlessly massacred.
+Chaka found the Zulus a pastoral unimportant clan, and left them the
+most martial native race in South Africa. In 1828 this ferocious chief
+was assassinated by his brother Dingaan, who succeeded him. Dingaan, who
+did not possess the military ability of his brother, waged an
+exterminating war against the Boers; but at length being utterly
+defeated by them under Andreas Pretorius, in 1840 he fled for refuge
+among the Swazies, who received and murdered him. His brother Panda, who
+had revolted against Dingaan with a portion of the tribe and joined the
+Dutch, was then proclaimed King of the Zulus, and wisely preferring
+trading to warfare, continued on friendly terms with the Boers and the
+English till his death in 1872. Panda was succeeded by his son Cetewayo,
+and at the request of the Zulu nation, Sir Theophilus Shepston was
+present at his installation as King, representing the British
+Government. But Cetewayo was ambitious, and soon abandoned the pacific
+policy of his father, to follow the militant example of his predecessor
+Chaka. He re-organised the old regiments, and formed new ones, trained
+and disciplined by means of torture and death. He armed his men with
+guns, instead of only shield and assagai, and perfected the peculiar
+Zulu formation for attack in three divisions; two “horns” to assail the
+flanks and rear of an enemy, and a main body to advance and complete the
+victory. In 1878 this army numbered over fifty thousand men, eager for
+battle, commanded by an ambitious and savage chief, a menace and cause
+of apprehension to all its neighbours. Another savage chieftain, and an
+ally of Cetewayo, named Sekukuni (of whom more, presently) who defied
+the Colonial Government, and had in 1876 repulsed an attack of the Boers
+on his stronghold, gave rise to a common saying among the natives, “If
+the bull-calf (Sekukuni) has to be left alone, what will happen when the
+elephant (Cetewayo) attacks the white man?” In August, 1878, two sons of
+Sirayo, a favourite chief of Cetewayo, with a party of Zulus, made an
+incursion into British territory, and seized two women whom they claimed
+as runaway wives of their father Sirayo. Resistance was useless, and the
+women were carried across the river Buffalo and slain. The surrender of
+the offenders was demanded by the Colonial Government, and a fine of
+five hundred cattle as a reparation for the violation of the Natal
+territory. Neither being forthcoming, Sir Bartle Frere sent an ultimatum
+to the Zulu King, requiring among other things, the disbandment of his
+army, and freedom of marriage among his people; also informing him that
+unless he complied with the terms on, or before December 31st., he would
+be invaded by a British army to enforce these demands. The time allowed
+by the ultimatum being expired, and Cetewayo making no sign, on January
+11th., 1879, the British forces under the command of Lord Chelmsford,
+crossed the Buffalo and Tugela rivers, and the war began. The army was
+divided into three columns, with two smaller bodies of troops under
+Colonel Durnford, R.E., and Colonel Rowlands, V.C., the whole being
+intended to effect a junction near Ulundi. The first column commanded by
+Colonel Pearson of the 3rd. Buffs, was composed of the 2nd. battalion
+3rd. Buffs, Lieutenant-Colonel Parnell, and afterwards six companies of
+the 99th. Regiment; a detachment of Royal Artillery with four guns, one
+gatling and a rocket battery, under Lieutenant Lloyd, R.A.; a Naval
+Brigade of one hundred and seventy seamen and marines from H.M.S.
+Active, under Captain Campbell, R.N., one hundred mounted Infantry under
+Captain Barrow, 19th. Hussars, some mounted Volunteers, and one thousand
+natives under Major Graves, 3rd. Buffs. Second column, Colonel Glyn,
+24th. Regiment, commanding. Seven companies 1st. battalion 24th.
+Regiment, and 2nd. battalion of the 24th., under Colonel Degacher, a
+detachment of Royal Artillery with two seven-pounders under Major
+Harness, a body of Natal Mounted Police under Major Dartnell, and
+Mounted Volunteers, with a native contingent of one thousand men under
+Commandant Lonsdale, formerly of the 74th. Highlanders. Third column,
+Colonel Evelyn Wood, V.C., commanding; comprising the 90th. Regiment and
+1st. battalion 13th. Regiment, Royal Artillery with four seven-pounders
+and two rocket tubes, under Major Tremlett, one hundred mounted Infantry
+under Major Russell, Frontier Light Horse, two hundred strong, under
+Major Redvers Buller, one hundred volunteers, and a body of five
+thousand Swazies. There was also a contingent of Boers, all crack shots,
+under Commandant Piet Uys.
+
+The total strength of the army, including the garrisons, was about
+sixteen thousand men, with twenty guns; the European portion of which,
+much under one half, being the only reliable, as the Native Contingent
+was not equal to the enemy in bravery, and after the disaster at
+Isandhlwana almost useless. Colonel Pearson’s column on the 18th. of
+January began its march into the interior, and on the 22nd., near the
+Myezane river, attacked and defeated a body of Zulus, estimated at from
+five to seven thousand men.
+
+On the following day the column arrived at the deserted mission station
+of Ekowe, when it received news of the terrible disaster at Isandhlwana,
+on the day previous. Pearson decided on holding the position with the
+British portion of his force; the Native Contingent, and the Mounted
+Corps, being sent back to the Lower Tugela. Lord Chelmsford sent him
+instructions to do the best he could with the troops under his command;
+and under the direction of Captain Wynne, R.E., the post was fortified
+and rendered impregnable to the attacks of any force without artillery.
+
+On January 10th., Colonel Glyn’s column, with whom was Lord Chelmsford,
+encamped at Rorke’s Drift. On the 12th. a portion of the force, after a
+smart skirmish, burnt Sirayo’s kraal, and captured a large number of
+cattle. On the 20th. the column encamped near the isolated hill known as
+Isandhlwana, and on the 22nd., Lord Chelmsford and Colonel Glyn, with
+the second battalion of the 24th. Regiment, the mounted men, and four
+guns, set out in search of a large body of Zulus, reported to be near a
+place called Matyan’s kraal; leaving in camp five companies of the 1st.
+battalion 24th., one company of the 2nd. battalion 24th., about seventy
+artillerymen with two guns, and part of the Native Contingent, under the
+command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pulleine. Colonel Durnford, who had been
+left at Rorke’s Drift with five hundred natives and a rocket battery,
+was ordered up to take command of the camp. The commander-in-chief who
+had neglected to fortify his camp at Isandhlwana, either by throwing up
+entrenchments or “laagering” his waggons, proceeded to encounter the
+enemy, who retired as he advanced. Meanwhile a force of from fourteen to
+twenty thousand Zulus, including some of their best regiments, led by
+Dabulamanzi, the king’s half-brother, were preparing for an attack upon
+the camp.
+
+About nine o’clock on the morning of the 22nd., Colonel Durnford
+arrived, and took over the command from Colonel Pulleine. The mounted
+men, with the rocket battery, under Colonel Durnford in person, advanced
+some four miles from the camp, and began to skirmish with the enemy,
+being unaware of their vast superiority in force. The rocket battery was
+suddenly surrounded and destroyed to a man; the mounted men fled towards
+the camp, pursued by thousands of Zulus, who came on in regular order in
+battalions eight deep, and all the troops in the camp rushed to their
+arms. For a time the enemy were checked by the tremendous fire with
+which they were received, and their ranks showed signs of wavering, when
+the Native Contingent broke and fled, making a fatal gap in the lines,
+through which the Zulus poured like a torrent; and about the same time
+the right “horn” of their attack having swiftly worked round to the rear
+of the hill beneath which the camp was pitched, took the position in
+reverse, and launched about four thousand bounding and leaping warriors
+on the flank of the devoted British force. In an instant all was
+confusion, two companies of the 24th. not having time to form rallying
+squares were annihilated, the gunners of the Mountain Battery were
+assegaied; Major Smith, R.A., being killed while endeavouring to spike
+one of the guns. Some of the mounted natives managed to escape, but the
+soldiers of the 24th., the Mounted Police, and Volunteers, in groups, or
+back to back, kept their foes at bay while their ammunition lasted, and
+then fought hand to hand till the last man fell where he stood.[78]
+
+In the midst of the carnage, Lieutenants Coghill and Melville made a
+desperate but unsuccessful attempt to save the colours. They escaped
+from the field, but in swimming across the Buffalo, Melville’s horse was
+killed, and Coghill returning to assist his comrade, who was clinging to
+a rock, his horse was also shot, and the colours fell into the river.
+The two officers reached the Natal side safely, but were overtaken and
+slain about three hundred yards from the river’s bank. Their bodies were
+found lying side by side, and the colours which they had died to save,
+were found ten days afterwards in the rocky bed of the river.
+
+The victory of the Zulus cost them dear, between two and three thousand
+of them being killed in the battle, or died afterwards of their wounds.
+
+The British loss was terrible, fifty imperial and colonial officers, and
+over eight hundred non-commissioned officers and men having perished
+around that fatal hill. Five entire companies of the 1st. battalion of
+the 24th. fell, with ninety men of the 2nd. battalion, and hundreds of
+natives. Upwards of one hundred waggons, fourteen hundred oxen, two
+seven-pounders (afterwards retaken), eight hundred Martini-Henry rifles,
+and a vast quantity of stores of all kinds, fell into the hands of the
+enemy.
+
+Meanwhile the column under Lord Chelmsford, after a slight skirmish, was
+returning towards the camp, and about four miles from it met with the
+Natal Native Contingent, which had halted in a state of dismay at the
+turn affairs had taken. Half an hour afterwards a solitary horseman came
+up. It was Commandant Lonsdale, who had unsuspiciously ridden into the
+captured camp, and escaping a shower of bullets, brought the almost
+incredible news that the camp was in possession of a Zulu army. The
+General immediately sent an order for Colonel Glyn’s troops to join, and
+on their arrival marched at once towards Isandhlwana hill.
+
+The daylight was fading, and darkness had set in before the column,
+unopposed, reached the fatal camp, which they found silent, and deserted
+by all but the dead. The tents were upset, the waggons destroyed, and
+the whole place strewn with the dead bodies of men and horses.
+
+After a sad bivouac, Lord Chelmsford marched at dawn for Rorke’s Drift,
+expecting to find it in the hands of the enemy, but to his surprise and
+gratification found it still in the possession of an heroic handful of
+the 24th.
+
+On the advance of the centre column, a company of the 24th., and a small
+body of natives, under the command of Lieutenant Bromhead, had been left
+to guard some sick men and stores at Rorke’s Drift. “A worse position,”
+says one present, “could hardly be imagined. Two small thatched
+buildings, about thirty yards apart, with thin walls, commanded by
+rising ground in the south and west, completely overlooked on the south
+by a high wall. On the north side an orchard and garden gave good cover
+to an enemy up to within a few yards of the houses.” The place had
+formerly been a Swedish Mission Station. One of the buildings was filled
+with stores, and the other had been converted into a military hospital.
+Some fugitives bringing tidings of what had happened at the camp,
+Lieutenant Bromhead and Lieutenant Chard, R.E., who was with him, at
+once set to work to strengthen the position. The buildings were
+loopholed and barricaded, and connected by defences formed by a few
+waggons sacks of “mealies,” and Indian corn, and biscuit boxes. The
+natives, terror-stricken, fled, and the garrison was reduced to the
+company of the 24th., consisting of about eighty men; the total number
+within the defences—including thirty-five sick in the hospital—being one
+hundred and thirty-nine all told. The place was soon surrounded by three
+or four thousand Zulus, who commenced a series of desperate attacks.
+They set fire to the hospital, which the garrison defended room by room,
+but five sick soldiers perished in the flames. Such was the fury of the
+assault, that the garrison were forced to retire to an inner line of
+defence. Six times the Zulus got inside the barricades, but each time
+they were hurled back with loss. At length, after a conflict which
+lasted from five p.m. on January 22nd. till four a.m. on the following
+morning, the Zulus retired defeated and disheartened, leaving three
+hundred and seventy dead around the post. Their whole loss was probably
+about five hundred, while the heroic defenders had but seventeen killed
+and ten wounded.
+
+The left column, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, after the Isandhlwana
+disaster, by order of Lord Chelmsford, fell back to a strong position at
+Kambula Kop, about twenty miles from the Blood river, where was formed
+an entrenched camp. From this position a series of dashing raids upon
+the Zulu kraals and stores was made by the Frontier Horse, under Colonel
+Redvers Buller, and the Dutch Burgher troop of Piet Uys, which inflicted
+great damage on the enemy, who were astonished by the daring and range
+of these expeditions.
+
+About the end of March, Colonel Wood received a letter from Lord
+Chelmsford, to the effect that he was taking steps for the relief of
+Colonel Pearson, at Ekowe, and directing Wood to make a diversion in the
+direction of the Zlobani to distract the enemy. His force had been
+strengthened by a body of Mounted Infantry, and some Border Horse,
+commanded by Colonel Weatherley, formerly of the 4th. Dragoons. About
+twelve miles from the camp was a precipitous, thickly-wooded, and almost
+inaccessible stronghold of the Zulus, known as the Zlobani, or Inhlobani
+mountain, at which place they had gathered together great herds of
+cattle—their chief wealth—thinking it impregnable. This fastness Colonel
+Wood resolved to attack, with his mounted men and natives, operating
+simultaneously against the mountain on both sides. His force was divided
+into two columns, under Colonels Buller and Russell.
+
+Buller’s force, with whom was Colonel Wood, attacked the mountain at
+dawn on March 28th., and under cover of the mist gained the summit with
+trifling loss; the Zulus retreating into caves, with which the place
+abounded. Colonel Russell’s column had scarcely reached the westward
+side of the mountain, when he was aware of a Zulu army of twenty
+thousand, marching rapidly, with the object of cutting off Buller’s
+retreat. Russell abandoned some cattle he had taken; sent his native
+troops back to Kambula, and formed up his mounted men at the foot of the
+mountain, to cover the retreat of Buller. The Zulus on the mountain
+seeing the advance of their warriors, came out of their hiding places,
+and harassed the movements of Buller’s men, who had no alternative but
+to descend the rugged side of the mountain by paths “utterly
+impracticable for even led horses.” The retreat soon became a rout, for
+the Zulus occupied the rocks; pouring a hot fire at point blank range
+into the struggling mass of men and horses, and using their assegais
+with fatal effect. But for the heroic efforts of Colonel Buller, Major
+Leet, and Commandant Darcy, the force would have been exterminated. How
+Buller escaped was almost miraculous, he saved the lives of six of his
+men at least, personally, and was one of the last down the rocks, where
+only one horseman could pass abreast, called the “Devil’s Pass.” Once
+clear of this precipitous path, the worst was over; the retreat being
+covered by Colonel Russell, and the remainder of the force reached
+Kambula, with a loss of over one hundred killed and wounded, including
+thirteen officers. Colonel Weatherley and his son, a lad of fifteen, and
+the whole of his Border Horse, except eight, were slain. Captain Barton,
+of the Coldstream Guards, who lost his life in endeavouring to rescue a
+wounded trooper, and eighteen of his men perished; also the gallant old
+Boer leader, Piet Uys,[79] whose father and uncles had fallen in the
+wars against Dingaan.
+
+Encouraged by this success, next day the Zulu army, numbering
+twenty-five thousand men, made a most determined attack upon the
+entrenched camp at Kambula, which was manned by detachments of the
+18th., 80th., and 90th. Regiments, with a battery of Royal Artillery,
+under Major Tremlett, and some Volunteers. For more than four hours
+raged a desperate conflict, during which the enemy, in spite of enormous
+losses, madly rushed on with deafening yells, till their assegais
+clashed against the British bayonets; but finding all their efforts of
+no avail, and mowed down by the deadly fire, lost heart, and began to
+retire in confusion. A ringing cheer arose from the camp, the mounted
+men sprang into their saddles, and led by Buller and Russell, pursued
+the enemy for seven miles, strewing their way with the bodies of
+hundreds of Zulus, and amply avenging the disaster of the previous day.
+General Wood on seeing the panic-stricken flight of the enemy,
+exclaimed, “Oh, for two regiments of British cavalry!”
+
+The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was variously estimated from
+three to four thousand; fifteen hundred dead bodies were lying around
+the camp at nightfall, of which many were carried away before morning,
+but the victors were occupied for two days in burying their dead foemen.
+The wounded that were captured, were kindly treated, and their wounds
+dressed.
+
+The British loss was two officers[80] and twenty-three men killed, and
+eight officers and fifty-seven men wounded.
+
+A week or two before this, another disaster, similar to the affair at
+Isandhlwana, but fortunately of lesser magnitude, befel Captain Moriarty
+and a company of the 80th. Regiment, encamped on the bank of the Intombe
+River; who were surprised in the early dawn, by an overwhelming body of
+Zulus, and two-thirds of the party slain on the spot. Lieutenant
+Harvard, the only surviving officer, leaving the remnant of his men to
+shift for themselves, galloped off to Luneberg for help; and it was only
+by the exertions and bravery of Colour-Sergeant Anthony Booth, that a
+man escaped. For this service, Sergeant Booth well won, and obtained,
+the Victoria Cross.
+
+All this time the force under Colonel Pearson remained blockaded at
+Ekowe. Pearson had made some successful raids on the enemy; but his
+stock of provisions was rapidly diminishing, and he was anxiously
+expecting relief.
+
+On March 29th., Lord Chelmsford, with a force of three thousand three
+hundred English soldiers and seamen, from the “Shah,” “Tenedos,” and
+“Boadicea,” with gatling guns and a rocket battery, and about two
+thousand two hundred Natives, set out from Fort Tenedos for Ekowe. On
+the 2nd. of April he was attacked by the Zulu army, under Dabulamanzi,
+at Ginghilovo. The enemy fought with desperation, but their frantic
+attacks were repulsed with enormous loss, and after a very sharp action
+of about one and a half hours, they fled in disorder, hotly pursued by
+the mounted men, under Captain Barrow. Eight hundred Zulus were buried
+on the field, and their total loss must have been over a thousand men.
+The British casualties were trifling.
+
+Ekowe was relieved two days after, the works destroyed and the post
+abandoned; the whole force returning to the Lower Tugela.
+
+In the meanwhile large reinforcements arrived from England, including
+the 1st. Dragoon Guards, the 17th. Lancers, the Royal Scots Fusiliers,
+the 58th., 91st., and 94th. Regiments, and drafts for other corps in the
+Colony, the whole amounting to over ten thousand officers and men. Among
+the new arrivals was the unfortunate Prince Imperial, who reached Durban
+two days after the conflict at Kambula, and was appointed an extra
+A.D.C. on the head-quarter staff.
+
+An immediate advance into Zululand was decided on, and organised in
+three divisions. The first under General Crealock, C.B.; the second
+under Major-General Newdigate; and the third—a flying column—under
+General Wood; with whom was Lord Chelmsford, acting in advance of the
+second division; Ulundi being the object of the combined operations. For
+a time the invaders were almost unopposed, the enemy seeming to realise
+the uselessness of attacking, with assegai and shield; entrenchments,
+and squares of men armed with breechloaders, gatlings, and rockets; but
+they had gained wisdom by experience, and avoiding fighting, overran
+defenceless territory and carried off cattle, at the same time as a
+_ruse_, sending messengers with proposals of peace.
+
+At the commencement of this final stage of the war, occurred another
+untoward accident, which cast a gloom over the whole campaign, and
+thrilled the heart of England with shame and indignation. On June 1st.,
+the Prince Imperial of France, Louis Napoleon, while out on a
+reconnoitring expedition with Lieutenant Carey of the 98th. Regiment,
+and six troopers of Bettington’s Horse, was surprised and killed by a
+party of Zulus. As an officer in the camp wrote:—“The news of his death
+fell like a thunderbolt on all.” His body was next day recovered and
+sent to England.
+
+On June 5th. was a smart cavalry skirmish, in which Lieutenant Firth, of
+the 17th. Lancers, was killed.
+
+Lord Chelmsford, with General Newdigate’s division and Wood’s flying
+column, kept steadily advancing; establishing posts, and securing his
+communication as he moved forward. On July the 3rd., Colonel Buller,
+with five hundred cavalry, pushed forward to the Umvalosi River, on the
+road to Ulundi, to reconnoitre the country. He crossed the river, but
+had advanced but little beyond it, when he was suddenly assailed in
+front and flank by five thousand Zulus, who attempted to surround him
+and cut off his retreat. Buller retired, not without loss, hotly
+pursued, and would have suffered much, but for the fire of the
+nine-pounder guns of Major Tremlett, which checked the enemy. In this
+affair, Lord William Beresford, of the 9th. Lancers, who had obtained
+six months’ leave from India, and had come to Africa from sheer love of
+fighting, gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in rescuing from
+the pursuing Zulus a dismounted trooper of the Frontier Light Horse.
+
+Next day, in the early morning,[81] Lord Chelmsford crossed the
+Umvalosi, with a total strength of four thousand Europeans, and about
+eleven hundred natives, with two gatlings, and twelve guns. In the front
+were the 80th., 90th., and 13th. Regiments, with four seven-pounders,
+two nine-pounders, and two gatlings; the 58th. and 94th. Regiments, with
+two seven- and four nine-pounders; and in the rear the Scots Fusiliers,
+with three squadrons of the 17th. Lancers. About eight o’clock he
+reached the King’s kraal at Ulundi, and was attacked by the Zulu army,
+variously estimated at from fifteen to twenty thousand men. The troops
+were formed in a hollow square four deep, which the furious and repeated
+charges of the enemy, who advanced with the utmost bravery, in spite of
+a murderous shell and rifle fire, utterly failed to break, and at no
+point did they succeed in approaching nearer than thirty yards. In forty
+minutes the Zulus were in full flight, pursued by Colonel Drury Lowe,
+and the 17th. Lancers, who did terrible execution, literally cutting
+them up with lance and sabre.
+
+The British loss in this battle, which virtually ended the war, was
+Captain Wyatt-Edgell (17th. Lancers) and ten men killed, and about
+seventy officers and men wounded.
+
+The loss of the enemy was upwards of fifteen hundred killed, there being
+no wounded on the field, as the native contingent despatched all they
+could find with their assegais.
+
+Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had arrived at the Cape at the end of June from
+London, now superseded Lord Chelmsford in the command, who with Generals
+Newdigate and Crealock, Sir E. Wood, Colonel Buller, and the principal
+officers, returned to England. Sir Garnet despatched two columns in
+pursuit of Cetewayo, under Colonel Clark of the 57th. Regiment, and
+Colonel Baker Russell, C.B., of the 13th. Hussars. For sixteen days the
+fugitive king baffled his pursuers, but on August 28th. he was captured
+in a kraal in the almost impenetrable Ngome Forest, by Major Marter of
+the 1st. Dragoon Guards.
+
+On the 1st. of September, 1879, the sixth anniversary of the day when
+Cetewayo was installed King of the Zulus, by Sir Theophilus Shepstone,
+and on the same spot, was held a meeting of chiefs; who in the presence
+of Sir Garnet Wolseley, acknowledged the sovereignty of Queen Victoria,
+abolished the military system, and gave up the importation of arms into
+Zululand. They also agreed to condemn none of their subjects to death
+without a trial, and their men were also to be free to marry when they
+pleased. Fugitives from justice were to be given up, and in all disputes
+the decision of the British Resident was to be final.
+
+The cost of this war was estimated to be about £5,230,000.
+
+
+
+
+                      OPERATIONS AGAINST SEKUKUNI,
+                                1878–79.
+
+
+Sekukuni was a chief of the Basutos, who in his fastness in the Lulu
+mountains, between the Oliphant and Steel Poort Rivers, had defied the
+Colonial Government, successfully resisted the Boers, and allied himself
+with Cetewayo. Occupying a mountain range of fifty miles in length, he
+was surrounded by all the lawless and warlike spirits in the district,
+attracted by the hope of plunder; and like one of the robber barons of
+the Middle Ages, he despatched them in all directions to ravage and lay
+waste the surrounding country. In February, 1878, some of his men made a
+raid on a chief under the protection of the English; and Sekukuni,
+encouraged by Cetewayo, in reply to the complaint of the British
+Commissioner, answered that “the English were afraid to fight—that the
+country was his, not theirs, and that he was quite ready for war.”
+
+In October a small body of one hundred and thirty men of the 13th.
+Regiment, some Frontier Horse, and Mounted Infantry, commanded by
+Colonel Rowlands, V.C., advanced to attack Sekukuni, but through the
+roughness of the country, want of water, and the smallness of his force,
+he could effect nothing, and was obliged to retreat. War in Zululand now
+being imminent, operations against this formidable chieftain were for a
+time suspended, but after the capture of Cetewayo, a new expedition
+against him was organised by Sir Garnet Wolseley.
+
+Sekukuni’s chief stronghold, called his “Fighting Koppie,” and deemed
+impregnable by the Basutos, was a tremendous natural fortress rising
+from the plain several hundred feet. Boulders and vast rocks piled one
+over another formed the sides, the interior was honeycombed by caverns
+and crannies innumerable, and the base of the hill was covered with
+trees and jungly brushwood. It was occupied by a population of about
+twelve thousand, but only five thousand were fighting men. The British
+force consisted of two thousand two hundred Europeans, of whom fourteen
+hundred were detachments of the 21st., 94th., and 80th. Regiments, and
+about ten thousand Swazies, under Major Bushman (9th. Lancers) and
+Captain Macleod, the whole being commanded by Colonel Baker Russell.
+
+Sir Garnet Wolseley having completed his arrangements, the attack on the
+stronghold was made November 28th., 1879, at four a.m., in three
+divisions. Commandant Ferreira, with his colonial troops, carried the
+heights on the south; Major Carrington, of the 24th. Regiment,
+commanding the left attack, occupied the heights to the north; and Major
+Bushman, with his Swazies, gained the top of the ridge commanding the
+“town,” and combining with Carrington’s attack, poured down on the
+central kraal, which was soon wrapped in flames. The “Fighting Koppie”
+now being completely surrounded, was shelled by two Krupp guns, and two
+seven-pounders, directed by Captain Knox, R.A., and at ten a.m., was
+stormed by the centre column, consisting of the English infantry under
+Colonel Murray. The kraals below were burning fiercely; Ferreira’s men
+rushed up on the right, and with the Volunteers and Swazies, raced with
+the red-coats to be first in the Koppie, but after an obstinate
+struggle, the men of the 21st. and 80th. gained the summit of the hill,
+and the place was taken.
+
+The position was captured, but the resistance of the defenders was not
+at an end. Hundreds of them sought refuge in the caverns with which the
+hill abounded, and from them kept up an intermittent fire till they were
+hunted out and slain. Sekukuni for some days escaped capture, but being
+surrounded on all sides, his supply of water cut off, and his caverns
+blown up, he surrendered on December 2nd. to Major Clark, and was
+conveyed a prisoner to Pretoria.
+
+In this brilliant affair the British loss was three officers and seven
+men killed, and six officers and forty-three men wounded. The Swazies
+had nearly a thousand killed and wounded, and the five thousand
+defenders of the Koppie were nearly all slain, as our native allies gave
+no quarter.
+
+Among the officers who distinguished themselves was Major Herbert
+Stewart, who shewed great energy and tact in dealing with the Native
+Contingent, and who in January, 1885, as General Sir H. Stewart, in
+command of the Gordon Relief Expedition, was mortally wounded, near
+Metammeh, on the Nile.
+
+The regiments engaged in these harassing operations were: the 1st.
+Dragoon Guards, 1879; the 17th. Lancers, 1879; the 3rd. and 4th. Foot,
+1879; the 13th., 1878–9; 21st, 1879; 24th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; 57th.,
+1879; 58th., 1879; 60th., 1879; 80th., 1878–79; 88th. and 90th., 1877,
+1878, and 1879; 91st., 1879; 94th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; and the 97th.,
+99th., 1879.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Afghanistan Medal.
+]
+
+Every incident in these campaigns, which greatly consisted in patrolling
+and skirmishing in all directions, has not been narrated in detail; yet
+enough has been stated to show that the military power of Great Britain
+has seldom contended with more obstinate and braver enemies than the
+half-civilised Kaffirs and Zulus; and no medal has been more hardly
+earned than that granted for services in South Africa.
+
+
+
+
+                   THE AFGHANISTAN MEDALS, 1839–1880.
+
+
+For services in Afghanistan from the year 1839 to 1880 ten medals
+altogether have been granted, including those given for the storming of
+Ghuznee, and the defence of Jellalabad and Kelat-i-Ghilzie. The Ghuznee
+medal[82] was given by Shah Soojah, the restored King of Afghanistan, to
+the British troops present at the storming of that place, under Sir John
+Keane, July 22nd. and 23rd., 1839. This medal is silver, having on the
+obverse a view of the fortress, with the name “Ghuznee” underneath.
+Reverse: A laurel wreath, encircling a mural crown, with the date,
+“23rd. July,” above, and “1839” below. Ribbon, half crimson and half
+green; no clasp. Permission was granted by the Queen in 1841 to wear
+this medal. For the successful defence of Jellalabad two medals were
+given. The first was granted by Lord Ellenborough, Governor-General of
+India—silver. Obverse: A mural crown, with “Jellalabad” inscribed above,
+on the reverse the date of the victorious sortie, “VII. April, 1842.”
+The second Jellalabad medal, designed by Wyon, was issued by the English
+Government, and was intended to be worn in place of the first[83], but
+from its rarity it seems that but few men took advantage of the offered
+exchange. Obverse: Head of the Queen, crowned, with the inscription,
+“Victoria Vindex.” Reverse: Victory, with the Union Jack in her left
+hand, and laurel wreaths in her right, flying over the fortress of
+Jellalabad; above the figure are the words, “Jellalabad, VII. April,”
+and in the exergue, “MDCCCXLII.” Ribbon: Rainbow pattern for both
+medals; no clasp. The Kelat-i-Ghilzie medal was also granted by Lord
+Ellenborough to the defenders of that place—silver. Obverse: A laurel
+wreath, encircling a shield, inscribed, “Kelat-i-Ghilzie,” surmounted by
+a mural crown. Reverse: A trophy of arms, inscribed “Invicta,” with the
+date MDCCCXLII. underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. For services at
+Ghuznee, Cabul, and Candahar, five distinct medals were distributed, all
+having on the obverse the head of the Queen, with the legend, “Victoria
+Vindex,” but the inscription on the reverse varying as follows:—
+
+(1.) “Candahar,” “Ghuznee,” and “Cabul,” 1842, under each other, given
+to those men who served during the whole campaign.
+
+(2.) “Candahar,” 1842, given to men who were engaged with the enemy from
+January 1st. to August 10th., 1842.
+
+(3.) “Candahar” and “Ghuznee,” given to men present at both places only.
+
+(4.) “Ghuznee” and “Cabul,” given to the troops who went with General
+Nott from Ghuznee to Cabul, 6th to 17th of September, 1842.
+
+(5.) “Cabul,” given to those who reached Cabul after September 16th,
+1842; no clasps; ribbon, rainbow pattern. The reverse of these medals,
+excepting that for Ghuznee and Cabul, are alike in design, the names
+“Candahar,” &c., being inscribed within a laurel wreath, surmounted by a
+crown, with the date 1842 below. The medal for Ghuznee and Cabul has the
+names inscribed within a double wreath of laurel, with the crown over,
+and in the exergue “1842.” The obverse of this medal, and of that given
+for Cabul, has a laurel wreath surrounding the Queen’s head. The
+authority for these medals to be worn by the Queen’s troops was notified
+to the army in India, January 25th, 1843. The medal given for the
+campaigns of 1878, 1879, and 1880 is of silver. Obverse: Head of the
+Queen, veiled and crowned, with the inscription, “Victoria Regina et
+Imperatrix.” Reverse: An elephant bearing a mountain gun; in foreground
+a mounted British officer, cavalry with lances, following on the march;
+in the background, mountains; above, the word, “Afghanistan,” and the
+dates 1878, 1879, and 1880 in the exergue. Clasps inscribed “Ali
+Musjid,” “Peiwar Kotal,” “Charasia,” “Kabul,” “Ahmed Khel,” and
+“Kandahar,” were also granted, the greatest number worn with the medal
+being four. Ribbon, green centre with crimson borders.
+
+For the march of General Roberts from Kabul to Candahar a bronze star
+was given, made from guns captured at Cabul. The star is of five points,
+suspended from an Imperial crown; in the centre a monogram, composed of
+the letters “V. R. I.,” surrounded by the words “Kabul to Kandahar,”
+with the date 1880 underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. On the reverse
+of the star is engraved the rank, name, and corps of the recipient.
+
+
+
+
+                         THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR.
+                                 1839.
+
+
+Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk had been driven from the throne of Afghanistan,
+and his kingdom divided among several chiefs. A Persian army besieged
+Herat, on the Afghan frontier, and the court of Persia claimed an
+extensive portion of territory, which, lying between India and Persia,
+appeared to menace the safety of the British dominions in the East
+Indies. These circumstances, and the unprovoked attack made on a British
+ally, Runjeet Singh, by Dost Mahomed Khan, occasioned a tripartite
+treaty to be concluded between the British, Runjeet Singh, and Shah
+Soojah, for the purpose of effecting the restoration of the dethroned
+monarch, and a British force designated the “ARMY OF THE INDUS,” was
+assembled to effect this object. In addition to the native corps, it
+comprised the 4th. and 16th. Dragoons, (the cavalry being commanded by
+Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, G.C.B., then Major-General,)
+and the 2nd., 13th., and 17th. regiments of the regular army. The Bengal
+column was placed under Major-General Sir Willoughby Cotton, K.C.B., and
+the Bombay one under Major-General Willshire. General Sir Henry Fane was
+to have commanded the whole, but on information being received in
+October, 1838, that the siege of Herat had been raised by the Persian
+monarch, who had marched therefrom towards his capital, the force was
+reduced, and the second Bengal division was left at Ferozepore.
+Lieutenant-General Sir John (afterwards Lord) Keane, was consequently
+appointed to the command.
+
+The plan of operations was thus arranged:—Major-General Sir Willoughby
+Cotton was to march near Scinde, through the Bolan Pass to Candahar, and
+proceed thence to Ghuznee and Cabool. The Bombay division of the army
+commenced its march from the mouth of the Indus, through the country
+occupied by the Ameers of Scinde, who, refusing permission for the
+troops to pass through their territory, a passage had to be effected by
+force. Hyderabad, the capital, was captured; Kurrachee was occupied; and
+the Ameers were brought to submission early in February, 1839. The army
+then continued its march, passed the Indus on a bridge of boats near the
+fortress of Bukkur, which had been delivered up as a place of arms
+during the war in Afghanistan, and entered upon regions never before
+traversed by British troops, but which are interesting from their
+association with the operations and reverses of Alexander the Great.
+
+Advancing from Shikarpore the troops arrived in the middle of March, at
+Dadur, situated a few miles from the Bolan Pass, through which they
+marched between mountains covered with snow. In these wild regions bands
+of Beloochees lurked to avail themselves of every opportunity to follow
+their predatory habits, and they murdered several camp followers, and
+plundered some baggage. Issuing from this gloomy defile of more than
+fifty miles in length, the army entered the Dushi-be-doulut, or the
+unhappy desert, and halted a short time at Quettah, situated in the
+centre of the valley of Shawl, of which it is the capital. Supplies of
+provisions could not be procured in these sterile regions; the issue of
+grain for the horses ceased, the soldiers were placed upon half rations,
+the native followers upon quarter, and several men, who were searching
+for forage at a distance from the camp, were sacrificed by the natives,
+who availed themselves of every opportunity of destroying small parties.
+
+All these hardships were borne with fortitude, and in the early part of
+April the army commenced its march through the vale of Shawl; it
+descended the picturesque height of Kotul into the valley of Koochlak;
+forded rivers; and passed the height of Kozak, where the men had to drag
+the artillery over the precipice with ropes. Surmounting every obstacle
+with patient perseverance, the troops continued to press forward; the
+rulers of Afghanistan, struck with dismay, fled from the capital,
+leaving the country to the Sovereign whom the British were advancing to
+restore. As the army proceeded on its way, various classes of
+individuals tendered their submission, and on the 27th. of April it
+arrived at Candahar, the capital of western Afghanistan, where
+provisions and repose were obtained. The tents were pitched in the
+grassy meadows, among enclosures covered with crops of grain. The watery
+exhalations from the low grounds however proved injurious to the health
+of the men, and the great heat experienced in the tents, with a saline
+impregnation in the water, augmented the number of the sick.
+
+
+
+
+                          CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.
+                           23RD. JULY, 1839.
+
+
+Breaking up from Candahar on the 27th. of June, to reduce the remainder
+of the Shah’s dominions to obedience, the army advanced along a valley
+of dismal sterility to the Turnuk river; then proceeding up the right
+bank, traversed the country of the Western Ghilzees, and arrived on the
+21st. of July before Ghuznee, a strong fortress garrisoned by three
+thousand Afghans under Prince Mahomed Hyder Khan, who were well provided
+with stores and had determined on a desperate defence, having blocked up
+every gate with masonry excepting one.
+
+Not having a battering train of sufficient power to proceed by the
+regular method of breaching the walls, Lieutenant-General Sir John Keane
+resolved to storm the place without delay, and a reconnoissance was made
+on the 21st. of July, when it was determined to blow open the gate, and
+accordingly during the night of the 22nd. of July a quantity of
+gunpowder was secretly brought to the one not blocked up with masonry,
+which was to be destroyed by an explosion before daylight on the
+following morning.
+
+To the 13th. Foot was assigned the duty of covering the operations, in
+blowing open the gate, and they paraded at two o’clock, a.m. Three
+hundred pounds of gunpowder (in twelve sandbags) were used for this
+purpose. The regiment proceeded in advance of the storming party to the
+causeway of the gate under cover of the darkness of the night, and the
+fire of the batteries of the assailants, six men of the leading company
+being told off to assist in carrying the powder-bags. On reaching the
+causeway, the 13th. extended in light order along the ditch, and by
+their fire distracted the enemy’s attention from the gate. After the
+explosion a company of the regiment, under Lieutenant Jennings, moved up
+with the engineer officer to ascertain if the operation had been
+attended with success; on which the light company of the 2nd. (or
+Queen’s Royal,) No. 9 company of the 13th., under Captain Vigors, the
+light companies of the 17th., and of the Bengal European Regiment, which
+had been named to form the advance of the storming column, immediately
+pressed forward under the command of Brigadier Dennie, and despite a
+heavy fire gained an entrance into the fort. These were quickly followed
+by the main storming column under Brigadier Sale, (who was severely
+wounded on this occasion,) which consisted of the 2nd. Queens, under
+Major Carruthers, and the Bengal European Regiment, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Orchard; to these succeeded the 13th. Light Infantry,
+under Major Fraser, as they collected from the duty of skirmishing, with
+which they were directed to commence, and the 17th., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Croker. The whole were soon established in possession
+of the fort.
+
+After this the garrison rushed some to the citadel and others to the
+houses, from which they kept up an annoying fire, when the 13th. and
+17th. regiments were directed against the former, which unexpectedly was
+found evacuated. Large supplies of grain, ammunition of all kinds, and
+several guns with about two thousand horses, fell into the hands of the
+victors. A company of the 13th., under Lieutenant Arthur Wilkinson,
+succeeded in capturing the redoubt, (or outwork,) and took two standards
+and about sixty prisoners. A standard was captured by the 17th., but was
+afterwards lost by the wreck of a transport, in which a part of the
+regiment was embarked.
+
+The loss sustained in the assault of Ghuznee by the Queen’s regiments,
+(the 2nd., 13th., and 17th. Foot,) was limited to five men killed, and
+six officers and sixty-three men wounded.
+
+When the Afghan horsemen, who had assembled in the neighbourhood, learnt
+the fate of the fortress, they abandoned their camp equipage and
+baggage, and fled towards Cabool, the capital of Eastern Afghanistan, in
+the direction of which city the British forces immediately advanced.
+
+Dost Mahomed Khan, the ruler of the country, assembled a formidable host
+in position near Ughundee; but ascertaining that his soldiers had
+resolved to abandon him, he fled with a body of select cavalry, leaving
+his artillery in position; and the British army advancing to the
+capital, replaced Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, on the 7th. of August, in the
+possession of the palace of his forefathers, from which he had been an
+exile many years. The conquest of a kingdom was thus achieved with
+trifling loss, and the troops pitched their tents in a rich valley near
+Cabool.
+
+An order of merit was instituted by the Shah, called the Order of the
+Dooranée Empire, the decorations[84] of which were conferred on the
+general and field officers. The following regiments of the Queen’s army
+were engaged in this service:—the 2nd. Queen’s, the 13th. and 17th.
+Foot, and the Bengal European Regiment, (now the 101st.,) the 4th. Light
+Dragoons, and the 16th. Lancers.
+
+Shah Soojah’s government became so unpopular, that the Afghans
+determined to expel the British, by whose aid he had been reinstated,
+and whose presence in Cabool was rendered necessary to support him on
+the throne. The crisis arrived in 1841. In October the Afghans broke out
+into open insurrection; the British envoy, Sir William Macnaughten, and
+Sir Alexander Burnes, were treacherously murdered, and the troops,
+including the 44th. regiment,[85] which occupied Cabool, being compelled
+to evacuate that place, and retreat towards Jellalabad, were cut to
+pieces on the march, Dr. Brydon of the Shah’s forces, being the only
+officer who succeeded in reaching that place. It is remarkable that this
+officer was one of the heroes of Lucknow.
+
+The 13th. regiment was more fortunate; under its gallant
+Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir Robert Sale, (serving with the local rank of
+Major-General), it reached Jellalabad, having at the breaking out of the
+insurrection been detached from Cabool with a force in order to reduce
+the insurgents, and after much hard fighting in the passes, had taken
+possession of Jellalabad, the successful defence of which by his small
+garrison, forms so bright a feature in this terrible and gloomy history.
+Before describing this heroic defence, only equalled by that of Lucknow,
+it is necessary to show the manner in which the gallant band reached the
+place of safety. The 13th. and other troops left Cabool on the 11th. of
+October, in consequence of a body of insurgents having possessed
+themselves of the Khoord Cabool pass,[86] about ten miles from the
+capital, with a view to expel the rebels, and re-open the communication
+with India. On the 12th. of October the pass was forced, the troops
+under Sir Robert penetrating to Khoord (Little) Cabool.
+
+Major-General Sir Robert Sale, Captain Hamlet C. Wade, (Major of
+Brigade,) Lieutenant George Mein, and Ensign Oakes were wounded.
+Lieutenant Mein being dangerously wounded, was obliged to be sent back
+in a litter to Cabool. Upon Sir Robert Sale being compelled to quit the
+field from the severity of his wound, the command of the troops devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Dennie, C.B., also of the 13th. The regiment
+then faced about, to return through the pass according to the plan for
+executing the operation, leaving the other corps at Khoord Cabool.
+Possession was then taken of Bootkhak, where the regiment was stationed
+until the 18th. of October. During this delay, incessant night attacks
+were made by the enemy, called by them Shub Khoon, (night slaughter;)
+Sir Robert Sale’s precaution in ordering the men to lie down on their
+alarm posts, as soon as the fire was opened on the camp, prevented much
+loss: his orders prohibiting any return-fire likewise saved many, and
+all the enemy’s attempts to force an entrance therein were successfully
+resisted by the bayonet alone. Meanwhile the rebellion continued of a
+formidable character, and the 13th. were ordered to march to Tezeen,
+where they arrived on the 22nd. of October, and were engaged with a body
+of insurgents, whom they drove from some heights and strong positions.
+
+In consequence of orders from Cabool, the force under Major-General Sir
+Robert Sale marched for Gundamuck, and were continually pressed day and
+night, by insurgent bands hovering on their flanks and rear, which
+occasioned the fatigues and duties of the troops to be particularly
+harassing; the way led along defiles and over mountains, and when the
+soldiers halted, breastworks had to be thrown up to defend the bivouac
+ground from sudden attacks of the Afghan cavalry.
+
+On the 29th. of October the rebels were found in force at the Jugdulluck
+Pass, and for some time they checked the advance of the column; but the
+skirmishers of the 13th. sprang forward, and driving the Afghans from
+almost inaccessible heights protected by breastworks, enabled the
+British force to surmount every obstacle in the defile, and to arrive at
+Gundamuck on the following day.
+
+Sir Robert Sale remained at Gundamuck with his troops until the 5th. of
+November, when they proceeded and captured the fort of Mamoo Khail in
+the neighbourhood, and returned on the 6th. to Gundamuck. There
+intelligence was received of the breaking out of a violent insurrection
+at Cabool, on the 2nd. of November, and of the probability that the
+rebellion would become general. Under these circumstances, two forced
+marches on Jellalabad were made, with a numerous enemy pressing on the
+flanks and rear; a body of insurgents were beaten at Futtehabad by the
+rear-guard under Lieutenant-Colonel Dennie; and Jellalabad, the chief
+town in the valley of Ningrahar, was seized by the British troops on the
+12th. of November, to establish a post upon which the corps at Cabool
+might retire, if necessary, and thus restore a link in the chain of
+communication with India.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  MEDAL FOR THE CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                         DEFENCE OF JELLALABAD.
+               12TH. NOVEMBER, 1841, TO 7TH. APRIL, 1842.
+
+
+The fortress of Jellalabad was found to be in a very dilapidated state,
+and the inhabitants disaffected to the government of the Shah. The
+Afghans collected to about ten thousand, and the walls of the fort being
+without parapets, and the garrison having only one day and a half
+supplies, on half rations, a sally was made on the 14th. of November,
+which routed the enemy, and enabled the troops to collect provisions,
+and erect works for the defence of the fortress, which called forth the
+efforts of all. While thus employed, the Afghans in great force again
+invested the place on the 27th. of November, but they were completely
+routed and dispersed by a sally of the garrison on the 1st. of December.
+
+On the 9th. of January, 1842, the garrison was summoned to give up the
+fortress by the leader of the Afghan rebellion, in fulfilment of a
+convention entered into at Cabool with Major-General Elphinstone, who
+was taken prisoner at a conference, and died shortly afterwards; but Sir
+Robert Sale being fully assured of the bad faith of the insurgents,
+refused.
+
+Captain Broadfoot, garrison engineer, and Captain Abbott, commissary of
+ordnance, aided by the indefatigable exertions of the troops, put the
+works into a state of defence to resist any Asiatic enemy not provided
+with siege-artillery; but the place was kept in a continual state of
+alarm by the occurrence of one hundred shocks of an earthquake in the
+course of a month, one of which, on the 19th. of February, occasioned
+the parapets to fall, injured the bastions, made a breach in the
+rampart, destroyed the guard-houses, reduced other portions of the works
+to ruins, and demolished one third of the town. With that unconquerable
+spirit of perseverance for which the troops had already been
+distinguished, they instantly turned to the repair of the works. Sirdar
+Mahomed Akbar Khan, Barukzye, the assassin of the late Envoy, and the
+treacherous destroyer of the Cabool force, flushed with success,
+approached with a numerous army to overwhelm the little garrison; he
+attacked the foraging parties on the 21st. and 22nd. of February; but
+was astonished at finding the works in a state of defence, whereupon he
+established a rigorous blockade. From that time to the 7th. of April,
+the reduced garrison was engaged in a succession of skirmishes, in which
+the 13th. had opportunities of distinguishing themselves; particularly
+detachments under Captains Pattisson and Fenwick, Lieutenants George
+Wade and W. Cox.
+
+Information was received on the 5th. of April, that the force under
+Major-General, now General Sir George Pollock, G.C.B., had experienced
+reverses in the Khyber, and had retraced its steps towards Peshawur; and
+on the 6th. a _feu-de-joie_ and salute of artillery were fired by
+Mahomed Akbar, in honour of the event. It was also reported that the
+Ghazees had been defeated, and that the Sirdar had retreated into
+Lughman. Sir Robert Sale resolved to anticipate the last-mentioned
+event, by a general attack on the Afghan camp, with the hope of
+relieving Jellalabad from blockade, and facilitating Major-General
+Pollock’s advance. Directions were accordingly given to form three
+columns of infantry, the central one consisting of the 13th., (mustering
+five hundred bayonets,) under Colonel Dennie, C.B.; the left comprising
+a similar number of the 35th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Monteath, C.B.; and the right composed of one company of the 13th., one
+of the 35th. Native Infantry, and the detachment of Sappers, under the
+command of Lieutenant Orr, amounting to three hundred and sixty men, was
+commanded by Captain (afterwards the celebrated Sir Henry) Havelock, of
+the 13th.: these were supported by the fire of the guns of No. 6 field
+battery under Captain Abbott, the whole of the small cavalry force being
+under Captain Oldfield and Lieutenant Mayne.
+
+At daylight on the morning of the 7th. of April, the troops issued from
+the Cabool and Peshawur gates. Mahomed Akbar Khan, had formed his force
+of about six thousand men in order of battle for the defence of his
+camp; its right resting on a fort, and its left on the Cabool river. The
+attack was led by the skirmishers and column under Captain Havelock;
+this drove the enemy from the extreme left of his advanced line of
+works, which it pierced at once, and proceeded to advance into the
+plain; the central column at the same time directed its efforts against
+a square fort, upon the same base, the defence of which was obstinately
+maintained. Colonel Dennie, while nobly leading his regiment to the
+assault, received a shot through his body, which, to the deep regret of
+officers and men, shortly after proved fatal.
+
+The rear of the work having been finally gained by passing to its left,
+orders were given for a combined attack upon the enemy’s camp; this was
+brilliant and successful. The artillery, advanced at the gallop, and
+directed a heavy fire upon the Afghan centre, while two columns of
+infantry penetrated his line near the same point, and the third forced
+back his left from its support on the river, into which some of his
+horse and foot were driven. The Afghans repeatedly attempted to check
+the advance by a smart fire of musketry—by throwing forward heavy bodies
+of horse, which twice threatened in force the detachments of infantry
+under Captain Havelock, and by opening three guns, screened by a garden
+wall; but in a short time they were dislodged from every point of their
+positions, their cannon taken, and their camp involved in a general
+conflagration.
+
+By about seven o’clock in the morning the battle was over and the enemy
+in full retreat in the direction of Lughman. Two Afghan cavalry
+standards were taken, besides four guns which had been lost by the
+Cabool army and Gundamuck forces. Great quantities of _matériel_ and
+stores were, together with the enemy’s tents, destroyed, and the defeat
+of Mahomed Akbar, in open field, by the troops he had boasted of
+blockading, was complete.
+
+Armourer Sergeant Henry Uylett, of the 13th., captured Mahomed Akbar’s
+standard, which he took from a cavalry soldier, whom he killed. The
+standard is of scarlet cloth, with a green border, and crimson and
+yellow fringe. It is triangular in shape and swallow-tailed. About the
+centre a patch of light blue cloth is introduced, on which are neatly
+sewn some characters in yellow cloth, being an extract from the Koran,
+signifying “The Omnipotent God! In the name of God, the clement and the
+merciful! With God as a helper, victory is nigh.” This and two other
+flags, captured by the 13th. on the same day, were deposited in Chelsea
+Hospital.
+
+The enemy’s loss was very severe; the field of battle was strewed with
+the bodies of men and horses, and the richness of the trappings of some
+of the latter denoted that chiefs of rank (several being present and
+taking part in the action) had fallen.
+
+In February following, the thanks of Parliament were accorded to the
+Governor-General of India, and to the officers and troops employed in
+Afghanistan, the resolutions being moved in the House of Lords by the
+Duke of Wellington, and in the House of Commons by Sir Robert Peel, who,
+after eulogizing the gallant conduct of Sir Robert Sale and the garrison
+of Jellalabad, (appropriately designated “ILLUSTRIOUS,”) specially
+deplored the death of Colonel Dennie, justly described as “one of the
+most noble and gallant spirits, whose actions have ever added brilliance
+to their country’s military renown.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIRST JELLALABAD MEDAL.
+]
+
+On the 26th. of August, 1842, it was officially announced in the “London
+Gazette,” that “In consideration of the distinguished gallantry
+displayed by the 13th. Light Infantry, during the campaigns in the
+Burmese empire and in Afghanistan, Her Majesty has been graciously
+pleased to approve of that regiment assuming the title of the ‘13th., or
+Prince Albert’s Light Infantry;’ and of its facings being changed from
+yellow to blue.
+
+“Her Majesty has also been pleased to authorize the 13th. Regiment of
+Light Infantry to bear on its colours and appointments a ‘Mural Crown,’
+superscribed ‘Jellalabad,’ as a memorial of the fortitude, perseverance,
+and enterprise, evinced by that regiment, and the several corps which
+served during the blockade of Jellalabad.”
+
+
+
+
+                        SECOND AFGHAN CAMPAIGN.
+                                 1842.
+
+
+When the news of the Afghan tragedy reached India, it was resolved to
+rescue the gallant garrison, and to restore British Supremacy beyond the
+Indus. Accordingly a force was collected at Peshawur, in the north of
+the Punjaub, under Major-General Pollock, early in 1842. Of this army,
+the Queen’s regiments consisted of the 3rd. Light Dragoons, and the 9th.
+and 31st. Foot. On the 5th. of April the Khyber Pass was forced,
+although strongly occupied, and its mouth having a breastwork of stones
+and bushes.
+
+Precipitous and rocky hills, on the right and left, presented great
+natural obstacles to the ascent of troops, and it was an undertaking of
+no ordinary difficulty to gain the summit of such heights, defended as
+they were by a numerous body of the enemy; the columns destined to
+accomplish this most important object, moved off simultaneously with the
+main one intended to assault the entrance, but were compelled to make a
+considerable detour to the right and left, to enable them to commence
+the ascent. The right column, consisting of four companies of the 9th.
+Foot, and the same number of companies of the 26th. and 64th. Native
+Infantry, were under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, of the
+9th. regiment, and Major Anderson, of the 64th. Native Infantry. The
+left column, consisting of four companies of the 9th. Foot, a similar
+number of companies of the 26th. and 64th. Native Infantry, together
+with four hundred Jezailchees, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Moseley
+and Major Huish, commenced the ascent, led by Captain Ferris, of the
+regiment of Jezailchees.
+
+Both columns, after considerable opposition, succeeded in routing the
+enemy, and gaining possession of the crest of the hills on either side.
+While the flanking columns were in progress on the heights, Captain
+Alexander, in command of the artillery, placed the guns in position, and
+threw shrapnel among the enemy when opportunity offered, which assisted
+much in their discomfiture. Upon the heights being gained, the main
+column was advanced to the mouth of the Pass, and commenced destroying
+the barrier, which the enemy had evacuated on perceiving their position
+was turned; portions of the right and left columns were left to keep the
+heights, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Moseley and Major
+Anderson, and Major Huish and Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor continued their
+advance to crown the hills in front, and on each side, which were
+covered with the foe, who appeared determined to contest every inch of
+ground; but the gallantry of the troops carried everything before them.
+
+Thus was accomplished without the payment of any tribute, the passage of
+the Khyber Pass,[87] and the road to Jellalabad was gained. The siege of
+that place (as already shewn) had been abandoned, when Major-General
+Pollock arrived on the 16th. of April, and found the garrison, after a
+siege which had lasted upwards of five months, in excellent health, with
+a plentiful supply of ammunition, and all most anxious to march on
+Cabool.
+
+
+
+
+                           ADVANCE ON CABOOL.
+                                 1842.
+
+
+Major-General Pollock urged upon Lord Ellenborough, the new
+Governor-General of India, the advance upon Cabool; the 31st. regiment,
+which had followed by forced marches, joined at Jellalabad on the 5th.
+of May, having undergone much privation on the way, and the loss of
+several men from famine and fatigue; while at Jellalabad the army was
+halted in wretched tents, the climate being so unhealthy during the
+summer, that the natives use it only as a winter residence. Soon the
+effect of this displayed itself; the days became so oppressive, that
+both officers and men were obliged to dig deep holes underground in
+which to shield themselves, in some slight measure, from the burning
+heat of the sun, the thermometer rising in the tents as high as 126°.
+
+In consequence of the extreme heat the troops suffered a loss which the
+most sanguinary encounter with the enemy could not have exceeded.
+Neither was it in men alone that the army was daily losing its
+efficiency. From the valley of Jellalabad having been so long the seat
+of war, the fertile land had become a desert,—the wretched half-starved
+camels could find no forage on the bare face on the sand, and they died
+by hundreds; their dead bodies lying about in all directions, swollen
+with the sun, and emitting the most pestilential exhalations, together
+with the filth and dirt of a standing camp of fifty thousand men, added
+to the disease which raged among the troops.
+
+Eventually it was found necessary to divide the force, and the fourth
+brigade, in which was the 31st. regiment, was ordered to march under
+Brigadier Monteath into the Shinwaree country, to punish some refractory
+tribes, who had attacked several convoys, and been guilty of many acts
+of murder and plunder. The warlike and turbulent Shinwaree tribes
+sheltered themselves in their strongholds, which were formed in a narrow
+valley, strengthened by many forts and stockaded enclosures, while the
+heights on either side were defended by numerous sunghas, or breastworks
+of large stones, which were so constructed as to enable them to dispute
+every inch of ground with an advancing force.
+
+On the 26th. of July, Brigadier Monteath prepared to attack the enemy
+near Mazeena with his whole force; and accordingly, leaving his camp
+standing under an efficient guard, he moved towards the position
+occupied by the Afghans, who were prepared, and nothing loath to meet
+him. The engagement was commenced by the 31st. regiment, seconded by the
+33rd. and 53rd. Native Infantry, ascending the heights, and driving the
+Shinwarees from their breastworks, and along the ridges of the hills,
+while the 10th. Light Cavalry, in the valley below, charged them
+whenever they showed front on level ground. The camp followers and
+pioneers had been furnished with combustibles to burn the forts, as the
+Shinwarees were driven out of them, which service was very efficiently
+performed. Meanwhile, on the heights, the enemy disputed every foot of
+ground until taken at the point of the bayonet, and Lieutenant M‘Ilween,
+of the 31st., was killed in leading one of the attacks.
+
+The Afghans being driven from their defences, the artillery, under the
+command of Captain Abbott, played upon them with great effect; and after
+contesting the day until every fort and place of defence had been taken
+and destroyed, they fled, dispersing themselves among the neighbouring
+hills, where it was impossible to pursue them. Their loss was very
+great, including most of their leaders.
+
+After this action the brigade returned to Jellalabad, and on the 20th.
+of August the army marched in two divisions _en route_ to Cabool. Three
+days afterwards the troops arrived at Gundamuck, when information was
+received that the enemy, under the Chiefs Hadji Ali and Khyroolah Khan,
+occupied the village and fort of Mammoo Khail, about two miles distant,
+and it was determined to attack them there on the following morning.
+Accordingly on the 24th. of August, at four o’clock, a.m., the troops
+advanced, and the attack on Mammoo Khail was attended with complete
+success.
+
+Major-General Pollock left Gundamuck on the 7th. of September, and on
+the day after the troops were engaged with the forces of Mahomed Khan
+and the Ghilzie chiefs at the Pass of Jugdulluck; in the valley were
+seen the blackened remains of the unfortunate Cabool force. No further
+opposition was shewn to the advance of the army until nearing the valley
+of Tezeen;—the road from this place to Khoord Cabool was through a
+succession of lofty hills, called the Huft Kotul, or Eight Hills.
+
+On the 10th. of September, it having been ascertained that Akbar Khan,
+with twenty thousand men, had established himself in the Khoord Cabool
+Pass, in order to cover the capital and fight a pitched battle with the
+British, the second division was ordered to join the first by a forced
+march to Tezeen, where Major-General Pollock was encamped. This junction
+was effected on the 11th. of September, with little loss, although a
+running fight was kept up the greater part of the way.
+
+Shortly after daybreak on the 13th. of September, the army moved off its
+ground towards the Tezeen Pass, the advanced guard being commanded by
+Sir Robert Sale. After moving carefully along the Pass for about two
+miles, the Afghans were discovered, in great force, occupying strong
+positions on the heights on either side, while their artillery and
+cavalry were formed some distance farther on in the Pass itself. The
+action commenced by a heavy fire on the advanced guard of the British;
+and the distance being too great for musketry, from the effect of which
+also the Afghans were covered by extensive sunghas, for the whole length
+of their position, it was judged necessary for the troops to ascend the
+heights and drive them from their posts at the point of the bayonet.
+This service was most effectively performed on the left heights by the
+9th. and 31st. regiments, and on the right by the 13th. Light Infantry.
+
+The companies ascended the face of the mountain under a most galling
+fire, from the effects of which many casualties occurred, and not
+returning a shot until the ledge was gained: a combined volley within
+ten yards of the enemy, followed by an immediate charge of bayonets,
+drove him from his defences with great slaughter, and the heights were
+gained.
+
+Being reinforced by fresh troops, the British pushed on, and storming
+one entrenchment after another, threw the Afghans into great confusion.
+The artillery was now brought up, and played upon them with terrific
+effect, while the British cavalry, having charged and overthrown their
+horse, posted in the Pass, and taken their guns, together with the state
+tent of their commander, Mahomed Akbar Khan, victory, even at this early
+period was in favour of the British arms; but the warlike mountaineers
+continued the struggle with desperate valour. Attack after attack was
+made upon the troops occupying the posts from which the enemy had first
+been driven. Reckless of life, the stern fanatics came on to be shot
+down from the defences which they had themselves thrown up. In a series
+of desultory attacks the day declined, and the British having obtained
+possession of every height commanding the Pass, the remains of the
+Afghan army made a _détour_ among the hills, and attacked the British
+rear-guard, commanded by Colonel Richmond, but they were warmly
+received, and entirely discomfited.
+
+So complete was the defeat of the Afghan army on the 13th. of September,
+that Akbar Khan escaped from the field accompanied only by a solitary
+horseman. The enemy acknowledged to have lost fifty-three chiefs and
+persons of consequence and seven hundred men. The casualties on the part
+of the British amounted to one hundred and eighty-five.
+
+No impediments now existed to the advance of the British on Cabool, at
+which city the army arrived on the 15th. of September, and encamped on
+the race-course. On the following morning the British colours were
+hoisted on the highest pinnacles of the battlements of the Bala Hissar,
+(upper fort,) on the spot most conspicuous from the city; the National
+Anthem was played, and a royal salute fired from the guns of the horse
+artillery, the whole of the troops present giving three cheers. The
+colours were left in the Bala Hissar to be hoisted daily as long as the
+troops should continue at Cabool.
+
+All the objects of the campaign were thus gained, and the rescue of the
+prisoners effected, amongst whom were several officers[88] and ladies,
+(Lady Sale being of the number,) together with thirty-six
+non-commissioned officers and men of the 44th. regiment—one hundred and
+five in all.
+
+
+
+
+                               CANDAHAR.
+                                 1842.
+
+
+As the 13th. Light Infantry are so intimately connected with the defence
+of Jellalabad, in like manner the 40th. regiment is associated with
+Candahar. Major-General Sir William Nott, like Sir Robert Sale, refused
+to obey the order from Major-General Elphinstone to surrender. After the
+insurrection at Cabool, a general rising took place throughout
+Afghanistan, and the insurgents in the neighbourhood of Candahar being
+headed by Prince Sufter Jung, the son of Shah Soojah, and brother of
+Prince Timour, (Governor of Candahar,) who had left on the 29th. of
+November, 1841, to place himself at the head of those whom Mahomed Atta
+Khan was assembling on the eastern frontier. The insurgents under these
+two chiefs having approached within eight miles, Major-General Sir
+William Nott, G.C.B., moved out to attack them on the morning of the
+12th. of January, 1842, the 40th. forming the advance. This regiment,
+during the previous year, had suffered severely from sickness, the
+number of deaths amounting to one hundred and fifty-nine. A strong
+position, with a morass in their front, had been taken up by the enemy,
+which rendered the approach of the troops difficult. The Afghans were,
+however, quickly routed. At this period, and until the 7th. of May, the
+soldiers remained accoutred every night.
+
+During the month of February considerable numbers of Afghans, under the
+command of Prince Sufter Jung and other chiefs assembled in the vicinity
+of Candahar, plundering the villages, and by every possible means urging
+the inhabitants to join in an attack upon the British troops, especially
+those occupying the cantonments; but owing to the severity of the
+weather the Major-General was unable to move, and such a measure became
+impracticable till the 7th. of March, when, the enemy having approached
+closer, Sir William Nott marched with the remainder of his army against
+them; they were followed, and dispersed in every direction. While the
+force were thus absent, a strong detachment of the enemy made an attack
+on the city, and succeeded in burning the Herat gate, but were repulsed
+with great loss by the troops in garrison. On the 25th. of March, Sir
+William moved out with a force (of which the 40th. formed a part,) to
+the support of a brigade detached under the command of Colonel Wymer,
+C.B., of the Bengal army, to forage and to afford protection to the
+numerous villages, when the Afghans were driven across the Urghundaub in
+the greatest confusion.
+
+Major-General (now Lieutenant-General Sir Richard) England, who had at
+first been unsuccessful in conveying stores to Candahar from Scinde,
+having been reinforced at Quetta, again advanced, and accomplished his
+object. On the 28th. of April he attacked the enemy’s strong position in
+front of the village of Hykulzie. The 41st., which formed part of his
+force, was the only Queen’s regiment that shared in this action; two out
+of the three columns of attack were led by Majors Simmons and Cochran,
+the reserve being under Major Browne, all of the 41st. Foot.
+
+
+
+
+                            KELAT-I-GHILZIE.
+
+
+On the 19th. of May, a force, composed of the 40th. and other corps,
+under Colonel Wymer, marched for the purpose of drawing off the garrison
+of Kelat-i-Ghilzie, a hill fort eighty-four miles from Candahar, on the
+road to Ghuznee, which had been held with difficulty throughout the
+winter, and had for some months been closely blockaded. It arrived there
+on the 26th., but on the 21st. the fort had been attacked by four
+thousand Ghilzees, at four in the morning, whom the defenders had
+gallantly defeated. The troops consequently were only occupied in
+destroying the defences, etc., till the 1st. of June, when they returned
+to Candahar.[89]
+
+Major-General Nott moved with his army on the 10th. of August, upon
+Cabool. The 40th. and 41st. regiments formed a portion of his force, the
+wounded, sick, and weakly men being sent to India _viâ_ the Kojuck Pass,
+with the troops under Major-General England. Captain White, of the light
+company of the 40th., was appointed to command the advance, composed of
+the light companies of the 40th. and 41st., and the 2nd., 16th., 38th.,
+42nd., and 43rd. regiments of Bengal Native Infantry, and the regiment
+of Kelat-i-Ghilzie.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF GONINE.
+                          30TH. AUGUST, 1842.
+
+
+Shumshoodeen, the Afghan governor of Ghuznee, about three o’clock in the
+afternoon, on the 30th. of August, brought nearly the whole of his army,
+amounting to about twelve thousand men, into the vicinity of the camp at
+Gonine, distant thirty-eight miles south-west of Ghuznee, where
+Major-General Nott moved out with one half of his force, and after a
+short but spirited contest, defeated the Afghans, capturing their guns,
+tents, ammunition, etc., and dispersing them in every direction. One
+hour more of daylight, and the whole of their infantry would have been
+destroyed. Shumshoodeen fled towards Ghuznee, accompanied by about
+thirty horsemen. Major Hibbert, of the 40th., was especially noticed in
+the despatches. Two officers were killed and four wounded; thirty-six
+non-commissioned officers and men were killed and sixty-two wounded.
+
+
+
+
+                         RE-CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.
+                         6TH. SEPTEMBER, 1842.
+
+
+Major-General Sir William Nott, on the morning of the 5th. of September,
+moved upon Ghuznee. Lieutenant-Colonel Palmer, Political Agent,
+commanding at Ghuznee, upon promise of honourable treatment and safety
+on the march to Cabool, and by the orders of Major Pottinger and
+Major-General Elphinstone, had, in March, 1842, capitulated. The
+garrison, which only occupied the citadel, was exhausted by fatigue and
+want of water, and the men had suffered greatly from cold, the
+thermometer having been fourteen degrees below zero. Upon Shumshoodeen,
+Nephew of Dost Mahomed Khan, swearing on the Koran that he would give
+the Sepoys a safe escort to Hindoostan, they consented to deliver up
+their arms; but had scarcely marched out of the citadel, when they were
+attacked by the fanatical Ghazees. An English officer, his wife, and
+their servants, were massacred on the spot, and native women, children,
+and Sepoys were butchered in heaps. Colonel Palmer was put to the
+torture, after which, he and nine only surviving officers were thrown
+into a dungeon. The city was found to be full of men, and a range of
+mountains running north-east of the fortress was covered by heavy bodies
+of cavalry and infantry; the gardens and ravines in the vicinity being
+likewise occupied. Major Sanders, of the Bengal Engineers, was directed
+to reconnoitre the works; this brought on some smart skirmishing, and
+Captain White, of the 40th., commanding the light companies, was pushed
+forward, when the Major-General determined to carry the enemy’s mountain
+positions before encamping his force. This was effectively performed by
+the troops, and the Afghans were driven before them until every point
+was gained. Two regiments and some guns were sent from the camp, (which
+had been pitched,) to occupy the village of Bullool, about six hundred
+yards from the walls of Ghuznee, upon the spur of the mountain to the
+north-east, as this appeared to be a desirable spot for preparing a
+heavy battery.
+
+During the night of the 5th. of September, the engineers sappers, and
+miners, and infantry working parties were employed in erecting breaching
+batteries; before the guns, however, had reached the position on the
+morning of the 6th., it was ascertained that the fortress had been
+evacuated, and at daybreak the British colours were flying from the
+citadel. The 40th. had one private killed and three privates wounded;
+the 41st had the same number wounded. In these operations the loss was
+much less than might have been expected, from the numbers and positions
+of the enemy, and from the fact of the troops being obliged to move
+under the range of the guns of the fortress. Three hundred and
+twenty-seven Sepoys of the 27th. Native Infantry were here released from
+the state of slavery to which they had been reduced by the Afghans. A
+party was detained, under Lieutenant G. White, to take down the
+celebrated gates of Somnauth, concerning which so much discussion
+afterwards arose.
+
+On the 10th. of September the troops continued their march on Cabool,
+when Shumshoodeen, Sultan Jan, and other chiefs having assembled about
+twelve thousand men, occupied, on the 14th. and 15th. of September, a
+succession of strong mountains, intercepting the advance at Beenee
+Badam, and Mydan, but they were dislodged, and driven from their
+position. No further opposition was encountered, and on the 17th. the
+troops, under Major-General Nott, reached Cabool, and joined the force
+under Major-General Pollock.
+
+After the strong town of Istalif had been captured by the troops under
+Major-General McCaskill, on the 29th. of September, in which the 9th.
+Foot and the light companies of the 41st. bore a gallant part, the army
+broke ground on its return to India on the 12th. of October, the grand
+bazaar at Cabool, named the Chahar Chuttah, where the remains of the
+British envoy had been exposed to public insult, having been first
+destroyed. On arriving at Jellalabad, the fortress was destroyed.[90]
+During the march through the Passes several attacks of the Afghans were
+repulsed. According to the wish of Lord Ellenborough, the
+Governor-General, the garrison of Jellalabad proceeded in advance of the
+rest of the troops, in order to make a triumphant entry. The medals
+(mural crown pattern) granted to the garrison for the defence and battle
+near Jellalabad had been forwarded a few days previously, in order that
+they might be worn on its entrance into Ferozepore, which took place on
+the 17th. of December.
+
+The following Queen’s regiments took part in these campaigns:—_Cabool_,
+1842.—3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 13th., 31st., 40th., and 41st.
+regiments. _Candahar_ and _Ghuznee_.—40th. and 41st. regiments.
+_Jellalabad_.—13th. Light Infantry.
+
+[Illustration: A line drawing of a circular military medal with a crown
+at the top and the inscriptions GHUZNEE and CABUL inside a laurel
+wreath, dated 1842.]
+
+
+
+
+                         THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR.
+                           1878, 1879, 1880.
+
+
+Dost Mohammed, our antagonist in the war of 1842, died Ameer of
+Afghanistan in 1863, and was succeeded by his third son, Shere Ali. His
+authority was disputed by his brother, but, after a series of bloody
+conflicts, he, being aided by Sir John Lawrence with arms and money,
+overcame his rivals, and in 1869 was sole ruler of Afghanistan. In March
+of the same year he had an interview at Umballa with Lord Mayo, Viceroy
+of India, and was granted another subsidy; but not meeting with the
+succour he desired, Shere Ali returned home in a very suspicious and
+dissatisfied state of mind. Lord Northbrook, during his Vice-royalty,
+met the prime minister of Shere Ali at Simla in 1873, who, failing to
+obtain any positive assurance of support in case of an attack by Russia,
+his master concluded that his best policy would be to make friends with
+that power, and he accordingly entered into correspondence with General
+Kauffman, the Russian commander in Central Asia. In 1877 he refused to
+allow a British Resident at Cabul, and broke off all communications with
+the Indian Government, the result being that his annual subsidy was
+withheld. In June, 1878, a Russian envoy, Stoletoff, with a military
+escort, was received with honour at Cabul, and a treaty signed,
+constituting Russia the guardian of the Ameer. Upon this, Lord Lytton
+sent as envoy to Cabul, Gholam Hussein Khan, with letters to the Ameer
+informing him of the intention of the Indian Government to send to Cabul
+an English mission, but the envoy was dismissed with presents, and
+intercourse with the English declined. A special mission was despatched
+from Peshawur under Sir Neville B. Chamberlain, commander of the Madras
+Army, with whom was Major Cavagnari, which proceeded to the fort of Ali
+Musjid at the entrance of the Khyber Pass, but was there stopped, and
+threatened with attack if it proceeded further, September 22nd. As the
+escort with the mission was not strong enough to force a passage, Sir
+Neville returned to Peshawur. As it was impossible that the Indian
+Government could submit to see a Russian Envoy received with honour at
+Cabul, and its own officers refused admission into the country, an
+ultimatum was sent to Shere Ali, to the effect that if a British
+Resident was not received at Cabul war would be declared. No answer to
+this having been received within the time prescribed, November 20th, on
+the next day war was formally proclaimed. It was decided to invade
+Afghanistan in three columns, operating by the Khyber and Bolan Passes,
+and the Kuram Valley. A fourth column, called the Thal-Chotiali Field
+Force, was placed under the orders of General Donald Stewart in Southern
+Afghanistan, and a reserve column was formed at Jumrood. The column
+commanded by General Sir S. Browne, V.C., known as the First Division of
+the Peshawur Field Force, crossed the frontier the day war was
+proclaimed, and marched direct upon
+
+
+
+
+                              ALI MUSJID,
+                         NOVEMBER 21ST., 1878.
+
+
+Ali Musjid is a strong fort on a steep detached hill, about six miles
+from the frontier, commanding the deep gorge of the Khyber Pass, and
+flanked by batteries on the hill sides. The fort was armed with fifteen
+guns, and the spurs of the hills were occupied by the enemy, their right
+resting on a ridge covered with a line of breastworks, forming a
+position of great strength. General Browne’s force was divided into four
+brigades. The first, under General Macpherson, consisting of the 4th.
+Battalion Rifle Brigade, the 20th. Bengal Infantry, and the 4th.
+Ghoorkas, with a mountain battery, was directed to make a long detour,
+and occupy the Pass a mile or two beyond the fort. The second brigade
+under Col. Tytler, composed of the 1st. Battalion 17th. Foot, the 1st.
+Sikhs, the Guides, and a mountain battery, was ordered to take a hill
+opposite the fort, on which were some batteries, and to turn the enemy’s
+position; and the third and fourth brigades, under General Appleyard,
+C.B., comprising the 51st. and 81st. regiments, the 14th. and 45th.
+Sikhs, and the 6th. and 24th. Native Infantry, with a mountain battery,
+and a battery of Horse Artillery were to march up the valley. As the
+troops advanced the fort opened fire on them, and the fire being
+returned by a battery of forty-pounders, the effect on the fortification
+was soon visible. The 81st. and the 14th. Sikhs threw out lines of
+skirmishers to clear the advanced defences of the Afghans; a battery of
+nine-pounders was got into position, and the forty-pounders poured a
+destructive fire into Ali Musjid, and soon reduced its guns to silence.
+A general advance was ordered, the 51st. and the Sikhs threatened the
+enemy’s left, and both sides of the steep hill slopes were covered with
+infantry in skirmishing order, keeping up a heavy musketry fire on the
+Afghan defences. The skirmishers pushed forward till they came nearly
+abreast of the fort, and some gallant but unsuccessful attacks were made
+upon the enemy’s entrenchments, but it was evident that the fort and
+batteries could not be carried by a direct attack but with immense loss,
+and as night was coming on, a halt was ordered. Nothing was yet known
+how Macpherson and Tytler had succeeded in their part of the operations;
+both brigades had met with enormous obstacles on their march, and the
+first failed to reach the point assigned to it in the plan of the
+attack; but these movements, and the arrival of Tytler’s brigade in the
+night at its destined position, struck the Afghans with terror. The
+defenders of Ali Musjid on hearing that a force was in their rear which
+would cut off their retreat, abandoned their post with precipitation and
+fled, leaving their fires burning, and their guns loaded. In their rapid
+flight towards Jellalabad, they were intercepted by Tytler’s brigade,
+which captured a large number of prisoners, among them being the Ameer’s
+Master of the Horse. In the morning Ali Musjid was occupied by the
+troops without further resistance. Twenty-two guns were taken in the
+fort, and seven more in a battery on the ridge, with large stores of
+ammunition, food, and clothing. The Afghans were so cowed by the capture
+of a fort they believed to be impregnable, that Sir S. Browne pushing
+rapidly onwards, reached and established himself at Jellalabad, with
+scarcely a shot being fired. The British loss was Major Birch, Lieut.
+Fitzgerald and thirty-five men killed. The regiments engaged were the
+10th. Hussars, 11th. Bengal Lancers, the 17th., 51st., 81st. Regiment,
+and Rifle Brigade, the 6th., 14th., 20th., 27th., and 45th. Bengal
+Infantry; 1st. Sikh Infantry, 4th. Ghoorkas, Bengal Sappers and Miners,
+and four Batteries of Artillery.
+
+
+
+
+                             PEIWAR KOTUL.
+                          DECEMBER 2ND., 1878.
+
+
+Major-General Roberts, V.C. (now General Sir F. Roberts, V.C.), at the
+outbreak of the second Afghan war was Quartermaster-General of the
+Bombay Army, and was appointed by the Viceroy, Lord Lytton, to the
+command of the force which was to invade Afghanistan by the Kuram
+Valley. The Kuram Field Force was not numerically strong, but it
+included some of the finest regiments in the Indian Army, with two
+seasoned British regiments; and most of the officers were men of much
+experience in campaigning. The cavalry, consisting of one squadron of
+the 10th. Hussars and the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, was under Colonel Hugh
+Gough, C.B., V.C., and the infantry, in two brigades, were commanded by
+Brigadier-General Cobbe, of the 17th. Regiment, and Brigadier-General
+Thelwell, C.B. At dawn on November 21st., the same day that the column
+under Sir S. Browne commenced its advance, General Roberts crossed the
+river at Thall, and a few days later occupied the Kuram fort, which the
+enemy abandoned on his approach. The Afghans then took up a very strong
+position on the Peiwar Kotul, about twelve miles off, where they
+determined to make a stand. On November 30th. the British force
+approached the enemy’s position, and a heavy fire was opened upon them
+from the ridge occupied by the Afghans. For a time a sharp exchange of
+shots took place, but the British were gradually withdrawn from under
+fire, and encamped beyond the range of the guns of the enemy. The snow
+was falling thickly in the Peiwar Kotul, the cold was intense, and
+supplies were difficult to keep up, but three days elapsed while General
+Roberts reconnoitered the almost impregnable post of the Afghan army,
+and matured his plans. It was found that the position of the enemy was
+too strong to be successfully attacked in front, so the General
+determined, while making a feigned frontal attack, to become a real
+attack in time, to turn the Afghan position by a long and difficult
+night march of nearly ten miles, to the summit of the hills on the right
+of the Kotul. This march, one of the most hazardous ever undertaken, he
+directed in person, and failure meant ruin, if not utter annihilation;
+as the entire force at his disposal was little more than 3,300 men, of
+whom only 900 were Europeans, against an army of 3,500 regular Afghan
+troops, with eighteen guns, besides hundreds of tribesmen. The attention
+of the enemy was occupied in their front by the pioneers constructing a
+battery, and a demonstration made by some artillery and cavalry; when at
+10 p.m., December 2nd., the troops detailed for the turning force,
+consisting of the 29th Native Infantry and 5th. Ghoorkas, a wing of the
+72nd. Highlanders, the 2nd. Punjaub Infantry, and 23rd. Pioneers, under
+Brigadier Thelwell, with a four gun elephant battery, fell silently into
+their ranks without sound of drum or bugle, and the march commenced. The
+encampment they left was 8,000 feet above the sea level, and as the
+column ascended the cold became intense, a cutting wind blowing; the
+ground also for the first half of the distance traversed was very rough
+and broken, intersected by ravines and watercourses. The men tramped on
+in silence, when an act of treachery nearly proved fatal to the whole
+force. Two shots were fired in rapid succession in the ranks of the
+29th. Native Infantry, which startled all, and a halt was immediately
+made. The offenders could not then be discovered, but the general
+ordered the 5th. Ghoorkas, and two companies of the 72nd. to head the
+column, and the march was resumed.[91] Shortly before daybreak the van
+of the column found itself in contact with the first Afghan outpost, and
+its way barred by an abattis of felled trees, eight feet in height. The
+enemy lining this defence fired upon the men of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who,
+gallantly led by Major Fitzhugh and Captain Cook, sprang over the
+breastwork and engaged the Afghans hand to hand. Driven from this
+defence, the enemy fell back upon another, eighty yards in the rear, and
+made another stand; but the Ghoorkas, supported by the 72nd., and aided
+by the fire of two guns, under Captain Kelso, who was shot through the
+head while advancing, carried stockade after stockade in the grey light
+of the dawn; and within half an hour of the firing of the first shot,
+all were in the possession of the British, and the line of the Afghan
+defence turned. General Roberts flashed the news of his success to
+Brigadier-General Cobbe, who had commenced to carry out the front attack
+on the Khotul, and had been heavily engaged with the batteries at the
+head of the Pass since daybreak. For some hours he made no great
+progress, as the enemy resisted desperately, but he kept a large number
+of the enemy within their entrenchments, and prevented them from going
+to the assistance of their defeated comrades on the left. Roberts now
+advanced against the Afghan main body, which had been strengthened with
+fresh troops, and taken up a strong position in the dense woods
+surrounding the plateau. The Punjaubees were met with such a heavy fire
+that they fell back, being unsupported by the Ghoorkas and Highlanders,
+in spite of the general’s efforts in person to rally them. The 23rd.
+Pioneers and an elephant battery now came up, and the Ghoorkas and 72nd.
+followed; and, after a hot contest of some hours, the Afghans finding
+their retreat threatened, and General Cobbe’s brigade in possession of
+their defences in front, fled in such haste that they left their tents
+standing, their baggage, and everything they had. By this time the short
+winter day was drawing to a close, and that night the British troops
+encamped at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet, but luckily with good
+fires, as the thermometer registered over twenty degrees of frost. In
+this brilliant action the total British loss was—Major Anderson, of the
+23rd. Pioneers, and Captain Kelso killed, and General Cobbe wounded; and
+ninety Europeans and natives killed and wounded. The Afghan loss was
+severe, and six field pieces and eleven mountain guns were captured. A
+few days after this defeat, Shere Ali fled from Cabul to Balkh, with the
+intention of seeking refuge in Russia; but, while waiting for permission
+from the Russian Government to take this step, fell ill of a fever and
+died, in February, 1879. The British troops engaged at Peiwar Kotul were
+the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, the 8th. and 72nd. Regiments, the 23rd. and
+the 29th. Bengal Infantry, the 5th Ghoorkas, and the 2nd. and 5th.
+Punjaub Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHARASIA.
+                          OCTOBER 6TH., 1879.
+
+
+On the death of Shere Ali, his son Yacoub Khan, who had rebelled
+against, and had been imprisoned by his father, succeeded him as Ameer
+of Afghanistan. Negociations for peace were opened with him, and he
+visited the British camp at Gundamuck, where he was received with honour
+by General Sir S. Browne and his staff. After some preliminaries a
+treaty was signed and ratified on May 30th., 1879; by which the Ameer
+agreed—to place the Foreign relations of Afghanistan under British
+control, to have a British resident at Cabul, and to allow the
+occupation of the Khyber Pass, and the Kuram and Pisheen Valleys, by the
+British; who were to pay him an annual subsidy of six lakhs of rupees,
+while he adhered to his engagements. A lasting peace seemed now to be
+assured, and in accordance with the terms of the treaty; Sir Louis
+Cavagnari, with Mr. Jenkins as his Secretary, Dr. Kelly as Medical
+Officer, and an escort of twenty-five Cavalry and fifty Infantry of the
+Guides, under Lieut. Hamilton, were despatched to Cabul, arriving there
+on July 24th. For a time all went well. Daily supplies of fruit, milk,
+and vegetables, were sent from the Ameer to the Envoy, who rode out
+continually with his staff and a small escort, to the various places of
+interest in the neighbourhood of the city. But on August 5th. some
+regiments from Herat arrived at Cabul, who used insulting language to
+the Resident, and quarrels and outbreaks arose between them and the men
+of his escort. These regiments had never been defeated by the British,
+and they taunted the Cabulese with being cowards. On the night of
+September 2nd., the Herat regiments aided by the populace, attacked the
+Residency, and after an heroic resistance lasting for hours, the Envoy,
+the three English Officers, and almost all the escort were slaughtered;
+a few natives only escaping. Twenty-four hours after, the news of the
+massacre reached the Kuram Valley, and from thence was telegraphed to
+Lord Lytton at Simla. No time was lost in endeavouring to avenge the
+outrage. General Sir F. Roberts, who was then at Simla, started the next
+day for Ali Kheyl, with orders to advance as rapidly as possible on
+Cabul; General Sir Donald Stewart who had but just evacuated Candahar,
+was ordered to return and reoccupy that place, and a reserve of 5000 men
+was assembled between Rawul Pindee, and Peshawur. On September 13th.,
+General Baker took command of the troops at the Shutargardan Pass, the
+23rd. Pioneers, the 5th. Ghoorkas, and the 72nd., and occupied a
+position at Kushi. Want of transport animals was the greatest obstacle
+to a rapid advance. When the previous campaign was ended, as usual with
+mistaken economy, everything was sold and scattered, and now everything
+had to be replaced at any expense. All the available animals near the
+frontier were secured, and with the utmost exertions Sir F. Roberts
+managed to collect sufficient cattle to make an advance, with three or
+four months supplies for about 6000 troops, and 3,500 camp followers. On
+September 27th. he started from Ali Kheyl, and the advance commenced. On
+the route to the Shutargardan, some attacks were made on the baggage
+convoys by the Mangals, who were repulsed, and on the 29th. the General
+arrived at Kushi, where he met with the Ameer, Yakoub Khan, who had
+ridden into the camp the preceding day and surrendered himself, with his
+eldest son and ministers. The Ameer stated that his power was gone, and
+that he had been dethroned by his rebellious troops. An Officer present
+wrote—“What his true reasons for this step may have been, we never knew;
+certainly not the one he gave, for no Afghan ever told the truth
+intentionally.” Ultimately the complicity of the Ameer with the Massacre
+of the British Mission was proved, and he was sent to India, where he
+was detained as a state prisoner.
+
+Meanwhile Sir F. Roberts pushed on towards Cabul, and on October 6th.
+encountered the Afghan Army, who had taken up an almost impregnable
+position at Charasia, about eleven miles from that city. The valley here
+is narrowed to a mere defile, on both sides of which the enemy had
+placed guns in position, and had lined the steep and barren heights with
+troops. Only one brigade of Infantry, that of Brigadier Baker, with the
+addition of the 92nd. Regiment was to the front, the remainder of the
+force with the cavalry, under Brigadier-General Macpherson, being on
+march in the rear, in charge of the commissariat and reserve ammunition,
+and did not come up till the battle was over. The General convinced that
+any delay before the enemy would lead to a general rising of the tribes,
+determined to attack at once; and as their front position was of great
+strength, made his real attack by a flanking movement on their right,
+while he occupied their left by a feint. He divided his force into two
+columns; one, under General Baker, was to storm the heights of the
+Chardeh Valley which formed the Afghan right; and the other under Major
+White, of the 92nd., was directed to attack the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile;
+and as General Macpherson’s brigade was advancing, a small reserve only
+was left in defence of the camp.
+
+Baker’s column advanced over the bare hills, flanked by steep rocky
+crags, easily defensible against any force, more than 1,500 feet in
+height; and carried the first position, though the Afghans, armed with
+Sniders and Enfields, kept up a continuous fire, and it was nearly two
+hours before they retreated to a second ridge, about six hundred yards
+in the rear. This position too was carried by the troops in successive
+rushes, supported by the fire of the mountain guns; and by 3.45 the
+enemy’s defences were captured, or taken in reverse.
+
+In the meantime Major White had turned his feigned, into a real attack
+on the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile, though there the enemy was strongly
+posted, and outnumbered his men ten to one. Finding that his artillery
+was powerless, he led his men in person from one steep ledge to another,
+till at length being opposed face to face by an overwhelming number of
+Afghans, he took a rifle, and shooting their leader dead, his followers
+fled, leaving four mountain guns behind them. He pursued them through
+the Pass, and effected a junction with General Baker in the rear of the
+enemy’s position. By four o’clock, the Afghans were in complete rout,
+flying towards Cabul, with the loss of two standards, and all their guns
+(twenty pieces), three hundred killed and a vast number wounded. The
+British loss was twenty killed, and less than seventy wounded.
+
+General Macpherson having arrived in the camp, Sir F. Roberts marched
+the next morning towards Cabul, and on October 8th. established himself
+in the cantonments of Sherpur, where seventy-three guns were taken,[92]
+and occupied the Bala Hissar, or citadel of Cabul.
+
+The troops engaged in this affair, were the 9th. Lancers, 12th. Bengal
+Cavalry, 14th. Bengal Lancers, 5th. Punjaub Cavalry, the 67th., 72nd.,
+and 92nd. Foot, Bengal Sappers and Miners, 23rd. and 28th. Bengal
+Infantry, 5th. Ghoorkas, 5th. Punjaub Infantry, one Battery R. H. A.,
+and two Mountain Batteries.
+
+
+
+
+                                 CABUL.
+                            DECEMBER, 1879.
+
+
+Though the whole country was bitterly hostile to the British, for some
+weeks, with the exception of a skirmish or two, and an explosion of
+gunpowder in the Bala Hissar, by which Capt. Shafto, and several
+Ghoorkas were killed; the occupation of Cabul by Sir F. Roberts and his
+army remained undisturbed. In the beginning of December, a change took
+place. Instigated by an aged and fanatic Moollah, a chief called
+Mohammed Jan, and other leaders, the Afghans of the Maidan and Ghuznee
+districts, and of the Kohistan country to the north of Cabul, began to
+collect in thousands, with the intention of expelling or massacring the
+invaders of their country.
+
+Sir F. Roberts at first was not aware of the strength of this
+combination, but knowing of their advance, and the importance of
+dispersing the tribes before they could effect a junction, two columns
+were formed to march out and attack the enemy, December 8th. One under
+General Macpherson, went towards Urghandeh, to meet the enemy coming
+from Maidan, and the other under General Baker, was dispatched _viâ_
+Charasia, but also towards Maidan, with the object of intercepting the
+enemy in their anticipated retreat.
+
+General Macpherson first met with the Kohistanees, who were marching to
+join Mohammed Jan, near Chardeh, and a sharp fight ensued. The guns did
+some execution, but the nature of the ground prevented the cavalry from
+being of any service. Mohammed Jan was now at the head of about ten
+thousand men, and succeeded in placing himself between General
+Macpherson and Cabul, and also, as it turned out, between his infantry,
+and the cavalry and guns moving to join him on the morning of December
+11th. The four guns, escorted by a squadron of the 9th. Lancers, and
+forty-four men of the 14th. Bengal Lancers, under General Massey, after
+a four-mile march, fell in with the enemy, but as only about two
+thousand showed themselves, they were supposed to be a body of fugitives
+flying from either Macpherson or Baker.
+
+Massey, without the orders of General Macpherson, at once attacked, but
+the fire from his guns had no effect in checking the advance of the
+enemy’s masses, and the handful of cavalry, after two desperate charges,
+were compelled to retreat with the loss of twenty-seven killed,
+including four officers, and twenty-five wounded.[93] The guns being
+stuck in a water-course, were spiked and abandoned; but were afterwards
+retaken by Colonel Macgregor, on the arrival of Macpherson’s column.
+
+On seeing the advance of Macpherson’s infantry, the Afghans ceased
+following the retreating cavalry, and rushed away direct for Cabul. Sir
+F. Roberts on this, started from Sherpur with the 72nd. regiment, to
+secure the defile barring the road to the city, and was but just in time
+to prevent its being taken. The steady fire of the Highlanders checked
+the advance of the enemy, and after half an hour’s contest they retired,
+and occupied the heights to the south of the Bala Hissar.
+
+Next day, General Macpherson dispatched Colonel Money with a detachment
+of the 67th., 72nd., the 3rd. Sikhs, and 5th. Ghoorkas, to drive the
+enemy from the heights to the south of Cabul, who had hidden from view
+five or six thousand men, and awaited the attack with confidence. After
+several hours of fighting the troops dislodged the Afghans from the low
+hill, but were too few to carry the position above.
+
+On December 13th., General Baker, who had returned to Sherpur, acted in
+concert with Macpherson, and at eight in the morning left the
+cantonments and again attacked the enemy. After some hard fighting the
+ridge was carried by the 92nd. and Guides led by Major White, and the
+72nd., 3rd. Sikhs, and 5th. Ghoorkas under Major Sym. While this was
+going on a large body of Afghans moved round towards Beni Hissar, so as
+to threaten the road to Sherpur, but they were dispersed by some dashing
+charges made by the Guides, Punjaub Cavalry, and 9th. Lancers, with the
+loss of Captain Butson and four men killed.
+
+The position of the British, though victorious in the field, was
+becoming serious, as the enemy was continually reinforced by large
+numbers of men, and nothing daunted by their defeats, occupied the Asmai
+heights in force. On December 14th. this position was attacked by
+General Baker with a force of about sixteen hundred men of all arms, and
+four guns. After a desperate contest the enemy were driven from their
+first position, and the Asmai heights were carried. Scarcely had this
+been done, when a body of Afghans, from fifteen to twenty thousand
+strong, appeared on the plain, rushing onwards with frantic shouts and
+gesticulations, with the object of retaking the position just captured
+by General Baker, headed by a chosen leader, and Moollahs, in white
+raiment, shouting the war-cry of Islam:—“_Allah! Yâ Allah!_” On they
+came, regardless of the shells which were pitched with great execution
+into them, and the volleys poured down from the hills just gained, with
+deadly effect.
+
+The 5th. Punjaubees recoiled at their onset, and after an heroic
+resistance, in which Captain Spens of the 72nd. was killed in a hand to
+hand conflict, the column of Colonel Jenkins was compelled to retreat
+with the loss of two guns, but the rest of the position was held.
+Reinforcements presently arrived from Sherpur, the guns were recovered,
+and in a brilliant charge, made with twelve men, Captain Vousdon, of the
+Bengal Staff Corps, cut down five Afghans with his own hand, and gained
+the Victoria Cross.
+
+It being signalled from the Bala Hissar, that bodies of the enemy were
+advancing from the north, south, and west, in overwhelming numbers,
+General Macpherson was ordered to fall back at once to Sherpur, and
+General Baker was directed to hold the position he had occupied since
+the morning, until all the troops from the heights were withdrawn. These
+movements were well executed with but little loss, and on the night of
+December 14th., all the British forces were concentrated in the
+cantonments of Sherpur, while the exultant Afghans re-occupied the Bala
+Hissar and the city of Cabul. The Sherpur cantonments had been built by
+Shere Ali for his own troops, but never occupied by them. The front
+towards Cabul was fortified by a loopholed wall, sixteen feet high, and
+about two thousand yards long, with small semi-circular bastions at
+intervals, and a ditch; enclosing a range of barracks capable of
+accommodating five thousand men. In the rear were the steep Behmaru
+Hills, within the line of defence, and also fortified.
+
+Sir F. Roberts, with admirable foresight, had before collected stores
+calculated to last for some months, emptying the granaries and stores of
+Cabul; so his force of seven thousand men of all arms, with twenty-three
+guns, including two gatlings, were not likely to feel the absolute want
+of the necessaries of life till reinforcements could arrive from India.
+The enemy occupied themselves for some days with plundering Cabul, and
+in preparing for a general attack; during which time Sir F. Roberts
+employed all his men in strengthening and perfecting the defences of
+Sherpur. There was skirmishing daily, till on December 23rd., the
+anniversary of the murder of Sir William Macnaghten, at the same spot in
+1841, the long-prepared assault on Sherpur took place. Brigadier-General
+Gough was now rapidly advancing from Gundamuck with reinforcements, and
+the enemy felt that there was no time to be lost, if they meant to
+repeat the massacre of Elphinstone’s army of 1842. On the preceding
+evening, some native scouts had informed the General, that the Afghans
+had provided themselves with scaling ladders capable of carrying two men
+abreast, and that at the break of day he would be attacked on all sides,
+the signal being the lighting of a great beacon on the Asmai heights
+above Cabul. At four in the morning the troops were on the alert, at
+six, a brilliant flame arose on the Asmai ridge, and with the hoarse
+shouts of many thousand voices, and the deafening rattle of innumerable
+drums, the attack commenced. Day had not yet broken, but the stars, and
+the snow lying around, gave light enough for the defenders to direct a
+most deadly fire on their frantic assailants, not one of whom came near
+enough to scale the wall. Till one p.m. the assaults lasted, when the
+cavalry sallied out, and did great execution on the enemy, who fled on
+all sides, and dispersed so rapidly that by nightfall not a man of them
+could be seen.
+
+The strength of the Afghans was estimated at about thirty thousand, and
+their losses “at not less than three thousand killed and wounded.” The
+British casualties were exceedingly small: two officers and eight men
+killed, and five officers, including General Gough, and forty-one men
+wounded.
+
+Next morning the welcome news arrived that General Gough was
+approaching, and a force was sent out to occupy the Siah Sang range to
+prevent any resistance being made to his advance; but no enemy appeared,
+the whole force of the Afghans having fled during the night. On
+Christmas Day the reinforcements arrived, Cabul was re-occupied without
+any opposition, and the British were again masters of the country.
+
+The whole of the British casualties from the 10th. to the 24th. of
+December, were one hundred and three officers and men killed, and two
+hundred and sixty-three officers and men wounded. Many of the wounded
+died, among them Colonel Cleland, of the 9th. Lancers; Lieutenant
+Montanaro, R.A.; and Major Cooke, of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who had gained
+the V.C. at the Peiwar Kotul. Sir F. Roberts wrote: “Had Major Cooke
+survived, he would have risen to the highest honours of his profession.”
+The regiments engaged in the actions around Cabul were the 9th. Lancers,
+12th. Bengal Cavalry, 14th. Bengal Lancers, 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; the
+67th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot; 23rd. and 28th. Bengal Infantry; 2nd.,
+4th., and 5th. Ghoorkas; 5th. Punjaub Infantry, two Punjaub Mounted
+Batteries, and Bengal Sappers and Miners.
+
+
+
+
+                              AHMED KHEL.
+                           APRIL 19TH., 1880.
+
+
+In the spring of 1880, rumours began to be circulated of preparation
+made for another attack on Cabul by the Afghans, and as Ghuznee was the
+stronghold of Mohammed Jan, and the centre of a gathering of hostile
+tribes; in April, General Donald Stewart marched from Candahar, with a
+force of about seven thousand men, with orders to occupy Ghuznee, and
+open communications with Sir F. Roberts at Cabul. As the troops
+approached Ghuznee, bodies of the enemy were observed hovering about,
+and the villages were deserted, the Moollahs having stirred up a holy
+war.
+
+On April 19th. the Afghans were found in strength at Ahmed Khel,
+twenty-three miles south of Ghuznee, occupying a ridge directly in
+front, with a force estimated at about fifteen thousand horse and foot,
+chiefly tribesmen. The British column covered nearly six miles in
+marching order, the baggage being far in the rear. The advance was
+ordered at eight o’clock, and when about one and a half miles from the
+enemy’s position, the artillery, under Waters and Campbell, moved to the
+front and opened fire. Scarcely had the attack commenced, and before the
+infantry were in proper formation, a dense body of men with standards
+appeared on the crest of the ridge, with a body of horsemen outflanking
+the British left, with the intention of getting into the rear and
+attacking the baggage. At a signal, the mass of Afghans in the front,
+poured headlong down from their position, stretching out to the right
+and left, and charged and almost enveloped Stewart’s army. This charge
+was made by about four thousand fanatical Ghazis, men who cared nothing
+for their own lives, if they could only exterminate the hated infidels.
+So rapid and unexpected was their attack, that the range of the guns had
+to be altered to case-shot distance, and when all the case was expended,
+the guns were loaded with shrapnel, the heads towards the charge, to
+explode on leaving the muzzle, which covered the ground with heaps of
+fearfully mutilated dead and wounded. A squadron of the Bengal Lancers
+was swept away and lost to sight in clouds of dust and smoke, and the
+situation was critical, as the cavalry could not be rallied till they
+had passed to the right of the infantry, then so hotly pressed that many
+of the men had not even time to fix their bayonets. So furious was the
+onslaught, that some of the enemy swept round to the rear of the
+infantry, and a desperate conflict hand to hand ensued. The whole of the
+reserve, including the General’s escort, was ordered up to support the
+guns and reinforce the fighting line; and according to the correspondent
+of the _Standard_—“At this crisis our line was penetrated, and both
+flanks turned, the artillery having fired away all their case-shot.” But
+the infantry stood firm, and Colonel Gyster, forming the 3rd Ghoorkas in
+rallying squares, left spaces through which friends and foes passed
+together. As the Ghazi horsemen with fierce yells rushed onward, the
+Ghoorkas, the 59th., the 2nd. Sikhs, and 19th. Punjaub Infantry poured a
+terrific fire point blank into their ranks, which checked their advance
+and mowed them down in heaps. Their attack had spent itself, and as the
+cavalry now rallied and fell upon the shattered ranks with lance and
+sword, their retreat soon became a disorderly flight. The battle was
+won, and though a body of the enemy made a last stand on an eminence in
+their rear, the 1st. Punjaub Cavalry, under Colonel Maclean, coming up,
+with one charge dispersed them, and the rout was complete.
+
+More reckless bravery than that of the Ghazis was never seen, about one
+thousand of them lay dead on the ground, with double that number of
+wounded, though the conflict lasted but little more than an hour. The
+loss of the victors was seventeen killed and one hundred and twenty-six
+wounded, including nine officers.
+
+After a halt of two hours the army continued its march to Nani, about
+fourteen miles from Ghuznee, and encamped for the night. Next day
+Ghuznee was entered without opposition, Mohammed Jan having fled. On May
+2nd. General Stewart arrived at Cabul, and as senior officer to Sir F.
+Roberts, took the chief command.
+
+The troops engaged at Ahmed Khel were the 19th. Bengal Lancers, 1st.
+Punjaub Cavalry, three Batteries of Artillery, the 59th. Foot, 60th.
+Rifles, 2nd. Sikh Infantry, and the 15th., 19th., and 25th. Bengal
+Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                         THE MARCH TO KANDAHAR.
+                             AUGUST, 1880.
+
+
+For some time after the arrival of General Stewart at Cabul things
+remained quiet. Negociations were going on with Abdur Rahman Khan, a
+nephew of Shere Ali, and grandson of Dost Mahommed, who for several
+years had been living in Russian Turkestan, and receiving a pension from
+the Czar. Abdur Rahman seeming to have the best and strongest claims to
+the Ameership of Afghanistan, he was recognised by the British
+government, and on his approach to Cabul the troops were ordered to
+return to India. But their work was not yet finished. On learning of the
+recognition of Abdul Rahman, Ayoub Khan, a younger brother of Yakoob
+Khan, resolved to strike a blow for the Ameership, and started from
+Herat, of which place he was the Governor, with a strong force,
+thirty-six guns, and a large body of irregulars, the most fierce and
+warlike of the western Afghan tribes, with the intention of seizing
+Kandahar. When General Stewart marched from Kandahar to Cabul, a British
+force was left at the former place under General Primrose.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Star for General Roberts’ March.
+]
+
+To check the advance of Ayoub Khan, a British brigade of about two
+thousand men and six guns moved from Kandahar, under Brigadier-General
+Burrows, and on July 27th. encountered the vastly superior army of the
+enemy at Maiwand. Instead of vigorously attacking, Burrows remained on
+the defensive for some hours, and the Ghazis rushing on in overwhelming
+numbers, regardless of their losses, rolled up the British troops from
+left to right, and drove them from the field; with a loss of half their
+number and two guns.
+
+The remainder of the Brigade reached Kandahar after a terrible retreat,
+no water being obtainable on the route, and the fugitives being fired on
+from every village they passed. General Primrose immediately evacuated
+the cantonments and concentrated his troops in the citadel of Kandahar,
+in which from August 11th. he was beleaguered by the Afghans.
+
+On August 16th. a sortie was made on the besiegers, but the affair was
+mismanaged, Brigadier-General Brooke, who commanded, and many officers
+and men of the 7th. Fusiliers and Native Infantry being killed and
+wounded. After this, the garrison remained on the defensive till
+relieved, Ayoub making no serious attack, but endeavouring to starve the
+defenders into submission.
+
+The news of the disaster at Maiwand came upon the Governor of India like
+a thunderbolt, and measures were at once taken for the relief of
+Kandahar.
+
+Sir F. Roberts who was at the time with Sir D. Stewart at Cabul,
+arranging for the withdrawal of the British troops to India, immediately
+offered to march to Kandahar in command of a force of ten thousand men,
+and his offer was accepted by the government. General Phayre was to
+advance with another force from Quettah, but being delayed by want of a
+commissariat train, did not reach Kandahar till after the force from
+Cabul had arrived there, though Roberts had a very much greater distance
+to march. The army of General Roberts was composed of three Batteries of
+Artillery, the 9th. Lancers, 3rd. Bengal Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry,
+Central India Horse, under Brigadier-General Gough; 2nd. Battalion 60th.
+Rifles, 72nd. and 92nd. Highlanders, 23rd. Pioneers, 24th. and 25th.
+Punjaub Infantry, the 15th. Sikhs; 2nd., 4th., and 5th. Ghoorkas; 2nd.
+and 3rd. Sikh Infantry; forming three brigades, under Brigadiers Baker,
+Macpherson, and Macgregor; and about eight thousand camp followers.
+Three days only were occupied in preparations, and on August 8th. the
+march began, a distance of more than three hundred miles, through a
+mountainous and difficult country, peopled with fierce and warlike
+tribes, for the most part hostile.
+
+On August 15th. Ghuznee was reached, and the next day the army passed
+over the battle-field of Ahmed Khel, the scene of General Stewart’s
+victory in the preceding April. On August 23rd. Sir F. Roberts arrived
+at, and relieved the strong fort of Khelat-i-Ghilzie, held by a small
+garrison, under Colonel Tanner, one hundred and thirty-six miles from
+Cabul. A halt was here made for a day or so, and then taking the
+garrison with him, the General pushed on for Kandahar, and on August
+27th opened communications with General Primrose by his cavalry. As the
+relieving force advanced, Ayoub withdrew from before Kandahar, and took
+up a position on some hills near the city, his head-quarters being at a
+place called Mazra.
+
+On August 31st., Sir F. Roberts entered Kandahar, and the same day made
+a reconnaissance in force, in which Generals Gough and Macpherson, after
+some sharp fighting, carried several of the enemy’s defences at the
+point of the bayonet, and fully discovered the positions and strength of
+the Afghan army. At half-past five on the morning of September 1st., all
+officers commanding brigades were summoned to the tent of the General,
+and received his final orders and directions. He informed them that he
+meant to attack the south-west part of the ridge occupied by the enemy,
+with three brigades of infantry massed in rear of the Piquet Hill, while
+his forty-pounders on the right, supported by the 7th. Fusiliers and
+Rifles, engaged and silenced Ayoub’s guns posted on the Baba Wali. The
+Kandahar garrison were to hold the city and threaten the Murcha Pass,
+while Gough’s cavalry were to act on the left and cut off the retreat of
+the enemy to Giriskh. The real attack was to be made by storming the
+village of Gundi Moollah Sahibdab, turning the Paimal Hill, and finally
+taking the Baba Wali in reverse. The General concluded by saying: “If
+the ridge of Pie Paimal can be turned then the Baba Wali Kotal will be
+untenable. I look, gentlemen, to you to carry out my instructions, and I
+leave the details to you.” At nine o’clock, all was ready for the
+advance. The village of Gundi Moollah was stormed by the 92nd. and the
+2nd. Ghoorkas, in spite of a hot fire from garden walls and windows of
+houses; while the 72nd., the 2nd. Sikhs, supported by the 3rd. Sikhs and
+the 5th. Ghoorkas, worked round the end of the Pie Paimal and carried
+village after village. The fighting among the enclosures with loopholed
+walls was desperate in the extreme, as the Ghazis, reckless of death,
+fought with the ferocity of tigers, hurling themselves upon the British
+rank till their shields clashed with the bayonets, in spite of the
+withering volleys poured into them at the distance often of a few yards.
+After a very severe contest, the 1st. and 2nd. brigades swept the enemy
+through the closely wooded gardens and orchards on the west of the hill,
+and the village of Pie Paimal was taken soon after noon. Behind the
+northern hill the country is cut up by canals and watercourses, and here
+between a river and the slopes, in an entrenched camp the Afghans made
+their final stand. This position was taken by a rush of the 92nd., under
+Major White,[94] supported by the Ghoorkas and 23rd. Pioneers. Of this
+advance, General Roberts said: “Nothing could be finer than the rush
+made by the Ghoorkas and the Highlanders, and how well the 23rd. and
+24th. worked up in support.”
+
+In four hours from the time the battle began, the enemy were totally
+defeated and in full flight; their camp and all their artillery
+(thirty-two guns), including the two taken at Maiwand, being abandoned
+to the victors. Their tents, including Ayoub’s, were left standing, and
+in front of one of them was found the still bleeding body of Lieutenant
+Maclaine, R.H.A., who had been taken prisoner at Maiwand. His ruffianly
+captors finding the battle going against them, and their camp taken, had
+deliberately cut his throat and fled. Ayoub, leaving about twelve
+hundred of his army of thirteen thousand in killed alone behind, fled
+towards Herat with a handful of men.
+
+The British loss was three officers killed, among them Colonel Brownlow,
+commanding the 72nd., and eleven wounded; and forty-six men killed and
+about two hundred wounded, the 72nd. suffering most severely. After the
+battle was over, the General rode up to the head of every battalion, and
+personally thanked it for its share in gaining the victory, which
+concluded the campaign.
+
+The relieving force was broken up in September, but before returning to
+India, Sir F. Roberts distributed medals for distinguished service to
+the men of the 72nd., the 82nd., and the 5th. Ghoorkas. Kandahar, in
+accordance with the promise of the Indian Government, was evacuated, and
+the Afghan war was ended. The entire force engaged at Kandahar on
+September 1st., 1889, was composed of the 9th. Lancers, 3rd. Bengal
+Cavalry, 3rd. Bombay Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry, 3rd. Scinde Horse,
+Central India Horse, the Poona Horse; the 7th. Fusiliers, 60th. Rifles,
+the 66th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot; 15th., 23rd., 24th. and 25th. Bengal
+Infantry; the 1st., 4th., 19th., 28th. and 29th. Bombay Infantry; the
+2nd., 4th., and 5th. Ghoorkas; the 2nd. and 3rd. Sikh Infantry, and
+three Batteries of Artillery.
+
+
+
+
+                           THE CHINA MEDALS,
+                        1840, 1842, 1856, 1860.
+
+
+The first China medal granted for the war 1840–42, by the Indian
+Government, and authorised by the Queen, was designed by Wyon, and has
+on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the inscription, “Victoria
+Regina.” Reverse: A shield bearing the arms of Great Britain, with
+cannon, flags, anchor, &c., resting against a palm-tree, with the motto,
+“Armis Exposcere Pacem.” In the exergue, “China,” with the date 1842
+underneath.[95] No clasp issued. Ribbon, crimson with yellow edges;
+given to both services.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Medal for First Chinese War.
+
+  Medal for Second Burmese War.
+]
+
+The medal for the second Chinese war, 1856–60, was granted by a warrant,
+dated March 6th., 1861, and is similar to that given for the first war,
+except that the date 1842 on the reverse is omitted. The ribbon is the
+same; given to both services. Clasps: “Fatshan, 1857”; “Canton, 1857”;
+“Taku Forts, 1858”; “Taku Forts, 1860”; “Pekin, 1860.” An additional
+clasp—inscribed “China, 1842”—was issued to those in possession of the
+first medal. The clasp for “Fatshan, 1857” was given to the navy and
+Marines only.[96]
+
+
+
+
+                           FIRST CHINESE WAR.
+                               1840–1842.
+
+
+In consequence of the Chinese government having commenced summary
+measures without sufficient previous notice, the British superintendents
+of trade applied to the Governor-General of India for a number of ships
+of war and armed vessels for the protection of life and property.
+Although the introduction of opium into China was prohibited, the local
+authorities did not enforce the law. Ultimately Captain Elliot and the
+merchants at Canton were confined to the factories as prisoners, and in
+June the Chinese High Commissioner, and other officers proceeded to
+Chunhow, near the Bocca Tigris, and commenced destroying vast quantities
+of the prohibited drug, besides offering insult to Captain Elliot, R.N.,
+the Queen’s representative. Hostilities became unavoidable, and the
+18th., 26th., and 49th. regiments, a native corps of Bengal volunteers,
+and detachments of artillery and sappers from the presidency of Madras,
+were embarked under Brigadier-General George Burrell, of the Royal
+Irish. It became important to gain possession of a portion of the
+Chinese territory as a _point d’appui_ for subsequent operations; and
+the governor of Chusan, an island lying off the coast, was summoned to
+surrender in the beginning of July. He, however, made dispositions to
+defend the place, and on the morning of the 5th. of July the shore,
+landing-place, wharf, and adjoining hill were crowded with Chinese
+troops. The British shipping silenced the war-junks and batteries; and
+the right wing of the 18th. regiment, commanded by Major Henry William
+Adams, with the Royal Marines of the fleet, forming the advance, landed.
+They were followed by other corps, and the British troops, commanded by
+Brigadier-General George Burrell, Lieutenant-Colonel of the 18th., took
+up a position in front of the fortified city of Ting-hae-hien, whence a
+sharp fire was sustained for some time; but before the following day the
+Chinese soldiers fled in a panic, and the city was taken possession of,
+but the climate proved injurious to the health of the troops.
+
+This success was followed by negotiations; the tardy councils of the
+Chinese being expedited by the activity of the British naval force, and
+in the early part of 1841 they agreed to give up the island of Hong
+Kong, pay an indemnity of six million dollars, and open a direct
+intercourse for trading upon an equal footing. Accordingly the island
+was occupied; but the authorities appeared to have had no intention of
+fulfilling the other stipulations of the treaty. Hostilities were in
+consequence resumed, and the force embarked in February with the
+expedition up the Canton river. In less than an hour the fleet silenced
+the batteries of Wantong, and a body of troops, consisting of
+detachments of the 26th. and 49th. regiments, Royal Marines, and the
+37th. Madras Native Infantry, and Bengal volunteers, commanded by Major
+Pratt, of the 26th., landing, the island was captured without the loss
+of a man, thirteen hundred Chinese soldiers surrendering prisoners of
+war. Continuing the voyage, the fleet arrived at the bar, destroying the
+war-junks, the works being stormed and captured by the marines and
+seamen. As the expedition pursued its way up the river, the Chinese
+abandoned several batteries and armed rafts, and solicited terms of
+peace; but procrastination seemed to be their only object, and the
+British fleet advanced. The forts in front of Canton soon fell under the
+fire of the artillery, the Chinese flotilla was destroyed, and peace was
+again requested. While negotiations were pending, bodies of Tartar
+troops were arriving at Canton, which shewed the object of the enemy;
+and on the 24th. of May the troops landed, and on the following day they
+advanced against the fortified heights on the north of the city, when
+dispositions were made for the attack. About half-past nine o’clock the
+advance was sounded, and by a spirited effort the heights were
+carried—the 18th. and 49th. being emulous which should first reach their
+appointed goals—and the British colours waved triumphantly on the
+captured forts.
+
+A fortified Chinese camp had been established on the high ground on the
+north-east of Canton, and from this bodies of the enemy advanced against
+the British troops. The 18th., 49th., and a company of marines, met and
+repulsed the principal attack, and, following the fugitives along a
+causeway, stormed and captured the entrenched camp in gallant style. It
+was afterwards burnt, and the magazines destroyed.
+
+On the following morning (26th. of May) a flag of truce was seen on the
+walls, and hostilities were suspended; but delay still appearing to be
+the object of the Chinese, preparations were made to attack the city by
+storm, when six millions of dollars were agreed to be paid for the
+redemption of Canton, and opening the port for trade.
+
+Disregarding the stipulations of treaties, the Emperor of China issued a
+mandate for the extermination of the British who dared thus to insult
+his coasts and capture his towns, offering at the same time, immense
+rewards for the heads of the commanders, and even a large sum for that
+of a private soldier. His decrees were responded to by depriving him of
+a further extent of territory; and on the 22nd. of August an expedition
+proceeded against the island and city of Amoy, situated in a fine gulf
+in the province of Fokein, the great tea district of China. On the 25th.
+of August the fleet arrived before Amoy, which was defended by five
+hundred pieces of cannon and a numerous force; but nothing could
+withstand the combined efforts of the British naval and land forces. On
+the following day the works were bombarded for two hours, and a landing
+was effected about three o’clock, when the Chinese and Tartar soldiers
+fled in dismay, after firing a few shots. The small island of Koolangsoo
+was captured on the preceding day.
+
+On the 5th. of September the expedition sailed for the recapture of
+Chusan, which island had been given up in consequence of the
+stipulations of the first treaty. The place was found more strongly
+fortified than before, and a resolute but unavailing stand was made by
+the Chinese. A landing in two columns was effected on the 1st. of
+October; the first, about fifteen hundred strong, was accompanied by
+Major-General Sir Hugh Gough, and was under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Craigie, of the 55th. foot. The second, about one
+thousand strong, was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Morris, of the
+49th. regiment.
+
+The expedition proceeded on the 6th. against the city of Chinhae, the
+military depôt of the province, situated on the mainland opposite
+Chusan, and surrounded by a wall of extraordinary height and thickness.
+The troops landed on the 10th. of October, advanced through a difficult
+country towards the city, and stormed the works covering the approach to
+the place. In this city an extensive arsenal, and cannon foundry, with
+military stores, fell into the hands of the captors. The force employed
+consisted of detachments of the 18th., 49th., and 55th. regiments, and
+of the Royal and the Madras Artillery.
+
+From Chinhae the expedition proceeded up the river on the 13th. of
+October, against the fortified city of Ningpo, where no resistance was
+encountered. The troops landed, and formed on the ramparts, and
+possession was taken of the second city in the province of Che-Keang,
+containing three hundred thousand inhabitants.
+
+On the 10th. of March, 1842, a large army of Tartars and Chinese made a
+sudden attack upon Ningpo, escalading the walls, and forcing some of the
+gates, with great spirit, when the few British in garrison, triumphed
+over their numerous opponents. A guard of the 18th. Royal Irish
+Regiment, consisting of Lieutenant Anthony Armstrong, one sergeant, and
+twenty-three rank and file, stationed at the West-gate, being attacked
+by large numbers, behaved steadily, and gallantly drove them back,
+capturing two banners, the bearers of which had been shot at the gate:
+the spirited behaviour of this officer was commended in the public
+despatches.
+
+Five days afterwards the troops embarked from Ningpo, and sailed up the
+river to attack the enemy’s posts. On the 15th. of March they were
+engaged at Tsekee, and the heights of Segaon, which were captured; the
+Chankee-pass was also forced, and the expedition, of which the 18th.,
+26th., and 49th. formed a portion, returned to Ningpo on the 17th. of
+March. This place was evacuated by the British in May, and an expedition
+proceeded against the fortified city of Chapoo, where a landing was
+effected on the 18th. of May. The 18th. and 49th. regiments composed the
+right column, under Lieutenant-Colonel Morris; and the 26th. and 55th.
+regiments were in the left, under Colonel Schoedde; the centre column
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomerie, comprised detachments of the Royal
+and Madras Artillery, and the 36th. Madras Native Infantry.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Tomlinson met a soldier’s death at the head of his
+regiment, the 18th. Royal Irish.
+
+In June an expedition sailed up the Yangtse-Keang river, and the
+fortified posts of Woosung and Poonshau were captured. The city of
+Shanghae was afterwards taken possession of without opposition.
+Reinforcements arrived, including the 98th. regiment from England, and
+the expedition proceeded against Chin-Keang-foo, one of the strongest
+and most important cities of China. The fleet left Woosung on the 6th.
+of July, the Chinese troops were driven from Suyshan, and on the 20th.
+of July the armament approached Chin-Keang-foo. On the following day,
+after the reconnaissance had been completed, and the ships were in
+position, the landing commenced. The first brigade, consisting of the
+26th., the Bengal Volunteers, flank companies of the 41st. Madras Native
+Infantry, and the 98th., was under the command of Major-General Lord
+Saltoun; the second (centre) brigade consisting of a detachment of the
+Royal Artillery, 55th., 6th. Madras Native Infantry, 36th. Madras
+Rifles, 2nd. Madras Native Infantry, and a detachment of Sappers, was
+commanded by Colonel, afterwards Lieutenant-General Sir James Holmes
+Schoedde, K.C.B., (55th. Foot;) the third brigade comprised the 18th.
+and 49th., and the 14th. Madras Native Infantry, and was commanded by
+Colonel, afterwards Sir Robert Bartley, K.C.B., (49th. regiment,) both
+these officers having the local rank of Major-General.
+
+Major-Generals Lord Saltoun and Schoedde commenced landing the troops
+before daylight, but considerable delay occurred from the rapidity of
+the current and the scattered state of the ships. The guns were next
+landed, followed by Major-General Bartley’s brigade. Lord Saltoun moved
+forward with the troops of his brigade first landed, the 98th. under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, (afterwards Lord Clyde), and some companies
+of the native regiments, to destroy the encampments, and cut off the
+enemy’s communication with the city, between twelve and fifteen hundred
+of whom had shewn themselves. The soldiers drove them over the hills and
+destroyed the encampments. Major-General Schoedde escaladed the city
+walls at the north angle and carried the inner gateway, which was
+obstinately defended.
+
+The 55th. highly distinguished itself on this occasion.[97] Lieutenant
+Cuddy, of that regiment, was the first to mount the walls, and was
+shortly afterwards severely wounded. Major (afterwards Major-General
+Charles Warren, C.B.,) commanding the 55th., after he was himself
+wounded, cut down two of the enemy, and was personally engaged with a
+third. Every angle and embrasure had to be carried at the point of the
+bayonet. Brevet-Major Maclean commanded the storming party, and Captain
+Greenward the Royal Artillery.
+
+Meanwhile the west gate had been blown in by Captain Pears, the
+commanding engineer. A body of Tartars having been driven into one
+division of the western outwork, refused to surrender, when most of them
+were either shot or destroyed in the burning houses, several of which
+had been set on fire by the enemy, or by the British guns. Major-General
+Bartley subsequently proceeded with a body of troops, consisting of the
+18th. and part of the 49th. regiment, when a hot engagement ensued with
+about one thousand Tartars, who, under cover of some enclosures, opened
+a destructive fire on the soldiers as they were filing round the walls.
+The leading division of the 49th. dashing down the ramparts on their
+left, while the 18th. pushed on to turn their right, they were soon
+dispersed, although some fought with great desperation.
+
+From the sun becoming so overpowering, it was found impossible to move
+with men already fatigued by their exertions, many of whom died from the
+intense heat. The troops therefore remained in occupation of the gates
+until six o’clock, when several parties were pushed into the Tartar city
+and to the public offices. On passing through the city and suburbs the
+painful spectacle presented itself of hundreds of the dead bodies of
+men, women, and children, lying in the houses, numerous families having
+destroyed themselves sooner than outlive the disgrace of their city
+being captured by foreigners.
+
+The Royal Artillery, 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th., and 98th. regiments
+shared in this service.
+
+Sir Hugh Gough proceeded to carry his victorious troops into the heart
+of the empire, and attack Nankin, the ancient capital of China, wherein
+the fugitives from Chin-Keang-foo had sought refuge. By the 9th. of
+August the British naval and land forces environed Nankin, and a great
+portion of the troops landed. This decisive step produced the desired
+results, and conditions of peace were acceded to; the Chinese paying an
+indemnity, and ceding a portion of territory to the British crown.
+
+In consideration of the gallantry displayed by the troops employed on
+the coasts and rivers of China, Her Majesty was graciously pleased to
+permit the 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th., and 98th. regiments, and their
+linked battalions, to bear on their colours and appointments the word
+“China,” and the device of the Dragon.
+
+The Navy took an important part in the first Chinese war, under
+Commodore Sir Gordon Brewer, at the capture of Chusan, and the Bogue
+Forts, and in the operations against Canton, in 1840–41. Under Admiral
+Sir William Parker, the fleet took the principal share in the capture of
+Amoy and Chinhae, in 1841, and in the attack on Woosung in 1842. The
+principal ships engaged were—the two-deckers, “Wellesley,” “Blenheim,”
+and “Melville”; the “Calliope,” “Samarang,” “Alligator,” “Druid,” and
+“Blonde,” frigates; and the steamers, “Queen,” “Sesostris,”
+“Phlegethon,” and above all the “Nemesis,” commanded by Master W. H.
+Hall. Several other sloops and small craft also were engaged in the
+operations.
+
+
+
+
+                          SECOND CHINESE WAR.
+                               1856–1860.
+
+
+The second war against the Chinese arose from various acts of
+aggression; amongst which the seizure of the crew of the memorable
+lorcha named the “Arrow,” sailing under British colours, was the most
+prominent. The operations were at first confined to the navy and
+Marines. Admiral Sir Michael Seymour pursued vigorous measures; he
+opened fire upon Canton in October, destroyed several Chinese junks on
+the 5th. of November, 1856, and the Bogue Forts, mounting upwards of
+four hundred guns, were captured on the 12th. and 13th. of that month.
+The Chinese made repeated but abortive attempts to destroy the fleet
+with fire-rafts and infernal machines, some of which were charged with
+three thousand pounds of gunpowder. On December 3rd., a strong fort
+called the French Folly, was bombarded by the “Encounter” and
+“Barracouta,” and Captains Wilson and Cochrane, at the head of eight
+hundred and fifty sailors and marines, attacked and stormed it on the
+land side. Thirty guns, some of them sixty-eight pounders, were captured
+and destroyed, and the fort blown up. This gave the Admiral command over
+the whole river, and his blockade annihilated the trade of Canton.
+
+An attack was made on the suburbs of the city of Canton on the 12th. of
+January, 1857, when a detachment of the 59th., employed in conjunction
+with the naval forces, sustained a few casualties.
+
+
+
+
+                             FATSHAN CREEK.
+                            JUNE 1ST., 1857.
+
+
+Admiral Sir Michael Seymour having determined on attacking the Chinese
+main fleet in Fatshan Creek, consisting of upwards of eighty junks,
+manned by six thousand picked warriors, and armed with above eight
+hundred guns, many of them being forty-two pounders of European
+manufacture; on June 1st., led in person in the little “Coromandel”
+tender, a force of eleven gunboats, and between fifty and sixty boats of
+the fleet, carrying nearly two thousand men, against the enemy, at
+half-past three in the morning. The Chinese had constructed heavy
+batteries on both sides of the creek, and believed their position to be
+impregnable. The first point of attack was the battery on the right,
+which was stormed and taken by a body of seamen and marines, under
+Commodore Elliot, with trifling loss. Owing to the receding tide, most
+of the gunboats grounded, and the ships’ boats pushed on by themselves,
+in face of a well-directed and heavy cannonade, boarded the junks, and
+in a short time they were in flames. In the meantime, Commodore Hon. H.
+Keppel (now Admiral of the Fleet, Sir H. Keppel), in the “Hong Kong,” at
+the head of another division, had attacked the battery on the left side
+of the creek. His gunboats taking the ground, he quitted them, and in
+his galley led the boats against the junks and boarded the largest
+himself. The whole fleet was soon captured, the crews escaping to the
+land. Leaving some of his boats in the rear to burn the junks, he pushed
+on with the remainder towards another squadron visible in the distance.
+After a long pull he came directly upon twenty junks of the largest
+size, most of which were aground, but so compactly moored that their bow
+guns appeared like the broadside of a heavy frigate, which received him
+with a fire, the precision of which exceeded anything yet experienced in
+China. Almost every boat was struck, the gig of Captain Cochrane was
+disabled, and Keppel’s own boat and the launch of the “Calcutta” sunk.
+So great was the confusion, that the flotilla retired a little to
+re-form, while the Chinese beat their gongs and uttered loud yells of
+triumph. But the tide was now fast flowing, the Admiral sent up a
+reinforcement, and Keppel returned to the attack with such vigour, that
+in a quarter of an hour the junks slipped from their cables and fled up
+the river. They were pursued, gradually disabled and taken; and of the
+whole proud Chinese fleet, but three junks escaped. Eighty-nine junks
+were destroyed, and the loss of the enemy must have been heavy; that of
+the victors was thirteen men killed, and forty wounded.
+
+An exceedingly graphic and stirring account of the action was written by
+the gallant Commodore himself, in a letter to his friends in England,
+which proceeds thus:—“When the ‘Hong Kong’ grounded, I led on the boats
+in my gig, but as the tide was rising, she kept following us as fast as
+she could. The first division of the Chinese fleet was attacked by about
+nineteen hundred men, and soon gave way. I did not take up more than a
+quarter of that number to attack the second division, which was three
+miles higher up the river, in a well-selected place, and evidently the
+_élite_ of their fleet. They numbered exactly twenty, in one compact
+row, mounting from ten to fourteen guns each, two of them on stern and
+bow being heavy 32-pounders. I saw I had all the ‘Raleigh’s’ boats well
+up, and determined to push on. They fired occasional shots, as if to
+ascertain our exact distance, but did not open their heaviest fire until
+we were within six hundred yards, and then I soon saw how impossible it
+would be to force our way until I had reinforcements. We cheered, and I
+tried to get on, when a shot struck my boat quite amidships, cut one man
+in two, and took off the arm of another. Prince Victor (of Hohenlohe)
+who was with me, jumped forward to bind the man’s arm with his
+neckcloth. While he was doing so, another round shot passed through both
+sides of the boat, wounding two others of the crew. The boat was filling
+with water, and I got on one of the seats to keep my legs out of it;
+just as I stepped up, a third round shot went through both sides of the
+boat, not more than an inch below the seat on which I was standing. Many
+of our boats had now got huddled together, the oars of most being shot
+away. A boat of the ‘Calcutta’ being nearest, we got in, pulling our
+wounded men with us. My dog ‘Mike’ refusing to leave the body of the
+seaman who had been his favourite, we were obliged to leave him. I then
+gave the order to retire on the ‘Hong Kong,’ and re-form abreast of her.
+While we were going down a shot cut away all the oars on one side. I
+called to Lieutenant Graham to get his boat ready, as I would hoist my
+broad pennant, and lead the next attack in his boat. I had no sooner
+spoken than a shot disabled his boat, wounding him, and killing and
+wounding four others. I saw Graham one mass of blood, but it was from a
+marine who stood next to him, and part of whose skull was forced three
+inches into another man’s shoulder. When I reached the ‘Hong Kong’ the
+whole of the enemy’s fire seemed to be centred upon her. She was
+‘hulled’ twelve times in a few minutes; her deck was covered with the
+wounded who had been taken on board from the boats. I was looking at
+them, when a round shot cut down a marine, and he fell among them. From
+our paddle-box I saw that our heavy firing was bringing up strong
+reinforcements. The account of my having been obliged to retire had
+reached them, and they were pulling up like mad. I ordered a bit of blue
+bunting to be got ready to represent my broad pennant; I called out:
+‘Let us try the row-boats once more, boys!’ and went over the side into
+our cutter. At this moment there arose from the boats, as if every man
+took it up at the same instant, one of those British cheers so full of
+meaning, that I knew at once that it was all up with John Chinaman. They
+might sink twenty boats, but there were thirty others which would go
+ahead all the faster! On we went. Three more cheers, and then began an
+exciting chase for seven miles. As our shot told on them, they ran
+ashore, and their crews forsook them. Seventeen were come up with, and
+captured in this way; three only escaped.”
+
+Soon afterwards the Earl of Elgin arrived at Hong Kong as the British
+Plenipotentiary, to negotiate with the Emperor, and if satisfactory
+terms were not conceded, to carry on the war with vigour. His lordship
+arrived at Hong Kong early in July, 1857, and the news of the terrible
+Indian Mutiny having reached him at Singapore, a portion of the force
+selected for operations in China was, with a noble patriotism, at once
+despatched to Calcutta, the Earl following them soon after with
+additional troops from Hong Kong.
+
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable Thomas Ashburnham, C.B., who had been
+appointed to the military command of the force destined for China,
+having left for Calcutta, was succeeded by Major-General (afterwards Sir
+Charles) Van Straubenzee. Lord Elgin was not able to act effectively
+until December, in which month Commissioner Yeh was informed that the
+British and French governments were united in their determination to
+proceed against Canton until the demands required were conceded.
+Operations were eventually prosecuted with increased vigour, in
+consequence of the evasive replies of the Chinese Commissioners, which
+resulted in the
+
+
+
+
+                           CAPTURE OF CANTON.
+                         29TH. DECEMBER, 1857.
+
+
+A reconnaissance was made on the 22nd. of December, 1857, by a body of
+British and French troops, to ascertain the exact position and strength
+of the forts to the north of Canton. A similar step was taken in the
+course of a day or two, to gain information regarding the eastern side
+of the city, and a proclamation was subsequently issued, notifying that
+the place, if not surrendered, would be bombarded and stormed.
+
+After a cannonade, which commenced on the 28th. of December, 1857, the
+troops were embarked for Kupar Creek at the south-east of the town,
+which was deemed the most convenient for landing the attacking
+force.[98] This was composed of British and French troops; the former
+had been formed into two brigades; the first, consisting of the first
+and second battalions of Royal Marine Light Infantry, was under Colonel
+Holloway, of that corps; the second, composed of Royal Engineers and
+Volunteer Company of Sappers, Royal Artillery, and Royal Marine
+Artillery, Provisional Battalion Royal Marines, the 59th. regiment, and
+the 38th. Madras Native Infantry, was commanded by Colonel Hope Graham,
+of the 59th. The artillery was under Colonel Dunlop.
+
+The landing having been effected, the enemy was immediately attacked.
+The East or Linn Fort was soon gained, the Chinese, after a vigorous
+fire, having abandoned it and retreated to Gough’s Fort. The cannonade
+continued all day, and throughout the following night, the firing from
+the ships being also continued. On the 29th. the east wall of the city
+was escaladed by the British and French, and after a considerable
+resistance, the enemy was driven along it and out of the eastern gate of
+the city, of which possession was at once taken. On this occasion the
+59th., under Major Burmester, advanced as the covering party to the
+French Naval Brigade and Royal Marines. Major Luard, Brigade-Major to
+the second brigade, is stated to have been the first on the walls of
+Canton. The casualties were small.
+
+For a week the allies occupied the walls between Magazine Hill and the
+south-east corner of the city, no descent being made into the streets.
+All this time everything appeared to be proceeding as usual, the
+inhabitants pursuing their avocations with the greatest unconcern, no
+offer of submission being made. This was soon changed; on the morning of
+the 5th. of January, the troops descended into the streets, when the
+governor of the city, the Tartar General, and the celebrated
+Commissioner Yeh were soon captured.[99] The latter was subsequently
+sent to Calcutta.
+
+
+
+
+                  CAPTURE OF THE PEIHO, OR TAKU FORTS.
+                            MAY 20TH, 1858.
+
+
+After the capture of Canton, Lord Elgin and the French Ministers finding
+all their proposals treated with evasion and delay by the Chinese,
+resolved to transfer the scene of operations to the mouth of the Peiho
+river, on which stands Pekin the capital of China. They accordingly
+placed the conduct of affairs in the hands of the English and French
+Admirals (Sir M. Seymour and Admiral de Genouilly), with directions to
+use their efforts to bring about a satisfactory settlement. Sir Michael
+and his colleague, with the Ambassadors, arrived off the mouth of the
+Peiho at the end of April, and some time was lost in fruitless
+negotiations, which the Chinese employed in strengthening their forts
+and defences, till they considered them to be impregnable. A final
+demand being sent for the surrender of the forts, to be held as a surety
+till the conclusion of a treaty, to which no answer was returned, the
+Admiral determined on an immediate attack. The works were very
+formidable. For nearly a mile earthworks and batteries had been thrown
+up on both sides of the river, commanding every part of the Channel,
+mounting upwards of 150 heavy guns, besides gingalls; a strong boom was
+placed across the river in front, and the sides were staked to prevent
+any attempts at landing. In the rear were several camps strongly
+entrenched, and filled with picked troops. On the morning of May 20th.,
+the two Admirals hoisted their flags together on the “Slaney” gunboat,
+and at 10 a.m. the signal was made for the attack. Captain Saumarez in
+the “Cormorant” led the way, and at full speed went for the boom, which
+was composed of five seven-inch bamboo cables. Her men were lying flat
+on the deck, no one being visible but her commander and an officer or
+two, the three forts opened upon her at once; when with a crash she
+shivered the boom, passed through, and directed her fire on the northern
+forts. The “Nimrod” followed her, and concentrated her fire on the
+southern defences, diverting their attention from the “Cormorant.” Four
+French gunboats quickly followed, and for more than an hour the contest
+raged, for the Chinese stood well to their guns. Some of their batteries
+being silenced, and the fire from all slackening, the landing parties,
+which the smaller gunboats had in tow, pushed ashore, and having but a
+few yards to traverse, were in the embrasures at once, taking the enemy
+entirely by surprise. On seeing the capture of the southern forts, the
+defenders of the northern forts fled, and the landing parties entered
+them without any opposition. In about two hours from the commencement of
+the attack, the whole of the defences at the mouth of the river were in
+the possession of the allies, and the Chinese army in full retreat. The
+forts were destroyed, the camps taken, and the road to Pekin open to the
+conquerors.[100] The arrogance of the enemy was at last subdued, and
+convinced of the uselessness of further resistance, a treaty was signed
+by their Ministers at Tientsin on the 26th. of June following, in
+conformity with the terms proposed by the allies, containing concessions
+never before thought possible by a Chinese, nor proposed by a European.
+
+
+
+
+                       CAPTURE OF THE TAKU FORTS.
+                          21ST. AUGUST, 1860.
+
+
+This treaty the Chinese Government refused to ratify, and the British
+and French were resolved to obtain that result. In the first instance
+persuasion and diplomatic efforts were resorted to, but without success.
+Every attempt at negotiation having proved fruitless, recourse was again
+had to arms, Major-General Sir James Hope Grant, K.C.B., so
+distinguished during the Indian Mutiny, being appointed to the command,
+with the local rank of Lieutenant-General. On the 1st. of August the
+troops landed at Pehtang, which they quitted on the 12th., and on that
+morning Major-General Sir Robert Napier commanding the second division,
+encountered the enemy at Sin-ho. In this action the Armstrong guns were
+first used in war. The attack of the entrenched fortified camp of Tangku
+occurred on the 14th. of August, and on the 20th. orders were issued for
+the attack of the North Taku Forts, by a force composed of British and
+French troops, about fifteen hundred of each. The 44th., 67th., and
+Royal Marines, under Sir Robert Napier represented the British quota;
+there was however a heavy train of field artillery, comprising several
+eight-inch mortars and two Armstrong batteries. In the evening the
+gunboats took up their positions, and the troops having crossed a flat
+and muddy plain, the night was employed in throwing up trenches and
+batteries. Such alacrity was shewn by the Chinese for the fight, that
+early in the morning of the 21st. of August they opened fire upon the
+troops an hour before the time fixed upon by the Allies; this was
+followed by a tremendous bombardment in reply, aided by the gunboats,
+which pitched shell and rockets into the North Fort. The assault then
+took place.[101] The place was defended with great determination,
+although the grand magazine had exploded from the fire of the British
+artillery. At length the regiments before named, in conjunction with the
+French, gained a footing on the walls. Even then the Tartars fought with
+noble intrepidity, but eventually they endeavoured to take refuge in the
+next fort about half a mile distant, although few succeeded in the
+attempt. Their loss was at least three thousand; the British casualties
+were seventeen killed, and one hundred and fifty-eight wounded; their
+allies had about thirty killed and upwards of one hundred wounded. Four
+hundred guns were taken, and the capture of this strong fort caused the
+Chinese the same afternoon to surrender the others, together with the
+province of Pecheli, upon a cessation of hostilities being granted.
+
+
+
+
+                          OCCUPATION OF PEKIN.
+                          13TH. OCTOBER, 1860.
+
+
+Tientsin was reached by the allies on the 6th. of September, when the
+Chinese authorities as usual endeavoured to gain time by negociation. On
+arrival at the encamping ground, it was found occupied by a large
+Chinese army, while batteries had been hastily thrown up; Mr. Parkes,
+(accompanied by Lieutenant Anderson, of Fane’s Irregular Horse, Mr. De
+Norman, and Mr. Bowlby, the special correspondent of “The Times,” whose
+vigorous reports were of such universal interest), proceeded to
+Tang-chow to ascertain the reason of this threatening attitude.[102] Mr.
+Loch, accompanied by Captain Brabazon, Deputy-Assistant
+Quartermaster-General, were afterwards despatched under a flag of truce
+to order them to return. Meanwhile the Chinese line opened fire, and an
+action ensued, when their troops, far superior in numbers were
+dispersed, the enemy losing six hundred men, and seventy-five guns. This
+action was fought on the Chow-Ho on the 18th. of September, and another
+occurred on the 21st. of September, on which day the 1st. or King’s
+Dragoon Guards performed “very excellent service.”[103] The Chinese
+entrenched camp was taken, and they were driven back upon Pekin. Nearly
+six hundred pieces of cannon were captured by the allies during these
+operations. Continuing the advance on that city, a portion of the French
+army occupied the famed Summer Palace of the Emperor. On the 7th. of
+October the Chinese were informed, that if the prisoners were not
+restored, and one of the gates of Pekin delivered up, the city would be
+stormed. This was agreed to, and a force of two hundred French and
+British took peaceable possession of the gate at noon on the 13th. of
+October. This operation concluded the campaign.[104] The crowning result
+was that the former treaty was ratified, a large sum of money was paid
+by the Chinese, and such prisoners as survived were released. Some of
+them, however, died from the savage treatment they experienced, and
+amongst them were Mr. De Norman, Lieutenant Anderson, Mr. Bowlby, and
+Captain Brabazon. £100,000 were paid by the Chinese as a compensation to
+the relatives of the murdered prisoners; and Kowloon, a district at the
+mouth of the Canton river, opposite Hong Kong, was ceded to the British
+Government.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE SCINDE MEDALS, 1843.
+
+
+These medals were granted by the Government of India, to those who
+served in the Scinde campaign of 1843, and were present at the battles
+of Meeanee and Hyderabad, under Sir Charles Napier. There are three
+varieties of this medal, the obverse of all being the same; the head of
+the Queen with the legend “Victoria Regina,” reverse, No. 1 has the word
+“Meeanee” inscribed within a circle of laurel leaves, surmounted by a
+crown, and below is the date 1843, awarded to those present at the
+battle of Meeanee only. No 2, has on the reverse “Meeanee” and
+“Hyderabad,” with the date; given to those who were engaged in both
+battles. No. 3 has on the reverse the word “Hyderabad,” with the date;
+given to those who were present at Hyderabad only. No clasp.
+Ribbon—rainbow pattern. These medals are similar to that granted for
+meritorious service, of which an illustration is given in this work; the
+names of the battles being inscribed within the wreath, instead of the
+words “For Meritorious Service.” Four ships of the Indian navy took part
+in this campaign, and their officers and crews received the medal. The
+22nd. was the only English regiment to which this medal was granted.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE CAMPAIGN IN SCINDE.
+
+
+The withdrawal of the troops from Afghanistan was regarded by the Ameer
+of Scinde as a sign of weakness, and they consulted how they might
+destroy the British power. Being feudatories of the Dooranée empire,
+they had been persuaded to take a bold part in what they considered the
+common cause. A force was consequently assembled under Major-General Sir
+Charles Napier, and its first employment was the destruction of the Fort
+of Emaun Ghur, in the desert, on the 14th. and 15th. of January, 1843.
+
+This service was described by the Duke of Wellington in the House of
+Lords, “as one of the most curious military feats he had ever known to
+be performed, or had ever perused an account of in his life. Sir Charles
+Napier (added his Grace) moved his troops through the desert against
+hostile forces; he had his guns transported under circumstances of
+extreme difficulty, and in a manner the most extraordinary; and he cut
+off a retreat of the enemy which rendered it impossible for them ever to
+regain their positions.”
+
+As Emaun Ghur could only serve as a stronghold in which the Beloochees
+might be able to resist British supremacy, Major-General Sir Charles
+Napier determined upon destroying the fortress. It was a place of great
+strength, and was constructed of unburnt bricks, into which the shot
+easily penetrates, but brings nothing down, so that recourse was had to
+mining. The place was full of gunpowder and grain, and the former was
+employed in blowing up the fortress, which was effected on the 15th. of
+January. The 22nd. was the only Queen’s regiment employed in this
+service, three hundred and fifty of that corps having been carried on
+camels.
+
+After this difficult and harassing service, the troops returned on the
+23rd. of January to Peer-Abu-Bekr, without the loss of a man, or without
+even a sick soldier, and the Ameer’s plan of campaign was frustrated.
+
+On the 14th. of February a treaty of peace was signed by these chiefs,
+and directions were sent by them to the British political resident,
+Major Outram, to quit Hyderabad, the capital; but before this was
+complied with, eight thousand Beloochees, commanded by several Ameers in
+person, attempted to force an entrance into the enclosure of the British
+residency. After a sharp contest of four hours, the assailants were
+repulsed by a small force under Captain Conway, aided by the fire of a
+British steamer lying in the river; but the position being untenable was
+abandoned, and the resident with his escort arrived safely in the camp
+of Sir Charles Napier.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF MEEANEE.
+                         17TH. FEBRUARY, 1843.
+
+
+Having thus commenced hostilities, the Ameers assembled a numerous force
+to destroy the few British troops in the country. Sir Charles Napier,
+trusting to the valour of the force under his orders, advanced to meet
+the enemy. On the 17th. of February, twenty-two thousand Scindian troops
+were discovered encamped at Meeanee. The position of the enemy had been
+chosen with great skill, and they were immensely superior in numbers.
+Both their flanks were covered by thick woods, and their front was
+protected by the dry bed and steep banks of the Fulailee river. The
+British, mustering two thousand eight hundred men, advanced in echelon
+of regiments to attack their numerous opponents, and the 22nd.,
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel (now Lieutenant-General Sir John)
+Pennefather, led the attack. As soon as the British forces came within
+range, a battery of fifteen guns opened upon them, a numerous body of
+Beloochees discharged their matchlocks and pistols at the 22nd., and
+then rushed forward sword in hand to close upon the British line; but
+these bold and skilful swordsmen went down under the superior power of
+the musket and bayonet.[109]
+
+In the stirring words of General W. F. P. Napier—the
+Beloochees—“Guarding their heads with their large dark shields, they
+shook their sharp swords beaming in the sun, their shouts rolling like a
+peal of thunder, as with frantic gestures, they dashed forward with
+demoniac strength and ferocity, full against the front of the 22nd. But
+with shouts as loud, and shrieks as wild and fierce as theirs, and
+hearts as big, and arms as strong, the Irish soldiers met them with the
+queen of weapons—the musket, and sent their foremost masses rolling back
+in blood. These wild warriors continually advanced, sword and shield in
+hand, striving in all the fierceness of their valour, to break into the
+opposing ranks; no fire of small arms, no thrusts of bayonets, no
+sweeping discharges of grape from the guns—could drive the gallant
+soldiers back. They gave their breasts to the shot, they leaped upon the
+guns by twenties at a time; their dead went down the steep slope by
+hundreds; but the gaps in their masses were continually filled up from
+the rear; the survivors of the front rank still pressed forward with
+unabated fury, and the bayonet and the sword clashed in full and
+frequent conflict.”
+
+After a severe contest of three hours the Scindian army was defeated,
+and, on the day following the victory, six of the Ameers delivered their
+swords to the British General upon the field of battle. The Beloochees
+lost five thousand men, and all their guns, ammunition, and treasure
+were taken, together with their camp and standards.
+
+In the Notification of the Right Honourable Lord Ellenborough, the
+Governor-General of India, it was directed, “That the unserviceable
+guns, taken at Hyderabad, shall be sent to Bombay, and there cast into a
+triumphal column, whereon shall be inscribed in the English, and two
+native languages, the names of Major-General Sir Charles Napier, K.C.B.,
+and of the several officers mentioned by His Excellency in his despatch,
+and likewise the names of the several officers, non-commissioned
+officers, and privates mentioned in the reports, that thus the names may
+be for ever recorded of those who, at Meeanee, obtained for themselves
+that glory in the field, which is the reward dearest to a true soldier.”
+Sir Charles Napier set the example, which has since been more or less
+followed, in naming the non-commissioned officers and men who had
+specially distinguished themselves.[110]
+
+The loss of the 22nd. regiment was Captain J. Mc Leod Tew, one sergeant,
+and twenty-two rank and file killed; Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather,
+Captain T. S. Conway, Lieutenants W. M. G. Mc Murdo and F. P. Harding,
+Ensigns R. Pennefather and H. Bowden, one sergeant, one corporal, and
+fifty privates wounded.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF HYDERABAD.
+                           24TH. MARCH, 1843.
+
+
+The whole of the Ameers did not submit, and the chiefs who continued to
+resist assembled an army, which was commanded by Meer Shere Mahomed. The
+British advanced from Hyderabad at daybreak on the morning of the 24th.
+of March, and about half-past eight o’clock twenty thousand Scindian
+troops were discovered in order of battle behind a nullah. Arrangements
+were immediately made for commencing the action, and the 22nd. regiment
+led the attack. Major Poole commanded the brigade, and Captain F. D.
+George the regiment, which advanced steadily against the enemy’s left,
+exposed to a heavy fire of matchlocks, without returning a shot until
+arriving within forty paces of the entrenchment, when it stormed the
+position occupied by the Beloochees. Lieutenant Coote first mounted the
+rampart, seized one of the enemy’s standards, and was severely wounded
+while in the act of waving it and cheering on his men; Lieutenant Powell
+seized another, and the gallant example of the officers stimulated the
+men to similar deeds. Privates J. Doherty, C. Lynar, E. Jobin, J. Mc
+Cartin, J. Walmsley, G. Roberts, E. Watson, and J. Oakley shot the
+defenders, and then captured fourteen standards, making five of their
+opponents prisoners. Privates S. Cowen, S. Alder, and G. Banbury also
+captured colours; and Corporal Tim. Kelly shot one of the Scindians,
+taking from him a silver-knobbed standard. The Beloochee infantry and
+artillery fought well, but were unable, although greatly superior in
+numbers, to resist the determined attack of disciplined soldiers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Second Jellalabad Medal.
+
+  The Maharajpoor Star.
+]
+
+Major-General Sir Charles Napier stated in his public despatch, “The
+battle was decided by the troop of Horse Artillery, and Her Majesty’s
+22nd. regiment.”[111]
+
+The loss of the enemy was very great, and eleven pieces of cannon were
+taken in position on the nullah, together with seventeen standards. The
+Beloochee force was completely defeated, and their commander, Meer Shere
+Mahomed, fled to the desert.[112] Among the killed was the great
+promoter of the war, Hoche Mahomed Seedee. Twenty-three rank and file of
+the 22nd. regiment were killed on this occasion; Lieutenants Chute,
+Coote, Evans, and Brennan, Ensign Richard Pennefather, six sergeants,
+one drummer, four corporals, and one hundred and twenty-three privates
+were wounded. At the battle of Hyderabad the regiment mustered only five
+hundred and sixty-two rank and file; the remainder, being sick and
+convalescent, having been left at Sukkur, in Upper Scinde.
+
+These successes gained for the troops the high honour of the thanks of
+Parliament, and the Order of the Bath for several of the officers.
+
+
+
+
+                  THE STAR FOR MAHARJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.
+                                 1843.
+
+
+The Government of India, as a mark of their distinguished merit,
+presented to every officer and soldier engaged in these battles, a
+bronze star of six points, made from the captured guns, faced with a
+smaller star of silver. Both stars are similar, the only difference
+being that one has “Maharajpoor” on the silver face, the other
+“Punniar,” the date being the same—“December 29th., 1843.” They were
+permitted to be worn by the Queen’s regiments. The star was originally
+issued with a brass hook to fasten it to the breast of the wearer’s
+coat, but eventually it was worn with the “rainbow ribbon.”
+
+
+
+
+                  BATTLES OF MAHARAJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.
+                         29TH. DECEMBER, 1843.
+
+
+A force named the “Army of Exercise” was assembled at Agra, in November,
+1843, in consequence of affairs in the state of Gwalior, which had for
+some time required the attention of the Indian Government, although it
+was not anticipated that actual hostilities would take place. The events
+which led to the collision between the Anglo-Indian troops and those of
+the once powerful Mahratta kingdom, are as follow:—Upon the decease of
+Maharajah Thunkojee Rao Scindiah, the British Government promptly
+acknowledged as his successor the Maharajah Tyajee Rao Scindiah, who was
+nearest in blood to the late sovereign of Gwalior, and whose adoption by
+the Maharanee, his Highness’s widow, was approved by the chiefs. During
+the minority of the Maharajah, the office of regent was to be held by
+Mama Sahib. In a short time the regent was compelled by force to quit
+the Gwalior state, and the Dada Khasgee Walla succeeded to the
+confidence of the Maharanee without possessing generally that of the
+chiefs, and by his influence various acts were committed insulting and
+injurious to the British Government. The delivery of the Dada being
+peremptorily insisted upon as a necessary preliminary to the
+re-establishment of the customary relations with the Gwalior state, the
+Maharanee at length complied with the request, and the Governor-General,
+in order to give friendly support to the youthful Maharajah, directed
+the immediate advance of forces sufficient for the purpose. The
+Anglo-Indian troops entered the dominions of Scindiah, and a strong
+government having been established at Gwalior, they received orders to
+withdraw; but were not destined to return to their own territory without
+a severe conflict. Negotiations appeared proceeding to an amicable
+issue, but the design of the enemy to gain time to concentrate his
+forces became at length so evident, that active measures of hostility
+were determined upon. The British army left Agra, between the 12th. and
+18th. of December, under the command of Major-General Sir Hugh Gough,
+who was accompanied by the Governor-General, Lord Ellenborough, in
+person.
+
+The main division crossed the Koharee river early in the morning of the
+29th. of December, and found the Mahratta forces drawn up in front of
+the village of Maharajpoor, in a very strong position, which they had
+occupied during the night, and which they had carefully entrenched. The
+British were about fourteen thousand strong, with forty pieces of
+artillery, while the enemy mustered eighteen thousand men, including
+three thousand cavalry, with a hundred guns. Notwithstanding the extreme
+difficulty of the country, intersected by deep and almost impassable
+ravines, the whole of the Anglo-Indian troops were in their appointed
+positions by eight o’clock in the morning of the 29th. of December. The
+action commenced by the advance of Major-General Littler’s column, which
+was exactly in front of Maharajpoor; whilst Major-General Valiant’s
+brigade took it in reverse, both being supported by Major-General
+Dennis’s column, and the two light field batteries.
+
+Her Majesty’s 16th. Lancers, and the 39th. and 40th. regiments highly
+distinguished themselves. The 30th., forming part of Brigadier Wright’s
+brigade with the 56th. Native Infantry attacked with such vigour that
+they stormed the enemy’s batteries and bayoneted the gunners at their
+posts. But the Mahrattas rallied in the village, and after firing their
+Matchlocks threw them away, and fought sword in hand with the most
+determined bravery. In the meantime General Valiant’s brigade had taken
+Maharajpoor in reverse, and by this combined movement twenty-eight guns
+were captured, but the Mahratta position was not taken till nearly all
+its defenders had been slain on the spot.
+
+A small work of four guns on the left of the entrenched main position of
+Chonda was long and obstinately defended, but subsequently carried; and
+the guns captured by the grenadiers of the 39th., under Captain
+Campbell, admirably supported by a wing of the 56th. Native Infantry,
+under Major Philips.
+
+Not less distinguished was the conduct of the 40th.; this regiment in
+the attack on the enemy’s entrenched positions, had two successive
+commanding officers, Major Stopford[113] and Captain Coddington, wounded
+at the very muzzles of the guns. Two regimental standards were captured
+by the 39th., and four by the 40th. regiment. Major-General Valiant was
+also wounded.
+
+Major-General Churchill, C.B., Quarter-Master General of Her Majesty’s
+forces in India, and Captain Somerset of the Grenadier Guards, Military
+Secretary to Lord Ellenborough, both received several wounds in personal
+rencontres. The former died after amputation of the leg. Major Henry
+Havelock, C.B., of the 13th. Light Infantry, Persian interpreter, served
+on Sir Hugh Gough’s personal staff.
+
+Brigadier Cureton’s brigade of cavalry, of which the 16th. Lancers
+(under Lieutenant-Colonel Macdowell) formed part, took advantage of
+every opportunity, manœuvring most judiciously on the right, and had it
+not been for an impassable ravine, would have cut off the retreat of the
+whole,. The cavalry division was under the orders of Major-General Sir
+Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B.
+
+In this action fifty-six guns, and the whole of the enemy’s ammunition
+waggons were captured.
+
+Major-General Grey, who had been directed to push on with the left wing
+as rapidly as practicable to Punniar, twelve miles south-west of
+Gwalior, gained also a complete victory on the same day as the battle of
+Maharajpoor was fought, namely, the 29th. of December.
+
+About four o’clock in the afternoon the enemy was observed to have taken
+up a strong position on a chain of lofty hills, four miles eastward of
+the camp. The Major-General determined immediately to attack him, and
+the 3rd. Buffs, with a company of sappers and miners, were detached to
+occupy a position on an opposite ridge, followed afterwards to the right
+by five companies of the 39th. Native Infantry, until the troops,
+amounting to two thousand and seven men, could be brought up, and an
+attack made upon the enemy’s left flank and centre. Owing to the
+lateness of the day, it was some time before this force could be
+supported. The Buffs, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clunie, and the sappers
+attacked the centre, exposed to a galling fire from the guns, and
+gallantly carried every position, driving the enemy from height to
+height, and capturing eleven of his guns, with a standard. The second
+infantry brigade under Acting-Brigadier Anderson, of the 50th., arrived
+in time to put a finish to the action; forming on the crest of the hill,
+he, by a gallant and judicious movement, attacked the enemy’s left, and
+completely defeated him, taking the remainder of his guns. Major Petit
+commanded the 50th., and distinguished himself by the charge he made
+down the hill at the head of that regiment. The 50th. Native Infantry
+shared in the above movement. Major White commanded the latter, and took
+the second infantry brigade out of action upon Brigadier Anderson being
+wounded.
+
+A portion of the first cavalry brigade, under Brigadier Campbell of the
+9th. Lancers, accompanied the force as far as the ground would admit,
+but no opportunity was afforded for actively employing them. General
+Grey at once affected a junction with Sir H. Gough under the walls of
+Givalin, which capital they occupied unopposed, and the Maharatta army
+was disbanded.
+
+These victories were not gained without severe loss,[114] owing to the
+enemy’s force greatly exceeding the British, particularly in artillery,
+and to the commanding position of his guns, which were well served and
+resolutely defended both by gunners and infantry; the peculiar
+difficulties of the country gave also additional advantages to the
+gallantry of the Mahratta troops, whose casualties were exceedingly
+heavy.
+
+The regiments engaged at Maharajpoor, were the 16th. Lancers, 39th. and
+40th. Foot. Bengal Artillery and Sappers, 1st., 4th., and 10th. Native
+Cavalry, 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, and the 14th., 16th., 31st., 43rd., and
+56th. Native Infantry. At Punniar; the troops engaged were the 9th.
+Lancers; the 3rd. and 50th. Foot; the 8th. Bengal Irregular Cavalry, a
+company of Sappers, and five companies of the 39th. and 50th. Native
+Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+   THE SUTLEJ AND PUNJAUB MEDALS, FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND SIKH WARS.
+                           1845–6 AND 1848–9.
+
+
+For the first Sikh War, or Sutlej Campaign, four Silver Medals were
+issued, for the four battles of “Moodkee, 1845;” “Ferozeshuhur, 1845;”
+“Aliwal, 1846;” “Sobraon, 1846.” By a general order, if a soldier was
+present at only one of these battles of the Campaign, he received the
+medal with the name of the battle inscribed on the reverse; but if he
+had been engaged in more battles than one, he received for each battle
+an additional clasp. The medal was designed by W. Wyon, and is
+considered a beautiful example of art. Obverse: The diademed head of the
+Queen, with the legend “Victoria Regina.” Reverse: A figure of Victory
+standing, with a laurel wreath in her right hand, and a palm branch in
+her left, at her feet a trophy of Sikh arms. Above is the inscription
+“Army of the Sutlej”; and in the exergue, the name and date of the
+battle for which the medal was given. Clasps for “Ferozeshuhur,”
+“Aliwal,” “Sobraon.” The 31st. and 50th. were the only European
+regiments that received the medal with _three clasps_ for the four
+battles. Ribbon—dark blue with crimson edges.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Sutlej Medal.
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Punjaub Medal.
+]
+
+By a general order, dated Ferozepore, April 2nd., 1849, a medal (silver)
+was granted for the Punjaub Campaign, second Sikh War, 1848–9. Obverse:
+same as the Sutlej Medal. Reverse: Lord Gough on horseback, the Sikh
+army laying down their arms before him, the British army in line with
+colours flying, in the background palm-trees. The superscription is “To
+the army of the Punjaub,” and in the exergue the date, MDCCCXLIX. Three
+clasps were issued for “Mooltan,” “Chillianwala,” and “Goojerat.”
+Ribbon—dark blue, with narrow stripes of yellow at the edges. The medal,
+without a clasp, was given to the officers and men of the Indus Flotilla
+who took part in the Campaign, and a Naval Brigade of about one hundred
+men, received the medal, with a clasp, for Mooltan. Two clasps were the
+greatest number worn with any medal.
+
+
+
+
+                          THE SUTLEJ CAMPAIGN.
+                               1845–1846.
+
+
+The Sikh army which had been formed by Runjeet Singh, and trained by
+French and Italian refugees in his service, according to European
+tactics, had, since the decease of that politic ruler in 1839, become
+the dominant power, and finally coerced, or induced the Lahore
+authorities to commence hostilities. The Maharajah was an infant, his
+advisers powerless; but the soldiers, who styled themselves the “Punth
+Khalsajee,” or true believers, accustomed to conquest, and elated by
+success, were eager for a contest with the English, whom they were
+confident of expelling from Hindostan. Accordingly the Sikh army, having
+crossed the Sutlej on the 11th. December, 1845, invested Ferozepore on
+one side, and took up an entrenched position at the village of
+Ferozeshah, about ten miles in advance of Ferozepore, and nearly the
+same distance from Moodkee, the enemy placing in this camp one hundred
+and eight pieces of cannon, with a force exceeding fifty thousand men.
+Sir Henry Hardinge, the Governor-General of India, had for some time
+been aware of the intentions of the Sikhs, and so far from being
+unprepared to meet and repel an invasion, before he had been three
+months in India, large bodies of troops were marching from different
+points towards the North West Frontier, to reinforce the army of
+observation on the Sutlej. At the beginning of December, 1845, there
+were 10,472 men and 24 guns at Ferozepore, 7235 men with 12 guns at
+Loodiana, and nearly 13,000 men with 70 guns at Umballa; in all, nearly
+31,000 men and 70 guns, under the command of Sir Hugh Gough.
+
+The Sikhs remained inactive in the vicinity of Ferozepore for some days,
+which may be regarded as a providential circumstance, as instead of
+annihilating Major-General Sir John Littler’s weak divisions, they
+contented themselves with stopping the dâks, and plundering the country,
+until the 17th. of December, when they marched to intercept the approach
+of the “Army of the Sutlej,” then advancing to the relief of Ferozepore
+from Umballa, under Sir Hugh Gough, with whom was the Governor-General.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF MOODKEE.
+                         18TH. DECEMBER, 1845.
+
+
+After a harassing march of one hundred and fifty miles, along roads of
+heavy sand, the troops arrived at Moodkee, on the 18th. of December,
+having endured every kind of privation; the incessant labour required of
+them admitting scarcely an hour’s uninterrupted repose before being
+called upon for renewed exertions. About three o’clock in the afternoon,
+the army, suffering severely from the want of water, and in a state of
+great exhaustion, received intelligence of the advance of the Sikhs on
+Moodkee, and the troops had scarcely time to get under arms, and to move
+to their positions, before the information was confirmed. The horse
+artillery and cavalry were immediately pushed forward, the infantry and
+field batteries moving in support. Two miles were scarcely passed, when
+the enemy, consisting of about twenty thousand infantry, and an equal
+number of cavalry, with forty guns, under Lal Singh, were discovered in
+position, which they had either just taken up, or were advancing in
+order of battle. The country at this spot was a dead flat, dotted with
+sandy hillocks, and covered at short intervals with a low thick jungle,
+forming an excellent screen for the infantry and guns of the enemy, from
+which they opened a severe cannonade upon the advancing troops, which
+was vigorously replied to by the horse artillery under Brigadier Brooke.
+After the manœuvres of the cavalry on the left and right flanks of their
+opponents, the infantry commenced their participation in the fight, and
+advancing under Major-Generals Sir Harry Smith, Walter Gilbert, and Sir
+John Mc Caskill, attacked in _echelon_ of lines the Sikh infantry, the
+wood and approaching darkness of night rendering them almost invisible.
+The great superiority of numbers of the enemy necessarily caused their
+extended line to outflank the British, but the movements of the cavalry
+counteracted this advantage. Desperate was the opposition experienced,
+but the roll of fire from the infantry soon convinced the Sikhs of the
+inutility of resistance; their whole force was driven from position to
+position with great slaughter at the point of the bayonet; night only
+saved them from further disaster, this stout conflict being maintained
+for an hour and a half of dim starlight, objects being rendered still
+more obscure from the clouds of dust which arose from the sandy plain.
+Lal Singh, the Sikh commander, was wounded, and narrowly escaped being
+taken prisoner. Darkness alone prevented the pursuit of the foe; and the
+force bivouacked on the field for some hours; returning to their
+encampment, when it was ascertained that they had no foe before them, as
+the enemy fled to their camp at Ferozeshuhur.
+
+In this manner was achieved the first of a series of victories over the
+Sikh troops; troops that had fought with the British army only three
+years previously, in the advance on Cabool, and had been thanked in
+general orders for their services, sustaining as they did, at the
+forcing of the Khyber Pass, a loss equal to that of the Anglo-Indian
+force; it appears therefore but reasonable to infer, that much of the
+skill evinced by them in the disposition and arrangement of their army
+may be in some degree attributed to the experience they gained by their
+co-operation in the Afghan campaign; proving themselves unquestionably
+at Moodkee, and in the succeeding conflicts, one of the best disciplined
+and most powerful antagonists the British had ever encountered in India.
+
+This victory was not gained without considerable loss; several gallant
+officers fell and two hundred men, amongst them the hero of Afghanistan,
+Major-General Sir Robert Sale, who, towards the conclusion of the
+action, had his thigh shattered with a grape shot, from the effects of
+which he died. Major-General Sir John McCaskill, K.C.B., who had served
+with the 9th. Foot in that country, was also amongst the slain.
+
+The troops engaged at Moodkee were the 3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 31st.,
+50th., and 80th. Foot, Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal Irregular Cavalry,
+and the 5th., 7th., and 26th. Bengal Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                 BATTLE OF FEROZESHAH OR FEROZESHUHUR.
+                    21ST. AND 22ND. DECEMBER, 1845.
+
+
+On the 19th. of December the army was concentrated at Moodkee, no
+further operations taking place until the 21st., when it moved by its
+left on Ferozepore; and having on the march been reinforced by
+Major-General Sir John Littler’s division of five thousand men from
+that place, General Sir Hugh Gough formed his forces in order of
+battle. It was then resolved to attack the enemy’s entrenched camp at
+Ferozeshah, or Ferozeshuhur, where they were posted in great force,
+and had a most formidable artillery; their camp was a parallelogram,
+about a mile in length, and half that distance in breadth, including
+within its area the village of Ferozeshuhur, the shorter sides looking
+towards the Sutlej and Moodkee, and the longer towards Ferozepore, and
+the open country. The plains, as at Moodkee, were covered with low
+jhow jungle; this added to the difficulty of the advance, which was
+made in four divisions; the left wing under the direction of the
+Governor-General, (Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Hardinge,) who had
+volunteered his services as second in command. The force of the Sikhs
+was about 35,000 men, two-thirds of whom were regular troops, with
+ninety-eight guns, and another army of 23,000 regulars and sixty-seven
+guns, under Tej Singh, was only ten miles distant. Upwards of one
+hundred guns of the enemy, nearly one half of battering calibre,
+opened a heavy cannonade, which was checked, but not silenced, by the
+far less numerous artillery of the assailants.[115] In spite of this
+storm of shot and shell, the infantry gallantly advanced, and boldly
+carried the formidable entrenchments, throwing themselves upon the
+guns, and wresting them from the enemy. These exertions, however, only
+partially gained the batteries, and the soldiery had to face so hot a
+fire from the Sikhs from behind their guns, that the most heroic
+efforts could only succeed in carrying a portion of the entrenchment.
+Darkness did not bring a total cessation of hostilities, for about the
+middle of the night the Sikhs caused one of their heavy guns to bear
+upon that part of the field gained, and on which the troops had
+bivouacked. The gun was soon captured by the 80th. regiment;[116] but
+the enemy, whenever moonlight revealed the position, still continued
+to harass the troops by the fire of their artillery.
+
+At length the long night wore away, and with daylight of the 22nd. of
+December came retribution. The infantry formed into line, supported on
+both flanks by horse artillery, whilst a fire was opened from the
+centre, aided by a flight of rockets. Here a masked battery played with
+great effect, dismounting the pieces and blowing up the tumbrils of the
+British, but at this juncture Sir Henry Hardinge placed himself at the
+head of the left wing, the right being led by Sir Hugh Gough. Unchecked
+by the opposing fire, the line advanced, and drove the foe rapidly out
+of the village of Ferozeshah, and the encampment; then changing front to
+the left, continued to sweep the camp, bearing down all opposition.
+Eventually the Sikhs were dislodged from their whole position. The line
+now halted, and the two brave leaders rode along its front, amid the
+cheering of the soldiers and the waving of the captured standards of the
+Khalsa army. Seventy-three pieces of cannon were also captured.
+
+The British, masters of the entire field, now assumed a position on the
+ground they had so nobly won; but their labours were not ended, for in
+less than two hours Sirdar Tej Singh brought up from the vicinity of
+Ferozepore fresh battalions, and a large field of artillery, supported
+by thirty thousand Ghorechurras, previously encamped near the river.
+Driving in the cavalry parties, he made strenuous efforts to regain the
+position at Ferozeshah; this attempt was defeated; but the Sirdar
+renewing the contest with fresh troops, and a large artillery, commenced
+the attack by a combination against the left flank; and after being
+frustrated in this attempt, essayed such a demonstration against the
+captured village, as compelled the British to change the whole front to
+the right. Meanwhile an incessant fire was maintained by the foe without
+being answered by a single shot, the artillery ammunition being
+completely expended in these protracted encounters. The almost exhausted
+cavalry were now directed to threaten both flanks at once, the infantry
+preparing to advance in support; this soon caused the Sikhs to
+discontinue firing, and to abandon the field, precipitately retreating
+towards the Sutlej, large stores of grain and _matériel_ of war being
+abandoned by the enemy.[117]
+
+It is not surprising that the British casualties were numerous; the
+total loss being six hundred and ninety-four killed, and one thousand
+seven hundred and twenty-one wounded. The entire staff of the
+Governor-General was killed or wounded, except his son, Captain
+Hardinge, who had his horse shot under him. Within thirty hours an
+entrenched camp had been stormed, a general action fought, and two
+considerable conflicts sustained with the enemy. Thus in less than four
+days, sixty thousand Sikh soldiers, supported by upwards of one hundred
+and fifty pieces of cannon, were dislodged from their position, and
+received a just retribution for their treacherous proceedings, without
+provocation or declaration of hostilities.
+
+The 3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 29th., 31st., 50th., 62nd., and 80th.
+Foot; the 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal Irregular Cavalry, Bengal
+Sappers and Miners, Royal Bengal Fusiliers; 4th., 5th., and 7th. Bengal
+Infantry, took part in the battle of Ferozeshuhur. In the official
+despatch there were no regiments particularized, for all were equally
+exposed during this protracted conflict.[118]
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF ALIWAL.
+                          28TH. JANUARY, 1846.
+
+
+On the 16th. of January, 1846, the first brigade, with a few guns and
+some native cavalry, received sudden orders to march on the following
+morning in the direction of Loodiana, under the command of Major-General
+Sir Harry Smith. By a forced, march on the 17th., the fort of
+Dhurrumkote was surprised, and the garrison, consisting of about three
+hundred men, laid down their arms, and were sent prisoners to
+head-quarters. On the 20th. of the same month this division was
+reinforced near the fort of Jugraon by the 16th. Lancers, the 53rd.
+Foot, a detachment of recruits of the Queen’s regiments, and a troop of
+horse artillery. The Major-General decided on attempting the relief of
+Loodiana, which was but slightly garrisoned, and was threatened by a
+large body of the enemy. The troops commenced their march about one
+o’clock in the morning of the 21st.; about eleven the enemy was observed
+to be drawn up, parallel with the British line of march, in a strong
+position at Buddiwal, his front covered by a ridge of low sand-hills,
+bristling with forty pieces of artillery, which were so placed that it
+was necessary, in order to gain Loodiana, either to risk a battle to
+dislodge him from a strong position,—which, with troops fatigued by a
+long march, under a burning sun, and greatly inferior in numbers, would
+have been a hazardous proceeding,—or to proceed along the entire front
+of his position under a galling fire.
+
+Having a just confidence in the steadiness of his troops, Sir Harry
+Smith chose the latter course. The infantry, formed in open column of
+companies right in front (the grenadier company of the 31st. leading,)
+and ready at any moment to form line, preceded by the artillery, and
+covered by the cavalry, marched at a distance of five hundred yards,
+along the front of this formidable line, receiving the fire of each
+battery as it bore upon them. The Sikh position being passed, and the
+enemy declining to follow, by three o’clock in the afternoon the troops
+arrived at Loodiana, thus effecting the desired object.
+
+On the 22nd. and 23rd. the soldiers were permitted to rest themselves
+after their late fatigue, and on the 24th. the enemy retired to Aliwal,
+a village on the Sutlej. The British moved to the ground lately occupied
+by them at Buddiwal, where they were reinforced by the second brigade of
+Sir Harry Smith’s division, consisting of the 50th. Foot and 48th.
+Native Infantry, with some cavalry and infantry from Loodiana.
+
+At daylight on the 28th. Sir Harry Smith marched with his whole force to
+attack the Sirdar Runjoor Singh and the Rajah of Ladwa in their camps at
+Aliwal, the enemy being drawn up in line of battle with his left resting
+on the village, numbering about fifteen thousand men, with fifty-six
+guns. From information afterwards received, it appeared that the Sikhs
+were about to march upon Jugraon that very morning, for the purpose of
+getting between Sir Harry Smith’s force and the heavy guns coming up
+from Delhi under a very slender escort. The march having been previously
+conducted in columns of brigades at deploying distance, each brigade
+deployed on its leading company, and thus formed one long line. Abour
+ten o’clock in the morning the action commenced by a heavy cannonade
+from the Sikh artillery, which was principally directed on the British
+centre. The village of Aliwal was filled with infantry, supported by
+cavalry in the rear, and further defended by two guns on its left.
+
+“The enemy,” says Sir Harry Smith, “fought with much resolution, and
+maintained frequent encounters with our cavalry hand to hand. In one
+charge of infantry upon the 16th. Lancers, they threw away their
+muskets, and came on with their swords and targets against the lance.”
+But all their bravery was fruitless. The village was carried, and the
+two guns were captured,[119] but the line being in consequence somewhat
+disarranged, it was quickly re-formed, and advanced in excellent order,
+overcoming all opposition. The attack of the enemy by the left wing was
+equally successful; the line advanced, making a steady and successful
+charge, and the Sikhs, being beaten in every quarter, fled towards the
+river in the utmost confusion, leaving their camp, baggage, and stores,
+with fifty-two pieces of artillery, as trophies in the hands of the
+victors.
+
+The regiments engaged in this battle were the 16th. Lancers, 31st.,
+50th., and 53rd. Foot, 3rd. Skinner’s Horse, 1st. and 2nd. Ghoorkas, and
+7th. and 13th. Bengal Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                           BATTLE OF SOBRAON.
+                         10TH. FEBRUARY, 1846.
+
+
+Although the intelligence of the victory of Aliwal, and the sight of the
+numerous bodies which floated from the vicinity of that battle-field to
+the bridge of boats at Sobraon, apparently disheartened the enemy, and
+caused many of them to return to their homes, yet in a few days they
+appeared as confident as ever of being able in their entrenched
+position, to defy the Anglo-Indian army, and to prevent the passage of
+the Sutlej.
+
+The heavy ordnance having arrived on the 8th. of February, the day on
+which the forces under Major-General Sir Harry Smith rejoined the main
+body of the army, it was determined at once to storm their
+entrenchments, and finally drive them out of Hindoostan. This was no
+ordinary undertaking, as, from observations made during the time the
+head-quarters of the army were stationed at the village of Nihalkee, it
+was ascertained that the position at Sobraon was covered with formidable
+entrenchments, and defended by thirty thousand of the _élite_ of the
+Khalsa troops; besides being united by a good bridge to a reserve on the
+opposite bank of the river, on which was stationed a considerable camp,
+with artillery, which commanded and flanked the Sikh field-works on the
+British side of the Sutlej.
+
+About daybreak on the 10th. of February, the mortars, battering guns,
+and field artillery were disposed on the alluvial land, embracing within
+their fire the enemy’s works. As soon as the sun’s rays cleared the
+heavy mist which hung over the plain, the cannonade commenced; but
+notwithstanding the admirable manner in which the guns were served, it
+would have been visionary to expect that they could, within any limited
+time, silence the fire of seventy pieces of artillery behind
+well-constructed batteries, or dislodge troops so strongly entrenched.
+It soon therefore became evident that musketry and the bayonet must
+ultimately decide the contest.
+
+The British infantry, formed on the extreme left of the line, then
+advanced to the assault, and in spite of every impediment, cleared the
+entrenchments, and entered the enemy’s camp. Her Majesty’s 10th., 53rd.,
+and 80th. regiments, with the 33rd., 43rd., 59th., and 63rd. Native
+Infantry, moving at a firm and steady pace, never fired a shot till they
+had passed the barriers opposed to them, to which was attributed the
+success of their first effort, and the small loss sustained by them.
+When checked by the formidable obstacles and superior numbers to which
+the attacking division was exposed, the second division, under
+Major-General Gilbert, afforded the most opportune assistance by
+advancing to the attack of the Sikh batteries, entering the fortified
+position after a severe struggle, and sweeping through the interior of
+the camp. A very severe loss was inflicted by this division upon the
+retreating enemy. The same gallant efforts, attended by similar results,
+distinguished the attack of the enemy’s left by the first division,
+under Major-General Sir Harry Smith, in which the troops nobly sustained
+their former reputation.[120]
+
+Fighting with the energy of desperation, the Sikhs even when some of
+their entrenchments were mastered with the bayonet, endeavoured to
+recover with the sword the positions they had lost. The cavalry under
+General Sir Joseph Thackwell, rode through the openings made by the
+sappers, in single file, and re-forming as they passed them, galloped on
+and cut down the Sikh artillerymen at their guns. But it was not until
+the weight of all three divisions of infantry, in addition to several
+regiments of cavalry, and the fire of every piece of field artillery
+that could be sent to their aid, had been felt, that the enemy gave way.
+The Sikh regiments retreated at first in tolerable order, but the
+incessant volleys soon caused them to seek safety in a rapid flight.
+Masses of them precipitated themselves on their bridge, which, being
+broken by the heavy fire, was incapable to sustain the multitudes
+pressing forward; the sudden rise too of the Sutlej rendered the ford
+almost impassable, adding another obstacle to their escape. A dreadful
+carnage ensued. The stream was red with the blood of men and horses, the
+bridge in many places had given way, and it is considered that at least
+a third of the Sikh army perished in this battle; sixty-seven of their
+guns were captured, together with two hundred camel-swivels
+(zumbroorucks,)[121] numerous standards, and vast munitions of war.
+
+In this manner ended the battle of Sobraon; at six in the morning it
+commenced; at nine it became a hand to hand conflict; and by eleven it
+was gained. Major-General Sir Robert Dick, K.C.B., the former leader of
+the 42nd. Royal Highlanders in Spain, fell at the moment of victory;
+Brigadier Taylor, C.B., the beloved commanding officer of the second
+division, was also killed. In these several battles the British loss
+amounted to six thousand two hundred and seventy-two officers and men
+killed and wounded.
+
+Of the Queen’s regiments, besides those already mentioned, the 31st. and
+50th. were described in orders as having greatly distinguished
+themselves. The gallant conduct of the 9th., 29th., and 62nd. regiments,
+was also specially noticed, and the cavalry were not forgotten.[122] The
+3rd. Light Dragoons and the 10th. especially distinguished themselves.
+
+The following regiments were present at this decisive victory,
+namely,—3rd. Light Dragoons; 9th., and 16th. Lancers, 9th., 10th.,
+29th., 31st., 50th., 53rd., 62nd., and 80th. Foot; their conduct and
+that of the officers received the thanks of Parliament, the 1st. Bengal
+Europeans; 4th. 5th., 6th., 7th., 8th., 9th., and 26th. Bengal Native
+Infantry, and 1st., and 2nd. Goorkhas.
+
+Ten days after the battle of Sobraon the British arrived before Lahore.
+So complete was the discomfiture of the Sikhs, that no further
+opposition was experienced: and on the 22nd. of February a brigade of
+troops took formal possession of the palace and citadel of Lahore. A
+treaty was signed on the 7th. of March, which, while it evinced the
+moderation and justice of the paramount power of India, appeared
+calculated to secure the frontier against similar acts of aggression.
+
+
+
+
+                 THE PUNJAB CAMPAIGN. SIEGE OF MOOLTAN.
+
+
+7TH. SEPTEMBER, 1848, TO 2ND. JANUARY, 1849.
+
+Major-General Sir John Littler had been selected to command the garrison
+of about ten thousand men which had been left at Lahore, to protect the
+chief sirdars from their own turbulent countrymen, while re-constructing
+the government, with Sir Henry Lawrence as political Resident, and
+everything appeared to be progressing in a satisfactory manner, when, in
+1848, Moolraj, the Dewan of Mooltan, having apparently agreed to the
+arrangement for appointing Sirdar Khan Singh his successor as governor
+of that town, Mr. Vans Agnew, of the Civil Service, and Lieutenant
+Anderson, of the Bombay Army, who had been sent to Mooltan to install
+Khan Singh were treacherously attacked and murdered. This was followed
+by a general outbreak at Lahore, and endeavours were made to expel the
+British from the Punjab. In this capital Maharaj Singh, a Gooroo or
+priest, raising the standard of rebellion, soon collected a numerous
+body of the disbanded Sikhs, and thus prevented the British troops at
+Lahore from marching against Mooltan, which was occupied by the enemy at
+the commencement of hostilities.
+
+It was at this juncture that Lieutenant Edwardes[123] accomplished that
+for which he gained such just renown. By his gallantry and judicious
+skill he not only raised forces, but exerted so strong an influence that
+he succeeded in holding Moolraj in check until succours could be
+afforded; and having united his troops with those of Colonel Cortlandt,
+several successful encounters took place with the insurgents. On June
+18th., Edwardes and Cortlandt with troops consisting chiefly of Sikhs
+and Mohammedans, after an action of 9 hours defeated the army of Moolraj
+at Kineyree, with great loss of men and baggage; six guns also were
+taken. In July they again attacked Moolraj, who with an army of eleven
+thousand men had taken up a strong position at the village of Suddoosam,
+and after a fierce fight of six hours drove him to seek shelter within
+the walls of Mooltan. Major-General Whish arrived from Lahore on the
+18th. of August, 1848, with a force of which Her Majesty’s 10th. Foot
+formed part, and on the next day was joined by a column from Ferozepore,
+with which was the Queen’s 32nd. regiment. The village of Ramteerut was
+taken possession of on the 7th. of September, and the working parties
+having made good progress, it was resolved to attack the outworks on the
+12th. of that month, when Shere Singh deserted with five thousand Sikhs
+to the enemy. This defection made it necessary to raise the siege on the
+15th. of that month, and a position was taken up some miles distant.
+
+Meanwhile Lord Gough was marching into the Punjab, and the advance
+force, under Brigadier-General Campbell, C.B., (afterwards Lord Clyde,)
+was engaged at Ramnuggur on the 22nd. of November, 1848. Here the
+gallant Brigadier-General Cureton, C.B., commanding the cavalry
+division, (the flaxen haired boy of the Peninsula,) and
+Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock, K.H., were killed. The brilliant
+charges of the 3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, and of the 5th. and 8th.
+regiments of Light Cavalry, against the enemy’s horsemen, numbering
+between three and four thousand men, was specially noticed in general
+orders.
+
+This engagement was followed by the action of Sadoolapoor, on Sunday,
+the 3rd. of December, 1848, by the troops under Major-General Sir Joseph
+Thackwell, K.C.B., in which the 3rd. Light Dragoons, and the 24th. and
+61st. regiments shared. The enemy’s loss was severe, but the British
+casualties were comparatively small, amounting to only seventy-three
+killed and wounded.
+
+A gallant and successful attack was made with little loss, on a strong
+position of the enemy on the eastern side of the Grand Canal, by the
+troops under Brigadier-General F. Markham, on the morning of the 7th. of
+November.[124] This is known as the action of Sooroojkhund, in which the
+10th. and 32nd. regiments shared, (the latter being commanded by Major
+Inglis, afterwards the heroic defender of Lucknow,) when the enemy’s
+strongly entrenched position was carried, and four of his guns captured
+without firing a shot.
+
+While these events were occurring Major-General Whish renewed the siege
+of Mooltan; and having been joined on the 26th. of December by Brigadier
+the Honourable H. Dundas, C.B., of the 60th. Rifles, with the Bombay
+column, which, in addition to native corps, comprised the 60th. Royal
+Rifles, an attack was made on the entrenchments on the 27th. of
+December; and the enemy being driven from the suburbs, a position was
+taken up by the British within four hundred yards of the walls. The
+gallantry and discipline of the 60th. Rifles were specially noticed;
+they had Major Gordon killed, and Major Dennis wounded. Three companies
+of the 32nd. shared in the re-occupation of the suburbs on this
+occasion.
+
+By a shell from one of the mortars on the 30th. the principal magazine,
+containing 400,000 lbs. of powder, in the citadel was blown up,
+destroying the grand musjid and several houses, and costing the lives of
+about eight hundred of the garrison. Nowise dismayed by this misfortune,
+Moolraj refused to surrender, and continued the defence, saying he had
+powder enough left to last him for twelvemonths; but breaches were
+effected during the nights of the 30th. and 31st., one near the Delhi
+gate, and the other near the Bohur gate. A sortie was made by the
+garrison on the last day of the year, but this was repulsed by Major
+Edwardes and Lieutenant Lake, the enemy being driven back with severe
+loss. The place was eventually stormed in the afternoon of the 2nd. of
+January, 1849.
+
+Colour-Sergeant John Bennett, of the 1st. Bombay Fusiliers, performed a
+most gallant act. He planted the Union Jack in the crest of the breach,
+standing beside it until the troops had passed. Both colour and staff
+were riddled with balls. The suburbs between the Delhi gate and the left
+breach were occupied by pickets from the first brigade, under Major
+Dennin of the 60th. Rifles, a company of that regiment, under Captain
+Douglas, being stationed in the houses opposite the breach is, the
+Khoonee Boorj, to cover the advance of the storming party, and two
+companies, under Captains Young and Sibthorp, to perform the same office
+for the Bengal column.
+
+Two practicable breaches having been made, orders were issued to storm
+the citadel (into which Moolraj had retired) on the 22nd.; and when the
+British troops were about to commence, the Sikh chief, with the whole of
+the garrison, surrendered.[125] Moolraj was subsequently tried for the
+murder of Mr. Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson, but the capital sentence
+was changed into imprisonment for life. This siege cost the British a
+loss of nearly one thousand two hundred killed and wounded. After this
+brilliant success, Major-General Whish proceeded with a considerable
+portion of his troops, to join the army immediately under the command of
+Lord Gough.
+
+The 10th., 32nd., and 60th. regiments took part in these operations.
+These three regiments, after the fall of the place, proceeded to join
+the army under Lord Gough, and by forced marches succeeded in being in
+time to share in the final struggle at Goojerat. The Native regiments
+present were—the Royal Bombay Fusiliers, 5th. Bengal Cavalry, 1st. and
+2nd. Scinde Horse; 3rd., 7th., 9th., and 19th. Bombay Infantry; and
+Bengal and Bombay Sappers and Miners.
+
+
+
+
+                         BATTLE OF CHILIANWALA.
+                          13TH. JANUARY, 1849.
+
+
+Lord Gough having received information on the 10th. of January of the
+fall of the fortress of Attock, which had been defended for a lengthened
+period, by Major Herbert, and of the advance of Chuttur Singh, in order
+to unite his forces with those under his son, Shere Singh, resolved to
+attempt the overthrow of the Sikh army in his front; and, accordingly,
+at daylight on the morning of the 12th., moved on the Dingee from Loah
+Tibba, and thence on the following morning towards the village of
+Chilianwala, the army making a considerable detour to the right, partly
+to distract the enemy’s attention, but chiefly with the view of keeping
+as clear of the jungle as possible. The village was reached about noon,
+when a strong picket of the enemy’s cavalry and infantry was discovered
+on a mound close to it. This was at once dispersed, and from the
+elevation was obtained a very extended view of the country and of the
+enemy drawn out in order of battle.[126] The ground in front although
+not a dense was still a difficult jungle; and as the day was so far
+advanced, Lord Gough decided to take up a position in rear of the
+village.
+
+While ground was being selected for the encampment the enemy advanced
+some horse artillery, and opened a fire on the skirmishers in front of
+the village. Orders were given for this fire to be silenced by a few
+rounds from the heavy guns, which was instantly returned by that of
+nearly the whole of the enemy’s field artillery, thus exposing the
+position of his guns, which had hitherto been concealed by the jungle.
+As it was evident that the Sikhs intended to fight, and would probably
+advance their guns so as to reach the encampment during the night, the
+British were at once drawn up in order of battle. After about an hour’s
+fire that of the enemy appeared to be, if not actually silenced, at
+least sufficiently disabled to justify an advance upon his position and
+guns.
+
+The left division, under Brigadier-General Colin Campbell (afterwards
+Lord Clyde), was then ordered to advance. This had to move over a
+greater extent of ground, in front of which the foe appeared not to have
+many guns. Shortly afterwards Sir Walter Gilbert was directed to
+advance, Brigadier Pope being instructed to connect the flank and
+support the movement. Brigadier Penny’s brigade was held in reserve,
+while the Irregular Cavalry, under Brigadier Hearsey, with the 20th.
+Native Infantry, was ordered to protect the provisions and baggage.
+
+Brigadier Pennycuick’s brigade having failed in maintaining the position
+it had carried, Brigadier Penny’s reserve was ordered to support; but
+Brigadier-General Colin Campbell, (to use Lord Gough’s own words,) “with
+that steady coolness and military decision for which he is so
+remarkable, having pushed on his left brigade and formed line to his
+right, carried everything before him, and soon overthrew that portion of
+the enemy which had obtained a temporary advantage over his right
+brigade.”
+
+This last brigade mistook for the signal to move in double time the
+action of their brave leaders, Brigadier Pennycuick and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, who waved their swords over their heads as
+they cheered on their gallant troops. This unfortunate mistake caused
+the Europeans to outstrip the native corps, which were unable to keep
+pace, and arriving, completely blown, at a belt of very thick jungle,
+got into some confusion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, heading the
+24th., was killed between the Sikh guns. At this moment a numerous body
+of infantry, which supported their guns, opened so destructive a fire
+that the brigade was compelled to retire, but not before having lost
+their gallant leader, Brigadier Pennycuick,[127] and the three other
+field officers of the 24th., together with nearly half the
+regiment;[128] the native corps also suffered severely.
+
+In the height of the conflict, from causes never satisfactorily
+explained, the cavalry of Brigadier Pope’s brigade, suddenly retreated,
+bursting through their own artillery in their course. They were pursued
+by the Sikh horse, who charged the artillery, unable to fire without
+killing their own cavalry, as friends and foes in the _mêlée_ were
+intermixed. Seventy-five of the gunners were cut down, and six guns
+captured by the enemy. But the reserve artillery came up, the cavalry
+rallied, and the infantry standing firm, the Sikh horsemen were repulsed
+with loss, and two of the guns captured retaken.
+
+Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, on the extreme left and rear,
+charged the enemy’s cavalry wherever they shewed themselves, and the
+right attack of infantry, under Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert, was
+most successful, whilst the left brigade, under Brigadier Mountain, was
+highly distinguished. Brigadier Godby ably supported the advance with
+the right brigade.[129]
+
+Lord Gough remained with Brigadier-General Campbell’s division, which
+had been reinforced by Brigadier Mountain’s brigade, until nearly eight
+o’clock, in order to effect the bringing in of the captured
+ordnance,[130] and of the wounded.
+
+At the close of this battle, which Havelock states:—“was the most
+sanguinary, and the nearest approximation to a defeat of any of the
+great conflicts of the British power in India,”—Lord Gough, for want of
+water, fell back for about a mile, and took up a new position clear of
+the jungle.
+
+The loss of the Sikhs, principally among their old and tried soldiers,
+was computed at three thousand killed, and four thousand wounded. With
+the exception of Sobraon, it was remarked by Lord Gough that he never
+remembered seeing so many of an enemy’s slain upon the same space. The
+British casualties were likewise heavy.[131]
+
+In this battle the “undaunted bravery” of Her Majesty’s 29th. regiment,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Congreve, was specially noticed, and the
+conduct of the 61st. was equally distinguished. The regiments engaged at
+Chillianwala were the 3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, 9th. Lancers,
+24th., 29th., and 61st. Foot; Bengal Fusiliers, and 2nd. and 11th.
+Bengal Native Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF GOOJERAT.
+                          21ST FEBRUARY, 1849.
+
+
+After the battle of Chilianwala, the enemy occupied their position for
+nearly a month, with the British encamped on their left flank, but on
+February 12th. they quitted their entrenchments, and took up a position
+between Goojerat and the Chenab, with about 61,500 men and fifty-nine
+guns, under Shere Singh. It appears to have been their intention to
+cross this river, and, after plundering the Rechna Doab, to have marched
+to Lahore; but this was prevented by Major-General Whish, who had
+detached a brigade to guard the fords above and below Wuzeerabad, in
+which direction Lord Gough had moved.
+
+At half-past seven o’clock in the morning of the 21st. of February, the
+army advanced with the precision of a parade movement. The Sikhs opened
+their fire at a very long distance, which exposed to the artillery both
+the position and range of their guns. For the first time the English
+commander was superior in artillery to the enemy, having ninety-seven
+guns, some of heavy calibre, but only 24,000 infantry. The infantry was
+halted just out of fire, and the whole of the artillery were advanced,
+covered by skirmishers.
+
+The Sikh guns were served with their accustomed rapidity, and the enemy
+well and resolutely maintained his position, but the terrific force of
+the British fire obliged him, after an obstinate resistance, to fall
+back. The infantry were then deployed, and a general advance was
+directed, the movement being covered, as before, by artillery.
+
+Burra Kalra, the left village of those of that name, wherein the enemy
+had concealed a large body of infantry, and which was apparently the key
+of their position, lay immediately in the line of Major-General Sir
+Walter Gilbert’s advance, and was carried in the most brilliant style by
+a spirited attack of the third brigade, under Brigadier Penny,
+consisting of the 2nd. Europeans, and 31st. and 70th. regiments of
+Native Infantry, which drove the enemy from their cover with great
+slaughter. A very spirited and successful movement was also made about
+the same time against a heavy body of troops in and about the second or
+Chotah Kalra, by part of Brigadier Hervey’s brigade, most gallantly led
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Franks, of the 10th. Foot.
+
+The heavy artillery continued to advance, taking up successive forward
+positions, driving the enemy from those he had retired to, whilst the
+rapid advance and beautiful fire of the horse artillery and light field
+batteries, which were strengthened by bringing to the front the two
+reserved troops of horse artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind,
+Brigadier Brook having the general superintendence of the whole of the
+horse artillery, broke the enemy’s ranks at all points. The whole
+infantry line then rapidly advanced, and drove their opponents before
+it. The nullah was cleared, several villages stormed, the guns that were
+in position carried, the camp captured, and the whole army of Shere
+Singh routed in every direction; the right wing and Brigadier-General
+Campbell’s division passing in pursuit to the eastward, and the Bombay
+column to the westward of the town.
+
+Thus hotly pursued, the retreat of the Sikhs soon became a perfect
+flight, all arms dispersing over the country, rapidly followed by the
+troops for a distance of twelve miles, their track strewed with their
+wounded, their weapons, and military equipments, which they threw away
+to conceal that they were soldiers.
+
+On the left a most successful and gallant charge was made upon the
+Afghan cavalry, and a large body of Goorchurras, by the Scinde horse,
+and a party of the 9th. Lancers, when several standards were captured.
+The 14th. Light Dragoons and the other cavalry regiments on the right,
+regular and irregular, by their bold front and gallant conduct,
+contributed much to the success of the day, while their conduct in
+following the fugitives received high commendation.
+
+Thus were defeated the forces brought by the Sikhs into the field,
+amongst whom were the _élite_ of the old Khalsa army. Their numbers were
+estimated at sixty thousand men of all arms, and fifty-nine pieces of
+artillery; under the command of Sirdar Chuttur Singh, and Rajah Shere
+Singh, with a body of one thousand five hundred Afghan horse, led by
+Akram Khan, son of the Ameer, Dost Mahomed Khan. For the first time had
+the Sikhs and Afghans combined together, but the complete victory of
+Goojerat showed the futility of the compact.
+
+Among the fifty-three guns captured were recovered those lost at
+Ramnuggur and Chillianwala; and it was also a gratifying fact that the
+casualties of the British were less than could be expected.
+
+For twelve miles did the exulting horsemen pursue the flying foe, and
+the shades of evening were falling when they returned weary to camp. The
+following morning Major-General Gilbert resumed the pursuit towards the
+Jhelum, with the view of cutting off the enemy from the only practicable
+gun-road to that river. Another division of infantry, under
+Brigadier-General Colin Campbell, advanced on the road to Bimber,
+scouring the country in that direction to prevent their carrying off
+their guns by that route; and a body of cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Bradford, successfully pushed on several miles into the hills,
+accompanied by Captain Nicholson, a most energetic political officer,
+with the same object; while Lord Gough remained in possession of the
+field for the purpose of supporting these operations, covering the fords
+of the Chenab, and destroying the vast magazines of ammunition left
+scattered in all directions. These combinations were entirely
+successful, and by them the power of the Sikhs was completely broken.
+The regiments which took part in this decisive victory were, the 3rd.,
+9th., and 14th. Light Dragoons; the 10th., 24th., 29th., 32nd., 53rd.,
+60th., and 61st. Foot; the 1st. and 2nd. Bengal European, 1st. Bombay
+European; 1st., 5th., 6th., and 8th. Bengal Light Cavalry; 3rd., 9th.,
+11th., and 14th. Irregular Cavalry; Scinde Horse; nine troops Horse
+Artillery, four batteries Bombay Artillery; 2nd. and 11th. Bengal
+Infantry, and 19th. Bombay Infantry.
+
+Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert, K.C.B., crossing the Jhelum on the
+3rd. of March, came up with a portion of the retreating army, under
+Shere Singh and Chuttur Singh, at Hoormuck, where they surrendered on
+the 11th. of March; the sirdars and the remainder of his troops,
+amounting to sixteen thousand men, laid down their arms at Rawul Pindee
+three days afterwards. Forty-one pieces of artillery were given up, and
+the Sikhs remaining, after so many fields of slaughter, being given each
+a rupee, dispersed to their homes. The Afghans were energetically
+pursued through Attock and Peshawur, as far as the Khyber Pass, losing
+half their number in the field, and many of the remainder in their
+retreat. Dost Mahomed then sued for peace, which was granted to him.
+
+The Duke of Wellington, then Commander-in-Chief, being dissatisfied with
+the conduct of Lord Gough for incurring such heavy losses, superseded
+him in his command by Sir Charles Napier, who, selected at a moment’s
+notice, had proceeded to India, but found on his arrival that the
+British arms had gained the ascendancy in that country, and the
+consequence of Lord Gough’s crowning victory was the annexation of the
+Punjab. A pension was granted to the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh; and the
+celebrated diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, taken from
+Shah Sooja by Runjeet Singh, was presented to Her Majesty.
+
+
+
+
+                         THE NEW ZEALAND MEDAL.
+
+
+This medal was granted by a general order, March 1st., 1869, to the
+troops who had been engaged in the two wars in New Zealand, during the
+years 1845–47, and 1860–66. Obverse: Queen’s head, crowned and veiled;
+with the inscription, “Victoria, D.G. Britt. Reg. F.D.”; reverse: a
+laurel wreath, within which is engraved the years during which the
+recipient served, with the words “New Zealand” above and “Virtutis
+Honor” below. No clasp issued. Ribbon: dark blue, with broad red stripe
+in the centre. Given to both services. Some of the medals were issued
+without dates on the reverse, but most with dates varying from 1845 to
+1847, and from 1860 to 1866.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The New Zealand Medal.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                       THE FIRST NEW ZEALAND WAR.
+                                1845–7.
+
+
+The first actual British settlement in New Zealand was made in 1839, and
+in the following year the first Governor, Captain Hobson, concluded the
+Treaty of Waitangi with the native chiefs, by which the sovereignty of
+the Islands was ceded to Great Britain. Until 1841 all the settlements
+in New Zealand were under the Sydney Government, but in that year the
+three Islands were constituted an independent colony, with Auckland for
+the capital. As the settlers increased, disputes arose between them and
+the natives, about the possession of lands; which the settlers asserted
+they had purchased, but to which the natives held they had no claim
+whatever. These contentions and quarrels were intensified by the
+ignorance of both races of the customs and modes of procedure of each
+other, as well as by the irregular manner land was bought and sold. In
+June, 1843, these disputes culminated in a conflict in the Wairau
+Valley, in the province of Nelson; where two chiefs, who had resisted
+the survey of their lands, defeated a party sent to arrest them, headed
+by the Police Magistrate, killing him and twenty-one settlers in the
+fray, or in the general massacre of prisoners which followed it. This
+disastrous repulse destroyed the prestige of the English, and the
+natives began to boast that they had the settlers at their mercy.
+Troops, however, arrived from Australia, the affair was smoothed over,
+and for some months peace was undisturbed. Trouble then arose in the
+northern Island; a powerful chief, called Hone Heke, who had been
+educated by the missionaries, with many of his countrymen, grew
+discontented with the customs duties, the high price of tobacco and
+blankets, and the absence of the usual whale ships at the town of
+Kororareka (now Russell), near which he was residing. Considering that
+the British flag, which waved on the hill above the town, represented
+the power which fettered the trade and kept away the whalers, and having
+a grudge against some of the inhabitants, Heke, on July 8th., 1844,
+assembled his men, danced the war-dance at Kororareka, cut down and
+burned the flag-staff, plundered several stores, and took possession of
+the town for several days. A proclamation was issued by the Governor,
+offering £100 for the capture of Heke, who replied by offering a similar
+reward for the Governor’s (Captain Fitzroy) head. H.M.S. “Hazard,” with
+a detachment of the 96th regiment was sent to Kororareka, the flag-staff
+was re-erected, and troops stationed to guard it. As Heke threatened the
+flag-staff should not remain, Captain Robertson landed from the “Hazard”
+with a gun, a blockhouse was constructed, the inhabitants aroused, and
+the town put in a state of defence. At daybreak on March 11th., 1845,
+the handful of men guarding the flag-staff were surprised by Heke, and
+the staff again cut down. At the same time Captain Robertson was
+attacked by two hundred natives, under a chief called Kawiti, and after
+a sharp skirmish was compelled to spike his gun and fall back to a
+fortified house near the beach. Aided by the guns of the “Hazard,” the
+soldiers and inhabitants defended themselves for three hours against the
+attacks of the natives, till their magazine exploded. During a truce,
+asked by the enemy to carry off their killed and wounded, it was
+resolved to abandon the settlement, and the soldiers, with the whole of
+the inhabitants, embarking on board the “Hazard,” and other ships which
+were lying in the Bay, sailed for Auckland. The town was then plundered
+and burnt.
+
+Reinforcements arriving from Sydney, an expedition, under Colonel Hulme,
+96th. Regiment, was despatched to Kororareka, which landed without
+opposition, re-hoisted the British flag, and proclaimed martial law.
+Heke having taken up a fortified position at Okaihau, a place about
+eighteen miles inland, a force, consisting of the 58th Regiment, under
+Major Bridge, a detachment of the 96th., some seamen and marines from
+H.M. Ships “North Star” and “Hazard,” in all about four hundred men,
+under Colonel Hulme, with about the same number of native allies, set
+out to attack him. Most of the road lay through a forest; it took four
+days to reach the fortification, or “pa,” during which time the rain
+fell in torrents. Each soldier carried five days’ biscuit and thirty
+rounds of ammunition, and, being without tents, two-thirds of the
+ammunition and all the biscuits were unfit for use on arriving at
+Okaihau. The “pa” was found to be too strong to be taken without
+artillery, and after a fruitless assault, and repulse of a sally made by
+the natives, the troops returned to the ships, with a loss of fourteen
+killed and thirty-nine wounded.
+
+More troops having arrived from Australia, another expedition was formed
+against Heke, who now occupied a stronghold at Oheawai, a place nineteen
+miles inland from the Bay of Islands. It was composed of the 58th.
+Regiment, under Major Bridge, detachments of the 96th. and 99th.
+Regiments, thirty men from H.M.S. “Hazard” and eighty volunteers from
+Auckland, the whole numbering six hundred and thirty men, with four
+guns, and about two hundred and fifty natives, commanded by Colonel
+Despard, of the 99th. On June 23rd. the force was before Oheawai, a pa
+ninety yards by fifty, with projecting flanks, surrounded by three rows
+of palisades, between which was a ditch five feet deep, with traverses
+and loopholes. On each side of the pa was a ravine with woody hills, and
+the adjacent country was thickly covered with trees. Next day the guns
+proved to be useless against the stockades, though at last fired at a
+range of eighty yards, but Commander Johnstone, of H.M.S. “Hazard,”
+bringing up a thirty-two pounder, two breaches were made, and Colonel
+Despard ordered an assault. The assault was made on July 1st., by one
+hundred and sixty soldiers, under Major Bridge, and forty seamen and
+volunteers, under Lieutenant Philpotts, R.N., who bravely strove to
+enter the place under a heavy fire, but the inner palisade being
+unbroken, the party was forced to retire, with two officers and half
+their number killed and wounded. Among the killed were Captain Grant of
+the 58th., and Lieutenant Philpotts,[132] R.N., son of the Bishop of
+Exeter.
+
+The troops remained in front of the pa for some days, and were preparing
+for another assault, but in the night of July 10th. the enemy abandoned
+their position, which was then taken by the British, and the palisades
+destroyed.
+
+After this the war languished for some months, till Capt. (afterwards
+Sir George) Grey, replaced Captain Fitzroy as Governor, in November,
+when more active measures were taken. The new Governor gave the two
+chiefs, Heke and Kawiti, a fixed time to decide for peace or war, and
+this expiring without any satisfactory answer from either of them,
+Colonel Despard was ordered to renew hostilities. The enemy being in
+want of food, divided their forces, Heke remaining at a position he had
+fortified at Ikorangi, ten miles from Oheawai, while Kawiti fortified
+and garrisoned a place called Ruapekapeka, on the side of a hill in a
+forest. The English troops comprised the 58th. Regiment, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, with detachments of the 99th., Royal
+Artillery, East India Company’s Artillery, Royal Marines, and
+volunteers, under Captain Atkins with a brigade of three hundred and
+sixteen seamen from H.M.S. “Castor,” “North Star,” and “Racehorse,” and
+the E.I.C.’s ship “Elphinstone”; and a body of natives, with their
+chiefs, Walker, Nene, Repa, and Macquarrie. The whole force amounted to
+one thousand one hundred and seventy-three Europeans, and four hundred
+and fifty natives, with three thirty-two pounders, one eighteen-pounder,
+and seven brass guns and rocket tubes. The enemy had improved in the art
+of fortification, and Ruapekapeka was found a much stronger place than
+Oheawai. The “pa” measured about one hundred and seventy yards by
+seventy, well flanked at the sides and angles, surrounded by two rows of
+palisades with a ditch between them, with the earth thrown up behind to
+form an inner parapet, and inside were huts with underground
+excavations. On December 31st. the British opened fire from all their
+guns in position and continued it till January 2nd., when the enemy made
+a sally which was repulsed. On the 10th. two breaches were made in the
+stockade, and the defenders losing heart began to retire. Next day some
+of the native allies finding the “pa” almost deserted, crept up to the
+palisades, and supported by a detachment of the 58th. Regiment, under
+Captain Denny, rushed through the breaches, and the place was taken and
+destroyed, with a loss to the victors of thirteen men killed and thirty
+wounded.
+
+This virtually finished the war. Heke was occupied at Ikorangi by a
+feigned attack made by Macquarrie, and after the capture of Ruapekapeka,
+his followers, and those of Kawiti, began to disperse, and both chiefs
+were anxious for pardon and peace. This was granted to them by the
+Governor, in January, 1846, and the war in the North Island was at an
+end.
+
+While these events were occurring in the North Island, a harassing
+series of surprises and skirmishes was carried on in the southern. On
+May 16th., 1847, a party of the 58th. Regiment, under Lieutenant Page,
+stationed at Boulcott’s Farm, were surprised an hour before daylight,
+and six men killed and four wounded.[133] After a skirmish or two, Major
+Last, with a detachment of the 99th. Regiment, attacked a stockade held
+by Rangihaeata, the chief of the insurgents in the Southern Island, and
+was so far successful that the natives abandoned the position, and were
+pursued and dispersed by parties of soldiers, militia, and police. A
+determined attack was made on May 19th., on the settlement of Wanganui
+by six hundred of the enemy, which was defended by one hundred and
+seventy men of the 58th. Regiment, in three block houses, aided by a
+gunboat on the river. The attack lasted five hours, in spite of a
+constant fire of shot and shell, but in the night the enemy decamped,
+dispirited by their losses.
+
+In the beginning of June they again appeared in force, attacked a party
+of the 65th. Regiment, and a day or two after approaching near the block
+houses, challenged the soldiers to come out and fight. On the 19th. the
+troops made a sally, and drove the enemy into the bush, and on the 23rd.
+they sent in a flag of truce and stated their wish for peace. While the
+war lasted they were deprived of their usual supplies of tobacco,
+blankets, tea, and other things which had become necessary to them, and
+their privations disgusted them with a contest by which nothing could be
+gained.
+
+On the 21st. of February, 1848, the principal chiefs met Governor Grey,
+at Wanganui; stolen cattle were restored, the natives paid for the lands
+in dispute by the Government, a general pardon granted, and peace
+concluded. For their services in this war, Captain Sir E. Home, R.N.,
+Captain Graham, R.N., Colonel Despard, 99th. Regiment, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, 58th. Regiment, were made Commanders of the
+Order of the Bath.
+
+
+
+
+                      THE SECOND NEW ZEALAND WAR.
+                                1860–66.
+
+
+The long and desultory second war in New Zealand, lasting with an
+interval of peace for some months, from 1860 to 1866, arose like the
+first, from disputes with the natives concerning the sale and possession
+of land. All the members of each tribe looked upon the land they
+occupied as their hereditary property, and if the consent of the whole
+tribe was not given to the sale and transfer, they considered the
+proceeding invalid and worthless. In the year 1861, the sale of land to
+the settlers provoked the natives of Taranaki to take up arms in defence
+of what they imagined to be their rights, and the conflict eventually
+spread over the greater part of the North Island. The Maoris proved
+themselves to be no despicable antagonists; they were well-armed with
+double-barrelled guns and rifles, and skilled in their use, and in
+bush-fighting; so that the heavily equipped British soldiers found it no
+easy task to subdue such wily and active enemies. They were also
+extremely skilful in the construction of rifle-pits and fortified “pas,”
+which were often so strongly palisaded and entrenched as to be almost
+impregnable, even to artillery.
+
+At the beginning of the struggle the British troops in New Zealand were
+but very few in number, and till reinforcements arrived it was as much
+as they could do to maintain their ground.
+
+After some skirmishes, an attack on the Maories at Taranaki, June 13th.,
+1860, was repulsed with heavy loss to the assailants, but reinforcements
+were despatched from Australia, under Major-General Pratt, who defeated
+the enemy at Mahoetaki, on November 6th. A chain of redoubts was thrown
+up to keep the natives in check, and to protect the town of New
+Plymouth, and these being occupied by detachments of different
+regiments, almost daily skirmishes took place with the enemy. A
+detachment of the 40th. Regiment was stationed in Redoubt No. 7, on the
+river Waitara, and on March 18th. a party, under Capt. Richards, was
+sent out to discover the Maories, who were known to be lurking in the
+bush, which about a thousand yards from the redoubt was in its primitive
+condition. The open space was crossed without opposition, but as soon as
+the detachment entered the bush, they were received with a heavy fire
+from unseen foes. Captain Richards ordered his men to extend in
+skirmishing order, and return the fire, which had little effect on their
+concealed opponents, by whose deliberate aim several of the soldiers
+fell killed and wounded. Lieutenant Rees, the second in command, seized
+the rifle of one of the fallen men, and encouraged his men by his
+example to keep up a steady fire. In a few minutes the lieutenant fell
+wounded, but Sergeant Lucas came to his assistance and sent him to the
+rear, while he himself with two men only that remained unwounded in that
+part of the field, took shelter behind a tree, and by the spirited fire
+they maintained, kept the enemy at bay, amid showers of bullets which
+flew on every side of them, till they were rescued by a party from the
+redoubt, under Lieutenants Gibson and Whelan, at whose approach the
+Maories fled. For his gallant behaviour on this occasion Sergeant Lucas
+obtained the Victoria Cross. The natives having previously experienced
+several defeats, were convinced of the futility of further resistance,
+and this was the last affair in the Taranaki war. Next day, March 19th.,
+1861, witnessed a general surrender, and the establishment of peace.
+
+Unfortunately the embers of discord still smouldered, and the hoped-for
+peace proved to be but a lengthened truce. On May 4th., 1863,
+hostilities were resumed by an attack made by the natives on a military
+escort, who were fired upon from the bush, and eight of their number
+killed. In consequence of this, an encounter took place at Kuitkara, in
+which twenty-four Maories were slain, and the province of Auckland
+became again the scene of war.
+
+The Maories having chosen one of their chiefs to be king, prior to the
+beginning of the war, now asserted their intention of driving the
+settlers out of the North Island; while General Duncan Cameron,
+Commander-in-Chief, by a proclamation declared all natives in arms,
+rebels, if they did not surrender in a week. The result of this was,
+that they retired with their goods to a place called Kohewa, and taking
+up a strongly fortified position at Roherea, a mountainous ridge, two
+miles from Kohewa, and near the Waikato river, set the General at
+defiance. Here Cameron attacked them; and under a hot fire carried their
+rifle-pits, and drove the Maories into the adjacent swamps.
+
+Previous to this, Volunteers, or Militia, had been raised among the
+colonists, four thousand of whom took up arms in defence of their homes,
+and redoubts had been erected for the defence of Auckland and other
+towns.
+
+In September, a detachment of the 65th. Regiment was stationed at Fort
+Alexandra, in the neighbourhood of Cameron Town, when news reached the
+fort, that Mr. Armitage, a magistrate living near, and a number of
+friendly natives had been massacred by the enemy. Captain Swift, in
+command of the detachment, with Lieutenant Butler, Sergt. McKenna, and a
+party of about fifty men, started into the bush in pursuit of the foe.
+They crossed swamps and forded rivers, till they suddenly found
+themselves exposed in the bush to a heavy fire on both sides. Captain
+Swift and Lieutenant Butler were mortally wounded, and the command of
+the party devolved on Sergeant McKenna, to whose coolness and
+intrepidity the party owed its safety. The skirmish was kept up till
+nightfall, when the little band—several of them wounded—began their
+retreat, through ten miles of swamp and bush, in the face of three
+hundred savages, thirsting for their blood. After a harassed night
+march, and more than once losing their path, about eight in the morning
+they met a party of their comrades, under Colonel Murray, coming to
+their assistance, and were in safety.
+
+For his intrepid behaviour, Sergeant McKenna received the Victoria Cross
+and a Commission. Corporal Ryan, who with four privates had remained
+with the wounded officers till they died, and fortunately escaped in
+safety at the break of day, also received the Cross, and the four
+privates the medal for distinguished conduct in the field.
+
+This affair was followed by some unimportant skirmishes, in one of
+which, at Pontoko, October 2nd., Ensign Down and Drummer Stagpoole, of
+the 57th. Regiment, gained the Victoria Cross, for bringing in a wounded
+man, under a heavy fire at close range.
+
+The enemy having retired to a strong “pa” they had erected on an
+eminence at Rangariri, midway between the Waikato and a lake, on
+November 20th, after a bombardment lasting an hour and a half, the
+position was attacked by a force of regular troops—artillerymen, seamen,
+and militia—about one thousand in all, commanded by General Cameron. The
+outer works and rifle-pits were soon carried, but the stormers on
+finding stronger defences still in front of them, hesitated, and fell
+back before the fire of the enemy. The militia, though encouraged by
+their officers, who placed themselves in the front, remained immoveable,
+but the small body of Royal Artillery—about fifty all told—armed with
+swords and revolvers, at a word from the General, headed by their
+Colonel—Mercer—rushed forward, and gained the parapet of the “pa,” when
+their gallant leader fell mortally wounded, and his brave handful of
+gunners were repulsed. Two or three of his men in the attempt to rescue
+him were shot down, when Surgeon W. Temple, R.A., went to his assistance
+and dressed his wound, under showers of bullets, at the risk of his own
+life. His noble conduct was witnessed by General Cameron, who
+recommended him for the Victoria Cross, which he obtained.
+
+A body of seamen, commanded by Commander Mayne, of H.M.S. “Eclipse,”
+next endeavoured to carry the position, but were also repulsed, and an
+attempt made to dislodge the enemy with hand-grenades failed. Luckily
+the Maories felt that they had had enough, and at dawn next day they
+hoisted a white flag and surrendered. One hundred and eighty Maories
+were taken in the “pa,” and forty-five were found there dead. The loss
+of the assailants were six officers killed and nine wounded, and one
+hundred and twenty men killed and wounded, made up the roll of
+casualties. This affair however produced the surrender of the Maori
+King, on December 9th., but the war still continued.
+
+A native stronghold at Rangiawhia was attacked and captured February
+21st., 1864. On the 2nd. of April another fortified “pa” at Orakau was
+taken by assault, by a force commanded by Major-General Carey, after
+three days’ investment; and then for several weeks the Maories, without
+interruption by the military, occupied themselves in the erection of a
+most formidable “pa” at Tauranga. It was built on the highest part of a
+narrow neck of land, well palisaded, and further defended by an
+entrenched line of rifle-pits. On both sides were swamps extending to
+the water, so that it was secure from a flank attack, and was named the
+Gate Pa. On the 28th. of April, General Cameron, after a reconnaissance
+of the entrenchments, made preparations for an attack. The forces at his
+disposal were the 43rd. and 68th. Regiments, detachments of the 14th.,
+65th., and 70th., Regiments, a Naval Brigade of over three hundred men
+from the squadron of Commodore Sir W. Wiseman, and a detachment of Royal
+Artillery, amounting to nearly one thousand seven hundred men of all
+ranks, with six Armstrong guns, two howitzers, and eight mortars. The
+intention of the General being to cut off the retreat of the enemy,
+after dark a feigned attack was made on the front of his position, while
+the 68th. Regiment, with some seamen, picked their way through the
+swamp, and before morning were posted in the rear of the “pa.” The
+Artillery opened fire soon after daybreak on the 29th., and continued
+with little intermission till about four p.m., when, the pallisades
+being almost destroyed and a practicable breach made, the assault was
+ordered. One hundred and fifty of the 43rd., with the same number of
+seamen and Marines, led by Commander Hay, of H.M.S. “Harrier” formed the
+assaulting column under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Booth, of the
+43rd. The remainder of the 43rd., with a body of seamen and Marines,
+formed the reserve. Commander Hay led the stormers, who, with a ringing
+cheer, crossed the ditch, mounted the embankment, and rushed through the
+breach into the “pa,” and, as only a few straggling shots were heard,
+the troops outside thought the place was won and the enemy beaten; when
+all at once a tremendous fire of musketry accompanied with savage yells,
+broke out in the interior of the entrenchment, and after a fierce
+conflict of a few minutes, during which Colonel Booth, Commander Hay,
+and Captain Glover fell mortally wounded, and almost every officer of
+the column was killed or disabled; the storming party was seen pouring
+out through the breach in utter confusion. Captain Hamilton at once led
+on the supports, but fell shot through the head, the supports became
+mixed with the fugitives, and in spite of the exertions of the officers,
+the whole body hotly fired on by the enemy, fell back to the nearest
+cover.[134] Darkness had now set in, but the troops lay on their arms in
+their entrenchment, within a hundred yards of the enemy, furious at
+their repulse and fully determined to conquer or die on the morrow.
+During the night, which was wet and dark, the enemy evacuated the “pa,”
+and stealing in small parties through the swamps eluded the vigilance of
+the 68th.; and in the early morning Major Greaves, of the 70th.,
+creeping up to the breach found the stronghold silent and deserted.
+Colonel North[135] and a few privates were found still alive, and to the
+credit of the enemy they had not been ill treated during the night, nor
+had the bodies of the slain been mutilated. In this sad affair seven
+officers of the 43rd. Regiment were killed, or died of their wounds, and
+the Naval Brigade had four officers and forty seamen and Marines killed
+and wounded.
+
+When Commander Hay fell, mortally wounded, Samuel Mitchell, captain of
+the foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier,” refused to leave his dying officer,
+though ordered by him to leave him and look after his own safety. He
+raised the commander in his arms, and carried him outside the “pa”
+amidst a shower of bullets, and for his gallant conduct deservedly
+obtained the Victoria Cross. Surgeon Manly, R.A., also gained the same
+distinction for attending to the wounded under a heavy fire.
+
+The day after the affair at Gate “pa,” a redoubt at Sentry Hill,
+Taranaki, held by a detachment under the command of Major Shortt, of the
+57th. Regiment, was attacked by a strong body of Maories, who were
+repulsed with heavy loss.
+
+Some weeks later, it being known that the natives were gathering in
+force, and engaged in the construction of another stronghold at Te
+Ranga, a place about four miles from Gate “pa,” Colonel Green,
+commanding the troops at Tauranga, marched with the 43rd. and part of
+the 68th. Regiment, against the enemy, whom he found strongly posted in
+a chain of rifle-pits, the commencement of a formidable “pa.” After a
+smart skirmish for about two hours, being reinforced by the Waikato
+Militia, the advance was sounded, and the pits carried by storm in the
+most dashing manner.[136] For a few minutes the Maories fought
+desperately, but were utterly routed, and pursued for several miles. As
+usual, their situation was favourable for their retreat, otherwise few
+would have escaped. On the following day the bodies of one hundred and
+eight of the enemy were found and buried in their own rifle-pits, but
+many more were killed and remained in the ravines. Among the slain were
+several powerful chiefs, one of whom, Rawhiri, was the leader at Gate
+“pa.” The British loss was small, ten men killed and thirty-three
+wounded, considering the heavy fire they were exposed to in advancing to
+the attack.
+
+During the following month, many of the natives laid down their arms and
+surrendered; and on August 6th., 1864, most of the chiefs proffered
+their unconditional submission to the government: yet the war still
+lingered on. In January, 1865, the natives made a daring attack on the
+British camp at Nukumaru, and suffered a severe repulse; and in the
+month of July following, a force under the command of Lieut.-Colonel
+Trevor, consisting of detachments of the 14th. and 18th. regiments, some
+colonial troops, and a body of friendly natives, captured the Wereroa
+“pa,”—an exceedingly strong position occupied by the Maories, about
+three hundred feet above the wooded banks of the Waitotara river,
+surrounded by precipices and swamps.
+
+During the years 1865–66, the war was mostly confined to the West Coast.
+In January of the latter year a strong “pa” at Pretahi was captured, and
+the Otapawa “pa” was stormed by the 57th. regiment, with the loss of
+Lieut.-Colonel Hassard and many brave men; but the contest dwindled to a
+fitful series of unimportant skirmishes, and the capture and destruction
+of “pas” and villages. After the year 1866, the struggle was carried on
+by the colonial forces, commanded by Colonel Whitmore, who had been
+military secretary to General Cameron (afterwards General Sir George
+Whitmore, K.C.M.G.), who in January, 1869, finally crushed the last
+Maori outbreak.
+
+At the end of the year 1864, the colonial ministry had requested the
+home government to withdraw the imperial troops, and to allow them
+complete responsibility, but it was not till January, 1870, that the
+last British regiment, the 18th., left the colony. The same year the
+long and harassing war was brought to a close, and a durable peace
+established.
+
+The regiments engaged in the New Zealand War of 1845–47 were the 58th.,
+65th., 96th., and 99th. Foot; and in the war of 1860–66 the 1st.
+Battalion, 12th. Regiment; 2nd. Battalion, 14th. Regiment; 2nd.
+Battalion, 18th. Regiment; and the 40th., 43rd., 50th., 57th., 65th.,
+68th., and 70th. Regiments.
+
+
+
+
+                   THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.
+
+
+Since the publication of the first edition of this work, the medal
+granted for the “Second Burmese War, 1852–3,” and the war with Persia,
+1856–7, has been designated the “Indian General Service Medal,” and is
+now always given as a reward for the almost perpetual expeditions[137]
+against the native tribes on the frontiers of India, and in adjoining
+territories. The medal, designed by L. C. Wyon, was first issued in
+1854, with a clasp “Pegu,” to commemorate the services against the
+Burmese in 1852–3; and was also given for the Persian campaign, 1856–57,
+with clasp “Persia.” By a general order, July 1, 1869, the medal with a
+clasp inscribed “North West Frontier,” was granted for services on the
+North West Frontier of India, dating from 1849 to 1863. On the obverse
+of this medal is the diademed head of the Queen, with the legend
+“Victoria Regina.” On the reverse is a figure of Victory crowning a
+seated classic warrior with a laurel wreath. In the exergue is the lotus
+flower, but neither legend nor date. Ribbon: alternate stripes of
+crimson and blue. The name and regiment, or ship, are indented on the
+edge of the medal.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Indian General Service Medal.
+]
+
+Generally, but not invariably, where the recipient had served in two
+or more expeditions, and had previously gained the medal, a bar or
+clasp only was added to those already worn, instead of giving another
+medal; but subsequent to 1876 instances occur of men having two
+medals, with bars for different campaigns. Since 1869, by a series of
+general orders, twelve bars have been issued with this medal,
+inscribed—“Umbeyla,”—“Bhootan,”—“Looshai,”—“Perak,”—“Jowaki,
+1877–8”—“Naga,”—“Burma, 1885–7”—“Sikkim, 1888”—“Hazara, 1888”—“Burma,
+1887–89”—“Chin-Lushai, 1889–90”—“Samana, 1891”—the medal in all cases
+being the same.
+
+
+
+
+                          SECOND BURMESE WAR.
+                                1852–53.
+
+
+The King of Ava having refused redress for injuries inflicted on British
+subjects at Rangoon, in violation of the treaty of Yandaboo, concluded
+at the termination of the first Burmese war, after an ineffectual
+attempt at negociation, hostilities commenced. Troops were collected
+from Bengal and Madras, and placed under the command of Major-General
+Godwin, who had borne a prominent part in the first war with Ava. The
+Queen’s regiments which formed part of the force were the 18th., 51st.,
+and 80th.,[138] and a naval squadron, under the command of Commodore
+Lambert, consisting of H.M.S. “Fox” (40), “Serpent” (16), “Rattler”
+(11), “Hermes” (6), “Salamander” (6), and a gunboat, with thirteen
+vessels of the East Indian Company and Uncovenanted Service, took a very
+active part in the operations, afloat and ashore.
+
+Major-General Godwin embarked with the force under his command on the
+28th. of March, 1852, and three days afterwards the destruction of the
+stockades on the banks of the river Irrawaddy was effected. The next
+service was the attack and capture of Martaban, on the 5th. of April, in
+which portions of the 18th. and 80th. shared. Captain Campbell commanded
+the wing of the 18th., and Major Lockhart that of the 80th. Captain
+Gillespie, in command of the grenadiers of the former regiment was first
+on the walls, and the soldier following him received three wounds. About
+seven o’clock in the morning the troops landed, and the storming party
+was soon under the walls and over them, when Lieutenant-Colonel
+Reignolds at once took possession, after some skirmishing, of the pagoda
+on the height, and by eight o’clock a.m. Martaban was won. The storming
+party from the 80th. was commanded by Captain Christie of that regiment.
+
+At this period the Madras division (comprising the 51st. regiment) had
+not arrived at Rangoon, but by the 7th. of April it reached the
+rendezvous at the mouth of the Rangoon river, and on the 11th. (Sunday)
+Rangoon was bombarded. The ships silenced and destroyed the stockades at
+the mouth of the river, and Commander Tarleton of the “Fox” landed with
+a party of seamen and marines, spiked the guns and destroyed their
+ammunition. At daybreak on the following morning the troops commenced
+landing. They had not proceeded far when some guns were opened on the
+British, and shortly afterwards skirmishers showed themselves in the
+jungle. This was a new mode of fighting with the Burmese, as no instance
+occurred in the former war of their attacking the flanks or quitting
+their stockades. Now they were not only good shots, but bold in their
+operations, and clever in selecting their ground and covering
+themselves. A strong outwork named the White House Redoubt was
+assaulted; the storming party, of which four companies of the 51st.
+Light Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel St. Maur, formed part, carried
+the stockade, but in consequence of the intense heat of the sun, which
+occasioned the death of two officers, it was not until the 14th. of
+April that the fortified town and pagoda of Rangoon were stormed and
+captured. A Naval Brigade of one hundred and twenty men, under
+Lieutenant Dorville of the “Fox,” served on shore with the troops, and
+worked a battery of heavy guns.
+
+The 80th. and 18th. formed the advance, and the 51st., under Major
+Errington, Colonel St. Maur having been compelled to quit the field from
+a stroke of the sun, were in reserve. After an advance for about a mile
+the ground became very difficult, barely admitting of the 80th. and
+18th. occupying it in close order. The troops also suffered from a heavy
+fire, when an immediate assault was determined upon. The storming party
+was formed of a wing of the 80th., under Major Lockhart, two companies
+of the 18th., under Lieutenant Hewitt, and two companies of the 40th.
+Bengal Native Infantry, under Lieutenant White, the whole commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Coote, of the Royal Irish; Captain Latter,
+accompanying the party to show the road. Captain J. Wood, who was
+specially mentioned, commanded the 18th. regiment. The golden pagoda—a
+most sacred temple—was soon carried, and all the country fell with it,
+the once strong post of Kemmendine having been abandoned and destroyed.
+
+During the attack and storming of Rangoon, on the 11th., 12th., and
+14th. of April, the British had two officers and fifteen men killed, and
+fourteen officers and one hundred and eighteen men wounded. The
+casualties in the fleet were seventeen.
+
+General Godwin and Commodore Lambert in May planned an attack on
+Bassein, one of the three chief ports of Burmah; and the two commanders,
+with four steamers of the East India Company, having on board about
+eight hundred men, proceeded to carry their design into execution. On
+May 18th. the squadron anchored in front of the town, and the troops
+landed under cover of the guns.
+
+Major Errington with his force, of which four hundred of the 51st.
+formed a portion, advanced on the chief pagoda and carried it in grand
+style: the citadel, a strong mud fort, was next assaulted by a company
+of the 51st. and two of the Madras Native Infantry, under Captains Rice
+and Borthwick. Captain Rice, whilst gallantly leading his company, was
+shot through the lower part of the neck, when his place was taken by
+Lieutenant Carter, who, followed by his men, was the first on the
+parapet; here he was struck down by a musket-ball, and rolled over the
+exterior slope, but still insisted upon being carried into the work.
+Although the defence was obstinate, yet in forty minutes after the
+landing, the whole of the works were in possession of the British.
+Eighty cannon and wall pieces were captured, and the stockades burnt.
+This dashing operation occasioned the officers and men of Captain Rice’s
+company to be specially thanked in orders. Major Errington, who
+commanded the troops, was wounded. After leaving a garrison in Bassein
+the remainder of the troops returned to Rangoon.
+
+Martaban was attacked by a Burmese force of upwards of one thousand men
+on the 26th. of May, but they were gallantly repulsed by the garrison,
+consisting of the 49th. Madras Native Infantry, under Major Hall. The
+51st. regiment, which had been sent to reinforce the garrison, assisted
+in driving back the enemy from the stockade, and pursued him some
+distance.
+
+During the middle of September, the 18th. and 80th. regiments embarked
+at Rangoon for Prome, and arrived there on the morning of the 9th. of
+October. The troops were landed in the evening in a suburb to the north
+of and beyond the town. As they advanced towards the position selected
+for the night, a very smart fire of musketry and jingalls was
+simultaneously opened from some jungle and houses on the British left,
+and a small pagoda in the front. The grenadiers of the 80th. under
+Captain Christie, and two companies of the same regiment under Captain
+Welsh, accompanied by Brigadier Reignolds, Lieutenant-Colonel of the
+18th. regiment, in a short time most gallantly drove the enemy from
+their position. The remainder of the troops were landed on the following
+morning, when the place was found evacuated by the Burmese. Thus the
+important city of Prome was gained, with the small loss of one killed
+and eight wounded.
+
+Captain Loch, H.M.S. “Winchester,” subsequently destroyed several strong
+fortifications in the neighbourhood of Prome. One at Akouktoung, armed
+with five guns and garrisoned by four hundred men, completely commanded
+the river, being situated on a hill three hundred feet high. Captain
+Loch with eighty men scaled the hill overgrown with jungle, the enemy
+fled, and the battery was taken and demolished.
+
+On Sunday, the 21st. of November, Pegu was attacked by a force under
+Brigadier Mc.Neill, of the Madras Army, composed of the 1st. Bengal
+Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Tudor, three hundred; 1st. Madras
+Fusiliers, Major Hill, three hundred; 5th. Madras Native Infantry, Major
+Shubrick, four hundred; seventy Sappers; and thirty-two Artillery. The
+morning was foggy, and the Burmese were taken by surprise. They
+retreated to the pagoda, but after some sharp fighting were driven out,
+and the city captured. It had been taken by a handful of soldiers and
+seamen under Commander Tarleton three months before, but the force being
+too small to occupy the place returned to Rangoon.
+
+When the news of the capture of this city was received at Calcutta, a
+proclamation was issued annexing the whole province of Pegu to the
+British territories.
+
+On the 8th. of December the enemy attacked Prome in force, but were
+repulsed with loss; the engagement lasted from midnight until four
+o’clock in the morning of the 9th. The 51st. shared in this action.
+
+The small garrison left in Pegu was constantly harassed by the attacks
+of the Burmese army, encamped at a short distance, which were gallantly
+repulsed by Major Hill, of the Madras Fusiliers. A reinforcement of
+twelve hundred men left Rangoon on the 11th. of December, and arrived at
+Pegu on the 14th; when, after a toilsome march through a close country
+without a road, and an attack from a large body of skirmishers, the
+relief was effected. A further advance into the country, with a view to
+bring on a general action, was made on the 17th., and an attack
+subsequently ensued, when the Burmese rapidly abandoned their entrenched
+position and took to flight; after a further march of two days, the
+enemy avoiding a general engagement, the state of the commissariat
+forced the British general to return to Pegu, and subsequently to Prome.
+
+An expedition proceeded under Brigadier-General Sir John Cheape, K.C.B.,
+to the Donabew district of Pegu, in order to reduce the stronghold of
+Myat-toon, a robber-chief. The force was actively engaged on the 17th.,
+18th., and 19th. of March, 1853; after a severe struggle of four hours’
+duration the place was stormed and destroyed. The left wing was
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Sturt, of the 67th. Bengal Native
+Infantry, and the right wing by Major Wigstone, of the 18th. Royal
+Irish, who was severely wounded. The total loss amounted to twenty-two
+killed, and one hundred and eight wounded, fourteen being officers. The
+casualties sustained by the 18th., 51st., and 80th. regiments, amounted
+to thirteen killed and sixty-five wounded.
+
+A short time before, a combined naval and military force, commanded by
+Captain Loch, of about five hundred men with three guns, had been
+repulsed with loss, in an attempt to dislodge this freebooter. In this
+affair, Lieutenant Kennedy, H.M.S. “Fox,” and Captain Price of the 67th.
+Bengal Infantry were killed, and Captain Loch mortally wounded.
+
+On the 30th. of June, 1853, the termination of the war was officially
+announced, and although the king of Ava refused to sign a formal treaty
+of peace, yet as all the concessions demanded were agreed to, the
+Governor-General proclaimed that hostilities would not be resumed so
+long as the British possession of Pegu remained undisputed. All the
+captives in Ava were released, and the navigation of the Irrawaddy was
+declared to be free for the purposes of trade between the two countries.
+
+The British regiments that took part in this war were the 18th., 51st.,
+and 80th. Foot, also the men of the Naval Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                         THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN.
+                               1856–1857.
+
+
+A rupture occurred with Persia, in consequence of that power having
+taken possession of Herat on the 25th. of October, and war was declared
+on the 1st. November following. An expedition accordingly proceeded to
+the Persian Gulf, under Major-General Stalker, C.B., and the Island of
+Karrack was taken formal possession of on the 3rd. of December without
+opposition. The troops landed on the 7th. at Ras Halala, about fifteen
+miles below Bushire, and two days afterwards stormed the position at the
+old Dutch fort of Reshire, which was taken, the place being carried at
+the point of the bayonet.[139] The casualties were principally confined
+to the officers, amongst whom was Brigadier James Stopford, C.B., of the
+64th., killed.
+
+On the morning of the 10th. the British marched on Bushire, a walled
+town, which surrendered unconditionally, after a bombardment of upward
+of four hours. No loss was sustained; sixty-five guns, with large
+quantities of ammunition and warlike stores, were here captured. The
+garrison, consisting of about two thousand, (a large number having
+previously effected their escape, and several drowned in the attempt),
+grounded their arms in front of the British line, and were on the
+following morning escorted by the cavalry some distance into the
+country, and then set at liberty. Her Majesty’s 64th., under Major
+Stirling, shared in this success.
+
+A stronger expedition subsequently proceeded from Bombay, commanded by
+Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram; this was composed of two divisions,
+one of which was under Brigadier-General Havelock, and the other under
+Major-General Stalker; the 78th. Highlanders were added to this force.
+On the evening of the 3rd. of February, 1857, Sir James Outram marched
+against Sooja-ool-Moolk, strongly posted in an entrenched camp at
+Borazgoon. Each man carried his great coat, blanket, and two days’
+provisions, but without any tents or other equipage; the rain fell
+heavily, and the nights were bitterly cold. The position was reached in
+the afternoon of the 5th. of February, when the Persians rapidly
+retreated, leaving their camp, ammunition and equipage in the hands of
+the British.
+
+On the return march during the night of the 7th., the rear-guard was
+attacked by the Persians, who were kept in check until daybreak, when
+the enemy, amounting to between six and seven thousand men, were
+perceived drawn up near Koosh-ab. Two mounds in their centre, on which
+they placed their guns, served as redoubts, and some deep nullahs on
+their flank were lined with skirmishers. In the action that followed,
+the enemy’s guns were silenced by the British artillery; the cavalry
+drove his horse from the field; and on the advance of the infantry, the
+Persians broke and fled, throwing away their arms and accoutrements in
+their flight. By ten o’clock the defeat of the Persian troops was
+complete.[140]
+
+After this victory the British bivouacked for the day close to the
+battle-field, and at night, by another route, accomplished a march of
+twenty miles, over a country rendered almost impassable by the incessant
+heavy rains. After a rest of six hours, the greater portion of the
+infantry continued their march to Bushire, which was reached before
+midnight, thus performing another most arduous march of forty-four miles
+under incessant rain, besides fighting and defeating the enemy during
+its progress, within the short period of fifty hours. On the morning of
+the 10th. the cavalry and artillery arrived in camp.
+
+The loss in the action of Koosh-ab on the 8th. of February was limited
+to sixteen killed and sixty-two wounded. Lieutenant Frankland, of the
+2nd. European regiment, was the only officer killed.[141] This officer,
+together with Captain Forbes, commanding the 3rd. regiment of Light
+Cavalry, and Lieutenant Doveton Downes Greentree, of the 64th. regiment,
+both severely wounded (the latter losing his leg), received special
+mention in the Governor-General’s Notification.
+
+For some months the Persians had been engaged in fortifying their
+position at Mohammerah, a place at the confluence of the Karun and
+Euphrates rivers. Batteries had been erected of solid earth, twenty feet
+thick, and eighteen feet high, with casemated embrasures, armed with
+heavy guns, commanding both sides of the river, but Lieutenant-General
+Outram resolved to attack them. Their army estimated at thirteen
+thousand men, with thirty guns, was commanded by the Shazada, Prince
+Khauler Mirza, in person; whilst the Anglo-Indian troops consisted of
+about five thousand. This place was bombarded on the 26th. of March by
+five steamers and two sloops of war of the Indian navy, under the
+command of Commodore Young. The action commenced soon after daybreak,
+and the Persians stood to their guns well till 10 a.m., when the
+magazine in the north battery blew up. Three more explosions followed;
+the enemy’s fire slackened, and by one o’clock was completely silenced.
+A fire of musketry was then opened from the batteries, until storming
+parties were landed from the ships, who drove out the Persians, and took
+possession of their works and guns. Brigadier-General Havelock landed
+the troops, but no portion of the military force was actively engaged,
+except some European riflemen sent on board the war vessels, as the
+Persians fled from their entrenched camp without waiting an attack.
+Meanwhile a treaty of peace had been in progress, the ratifications of
+which were exchanged at Bagdad on the 2nd. of May, whereby Herat was
+agreed to be evacuated, and all interference with the internal affairs
+of Afghanistan was to be avoided.
+
+The regiments employed in this expedition, were the 14th. Light
+Dragoons, the 64th. and 78th. regiments, 3rd. Bombay Cavalry, Poonah
+Horse, 1st. Scinde Horse, 2nd. Bombay Europeans, Bombay and Madras
+Sappers and Miners, and 2nd., 3rd., 4th., 5th., 8th., 11th., 15th.,
+20th., 22nd., 23rd., 25th., 26th., 28th., and 29th. regiments of Bombay
+Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                          NORTH WEST FRONTIER.
+                               1849–1863.
+
+
+The first of the principal of the expeditions during this period was
+into the Eusufzye country, north of Peshawur, December, 1849. This
+expedition, under the command of Brigadier Bradshaw, 60th. Rifles, was
+despatched to chastise the Hill tribes on the Swat Border, and several
+of their villages were captured and destroyed. The British troops
+engaged in this affair were the 60th. Rifles and the 61st. Foot.
+
+
+
+
+                          AGAINST THE AFRIDIS.
+                            FEBRUARY, 1850.
+
+
+The Afridis are a fierce and warlike tribe inhabiting a series of steep
+and rugged hills lying between the Kohat and Peshawur districts. They
+are good shots, and if combined, could muster 15,000 to 20,000 fighting
+men. The Punjab Government paid them an annual subsidy of 5,700 rupees
+in return for their protecting the pass from Peshawur to Kohat. But in
+spite of this arrangement, on February 2nd, 1850, a body of Afridis
+attacked a body of Sappers making a road in the Kohat pass, killed
+twelve of them, and put the rest to flight. To punish them for their
+treachery, a column, under the command of Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards
+Lord Clyde), who was accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Charles
+Napier, forced the pass, in spite of the efforts of the Afridis, routed
+them, and burnt their villages. As usual in hill campaigns the heaviest
+of the fighting fell on the rear of the retiring force in its march to
+Peshawur.[142] The regiments that took part in this expedition were the
+60th. Rifles, 61st., and 98th. Foot, besides Native troops. In the
+latter part of the year 1851, the Mohmunds, a tribe inhabiting the
+Khyber Pass, committed a series of depredations on villages under
+British rule, and made an attack on a fort at Shubkuddur. To chastise
+them, on October 25th, Sir Colin Campbell left Peshawur with a force of
+about 2000 men, including two companies each of the 61st. and 98th.
+Foot, and destroyed several of their villages with their stores of
+grain. After some skirmishes Sir Colin, leaving garrisons at Shubkuddur
+and Dubb, returned to Peshawur in February, 1852. In the same month the
+Mohmunds made another inroad, and in March Sir Colin again took the
+field against them, with a column of 2500 men, consisting of a troop of
+Horse Artillery, the 32nd. Foot, and several Native regiments. On March
+20th. the Mohmunds attacked him in force at Pung Rao, but after a hot
+action of three hours were repulsed with considerable loss. Another
+skirmish took place in April, near Shubkuddur, and on the retreat of the
+Mohmunds, Sir Colin, with the Europeans, returned to Peshawur. But the
+disturbances on the North West frontier were far from being over. The
+Ootman Khail,[143] or tribe, of Afridis, began to make incursions into
+British territory, and on the 7th. of May, Sir Colin, with the 32nd.
+Foot, a wing of the 53rd. regiment, the Guide Corps, and some regiments
+of Punjaubees and Goorkhas, marched against them, and after a few
+skirmishes captured and destroyed, with small loss, the strongly
+fortified hill village of Praunghur.
+
+On May 17th Sir Colin attacked about 8000 of the enemy at a village
+called Istakote, at the entrance of the Ranize Valley, and a smart
+action followed, in which Sir Colin himself headed the cavalry of the
+Guides in a charge, with the result that the hill men were driven back
+in confusion. They suffered severely, but were not subdued, though
+checked for a time.
+
+
+
+
+               AGAINST THE HUSSUNZIES AND BOREE AFRIDIS.
+                                1852–53.
+
+
+A party of Hussunzies having murdered two British officials, and the
+tribe refusing to surrender the murderers, an expedition was dispatched
+to chastise them. The Hussunzies occupied the western slopes of the
+Black Mountains, a height of about 10,000 feet above the sea level, and
+trusted to the inaccessibility of their stronghold, which had hitherto
+defied every assailant. In December, 1852, two Brigades took up a
+position at the foot of the Black Mountain, and three columns commanded
+by Colonel Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of Magdala), Colonel Mackeson,
+and Major Abbot, were formed for the assault. After an obstinate
+resistance all three columns won their way up the steep ascent, and
+bivouacked for three nights on the summit of the so-called impregnable
+Black Mountain. The villages of the enemy were burnt in the sight of
+their owners, and the columns, with little loss, descended the mountain
+and were broken up. No British regiment seems to have been engaged in
+this affair.
+
+In the latter part of the year 1853, the Boree Afridis inhabiting the
+country near the Kohat Pass, began to commit depredations, and refusing
+any reparation or promise to abstain from similar acts in the future, a
+force under the command of Colonel Boileau, with Colonel Napier, was
+sent against them in November. The troops comprised the 22nd. Foot, the
+Guides, 66th. Goorkhas, and Native Infantry. The expedition was ably
+planned and successfully executed; the principal villages of the enemy
+were destroyed, and the Afridis taught a lesson which they long
+remembered.
+
+
+
+
+            AGAINST THE LURRUCKZAI MOHMUNDS AND MEERANZIES.
+                                1854–55.
+
+
+To punish the Mohmunds for their raids into British territory, in
+August, 1854, an expedition commanded by Sir Sydney Cotton was
+despatched against them. After an unimportant skirmish or two the
+principal villages of the Mohmunds were taken and destroyed, and the
+troops returned. The 22nd. Foot was the only British regiment which took
+part in this affair. The Meeranzies, a Pathan tribe, occupying the hilly
+country near Thull, for a long time had made incursions into British
+territory, sacking the villages, and carrying off the inhabitants for
+ransom. At length the Punjaub Government resolved to chastise them, and
+in April, 1855, a strong force of 3500 men under the command of
+Brigadier (afterwards Sir Neville) Chamberlain, marched towards
+Meeranzie. On April 30th. he was attacked by the enemy in Upper
+Meeranzie, but after a brief action drove them back in confusion. The
+hill men were pursued, their villages and stores of grain destroyed, and
+a severe retribution dealt them for their long continuous acts of
+hostility against the defenceless inhabitants of the British border.
+None but Native troops were employed in this expedition.
+
+
+
+
+        AGAINST THE AFRIDIS AND BOZDARS ON THE DEJERAT FRONTIER.
+
+
+The expedition against these tribes in March, 1857, is generally known
+as the Bozdar Hill Expedition. In it Native troops only were employed,
+under the command of Brigadier Neville Chamberlain, and Colonels Green
+and S. Browne. The principal affair in this campaign was the forcing of
+the Khanbund defile.[144]
+
+
+
+
+AGAINST THE CABUL KHAIL WUZEREES, 1859, AND THE MAHSOOD WUZEREES, 1860.
+
+
+During the year 1859 the Cabul Khail Wuzerees began to grow troublesome,
+they made plundering incursions over our border, and in one of them
+murdered Captain Mecham. It being determined to send a force into their
+country, Brigadier-General Chamberlain marched from Kohat with nearly
+4000 native troops of all ranks, in December, and found the enemy posted
+in a range of hills near the Kurum river. Here they had removed their
+families, flocks, and stores of grain, and had strongly fortified their
+position with breastworks. On December 22nd. the attack was made in two
+columns, and after two hours hard fighting the Wuzerees were driven from
+ridge to ridge, leaving their tents, and as much of their cattle as they
+could not remove, in the possession of the assailants. A few days
+afterwards their chiefs submitted, and agreed to terms for peace. Three
+months had scarcely passed, when the Mahsood Wuzerees, a far more
+powerful tribe, who had made forays on British villages for years,
+poured down from their hills upon the lands of the Nawaub of Tonk, which
+were under British protection, and plundered and burnt in their
+customary manner. On hearing of this act of aggression the Indian
+Government resolved to teach these freebooters a lesson once for all.
+Brigadier-General Chamberlain took the field at the head of about 5000
+Native troops, with Lieut.-Colonel Lumsden as second in command; and on
+April 17th., 1860, entered the hills, carrying sixteen days’ provisions.
+After traversing a difficult and unknown country, the Brigadier encamped
+at Paloseen, and hearing that the enemy was in force near, marched in
+search of them, leaving Colonel Lumsden with about 1300 men in charge of
+the camp and baggage. The Mahsoods saw their opportunity. On the night
+of April 22nd., 3000 of them silently gathered in a depression to the
+rear of the British, and early on the following morning drove in the
+pickets and furiously assailed the camp. Luckily Colonel Lumsden was on
+his guard. Two chieftains of the enemy fell by his hand, and his men,
+cheered by their leader’s example, checked the rush of the Wuzerees, and
+in ten minutes utterly routed them with heavy loss. General Chamberlain,
+finding his information false, returned to Paloseen, and a few days
+later forced the Burara Pass, after some severe fighting. He next
+assaulted and captured the town of Kaneegoum, situated about 7,000 feet
+above the sea level, with trifling loss. On May 11th. he captured
+Mukeem, the principal town of the Mahsoods, who suffered heavily. The
+place was burnt, the towers blown up, and the troops returned to Bunnoo;
+having defeated a tribe which had never before been worsted, and
+penetrated a hostile region previously almost unknown. The expedition
+was a complete success, and added much to the prestige of the British in
+the eyes of the neighbouring clans. For their distinguished bravery in
+this campaign six native soldiers were decorated with the Order of
+Merit. The operations in the Eusufyze country, in the latter part of the
+year 1863, formed part of what is known as—
+
+
+
+
+                         THE UMBEYLA CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+The cause of this war was the predatory incursions of a body of
+Mussulman fanatics, and rebels, driven from Bengal at the time of the
+Mutiny, who occupied the town of Mulkah, on one of the lower spurs of
+the Mahabun, a ridge situated on the right bank of the Indus, about
+forty miles from Attock. A force of about 5600 men of all arms was
+assembled in the Eusufyze country on October, 1863, under the command of
+General Chamberlain. On October 19th., with little opposition, he took
+possession of the Umbeyla Pass, and established outposts on his flanks
+in the mountains on both sides, strengthened with breastworks as far as
+possible. The most advanced post on the left flank was called the
+“Eagle’s Nest,” and that on the right the “Crag Picket,” and both posts
+were invisible from the camp. On October 25th. the enemy made an attack
+on the right, but were driven back by Colonel Keyes, and lost one of
+their standards. The next day a fierce assault was made upon the
+“Eagle’s Nest” post, and after four hours hard fighting the Hill-men
+were repulsed with severe loss, but nearly half of the defenders were
+killed or wounded. In the early morning of the 30th., the “Crag Picket”
+being held by only twelve men, was surprised and taken by the enemy, but
+it was splendidly recaptured, after a desperate hand to hand conflict,
+by a small party of Pathans, led by Colonel Keyes (who was wounded), and
+Lieut. Fosbery, who, for his gallant conduct, received the Victoria
+Cross.
+
+In the meantime an attack had been made on the front of the camp, which
+was defeated, the assailants suffering heavily. The bodies of the
+British slain were found shockingly mutilated by the enemy, and from
+that time no quarter was given on either side.[145] On the night of
+November 12th., the “Crag Picket,” held by 160 men, under Colonel
+Brownlow, the successful defender of the “Eagle’s Nest,” was again
+furiously assailed by about 3000 of the enemy, who made repeated
+attempts to storm the works. In spite of heavy loss they made a
+determined attack on both sides of the weakest angle of the post, pulled
+down the wall, hurling the stones on the defenders, and gained
+possession of part of the defences. Colonel Brownlow called for
+volunteers, drove the enemy out, rebuilt the wall, and held the post
+till morning. Shortly after daybreak the garrison was relieved by a
+party of Punjaubees under Captain Davidson. Before they were properly in
+position the Hill-men made another assault, killed Davidson and many of
+his men, and captured the post, but it was retaken shortly afterwards by
+the 101st. Bengal Fusiliers led by Colonel Salusbury. On November 18th.
+there was more severe fighting, and on the next day, the enemy,
+reinforced by tribesmen from Swat, Bonair, and other places, made
+repeated and desperate attempts to recapture the “Crag Picket,” which
+was held by 200 men of the 101st. Fusiliers and 20th. Punjaub Infantry.
+After a hard struggle for four hours the defenders were driven out, and
+for the third time the “Crag Picket” fell into the hands of the enemy.
+In this affair two officers and a large number of men were killed.
+General Chamberlain ordered the 71st. Highlanders to the front, which
+regiment, led by himself and Colonel Hope, without a check, carried the
+position at the point of the bayonet, and held it; but both the leaders
+were severely wounded in the conflict. General Chamberlain being thus
+disabled, General Garvock took the command, advanced against the enemy,
+captured and burnt the village of Laloo, and drove the tribesmen back
+into their valleys.
+
+On December 16th. the troops descended from the hills, destroyed the
+village of Umbeyla, and offered battle to their opponents on level
+ground. Most of them declined the encounter, but a body of 250 Ghazees
+made a frantic charge on the column, and were slain to a man, and with
+this action the Umbeyla expedition came to an end.[146] In this brief
+but sharp campaign of two months, 19 officers and 238 men were killed,
+and 47 officers, and 670 men wounded. For his services General
+Chamberlain was created a K.C.B. The British regiments employed in these
+operations were the 1st. Battalion 7th. Fusiliers, 71st., 93rd., and
+101st. Fusiliers.
+
+
+
+
+                                BHOOTAN.
+                              1864–65–66.
+
+
+Bhootan is situated in the north-east of India, and comprises the almost
+unknown and mountainous region lying between the Himalayas and the
+British Provinces. The inhabitants are a different race from all others
+in Hindostan, and apparently of Mongolian origin. They profess Buddhism,
+and are ruled by a temporal and spiritual Governor, known as the Deb and
+Dhurma Rajahs. The Dhurma Rajah has the most extensive power, and is
+always a member of the priesthood. The Bhootanese had made raids into
+British territory for years, and refusing to release their captives or
+to agree to any terms of pacification, the Indian Government determined
+to annex a portion of their frontier and to put an end to their outrages
+for the future. In November, 1864, a field force was organised in three
+columns, under the command of Brigadier Mulcaster, who operated on the
+right from the Assam frontier, and Brigadier Dunsford, C.B., who crossed
+the Teesta river and advanced on the left. On December 3rd. General
+Dunsford pushed up the Ambiok Valley and captured the post of
+Dhalimcote, with trifling loss. Another place called Chamoorchee,
+containing a monastery full of sacred books, was assaulted and taken on
+the 1st. of January, 1865. In the meantime a column under Colonel Watson
+had marched across the Dooar and taken possession of a fort called Buxa,
+and General Dunsford having established posts at the foot of the hills,
+and completed his arrangements for the annexation of the country lying
+between Dhalimcote and the frontier near Darjeeling, returned to his
+camp in the plains. The force under General Mulcaster, crossed the
+Brahmapootra, advanced up the Darungah Pass and captured the important
+hill post of Dewangiri at its summit. This place contained three great
+temples, situated on a ridge nearly 2000 feet above the level of the
+plains below. A small garrison was left in possession and the annexation
+of the Dooars was erroneously supposed to be completed.
+
+The Government had issued orders for the breaking up of the Dooar Field
+Force early in February, and arrangements were made for the civil rule
+of the newly annexed territory, in districts, by deputy-commissioners.
+But all this time the Bhootanese had been actively preparing for a
+general attack upon the whole line of posts from Chamoorchee to
+Dewangiri. Before daybreak on the morning of January 30th a furious
+attack was made on the garrison of the latter place; but Colonel
+Campbell, in command, as soon as the enemy could be seen, charged upon
+and routed them. The Bhootanese though repulsed, harassed the garrison
+by destroying their supply of water, and at length established
+themselves at the mouth of the Darungah Pass, cutting off Campbell’s
+communication with Assam. The garrison, not being strong enough to
+dislodge the enemy, and being also short of ammunition, Colonel Campbell
+evacuated his post in the night,[147] and after many difficulties and
+dangers reached head-quarters. Buxa, and the other posts were attacked
+in a similar manner, but in most cases the Bhootanese were beaten off,
+and the garrisons as far as possible strengthened. The 55th. regiment,
+with some companies of the 80th., and two batteries of Royal Artillery
+were ordered to the front, and with some regiments of Punjaub Infantry
+marched for the north-east frontier, under the command of
+Brigadier-General Tombs, V.C., and Brigadier Fraser Tytler. On March
+15th., the latter officer with his brigade recaptured Balla, and Buxa
+and Chamoorchee a few days afterwards, with small loss. The brigade
+under General Tombs marched to recapture Dewangiri, fighting their way
+through passes which the enemy had fortified with stockades. The troops
+arrived before the place on April 1st., and Dewangiri was carried by
+storm the next morning. Being untenable during the rainy season, the
+buildings were destroyed, and on April 7th. the force began its return
+to India. General Tytler fixed his head-quarters at Gowhatti, and a
+series of posts were established from Lower Assam to Darjeeling, which
+for the time effectually curbed the Bhootanese. But though defeated they
+were not subdued, and in 1866 the Indian Government assembled a force of
+about 7000 men, to enter Bhootan in two columns, and to thoroughly
+reduce the inhabitants to submission. The troops had scarcely commenced
+their march, when the Deb Rajah of Bhootan, overawed by these
+preparations, granted all that was demanded of him, and concluded a
+treaty with Colonel Bruce, the civil commissioner. The British troops
+that took part in these operations were Royal Artillery, the 55th. and
+80th. Regiments.
+
+
+
+
+                                LOOSHAI.
+                     DECEMBER, 1871–FEBRUARY, 1872.
+
+
+The Looshais, a predatory tribe inhabiting the hilly country to the
+north-east of Chittagong, had long been a trouble to the Indian
+Government. Their constant raids on villages under British
+protection,[148] which they plundered and destroyed, was the cause of an
+expedition being sent against them in December, 1871. A force of three
+regiments, with Artillery and Sappers, and a Coolie Corps, under the
+command of General Bourchier, operated from Cachar, and a smaller
+column, under General Brownlow, from Chittagong. The enemy, armed with
+old muskets, bows and arrows, spears, and knives, showed a bold front,
+and their mode of fighting in their dense jungles and trackless hills
+was much in their favour.
+
+But General Bourchier steadily advanced among steep and wooded hills, by
+rugged paths winding along the face of precipices, capturing village
+after village by storm, and destroying them with the stores of grain
+they contained, till the Looshais begged for a cessation of hostilities.
+This was granted, but the enemy suddenly resumed the offensive, and
+after a few more skirmishes, in one of which the General was wounded,
+the stronghold of Poiboi, the Looshai leader, situated on a hill 8,500
+feet in height, was taken and burnt; and the head men of the tribe
+agreed unconditionally to the terms of peace dictated to them by General
+Bourchier.
+
+The column returned to Cachar in March, 1872, and was broken up.[149] No
+British troops were engaged in this affair, but the medal and clasp were
+given to the Native regiments and their European officers.
+
+
+
+
+                                 PERAK.
+                      NOVEMBER, 1875–MARCH, 1876.
+
+
+Perak is situated on the west side of the Malay peninsula, to the south
+of the Wellesley Province. Being the scene of almost constant strife
+between the Chinese and Malays, which often disturbed the peace of the
+adjoining British territory, culminating in a civil war between
+claimants to the succession as Sultan, Col. Sir W. D. Jervois, Governor
+of the Straits Settlements, in 1875, accepted a surrender of the
+sovereignty from Ismail, one of the claimants, and appointed Mr. W. J.
+Birch, as British Resident in Perak. For some time all went on well, but
+in November, Ismail, weary of the restraint of the Resident, and
+intending to seize the throne for himself, attacked the Residency at the
+head of a band of maurauders, tore down the British flag, and murdered
+Mr. Birch in his bath, afterwards shamefully mutilating his body. Most
+of the native rajahs joined Ismail, and an attack on a stockade held by
+one of them, by Captain Innes, R.E., with a handful of the 10th.
+regiment and some Sepoys, was repulsed, and Innes himself killed.
+
+The news of this disaster reaching Singapore, General Colborne, with
+about three hundred men of the 80th. regiment, set out at once for
+Perak; artillery was sent from Calcutta, and a squadron consisting of
+the “Modeste” corvette, and the gunboats “Thistle,” “Fly,” and
+“Ringdove,” came from Hong Kong. An advance was made up the Perak river
+by a small party of troops, and a Naval Brigade under Captain Whitlaw of
+the 10th. regiment, and Commander Stirling, of H.M.S. “Thistle,” which
+captured and destroyed the fortified village of Passir Sala, the hold of
+the Maharajah Lela, and with other things gained possession of six guns,
+a quantity of small arms, and Mr. Birch’s books and papers.
+
+General Colborne, commanding in Perak, on hearing that Ismail and Lela
+were at a town called Kinta, marched through the dense jungle against
+them, storming stockades in his route, and capturing Kinta, which he
+occupied with his troops. Ismail and the Maharajah fled into the jungle.
+
+On January 4th, 1876, Brigadier-General Ross, with a column composed
+chiefly of a detachment of the 3rd. Buffs and Goorkhas, attacked and
+stormed Kotah Lama, the stronghold of the Malays, but in the affair
+Major Hawkins was killed. Kotah Lama, which contained large stores of
+rice, was burned, and the troops returned to Qualla Kangsa. On the 19th.
+Ismail was attacked and routed with loss, seventeen elephants with all
+his baggage being taken; and after much wandering in the jungle, on
+March 22nd. he himself was captured and sent to Singapore.
+
+The war was ended, and Perak has since remained under British
+protection. The success of these operations were greatly due “to the aid
+given by the Naval Brigades[150] as rocket and gun parties, and in
+managing the country boats, which alone could be used.”
+
+The British troops engaged were: Royal Artillery, 1st. Battalion of the
+3rd. Buffs, and detachments of the 10th. and 80th. regiments.
+
+
+
+
+                                JOWAKI.
+                                1877–78.
+
+
+The disturbances in the Malay Peninsular were scarcely settled when the
+Indian Government was compelled to despatch an expedition against the
+Jowakis, a ferocious tribe of the Afridis, occupying the hills on the
+Afghan border to the west of the Indus. During the months of October and
+November, 1877, they swept down from their mountains on the plains
+below, slaughtered the inhabitants, burnt their villages, and carried
+away their cattle and property. In one of these raids they had the
+daring to attack a detachment of troops guarding stores near the
+frontier, though a few months previously they had been severely
+chastised by a small force sent against them under Sir R. Pollock. To
+put an end to these continued incursions, and to reduce these
+freebooters to submission, a regular force was organised under the
+command of Generals Keyes and Ross, the former being Brigadier. General
+Keyes with the main body advanced through the defiles, attacked the
+Jowakis, destroyed their crops and walled villages, and blew up many of
+their fortified towers. On the 1st of December he reached Jummoo, the
+principal stronghold of the tribe; a town situated in a fertile and
+cultivated valley, watered by a fine stream. The town was captured with
+trifling loss, the Jowakis being taken by surprise, abandoned their
+goods and dwellings and fled to the mountains. Here General Keyes for a
+while halted, while the troops scoured the adjacent valleys, taking away
+the cattle and burning the villages.
+
+About the end of January, 1878, the head men of the Jowakis came into
+the camp and made overtures for peace; but on learning the terms on
+which it would be granted, declined to accept them, and withdrew.
+Hostilities were resumed, and on February 15th., a body of troops,
+consisting almost entirely of cavalry, inflicted a crushing defeat on
+the tribesmen, which effectually dispersed them, and resulted in their
+unconditional surrender. The British regiments employed in this
+expedition were the 9th. and 51st. Foot, and 4th. Battalion Rifle
+Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                                 NAGA.
+                               1875–1880.
+
+
+In January, 1875, a party of about seventy Sepoys and Coolies, under the
+command of Lieutenant Holcombe, were sent by the Indian Government to
+survey a wild tract of country in the north-east part of Assam,
+inhabited by the Nagas, an uncivilized race, whose name is derived from
+_Nag_, the Hindustani word for a snake. As their name implies, these
+people are very treacherous, and regardless of human life; but theft
+they regard with detestation. Clothing they entirely dispense with, but
+fantastically tattoo their totally naked bodies. A premeditated and
+sudden attack was made by them on the surveying party, and Lieutenant
+Holcombe, and the whole of his men were killed on the spot, or severely
+wounded. A force, under Colonel Nuthall, was at once dispatched to
+punish the tribe for this massacre, and after seven days’ march the
+troops reached the jungle-covered hills of the Nagas. There was very
+little fighting, and with the loss of one man, the villages and stores
+of grain of the enemy were destroyed, and their flocks and cattle
+captured. The effects of this lesson lasted for a long time, but about
+the close of the year 1879, the Nagas, of Konoma, renewed their
+outrages, and murdered Mr. Damant, the political agent in charge of the
+Naga Hills, and were again severely chastised in January, 1880, by a
+column commanded by Brigadier-General Nation.
+
+No European troops were engaged in either of these expeditions, but the
+medal and clasp were given to the Native regiments employed, and their
+British officers.
+
+
+
+
+                                 BURMA.
+                         1885–87, AND 1887–89.
+
+
+The relations between the Indian Government and Burma had for some time
+been unsatisfactory, but in 1885, Thebaw, the despotic and extravagant
+King of Burma, finding his treasury exhausted, in an endeavour to
+replenish it, entered into fruitless negotiations with the French. He
+then began to extort money on different pretexts from the “Bombay and
+Burma Trading Company,” and on the agents of the Company refusing to pay
+the blackmail demanded from them, they were harassed and plundered, and
+at last fired upon by some of the King’s troops. Remonstrances having
+proved to be useless, the British representative was instructed to break
+off the negotiations, and an ultimatum was presented to the King, which
+embodied the British demands, one of them being that a British agent
+should be received at Mandalay. Thebaw replied by a proclamation, in
+which he stated that the British had made ridiculous proposals which he
+could not accept, and called on his subjects to fight in defence of
+their country and religion. He further declared his intention to conquer
+and annex the country of the “barbarians.”
+
+An expeditionary force was dispatched to Burma under the command of
+General Prendergast, who arrived at Thayetmyo November 14th. A British
+proclamation declaring the dethronement of King Thebaw was issued to the
+Burmese people, and the first hostile act was the capture of one of the
+King’s war vessels by two armed launches from H.M.S. “Turquoise,” after
+a smart encounter. General Prendergast advanced up the Irrawaddy, and on
+November 16th. shelled a position which the Burmese had fortified on the
+left bank of the river, and which they abandoned on the landing of the
+troops. Next day, another position at Minhla, was attacked and carried
+by storm, after a contest of three hours, by three regiments of Native
+Infantry, with small loss, and General Prendergast marched for
+Mandalay.[151] On November 26th. he reached Ava when he was met by an
+envoy from Thebaw, requesting an armistice, and terms of peace. The
+General replied that the only terms he could offer were the surrender of
+the King, his army, and Mandalay.
+
+The following day the messenger returned with orders from Thebaw to
+accede to all demands. Ava at once surrendered, the garrison laid down
+their arms, and on November 28th. Mandalay was occupied by the British
+troops without opposition. The day after, the King surrendered to
+General Prendergast at Mandalay, and with his queen, and about seventy
+members of his court, was put on board a steamer and sent to Rangoon.
+Soon after he was removed to a place of security in British India, and
+on January 1st., 1886, Lord Dufferin, Viceroy of India, announced the
+annexation of Upper Burma to the British Empire.
+
+But Burma for a long time continued in a very unsettled state. The
+regular Burmese army for the most part had been disarmed, but swarms of
+“dacoits,” or native insurgents, spread over the country, and encounters
+between them and the British troops were of constant occurrence. A few
+weeks after the annexation there were skirmishes with dacoits at Sagaing
+and Kaddoo; and in April a daring attempt was made to burn Mandalay, the
+town being fired in four places, and the walled city in two. Hundreds of
+houses were destroyed, and the incendiaries escaped with little loss.
+The same month, a small force of two hundred men, under Captain Wace,
+had a sharp encounter with dacoits, near Bhamo, and was obliged to
+retreat; and on June 12th. in an affair at Salen, Captain Durnford of
+the 8th. King’s regiment, was killed. On the 26th. of the same month, in
+an engagement near Mingyan, Lieutenant Shubrick was slain; and on July
+19th., Lieutenant King, with a detachment of the Welsh Fusiliers, at
+Shwebo, attacked and defeated a body of eight hundred insurgents with
+loss, taking one hundred and eighteen prisoners.
+
+General Sir Herbert Macpherson, V.C., who had succeeded General
+Prendergast in the chief command in Burma, died of fever at Prome,
+October 20th., and General Sir F. Roberts proceeded from India and took
+the command.
+
+During the month of November there was some sharp fighting. Colonel
+Lockhart assaulted and captured the camp of an insurgent chief, called
+the Kemendine Prince, who escaped; and on the 22nd., Colonel Holt of the
+2nd. Queen’s regiment, attacked and carried the strong Burmese position
+of Puzan Myang, at the point of the bayonet, the Burmese leader being
+among the slain.
+
+On New Year’s day, 1887, a party commanded by Major Jeffreys, Connaught
+Rangers, attacked the Kemendine Prince at Meiktela, killing him and
+forty of his followers, but the desultory warfare still continued.
+Another dacoit leader, called Boshway, gave considerable trouble. His
+camp was attacked and captured by a party under Captain Golightly, 60th.
+Rifles on January 30th., but Boshway and most of his men escaped. His
+good fortune at length deserted him.
+
+In the month of October following, Major Harvey, 24th. regiment, with a
+party of Mounted Infantry, after a forced march of fifty miles, made a
+sudden dash on his camp, killed Boshway and dispersed his band. The same
+month, Major Kennedy, Hyderabad Contingent, and Captain Beville,
+Assistant Commissioner, were killed while leading an attack upon a
+village occupied by dacoits. During the whole of the succeeding year,
+1888, this guerrilla warfare was carried on, and the British troops were
+worn out by incessant skirmishing, and the privations they endured in
+scouring fever-haunted jungles in pursuit of dacoits, often with but
+little success. At the end of the year a small force of one hundred
+Mounted Infantry, one hundred of the Rifle Brigade, and about three
+hundred Native Infantry and Sappers, commanded by Brigadier-General
+Collett, was sent against a tribe called the Red Karens, who with their
+chief Sawlapaw had given much trouble. On January 9th., 1889, Sawlon,
+the chief town of the Karens, was captured, and Sawlapaw fled. In the
+same month, Lieutenant W. H. Nugent in a daring attempt to carry a
+dacoit stockade, with but sixteen men of the 17th. Regiment, was killed.
+
+About the end of January, a column composed of a company of the 37th.
+regiment, and three hundred Sikhs and Goorkhas with two guns, was
+despatched against the Kachyins and Lepu tribes, in the north-east of
+Upper Burma. After some weeks of toilsome marching and skirmishing,
+Khama, the chief town of the Lepu tribe was captured and destroyed, and
+the troops returned.
+
+Upper Burma is still far from being in a quiescent state, and affairs
+with dacoits and hill tribes seem to be almost perpetual.
+
+The European regiments which served in Burma[152] in 1885–87 were Royal
+Artillery, 2nd. Queen’s, 8th. King’s, 13th. Somersetshire, 21st.
+Fusiliers, 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, 24th. South Wales Borderers, 51st.
+Yorkshire, 67th. Hampshire, 104th. Munster Fusiliers and Rifle Brigade.
+In 1887–89—Royal Artillery, 9th. Norfolk, 17th. Leicester, 37th.
+Hampshire and Rifle Brigade. The Native troops in the Expedition
+were—4th. Punjaub, 81st. Bombay Mountain Batteries, 7th. Bengal Cavalry,
+1st. Madras and 1st. Bombay Lancers, 3rd. Hyderabad and 2nd. Madras
+Cavalry, eight companies Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Sappers and Miners,
+1st., 2nd., 5th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 18th., 26th.,
+27th., and 43rd. Bengal Infantry, 3rd. Goorkhas, 1st. Madras Pioneers;
+3rd., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 17th., 21st., 23rd., 25th., and 27th.
+Madras Infantry, 2nd. and 3rd. Hyderabad Infantry, 1st., 5th., 7th.,
+23rd., 25th., and 27th. Bombay Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                                SIKKIM.
+                                 1888.
+
+
+The Thibetians having been for some time endeavouring to annex Sikkim, a
+state lying between Nepaul and Bhootan, on the south-eastern slope of
+the Himalayas; and treating the remonstrances of the Indian Government
+as evidences of want of courage and ability to encounter them; in March,
+1888, a field force was organised to expel them from the state, and
+bring the dispute to a conclusion. The force consisted of two companies
+of the 95th., 2nd. Derbyshire, 32nd. Bengal Pioneers, Goorkhas, etc.; in
+all about 2000 men, commanded by Colonel T. Graham, R.A. The operations
+lasted from March, with but little result, to September 24th, when
+Colonel Graham attacked the Thibetan army of nearly 10,000 men, posted
+on the Tukola Ridge, and completely routed it. Colonel Sir B. Bromhead
+was wounded, and the total loss of the victors was very small. This
+engagement practically ended the Thibetan campaign. A bronze medal and
+clasp, similar to that in silver issued to the troops, was given to all
+recognised followers who accompanied them.
+
+
+
+
+                                HAZARA.
+                                 1888.
+
+
+The operations against the Thibetans were not finished, when an
+expedition was despatched against the fierce and warlike tribe of the
+Azokais, inhabiting the Black Mountain, a range lying to the north of
+Hazara, between the Indus and Cashmere. The tribesmen had been severely
+punished for their raids, and their villages burnt, by a force commanded
+by General Sir Thomas Wilde, in October, 1868,[153] which reduced them
+to sue for peace, and to give hostages for their good behaviour in the
+future. For many years they remained quiet, but on June 18th., 1888, a
+body of them attacked a surveying party under Major Battye and Captain
+Urmston, and massacred the two officers with several of their followers.
+To chastise the tribe for this outrage, the Hazara, or Black Mountain
+Field Force, comprising the 15th. Bengal Cavalry, a detachment of Royal
+Artillery, and a Hazara Mountain Battery, 5th. Northumberland Fusiliers,
+18th. Royal Irish, 12th. Suffolk, 107th. Sussex, 78th. Highlanders,
+2nd., 3rd., 14th., and 45th. Sikhs, 5th. Goorkhas, 4th., 24th., and
+29th. Punjaub Infantry, 34th. Pioneers, and 40th. Bengal Native
+Infantry, about 8000 men, all told, commanded by Major-General McQueen,
+and Brigadier-Generals Channer, V.C., and Galbraith, made an entrance
+into the enemy’s country on October 3rd. Two days afterwards General
+McQueen encountered and defeated the mountaineers near Surmulbutspur,
+with the loss of Captain Beley, killed, and Colonel Crookshank, who died
+of wounds received in the action. On November 2nd., a column under
+General Channer, principally composed of the Northumberland Fusiliers
+and Khyberees, assaulted and carried the Gorapher Peak, 9,500 feet above
+the level of the sea, the most elevated position ever carried by British
+troops, with the loss of one man killed and one wounded. Convinced of
+the uselessness of further resistance, on November 5th., the tribesmen
+unconditionally submitted, and the troops commenced their return march
+to Oghi.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHIN-LUSHAI.
+                                1889–90.
+
+
+The tribes inhabiting the Chin Hills and the Lushai country situated
+between our Indian and Burmese frontier, had for some years occasionally
+made incursions into British territory, culminating, on February 3rd.,
+1888, in an attack on a surveying party under Lieutenant Stewart, 100th.
+Leinster, in which that officer and two of his men were killed, after a
+gallant resistance. A punitive expedition was formed, which was divided
+into two columns, one operating from Burmah against the Chin tribes,
+under Brigadier-General Symons, in chief command; and the other,
+commanded by Brigadier Tregear, advanced from Chittagong against the
+Lushais in November, 1889. The tribesmen made feeble opposition, but as
+the troops were unprovided with tents, owing to the difficulty of
+transport, they suffered very severely from sickness, both Europeans and
+Natives; the Punjaub Coolies suffering most of all. The jungle, through
+which the troops had to make roads, was very unhealthy; a dense greenish
+mist being almost always prevalent, and the vegetation soaking wet.
+During the month of February some skirmishes took place, and a stockade
+or two was captured, but the natural difficulties of the country, and
+the climate, were the greatest obstacles to the expedition. The villages
+and crops of the tribes being destroyed, and they, finding the troops
+gradually closing in around them on all sides, and roads made through
+places they had regarded as impassable, grew disheartened and anxious
+for peace. Their chiefs hastened to tender their submission, and two of
+them who had been implicated in the attack on the party of Lieutenant
+Stewart, surrendered (on the assurance that their lives would be
+spared), and restored the head of that unfortunate officer, with the
+guns and instruments they had taken in their raid.
+
+A strong fort was erected in a position which commanded the adjacent
+country, and being connected with posts garrisoned by the Frontier
+Police, would render hostile incursions by the tribes almost impossible
+in the future. On April 30th., 1890, the expeditionary force was broken
+up, having been completely successful. The only European troops employed
+were: 1st. Battalion 22nd. Cheshire, and 1st. Battalion 25th. Scottish
+Borderers, in the Burma column.
+
+The officers and men who had already gained the Indian Medal, received
+the clasp only, inscribed “Chin-Lushai, 1889–90,” and a bronze medal and
+clasp was given to the authorised Government followers who accompanied
+the troops.
+
+
+
+
+                                SAMANA.
+                                 1891.
+
+
+Another expedition against the Meeranzies, who were severely chastised
+by Sir Neville Chamberlain in 1855, was dispatched from Kohat, April
+5th., 1891, under the command of Sir W. Lockhart. The tribesmen were
+defeated with severe loss at Mastaon, and reduced to submission. The
+operations were perfectly successful, but the British loss was greater
+than usual in these frontier expeditions, upwards of one hundred men,
+including five European and three Native officers, being killed and
+wounded. Some Native regiments were left to garrison Samana, and the
+tribes who had recently been fighting against us, readily brought in
+grass and supplies.
+
+The 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles, and 96th. Manchester regiment were the
+only European troops engaged in this expedition, which was ended May
+25th., 1891. A bronze medal, as usual, was given to all authorised
+Government followers of the troops.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE CRIMEAN MEDAL AND CAMPAIGN.
+                                1854–56.
+
+
+In December, 1854, the Queen was pleased to command that a medal,
+bearing the word “Crimea,” with an appropriate device, should be
+conferred on all the officers, non-commissioned officers, and private
+soldiers of Her Majesty’s Army, who had been engaged in the arduous and
+brilliant campaign in the Crimea; and that clasps, with the words “Alma”
+or “Inkermann” thereon, were to be also awarded to such as were present
+in either of those battles. In February, 1855, Her Majesty granted a
+clasp for the action at Balaklava, and in October following, a clasp
+inscribed “Sebastopol” was added to the Crimean medal, and was awarded
+to all present between the 1st. of October, 1854, the day on which the
+Army sat down before the place, and the 9th. of September, 1855, when
+the town was taken. Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and Sebastopol, are,
+therefore, the services to be most prominently described, as they are
+commemorated not only by the clasps above referred to, but likewise by
+inscriptions authorized by Royal Authority to be borne on the Regimental
+Colours of the corps entitled thereto; those having no standards or
+colours bearing these distinctions on their cap or helmet-plates, and
+Rifle Regiments on their breast-plates and cap-plates. The following are
+the Regiments in question:—
+
+ALMA.—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light Dragoons; 17 Lancers;
+Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; 1, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21,
+23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 55, 63, 68, 77, 79, 88, 93,
+and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Crimean Medal.
+]
+
+BALAKLAVA.—4, 5 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 17 Dragoons; 93
+Foot.
+
+INKERMANN.—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light Dragoons; 17
+Lancers; Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; 1, 4, 7, 19,
+20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 44, 47, 49, 50, 55, 57, 63, 68, 77, 88,
+and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.
+
+SEBASTOPOL.—1, 4, 5, 6 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6 Dragoons; 8, 10, 11
+Hussars; 12 Lancers; 13 Light Dragoons; 17 Lancers; Grenadier,
+Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18,
+19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49,
+50, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 68, 71, 72, 77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, and
+97 Foot; Rifle Brigade.
+
+Two companies of the 46th., which preceded the Regiment, were present at
+Alma and Inkermann, and obtained medals for those victories, but the
+head-quarters and remainder of the corps did not arrive until the day
+following the last-named battle, and therefore did not receive these
+inscriptions for the colours. Six officers and two hundred and
+twenty-five men were granted the medal for the first-named battle, and
+six officers and two hundred and one men obtained the clasp for
+Inkermann.
+
+The Crimean medal, designed by W. Wyon, has on its obverse the effigy of
+Her Majesty, from the die of the Peninsular medal, with the legend
+“Victoria Regina,” and in the exergue, the date 1854; the reverse has a
+figure of Fame about to place a wreath upon the brows of a stalwart
+hero, in classic military costume, bearing a round shield on his left
+arm, on which is shown the British Lion, with the word “Crimea” on the
+right of the figure. The ribbon is of pale blue with yellow edges. The
+clasps are of silver, with acorn ornaments, and severally inscribed
+“Alma,” “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and “Sebastopol.” The name and
+regiment of recipient are indented or engraved on the edge of the medal.
+A special clasp for “Azoff” was issued to the Navy, and the Marines
+received medals with clasps for “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and
+“Sebastopol.” The medal was also given to a selection of the French,
+Sardinian, and Turkish troops engaged in the campaign.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF THE ALMA.
+                         20TH. SEPTEMBER, 1854.
+
+
+Lord John Russell’s memorable words in the House of Commons, on the
+17th. of February, 1854, “May God defend the right,” like those of
+Nelson, “England expects every man this day will do his duty,” had an
+electrical effect, and made the country nerve itself for the approaching
+contest, which, for some time threatening, shortly afterwards commenced.
+The nation sympathized with the efforts of the Turks, under their
+distinguished commander, Omar Pasha, and after the terrible massacre at
+Sinope, hostilities became inevitable.
+
+Before the end of February the Guards and other regiments had embarked
+for the East, the Queen, from the Balcony of Buckingham Palace, bidding
+the former farewell. Each regiment as it marched for the port of
+embarkation, was greeted with hearty and sympathetic cheers, which
+showed the popular opinion in favour of the coming struggle. Lord
+Raglan, so long the Military Secretary of the great Duke of Wellington,
+and afterwards the Master General of the Ordnance, was appointed to the
+command of the British Forces destined for the East.
+
+The official declaration of war appeared in the London Gazette, on the
+28th. of March, and that of the Emperor of the French, the ally of
+England, was published simultaneously. The first place of rendezvous was
+Malta, and thence the troops proceeded to Gallipoli and Scutari, and
+subsequently to Varna, which was reached towards the end of June. After
+the gallant defence of Silistria, and the repulse of the Russians, in
+which Captain James Armar Butler, Ceylon Rifle Regiment, and Lieutenant
+Charles Nasmyth, Bombay Artillery, as volunteers, so highly
+distinguished themselves, and where the former, with the brave Turkish
+commander, Mousso Pasha, met a soldier’s death, Turkey became no longer
+in danger of invasion, and the allied armies, being released from
+supporting by their presence the valour of the Ottoman troops;—the
+expedition to the Crimea was determined upon.
+
+On Thursday, the 7th. of September, 1854, the fleet conveying the allied
+army, sailed from Baldjick Bay, whither the troops had proceeded from
+Varna, for the Crimea. Cholera still prevailed, but the voyage
+materially improved the health of the soldiers. The British troops
+consisted of one thousand one hundred cavalry, three thousand one
+hundred artillery, and twenty-two thousand five hundred and ninety
+infantry; making a total, of all arms, of twenty-six thousand eight
+hundred men. The French troops, under the command of Marshal St. Arnaud,
+amounted to nearly the same numbers, namely, twenty-six thousand five
+hundred and twenty-six, which, with seven thousand Turks, under Selim
+Pasha, attached thereto, made an aggregate force of sixty thousand three
+hundred men, with one hundred and thirty-two guns, of which sixty-five
+pieces of ordnance belonged to the British Siege Train. The general
+rendezvous was the Isle of Serpents, whence, on the 11th. of September,
+the expedition proceeded direct to its destination, and two days
+afterwards the fleets halted in the Bay of Eupatoria. The occupation of
+Eupatoria was gained without resistance, and the same night the fleet
+sailed for Kalamita Bay, and anchored at 8 a.m. on the 14th., at the
+position near Old Fort, distant about eighteen miles south of Eupatoria,
+which had been ultimately selected as the point of debarkation.
+
+The soldiers of No. 1 company of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, under
+Major Lysons and Lieutenant Drewe, were the first British troops that
+landed in the Crimea. Some arabas having been seen in the distance, this
+party was at once dispatched by Brigadier-General Airey,
+Quartermaster-General, in pursuit of them; after marching some distance
+they got within reach of the waggons, and fired a few shots at the
+Cossack escort who were endeavouring to save them. These horsemen
+forthwith galloped off, leaving fourteen arabas full of fire-wood and
+fruit, with their drivers and bullocks; this was the commencement of the
+Land Transport of the Army.
+
+No opposition was offered to the landing, which was effected without any
+casualties or accidents, save a few horses drowned. The weather, which
+had been fine, changed; in the afternoon it rained, and at night the
+troops on shore were deluged, rain coming down in such torrents as could
+scarcely be surpassed even in India. With morning the clouds cleared
+away, and a bright sunshine made amends for the past night, and the
+trials of the first bivouac in the Crimea.
+
+The morning of the 19th. of September witnessed the commencement of the
+march of the allied forces towards Sebastopol, and in the evening
+occurred the first actual encounter with the enemy. This took place
+between the advanced cavalry of the British, supported by the first
+brigade of the light division, and a strong body of Dragoons and
+Cossacks with artillery. The Earl of Cardigan’s brigade of Light Cavalry
+exhibited most praiseworthy steadiness, his lordship’s coolness and
+spirit being specially mentioned in the official despatch, and the
+enemy’s artillery was soon silenced by the batteries which Lord Raglan
+ordered to be brought into action. Four men only were wounded in this
+affair, and the allies bivouacked on the left bank of the Bulganak. This
+insignificant stream was most welcome after the wearisome day’s march,
+made under a burning sun, and an absence of water. On the morning of the
+20th. of September both armies moved towards the Alma. It was arranged
+that Marshal St. Arnaud should attack the enemy’s left, by crossing this
+river at its junction with the sea, and immediately above it; the rest
+of the French divisions were to move up the heights in their front,
+whilst the right and centre of the Russian position were to be attacked
+by the British.
+
+By nature the position taken up by the Russians, which crossed the great
+road about two miles and a half from the sea, was very strong. The bold
+and almost precipitous range of heights, varying from three hundred and
+fifty to four hundred feet, that from the sea closely bordered the left
+bank of the river, here terminated and formed their left; and turning
+thence round a spacious amphitheatre, or wide valley, ended at a salient
+pinnacle, where their right rested, and whence the descent to the plain
+was more gradual. The front was about two miles in extent. Across the
+mouth of this great opening occurred a low ridge of different heights,
+from sixty to one hundred feet, distant about six hundred to eight
+hundred yards from the river, to which it was parallel. The river,
+although generally fordable, had extremely rugged banks, which were in
+most parts steep;—the willows along it had been felled to prevent them
+from affording cover to the assailants, with the exception of those
+below the bridge, which were full of Russian riflemen.
+
+On the right bank of the Alma, in front of the position, at a distance
+of about two hundred yards from the river, is situated the village of
+Bourliouk;—the wooden bridge of which had been partly destroyed by the
+Russians.
+
+The key of the position was the lofty pinnacle and ridge before
+described, and there consequently the preparations for defence were the
+most considerable. Half-way down the height, and across its front, was a
+trench extending some hundred yards, to afford cover against an advance
+up the even steep slope of the hill. Somewhat retired on the right was a
+powerful covered battery, armed with heavy guns, which flanked the
+entire right of the position. Artillery was also posted at the several
+points which best commanded the passage of the river and its approaches.
+On the slopes of these hills, which formed a kind of table-land, were
+placed dense masses of the enemy’s infantry, and the heights above were
+occupied by his great reserve, the whole variously estimated from thirty
+to upwards of forty thousand men.
+
+Such was the Russian position; but its extraordinary strength only
+stimulated the allies to deeds of more than ordinary daring,—on this,
+for the first time during many centuries, that British and French
+soldiers were to fight side by side.
+
+Half an hour before the battle is thus vividly described by Mr. N. A.
+Woods, in his work entitled “The Past Campaign: a Sketch of the War in
+the East, from the Departure of Lord Raglan to the Capture of
+Sebastopol”:—“The day was clear and hot: not a cloud in the sky—not a
+breath in the air. Except the clank of artillery chains, and the
+occasional neigh of a horse, there was a dead silence, which, as your
+eye glanced over the glittering masses of soldiers, was solemn and
+impressive. The close dark lines of our adversaries at the side of the
+Alma were equally steady. So still, so silent, lay both posts, that had
+I shut my eyes, I could have imagined myself in a perfect solitude.”
+
+A change was soon to come over the scene, and the stillness was about to
+be broken by the stern alarums of battle. Both armies advanced on the
+same alignment, the British in contiguous double columns, with the front
+of two divisions covered by light infantry and a troop of horse
+artillery; the second division, under Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy
+Evans, forming the right, and touching the left of the third French
+Division, under His Imperial Highness Prince Napoleon, and the light
+division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, the left; the first
+being supported by the third division under Lieutenant-General Sir
+Richard England, and the last by the first division, commanded by
+Lieutenant-General His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge. The fourth
+division, under Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart,
+and the cavalry, under Major-General the Earl of Lucan, were held in
+reserve, to protect the left flank and rear against large bodies of the
+Russian cavalry, which had shown themselves in those directions.
+
+Upon approaching within range of the guns, whose fire soon became
+extremely formidable, the two leading divisions deployed into line, and
+advanced to attack the front, the supporting divisions following the
+movement. Scarcely had this taken place, when the village of Bourliouk,
+immediately opposite the centre, was fired by the Russians at all
+points, creating a continuous blaze for three hundred yards, obscuring
+their position, and rendering a passage through it impracticable. In
+consequence of this, two regiments of Brigadier-General Adams’s brigade,
+part of Sir De Lacy Evan’s division, had to pass, under a sharp fire,
+the river at a deep and difficult ford to the right; whilst his first
+brigade, under Major-General Pennefather, with the remaining regiment of
+Brigadier-General Adams, crossed to the left of the conflagration,
+opposed by the artillery from the heights above, and pressed on towards
+the left of the position with the utmost gallantry and steadiness.
+Meanwhile, Sir George Brown, with the light division, effected the
+passage of the Alma in his immediate front. The advance was made under
+great disadvantages, the rugged and broken banks of the river offering
+most serious obstacles, whilst the vineyards through which the troops
+had to pass (the men suffering from thirst eagerly seizing bunches of
+grapes,[154]) and the felled trees rendered every species of formation
+under a galling fire almost an impossibility. Sir George, nevertheless,
+persevered in this difficult operation, and the first brigade, under
+Major-General Codrington, succeeded in carrying the great redoubt, aided
+materially by the judicious and steady manner in which Brigadier-General
+Buller moved on the left flank, and by the advance of four companies of
+the Rifle Brigade, under Major Norcott. The heavy fire of grape and
+musketry to which the troops were opposed, and the casualties sustained
+in consequence by the 7th., 23rd., and 33rd. regiments, compelled this
+brigade partially to relinquish its hold. The Duke of Cambridge had
+succeeded in crossing the river, and had moved up in support; when a
+brilliant advance of the brigade of Foot Guards, under Major-General
+Bentinck, drove the enemy back, and secured the final possession of the
+work.
+
+Major-General Sir Colin Campbell, with the Highland Brigade, advanced in
+admirable order and steadiness up the high ground to the left,
+co-operating with the Guards. Major-General Pennefather’s brigade, which
+had been connected with the right of the light division, forced the
+enemy completely to abandon the position they had taken such pains to
+defend and secure, and which was considered almost impregnable.
+
+The 95th. Regiment, immediately on the right of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers
+in the advance, suffered equally with that old corps and the 55th. an
+immense loss. The aid of the Royal Artillery in all these operations was
+most effectual, whilst the exertions of the field officers and the
+captains of troops and batteries to get the guns into action, were
+unceasing, and the precision of their fire materially contributed to the
+victory. Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England brought his division to
+the immediate support of the troops in advance; and Lieutenant-General
+Sir George Cathcart was actively engaged in watching the left flank of
+the enemy. It likewise appears by Lord Raglan’s despatch, that although
+the nature of the ground did not admit of the employment of cavalry,
+they succeeded at the close of the battle in capturing some prisoners.
+
+The cheerfulness with which the regimental officers had submitted to
+unusual privations was not forgotten. It being necessary to bring into
+the country every available cavalry and infantry soldier, prevented the
+embarkation of the baggage animals, so that the officers had nothing but
+what they could carry, and were, with the men, without tents or
+covering. Not a murmur was, however, heard, for all appeared impressed
+with the necessity of the arrangement. “The conduct,” adds his lordship,
+“of the troops has been admirable. When it is considered that they have
+suffered severely from sickness, during the last two months; that since
+they landed in the Crimea they have been exposed to the extremes of wet,
+cold, and heat; that the daily toil to provide themselves with water has
+been excessive, and that they have been pursued by Cholera to the very
+battle-field,[155] I do not go beyond the truth in declaring that they
+merit the highest commendation. In the ardour of attack they forgot all
+they had endured, and displayed that high courage, that gallant spirit,
+for which the British soldier is ever distinguished, and under the
+heaviest fire they maintained the same determination to conquer, as they
+had exhibited before they went into action.”
+
+Nor were the Royal Navy omitted, for his lordship continues,—“I should
+be wanting in my duty, my Lord Duke, if I did not express to your Grace,
+in the most earnest manner, my deep feeling of gratitude to the officers
+and men of the Royal Navy, for the invaluable assistance they afforded
+the Army upon this, as on every occasion where it could be brought to
+bear upon our operations. They watched the progress of the day with the
+most intense anxiety; and as the best way of evincing their
+participation in our success, and their sympathy in the sufferings of
+the wounded, they never ceased, from the close of the battle till we
+left the ground this morning, to provide for the sick and wounded, and
+to carry them down to the beach—a labour in which some of the officers
+even volunteered to participate—an act which I shall never cease to
+recollect with the warmest thankfulness.”
+
+The various episodes of this victory would fill a volume of themselves;
+the newspapers were eagerly sought after, and the letters from the
+actors in the busy scene of war, and from correspondents of the public
+journals proved of untiring interest. Some of the epistles are full of
+graphic touches; they show how the Duke of Cambridge roughed it like the
+rest, and slept with his head covered by a tilt cart. How Sir George
+Brown’s horse, pierced by eleven shots, brought him to the ground, but
+rising unhurt, he again led the soldiers on. How Colonel Chester, with
+eight officers, fell at the head of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and
+how severely the regiment suffered. As Corporal Harwood writes—“Our
+artillery kept up a tremendous fire at them for an hour and a half, at
+the end of which the order ran through our lines, ‘Light division
+advance and take the entrenchments.’ The 23rd. was in the light
+division, and on we went, covered by two companies of the Rifle Brigade.
+We crossed a vineyard, and were led by Colonel Chester through the
+river, the opposite bank of which was very steep. The Colonel went
+through with us,—we all shared alike,—and as we clambered out the enemy
+gave us a fierce fire, the cannon belching forth murderous volleys of
+grape and round shot, and musket-balls fell as thick as hail. The men
+fell dead and wounded before me and at my side. They fell in every
+direction, and mechanically I still pressed on untouched. Up the hill we
+went with the Rifle Brigades, and half-way up the heights we reached the
+cannons’ mouths, which were planted on the entrenchments. Our regiment
+was about to cross to the stockade in the enemy’s position, when the
+word was given, ‘Cease firing, and retire,’ because we were in danger of
+firing on the French. Our Colonel rushed in front of us, shouting ‘No,
+no, on lads!’ He fell with the word on his lips; he never spoke or
+raised his head again. We _did_ retire then, and an unfortunate mistake
+it was, for the enemy returned to the guns we had once silenced, and
+gave us some terrific volleys; but we soon rallied, and supported by the
+7th., 33rd., a portion of the Guards, and the Highlanders, we rushed up
+the hill again, and the enemy fled in every direction.”
+
+This letter refers to an unfortunate mistake which occurred. A mounted
+officer called out “Cease firing; you are firing on the French;” the
+words ran down the line and caused some hesitation and confusion. The
+Russians took advantage of it in a moment, and advancing some heavy
+columns, drove the light division back from the redoubt; the first
+division, then at some distance in the rear, at once advanced and
+re-took the redoubt. The light division rallied, and again pushed on in
+a second line, when the key of the enemy’s position having been thus
+forced, and his left turned by the French, the foe retreated on all
+sides.
+
+More than ordinary interest was created by the circumstances under which
+Captain and Lieutenant Eddington, of the 95th., met their deaths. When
+the former dropped, early in the charge, with a ball in his chest, he
+was left for a few moments on the hill side, while the regiment fell
+back to re-form. A Russian rifleman, kneeling down beside him pretended
+to raise his canteen to the wounded officer’s lips, and deliberately
+blew his brains out. This was in sight of the regiment, and as they
+charged up the hill, the Lieutenant, maddened by the sight, rushed
+forward to avenge his beloved brother’s death, but in a few moments met
+a similar fate, his breast being absolutely riddled with the storm of
+grape shot and rifle balls.
+
+During the battle the Russians had succeeded in getting away all their
+guns but two, one of which, a sixteen-pounder, with two horses to it,
+was taken by Captain Bell, of the 23rd., who received the Victoria
+Cross. This officer ran up to the driver as he was trying to make off,
+and held a pistol to his head; the man jumped off his horse, when the
+captain took the gun back to the rear. Captain Donovan, of the 33rd.,
+scratched his name on the other gun, but there being no horses to it, he
+could not remove it. Lieutenant-Colonel Chester and Captain Evans were
+killed near the redoubt, and Major Lysons being at the time with the
+second division, as Assistant Adjutant-General, Captain Campbell next
+took the command, but was soon hit, first slightly on the head;—in a few
+minutes afterwards he received a ball in the thigh, which obliged him to
+go to the rear; the honour of bringing the Royal Welsh out of the action
+was thus reserved for Captain Bell.
+
+In all battles the defence of the colours necessarily forms an
+interesting feature, and Alma exhibited several instances. The 33rd.,
+Duke of Wellington’s Regiment, had nineteen sergeants killed or wounded,
+chiefly in defence of the colours. Captain Robert William Hamilton, of
+the Grenadier Guards, was wounded when carrying the colours, but
+continued with them throughout the day. The Scots Fusilier Guards had a
+memorable contest for theirs. Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte,
+who carried the colours, cut their way through the enemy, and though the
+broken staff and the marks of sixteen bullets showed the severity of the
+struggle, and the colour-sergeants were struck down pierced with
+bullets, yet, bearing as it were “a charmed life,” these gallant
+officers, unwounded, bore their colours triumphantly to the top of the
+hill.
+
+Lieutenant Anstruther, of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, having been
+killed near the redoubt, whilst carrying the Queen’s colour, it was
+picked up by private William Evans, No. 8 company, who gave it to
+Corporal Luby; it was afterwards carried by Sergeant Luke O’Connor, who
+was shot in the breast, and fell, but, recovering himself, would not
+relinquish the colour, and carried it till the end of the action
+(although urged by Lieutenant Granville to go to the rear on account of
+his wound), for which he was praised by Major-General Sir William
+Codrington on the field, was recommended for, and obtained his
+commission in the 23rd. (in which he is now a captain), on account of
+his gallantry, and has received the Victoria Cross and the Sardinian War
+Medal.[156] Corporal Luby has also obtained the latter for his services
+on this occasion.
+
+Lieutenant Butler was shot under the regimental colour; Lieutenant
+Granville next volunteered to carry it, but there being no officer with
+his company, Major-General Codrington, who was riding up and down the
+ranks on his grey horse during the whole action, directed a sergeant to
+be sent to take it. The honour of carrying the colour out of action fell
+to the lot of Sergeant Honey Smith.
+
+During the action the regimental colour of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers was
+found by Captain Pearson (Aide-de-Camp to Sir George Brown), who was
+then riding by, in the hands of a soldier lying on the ground, the
+officers and sergeants that had carried it having been disabled. He
+picked it up, but no officer of that corps being near, Major-General
+Codrington desired him to give it to Captain Bell, saying that “it
+cannot be in safer keeping than with the Royal Welsh.” The colour was
+accordingly placed between those of the 23rd. regiment, and there
+carried by a sergeant of the 7th., until the termination of the
+battle.[157]
+
+Lieutenant the Honourable Hugh Annesley, of the Scots Fusilier Guards,
+was severely wounded by a ball, which entered the left cheek and went
+out at the mouth, taking away the front teeth. So severe a wound did not
+damp the spirits of this gallant officer, for in a letter to his mother
+(the Countess Annesley), speaking of a friend who visited him and was
+scarcely able to recognise him, he expressed a hope that one of his
+decayed teeth had gone with the rest of his brethren; and adds that
+“there is a good bit of tongue gone also, but the doctors say that will
+not signify, and that I shall speak as plainly as ever, or at most with
+a _becoming lisp_; so altogether I think even you must allow that I have
+every reason to be thankful, and I hope you will not allow yourself to
+fret the least about me.”
+
+In “Letters from Head Quarters,” by an Officer on the Staff, the
+termination of the battle is thus graphically told:—“The men were tired,
+and many almost exhausted for want of water. Lord Raglan rode up and
+down the line of troops, the men cheering him vociferously. There was
+such a shaking of hands; one felt very choky about the throat, and very
+much inclined to cry, as one wrung the hand of a friend; and “God bless
+you, old fellow—so glad to see you all right!” and like expressions,
+were heard on every side between brother officers. It was a touching
+sight to see the meeting between Lord Raglan and Sir Colin Campbell. The
+latter was on foot, as his horse had been killed in the earlier part of
+the action. He went up to his lordship, and, with tears in his eyes,
+shook hands, saying it was not the first battle-field they had won
+together, and that now he had a favour to ask, namely, that as his
+Highlanders had done so well, he might be allowed to claim the privilege
+of wearing a Scotch bonnet. To this Lord Raglan, of course, gave a
+smiling assent; and, after a few more words of friendship on both sides,
+they parted to their several duties.”
+
+The French, with their wonted chivalry, commenced the attack, and
+Marshal St. Arnaud’s words evinced that they had not degenerated, and
+that “they are the soldiers of Austerlitz and Jena;” and he thus paid a
+deserved tribute to the British:—“On our left the English met with large
+masses of the enemy, and with great difficulties, but everything was
+surmounted. The English attacked the Russian positions in admirable
+order under the fire of their cannon, carried them, and drove off the
+Russians. The bravery of Lord Raglan rivals that of antiquity. In the
+midst of cannon and musket-shot he displayed a calmness which never left
+him.”
+
+By six o’clock in the evening the French Marshal’s tent was set up on
+the very spot where that of Prince Menschikoff had stood in the morning;
+the Russian commander considered himself so secure of victory, that he
+left his carriage there, which Marshal St. Arnaud took possession of;
+and it is recorded that a party of ladies had journeyed from Sebastopol,
+and were stationed on a hill to witness the destruction of the allies.
+
+Such a success was not obtained without great loss. The battle commenced
+about half-past one, and lasted a few minutes over two hours. The
+British casualties were twenty-five officers killed, and eighty-one
+wounded; three hundred and thirty-seven non-commissioned officers and
+men were killed; one thousand five hundred and fifty wounded, and
+nineteen missing. The French casualties were reported as about fourteen
+hundred _hors de combat_, Generals Canrobert and Thomas being amongst
+the wounded; these are believed to include all those who died in the
+Dobrudscha.
+
+According to Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, the Russians had one
+thousand seven hundred and sixty-two killed, two thousand three hundred
+and fifteen wounded, and four hundred and five contusions. Amongst the
+former were forty-five officers. Major-Generals Karganoff and Shokanoff
+(the first was very severely wounded, and did not recover), were taken
+prisoners.
+
+About midnight the Russians crossed the Katcha—the position which it was
+reported to the Czar would, if not impregnable, at least be held for
+three weeks, having been taken in as many hours.
+
+The sun went down on the evening of this memorable day upon a scene
+which words fail to describe, and scarcely imagination can conceive. For
+two days the armies continued on the field,—the time passing rapidly in
+tending the wounded and burying the slain. Short as the interval was,
+death had been busy,—Brigadier-General Tylden, of the Engineers, died of
+cholera on the morning of the 23rd. of September, just as the victors
+were leaving the heights of the Alma, on their march to the Katcha.
+Spite of warnings the soldiers devoured large quantities of grapes,
+apples, and pears, so abundant in the Crimea, which tended to encourage
+the disease. The account of victory would be incomplete without the
+mention of two volunteers, who remained to attend to the wants of
+upwards of two hundred wounded Russians that still lay upon the field;
+these were Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th., and his servant; and the
+prayers of many a dying foe must have ascended to heaven for these good
+men who thus exhibited the highest graces of Christian devotedness. The
+noble-hearted Doctor fell a prey to cholera at Balaklava, on the 5th. of
+October following, on which day the news of Marshal St. Arnaud’s death
+was received in camp. He had been compelled, a week previously, through
+ill-health, to resign his command to General Canrobert, and died at sea
+on the 29th. of September, his remains arriving at Constantinople on the
+following morning, whence they were conveyed to Paris, and honoured with
+a public funeral.
+
+While thanks were being offered on Sunday, the 30th. of September, 1854,
+for the plenteous harvest, in every church and chapel of the land, a
+telegraphic address announced the news of the glorious victory of the
+Alma, and rumour with her thousand tongues volunteered the intelligence
+that Sebastopol was taken. It does not appear that the false report was
+the result of premeditation, and although the crowning event of the war
+was not to take place so speedily, there was a glorious commencement of
+the drama, notwithstanding that the fifth act had yet to be played out.
+Her Majesty’s gracious approbation of the gallant conduct of the army at
+the battle of the Alma, was notified to the troops on the 27th. of
+October following, and Lord Raglan particularly adverted to that portion
+in which the Queen’s sympathy is expressed for the fallen, the wounded,
+and their sorrowing relatives.
+
+Ultimately the allies proceeded to attack the south side of Sebastopol,
+and the combined forces quitted the Belbec (where they had arrived on
+the 24th.) on the 25th. of September, leaving a small force to threaten
+the northern side of the fortress, in order to cover the celebrated
+flank march of the combined armies, suggested by Lieutenant-General
+Burgoyne. Whilst on the march through the “Bush,” by McKenzie’s farm, to
+the valley of the Tchernaya, the cavalry and artillery fell in with the
+rear of a Russian division, which was on its march from Sebastopol to
+Simferopol; they captured all its baggage and a great quantity of
+small-arm ammunition. The light division was in support of the cavalry
+and artillery on this occasion, and the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers were
+leading the column; the second battalion of the Rifle Brigade went on in
+advance with the guns, and were in immediate contact with the enemy. On
+that evening, and the morning of the 26th., the troops arrived at the
+plain of Balaklava, having passed through a tract of country densely
+wooded, and without regular roads. The small garrison of Balaklava,
+consisting of about sixty men, surrendered at the first approach of the
+light division, after firing a few shot from some mortars, when this
+little town was forthwith entered and placed by the British in a posture
+of defence.
+
+
+
+
+                       SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL.[158]
+
+
+On the 28th. of September, the British Siege Train, consisting of eight
+companies of Royal Artillery, commenced disembarking, and
+notwithstanding the smallness of the harbour of Balaklava, and the want
+of suitable facilities for the reception of the guns, shot, and shell,
+the whole _matériel_ was landed in five days, the sailors of the Royal
+Navy rendering good service on this and other occasions.
+
+The basis of operations, in connection with the fleets, being now
+attained, the main body of the British army moved forward towards
+Sebastopol, and occupied ground on the western side of the plateau, near
+the “Maison d’Eau,” General Bosquet’s division taking up a position
+beyond Cathcart’s Hill, on the extreme right. The celebrated Redan and
+Flagstaff batteries occupied the centre of the position, and ships of
+war were moored in the dockyard and careening creeks, and at the head of
+the harbour, in order that their broadsides might be brought to bear on
+any lines of approach attempted by the storming parties of the allied
+troops. Batteries were at once commenced, to be established in order to
+reduce the fire of the enemy’s artillery, and an alteration was made in
+the relative positions of the French and English forces, with a view of
+bringing the former nearer their base of operations at Kamiesh. To
+effect this, the British were ordered to carry on the attacks on the
+left of the enemy, for which purpose they moved to the right until their
+right was beyond the west of the ridge on which the Russians had a large
+advanced white tower, afterwards the famed Malakoff.
+
+It was a busy time for the assailants; guns and siege matériel had to be
+brought to the front; ammunition, military stores, and provisions were
+conveyed with great labour for seven miles, that being the distance from
+the port of Balaklava. Obstacles only nerved the soldiers to increased
+exertion, and day by day some new earthwork was completed, some guns
+placed, or heaps of ammunition accumulated for the destruction of the
+place. Determined efforts at the same time were made by the Russians to
+frustrate the efforts of the besieging troops, and their sharpshooters
+had frequent skirmishes with the outlying pickets.
+
+
+
+
+                    FIRST BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+Every heart beat high with expectation on the 16th. of October, for on
+the morrow was to commence the first bombardment of Sebastopol, and at
+half-past six o’clock on the morning of that day one hundred and
+twenty-six pieces of ordnance from the French and British batteries
+opened their fire on the fortress. The tower of the Malakoff by ten
+o’clock had become untenable, and all its guns had been either damaged
+or dismounted, whilst the earthen battery round it had slackened its
+fire. Five hours afterwards the Redan was so considerably injured by an
+explosion in its rear, that only three guns remained standing; during
+the afternoon several explosions occurred in the lines of the army.
+
+It was not until one o’clock that the allied fleets commenced their
+share in the fray. At this period the French batteries had ceased
+firing, two of their magazines having exploded, which completely
+disabled two of their batteries. Thus the Russians directed their whole
+attention to the British lines, and such of their guns, relieved from
+the French bombardment, as could be turned against the British batteries
+were brought to bear thereon, but the latter did not suspend their fire
+until evening. A determined sortie was made by the Russians against the
+extreme left of the French, between four and five o’clock in the
+afternoon, but, after displaying great gallantry, they were compelled to
+retire.
+
+The ammunition expended from the mortars and guns during the bombardment
+of the 17th. of October, amounted to twenty-one thousand eight hundred
+and eighty-one rounds, of which two thousand seven hundred and
+forty-five were from mortars. Each of the shells from the Lancaster guns
+cost about £25, and three hundred and seventy were fired on this
+occasion, which alone made it a costly proceeding.
+
+Shortly after daybreak on the 18th. of October the British batteries
+re-opened their fire, and continued it during the day. This was replied
+to by a formidable fire from the Russians, who had repaired the works
+and re-mounted the guns in the famous Redan. The French were employed in
+repairing their batteries, and were therefore not in a position to
+assist, so that the British stood alone in this day’s cannonade. On the
+following morning, the French having succeeded in that respect, the
+whole of the Anglo-French lines renewed the bombardment. It however
+became evident that Sebastopol could not be assaulted so early as was at
+first anticipated, and consequently many changes in the works of attack
+had to be made; the fire of the Russians continued such as to prevent
+the principal alterations being effected otherwise than during the
+night.
+
+A naval brigade of over a thousand men, with fifty heavy guns, had been
+landed from the fleet, and took part in the bombardment. In the attack
+by the fleet it was arranged that the English should take the north side
+of the harbour, the French the south, the Turkish ships being in the
+centre. The English sailing ships were placed in their proper positions
+by steamers lashed alongside; the “Albion” by the “Firebrand,” the
+“London” by the “Niger,” “Britannia” by “Furious,” “Queen” by
+“Vesuvius,” “Trafalgar” by “Retribution,” “Vengeance” by “Highflyer,”
+“Rodney” by “Spitfire,” “Bellerophon” by “Cyclops,” and “Arethusa” by
+the “Triton.” The “Terrible,” “Tribune,” “Samson,” “Sphinx,” “Spitfire,”
+and “Lynx” took up independent positions, and engaged principally the
+forts and earthworks on the cliff to the north of Fort Constantine. The
+French ships were first engaged; and about two p.m. the “Agamemnon,”
+Admiral Sir E. Lyons, piloted by the steam tender “Circassian,” Master
+E. Bale, who had volunteered for the service, anchored, amidst a storm
+of shot and shell, about 750 yards from Fort Constantine, in five
+fathoms water, and opened her fire. A few minutes afterwards, the
+“Sanspareil” (Captain Dacres), and the “London” (Captain Eden), anchored
+astern, followed soon after by the “Albion” (Captain Lushington), and
+most ably supported Sir Edmund, who from his position was exposed to a
+cross fire from the forts. The action became general, but after an
+hour’s furious cannonading the Albion and London, much shattered, hauled
+off to a greater distance, and the Russians concentrated their fire on
+the Agamemnon, but the greater part of their shot (the ship lying so
+close to the forts), fortunately struck her rigging instead of her hull.
+As it was, she was almost reduced to a wreck, every spar being more or
+less damaged, her rigging hanging in shreds, and her main top and
+hammock nettings on fire. The “Queen,” “Rodney,” and “Bellerophon,” by
+signal, bore down to support her, but the Queen being set on fire by a
+shell was towed out again, and the Rodney ran aground under Fort
+Constantine, but was got off by the exertions of her own crew, and
+Commander Kynaston in the Spiteful. The engagement continued till dusk,
+and soon after six p.m. the ships drew off, when darkness had compelled
+the combatants to cease firing. The loss in the fleet was forty-four men
+killed, and two hundred and sixty-six wounded, and two of the ships, the
+Albion and Arethusa, had suffered so much in their hulls and rigging
+that they were sent to Malta to be repaired. The French had more ships
+disabled, but their loss in men was less, and the Turks escaped with but
+trifling damage. The result of the contest was not satisfactory. It was
+a trial of strength between stone and wood, and stone proved itself the
+stronger.
+
+
+
+
+                          ACTION AT BALAKLAVA.
+                          25TH. OCTOBER, 1854.
+
+
+The toils, difficulties, and sameness of trench life were shortly to be
+varied by a conflict which will ever be memorable in British military
+annals, occurring to, as it did, on the anniversary of one of England’s
+remarkable victories, that of Agincourt. The low range of heights
+traversing the plain at the bottom of which Balaklava is situated, was
+protected by four small redoubts, hastily constructed. Of these, three
+had guns; and on a higher hill, in front of the village of Kamara, in
+advance of the right flank of the British, a work of somewhat more
+importance was established. No other force being disposable, the several
+redoubts were garrisoned by Turkish troops. The only British regiment in
+the plain, with the exception of a portion of a battalion of
+detachments, composed of weakly men, and a battery of artillery
+belonging to the third division, was the 93rd. Highlanders. On the
+heights, behind the right, were placed the Marines, who had been landed
+from the fleet by Vice-Admiral Dundas. The whole of these, including the
+Turkish troops, were under the immediate orders of Major-General Sir
+Colin Campbell, who had been taken, with the 93rd. from the first
+division.
+
+At an early hour on the morning of the 25th. of October, the enemy
+attacked the position in front of Balaklava. Lord Raglan, in
+consequence, withdrew from before Sebastopol the first and fourth
+divisions, commanded by Lieutenant-Generals His Royal Highness the Duke
+of Cambridge and the Honourable Sir George Cathcart, and brought them
+down into the plain. General Canrobert subsequently reinforced these
+troops with the first division of French infantry and the Chasseurs
+d’Afrique.
+
+The first operation of the enemy was the attack on the work on the
+British side of the village of Kamara, which, after very little
+resistance, they carried; they likewise obtained possession of the three
+others in contiguity to it, being opposed only in one, and that but for
+a very short space of time. The farthest of the three they did not
+retain, but the immediate abandonment of the others enabled them to take
+possession of the guns in them, amounting in the whole to seven. Those
+in the three lesser forts were spiked by the one English artilleryman
+who was in each.
+
+Advancing in great strength, supported by artillery, the Russian cavalry
+appeared on the scene. One portion of them assailed the front and right
+flank of the 93rd., but were instantly driven back by the vigorous and
+steady fire of that distinguished regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Ainslie. The other, and larger mass, turned towards the heavy cavalry,
+and afforded Brigadier-General the Honourable James Yorke Scarlett,
+under the guidance of Lieutenant-General the Earl of Lucan, the
+opportunity of inflicting upon them a most signal defeat.
+Notwithstanding that the ground was anything but favourable for the
+attack of the dragoons, no obstacle could check their advance, and they
+charged into the Russian column, which, although far superior in
+numbers, soon sought safety in flight.
+
+No writer has surpassed Mr. Russell’s description of this exciting
+scene.[159] “As lightning flashes through a cloud, the Greys and
+Enniskilleners pierced through the dark masses of Russians. The shock
+was but for a moment. There was a clash of steel and a light play of
+sword-blades in the air, and then the Greys and the red-coats
+disappeared in the midst of the shaken and quivering columns. In another
+moment we saw them emerging with diminished numbers, and in broken
+order, charging against the second line. It was a terrible moment. ‘God
+help them! they are lost!’ was the exclamation of more than one man, and
+the thought of many. With unabated fire the noble hearts dashed at their
+enemy. It was a fight of heroes. The first line of Russians, which had
+been utterly smashed by our charge, and had fled off at one flank and
+towards the centre, were coming back to swallow up our handful of men.
+By sheer steel and sheer courage Enniskillener and Scot were winning
+their desperate way right through the enemy’s squadron, and already grey
+horses and red-coats had appeared right at the rear of the second mass,
+when, with irresistible force, like one bolt from a bow, the 4th.
+Dragoon Guards, riding straight at the right flank of the Russians, and
+the 5th. Dragoon Guards, following close after the Enniskilleners,
+rushed at the remnants of the first line of the enemy, went through it
+as though it were pasteboard, and put them to utter rout.
+
+“This Russian horse in less than five minutes after it met our dragoons,
+was flying with all its speed before a force certainly not half its
+strength. A cheer burst from every lip; in the enthusiasm officers and
+men took off their caps, and shouted with delight; and thus keeping up
+the scenic character of their position, they clapped their hands again
+and again. Lord Raglan at once despatched Lieutenant Curzon,
+Aide-de-Camp, to convey his congratulations to Brigadier-General
+Scarlett, and to say ‘Well done!’”
+
+Lord Raglan observed in his despatch, that “the charge of this brigade
+was one of the most successful I ever witnessed; it was never for a
+moment doubtful, and is in the highest degree creditable to
+Brigadier-General Scarlett, and the officers and men engaged in it.”
+
+As the Russians withdrew from the ground which they had momentarily
+occupied, Lord Raglan directed the cavalry, supported by the fourth
+division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart, to move forward
+and take advantage of any opportunity to regain the heights. Not having
+been able to accomplish this immediately, and it appearing that an
+attempt was being made to remove the captured guns, the Earl of Lucan
+was desired to advance rapidly, follow the enemy in their retreat, and
+try to prevent them from effecting their object. Meanwhile the Russians
+had time to re-form on their own ground, with artillery in front and
+upon their flanks.
+
+From some misconception of the instruction to advance, (so runs the
+despatch), the Lieutenant-General considered that he was bound to attack
+at all hazards, and he accordingly ordered Major-General the Earl of
+Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade. This order was obeyed
+in the most spirited and gallant manner. Lord Cardigan charged with the
+utmost vigour, attacked a battery which was firing upon the advancing
+squadrons, and, having passed beyond it, engaged the Russian cavalry in
+its rear; but there his troops were assailed by artillery and infantry,
+as well as cavalry, and necessarily retired, after having committed much
+havoc upon the enemy. This movement was effected in some confusion; and
+the loss sustained was severe in officers, men, and horses, only
+counter-balanced by the brilliancy of the attack, and the gallantry,
+order, and discipline which distinguished it, forming a striking
+contrast to the conduct of the enemy’s cavalry, which had previously
+been engaged with the Heavy Brigade.
+
+The casualties in killed, wounded, and missing, in what is popularly
+known as “the Death Ride,”[160] amounted to thirty-eight officers and
+three hundred and fifty-six non-commissioned officers and men. Three
+hundred and eighty-one horses were killed. The 93rd. Highlanders did not
+sustain any loss.
+
+It must not be omitted that the Chasseurs d’Afrique advanced on the
+English left, and gallantly charging a Russian battery, checked its fire
+for a time, and thus rendered an essential service to the British
+cavalry.
+
+After this the enemy made no further movement in advance, and at the
+close of the day the brigade of Guards of the first division, and the
+fourth division, returned to their original encampment, as did the
+French troops, with the exception of one brigade of the first division,
+which was left in support of Sir Colin Campbell by General Canrobert.
+The remaining regiments of the Highland brigade also continued in the
+valley. Sir George Cathcart, the fourth division being advanced close to
+the heights, caused one of the redoubts to be re-occupied by the Turks,
+affording them his support, and availed himself of the opportunity to
+assist with his riflemen in silencing two of the enemy’s guns. This
+redoubt had to be abandoned at nightfall, in consequence of its being so
+exposed, from the enemy’s retaining possession of the two others; and
+Lord Raglan, seeing that the means of defending the extensive position
+which had been occupied by the Turkish troops in the morning, had proved
+wholly inadequate, decided, in concurrence with General Canrobert, to
+withdraw from the lower range of heights, and to concentrate the force,
+which was subsequently increased by a considerable body of seamen. The
+Russians, although unsuccessful in their chief object, had by their
+occupation of the Turkish redoubts, obliged the British to abandon the
+use of the Woronzoff road for the circuitous route by the Col de
+Balaklava.
+
+
+
+
+                    SORTIE OF THE 26TH. OF OCTOBER.
+
+
+The partial success already described induced the enemy to make a sortie
+on the following day; and about noon, on the 26th. of October, an
+assault was made on the right flank of the British position at
+Inkermann, where the second division was posted under Lieutenant-General
+Sir De Lacy Evans, who was attacked by several columns of infantry,
+supported by artillery. The division immediately formed line in advance
+of the camp,—the left under Major-General Pennefather, the right under
+Brigadier-General Adams, whilst Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzmayer, and the
+captains of batteries (Turner and Yates) promptly posted their guns and
+opened fire. Immediately on the cannonade being heard the Duke of
+Cambridge brought up the brigade of Guards, under Major-General
+Bentinck, with a battery under Lieutenant-Colonel Dacres. General
+Bosquet, with similar promptitude, and from a greater distance,
+approached the position with five French battalions; Sir George
+Cathcart, with a regiment of rifles hastened to the scene of action, and
+Sir George Brown pushed forward two guns in co-operation by the left.
+The enemy came on at first rapidly, assisted by their guns, on the mound
+hill; but the pickets, then chiefly of the 30th. and 49th. regiments,
+resisted them with remarkable determination and firmness. Lieutenant
+Conolly, of the 49th., Captain Atcherley and Bayly, of the 30th., all of
+whom were severely wounded, greatly distinguished themselves. Great
+bravery was also displayed at this point by Sergeant Daniel Sullivan, of
+the 30th., who was subsequently appointed to a commission in the 82nd.
+regiment.
+
+Meanwhile, the eighteen guns in position, including those of the first
+division, were served with the utmost energy, and in half an hour they
+forced the enemy’s artillery to abandon the field. The batteries were
+then directed with equal accuracy and vigour upon the Russian columns,
+which, being also exposed to the close fire of the advanced infantry,
+soon fell into complete disorder, and, taking to flight, were literally
+chased by the 30th. and 95th. regiments over the ridges and down towards
+the head of the bay. So eager was the pursuit, that it was with
+difficulty Major-General Pennefather eventually effected the recall of
+the men. The above regiments and pickets were gallantly led by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer, 30th.; Major Eman, 41st.; and Majors
+Champion and Hume, 95th. The Russians were similarly pursued farther
+towards the right, by four companies of the 41st., gallantly led by
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Percy Herbert, Assistant
+Quartermaster-General. The 47th. also contributed. The 55th. were held
+in reserve.
+
+Upwards of eighty prisoners were captured, and about one hundred and
+thirty of the enemy’s dead were left within or near the British
+position. It was estimated that the Russian casualties could scarcely be
+less than six hundred. The British loss exceeded eighty, of whom twelve
+were killed, and five officers wounded. This affair has received the
+name of “Little Inkermann.”
+
+
+
+
+                          BATTLE OF INKERMANN.
+                          NOVEMBER 5TH., 1854.
+
+
+Two days after the sortie of the Russians had been repulsed, they were
+strengthened by considerable reinforcements, which created an
+expectation that an extensive movement would not be long deferred, and
+this anticipation was fully realized. According to their own accounts
+they had seventy-six thousand men assembled in and near Sebastopol, when
+Prince Menschikoff resolved to attack the right wing of the English
+position. The plan proposed to be carried out, was for twenty thousand
+men, under Prince Gortschakoff, proceeding from Tchorgoun into the plain
+of Balaklava, to make a demonstration against that place, and against
+General Bosquet’s corps of observation, to prevent any troops being
+detached to support the British; a like number occupied Sebastopol, of
+whom a portion, under General Timofieff, was ordered to make a strong
+sortie against the extreme left of the French, and thereby occupy the
+attention of their besieging army; five thousand men were to be in
+observation on McKenzie’s Heights; the remaining thirty-one thousand,
+divided into two columns of attack, were destined for the immediate
+assault of the British position. Lieutenant-General Soimonoff, with his
+column of seventeen thousand five hundred men, issued from the Little
+Redan before daylight, on Sunday,[161] the memorable 5th. of November,
+but instead of ascending the ridge on which he then stood, so as to
+assault the Light Division near the Victoria Redoubt, he crossed the
+Careening Creek ravine at once upon quitting the town, and with his
+three leading regiments proceeded to attack the position of the Second
+Division. The two leading regiments of the second Russian column of
+thirteen thousand five hundred men, under Lieutenant-General Pauloff,
+having crossed the Tchernaya, and finding part of Soimonoff’s column
+already occupying a portion of the field of battle, fell upon the
+outposts of the Second Division, occupying the Sandbag battery. With
+admirable gallantry these pickets defended the ground foot by foot
+against the overwhelming masses which poured in upon them, until the
+Second Division, under Major-General Pennefather, with its field guns,
+which had immediately been got under arms, was placed in position.
+Without loss of time the Light Division was brought to the front by
+Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, the long slopes to the left towards
+Sebastopol being occupied by the first brigade, under Major-General
+Codrington; thus protecting the British left, and guarding against
+attack on that side; the second brigade, under Brigadier-General Buller,
+formed on the left of the Second Division, with the 88th. Connaught
+Rangers, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jeffreys, thrown in advance.
+
+The Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge
+and Major-General Bentinck, proceeded likewise to the front, and took up
+most important ground to the extreme right on the alignment of the
+Second Division, but separated from it by a deep and precipitous ravine,
+and posting its guns with those of the Second Division.
+
+The Brigade of Guards having driven the Russians out of the Sandbag
+battery, maintained that post against repeated efforts to acquire
+possession. The Grenadiers were in the battery, the Scots Fusiliers on
+their left, and the Coldstreams, who arrived afterwards, to the left of
+these. The Second Division occupied the ground immediately in front of
+their own camp, and repulsed all attempts to force that part of the
+position.[162]
+
+The Fourth Division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart,
+having been brought from its encampment, advanced to the front and right
+of the attack; the first brigade, under Brigadier-General Goldie
+proceeded to the left of the Inkermann road; the second brigade, under
+Brigadier-General Torrens, to the right of it, and on the ridge
+overhanging the valley of the Tchernaya. The Third Division, under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England, occupied in part the ground
+vacated by the Fourth Division, and supported the Light Division by two
+regiments under Brigadier-General Sir John Campbell, while
+Brigadier-General Eyre held the command of the troops in the
+trenches.[163]
+
+So dark was the morning, independent of the drizzling rain, that it was
+nearly impossible to discover anything save the flash and smoke of
+artillery, together with a heavy musketry fire. It however soon became
+evident that the enemy, under cover of a vast cloud of skirmishers,
+supported by dense columns of infantry, had advanced numerous batteries
+of large calibre to the high ground to the left and front of the Second
+Division, while powerful columns of infantry attacked with great vigour
+the Brigade of Guards. Additional Batteries of heavy artillery were also
+placed by the enemy on the slopes to the British left; the guns in the
+field, amounting in the whole to ninety pieces, independently however of
+the ship guns and those in the works of Sebastopol.
+
+Protected by a tremendous fire of shot, shell, and grape, the Russian
+columns advanced in great force, requiring every effort of gallantry on
+the part of the troops to resist them. At this time two battalions of
+French infantry, which had on the first notice been sent by General
+Bosquet, joined the English right, and very materially contributed to
+the successful resistance to the attack, cheering with the men, and
+charging the enemy down the hill with great loss. About the same period
+a determined assault was made on the extreme left of the British, and
+for a moment the Russians possessed themselves of four guns, three of
+which were retaken by the 88th., while the fourth was speedily
+recaptured by the 77th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Egerton. In
+the opposite direction the Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Cambridge, was engaged in a severe conflict.
+
+The enemy, under the cover of thick brushwood, advanced in two heavy
+bodies, and assaulted with great determination a small redoubt which had
+been constructed for two guns, but was not armed. The combat was most
+arduous; and the Brigade, after displaying the utmost steadiness and
+gallantry, was obliged to retire before very superior numbers, until
+supported by a wing of the 20th. regiment of the Fourth Division, when
+they again advanced and re-took the redoubt. This ground was afterwards
+occupied in gallant style by French troops, and the Guards speedily
+re-formed in the rear of the right flank of the Second Division.
+
+Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart, with a
+few companies of the 68th. regiment, considering that he might make a
+strong impression by descending into the valley, and taking the enemy in
+flank, moved rapidly forward, but finding the heights above him in full
+occupation of the Russians, he suddenly discovered that he was entangled
+with a superior force, and whilst attempting to withdraw his men, he
+received a mortal wound, shortly previous to which Brigadier-General
+Torrens, when leading the 68th., was likewise severely wounded.
+Subsequently to this, the battle continued with unabated vigour and with
+no positive result, the enemy availing themselves not only of the fire
+of all their field batteries, but of those in front of the works of the
+place, and the ship guns, till the afternoon, when the symptoms of
+giving way first became apparent, and shortly after, although the fire
+did not cease, the retreat became general, and heavy masses were
+observed retiring over the bridge of the Inkermann, and ascending the
+opposite heights, abandoning on the field of battle five or six thousand
+dead and wounded, multitudes of the latter having already been carried
+off by them.
+
+During the engagement, Major-General Codrington, fearing that the
+British position would be forced near the five-gun battery, and that the
+camp of the first brigade of the Light Division would be endangered,
+sent Major Mc Kenzie back to the camp, to order all the bâtmen, men on
+guard, and any sick who could carry arms, to turn out at once. No
+officer being in camp, Lieutenant-Colonel Lysons, of the 23rd., who was
+at the time recovering from an attack of fever, got up and took command
+of the parties of three regiments of the first brigade; every man who
+could stand volunteered to go out; they went to the front in support of
+comrades, but no serious attack was ever made in the direction of the
+Light Division hills, although the fire from the enemy’s field pieces
+across the front, especially at the before-mentioned battery (which they
+completely enfiladed), and near the old redoubt, was very heavy.
+
+With the hope of diverting attention from the Inkermann attack, a
+Russian column, five thousand strong, made a sortie on the French lines,
+and succeeded in spiking several guns, but were gallantly repulsed, and
+pursued to the very walls of Sebastopol, the town being entered by a
+portion of the French troops, their leader, General Lourmel, meeting his
+death in the charge; General Forey experienced great difficulty in
+recalling his soldiers, who were carried away by the ardour of the
+chase. The Russians lost a thousand men in this attack, and the French
+casualties were also considerable.
+
+Thus terminated one of the most sanguinary contests of modern times. For
+several weeks the troops had been subjected to constant labour, and many
+of them had passed the previous night in the trenches. A zealous
+devotion to duty characterized the gallantry of both French and English,
+and, after a hard-fought day, the “soldier’s battle,” as it has been
+designated, ended in a victory over, as regards numbers, an infinitely
+superior force.
+
+Nq positive conclusion could be arrived at in regard to the actual
+numbers brought into the field by the Russians, as the configuration of
+the ground did not admit of any great development of their force, the
+attack consisting of a system of repeated assaults in heavy masses of
+columns. It was, however, considered, judging from the numbers seen in
+the plains after they had withdrawn in retreat, that they could not have
+been less than sixty thousand men. The number of British troops actually
+engaged scarcely exceeded eight thousand[164] men, whilst those of
+General Bosquet’s Division only amounted to six thousand, the remaining
+available French troops on the spot having been kept in reserve.
+
+Prince Menschikoff’s intention was to drive the British from their
+position, and to entrench himself at once on the heights, for several
+waggons, laden with fascines and gabions, were noticed in the retreating
+columns across the Tchernaya. His first attack was made with vigour and
+determination but it was completely defeated by the British before the
+arrival of the French. No part was taken in the renewed assault by the
+Russian regiments composing the above attack, as they could not again be
+organized for further offensive operations.
+
+The casualties were heavy,—the British had forty-three officers killed,
+one hundred wounded, and one taken prisoner; five hundred and
+eighty-nine non-commissioned officers and men were killed, one thousand
+seven hundred and seventy-eight wounded, and sixty-two missing, in all
+two thousand five hundred and seventy-three.
+
+It was stated that the French casualties amounted to about one thousand
+eight hundred killed and wounded, whilst those of the Russians were
+estimated at fifteen thousand men.
+
+There is a peculiar feature incident to the battle of Inkermann, for the
+British soldiers were nearly all in their grey great coats; this arose
+from the fact of their being turned out before daylight, and on account
+of the rain, besides which the greater portion of the Guards, and the
+Fourth Division, had come from the trenches, in which they had been
+employed for twenty-four hours, and were consequently similarly clothed.
+It is also worthy of record that the battle was fought fasting by the
+British.
+
+The gallant deeds of the following officers and men at Inkermann, will
+appear among the recipients of the Victoria Cross, but their names are
+here mentioned to facilitate references:—Colonel the Honourable Hugh
+Manvers Percy, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Russell, and Private
+Palmer, of the Grenadier Guards; Lieutenant-Colonel Robert James
+Lindsay, of the Scots Fusilier Guards; Lieutenant Walker, 30th.
+regiment; Brevet-Major Rowlands, 41st.; Private Mc Dermond, 47th.;
+Private Thomas Beach, 55th.; Private John Byrne, 68th.; Sergeant John
+Park, 77th.; Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable H. Clifford, Rifle
+Brigade; and Corporal Prettyjohn, of the Royal Marines. In addition to
+these, the list of officers and men who received French and Sardinian
+War Medals, will shew the special acts of bravery performed by them
+throughout the campaign.
+
+There is a peculiar interest attaching to the soldiers’ accounts of this
+hard-fought battle, and the two following are but types of many others,
+all of which are full of natural characteristics. The first is from a
+soldier in the Scots Fusilier Guards:—
+
+“We have had another general engagement, on the 5th. of November. Well
+shall I remember that day. I ought never to forget the goodness of God
+in bringing me off the ground safe, and without a scratch.
+
+“And now I will endeavour to give you an account, as far as I am able,
+of the battle. But I must tell you that on the night preceding the
+battle it was very foggy, and the morning was misty. The Russians
+availed themselves of it. A strong force, about forty thousand men (we
+are informed) under the command of General Osten-Sacken, from Odessa,
+with numerous artillery, got possession of some heights, and when the
+mist cleared away opened fire, drove in the outlying pickets, and got
+possession of the hills overlooking the Second Division’s tents. It was
+about a quarter part six a.m. when the firing commenced. I was just up,
+and saw the Second Division falling in. Some men were killed in front of
+their tents. We fell in anyhow. We had only six companies—two on picket;
+the Grenadier Guards five companies; and, I believe, the Coldstream
+Guards seven companies. The brigade of Highlanders are guarding
+Balaklava; the Second Division is encamped on our right. We went up, and
+a fearful sight it was going through the Second Division’s encampment.
+The shells were bursting over our heads, and the cannon-balls rolling
+through us, bringing down tents, and poor bât-horses were knocked to
+pieces by them.
+
+“We were, of course, all taken by surprise, finding that the enemy being
+so near, and had gained possession of a redoubt; and the Duke of
+Cambridge, with only the Guards and two companies of the 46th., said,
+‘You must drive them out of it.’ Well, then, they were only twenty yards
+from us, and we were firing at each other. The pioneers and drummers,
+with the stretchers, were told to find the best shelter they could, and
+so I, myself, with our drum-major, were lying down behind a small bush,
+and we both expected every moment to be shot, the bullets actually
+passing within a few inches of our heads, and breaking off the branches
+over us as we lay there. Well, they succeeded in driving the Russians
+out of the place, and got them down the hill, when they were ordered to
+retire.
+
+“They retired, and the Russians came up with redoubled strength, and
+completely surrounded us. The Russians took possession of the redoubt.
+The Duke[165] said, ‘They must come out of it again.’ The Russians
+cheered, as also did the Guards. Things now looked desperate, as we had
+no support except the Almighty, and He defended the right.
+
+“At it they went, and for half an hour things seemed to favour the
+enemy. We were all surrounded—no getting out. The Grenadier Guards
+nearly lost colours; they had only about forty men to defend them. We
+gave another cheer, and out of the redoubt they went again, and the
+Grenadier Guards managed to keep their colours. We drove them out at the
+point of the bayonet down the hill. The Guards were ordered to retire
+again, but would not, and, in fact, could not; if they had got down this
+steep hill, they could not have got back again well. The brave French
+came up to our assistance, and kept them at bay while we retired and got
+our ammunition completed; and then the brigade of Guards were formed
+into one regiment of six companies, and at it we went again; and by this
+time, plenty of assistance coming to us, we managed to do them, but at a
+great loss to us. Officers behaved bravely. The Coldstreams had eight
+officers killed on the field; the Grenadiers three officers. Only
+picture to yourself eleven officers being buried at one place and time!
+there was not a dry eye at the funeral. We had Colonel Walker wounded in
+three places. Colonel Blair died and was buried to-day. He had only
+joined three weeks ago; he was shot in the breast. Our Adjutant, Captain
+Drummond, Captain Gipps, Colonel F. Seymour, and Mr. Elkington, were all
+wounded. Colonel Ridley and Colonel Dalrymple left us to-day sick. We
+have scarcely any officers now left. We had two sergeants, four
+corporals, and thirty-one privates killed on the field, and eleven have
+died since of their wounds.”
+
+The second is from a soldier of the 95th., who writes thus:—“On the 5th.
+instant, the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, we had a most terrible
+day of it. The Russians advanced to attack our position, and drive us
+into the sea (as has since been learned), at about six in the morning,
+and continued the battle until four in the afternoon. Not once or twice,
+but thrice and again did they advance, and endeavour to take our
+position; and after our repeated attacks and charges, and our great
+losses, they had nearly carried the crest of our position, but were met
+by a Division of our brave allies, the French, who formed like the
+letter V, and drove them back. The battle was far more desperate than
+that at Alma. The Russians fought well, and attempted to advance up the
+face of the hill, which was sheer madness, and can only be accounted for
+by their state of intoxication, which, I believe, is usual; the custom
+being to issue spirits before any enterprise is undertaken. The loss on
+our side I cannot as yet inform you of, but in our brigade the killed
+and wounded amounted to three hundred and sixty-one. The Guards, I
+think, have lost the most of any English regiment, and the point which
+they defended shows their prowess—hundreds of Russians lying dead and
+wounded (some say a thousand) in that spot alone. It is said that we
+have taken a thousand prisoners. I myself saw at least two hundred
+wounded brought in to-day of the Russians, and I do not think that all
+have yet been brought in.”
+
+The Staff Officer, in his “Letters from Head Quarters,” a most valuable
+and interesting work, relates the following anecdote, regarding the
+battle of Inkermann, which shews of what material the British soldier is
+made:—“I should also tell you an instance of great self-possession on
+the part of a sergeant, I think, of the 7th. Fusiliers. It was towards
+the close of the battle, and Lord Raglan was returning from taking leave
+of poor General Strangways, and was going up towards the ridge. A
+sergeant approached us, carrying canteens of water to take up for the
+wounded, and as Lord Raglan passed, he drew himself up to make the usual
+salute, when a round shot came bounding over the hill, and knocked his
+forage-cap off his head. The man calmly picked up his cap, dusted it on
+his knee, placed it carefully on his head, and then made the military
+salute, and all without moving a muscle of his countenance. Lord Raglan
+was delighted with the man’s coolness, and said to him, ‘A near thing
+that, my man.’ ‘Yes, my Lord,’ replied the sergeant, with another
+salute, ‘but a miss is as good as a mile.’”
+
+Not less interesting is the same writer’s account of the poor wounded
+horses:—“One of the most painful things during the action was the number
+of wounded horses. Some of the poor creatures went grazing about the
+field, limping on three legs, one having been broken or carried away by
+shot; others galloping about, screaming with fright and terror. At
+times, some would attach themselves to the Staff, as if desirous of
+company; and one poor beast, who had its nose and mouth shot away, used
+to come in amongst us, and rub its gory head against our horses’ flanks;
+he was ordered to be killed by one of the escort, which was of course
+done.”
+
+Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, to which rank his lordship was advanced for
+this victory, in publishing to the Army in General Orders the despatch
+of the Minister of War, conveying the Queen’s entire approbation of the
+conduct of the troops at Inkermann, especially drew attention to the
+passage, “Let not any Private Soldier in those ranks believe that his
+conduct is unheeded. The Queen thanks him—his Country honours him.”
+
+In addition to the medal and clasps ordered for these successes, the
+Queen, as a mark of Her Majesty’s recognition of the meritorious
+services of the non-commissioned officers serving in the Crimea,
+directed that one sergeant should be selected from each regiment of
+cavalry, guards, and infantry, serving under Lord Raglan, for promotion
+to a commission, to be dated 5th. November, 1854. The thanks of the
+House of Lords and Commons were given for these services, and the same
+tribute was conveyed to General Canrobert and the French Army for their
+gallant and successful co-operation. This distinction was most highly
+prized, and the French Commander, in his general order, gave utterance
+to sentiments that found a ready response in every heart, and which, it
+is hoped, time will never efface: “You will all feel its value, and I
+shall, in your name and mine, assure Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, that it
+will, if possible, tighten still more the bonds of good fellowship,
+which a mutual high esteem, and the blood we have shed in common, have
+established between our British gallant companions in arms and
+ourselves.”
+
+Contrasted with the painful though glorious scenes for which medals were
+being gained, stands out the mission of Miss Nightingale, who
+exemplified what womanly devotion could effect. The public desire to
+alleviate the sufferings endured by the soldiers in the far-off
+battle-field, met with a generous response, and the subscription,
+originated by the all-powerful “Times,” was liberally responded to, and
+a special correspondent of that newspaper, Mr. Macdonald, judiciously
+administered its distribution; whilst the devoted widow of the heroic
+Colonel Moore, whose husband, preferring the lives of his men to his
+own, met his death in the burning troopship “Europa,” thinking the best
+consolation for her bereavement would be found in administering
+consolation to the sick and wounded, fell a victim to her self-denial,
+but left a name which will be associated with Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge
+and Florence Nightingale, and will never be forgotten, for the example
+of the Dorcas of the Crimea and her Christian associates will be ever
+held up as a noble instance in the holy cause of suffering humanity. The
+difficult task which, at the pressing instance of the Right Honourable
+Sidney Herbert, Secretary of State for War, she undertook, was deemed by
+some at first visionary, but the arduous enterprise was successfully
+carried out by these ladies, and their arrival at Scutari at the period
+of the battle of Inkermann was most opportune. This was truly designated
+as a Christian episode in a Christian war.
+
+Few will forget the exhibition of the fine arts in aid of the patriotic
+fund, to which the Princess Royal, the Prince of Wales, and Prince
+Alfred contributed. The touching picture sent by Her Royal Highness,
+wherein the devoted wife has found the dead body of her husband, was as
+appropriate as it was truthful. This, and the pen-and-ink sketches of
+knightly warriors and kings, furnished by the youthful princes, realized
+handsome prices. The patriotic fund reached the munificent amount of
+half a million of money, whilst by the “Central Association,” ably
+superintended by Major the Honourable Henry Littleton Powys, of the
+60th., and the regimental and other funds about two hundred thousand
+pounds were obtained. Such appreciation by their country of her gallant
+soldiers, and regard for their wives and children, were alike worthy of
+the nation and of their noble devotion and patient endurance before
+Sebastopol.
+
+
+
+
+                       CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
+
+
+The day following this victory a council of war was assembled, and it
+was resolved to postpone the assault until fresh reinforcements should
+arrive, and, at the same time, works for the defence of the Inkermann
+position were ordered to be forthwith commenced, as there was then every
+probability of the allies having to winter in the Crimea.
+
+It is calculated that at this time forty-six thousand five hundred and
+thirty-seven rounds of ammunition had been expended. It is singular that
+Russian shot had been collected by the soldiers, and fired back into
+Sebastopol. By the general order, dated 24th. October, 1854, payment was
+authorized of fourpence for each small shot, and sixpence for each large
+shot brought into camp; but a subsequent order on the 4th. of November
+following cancelled the foregoing. A similar circumstance occurred
+during the Peninsular war, and it excited the surprise of the Duke of
+Wellington.[166]
+
+At this time the nights became intensely cold, and the incessant rain
+caused the roads to be anything but passable; whilst on the 14th. a
+tremendous hurricane, tearing many of the tents to pieces, and
+scattering their goods, added to the discomforts of the troops. Several
+French, British, and Turkish vessels were either lost or damaged from
+the same untoward circumstance; and most unfortunately the “Prince”
+steamer, with the winter clothing for the English army, and a good
+supply of engineer stores and ammunition, was shattered to pieces on the
+rocks at Balaklava, and one hundred and thirty-seven souls perished. It
+would be difficult to depict the desolation which the hurricane
+occasioned in the encampment of the allies, and the next day the
+soldiers found ample employment in repairing its ravages. Poor fellows,
+they needed nothing further to aggravate the privations already endured.
+
+During the night of the 20th. of November, an affair occurred which drew
+forth the praise not only of Lord Raglan, but also of the
+Commander-in-Chief of the French army. The Russian advanced posts in
+front of the left attack of the British, having taken up a position
+which incommoded the troops in the trenches, and occasioned not a few
+casualties, besides taking in reverse the French troops working in their
+lines, a detachment of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade, of two
+hundred men, under Lieutenant Tryon, was directed on the night of the
+20th. to dislodge the enemy. The caves in which the Russian riflemen had
+established themselves, were popularly known as the Ovens. This service
+was most gallantly and effectively performed, but at some loss in killed
+and wounded. Lieutenant Tryon, who rendered himself conspicuous on the
+occasion, was killed; he was considered a most promising officer, and
+held in the highest estimation by all. Several attempts were made by the
+Russians to re-establish themselves on the ground before daylight on the
+21st., but they were instantly repulsed by Lieutenant Bourchier, the
+senior surviving officer of the party. The detachment received
+well-merited praise, and the conduct of Lieutenants Tryon, Bourchier,
+and Cuninghame, was highly commended. So highly prized was this little
+exploit by General Canrobert, that he instantly published an “_Ordre
+Général_,” announcing it to the French army, and combining, with a just
+tribute to the gallantry of the troops, the expression of his deep
+sympathy in the regret felt for the loss of a young officer of so much
+distinction as Lieutenant Tyron.
+
+The Russians moved upon the British advanced pickets, in front of the
+left attack, on the 12th. of December, in some force, but were instantly
+driven back by a detachment of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade
+on the right, and by one of the 46th. on the left. The firing, however,
+was kept up for some time afterwards.
+
+A sortie was made by the enemy on both the right and left attack, during
+the night of the 20th. of December, the one being conducted silently,
+the other with drums beating, and shouting; the first was probably the
+real object of the advance, as nearer to the Inkermann heights. Owing to
+the extreme darkness of the night, the Russians were enabled to approach
+very near the right attack without being perceived, and, having made a
+sudden rush upon the most forward parallel they compelled the men
+occupying it to withdraw, until reinforced by a party under Major
+Welsford, of the 97th. Regiment, when it was regained possession of, and
+the enemy retired, not, however, without occasioning some loss in both
+killed and wounded. Lieutenant John Byron, of the 34th., was taken
+prisoner.
+
+On the left attack the enemy were met with great gallantry by Lieutenant
+Gordon, of the 38th. Regiment, who, when supported by the covering party
+of the trenches, under Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy, of the 50th., succeeded
+in at once driving them back. Here the loss was still more severe, Major
+Möller of the 50th., falling mortally wounded; Capt. Frampton and
+Lieutenant Clarke, both of the 50th., were taken prisoners. The
+gallantry and vigilance of these troops, and the distinguished conduct
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy, were highly praised.
+
+The Christmas before Sebastopol will not be easily forgotten; the
+time-honoured phrase of wishing a merry one, and a happy new year, must
+have sounded almost as a mockery to the suffering troops. During
+December the weather became very severe, and the duties more and more
+arduous; both officers and men were frequently on duty two and three
+nights in succession, without any shelter from the snow and rain;
+provisions and forage became scarce, owing to the want of transport; and
+the young soldiers, unable to bear the hardships and fatigue, died in
+numbers.
+
+Neither was the commencement of the new year more promising; when the
+commissariat transport broke down, it became necessary to send fatigue
+parties to carry up rations and warm clothing from Balaklava, a distance
+of seven miles; horses and mules were picked up wherever they could be
+found, officers’ chargers not excepted. Men were frequently found dead
+in the trenches from cold and exhaustion. The sick present and absent at
+Scutari on the 11th. January, 1855, amounted to sixteen thousand and one
+men.[167]
+
+Such sufferings excited the public feeling, and Mr. Roebuck’s motion for
+a committee of enquiry occasioned a change of ministry, when Lord
+Palmerston became Premier, and Lord Panmure was appointed Secretary of
+State for War. It is not, however, within the scope of this work to
+dwell upon the political view of the campaign; its object being to show
+how the Medals were won. No sympathy could have cheered the soldiers
+more than that expressed by the Queen in a letter to Mrs. Sidney
+Herbert, which fortunately was published.[168] Constant visits of the
+Sovereign to the bed-sides of the invalids on their arrival in England,
+and substantial acts of kindness in finding occupation for several of
+them, shewed Her Majesty’s deep interest in her soldiers.
+
+In January a railroad was commenced from Balaklava to the camp, which
+may be classed as one of the “curiosities of war.” At this period the
+French army had been reinforced, and consisted, in round numbers, of
+about sixty-seven thousand men.
+
+The Russians still retain the old style of reckoning, and, during the
+night of the 12th. of January, 1855 (their New Year’s Day), they made a
+powerful sortie, under protection of a heavy cannonade, along the
+Woronzoff Road and the ravine on the extreme left, on the French and
+English trenches, but were ultimately forced to retire. The following
+morning was the commencement of a severe frost, the snow in some places
+on the plain being eighteen inches deep, whilst the drifts were not only
+deep, but in many spots dangerous. The old adage that “it’s an ill wind
+that blows nobody any good,” was here realized, for the ground became
+hardened and consequently improved, by the frost, which aided the
+communication to the front: there was, however, a drawback on account of
+the difficulty of obtaining fuel for cooking and hospital requirements.
+Indeed the scarcity of wood of any kind was great. The brushwood along
+the Inkermann ridge had long been used up; the soldiers had even
+employed the vine roots to cook their meals. Fortunately large
+quantities of charcoal were arriving at Balaklava, and although the
+seige works did not improve by the employment of the Turkish troops in
+bringing up this necessary article, the comfort of the army was
+materially increased. Warm clothing also arrived; but sickness could not
+be reduced.
+
+About the middle of January there was a marked improvement in the
+weather, and on the 21st. a French Division afforded valuable relief to
+the British by relieving the pickets of the Second and Light Divisions,
+and enabled the latter to afford better covering parties for their
+batteries. It was fortunate at this period that the enemy was ignorant
+of the small number of men employed in their defence.[169]
+
+The hospitals in Constantinople, from the improvements effected therein
+under the superintendence of Florence Nightingale, were already bearing
+fruit, by the number of convalescent soldiers constantly returning to
+the Crimea.
+
+On the 2nd. of March occurred the death of the Emperor of Russia, and
+the event appeared at first calculated to lead to peace, but that hope
+soon vanished. During this month the operations of the siege began to be
+more actively carried on; large working parties were employed, and an
+approach was made from the middle ravine to the twenty-one gun battery;
+a new approach was also made to the right of the advanced work, or third
+parallel; this trench was extended to communicate with the new French
+right attack against the Mamelon and Malakoff; old batteries were
+repaired, and new ones constructed, and the guards of the trenches were
+increased. On the 16th. of March, Lieutenant-General Simpson arrived to
+undertake the duties of Chief of the Staff, and Sir John McNeill and
+Colonel Tulloch, who had been sent out by the government, to report upon
+the state of the army, arrived a few days before.
+
+Frequent night alarms occurred during this month, and on the morning of
+the 22nd. of March, the French troops in the advanced parallel moved
+forward, and drove the enemy out of their rifle-pits in their immediate
+front, but nothing of any importance happened during the day. Early in
+the night, however, a serious attack was made upon the French works in
+front of the Victoria redoubt, opposite the Malakoff tower. The firing,
+which was very heavy, could scarcely be heard in the British camp, the
+wind being so boisterous. After attacking the head of the sap which the
+French were carrying on towards the Mamelon, the Russians fell in with
+two heavy masses on their new parallel, to the rear of which they
+succeeded in penetrating, after a gallant resistance. Passing along the
+parallel and in rear of it, until they came in contact with the troops
+stationed in the advanced parallel, extending into the ravine, from the
+right of the British advance, where it was connected with the French
+trench, the enemy was there met by detachments of the 77th. and 97th.
+regiments, forming part of the guard of the trenches, who although thus
+taken suddenly, both in flank and rear, behaved with the utmost
+gallantry and coolness.[170] The detachment of the 97th., which was on
+the extreme right, and which, consequently first came in contact with
+the enemy, repulsed the attack at the point of the bayonet. They were
+led by Captain Hedley Vicars, who fell mortally wounded, not before he
+had knocked over two Russians. The “Memorials” of this officer are well
+known in every English home, and dissipate the prevalent error that
+christian and military virtues cannot be united. His life was an
+exemplification of the motto of the 97th., “_Quo fas et Gloria ducunt_.”
+Lord Raglan stated in his despatch,—“I am assured that nothing could be
+more distinguished than the gallantry and good example which he set to
+the detachment under his command;” and added, “the conduct of the 77th.
+was equally distinguished; and the firmness and promptitude with which
+the attack, in this part of our works, was met, were in the highest
+degree creditable to that regiment.”
+
+These troops were under the direction of Major Gordon, of the Royal
+Engineers, who was severely wounded by a musket-ball through the arm.
+The Russians were finally driven out of the parallel, the repulse being
+conducted with great judgment by this officer.
+
+The attention of the troops in the advanced works having been by these
+transactions drawn to the right, the enemy took occasion to move upon,
+and succeeded in penetrating into, the left front of the British right
+attack, near the battery where two ten-inch mortars had recently been
+placed. They advanced along the works until they were met by a
+detachment of the 7th. and 34th. regiments, which had been at work in
+the neighbourhood, under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel Tylden, of
+the Royal Engineers, who promptly made them stand to their arms, and led
+them with the greatest determination and steadiness against the enemy,
+who were speedily ejected from their works, and fairly pitched over the
+parapet, with but little or no firing on the part of the British. The
+French, in retiring from their advanced parallel upon their supports,
+speedily rallied, and fell upon the enemy, whom they repulsed with great
+loss, and followed so far up towards the Mamelon, that they were enabled
+to level and destroy nearly all the “ambuscades,” or “rifle
+concealments,” erected along their front. This success was not
+accomplished without considerable loss, though that of the Russians was
+much greater.
+
+Meanwhile the enemy in great numbers found their way into the advanced
+batteries on the extreme left of the British, which were then not armed,
+and immediately obtained possession of them. The working parties were,
+however, speedily collected and re-formed by Captain Chapman, of the
+20th. regiment, Acting Engineer, and they at once drove the Russians out
+of the trenches with the utmost gallantry. Captain Montagu, of the Royal
+Engineers, who was superintending the works, unfortunately fell into
+their hands.
+
+There was a suspension of hostilities for about three hours on Saturday,
+the 24th. of March, for the purpose of burying those who had fallen in
+the late encounters, when it became evident from the number of bodies of
+the enemy, and of the French, to whom the last sad offices had to be
+paid, that the loss sustained both by the French and the Russians had
+been very severe, particularly that of the latter. Some French, too,
+were found lying close to the Mamelon, a proof that their gallant spirit
+had carried them up to the enemy’s entrenchments.
+
+At this period of the siege, a sixty-eight pounder manned by the Naval
+Brigade, caused so much damage to the Mamelon, that the Russians
+specially brought up a gun of similar calibre to dismount it. During the
+truce on March 24th., this fact was made known to the British by a
+Russian officer, and the next day a regular duel took place between the
+two guns. The enemy were confident of success, but after the interchange
+of about seventeen shots, the Russian gun was silenced, while that of
+the Naval Brigade continued battering the Mamelon as before.
+
+
+
+
+                   SECOND BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+During Easter Sunday, the 8th. of April, 1855, the busy hum of
+preparation might be heard in the allied camp, the second bombardment of
+Sebastopol having been resolved on for the morrow. Showers had been
+frequent during the day, and in the evening there was heavy rain; the
+trenches in consequence became flooded, and in more than one battery the
+drenched soldiers were standing in eight inches of water; this
+comfortless position was not improved by the darkness of the night and
+the gale which was blowing. A thick fog and drizzling mist heralded in
+the morning of the 9th. of April, which prevented the enemy’s works from
+being seen; but about half-past five the outlines of the Redan and
+Malakoff were discerned, the mist having partially cleared. A few
+minutes afterwards and the first gun fired from the British batteries,
+was followed almost immediately by the whole of the right and left
+attacks, with the single exception of No. 9 battery, right attack; and
+on the French attacks commencing, the south side of Sebastopol was
+environed by the fire of the allies. The fleet had no share in this
+bombardment.
+
+It was evident that the besieged were taken by surprise, as for a short
+interval they did not return a shot, and it was almost six o’clock
+before anything like a general fire was opened by the enemy. Heavy rain
+fell throughout the day, and the southerly wind driving the smoke from
+the allied batteries over the town, completely concealed it and
+prevented the effect of the fire being observed. Towards one o’clock a
+somewhat brisker fire was opened by the enemy, which was immediately
+checked by the British and French batteries. When the mist was somewhat
+dispelled, towards three in the afternoon, these works were noticed to
+be considerably injured. Towards evening the fire of both parties, as if
+by consent, slackened, but at daylight on the following morning the fire
+was resumed from all the batteries, to which the enemy vigorously
+responded. By ten o’clock, the sun, so long a stranger, burst out, and
+the heavy rain subsided. The fire of the Malakoff was considerably
+lessened, while that of the Mamelon was soon checked; not so that of the
+Redan, which still continued formidable. The fleets advanced at mid-day,
+on the 11th. of April, but did not attack. Both officers and men of the
+Royal Artillery now became exhausted, having had only two reliefs since
+the afternoon of the 8th., and their unparalleled exertions and overwork
+began to tell upon them. So swollen were the men’s feet from being
+constantly wet that they were fearful of not being able to get on their
+boots again if they attempted to take them off. Nevertheless both
+officers and men toiled on with persevering resolution, and few gave up,
+although many were fitter for the hospital than for these trying duties.
+
+Another day dawned, and the 12th., as the others, opened with fire. But
+the Russians, like the shoes of the dancing princesses in the
+fairy-tale, seemed to be as fresh as ever, their resources appearing
+inexhaustible; and their courage and determination being fully equal to
+the emergency. The mornings of the 13th., 14th., 15th., and 16th. of
+April, witnessed the repetition of the previous ones, and the day after
+orders were received from Lord Raglan to lessen the fire from all the
+batteries, which was nearly confined to that from the mortars, some of
+the guns firing daily about eight rounds. The Russians also ceased
+firing.
+
+Thus the second bombardment of Sebastopol terminated without any decided
+result. Eight days’ incessant firing had not succeeded in silencing the
+fire of the Russians, or in destroying their works, although some of the
+heaviest guns and mortars ever employed on a like occasion, had been
+served with a precision, zeal, and determination unequalled in any
+siege, but had not produced that permanent effect which might have been
+anticipated from its constancy, power, and accuracy. The advantages
+obtained daily over the Malakoff and Mamelon, were, as before adverted
+to, repaired by night, and their fire was not sufficiently subdued to
+justify an assault being attempted. Forty-seven thousand eight hundred
+and fifty-four rounds of ammunition (thirty-two thousand five hundred
+and sixty-eight shot, and fifteen thousand two hundred and eighty-six
+shell) had been expended during this second bombardment, which lasted
+from the 9th. to the 16th. of April, both days inclusive.
+
+
+
+
+                       CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.
+
+
+Large rifle-pits having been made by the Russians in front of the
+advanced works of the British right attack, it became necessary to
+dislodge them. One of these rifle-pits was gallantly taken during the
+night of the 19th. of April. The resistance of the enemy, although
+obstinate, was speedily overcome by the impetuosity of the troops, and
+the pit was, without the loss of a moment, connected with the British
+approach, thereby furnishing protection to the working party to continue
+its labours without interruption for a considerable time. At the
+interval, however, of about three hours, the enemy brought a heavy fire
+of artillery and musketry upon the party in advance of the pit, into
+which they retired, and which they effectually defended and maintained;
+but this brilliant achievement was not accomplished without considerable
+sacrifice of life. Colonel Egerton, of the 77th., was killed when
+forming troops for the support of those on the extreme advance; and
+Captain Lemprière, of the same regiment, fell in the first affair; in
+which also, Colonel Egerton received a contusion that only incapacitated
+him from duty for a few minutes. Five officers were wounded, three of
+them dangerously. A second rifle-pit was abandoned by the enemy on the
+following night, and not being required, was filled up by the British.
+The other rifle-pits were connected with each other and the quarries.
+
+The “Staff Officer” relates the following characteristic anecdote, in
+reference to the rifle-pits.—“A drummer-boy of the 77th. regiment went
+with his comrades in the first rush agains the enemy’s pits, when he saw
+a Russian trumpet-boy trying to clamber over the parapet in order to get
+away. He was immediately collared by our drummer, who, having no arms,
+began to pummel him in truly British fashion. The Russian boy, not
+understanding this mode of treatment, tried to grapple with him, but in
+this he signally failed, as the English boy threw him on the ground,
+made him a prisoner and took his trumpet from him. He afterwards gave it
+to Sir George Brown, who liberally rewarded him, and praised him much
+for his courage and daring. Lord Raglan, hearing of the circumstance,
+also made the boy a present.”
+
+During the night of the 5th. of May, the enemy assaulted the advanced
+parallel on the right attack, and some actually got into the trench; but
+they were speedily driven out and repulsed with the utmost gallantry, by
+the detachments occupying it, of the 30th. and 49th. regiments, under
+Captain Williamson and Lieutenant Gubbins, of the former, and Lieutenant
+Rochfort, of the latter, who was severely wounded. On the same night
+Captain Arnold, of the 4th. Foot, was wounded and taken prisoner whilst
+posting the advanced sentries of the left attack, and died of his
+wounds. Lord Raglan stated that “the loss of the services of this
+officer is greatly to be lamented. He had done his duty unremittingly,
+and in the most spirited manner, throughout the operations of the
+siege.”
+
+Two serious assaults were made by the enemy upon the most advanced
+parallel of the right attack, during the night of the 9th. of May, but
+they were, on each occasion, most nobly met, and repulsed with
+considerable loss.
+
+During the following night the Russians opened a powerful fire on the
+trenches, and exposed their columns to a heavy musketry fire from the
+troops on duty. They did not, however, reach the parapets, nor approach
+very near them.
+
+On the night of the 11th. of May, a very determined sortie was made upon
+the advance of the left attack. The enemy moved forward in two columns
+from the Woronzoff road. The advanced sentries having slowly retired,
+the guard of the trenches was prepared to receive them, and drove them
+back in the most determined manner. A few Russians only got into the
+parallel, and five were left dead close outside.
+
+One of the most memorable events of the month was the presentation of
+the Crimean Medal by Her Majesty to the officers and men of the troops,
+and of the Naval Brigade and Marines, who, from ill-health, or on
+account of wounds, had returned from the seat of war. The Queen had
+already shown her interest for the wounded, by visiting them in
+hospital, and this requital of their valour was a becoming sequel. Never
+had such an honour been thus conferred; and it was a most touching sight
+to witness the officers and men, many of whom by their pallid
+countenances or maimed limbs, affectingly appealed to the sympathy of
+all, receiving from their Sovereign’s own hands the well-earned guerdon
+of bravery; they represented, as it were, their brethren in arms before
+the beleaguered city, and the recital of this day’s proceedings must
+have exercised a great effect upon the troops before Sebastopol,
+although it was no new thing for them to experience the Queen’s
+consideration.
+
+This interesting ceremony took place on the parade of the Horse Guards,
+on the 18th. of May, 1855, in the presence of numerous spectators,
+including the members of the Royal Family, and of both Houses of
+Parliament, for whom galleries were erected, as well as for the
+fortunate persons who were enabled to obtain tickets. Every exertion was
+made to accommodate as many as possible, and the ceremony, which was of
+a most impressive and affecting character, is not one easily to be
+forgotten.
+
+Colonel Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bart., of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, who
+lost both his feet at Inkermann, and Captain Sayer, of the 23rd., who
+had the ankle joint of his right leg shot away at the Alma, were drawn
+in wheeled chairs. Captain Currie, of the 19th. regiment, desperately
+wounded at the Alma, approached on crutches, with his disabled leg
+supported by a soldier. To these, as to many other officers whose wounds
+still crippled them, the Queen addressed expressions of kind
+commiseration, and Sir Thomas was appointed one of her aides-de-camp.
+
+The recipients of the medal were subsequently marched to Buckingham
+Palace, in the riding-house of which the men partook of a substantial
+repast, during which the Queen and royal party visited them. The
+officers were entertained at luncheon in the palace. Until the
+announcement of dinner the whole were permitted to walk in the gardens
+of the palace, and there, likewise, Her Majesty encouraged them in their
+enjoyment by her presence and sympathy. The formation of the troops was
+superintended by His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, who had been
+compelled, through ill-health, to return to England.
+
+Renewed exertions were made during this month by the allies, the railway
+which had been constructed proving of immense benefit. The enemy at the
+same time were actively employed in covering their advanced works; they
+constructed a new battery on their left of Mamelon, and troops were
+constantly in motion on the north side. A welcome reinforcement had
+arrived, in the shape of a portion of the Sardinian troops. The
+expedition which had been embarked early in May, for Kertch, and
+countermanded, again sailed on the 22nd. of May, and was attended with
+complete success. It was composed of British, French, and Turkish
+troops, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, and Admiral
+Sir Edmund Lyons,[171] the French being under General D’Autremarre.
+
+The forts were forced, and the magazines were exploded by the Russians
+themselves; but all their guns, an immense quantity of corn, grain,
+munitions of war, naval stores, and military equipments, fell into the
+hands of the troops. A most serious blow to the enemy was thus effected,
+and the whole coast of the Crimea became open to the allies, and the
+difficult route through Perekop was the only road by which
+reinforcements or provisions could be sent to the troops in Sebastopol.
+
+After leaving a sufficient garrison, principally Turks, in Kertch and
+Yenikale, the greater portion of the troops returned to Balaklava on the
+15th. of June. It was a matter of congratulation that so much was
+effected without loss of life.
+
+An expedition to Anapa was in course of preparation, when on the 5th. of
+June, the Russians withdrew from that place, and thus abandoned their
+last stronghold on the coast of Circassia.
+
+
+
+
+                    THIRD BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+The third bombardment of Sebastopol was commenced at about half-past two
+o’clock in the afternoon of the 6th. of June, instead of at daybreak as
+in the two former instances. Circumstances, too, were more favourable,
+for on this occasion a summer sky made the works stand out in bold
+relief, instead of being veiled in rain and mist. The additional weight
+of metal of the British guns, and the increase in the number of mortars,
+added to the plentiful supply of ammunition in the several batteries,
+augured a speedy termination of the siege. The Mamelon and Malakoff by
+half-past four were nearly silenced.
+
+The firing re-commenced at daybreak on the 7th. of June. The Russians,
+with their wonted promptitude, having made good the damage sustained,
+kept up a vigorous fire from the Redan and Barrack batteries, and the
+Mamelon and Malakoff soon became in the same plight as before.
+
+It was determined to make the attack on the enemy’s outworks from the
+Quarries in front of the Redan, on the Mamelon, and on the Ouvrages
+Blancs, during the evening; and at six o’clock, as the Anglo-French
+troops formed in the trenches, a crushing fire told with great effect on
+the Mamelon, which, in half an hour afterwards, was occupied by the
+French. The mortars and guns were then turned on the Malakoff, towards
+which the French advanced, but were driven back, and the Mamelon was
+again in possession of its original owners, but after a short interval
+was once more re-occupied by the French. A heavy fire was then poured
+into the Malakoff until dusk.
+
+Whilst the French had succeeded in their attack upon the Mamelon (so
+named from its appearance—a rounded hill), the British had obtained
+possession of the Quarries. This success was thus achieved:—On the
+evening of the 7th. of June, an assault was made upon these works,
+which, as their name implies, were pits from which stone had been
+excavated for the buildings in the town. They were situated in front of
+the Redan, from the British advanced parallel in the right attack. Their
+possession was achieved with great gallantry and determination, and the
+ground was maintained, notwithstanding that during the night and in the
+morning of the 8th., repeated attempts were made to regain them; but
+each terminated in failure, although supported by large bodies of
+troops, by heavy discharges of musketry, and by every species of
+offensive missile. On these occasions, overpowering numbers succeeded in
+re-entering, but were each time driven back at the point of the bayonet.
+
+The troops employed in storming the Quarries were composed of
+detachments from the Light and Second Divisions, and at night they were
+supported by the 62nd. regiment. The charge of holding the Quarries, and
+of repelling the repeated attacks of the enemy, was confided to
+Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Campbell, of the 90th., after he had led the
+assault, in which he was twice wounded. Colonel Shirley, of the 88th.,
+acted as General of the day in the trenches of the right attack. The
+55th. regiment received special commendation, and had fifty-three out of
+one hundred and sixty killed and wounded. Captain Cure commanded the
+party; Lieutenant Stone was killed at the head of his men, charging the
+Russians in their trench with the bayonet; Captain Elton was
+particularly noticed, and Lieutenants Scott and Williams were likewise
+named as most active in performing their duties.
+
+Shortly before, the French, on the right, had moved out of their
+trenches, and attacked the Ouvrages Blancs, and the Mamelon. These were
+carried without the smallest check, and their leading column rushed
+forward and approached the Malakoff tower. This it had not been
+contemplated to assail and therefore the troops were brought back, and
+finally established in the enemy’s works, from which the latter did not
+succeed in expelling them, notwithstanding that the fire of musketry and
+cannon brought to bear upon them was tremendous. Nothing could be more
+spirited and rapid than the advance of the French.
+
+A heavy fire was opened on the morning of the 9th. of June, and it was
+continued, with the exception of a truce for the burial of the dead,
+which lasted from one till six o’clock. No sooner was the white flag
+lowered than both sides again opened fire, the Russians having, during
+the interval, mounted additional guns in the Malakoff and Redan. During
+the 10th. of June, the Malakoff and Redan rarely fired more than a few
+shots at long intervals. Again the bombardment was ordered to terminate,
+and it was decided that the attack on the town should be deferred until
+the French had established their batteries in the Mamelon. By the 16th.
+of June new batteries were completed, which, it was hoped, would enable
+the besiegers to resume the offensive with the utmost vigour. From the
+6th. to the 14th. of June, thirty-two thousand eight hundred and
+eighty-three rounds of ammunition had been expended.
+
+
+
+
+                   FOURTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+The fourth bombardment commenced on Sunday, the 17th. of June, at
+daybreak, when a very heavy fire was opened from all the batteries in
+the British and French trenches, and maintained throughout the day. The
+effect produced was so satisfactory, that it was resolved the French
+should attack the Malakoff on the following morning, and that the
+British should assail the Redan as soon after as might be considered
+advisable.
+
+It was originally proposed that the artillery fire should be resumed on
+the morning of the 18th., and should be kept up for about two hours,
+with a view of destroying any works which the Russians might have thrown
+up during the night, and of opening passages through the _abatis_ that
+covered the Redan; but during the evening of the 17th., Lord Raglan
+received an intimation from General Pelissier, who had in May succeeded
+General Canrobert in the command of the French army, that he had
+determined, upon further consideration, to cause the French attack to
+take place at three o’clock on the following morning. Before that hour
+Lord Raglan with the head-quarter staff and other officers assembled at
+the appointed post. As day broke the French commenced their operations,
+and as their several columns came within range of the enemy’s fire they
+encountered the most serious opposition, both from musketry and the guns
+in the works which had been silenced the previous evening. Lord Raglan
+observing this, at once ordered the British columns to move out of the
+trenches upon the Redan. It had been arranged that detachments from the
+light, second, and fourth divisions, which were placed under the command
+of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, should be formed into three
+columns; the right one to attack the left face of the Redan, between the
+flanking batteries; the centre to advance upon the salient angle; and
+the left to move upon the re-entering angle formed by the right face and
+flank of the work; the first and last preceding the centre column.
+
+On the signal being given the flank columns at once advanced, preceded
+by covering parties of the Rifle Brigade, and by sailors carrying
+ladders, and soldiers carrying wool-bags; but they had no sooner shown
+themselves beyond the trenches than they were assailed by a most
+murderous fire of grape and musketry, and all in advance were either
+killed or wounded.
+
+Major-General Sir John Campbell, who led the left attack, and Colonel
+Shadforth, of the 57th., who commanded the storming party under his
+direction, were both killed, as was also Colonel Yea, of the Royal
+Fusiliers, who commanded the right column.
+
+“I never before witnessed,” writes Lord Raglan, “such a continued and
+heavy fire of grape combined with musketry from the enemy’s works, which
+appeared to be fully manned; and the long list of killed and wounded in
+the light and fourth divisions, and the seamen of the Naval Brigade,
+under Captain Peel, who was unfortunately wounded, though not severely,
+will show that a very large proportion of those that went forward fell.”
+
+By half-past three it was perceived that the French had not succeeded in
+their attack upon the Malakoff. All the batteries were ordered to resume
+their fire as heavily as possible, but about half-past seven the firing
+slackened, in consequence of the attack being relinquished.
+
+The superiority of the fire of the allies had led both Lord Raglan and
+Pelissier to conclude that the anniversary of Waterloo would have been
+crowned with a happier result; but the Russians shewed that their
+resources were not yet exhausted, and that they had still the power,
+either from their ships or from their batteries, to bring an
+overwhelming fire upon their assailants.
+
+Whilst the direct attack upon the Redan was proceeding,
+Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England was directed to send one of the
+brigades of the third division, under the command of Major-General
+Barnard, down the Woronzoff Ravine, with a view to give support to the
+attacking columns on his right; and the other brigade, under
+Major-General Eyre, still further to the left, to threaten the works at
+the head of the Dockyard Creek.
+
+The success achieved by the third division on this eventful day, was
+detailed in a supplementary despatch from Lord Raglan. By this it
+appears that the first brigade, under Major-General Barnard, proceeded
+down the Woronzoff Road, and was placed in position on the right of the
+ravine, ready to co-operate with the columns of attack on the right;
+whilst the second brigade, under Major-General Eyre, moved down the
+ravine which separated the left of the English from the right of the
+French advanced works, for the purpose of attacking the enemy’s
+ambuscades, and making a demonstration on the head of the Dockyard
+Creek.
+
+The service was performed with the utmost gallantry, and,
+notwithstanding that they were exposed to a most galling fire, the
+troops maintained themselves in the position they had taken up during
+the day, and in the evening withdrew, unmolested, leaving a post at the
+cemetery, which had been one of the objects of the attack in the
+morning.
+
+Between one and two o’clock a.m., Major-General Eyre had moved off with
+his brigade, consisting of the 9th., 18th., 28th., 38th., and 44th.
+regiments (total strength about two thousand bayonets), and proceeded
+down the ravine, on the left, by the French picket-house, for the
+purpose of attacking the enemy’s ambuscades, and of making a
+demonstration on that side.
+
+In attacking the first of these ambuscades the troops were anticipated
+by the French, who cleverly took the Russians on their left flank as
+they advanced in front, and made several prisoners. Beyond this the
+French had no instructions to co-operate, and the Major-General
+therefore pushed on an advanced guard, under Major Feilden, 44th.
+composed of marksmen from each regiment, supporting it on the right by
+the 44th. and 38th., and on the left by the 18th. regiment, keeping at
+first the 9th. and 28th. in reserve.
+
+The enemy, whose strength could not be estimated, occupied a strong
+position; their right rested on a mamelon, their left on a cemetery.
+These points were occupied by marksmen. The intervening ground was
+intersected, and the road barricaded with stone walls, which the men
+were obliged to pull down, under fire, before they could advance. In
+rear of this position, towards the fortress, the Russians occupied
+several houses, and there were bodies of them seen in rear, as reserves.
+This position, under the fire of the guns of the fortress, was strong,
+and it could not be expected to be carried and retained without
+incurring considerable loss, and which was experienced both in officers
+and men, all most nobly discharging their duty. The 18th. regiment
+pushed on, and occupied some houses immediately under Garden Battery.
+The 44th. occupied some houses on the right, from whence they kept up a
+fire on the enemy’s embrasures. Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth moved on with
+his regiment (the 38th.), and after taking possession of some houses in
+front, endeavoured to turn the flank of a battery which annoyed the
+troops in front. These parties were afterwards from time to time
+reinforced or relieved by the 9th. regiment, the 28th. regiment being
+drawn up in line in rear, to support the whole.
+
+Having driven the enemy from these points, they were continued to be
+occupied, with the view to ulterior movements, in the event of the
+attack on the right being successful, and until it was decided what
+portion of the ground should be retained for siege operations.
+
+The position was held until late in the evening, when the troops, after
+being exposed all day to a concentrated fire from the guns of the
+fortress, in addition to some field guns brought up by the enemy, were
+gradually withdrawn, the ground being too far in advance to be
+permanently occupied for siege operations, when Major-General Eyre, who
+had received a wound in the head in the early part of the day, gave over
+the command of the brigade to Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 28th.
+regiment. No attempt was made by the enemy to molest the troops on their
+retiring. The losses sustained amounted to thirty-one officers,
+forty-four sergeants, and four hundred and eighty-seven rank and file
+killed or wounded.
+
+On the 19th. of June orders were received to discontinue the
+bombardment, during which, from its commencement on the 17th.,
+twenty-two thousand six hundred and eighty-four rounds of ammunition had
+been fired against Sebastopol.
+
+Twenty-two officers were killed and seventy-one wounded. Two hundred and
+thirty men were killed, one thousand one hundred and thirty-six wounded,
+and twenty-four missing. The French losses exceeded this number.
+
+On the 28th. of June, 1855, the following extract of a telegraphic
+despatch from Lord Panmure was published to the army in the Crimea:—“I
+have Her Majesty’s Commands to express Her grief that so much bravery
+should not have been rewarded with merited success; and to assure her
+brave Troops that Her Majesty’s confidence in them is entire.” This was
+the last general order published by Lord Raglan, for about nine o’clock
+of the above day his gallant spirit breathed its last. Posterity will
+endorse the Minister for War’s expression of Her Majesty’s grief for
+this great loss. “The country has been deprived of a brave and
+accomplished soldier, a true and devoted patriot, and an honourable and
+disinterested subject.” His lordship’s remains were borne to Kamiesch
+Bay, and placed on board the Caradoc, for conveyance to England, the
+officers and men of both armies vieing with each other in paying the
+last honours to the departed warrior.
+
+In the absence of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, on account of
+ill-health, the command of the forces devolved on Lieutenant-General
+Simpson, the next senior officer, upon whom the Queen conferred the
+appointment of Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the Crimea.
+
+At five o’clock on the morning of the 10th. of July, a heavy fire was
+opened upon the Redan, by the allied batteries, in order to assist the
+advances upon that work, to which the besieged responded, at intervals,
+with considerable warmth. This had the effect of checking the musketry
+fire, which had proved very annoying. Comparative tranquility reigned in
+the batteries until the 17th. of July, when the enemy opened a heavy
+fire upon the French in the Mamelon, which was answered by the British
+on the Tower and Redan.
+
+During the night of the 22nd. of July, the Russians opened a heavy fire
+of musketry from the parapets of the Malakoff and adjacent works, but
+they did not attempt an attack. They opened a similar fire in the course
+of the night on the left of the French. It is believed that they
+apprehended an attack from the French, and for this reason opened the
+above fire, which did no damage to either the works or soldiers.
+
+Between ten and eleven o’clock at night on the 2nd. of August the enemy
+made a sortie in considerable force, by the Woronzoff road. Their
+strength was computed to be about two thousand, and their object was to
+destroy a heavy iron _chevaux-de-frize_, made across the above road,
+between the right and left attacks, and being further supported by heavy
+columns in rear, to take advantage of such circumstances as might
+present themselves. They advanced with loud cheers and bugling, and were
+received with great gallantry by the advanced picket, under the command
+of Lieutenant R. E. Carr, of the 39th., who withdrew his men, firing at
+the same time upon the enemy, to the main body, under the command of
+Captain Leckie, of the same regiment.
+
+A heavy and well-directed fire was opened upon the enemy by the party
+under the latter officer, on the Woronzoff road; as also by the guards
+of the trenches on the right of the fourth parallel, under the command
+of Captain Boyle, of the 89th., and Captain Turner, of the 1st. Royals,
+which, in about ten minutes, caused the enemy to retire from an attack
+that, if it had not been so well met, might have been a serious affair.
+
+Thus passed the time during July and August in repelling sorties from
+the enemy, combined with an occasional heavy firing, and in preparations
+for a renewal of the bombardment. As the movements of troops in
+Sebastopol, and the reliefs moving to and from the Russian works, could
+be observed from the deck of the flag-ship of Sir Houston Stewart,
+“Hannibal,” which was anchored off the mouth of the harbour, a
+telegraphic communication was established between it and a station
+erected on the hill in front of the light division. This directed the
+fire of the mortar batteries, and caused serious losses to the enemy.
+
+In the beginning of August the troops had been unceasingly employed in
+strengthening and improving the advanced works, which, by the 10th., had
+become so close to the enemy, that it was with the greatest difficulty
+any approach could be made. Every precaution was taken by the allies to
+prevent the Russians forcing them to raise the siege by a vigorous
+attack from without, which was anticipated about the middle of this
+month.
+
+The Czar’s last hope of relieving Sebastopol was dissipated by the
+battle of the Tchernaya gained over the Russians on the 16th. of August.
+This brilliant success was achieved by the French and Sardinian troops,
+and the enemy’s attempt to pass the above river, although made with
+overwhelming numbers, met with a most decisive repulse. The British
+cavalry, under Lieutenant-General Sir James Yorke Scarlett, were placed
+in the plain of Balaklava, prepared to take advantage of any
+circumstance that might present itself, but the opportunity did not
+arise for calling upon their services.
+
+
+
+
+                    FIFTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+The fifth bombardment of Sebastopol commenced at daylight on the 17th.
+of August, the fire being directed against the Malakoff and Redan, which
+continued throughout the day: the Russian fire, which at first replied
+briskly became feeble by the evening. The fire[172] from the batteries
+of the allies was reported by General Simpson, in his despatch of the
+21st. of August, to have been very effective, and the result attained to
+have been sufficient to enable the works against the place to progress
+satisfactorily.
+
+On the night of the 30th. of August, the enemy’s pickets made a rush at
+the advanced trench, upset a few gabions, and killed Lieutenant Preston,
+of the 97th. In this affair Captain Pechell, of the 77th., who commanded
+the advanced party, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, of the 23rd.
+regiment, who commanded the supports, behaved with great gallantry.
+
+The brightness of the nights prevented a large amount of work being
+executed, and what was performed became a task of great difficulty. By
+the 1st. of September the head of the sap was about one hundred and
+fifty yards from the salient of the Redan, and the garrison interrupted
+the work by all possible means.
+
+
+
+
+                    FINAL BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.
+
+
+Now arrived the time for the sixth and final bombardment of Sebastopol,
+before which the allies had been nearly a year. It was ordered that the
+firing should commence steadily on the morning of the 5th. of September,
+and as the day progressed it was to be increased, it being so regulated
+that a sufficient quantity of ammunition should remain for a very heavy
+fire during the assault, which was to take place on the morning of the
+8th. The French commenced a tremendous cannonade about five o’clock
+a.m., the British batteries opening on the Redan and Malakoff. During
+the 6th. and 7th. the bombardment continued, and on the morning of the
+8th. the whole of the batteries were in full play. At a few minutes
+before noon the French signal was given, and their columns moved to the
+front. The Russians were at dinner, and the Malakoff was taken by
+surprise without loss. This work was retained by the French, who
+repulsed every attack to regain possession of it. The tri-colour planted
+on the parapet was the signal for the British to advance; and the fire
+of the artillery having made as much of a breach as possible in the
+salient of the Redan, it was decided that the columns of assault should
+be directed against that part, as being less exposed to the heavy
+flanking fire by which the work was protected.
+
+The arrangement for the attack were entrusted to Lieutenant-General Sir
+William Codrington, who carried out the details in concert with
+Lieutenant-General Markham. The Second and Light Divisions were to have
+the honour of the assault, from the circumstance of their having
+defended the batteries and approaches against the Redan for so many
+months, and from the intimate knowledge they possessed of the ground.
+The assaulting column was to be formed by equal numbers of these two
+Divisions, the column of the Light Division to lead, and that of the
+Second to follow.
+
+Leaving the trenches at the preconcerted signal, the troops moved across
+the ground, preceded by a covering party of two hundred men, and a
+ladder party of three hundred and twenty. Upon arriving at the crest of
+the ditch, and the ladders being placed, the men immediately stormed the
+parapet of the Redan, and penetrated into the salient angle. Major
+Welsford, of the 97th., who led the storming party, was killed, and
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Henry Handcock, commanding the
+regiment, was mortally wounded. Here a most determined and sanguinary
+contest was maintained for nearly an hour, but, though supported to the
+utmost, and the greatest bravery displayed, it was found impossible to
+maintain the position. It was a marvel that any escaped.
+
+Colonel Windham’s gallantry on this occasion brought that officer’s name
+prominently before the public. One of his messages reached the trenches,
+and the right wing of the 23rd. was in consequence ordered out by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Sir William Codrington, when a brilliant advance was
+made, and a most severe loss sustained. All was of no avail; the
+soldiers of the several corps employed had displayed undaunted courage,
+but unfortunately the attack was not successful.
+
+A loss of twenty-nine officers killed, and one hundred and twenty-five
+wounded, together with three hundred and fifty-six non-commissioned
+officers and men killed, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-two
+wounded, and one hundred and seventy-five missing, bore fatal evidence
+of the severity of the struggle.
+
+General Simpson, whilst enumerating the services of the army, did not
+omit the sister service; in his despatch it was stated that “The Naval
+Brigade, under the command of Captain the Honourable Henry Keppell,
+aided by Captain Moorsom, and many gallant officers and seamen who have
+served the guns from the commencement of the siege, merit my warmest
+thanks.”
+
+Her Majesty’s navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons, and ably
+seconded by Sir Houstoun Stewart, received special mention. Of the
+former it was stated “when at times affairs looked gloomy, and success
+doubtful, he was at hand to cheer and encourage; and every assistance
+that could tend to advance the operations was given with the hearty
+good-will which characterizes the British sailor. Nothing has
+contributed more to the present undertaking, than the cordial
+co-operation which has so happily existed from the first between the two
+services;” also the conduct of the Royal Engineers, and of Major-General
+(afterwards Sir Harry) Jones; the latter, although suffering on a bed of
+sickness, was conveyed on a litter at the eventful hour of the assault,
+to witness the completion of his arduous undertakings. The Royal
+Artillery, under Major-General (afterwards Sir Richard) Dacres, the
+chief of the Staff, the Adjutant and Quartermaster-Generals, and General
+Staff, as well as Generals commanding divisions and brigades, were all
+likewise thanked for their cordial co-operation and assistance.
+
+It was determined to renew the attack on the following morning, with the
+Highlanders, to be supported by the Third Division; this was arranged by
+General Simpson with Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, who
+commanded the Highland Brigade, and Major-General Sir William Eyre
+commanding the Third Division. The Highland Brigade occupied the
+advanced trenches during the night. About 11 o’clock the enemy commenced
+exploding their magazines, and Sir Colin Campbell, having ordered a
+small party to advance cautiously to examine the Redan, found the work
+abandoned. It was not, however, deemed necessary to occupy it until
+daylight.
+
+During the night extensive explosions were heard, and great fires were
+seen in the town. It soon became known that the Russians were retiring
+from the south to the north side, by means of the raft bridge recently
+constructed, and which was afterwards disconnected and conveyed to the
+other side. The men-of-war were all sunk during the night.
+
+In Mrs. Henry Duberly’s “Journal kept during the Russian War” occurs the
+following description of the Redan after the final contest:—“What
+wonderful engineering! What ingenuity in the thick rope-work which is
+woven before the guns leaving only a little hole, through which the man
+laying the gun can take his aim, and which is thoroughly impervious to
+rifle-shot! The Redan is a succession of little batteries, each
+containing two or three guns, with traverses behind each division; and
+hidden away under the gabions, sandbags, and earth, are little huts, in
+which the officers and men used to live. Coats, caps, bayonets lay
+about, with black bread and broken guns.”
+
+Thus ended the great siege of Sebastopol. The fortress had fallen, but
+Prince Gortschakoff, in his retreat, sustained his well-earned fame. The
+following telegraphic message was transmitted to the Commander of the
+Forces in the Crimea:—
+
+“The Queen has received with deep emotion the welcome intelligence of
+the Fall of Sebastopol. Penetrated with profound gratitude to the
+Almighty, who has vouchsafed this triumph to the Allied Army, Her
+Majesty has commanded me to express to yourself, and through you, to her
+Army, the pride with which she regards this fresh instance of their
+heroism.
+
+“The Queen congratulates her Troops on the triumphant issue of their
+protracted siege, and thanks them for the cheerfulness and fortitude
+with which they have encountered its toils, and the valour which has led
+to its termination.
+
+“The Queen deeply laments that this success is not without its alloy, in
+the heavy losses that have been sustained; and while she rejoices in the
+victory, Her Majesty deeply sympathizes with the noble sufferers in
+their country’s cause.
+
+“You will be pleased to congratulate General Pelissier, in Her Majesty’s
+name, upon the brilliant success of the assault on the Malakoff, which
+proves the irresistible force, as well as the indomitable courage of our
+brave allies.
+
+                                                     “(Signed) PANMURE.”
+
+With the fall of Sebastopol the “Medal” History of the Campaign in the
+Crimea terminates, and it therefore only remains to add, that in October
+following Kinburn was captured by the troops under Brigadier-General the
+Honourable Augustus Spencer, and the garrison of thirteen hundred men
+became prisoners. The troops employed on this successful service
+consisted of an escort of cavalry, four guns, the 17th., 20th., 57th.,
+and 63rd. regiments, and two battalions of Marines.
+
+The Crimean campaign will be ever remembered for the first employment,
+to any extent, of the rifled musket, the use of which has created a
+revolution in warfare. Other novelties, before alluded to, were also
+adopted. The sacrifice of life during this protracted siege was immense,
+but the numbers who died from disease far exceeded those who fell on the
+field of battle.[173]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  French War Medal.
+]
+
+On the 11th. of November, General Sir William Codrington, K.C.B.,
+succeeded to the command of the army in the Crimea, General Sir James
+Simpson having resigned that appointment. Further proceedings were
+deferred in consequence of the commencement of winter, and in February,
+1856, a suspension of hostilities took place. This was followed by a
+treaty of peace, which was signed at Paris on the 29th. of March.
+
+By official returns it appears that over two hundred and fifty-one
+thousand shot and shell, weighing upwards of nine thousand tons, were
+fired during the siege, and that more than one thousand two hundred tons
+of powder were used. The expenditure of ammunition was nearly one
+million five hundred thousand rounds, or a thousand tons a day. The
+position of the Russians extended about fifteen miles, whilst the
+trenches of the besiegers were fifty-two miles in length, and comprised
+one hundred and nine batteries, armed with eight hundred and six pieces,
+the guns and mortars being of a calibre seldom before used in a siege.
+For three hundred and thirty-four days the trenches were open, and the
+batteries for three hundred and twenty-seven days.
+
+British valour and endurance were eminently shewn during this campaign,
+and the troops, firm to a sense of duty, never disappointed the
+expectations of their countrymen. The gallantry of the French soldiery,
+too, and the mutual good-will existing between the allied armies,
+cemented by dangers and difficulties common to both, will ever be
+remembered, whilst the Sardinian forces will dwell upon the battle of
+the Tchernaya, and be inseparably linked with the valorous deeds
+performed before Sebastopol.
+
+
+
+
+                     THE FRENCH MILITARY WAR MEDAL.
+
+
+In addition to the Decoration of the Legion of Honour given to officers
+and men of the Army and Navy who had distinguished themselves, the
+Emperor of the French sent five hundred of the French Military War Medal
+for distribution to a proportion of the British Army. The medal is
+silver-gilt, and has on the obverse the head of the Emperor, within a
+blue enamelled circle, inscribed “Louis Napoleon,” surrounded by a
+laurel wreath. On the reverse are the words “Valeur et Discipline,”
+surrounded by a similar circle and wreath; the whole surmounted by the
+Imperial Eagle displayed, with a loop for suspension. Ribbon—Orange,
+with green edges. Only two officers received this medal, His Royal
+Highness the Duke of Cambridge, and Sir Wm. Codrington.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+The deeds of the following non-commissioned officers and men, who were
+selected for recommendation to His Majesty, to receive the above medal,
+not only furnish exciting episodes, but are valuable as examples of
+military daring, endurance, and kind-heartedness:—
+
+  FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major WILLIAM JOYCE,
+  Sergeant RICHARD COOKE, and Private PATRICK HOGAN; exemplary and
+  uniform good conduct during the campaign of 1854 and 1855.
+  Sergeant-Major JOSEPH DRAKE, exemplary conduct in living in the same
+  tents with, and unremitting attention to, numerous men when ill and
+  dying of cholera in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855.
+
+  FIFTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Acting Regimental Serjeant-Major J. RUSSELL,
+  served during the whole Eastern Campaign from May, 1854, until the end
+  of the war, and was never absent from his duty a single day; he was
+  present at the Battle of Balaklava, on which occasion he had his horse
+  killed under him, but procured for himself a second horse, and
+  immediately rejoined the regiment; he was also present at Inkermann.
+  Troop Sergeant-Major S. GRIFFITH, served throughout the whole Eastern
+  Campaign, from May, 1854; whilst the regiment was in Bulgaria, and
+  cholera raging to a fearful extent, he was most indefatigable in
+  attending to the wants of the sick; he was present at the battles of
+  Balaklava and Inkermann, and never absent from duty during the whole
+  period of the war. Troop Sergeant-Major WILLIAM STEWART, served in the
+  Eastern Campaign from May, 1854, until the end of the war; was present
+  at the battle of Balaklava, on which occasion he had two horses killed
+  under him, but still continued to act, procuring a third horse, and
+  remaining in action with his regiment; was present at Inkermann, and
+  never absent from his duty a single day throughout the war. Sergeant
+  M. DAVIDSON, served throughout the whole of the Eastern Campaign; was
+  present at Inkermann, Balaklava, and the whole of the siege of
+  Sebastopol.
+
+  SIXTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major WILLIAM LYONS, and
+  Private THOMAS EDWARDS; length of service.
+
+  FIRST DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Major JOHN NORRIS, served as Troop
+  Sergeant-Major during the whole of the Eastern Campaign; was present
+  at the action of Balaklava, where he distinguished himself by
+  defending himself against four Russian Hussars, one of whom he killed,
+  and whose horse he captured. Troop Sergeant-Major MATTHEW BAILEY,
+  served as a Sergeant during the whole of the Eastern Campaign;
+  distinguished himself on patrol duty when his party was attacked by
+  some Cossacks. Private JOHN SAVAGE, served during the whole of the
+  Eastern Campaign; distinguished himself on outpost duty, and by his
+  care and attention to his horse during the severe winter.
+
+  SECOND DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major JOHN GREENE, Troop
+  Sergeant-Major GEORGE TILSLEY and Private ANDREW WILSON; gallantry in
+  the field at the battle of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, 1854,
+  and exemplary good conduct throughout the campaign, and during their
+  periods of service. Lance-Sergeant JAMES BORTHWICK, gallantry in the
+  field in the action of Balaklava, and good conduct during the period
+  he served in the Crimea.
+
+  FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Serjeant-Major JAMES W. KELLY,
+  Sergeant JOHN ANDREWS, Private THOMAS GUTHRE, and Private GEORGE
+  MCGREGOR; gallantry and distinguished conduct in the charge of the
+  Light Cavalry Brigade on the 25th. of October, 1854; served during the
+  whole campaigns of 1854–5. Were present at the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, Inkermann, Traktir, and expedition to Eupatoria in October,
+  1855.
+
+  SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Majors T. J. WAKEFIELD and ANDREW
+  MORTON, and Trumpeter THOMAS MONKES; gallantry in the field in the
+  action of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, 1854, and served with
+  uniform good conduct during the whole of the campaign. Private
+  HUMPHREY POLKINGHORN; embarked with the first detachment of the
+  regiment for the East, on the 2nd. of June, 1854. Was present with it
+  in Bulgaria, and during the first winter in the Crimea. Received
+  clasps for Balaklava, Inkermann and Sebastopol, and distinguished
+  himself much in the former action.
+
+  EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major JOHN PICKWORTH, Sergeant CHARLES
+  MACAULEY, Corporal JAMES DONAGHUE, and Private JOHN MARTIN; these men
+  charged with the Light Brigade at Balaklava; were also present in the
+  ranks at the Alma and Inkermann, and served with the regiment
+  throughout the war.
+
+  TENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major WILLIAM FINCH, this
+  non-commissioned officer was present with his troop, which was engaged
+  with the enemy near Kertch, on the 21st. of September, 1855, and by
+  his example and personal bravery was a great support to the officer in
+  charge of the party.
+
+  ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major ROURKE TEEVAN, present at the
+  battles of the Alma and Balaklava, in which latter he led a troop and
+  behaved gallantly; was also present at the battle of Inkermann.
+  Sergeant SETH BOND, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; at
+  the Alma, when ordered to pursue and capture prisoners, he exhibited
+  great subordination in sparing (at the suggestion of a staff officer)
+  a Russian, who had wounded him; and also at the action of Balaklava
+  his coolness and gallantry were noticed. Lance-Corporal THOMAS
+  HARRISON, the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, where he behaved very
+  gallantly in galloping to the rescue of several comrades who were
+  fighting against overwhelming odds; was also present at the battle of
+  Inkermann. Private CORNELIUS TEEHAN, battles of the Alma and
+  Balaklava, where he behaved gallantly; was also at the battle of
+  Inkermann. All served the campaign in Bulgaria, in 1854, and were
+  present at the affair of Bouljanak, and throughout the campaign in the
+  Crimea from 1854 to 1856. Regimental Sergeant-Major G. L. SMITH,
+  recommended by the vote of his comrades, who with himself returned
+  from the Crimea previous to the first issue of the French medal;
+  served until the 25th. of January, 1856, and was present at the
+  battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann.
+
+  TWELFTH LANCERS.—Corporal J. W. CANNINGS, and Trumpeter JOHN EARSON;
+  the former served as orderly and the latter as field trumpeter to the
+  commanding officer in the actions of Tchourgan and Tchernaya, and the
+  whole of the operations round Eupatoria, under General d’Allonville.
+
+  THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major THOMAS G.
+  JOHNSON, served the Eastern Campaign, including the reconnoissance on
+  the Danube under the Earl of Cardigan, battles of Balaklava and
+  Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria. Sergeant
+  RICHARD DAVIS, and Privates GEORGE DEARLOVE and JOHN FENTON; served
+  the Eastern Campaign, including the affairs of Bouljanak and
+  McKenzie’s Farm, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, siege
+  of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major CHAS. WOODEN, Sergeants
+  JOHN SHEARINGHAM and JAMES NUNNERLY, and Private CHARLES WATSON; Alma,
+  Balaklava, and Inkermann, and were never absent from their duties.
+
+  ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Sergeant WILLIAM KEMPTON, landed at Varna with ‘I’
+  Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, and was present in every skirmish and
+  action in which the troop was engaged, including the Bouljanak, Alma,
+  McKenzie’s Farm, Balaklava, Inkermann, etc.; joined “C” troop the
+  11th. of June, 1855, and went with the Light Cavalry Brigade to
+  Eupatoria; present in every affair with the enemy. Sergeant WILLIAM
+  SCOTT, served with the troop since its leaving Woolwich for service in
+  the East; present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann,
+  Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol. Driver ROBERT SMEATON; present
+  with the troop since its leaving Woolwich for service in the East;
+  present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, Tchernaya,
+  and siege of Sebastopol; on the 25th. of September, 1854, this man
+  gallantly jumped into the river Belbec, and succeeded in saving the
+  life of a French soldier, who would have been drowned but for the
+  timely assistance rendered by Driver Smeaton. Gunner and Driver HENRY
+  WOOD, served in five bombardments with zeal and gallantry, and exerted
+  himself in bringing in a wounded Croat, under a heavy fire, in the
+  September bombardment. Gunner and Driver ROBT. BOTFIELD, five
+  bombardments; one of a spiking party on the 8th. of September, 1855,
+  as a volunteer. Acting Bombardiers GEORGE GIBSON and WILLIAM J.
+  BURROWS, skirmish with Russian advanced posts September 19th., 1854;
+  battle of the Alma, September 20th.; taking of Balaklava, September
+  26th.; action of Balaklava, October 25th.; repulse of sortie from
+  Sebastopol, October 26th.; and battle of Inkermann, November 5th.;
+  also served in the October, 1854, April and June, 1855, bombardments.
+  Sergeant FREDK. ILES, present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann,
+  and throughout the siege. Gunner and Driver JOHN DOUGLAS, in the
+  trenches during the October bombardment, and with the exception of one
+  month, he regularly served in the trenches till the fall of the city,
+  taking part in every bombardment. Bombardier WILLIAM HEWITT, was
+  present at the battles of the Alma, and Inkermann, Shell Hill, October
+  26th., 1854, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
+  bombardments, and the taking of the Quarries, June 7th., 1855; wounded
+  in the head, June 18th., 1855. Gunner and Driver JAMES CANNELL,
+  distinguished himself during six bombardments. Gunner and Driver JOHN
+  M‘ARDLE, volunteered for the spiking parties on the 18th. of June, and
+  the 8th. of September, 1855; on the 18th. of June, during the storming
+  of the Redan, Gunner Glass left the advanced trenches of the right
+  attack with a few men, and advanced towards the Redan; on getting
+  about half-way he was badly wounded in three places, Gunner M‘Ardle
+  crept out of the trenches on his hands and knees, managed to get
+  Gunner Glass on his back, returning with him into the trenches. Gunner
+  and Driver JOHN HAY, served throughout the whole of the campaign, from
+  the first landing in Bulgaria, and was never absent from the battery.
+  Sergeant RICHARD PERKINS, landed in the Crimea on the 26th. of
+  December, 1854, and present in all the bombardments since that time;
+  was recommended by Captain Walcot, Royal Artillery, for distinguished
+  conduct; specially recommended by Captain Oldfield, R.A., and
+  forwarded by Lord Raglan with his recommendation for conduct in No. 8
+  battery, on the 13th. and 14th. of April, 1855. Gunner and Driver
+  GEORGE DAVIS, served in reserve at the battle of the Alma; at the
+  battle of Inkermann, as a driver (both his horses killed); in the
+  siege train from the 12th. of July till the fall of Sebastopol,
+  including the two last bombardments. Gunner and Driver JOHN POWELL,
+  distinguished himself in the Sandbag battery; when the embrasure had
+  caught fire he leaped into it and extinguished the flame under a very
+  heavy fire; served trench duty from December, 1854, to the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, and in each bombardment. Sergeant CHRISTOPHER
+  FITZSIMONS, served in the trenches, without intermission, from the
+  6th. of March, 1855, to the reduction of the fortress; present at the
+  bombardments of the 9th. of April, 8th. of June, 18th. of June, and
+  5th. of September, 1855; commanded the Mortar Battery (No. 10) on
+  three occasions as a subaltern officer; armed the Quarries after they
+  were captured by the troops. Sergeant JOHN ADAMS, in the trenches from
+  December, 1854, until the fall of Sebastopol, including intermediate
+  bombardments. Sergeant JOHN ACLAND, present at the third and fourth
+  bombardments; wounded in August, 1855; lost an eye. Corporal JAMES
+  HAMILTON, was engaged at five bombardments; on the 8th. of September,
+  1855, he was one of the spiking party in the attack on the Redan; he
+  also carried a wounded captain of the 3rd. Buffs from the Redan ditch
+  to the advanced trench; for this act he was recommended for a
+  distinguished conduct medal. Corporal JOSEPH MILLIGAN, present at the
+  battle of the Alma and served in the trenches, and was present at all
+  bombardments. Bombardier JOHN BOWER, one of the spiking party on the
+  8th. of September, 1855, for which duty he volunteered, and then
+  greatly exerted himself in bringing in wounded men, until wounded
+  himself; he was present in the trenches during five bombardments.
+  Gunner and Driver MICHAEL O’DONOHUE, served in five bombardments with
+  zeal; one of the spiking party on the 18th. of June, as a volunteer.
+  Gunner and Driver MICHAEL MALOWNEY, at the skirmish on the 19th. of
+  September, 1854; battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann;
+  Tchernaya (in reserve); bombardments of the 9th. of April, 6th. and
+  17th. of June, 1855. Sergeant JOHN FAIRFAX and Gunner and Driver JAMES
+  MAGEE, at the skirmish of the 19th. of September, 1854; battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; the former was at the Tchernaya (in
+  reserve); bombardment of the 9th. of April, 1855; noticed on the field
+  at battle of Inkermann for his coolness and courage; the latter served
+  at the bombardments on the 9th. of April, and 6th. and 17th. of June,
+  1855. Acting Bombardiers JOHN HAGAN and CHARLES HENDERSON, present at
+  the bombardments of the 9th. of April, 16th. and 17th. of June, 17th.
+  of August, and the 5th. of September, 1855; the former volunteered for
+  the assault on the 18th. of June, and the latter for that of the 8th.
+  of September following. Acting Bombardier DAVID JENKINS, spiked the
+  guns in the redoubt on Canrobert’s Hill, on the 25th. of October,
+  1854; remained in the work after the Turks evacuated it, and although
+  the Russians were advancing rapidly up the hill, he did not quit the
+  place until he had spiked every gun; Lord Raglan mentioned his name in
+  a despatch, and by Her Majesty’s command the names of Gunner Jenkins
+  and three others were forwarded to the Horse Guards. Sergeant JAMES
+  MCGARRITY, present during the whole campaign, including the battles of
+  the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the third and fourth bombardments;
+  took powder to the trenches on the 17th. of October, 1854, under a
+  very heavy fire. Corporal PATRICK CONWAY, present at the battle of
+  Inkermann, and was mentioned for very gallant conduct by Major
+  Boothby, R.A., and Captain Henry, Land Transport Corps, the latter of
+  whom he assisted in rescuing from the enemy when severely wounded.
+  Gunner and Driver GEORGE BINES, present at the battle of Inkermann;
+  third, fourth, and fifth bombardments. Gunner and Driver JAMES
+  MCGRATH, assisted Sergeant HENRY (who received twelve bayonet wounds
+  in this service) in limbering-up a gun surrounded by Russians at
+  Inkermann. Sergeant-Major WALTER FLOCKHART, landed with the siege
+  train; served in the trenches during five bombardments; present at
+  Inkermann; was No. 1 of the gun where the parapet was blown out to
+  allow it to bear on the Russians advancing after the storming of the
+  Malakoff; slightly wounded in the head. Corporal JAMES BROWNE, ditto;
+  was present with the eighteen-pounders at Inkermann; volunteered, and
+  went with spiking party on the 18th. of June, 1855. Bombardier ANGUS
+  SUTHERLAND, landed with the siege train; served in the first
+  bombardment; severely wounded in both legs by the bursting of a shell;
+  served again in the April and subsequent bombardments; at the
+  explosion of the French gun park was one of the first men to volunteer
+  to carry away a number of live shell and carcasses. Gunner and Driver
+  JOHN NORTON, landed in the Crimea with the siege train; served in the
+  trenches during five bombardments; volunteered to go out with the
+  rocket tube in front of the twenty-one gun battery. Trumpeter JOHN
+  M‘CLAREN, came out at the commencement of the campaign; was in Turkey;
+  present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; volunteered and served
+  as No. 6 of No. 2 gun at that battle, after Lieutenant-Colonel Dacres
+  had taken his horse, his own having been shot. Gunner and Driver JOHN
+  VANCE, present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann;
+  engaged on night fatigues during the whole siege, under fire, taking
+  ammunition to the trenches. Gunner and Driver PATRICK KNIGHT, engaged
+  in all the bombardments, and rendered himself conspicuous by his
+  general coolness and gallantry under fire; wounded in the side by the
+  bursting of a gun in the first bombardment. Corporal MATTHEW FENTON,
+  in the trenches before Sebastopol from the 1st. of October, 1854, till
+  the 8th. of September, 1855, and was also present at the battle of
+  Inkermann. Sergeant Conductor JOB SMITH, landed in the Crimea on the
+  30th. of September, 1854; served in the trenches from the 17th. of
+  October, 1854, to the 8th. of September, 1855, and was present at the
+  battle of Inkermann with the two eighteen-pounder guns. Sergeant
+  Conductors JOSEPH BUCHANAN and JAMES BOGGIE, served in six
+  bombardments. Sergeant JOSEPH SMITH, constant duty in the trenches
+  from December, 1854. Sergeant JOHN M‘PHERSON, landed at Balaklava in
+  September, 1854; present during the whole siege and at all the
+  bombardments; was in No. 7 Battery, left attack, the day it was opened
+  and knocked to pieces; was slightly wounded on the 20th. of October,
+  1854; was at Inkermann. Sergeant HENRY BACCHUS, served throughout the
+  Crimean campaign; at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, expedition to
+  Eupatoria, etc. Gunner and Driver RICHARD WOODBRIDGE, was present at
+  all the bombardments, and never absent from his duty in the trenches;
+  particularly distinguished himself at the bombardment of the 18th. of
+  June, for his zeal and gallant conduct. Sergeant THOMAS WALSH, served
+  in the trenches from November, 1854, until the fall of Sebastopol, and
+  displayed on all occasions great bravery and coolness under fire,
+  setting a good example to young soldiers. Bombardier JOHN TROTTER,
+  cleared an embrasure in the advanced trenches on the 17th. of August,
+  1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal THOMAS BETTS, shewed great zeal and
+  coolness under fire from the 18th. of April to the fall of Sebastopol.
+  Gunner and Driver THOS. MARGREE, shewed general zeal and attention to
+  his duties, and great coolness under fire. Bombardier J. BOWER,
+  gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+  on which occasion he was wounded; always behaved well under fire.
+  Gunner and Driver E. O’BRIEN, for gallantry in the trenches, and
+  volunteering for the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the
+  8th. of September. Gunner and Driver HUGH DAVIS, served with gallantry
+  at the Alma and Inkermann; specially mentioned by Lord Raglan for his
+  conduct with the two heavy guns at the latter engagement, where he
+  lost both his arms by a round shot. Sergeant SAMUEL EWING, shewed
+  great zeal and energy in command of a gun in the June bombardment;
+  volunteered for a spiking party and lost a leg. Gunner and Driver
+  WILLIAM HOVENDEN, strongly recommended for his zeal and gallantry
+  throughout the siege; lost his leg in the trenches. Gunner and Driver
+  T. REYNOLDS, for gallant conduct throughout the siege; was wounded,
+  but remained at his gun until ordered away by an officer. Bombardier
+  WILLIAM RAMSEY, strongly recommended for gallant conduct under fire
+  and general attention to duty in the trenches. Sergeant J. MCKOWN,
+  served with great gallantry in all the bombardments since November,
+  1854.
+
+  ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colour-Sergeant KESTER KNIGHT, joined the army at
+  Scutari, in May, 1854; present at every bombardment, and has received
+  a medal with two clasps; was specially selected by Colonel Tylden for
+  important daily duties in the trenches of the right attack, and was
+  subsequently recommended strongly by him for promotion, which he
+  received. Corporal JOHN ROSS, served at Bomarsund, and joined the army
+  in the East in December, 1854; since which time he was never absent
+  from the army; mentioned specially for distinguished conduct in
+  Brigade Orders, dated the 22nd. of July, and 24th. of August, 1855,
+  receiving a pecuniary gratuity on both occasions by order of the
+  Commander of the Forces. Corporal ROBERT HANSON, joined the army at
+  the Katcha Bivouac, and was never absent from it; has received a medal
+  and two clasps; was selected for special duties in the trenches by the
+  director of the left attack, who reported, at the close of the siege,
+  that he had conducted the operations entrusted to him with ability and
+  perseverance, whilst under a heavy fire. Second Corporal WALTER
+  CONNING, joined the army in the East at the commencement of the war,
+  and was never absent from it; has received a medal with three clasps.
+  Private JOHN PERIE, ditto; has received the war medal and four clasps;
+  distinguished himself by frequent good service in the trenches, and
+  especially at the assault on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+  Corporal JOHN MCMURPHY, served in the Crimea five months; was present
+  at the capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, assault on
+  the Redan, June 18th., bombardment of the 17th. of August, and capture
+  of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by carrying into the trenches a
+  wounded soldier from the open, under a heavy fire from the enemy,
+  before Sebastopol, in August, 1855, for which act of gallantry he was
+  awarded the sum of three pounds by the Commander-in-Chief of the
+  Forces. Corporal WILLIAM JAMES LENDRIM, served in the Crimea from
+  November, 1854, and was several times recorded as having displayed
+  great skill and coolness under fire.
+
+  GRENADIER GUARDS, THIRD BATTALION.—Colour-Sergeant CHARLES SARGEANT,
+  embarked with the battalion in February, 1854; served without
+  intermission until the close of the war; was present at the battles of
+  the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann (wounded), siege and capture of
+  Sebastopol. Private ISAAC ARCHER, volunteered as one of the
+  sharpshooters of the Brigade of Guards in October, 1854; was present
+  in every action during the war. Private THOMAS ELGER, served during
+  the whole of the campaign. Private AARON HALE, present during the
+  whole of the campaign; favourably reported by the engineer officer for
+  his conduct on the night of the 24th. of August, 1855. Private JAMES
+  KING, served throughout the campaign; was present in every engagement.
+  Private WILLIAM MYERS, distinguished conduct in the trenches in
+  August, 1855, in volunteering to bring in wounded men from the front.
+  Private WILLIAM WILLIAMS served through the whole campaign.
+  Pay-Sergeant ROBERT POWLEY, he went out with the battalion in
+  February, 1854; he was present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, in which latter battle he greatly distinguished himself.
+  Private WILLIAM NURTON, present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann; severely wounded at Inkermann.
+
+  COLDSTREAM GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major SHEPPARD CARTER,
+  served with the battalion from its embarkation in February, 1854;
+  actually engaged in the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and served
+  in the trenches before Sebastopol. Drill-Sergeant JOHN BURNETT, and
+  Sergeant WM. REED, embarked with the battalion in February, 1854;
+  actually engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, and served in the trenches
+  throughout the siege. Sergeant GEORGE WALDEN, ditto, and was wounded
+  at the latter battle, which caused him to be absent for a short time.
+  Privates JOHN WINTER, PHILIP BALLS, and CHARLES TUTT, actually engaged
+  at the Alma and Inkermann, and did duty in the trenches without any
+  intermission throughout the siege; Private Winter served since
+  February, 1854, and Balls and Tutt since July, 1854. Corporal
+  FREDERICK VILE, for gallant conduct at Inkermann. Private JOHN BOTT,
+  for general good and gallant conduct during the campaign.
+
+  SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Pay and Colour-Sergeants
+  WILLIAM M‘GREGOR, and JAMES BADENOCH, distinguished themselves both at
+  the Alma, Inkermann, and in the trenches; conduct exemplary throughout
+  the whole campaign. Drill-Sergeant JAMES LENNOX, in all the actions,
+  and in the trenches up to the 28th. of February, 1855, when he was
+  employed at the sanitorium at Balaklava. Sergeant DAVID MANSON, came
+  out with the battalion; distinguished himself at the Alma; was present
+  at the other actions, and throughout the siege. Corporal JOHN JUDD,
+  present in all the actions, and was conspicuous during the siege for
+  his unwearied zeal when he was constantly employed on a fatiguing
+  duty. Acting Corporal JOSEPH COULTER, particularly distinguished
+  himself at the Alma; continuing to fire on the enemy after being
+  severely wounded. Private JOHN DRUMMOND, distinguished himself
+  throughout the whole campaign, and was present in all the engagements.
+  Pay and Colour-Sergeant GEORGE ATTRILL, served with distinction at the
+  Alma, Inkermann, and in the trenches before Sebastopol; was also
+  present at Balaklava; he displayed energy, gallantry, and zeal in the
+  performance of all his duties until invalided. Assistant
+  Drill-Sergeant GEORGE SHARP, was present at the Alma, Balaklava,
+  Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, in all of which his conduct was
+  very conspicuous.
+
+  ROYAL REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant WILLIAM SPARKS, recommended
+  by officers in charge of covering parties for intrepid conduct and
+  zealous performance of his duty. Corporal JOHN HORSFALL, and Privates
+  DANIEL MORAN, and JAMES COLVER, continued faithful service in the
+  trenches during the whole of the siege operations. Private ANDREW
+  CAMPBELL, mentioned favourably in orders, through the recommendation
+  of an engineer officer, for zealous conduct whilst employed on trench
+  duty. Colour-Sergeant A. J. STEWART, and Corporal W. J. SULLIVAN,
+  continued devotedness to their duty throughout the siege.
+
+  ROYAL REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major STEPHEN HUNTER,
+  constant, active, zealous, and efficient services in the trenches
+  before Sebastopol, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September,
+  1855. Sergeant JAMES MULVANY, continuous, zealous, and efficient
+  service in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Private CHARLES PULFER, constant zeal and alacrity in
+  the performance of his duty in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April
+  to the 8th. of September, 1855. Private FREDERICK LOCK, distinguished
+  zeal and activity in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th.
+  of September, 1855. Drummer HENRY CLARKE, present at the attack on the
+  Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, when he took a rifle and
+  accoutrements, and performed the duties of a rank and file.
+
+  THIRD FOOT.—Sergeant WILLIAM HEYES, and Privates WILLIAM BROWN, JOHN
+  CONNORS, JOHN EAGAN, JOHN HALL, and JOHN WALSH, the whole of these men
+  were repeatedly mentioned for their soldier-like behaviour throughout
+  the siege; all specially distinguished themselves at the Redan, on the
+  8th. of September, 1855. Private John Connors received the Victoria
+  Cross.
+
+  FOURTH (KING’S OWN) REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM O’GRADY, present
+  at the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole campaign, and
+  performed his duty throughout in the most exemplary manner in every
+  respect. Colour-Sergeant ALEXANDER FLEMMING, ditto, but was absent
+  from the 2nd. of August, 1855, to the 25th. of December following,
+  being attached to the commissariat department. Colour-Sergeant ROBERT
+  MARSHALL, present at the head-quarters of his regiment from the 9th.
+  of December, 1855; was strongly recommended for zeal and activity in
+  the performance of his duties in the trenches. Corporal JOHN CLARKSON,
+  present at the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole
+  campaign; twice wounded, namely, on the 14th. of April, and the 22nd.
+  of June, 1855. Lance-Corporal JOHN FITZGERALD, present at the
+  head-quarters of his regiment during the whole Eastern Campaign;
+  volunteered and acted as a sharpshooter as long as that force was
+  employed. Private TEDDY MURRAY, upon volunteers being called for on
+  the 16th. of October, 1854, to act as marksmen, he was one of the
+  first to offer his services, and he continued to serve in that
+  capacity as long as the force was employed. Private JAMES MURPHY,
+  present at the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole
+  campaign, and never missed a trench duty until severely wounded on the
+  18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant JAMES NEWTH, continuous performance of
+  his duty during the campaign, and in the trenches before Sebastopol,
+  from the commencement of the siege until the 5th. of June, 1855.
+  Private JOHN FITZPATRICK, zealous in the discharge of his duties
+  before Sebastopol, from the commencement of the siege operations until
+  the 21st. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded.
+
+  SEVENTH ROYAL FUSILIERS.—Sergeant-Major JOSEPH BELL, landed in the
+  Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; engaged at the Alma and
+  Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and both assaults on
+  the Redan. Colour-Sergeant JOHN WATTS, landed in the Crimea on the
+  14th. of September, 1854; was engaged at the Alma, and brought the
+  company out of action; engaged with the enemy on the 26th. of October,
+  1854, also at Inkermann, on the 5th. of November, 1854, and brought
+  the company out of action; at the taking of the Quarries, and both the
+  assaults on the Redan. Sergeants JOHN LAWS and THOMAS POULTON, and
+  Corporals PATRICK HANLON and WILLIAM MARSHALL, engaged at the Alma and
+  Inkermann, both assaults on the Redan, in all trench duties, and were
+  never absent from their regiment; Corporal MARSHALL was wounded on the
+  18th. of June, 1855. Private MICHAEL EDWARDS, served at the Alma and
+  Inkermann, at both the assaults on the Redan, and the capture of the
+  Quarries; especially mentioned by the officer commanding the regiment
+  on the latter occasion; and never missed a day’s duty in the trenches.
+  Sergeant-Major WILLIAM BACON, wounded at the attack on the Redan on
+  the 18th. of June, 1855; and desperately wounded on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Sergeant WILLIAM WHITE, was present at the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann, and in the trenches; left the Crimea in May,
+  1855.
+
+  NINTH FOOT.—Sergeant GEORGE RIPTON, conspicuous for gallantry in the
+  trenches throughout the siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant EZEKIEL FIRMIN,
+  exposed himself to great personal risk on the 18th. of June, 1855, in
+  order to succour Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, 38th. regiment, when
+  wounded. Private D. M‘MAHON, exposed himself, and rescued a wounded
+  comrade in the trenches on the 18th. of August, 1855, when the working
+  party to which he belonged was driven back by the destructive fire of
+  the enemy. Private CHRISTOPHER FARRELL, rejoined the 9th. after
+  volunteering to the 68th. Light Infantry, with which he served with
+  credit at the Alma, Inkermann, and throughout the siege; volunteered
+  for and behaved well during the capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of
+  June, 1855. Private JOHN REDMOND, distinguished himself as a volunteer
+  for the advance party, during the attack on the Cemetery, on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855; and generally in the trenches during the siege.
+  Sergeant ANDREW RIELLY, served with conspicuous zeal in the trenches
+  throughout the siege, and distinguished himself during the attack on
+  the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal MICHAEL MONAGHAN,
+  rendered valuable service on the 18th. of June, 1855, by conveying a
+  letter from his commanding officer to the Brigadier-General, under a
+  most perilous fire, by which he was wounded on his return; again
+  wounded in the trenches on the 5th. of July, 1855.
+
+  THIRTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant JAMES GODWIN, Senior Sergeant with the
+  regiment in the trenches during the bombardment, from the 6th. to the
+  8th. of September; in command of party in the rifle-pit near 2nd.
+  Boyau, right attack, where he did good service. Private VALENTINE
+  CORRY, good conduct in the trenches, and good service in the
+  rifle-pits, 2nd. Boyau, during the night of the 7th. of September,
+  1855. Corporal EDWARD TALLMANN, severely wounded in the advanced
+  parallel, right attack, on the 7th. of September. Sergeant THOMAS
+  COOPEN, good conduct when in charge of a detached party in the
+  rifle-pits, on the night of the 7th. of September, 1855. Private
+  FREDERICK STOKES, was severely wounded during the bombardment.
+
+  FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant THOMAS COOPER, volunteered with twenty
+  men to attack a rifle-pit in the Cemetery, left attack, on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855. Sergeant JOHN MACDONALD, carried off, under fire, from
+  the open ground in front of the trenches, a wounded man of the 39th.
+  regiment. Private ROBERT HARRISON, zealous and constant attention to
+  his duty in the trenches. Private THOMAS CABY, volunteered to go out,
+  under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded man from the first Royal
+  Regiment. Private PATRICK CANTY, a clean and well-conducted soldier in
+  camp and in the trenches, where he was wounded. Sergeant THOMAS BROWN,
+  served in the Crimea from the 19th. of January, 1855, to the 6th. of
+  January, 1856; severely wounded on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH FOOT.—Corporal PHILIP SMITH, distinguished himself by
+  going out on the glacis of the great Redan several times on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855, after the assault, under very heavy fire, and bringing
+  in several wounded men on his back; never missed a duty; present
+  during the whole time. Private JOHN DAVIS, distinguished himself by
+  cool bravery and remarkably steady gallantry at the assault on the
+  great Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855; reported by the officers and
+  several men of his company; wounded twice. Private RICHARD HOGAN,
+  distinguished by his officers and many of his comrades for superior
+  intelligence in the trenches; present with his regiment during the
+  whole period of service in the Crimea; wounded. Private THOMAS
+  LAWLESS, distinguished as one of the seven men who went out on the
+  glacis of the great Redan at the assault on the 18th. of June, 1855,
+  under very heavy fire, and brought in the dead body of their Captain,
+  John Croker. Private BENJAMIN VAUGHAN, distinguished at the assault on
+  the great Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, when orderly to the
+  commanding officer, for cool courage and steadiness; firelock broken
+  in his hands by a shot. Sergeant CHARLES COLLINS, highly gallant
+  conduct in the morning of the 22nd. of March, 1855, in volunteering
+  and remaining out with the advanced sentries on the Woronzoff Road for
+  two hours during a sortie made by the Russians that night.
+
+  EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant EDWARD DUNNE,
+  constant and good services in the trenches. Sergeant JOHN HARVEY,
+  zealous performance of duty in the trenches. Corporal NEIL O’DONNELL,
+  service in the trenches, and was remarked for his gallantry at the
+  assault on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private JOHN COX, great bravery in
+  the field and in the trenches, and always encouraging others by a
+  peculiarly cheerful manner of performing his duty. Sergeant JOHN
+  GLEESON, gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, and noted for his
+  unwearied zeal in the trenches. Private EDWARD LANGTON, gallantry on
+  the 18th. of June, 1855. Private JOHN BYRNE, great bravery in removing
+  from the front, and under very heavy fire, wounded men, on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855; and zeal in the trenches.
+
+  NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM JOHN BRITTS, present with
+  his regiment during the whole of the campaign; distinguished himself
+  in repulsing the sortie made by the enemy on the night of the 22nd. of
+  March. Sergeant WILLIAM MURPHY, ditto.; never absent from duty from
+  sickness; was wounded severely in the attack on the Redan, on the 8th.
+  of September, 1855, when he distinguished himself. Sergeant THOMAS
+  MURPHY, did duty with his regiment without intermission throughout the
+  whole campaign. Sergeant WILLIAM SMITH, ditto; was slightly wounded on
+  the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant HENRY STRICK, ditto; lost the
+  forefinger of the left hand at the attack on the Redan, on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Private HUGH B. HIGGINS, ditto; was never absent from
+  duty in the trenches through sickness or any other cause. Private
+  JAMES DUFFY, ditto; volunteered and was employed as sharpshooter for
+  three weeks; wounded at the attack of the Redan, on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Sergeant GEORGE ROLINS, for distinguished conduct
+  when Corporal in the eight-gun battery before Sebastopol, during a
+  sortie made by the enemy on the night of the 22nd. of March, 1855.
+  Private SAMUEL EVANS, for voluntarily entering an embrasure, and
+  assisting the sappers to reconstruct it, under a heavy fire from the
+  enemy, on the 13th. of April, 1855, before Sebastopol; honourably
+  mentioned in division orders, and received a gratuity of five pounds,
+  by order of Field-Marshal Lord Raglan.
+
+  TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant JOSEPH MOSS, all these non-commissioned
+  officers and men landed in the Crimea on the 14th of September, 1854;
+  was present at the three actions; brought prominently to notice at the
+  battle of Inkermann, and was through the whole of the siege
+  operations: Sergeants GEORGE BOXALL and JOHN BROWN were present at the
+  three actions; through the whole of the siege operations; and were
+  active and zealous non-commissioned officers in the trenches. Private
+  JOSEPH BROWN, was present at all the actions, and through the whole of
+  the siege operations; behaved well at the sortie on the 22nd. of
+  March, 1855, and also at the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June.
+  Private GEORGE KIRKHAM, present at all the actions; brought himself to
+  notice at the battle of Inkermann, and also in repulsing a sortie on
+  the advance trench; through the whole siege operations. Privates
+  WILLIAM HENNESSY and HENRY GRAY, present at all the actions, and
+  through the whole of the siege operations; the former behaved with
+  great spirit in the trenches, when a live shell fell amongst his
+  party, depriving one of his comrades of his presence of mind, who
+  remained standing near it until Private Hennessy rushed out and
+  brought the man under cover. Private PATRICK CALLAGHAN, was present at
+  the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the siege of
+  Sebastopol; was also one of a party who, under a heavy fire, brought
+  the body of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart from
+  the field. Private JOHN LOWE, was present at the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, and Inkermann, and during the whole siege; never absent
+  from any duty until he left the Crimea, in December, 1855.
+
+  TWENTY-FIRST FUSILIERS.—Colour-Sergeant JOHN HIGDON, for distinguished
+  conduct at the battle of Inkermann, and uniform good conduct during
+  the campaign. Sergeant JAMES SIM, for gallant conduct throughout the
+  siege, and on the 18th. of June, with the ladder party. Private
+  TIMOTHY DRISCOLL, for having served without interruption in the
+  trenches during the whole siege, and for his very good character, he
+  not having a single entry in the defaulters’ book. Sergeant PATRICK
+  KELLY, for having served without interruption during the whole siege,
+  and for his very good character. Private MICHAEL M‘PHELY, for
+  distinguished conduct during the sortie of the 22nd. of March, 1855,
+  and for general gallant conduct throughout the siege. Sergeant JOHN
+  RUSSELL, for gallant conduct at the battle of Inkermann, and
+  uninterrupted performance of his duties throughout the siege. Private
+  PETER CROWLEY, for distinguished conduct in having rescued an officer
+  of another regiment from a Russian soldier, whom he also took prisoner
+  at the battle of Inkermann; and for uniform good conduct throughout
+  the siege. Colour-Sergeant RICHARD ELLIS, landed with the regiment at
+  Old Fort, on the 14th. of September, 1854; present at the Alma;
+  wounded at Inkermann. Sergeant EDWARD MARSHMAN, served throughout the
+  campaign in the Crimea; volunteered on the morning of the 23rd. of
+  March, 1855, when in an advanced trench, to lead a party against a
+  Russian sortie, and to outflank them, for which service he was
+  promoted to Corporal, and afterwards Sergeant.
+
+  TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major WILLIAM HANDLEY, recommended for
+  general good service during the war; shewed great gallantry at the
+  battle of the Alma, and in the trenches; and especially in the attack
+  on the Redan on the 8th. of September. Sergeant JAMES COLLINS,
+  recommended for general good service and great gallantry throughout
+  the various actions, including the attack of the Quarries and the
+  final assault of the Redan; mentioned particularly as distinguishing
+  himself on one occasion by reposting a line of sentries in front of
+  the five-gun battery, the first line of sentries having been driven
+  in; present at the Alma and Inkermann. Sergeant CHARLES GODDEN,
+  recommended for general good service at the Alma and Inkermann, and
+  throughout the whole period, including the final attack on the Redan;
+  mentioned particularly as having distinguished himself on the 21st. of
+  December, 1854, by remaining at his post after the rest of the party
+  had been driven in from the advanced trenches by the Russians.
+  Sergeant WILLIAM ANDREWS, distinguished himself particularly in the
+  final attack on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant JAMES BOYSE, especially for
+  very distinguished conduct in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, on which day he shewed great coolness in endeavouring
+  to keep up a fire on the enemy who lined the parapet on the right of
+  the British attack. Private JOHN BROWN, and Colour-Sergeant CHARLES
+  COVITON, particularly in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855; all were at the Alma and Inkermann, and were
+  distinguished for general good service. Colour-Sergeant JAMES O’NEILL,
+  served gallantly at the battle of the Alma, at Inkermann, and was
+  zealous throughout the siege; also at the assault on the Redan on the
+  8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely wounded. Sergeant
+  WILLIAM PARKINSON, served gallantly at the Alma, and was zealous in
+  his duties throughout the siege in the trenches; was wounded in the
+  final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+  THOMAS GERRAGHTY, behaved well at the battle of the Alma, and was
+  wounded at the final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+  1855.
+
+  TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant WILLIAM COOK: the following all
+  landed in the Crimea with the regiment, and were present at the Alma
+  and Inkermann; performed excellent duty in the trenches the whole
+  period, and gave general satisfaction to all officers employed with
+  him; was in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June. Sergeant
+  GEORGE DUNNERY, ditto; present during the whole siege; behaved most
+  gallantly in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June. Private
+  JAMES CARSON, volunteered as sharpshooter under the command of Captain
+  Mounsell, who spoke in great praise of him; was employed from the
+  first bombardment till the end of December; present during the whole
+  siege. Private MICHAEL CONNELL, present in all the siege operations;
+  behaved gallantly, volunteering for the advanced party of
+  sharpshooters in the Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, when he was
+  severely wounded. Private WILLIAM DUNN, engaged in the siege
+  operations the whole period; volunteered for the advanced party of
+  sharpshooters on the 18th. of June, in the Cemetery, when he was
+  severely wounded. Private JOHN BLAKE, present throughout the whole
+  siege, and was most active, forward, and energetic on all occasions in
+  the trenches. Private JOHN TOBIN, volunteered as sharpshooter from the
+  first bombardment to the end of December, 1854; spoken highly of by
+  Captain Mounsell, who commanded the sharpshooters; present during the
+  whole siege, and did excellent service; was in the affair of the
+  Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private JONATHAN HILL, present
+  at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and performed good duty in
+  the trenches during the whole winter of 1854, up to the 18th. of June,
+  on which day he was with the regiment in the Cemetery, and was
+  severely wounded. Private PATRICK TULLEY, similar service until March,
+  1855, when he was sent back to Scutari; volunteered his services as
+  sharpshooter in the advanced works of the left attack during the
+  winter of 1854.
+
+  THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—The following, except Private SMITH, who was not
+  at Inkermann, having been wounded in the sortie on the 26th. of
+  October, all landed with the 30th regiment in the Crimea, on the 14th.
+  of September, 1854, and were present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, and at the sortie of the 26th. of October. Colour-Sergeant
+  JOHN RICHARDSON, served regularly in the trenches throughout the
+  siege; he was mentioned in orders after the battle of the Alma for his
+  distinguished conduct; he was present at the assault on the Redan.
+  Sergeant OWEN CURRAN, served in the trenches throughout the siege, and
+  was present at both assaults on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant THOMAS
+  M‘DONOGH, at both assaults on the Redan, and throughout the siege; he
+  was slightly wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. Lance-Corporal
+  MICHAEL BYRNE, served in the trenches throughout the siege; was
+  present at the two assaults on the Redan; was slightly wounded at the
+  battle of Inkermann. Private WILLIAM NICHOLL, served in the trenches
+  during the whole siege; was present at both the assaults on the Redan;
+  was mentioned in orders, for gallant conduct, at the battle of the
+  Alma; wounded slightly at the Alma, Inkermann, and on the 26th. of
+  October, 1854, and severely at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Private CHARLES QUIGLEY, served in the trenches
+  throughout the siege, and was present at the two assaults on the
+  Redan; received a medal for distinguished service in the field, for
+  his conduct at the Alma and Inkermann. Private JOHN SMITH, wounded at
+  the sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854; served in the trenches from
+  May, 1855, till the close of the siege, and was present at both the
+  assaults on the Redan, at the latter of which his gallant conduct was
+  especially remarked by Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer, C.B., and other
+  officers; he obtained a medal for distinguished service in the field,
+  for his conduct on the 26th. of October, 1854. Colour-Sergeant
+  HASTINGS MCALLISTER, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of July, 1855;
+  distinguished himself greatly at the storming of the Redan, on the
+  8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was wounded in five
+  places. Private THOMAS MCDONALD, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of
+  September, 1854; present at the battles of the Alma, the sortie of the
+  26th. of October, 1854, and the battle of Inkermann, where he highly
+  distinguished himself, and was severely wounded.
+
+  THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant JAMES FOLEY, strongly
+  recommended for his cool and soldier-like bearing on the evening of
+  the 17th. of June, 1855, when the 31st. regiment occupied the trenches
+  for the first time, thus setting a good example to the young soldiers.
+  Privates RICHARD STAPLETON and JAMES RUTH, these two soldiers were
+  strongly recommended by Captain Rowlands, 41st. Regiment, who
+  commanded the party engaged in taking the rifle-pits, in the advance
+  of the right sap, advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of
+  September, 1855, and their conduct particularly mentioned for great
+  coolness and bravery in keeping possession of one of the pits till
+  ordered to retire. Private LACKY RYAN, engaged with Lieutenant Leeson,
+  31st. regiment in taking the rifle-pits in the advance of the right
+  sap, advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of September, 1855, and
+  particularly noticed for his coolness and bravery. Private JOHN
+  SPELMAN, this man was one of a party (engaged in taking possession of
+  the rifle-pits in the advance of the right sap, advance trench, on the
+  night of the 4th. of September, 1855), whose conduct was particularly
+  mentioned for coolness and bravery by Captain Rowlands, of the 41st.
+  regiment, in keeping possession of the pits for half an hour, till
+  ordered to retire; he was severely wounded on this occasion.
+
+  THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major WILLIAM BARWELL, distinguished
+  himself very much in the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and
+  served nearly the whole campaign. Sergeant PATRICK WHELAN, served
+  through the whole campaign; was always a first-rate soldier in the
+  battle-field and in the trenches, and was one of the first men of the
+  regiment at the Redan on the 8th. of September. Colour-Sergeant JAMES
+  BACON, was noticed by Sir William Codrington at the battle of the
+  Alma, and was wounded at the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June;
+  served through the whole campaign, never being absent. Private FRANCIS
+  CROTTY, served through the whole campaign; distinguished himself on
+  the 18th. of June. Private WILLIAM DOUGLAS, volunteered and served as
+  a sharpshooter during the first bombardments of Sebastopol; with nine
+  other men charged a party of Russians and made them retire, at
+  Inkermann, where he volunteered to join Colonel Waddy, 50th. regiment,
+  to follow the retiring enemy; was wounded on the 8th. of September,
+  1855. Sergeant WILLIAM CRANE, served at the Alma; was noticed by
+  Captain Drewe, 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, who strongly recommended
+  him for gallantry on the 8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant
+  WILLIAM MENAING, served through the whole campaign; present with the
+  regiment the whole time. Colour-Sergeant PHILIP READ, served through
+  the whole campaign; volunteered to go with the regiment on the 8th. of
+  September, at the attack on the Redan, when warned for that duty; was
+  severely wounded on that occasion. Private PATRICK M‘GUIRE,
+  volunteered as sharpshooter at the commencement of the siege of
+  Sebastopol; was taken prisoner on the 20th. of October, 1854, when
+  employed on that duty, by a party of Russians; killed the two men who
+  had him in charge, and made his escape; was present during the whole
+  campaign.
+
+  THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant WILLIAM QUIRK, gallant conduct on the
+  7th. of June, 1855, during the attack on the Quarries; also on the
+  19th. of April, 1855. Sergeant JOHN HAYDON, general gallant conduct in
+  the trenches, especially on the 19th. of April, 1855, at the taking of
+  Egerton’s rifle-pit. Sergeant WILLIAM CARNEY; and Private THOMAS LOFT,
+  carrying Sergeant Harrison (34th.) in, when wounded, on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal WILLIAM COFFER, throwing
+  a live shell out of a trench on the 29th. of March, 1855. Private
+  WILLIAM GILL, recommended by Major Gwilt, 34th. regiment, for binding
+  up his arm when wounded, on the 18th. of June, 1855, under a heavy
+  fire. Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM SMITH, gallant conduct at the assault on
+  the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded.
+  Private CLEMENT BROPHY, gallant conduct at the repulse of the Russian
+  sortie on the 22nd. of March, 1855; severely wounded in the trenches
+  on the 31st. of August, 1855. and lost his left arm.
+
+  THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout the war.
+  Sergeant-Major PATRICK M‘FADDEN, did his duty well in the trenches;
+  was particularly distinguished in his conduct on the 18th of June,
+  1855, in the attack on the Cemetery. Private JOHN WALSH, particularly
+  engaged in repelling a sortie on the 20th. of December, 1854, when the
+  conduct of his company was commended in division orders; in advance on
+  the 18th. of June, 1855. Private ROBERT LONGHEED; did his duty well in
+  the trenches; volunteered for the advanced guard on the 18th. of June,
+  1855. Corporal THOMAS BRENNAN, engaged in the repulse of the sortie of
+  the 20th. of December, 1854; distinguished particularly on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855. Sergeant ANDREW CLARKE, distinguished on the 18th. of
+  June, 1855; wounded; always a good soldier in the field. Private
+  MICHAEL MURPHY, distinguished himself in the repulse of the sortie of
+  the 20th. December, 1854; in advance during the whole day of the 18th.
+  of June, 1855. Private BENJAMIN NEWHALL, was a volunteer as
+  sharpshooter in the beginning of the siege; was present and wounded in
+  the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private WILLIAM
+  MOORE, distinguished himself highly on the 18th. of June, 1855;
+  received three wounds on that day, from one of which he lost his arm
+  from the socket. Private JAMES BLACKMORE, particularly distinguished
+  himself on the night of the 20th. of December, 1854, in the repulse of
+  a sortie.
+
+  THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Private MICHAEL BOYLE, on the 25th. of April,
+  1855, he volunteered to bring in a soldier of another regiment, who
+  was lying wounded outside the advanced line of sentries, beyond the
+  “Ovens,” a work, at the hour of the day when it was performed, of
+  considerable danger; was also one of the party on the Woronzoff Road,
+  on the 2nd. of August, 1855, when a sortie of the Russians, reported
+  to consist of two thousand men, attacked the _chevaux-de-frize_.
+  Colour-Sergeant JAMES GARRETT, conduct highly spoken of by all ranks
+  for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and intrepidity on all occasions
+  while on duty in the trenches. Private LAWRENCE LIND, on the evening
+  of the 18th., of June, when a party of the 39th. was stationed in the
+  trenches overlooking the Cemetery, which that day had been taken
+  possession of by the brigade under Sir William Eyre, cries and groans
+  of a wounded man attracted attention. Lieutenant Smyth, in command of
+  the party, asked for volunteers to accompany him and ascertain the
+  cause, when Lawrence Lind, Martin Lyons, and McCluskey of the light
+  company, cheerfully volunteered to accompany him, and they brought in
+  a wounded Sergeant of the 38th. regiment, who had been lying for
+  fifteen hours at some distance from the Cemetery, in advance. The
+  party attracted the attention of the enemy, and consequently had to
+  perform the duty under a heavy fire. Sergeant GEORGE PEGRAM, almost
+  every officer has on various occasions spoken most highly of the
+  service in the trenches of Sergeant Pegram, as a remarkably brave,
+  willing, and forward non-commissioned officer; in former years, in
+  1843, his conduct attracted attention at Maharajpore, where the
+  regiment suffered so severely, and he had previously obtained the
+  character of being a brave soldier under Sir De Lacy Evans, in Spain.
+  Private MICHAEL RYAN, on the 29th. of March, when a part of the guard
+  went before it was dark, towards the Woronzoff Road, under Captain
+  Baird, and brought on a fire from which Colour-Sergeant James Rodd
+  lost his life, Ryan is reported to have been one of four men who
+  behaved remarkably well; on the 25th. of April he was on sentry on the
+  _chevaux-de-frize_ on the Woronzoff Road when the enemy opened a heavy
+  fire, and remained at his post steadily, and attracted attention by
+  his good conduct; on the 2nd. of August, on the occasion of the large
+  sortie referred to in Michael Boyle’s case, Ryan was on sentry, and
+  when driven in kept retreating up the hill on one side of the ravine,
+  and continued firing on the Russians till they finally abandoned the
+  attack; he was wounded on the 23rd. of May, when going to the
+  trenches, in the thigh, by a splinter from a shell. Corporal THOMAS
+  OMEALY, distinguished for coolness and intrepidity while under fire,
+  and duty in the trenches; wounded on the 15th. of July, 1855, while on
+  duty in the advanced trenches.
+
+  FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM DAVIS, served before
+  Sebastopol during the greater part of the siege; was conspicuous in
+  having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+  1855. Colour-Sergeant JAMES KELLY, served before Sebastopol during the
+  greater part of the siege; was conspicuous in having charged gallantly
+  inside the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Both landed in the
+  Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; the former was present at the
+  Alma and Balaklava, and the latter at the Alma and Inkermann. Privates
+  PATRICK GARVEY, JOHN KENNELLY, THOMAS M‘QUADE, and Corporal CHARLES
+  NELSON; all landed in the Crimea at the above date, and were present
+  at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and at the sortie of the
+  26th. of October; and all served before Sebastopol during the whole of
+  the siege. Privates Patrick Garvey and John Kennelly were also
+  conspicuous in having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th.
+  of September, 1855. Private MARTIN ROGERSON, landed in the Crimea in
+  January, 1855, and served before Sebastopol during the remainder of
+  the siege; was in the trenches on the 18th. of June, and was
+  conspicuous in bringing wounded men from the glacis of the Redan,
+  under a heavy fire from the enemy, on the same night. Colour-Sergeant
+  AMBROSE MADDEN, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854;
+  was present at the battles of the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th.
+  of October, and served in the trenches before Sebastopol till the
+  19th. of March, 1855; headed a party which took prisoners a Russian
+  officer and fourteen privates, three of whom he personally and alone
+  captured in the general sortie of the 26th. of Oct., 1854; for this he
+  received the Victoria Cross. Colour-Sergeant JOHN SMITH, for
+  remarkable zeal in the field from the date of the landing of the army
+  in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854, till June, 1855; was
+  present at the battles of the Alma, the sortie on the 26th. of
+  October, 1854, the battle of Inkermann, and the attack on the Quarries
+  on the 7th. of June, 1855.
+
+  FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant THOMAS RIDLEY, on the 3rd. of
+  July, 1855, was one of a working party employed in turning an old
+  Russian trench in the advanced parallel, the party under fire, and
+  much exposed; he encouraged the men by working with them himself in
+  the most exposed position, and it was mainly owing to his example and
+  good conduct that the work was speedily and satisfactorily done.
+  Sergeant WILLIAM STRATHERN, on the 11th. of October, 1854, at the
+  commencement of the siege, when with a covering party on the right
+  attack, the enemy came out in force and attacked with field pieces, he
+  volunteered to pass, under a heavy fire, to a party of the Rifle
+  Brigade, with orders to bring them up to the assistance of the party
+  in the battery. Lance-Corporal ROBERT M‘NAIR, on the 9th. of August,
+  when a sentry in front of the advanced trenches, under fire, was
+  distinguished for his coolness and daring; he was severely wounded on
+  that occasion, but remained at his post until regularly relieved.
+  Private DONALD M‘KENZIE, volunteered as a sharpshooter at the
+  commencement of the siege; was employed on that duty until he was
+  wounded on the 19th. of October, 1854; on the night of the 18th. of
+  June, 1855, during a sortie, was distinguished for his good conduct in
+  encouraging the young soldiers, and by his example giving them
+  confidence; the next morning he volunteered to go towards the old
+  Russian trench from the third parallel, to bring in a missing comrade,
+  supposed to be wounded. Lance-Corporal WILLIAM BENNETT, on the night
+  of the 18th. of June, 1855, when a sortie was expected and a sudden
+  alarm given, the men of another regiment, immediately on the left of
+  where he was, having retired, it was mainly owing to his steadiness
+  and example that the men of his party kept their ground. Private NEIL
+  CARMICHAEL, on the night of the 6th. of August, 1855, when a partial
+  attack was made by some of the enemy’s pickets, he was distinguished
+  for his good conduct; on the same night an attack was expected from
+  the Redan; he was one of those who volunteered to go out to the front,
+  under fire, to watch it closely. Sergeant GEORGE FOX, volunteered as a
+  sharpshooter at the opening of the siege of Sebastopol; was
+  conspicuous for his coolness and intrepidity, and continued at that
+  duty daily till he was severely wounded on the 19th. of October, 1854.
+  Private ANDREW CROMTIE, on the night of the 18th. of June, 1885,
+  during a sortie on the trenches, was distinguished for his courage and
+  daring when in a very exposed position; on the 24th. of June, 1855,
+  was one of a party sent to dislodge some of the enemy’s riflemen, who
+  were annoying a working party in the right attack; on this occasion he
+  received a musket-shot through his wrist.
+
+  FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout the
+  campaign (the first as Colour-Sergeant), except Private James Edlow,
+  who attended the sick on board ship for three weeks, for which
+  disagreeable duty he volunteered. Quartermaster-Sergeant DENIS REDDIN,
+  was noticed for his vigilance and activity on all occasions when in
+  the trenches, and his gallantry was most conspicuous on the 18th. of
+  June at the attack on the Cemetery. Sergeant THOMAS BROWN never missed
+  any duty; was always vigilant and alert in the trenches; was on guard
+  on the 18th. of June, but volunteered and accompanied the regiment in
+  the attack on the Cemetery, where his gallantry was noticed.
+  Lance-Corporal DENIS CANTY, always noticed for his activity and daring
+  in the trenches, and especially on the 18th. of June at the attack on
+  the Cemetery. Corporal JOHN DRENON, was one of the few who constantly
+  remained at their duty; was always active and vigilant in the
+  trenches; was also present at the attack on the 18th. of June. Private
+  JAMES EDLOW, was present at the attack on the 18th. of June, and on
+  all occasions in the trenches, when his activity and readiness for any
+  duty was noticed; was very forward and active during the whole day of
+  the 18th. of June, especially in driving some Russians out of an
+  adjoining house. Private JOHN BURNSIDE, was always ready and willing
+  for any duty; was present on the 18th. of June at the attack on the
+  Cemetery. Private THOMAS M‘CARTHY, was present on the 18th. of June at
+  the attack on the Cemetery, when his gallantry was particularly
+  noticed, and where he several times exposed himself to a most galling
+  fire, for the purpose of rescuing his wounded comrades and soldiers of
+  other regiments; he volunteered and was sharpshooter at the
+  commencement of the siege, and again on the 18th., of June, when he
+  was one of the advanced guard. Colour-Sergeant JAMES DONELAN, served
+  throughout the campaign and siege of Sebastopol till the spring of
+  1856, and though never in very good health persisted in remaining with
+  his regiment. Corporal ROBERT MURRAY, served in the Crimea from the
+  landing on the 14th. of September, 1854, also during the siege of
+  Sebastopol, till the 18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded
+  in the attack on the Cemetery.
+
+  FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant STEPHEN HARBOUR, this sergeant
+  was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; he
+  served in the trenches during the whole of the siege. Sergeant GEORGE
+  BLAGDON, was particularly remarked for his conduct in the trenches
+  during the whole siege, for which, and his activity in camp, he was
+  promoted to be corporal, and sergeant. Corporal WILLIAM WATT, was
+  particularly remarked for his conduct during the sortie of the 11th.
+  of May, 1855; both landed on the 8th. of November, 1854. Private JAMES
+  HUNT, landed on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at the Alma,
+  Inkermann, and Balaklava, and was particularly remarked for his
+  conduct during the whole campaign. Private JEREMIAH CONDON, landed on
+  the 8th. of November, 1854, and was remarkable on all occasions for
+  gallantry and daring. The above five never missed a duty in the
+  trenches. Sergeants WILLIAM BROMMELL, and LEONARD GOODING, both these
+  sergeants landed in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1854; the
+  former was wounded in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 21st. of
+  December, 1854; leg amputated; was remarkable for zeal and gallantry
+  in the trenches; the latter never missed a duty in the trenches up to
+  the 24th. of August, 1855.
+
+  FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant GEORGE M‘DONALD, in holding
+  the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, the detachment running short of
+  ammunition, this non-commissioned officer passed through a heavy fire
+  of grape, shell, and musketry for ammunition, and returned through the
+  same fire with a barrel of ammunition on his shoulder; served
+  throughout the siege from November, 1854. Corporal CONNOR O’LOGHLIN,
+  recommended for distinguished conduct on the 7th. of June, at the
+  taking of the Quarries, and for having on all occasions throughout the
+  campaign, attracted the attention of the captain of his company by his
+  gallantry and good conduct when before the enemy. Colour-Sergeant
+  GILL, distinguished himself by his gallantry and coolness at the
+  storming of the Quarries, and repulse of the several attacks of the
+  enemy on the night of the 7th. of June, and throughout the campaign
+  and siege generally. Sergeant WILLIAM BOWLER, distinguished himself
+  when on outlying pickets at the attack on the position of the second
+  division on the 26th. of October, 1854, on which occasion he was
+  severely wounded; served well during the siege; present at the Alma.
+  Private DANIEL FLANAGAN, recommended for volunteering under a very
+  heavy fire to place sandbags in the embrasures of the twenty-one gun
+  battery, on the 9th. of April, 1855; assisted in working a gun, and in
+  every possible way distinguished himself on that occasion. Private
+  JOHN DILLON, distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries;
+  wounded at Inkermann; Privates Flanagan and Dillon were present during
+  the siege, and at all the engagements. Private JOHN DINNEEN,
+  distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries, and served
+  gallantly on all other occasions. Sergeant ROBERT COURT, present at
+  the battle of the Alma (wounded); rejoined his regiment on the 19th.
+  of January, 1855, and Was present in all the affairs from that time
+  until the end of the siege; distinguished himself by his coolness and
+  gallantry in assisting to lead and cheer on the men to repulse the
+  attacks of the Russians on the night of the 7th. of June, after taking
+  the Quarries (wounded). Private JOHN MCDERMOND, gallant conduct at the
+  battle of Inkermann in rescuing Colonel Haly, 47th. Foot, when lying
+  wounded on the ground, from a party of Russians; present and wounded
+  at the battle of the Alma.
+
+  FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Acting Sergeant-Major S. FRANCIS, for having,
+  when on duty in the trenches, on the night of the 4th. of June, 1855,
+  when an alarm was given that the Russians were approaching, and a
+  sortie about to be made, and when the sentries in advance had retired
+  in some confusion, supplied their place by a new line of sentries,
+  which he formed out of a number of volunteers who offered themselves,
+  and thereby prevented the further advance of the Russians. This took
+  place under a very heavy fire. On another occasion this
+  non-commissioned officer conveyed a message from Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Riky, commanding the 48th. regiment, to the general of the right
+  attack, regarding the movement of some troops, on the 9th. of June,
+  1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal T. KELLY, for having assisted in
+  working a gun, voluntarily, in the battery in which he was on duty, on
+  the night of the 7th. of September, 1855, for which he was
+  particularly brought to notice by the captain of artillery on duty in
+  the battery; on which occasion he received a severe wound. Corporal T.
+  GOORLY and Private J. DOWNEY, assisted the Adjutant of the 48th.
+  regiment, early on the morning of the 19th. of June, 1855, in
+  endeavouring to bring into the trenches a wounded British soldier who
+  was lying in a rifle-pit in the Cemetery. The attempt failed, in
+  consequence of the ground being swept by a cross fire from the enemy’s
+  works, and from which the men were placed in the most imminent danger,
+  as the fire was very heavy and well directed.
+
+  FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—The following were all at the Alma, sortie of
+  the 26th. of October, and at Inkermann. Colour-Sergeant GEORGE VAYNG,
+  engaged in the trenches throughout the siege; at the capture of the
+  Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and with the regiment on the 8th.
+  of September, 1855; a gallant soldier and most excellent
+  non-commissioned officer. Colour-Sergeant JOHN M‘COY, present at the
+  attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September,
+  1855; constantly at his duty in the trenches during the siege.
+  Lance-Corporal ALEXANDER PENDRIDGE, engaged in the attack and capture
+  of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; shewed great gallantry on
+  the 25th. of August, 1855, when engaged on a working party in the
+  trenches, in setting a good example, when “breaking ground” under a
+  very heavy fire from the enemy; present at both attacks on the Redan,
+  on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September, 1855; mentioned in
+  division orders for gallant conduct on the 26th. of October, 1854.
+  Sergeant MICHAEL ROONEY, highly distinguished himself at Inkermann,
+  and refused to go to the rear during action, although seriously
+  contused by a spent shot; attack and capture of the Quarries on the
+  7th. of June, 1855; attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the
+  8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant JOHN THOMPSON, joined his
+  regiment in the field at Inkermann, having marched that morning, on
+  hearing the firing, from Balaklava, where he had been on detached
+  regimental duty; constantly at his duty in the trenches during the
+  siege; in both attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th.
+  of September, 1855. Private ROBERT M‘KENNA, attack and capture of the
+  Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855; both of the attacks on the Redan,
+  on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; brought to the
+  notice of Lieutenant-General Markham, for his gallantry in taking a
+  rifle-pit on the 20th. of April, 1855. Colour-Sergeant CHARLES BARNES,
+  landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at
+  the battle of the Alma; at the repulse of the sortie by the second
+  division on the 26th. of October, 1854; was severely wounded on the
+  7th. of June, 1855, in storming the Quarries before Sebastopol, up to
+  which time he had been always at his duty in the trenches, but on
+  account of his wounds was invalided to England. Corporal WILLIAM
+  REILLY, present at the battle of the Alma on the 20th. of September,
+  on the 26th. of October, 1854, battle of Inkermann on the 5th. of
+  November, 1854; served in the trenches until the 8th. of June, 1855,
+  when he was wounded, and sent in consequence to England.
+
+  FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major ROBERT FOLEY, most zealous in
+  supporting the discipline of his regiment. Private LAWRENCE WARD, a
+  good soldier on duty, and was remarkable for his conduct at the battle
+  of Inkermann. Private MICHAEL HANNAN, was distinguished for his
+  coolness and steadiness at Inkermann. Private JOHN BRENNAN, was
+  distinguished for gallant conduct in the trenches on the occasion of a
+  sortie in December, 1854. Private WILLIAM COONEY, gallant conduct in
+  the trenches on the occasion of a sortie in December, 1854.
+  Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM TURNER, was very active and attentive to his
+  duties in the trenches. Sergeant RICHARD W. NEWCOMBE, a most
+  trustworthy non-commissioned officer; he volunteered to take charge of
+  the sharpshooters of his regiment in front of the left attack;
+  Sergeants FOLEY, TURNER, and NEWCOMBE, and Privates HANNAN and BRENNAN
+  served throughout the whole of the Crimean Campaign.
+
+  FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Sergeants HENDRICK, SPENCER, and CAMPION, and
+  Privates WILSON and WHELAN landed with the regiment in the Crimea on
+  the 14th. of September, 1854, and were present at the battle of the
+  Alma, repulse of the sortie on the 26th. of October, and battle of
+  Inkermann; and served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol.
+  Colour-Sergeant HENRY HENDRICK, present at the taking of the Quarries,
+  on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan, on the 18th. of June
+  and the 8th. of September, 1855, where he commanded a company (there
+  being no officer with it); was wounded, and mentioned for his
+  distinguished conduct in the assault. Sergeant WILLIAM SPENCER
+  particularly distinguished himself at the storming of the Quarries, on
+  the 7th. of June, 1855, by his gallantry, and promptness in carrying
+  orders, and getting up extra ammunition under a heavy fire; present at
+  the attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Lance-Corporal WILLIAM M‘LACHLAN, with the regiment
+  in the Crimea from the 24th. of October, 1854; present at the sortie
+  at Inkermann, on the 26th. of October; battle of Inkermann; served in
+  the trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by
+  his gallant conduct at the storming of the Quarries, on the 7th. of
+  June, 1855, and in volunteering to fetch a wounded comrade out of the
+  enemy’s advanced work under a heavy fire; at the attacks on the Redan,
+  on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private JOSEPH
+  WILSON, present at the taking of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June,
+  and attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September, 1855; distinguished himself by his conduct in the trenches
+  throughout the whole siege; but particularly at the storming of the
+  Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was
+  severely wounded. Sergeant WILLIAM CAMPION, present at the attack on
+  the Redan, on the 18th. of June, and distinguished himself by his
+  gallantry at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855.
+  Private JEREMIAH WHELAN, present at the attack on the Redan on the
+  18th. of June, at the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, and
+  particularly distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the
+  storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private THOMAS
+  JOHNSTONE, landed in the Crimea on the 31st. of December, 1854; served
+  in the trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; present at the storming
+  of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan on the
+  18th. of June, 1855; and distinguished himself by his gallant conduct
+  at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855.
+  Colour-Sergeant PETER POPE, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey
+  on the 21st. of May, 1854; present at the battle of the Alma,
+  (wounded), repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the 26th. of October,
+  1854, battle of Inkermann, and served in the trenches during the whole
+  of the siege; received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his
+  gallantry at Inkermann; at the storming of the Redan, on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, on which occasion he was severely wounded. Private
+  JAMES DUNN, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey on the 21st. of
+  May, 1854; present at the battle of the Alma, repulse of the sortie at
+  Inkermann on the 26th. of October, and battle of Inkermann; received a
+  Distinguished Conduct Medal for his gallantry at Inkermann, where he
+  was severely wounded; served during the whole siege of Sebastopol, and
+  mentioned by Captain J. R. Hume, 55th. regiment, as having
+  particularly distinguished himself at the storming of the Redan on the
+  8th. of September, where he lost his arm.
+
+  FIFTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants WILLIAM DIBBS and JOSEPH
+  WHITTAKER, and JOHN LORD and LEWIS HOGAN; fearless and steady conduct
+  when employed in the trenches; the first on the 29th. of August and
+  the 1st. of September, 1855; the second on the 29th. of August and the
+  2nd. and 5th. of September, 1855; and the third and fourth on the
+  29th. of August and the 5th. of September, 1855. Private JAMES BUTLER,
+  severely wounded whilst doing his duty in the trenches on the 4th. of
+  September, 1855; right arm amputated.
+
+  FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants JOHN MCCARDLE and JOHN
+  COUGHLAN, Sergeant JAMES F. ANDREWS, Corporal THOMAS CONNELL,
+  Lance-Corporal WILLIAM KINNARNEY, and Private JOHN MURRAY; were
+  present at the battles of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, and
+  Inkermann, on the 5th. of November, 1854; assault on the Redan, on the
+  18th. of June, 1855; and in the trenches during the siege.
+  Lance-Corporal Kinnarney and Private Murray were severely wounded on
+  the 18th. of June, 1855, and the latter was twice wounded in the
+  trenches during the siege. Colour-Sergeant JOHN JONES, for gallant
+  conduct at the battle of Inkermann, where he was severely wounded.
+  Lance-Corporal THOMAS ANDERSON, for gallant conduct during the siege
+  of Sebastopol.
+
+  SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Sergeant WILLIAM REILLY, and Privates MICHAEL
+  BROPHY and JAMES MCKEE, served in the trenches from the arrival of the
+  regiment in the Crimea on the 12th. of November, 1854, till the fall
+  of Sebastopol, on the 9th. of September, 1855, and were present with
+  the regiment on all occasions of its being engaged against the enemy
+  during that period. Privates THOMAS CARNEY and JOHN M‘CARTHY, served
+  in the trenches from the arrival of the regiment in the Crimea on the
+  12th. of November, 1854, till the fall of Sebastopol on the 9th. of
+  September, 1855, and were present with the regiment on all occasions
+  of its being engaged against the enemy during that period; the former
+  was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch as having volunteered to
+  bring in wounded men from the front on the 8th. of September, 1855;
+  and the latter was severely wounded in the attack on the Redan on the
+  8th. of September, 1855. Drummer THOMAS FINNIGAN, served with the
+  regiment from its arrival in the Crimea on the 12th. of November,
+  1854, and was present at the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of
+  June, 1855, the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, and on
+  the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant JAMES WARREN, captured a French
+  soldier, who was deserting and going to the enemy; the above was
+  performed under a heavy fire from the enemy’s advanced post on the
+  22nd. of February, 1855; served during the siege of Sebastopol; was
+  present at the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, and the
+  assaults of the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September.
+  Private JOHN MCSHARRY, wounded in the right shoulder by a musket-ball,
+  and lost one finger of the left hand on the 8th. of September, 1855,
+  at the assault on the Redan.
+
+  SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major ROBERT HUGHES, distinguished
+  himself in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 3rd. of October,
+  1855, being with a company of the regiment far in advance to cover a
+  working party, and the company being exposed to a cross fire; he
+  shewed great coolness and intrepidity, keeping the men steady and
+  firm; and subsequently, the colours of the regiment having been
+  brought from the camp by a company left to guard them, and afterwards
+  ordered out, he took one of the colours and carried it under a heavy
+  fire. He was wounded at Inkermann, but notwithstanding was very
+  instrumental in defending an officer of the regiment who had been
+  severely wounded; he continued with his regiment the whole war.
+  Colour-Sergeant JAMES WARD, when in the trenches on a sortie of the
+  enemy which excited some alarm, immediately went round the sentries
+  and posted himself with the most advanced one, and took a prominent
+  part in repulsing the enemy, maintaining the character he had acquired
+  during previous engagements. Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM MORRIS, at the
+  battle of Inkermann, finding himself far in advance, with a number of
+  men, he collected them, took the command, and, though attacked by
+  superior numbers, he retained his post, repulsing the attacking party.
+  Sergeant WILLIAM AHERN, during the battle of Inkermann a portion of
+  the regiment in their ardour having gone beyond their position, and on
+  their return it being known that Ensign Clutterbuck was killed, and
+  that his body was left on the field, Sergeant Ahern instantly
+  volunteered to fetch it, and being accompanied by a private, he went
+  far in advance and brought in the body; on the same day, the only
+  officer of his company being wounded, he took the command of the
+  company, and held it during the charge. Private JOHN MCGOWAN, at the
+  battle of Inkermann behaved in a particular gallant and bold manner,
+  charging, forwarding, and being the first to clear a breastwork in
+  pursuit of the enemy. Private DANIEL SULLIVAN, one of his comrades
+  being made prisoner at the battle of Inkermann by five of the enemy,
+  he rushed at them, killed three, and rescued his comrade; he was in
+  the battle, and on every occasion, whether in the trenches or in open
+  field, distinguished for his valour and spirit. Lieutenant JOHN
+  BROPHY, 4th. Lancashire Militia, late Colour-Sergeant 63rd. Foot, was
+  colour-sergeant of the regiment at the battle of Inkermann, and
+  accompanied the colours; the regiment and the enemy were engaged in a
+  hand to hand struggle; Ensign Clutterbuck, who carried one of the
+  colours, which was separated from the other, was killed; Sergeant
+  Brophy immediately took it up, and, though severely wounded, defended
+  it, and brought it safe from the mêlée. Sergeant ARTHUR ROBERTS, at
+  the battle of Inkermann, carrying one of the colours, the ensign
+  having been severely wounded, he received a wound which caused him to
+  fall, he got up quickly, took up the colours, and, refusing to leave
+  the field, continued to carry the colours until incapacitated by a
+  second wound.
+
+  SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major JOHN GIBBONS, struck in the
+  chest by a grape shot at Inkermann, and a bullet through his cap;
+  particularly distinguished for “discipline.” Sergeant PETER DELANY,
+  was twice wounded at Inkermann, and did not go to the rear; came back
+  with a draft from Scutari directly his wounds were well, and went to
+  his duty. Corporal PATRICK FINNS, particularly distinguished himself
+  at Inkermann; two musket-balls through the jaw; never went into
+  hospital, and did his duty in the trenches through the siege. Private
+  JAMES SIMS, on the 22nd. of November, 1854, in broad daylight,
+  volunteered, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded rifleman from
+  the pits. Sergeant THOMAS WATSON and Privates WILLIAM FERRIS and
+  CHARLES ROSS, on the 11th. of May, 1855, during a sortie; the latter
+  was wounded, but volunteered to leave the hospital on the 18th. of
+  June. Private JOSEPH MITCHELL, wounded at Inkermann; on return from
+  Scutari, was wounded a second time. Corporal DONOHUE, wounded in a
+  sortie on the 11th. of May, 1855, in which the enemy was repulsed with
+  much loss.
+
+  SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant JAMES HUGHES, and Privates
+  WILLIAM DON, ROGER MARTIN, and ALEXANDER RATTRAY; service not
+  specified. Privates JOHN COUSINS and JAMES LAUGHLAN, present in the
+  ranks from the 22nd. of December, 1854, to the 21st. of March, 1856;
+  the latter served to the 17th. of May following.
+
+  SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Corporal ARCHIBALD DUNCAN, gallant conduct in
+  the unfinished portions of the fifth parallel, on the night of the
+  18th. of August, 1855. Private THOMAS ALISON, gallantry on outlying
+  picket, when engaged with the enemy, on the night of the 18th. of
+  August, 1855, in the Karabelnaia Ravine. Private JOHN HARPER,
+  gallantry when on out-sentry on the nights of the 22nd. of July and
+  the 12th. of August, 1855; likewise in assisting to bring in the
+  wounded on the 8th. of September, under heavy fire, in front of the
+  Redan. Private SAMUEL MCNEISH, gallant conduct when on sentry,
+  detached from the outlying picket, under heavy fire, on the 16th. of
+  July, 1855, above the Woronzoff Ravine; also distinguished for general
+  good behaviour under fire.
+
+  SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—The following served throughout the war with
+  gallantry. Colour-Sergeant JAMES TOOHEY, distinguished on various
+  occasions, more particularly on the night of the 19th. of April, 1855,
+  at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he was severely
+  wounded. Drummer THOS. MCGILL, distinguished on various occasions,
+  more particularly on the night of the 19th. of April, 1855, at the
+  capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he was one of the first in the
+  pits, and took a Russian bugler prisoner. Private ALEXANDER WRIGHT,
+  distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of
+  the 19th. of April, 1855, at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits,
+  where he was severely wounded. Private MURDOCK CHARLESTON,
+  distinguished on various occasions; he was noticed for conspicuous
+  bravery at the battle of Inkermann, and at the attack on the Redan on
+  the 8th. of September, 1855, when, though severely wounded, he refused
+  to quit the ranks or fall to the rear. Lance-Corporal WILLIAM WILSON,
+  distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of
+  the 30th. of August, 1855, in front of the advanced trench. Private
+  WILLIAM M‘GUIRE, noticed for conspicuous bravery at the battle of
+  Inkermann, at the capture of the rifle-pits on the 19th. of April,
+  1855, and the taking of the Quarries. Private JOHN QUINLAN, noticed
+  for conspicuous bravery at the battle of Inkermann, at the capture of
+  the Russian rifle-pits, and at both attacks on the Redan.
+
+  SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants JAMES SPENCE and ALEXANDER
+  GOODBRAND, Sergeants COLIN CAMPBELL and WILLIAM DAVIE, Privates ROBERT
+  BRUCE and JAMES WILKIE; for good and gallant conduct at the battles of
+  the Alma and Balaklava, and in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+  Sergeant DAVIE and Private WILKIE, volunteered and acted as
+  sharpshooters at the early part of the siege. Sergeant WILLIAM GUNN
+  and Private JAMES SLOAN, present at the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of
+  Sebastopol; the former volunteered to act in front as a sharpshooter.
+
+  EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major STEPHEN CONYNGHAM, took a very
+  active part in the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855,
+  and was recommended for a medal and £5 on that occasion, but could not
+  obtain it, the regiment having received the allotted number; was noted
+  at the Horse Guards. Colour-Sergeant HUBERT KELLY, very distinguished
+  conduct on the 8th. of September, 1855, in going out of the advanced
+  trench under a heavy fire and bringing in the body of Colour-Sergeant
+  Gilmore, who was lying mortally wounded some distance in front.
+  Colour-Sergeant MAURICE CANTY volunteered to form one of the attacking
+  party ordered against “Egerton’s Pit” on the 12th. of April, 1855, as
+  also on several other occasions. Private MICHAEL RYAN, distinguished
+  himself on the 8th. of September, 1855, in bringing in his officer,
+  Captain Beresford, who was severely wounded. Both these were present
+  and did duty during the whole campaign. Private BERNARD M‘NAMARA, was
+  a sharpshooter at the beginning of the siege, and recommended for a
+  medal for distinguished service in December, 1854, but did not receive
+  it, as he was invalided to Scutari. Private THOMAS HANDLEY,
+  distinguished himself about the night of the 14th. of August, 1855,
+  when some young sentries were disposed to retire before a body of
+  Russians, by forcing them back to their posts, and remaining out
+  himself all night close to a Russian rifle-pit. Private HENRY
+  SPELLACY, a sharpshooter; on the 22nd. of October, 1855, wounded and
+  made a Russian officer prisoner; volunteered on all occasions.
+  Sergeant JOHN MYERS, commanded sharpshooters, and was conspicuous on
+  the 17th. of October, 1854. Drummer RICHARD GRANNON, gallant conduct
+  at Inkermann. Acting Corporal HENRY MCKEON, sharpshooter, and shewed
+  general gallant conduct in the trenches.
+
+  EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant JOHN GRANT, commanded a detached party
+  of ten men, in a cutting, just over the _chevaux-de-frize_, on the
+  night it was broken down; held his ground and kept up a very effective
+  fire on the enemy. Corporal JOHN TREMWITH and Privates PATRICK
+  KINNEALLY, DARBY LENAGHAN, and WILLLAM HEFFERNAN performed zealous and
+  constant service in the trenches from the arrival of the regiment on
+  the 15th. of December, 1854, to the 9th. of September, 1855; did not
+  miss a single duty; Private Heffernan volunteered to go to the
+  Cemetery in the day-time, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded
+  man, in August, 1855.
+
+  NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant CHARLES SANDERSON.—Brought back
+  Captain Tinling, on the 8th. of September, 1855, after the Redan was
+  given up; distinguished conduct generally during the assault and
+  during the siege. The following never missed a trench duty: Private
+  JOHN ALEXANDER, present at the capture of Egerton’s pits; present on
+  the 8th. of June and on the 18th. of June, in the Quarries; on the
+  6th. of September, 1855, brought back Captain Buckley, Scots Fusilier
+  Guards, when mortally wounded; on the 8th. of September, 1855, was one
+  of the last men in the Redan; generally distinguished. Bugler EDWARD
+  FLAXMAN, on the 18th. of June, 1855, rescued several wounded men in
+  front of the Quarries under a heavy fire; on the 8th. of September,
+  1855, volunteered for the assault in place of another bugler, and
+  brought back Lieutenant-Colonel Hancock, and secured his jewellery,
+  watch, etc.; also brought back Lieutenant Deverill, 90th; generally
+  gallant behaviour. Private JOHN LAWLESS, present on the 19th. of
+  April, 1855; assault on Egerton’s rifle-pits; on the 18th. of June,
+  1855, present; recommended by Captain Preston for distinguished
+  conduct, when a working party was assaulted, when he remained with him
+  after all had retired; on the 8th. of September, at the Redan, took
+  the first Russian prisoner; brought in a wounded comrade. Private
+  THOMAS BAYLEY, distinguished conduct during a sortie, when he remained
+  with his captain, the others, except one, having retired; present on
+  the 18th. of June in the Quarries, and working party in the Quarries
+  on the 8th. of September; conduct always gallant and permanent.
+  Private JOHN GOLDSMITH, attack of rifle-pits, on the 19th. of April,
+  1855; defence of Quarries, on the 8th. of June; attack on the Redan,
+  on the 18th. of June; assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September;
+  personal encounter with a Russian soldier while in the act of stabbing
+  an officer of the 97th. regiment, and wounded through the face and
+  nose. Corporal HENRY HILL, was in the attack on the Redan on the 8th.
+  of September, 1855, and wounded in the Redan; generally gallant
+  conduct. Private MICHAEL WHELAN, was in the attack on Egerton’s
+  Rifle-pits on the 19th. of April, 1855, and in reserve in the attack
+  on the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and in the attack on the
+  Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was wounded in nine places;
+  generally gallant behaviour; both landed in the Crimea with the
+  regiment, on the 5th. of December, 1854, and never missed a trench
+  duty.
+
+  NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—The following (except Private LESLIE who was
+  not present at Balaklava, but was at the other actions,) served
+  throughout the war, and were present at the Alma, Inkermann, and
+  Balaklava, and the assaults of the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant ALEXANDER KNOX, Colour-Sergeant at
+  the Alma and Balaklava, and distinguished himself by his coolness and
+  activity in the trenches. Sergeant ARCHIBALD CRABTREE, was sergeant of
+  the volunteers of the regiment who entered the Redan on the night of
+  the fall of Sebastopol. Lance-Corporal WILLIAM M‘KENZIE, was the first
+  man to step out when volunteers were called for from the regiment to
+  enter the Redan on the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Private John
+  Leslie, was severely wounded at the Alma, but refused to leave the
+  field, and remained fighting in the ranks, although shot through the
+  right arm, until the battle was over. Private PETER M‘KAY, was the
+  first man of the volunteers of his regiment who entered the Redan on
+  the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Private JOHN FORBES was severely
+  wounded in the trenches on the 14th. of July, 1855, and discharged
+  from hospital on the 26th. of July, 1855; rejoined his regiment, and
+  was present at the final assault. Private JAMES DAVIDSON. Sergeant
+  JAMES KIDDIE and Private JAMES COBB, both present throughout the war,
+  including the actions of the Alma and Balaklava, till severely wounded
+  in the trenches, the former on the 16th. of July, 1855, and the latter
+  on the 8th. of September following.
+
+  NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—The following seven men were present at the
+  Alma, sortie of the 26th. of October, and Inkermann, and (with the
+  exception of Privates ENGLISH and JACQUES) served in the trenches
+  throughout the whole siege. Private JAMES CODY, wounded at Inkermann.
+  Private PATRICK DOOLEY, volunteered to carry ammunition to the
+  Quarries on the 8th. of June, 1855, and remained there fighting when
+  the enemy attempted to retake them. Corporal JAMES LINN, present at
+  the battle of the Alma, repulse of sortie on the 26th. of October,
+  1854, and battle of Inkermann. Corporal SAMUEL WEBB, volunteered to
+  carry ammunition to the Quarries on the 8th. of June, 1855, and
+  remained therein when the enemy attempted to retake them; mentioned in
+  division orders by Sir De Lacy Evans for his gallantry at the Alma.
+  Private JAMES ENGLISH, served in the trenches nearly throughout the
+  siege. Private PETER GALLAGHER, served in the trenches throughout the
+  whole siege. Private JOHN JACQUES, present at the Alma, (wounded in
+  shoulder and right arm); served in the trenches from March, 1855, to
+  the end of the siege. Sergeant NATHAN ORMOND, gallantry at the Alma.
+  Private WILLIAM HARRIS, gallantry in the trenches.
+
+  NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant PATRICK DONNELLAN, was mentioned in
+  General Simpson’s despatch on account of his gallant conduct on the
+  8th. of September, 1855; he spiked one of the enemy’s guns. Corporal
+  ANDREW CURRAN, was bugler to the regiment on the above assault, and
+  behaved in a remarkably cool and gallant manner, and was mentioned in
+  the despatch. Private HENRY JACKSON, was mentioned in the despatch as
+  having highly distinguished himself at the assault on the Redan, on
+  the 8th. of September, 1855, and was wounded. Private JOHN COTTERILL,
+  was likewise mentioned for his gallant bearing, and was severely
+  wounded; he was also engaged with the enemy on the 22nd. of March,
+  1855. Private PATRICK M‘MILTRY, highly distinguished himself on the
+  occasion of the assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, and
+  was severely wounded; he was also engaged in the sortie on the 22nd.
+  of March, 1855, and greatly distinguished himself. Sergeant WILLIAM
+  NEWMANN, was one of the first to enter the Redan, on the 8th. of
+  September, and took the Russian captain of artillery prisoner, when,
+  taking him to the rear, he was so severely wounded that his life was
+  for a long time despaired of. Colour-Sergeant FRANCIS WEDGEWORTH,
+  landed with the regiment in the Crimea, and did duty uninterruptedly
+  until the date of his promotion to the Depôt Companies, on the 22nd.
+  of February, 1856; was present at the attack on the Redan on the 8th.
+  of September, and was severely wounded; he was mentioned in General
+  Simpson’s despatch among those highly distinguished. Private WILLIAM
+  FITZGERALD, highly distinguished himself on the occasion of the
+  assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855; lost his left
+  leg.
+
+  RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Each of the following received a medal
+  and four clasps: Colour-Sergeant JOHN HICKS, was a volunteer for the
+  attack on the rifle-pits, on the 20th. of November, 1854, under Lieut.
+  Tryon, by whose side he was when that officer was killed; was one of
+  the covering party on the 18th. of June, and was distinguished
+  throughout the siege for his coolness and gallantry. Private BERNARD
+  M‘MAHON, was serving in the band, and displayed great coolness and
+  courage on various occasions in bringing in wounded; on the 18th. of
+  June he joined the ranks (a volunteer) in order that he might take a
+  more active part in the attack of that day. Privates JOHN KING,
+  PATRICK M‘CANN, HENRY BAILEY, THOMAS DAVIS, and JOHN GREEN, were in
+  the attack on the rifle-pits, under Lieutenant Tryon, on the 20th. of
+  November, 1854; retaking of the third parallel on the 2nd. of
+  December, 1854; and the sortie on the Woronzoff Road on the 12th. of
+  December, 1854. Privates King, Bailey, Davis, and Green were also
+  volunteers for the rifle-pits on the 17th. of October, in advance of
+  Greenhill, and volunteers to occupy the rifle-pits on the 12th. of
+  April, 1855. Private Bailey was not at the sortie on the 12th. of
+  December, but was a volunteer sharpshooter in April, 1855; and Private
+  Davis was one of the covering party on the 18th. of June following.
+  Sergeant-Major RICHARD CORNELIUS, present at the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, and Inkermann; Sergeant-Major of the battalion during the
+  siege of Sebastopol from October, 1854, to October, 1855, and
+  distinguished for his zeal and activity during the winter of 1854–5;
+  medal and four clasps. Private WALTER EAGLE, present at the taking of
+  the rifle-pits on the 20th. of November, 1854; retaking of the third
+  parallel on the 2nd. of December, 1854; in the sortie on the Woronzoff
+  Road on the 12th. of December, 1854; volunteer for sharpshooting on
+  the 12th. of April, 1855; severely wounded, and subsequently
+  discharged on pension; granted a medal and four clasps.
+
+  RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—The following three sergeants were
+  present at the Alma and Inkermann: Sergeant-Major JOHN WALLER, general
+  gallant conduct during siege operations; severely wounded on the 8th.
+  of September. Colour-Sergeant DANIEL FISHER, formed up a party, and
+  silenced two carronades in the caponnière of the Redan, on the 8th. of
+  September; went in search of wounded comrades same afternoon, under
+  heavy fire. Sergeant JAMES HARRYWOOD, good and gallant conduct during
+  the whole of the campaign; severely wounded in the new sap on the 1st.
+  of September. Sergeant THOMAS BURGE, present at the Alma, commanded
+  sharpshooters with much credit during the latter part of the siege;
+  rendered great service to Lieutenant Blayne, in command of a covering
+  party, on the 8th. of September. Corporal JOSEPH BRADSHAW, accompanied
+  Captain Forman in a night reconnaissance to Russian advanced works on
+  the 16th. of June; volunteered on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September; Alma and Inkermann. Private CHARLES FEOUGH, acted as
+  volunteer sharpshooter through the whole of the siege; present at the
+  Alma and Inkermann; general gallant conduct. Private MICHAEL
+  M‘CORMICK, conspicuous on the 18th. of June in his exertions to assist
+  the officer in command of the ladder party under very heavy fire, when
+  the latter was disabled; present at the Alma. Colour-Sergeant C. F.
+  MUNRO, general gallant conduct in the trenches and at the Alma.
+  Private MARK BENN, present during the whole campaign; gallant conduct
+  during the siege and at the Alma. Private CHARLES DENCER, present at
+  the Alma, and a volunteer sharpshooter during the siege.
+
+
+
+
+                        THE SARDINIAN WAR MEDAL.
+
+
+The King of Sardinia, following the example of the Emperor of the
+French, presented four hundred war medals for military valour to the
+British troops; and fifty to the Royal Navy and Marines. This medal was
+distributed both to officers and men. It has a watered, dark blue
+ribbon. On the obverse are the arms (white cross of Savoy) and crown of
+Sardinia, with a branch of laurel and of palm, and the inscription “AL
+VALORE MILITARE,” For Military Valour. The reverse bears two laurel
+branches, with the words “SPEDIZIONE D’ORIENTE,” Expedition of the East,
+and the date 1855–1856. The following officers and men were selected for
+the Sardinian Medal, on account of the services specified against their
+names:—
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Sardinian War Medal.
+]
+
+  GENERAL OFFICERS.—General Sir GEORGE BROWN, G.C.B., commanded the
+  light division at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and was
+  severely wounded on the last-named occasion; commanded the expedition
+  to Kertch; was in command of the light division, except while absent
+  on account of his wound, and while in command of the expedition to
+  Kertch; served also during the siege of Sebastopol up to the 27th. of
+  June, 1855, when he was compelled to return to England by severe
+  illness. Lieutenant-General Sir RICHARD ENGLAND, G.C.B., commanded the
+  third division at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the siege
+  of Sebastopol, till August, 1855, when he was compelled to return to
+  England by severe illness. Major-General Sir HENRY JOHN WILLIAM
+  BENTINCK, K.C.B., commanded the brigade of Guards at the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann, and was severely wounded on the last-named
+  occasion; on his return to the army he commanded the fourth division
+  during the remainder of the siege of Sebastopol. Major-General Lord
+  ROKEBY, K.C.B., commanded the brigade of Guards from February, 1855,
+  till the end of the siege of Sebastopol; for part of the time also was
+  in command of the first division. Major-General the Honourable Sir
+  JAMES YORKE SCARLETT, K.C.B., commanded the heavy cavalry brigade at
+  the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; subsequently in 1855, the cavalry
+  division. Major-General Sir HARRY DAVID JONES, K.C.B., Royal
+  Engineers, commanded the Royal Engineers during the siege of
+  Sebastopol, from March, 1855. Major-General Sir WILLIAM EYRE, K.C.B.,
+  commanded a brigade at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+  Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol. Major-General JOHN EDWARD
+  DUPUIS, C.B., Royal Artillery, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+  including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege
+  of Sebastopol.
+
+  STAFF.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE WYNEL MAYOW, unattached;
+  served as a Staff officer attached to the cavalry in the campaign of
+  1854–5, and was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+  Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable
+  ADRIAN HOPE, 93rd. regiment; served on the Staff of the third
+  division at the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, till
+  April, 1855, when he was ordered to join his regiment at home, in
+  consequence of regimental promotion. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Honourable LEICESTER CURZON, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5 as Assistant Military Secretary to the Field
+  Marshall (Lord Raglan); and afterwards, in the same capacity, to
+  General Sir James Simpson, G.C.B.; was present at the battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel KENNETH DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, 92nd. regiment;
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; served at the battles of the
+  Alma and Inkermann as a brigade-major attached to the light
+  division; afterwards as an assistant quartermaster-general at
+  Balaklava. Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel HUGH SMITH, 3rd. regiment; served
+  the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the Alma, Balaklava, and
+  Inkermann as a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general attached to
+  the fourth division; afterwards, during the siege of Sebastopol, as
+  assistant adjutant-general to that division; and in the same
+  capacity with the expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+  JOSEPH EDWIN THACKWELL, unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of
+  1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and sortie of the
+  26th. of October, 1854, and till August, 1855, as a brigade-major
+  attached to the second division; subsequently as assistant
+  adjutant-general to the third division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+  ROBERT LOCKHART ROSS, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as a
+  captain with the 93rd. regiment at the battles of the Alma and
+  Balaklava; and subsequently on the Staff as an assistant
+  adjutant-general at Balaklava. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel LAWRENCE
+  SHADWELL, unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the
+  battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege
+  of Sebastopol, as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin
+  Campbell, G.C.B., subsequently, during the remainder of the service,
+  as an assistant adjutant-general. Lieutenant-Colonel EDWARD BRUCE
+  HAMLEY, Royal Artillery; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+  including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, sortie
+  of the 26th. of October, 1854, and the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable AUGUSTUS MURRAY CATHCART,
+  unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann as aide-de-camp to Major-General the
+  Honourable Sir George Cathcart, K.C.B.; during the siege of
+  Sebastopol as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general to the light
+  division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN AGMONDISHAM VESEY KIRKLAND,
+  unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+  battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, up to
+  August, 1855, as deputy-assistant adjutant-general. Brevet-Major
+  VINCENT WING, 95th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5;
+  was severely wounded at the battle of the Alma, when he was on the
+  Staff of Major-General Sir John Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B.; was
+  afterwards with his regiment during part of the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major EDWARD FELLOWES, 11th. Hussars; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5 as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general
+  attached to the cavalry division; was present at the battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major JOHN HACKETT, unattached; served the Eastern Campaign
+  of 1854–5 as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general; was present at
+  the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and the early part of the
+  siege of Sebastopol, till ordered to proceed to Scutari, where the
+  services of an officer of the quartermaster-general’s department
+  were required. Brevet-Major ARCHIBALD HENRY PLANTAGENET STUART
+  WORTLEY, unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as a
+  deputy-assistant quartermaster-general attached to the third
+  division; was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and
+  siege of Sebastopol, including the attack by Sir William Eyre’s
+  column on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Major
+  Honourable GILBERT ELLIOT, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava as
+  aide-de-camp to Major-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart,
+  K.C.B.; was compelled by ill-health to be sent to England, but
+  returned after a short absence, and served during the remainder of
+  the siege of Sebastopol, and till the army broke up, as a
+  deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major WILLIAM
+  FAUSSETT, 44th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as a
+  brigade-major attached to the third division; was present at the
+  battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and during the siege of
+  Sebastopol, including the attack on the Cemetery by Major-General
+  Eyre’s column on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Major ARCHIBALD
+  CAMPBELL SNODGRASS, 38th. regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5;
+  was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, expedition to
+  Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol, and was severely wounded at the
+  assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, as aide-de-camp to
+  Major-General Sir John Campbell, K.C.B.; rejoined the 38th. regiment
+  on his recovery, and served with it till the conclusion of the war.
+  Brevet-Major the Honourable WILLIAM JAMES COLVILLE, Rifle Brigade;
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; with the Rifle Brigade at the
+  battle of the Alma, and subsequently as aide-de-camp to General Sir
+  James Simpson, G.C.B., during the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+  ALGERNON ROBERT GARRETT, 46th. regiment; served as brigade-major
+  attached to the fourth division, during the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major FREDERICK AUGUSTUS THESIGER, Grenadier Guards; served
+  during part of the siege of Sebastopol with his regiment, and as
+  aide-de-camp to Major-General Markham till that officer’s return to
+  England at the end of the siege. Major ANDREW PITCAIRN, 42nd.
+  regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5; including the battles of
+  the Alma and Balaklava, expedition to Kertch, and siege of
+  Sebastopol. Brevet-Major RICHARD GEORGE AMHERST LUARD, 77th.
+  regiment; served at the siege of Sebastopol from March, 1855, as a
+  deputy-assistant adjutant-general. Brevet-Major RICHARD LYONS OTWAY
+  PEARSON, Grenadier Guards; served the campaign of 1854–5 as
+  aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, G.C.B.,
+  including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, expedition to
+  Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major FREDERICK HAMMERSLEY,
+  14th. regiment; served during the siege of Sebastopol, in the early
+  part with his regiment, and subsequently as a deputy-assistant
+  quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major CHARLES WILLIAM ST. CLAIR, 57th.
+  regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+  battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol; was
+  severely wounded at the attack on the Redan, on the 18th. of June,
+  1855. Captain ARTHUR EDWARD VALETTE PONSONBY, Grenadier Guards;
+  served as aide-de-camp to General Sir George Brown at the expedition
+  to Kertch, and subsequently at the siege of Sebastopol, till Sir
+  George Brown’s return to England after the 18th. of June; after
+  that, till the end of the war, as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General
+  Sir William Codrington, K.C.B. Captain HENRY CLARKE JERVOISE,
+  Coldstream Guards; served the campaign of 1854–5 with the 42nd.
+  regiment at the Alma and Balaklava, and as aide-de-camp to
+  Major-General Sir Richard Airey, K.C.B., the Quartermaster-General
+  of the army during the siege of Sebastopol. Captain the Honourable
+  CHARLES JAMES KEITH, 4th. Light Dragoons; served the campaign of
+  1853–5 as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England,
+  G.C.B.; was present at the battle of Inkermann and during the siege
+  of Sebastopol. Captain ROGER SWIRE, 17th. regiment; served at the
+  siege of Sebastopol from December, 1854; was severely wounded at the
+  assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September; served subsequently
+  as aide-de-camp to Major-General Wyndham, C.B. Captain CHARLES
+  EDWARD MANSFIELD, 33rd. regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5 as
+  aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.B.,
+  including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of
+  Sebastopol. Captain RICHARD GEORGE ELLISON, 47th. regiment; served
+  the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma
+  and Inkermann, and sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854; in the
+  latter part of the siege as aide-de-camp to Major-General Sir John
+  Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B. Captain WILLIAM EARLE, 49th. regiment;
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+  Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and siege
+  of Sebastopol; latterly as a Brigade-major attached to the second
+  division. Captain HENRY HOOPER DAY, 88th., regiment; served at the
+  battle of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol, including the attack on
+  the Quarries and assaults on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the
+  8th. of September, 1855; in the latter part of the siege as
+  aide-de-camp to Brigadier-General Shirley. Captain GEORGE MONTAGUE
+  STOPFORD, Royal Engineers; was present at the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege of Sebastopol as
+  aide-de-camp to General Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Bart., G.C.B.
+
+  FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAM CHARLES
+  FORREST, served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of
+  Balaklava and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+  FRANCIS ROWLAND FORSTER, commanded the first squadron of the
+  regiment at the action of Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854.
+  Lieutenant-Colonel THOMAS WESTROPP M‘MAHON, C.B., served the
+  campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+  and Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol; served in 1854, as
+  Assistant Quartermaster-General of the cavalry division, and in
+  1855, as Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 5th. Dragoon Guards.
+  Assistant-Surgeon WILLIAM CATTELL, was present during the whole of
+  the campaign in the Crimea, and shewed the greatest zeal during the
+  time of the cholera, and during the action at Balaklava, and
+  wherever his services were required under fire. Troop Sergeant-Major
+  JOHN EVANS, displayed gallant conduct at the action of Balaklava,
+  where he was wounded. Lance-Sergeant JAMES GAMBLE, was under fire a
+  considerable portion of the day on the 25th. of October, as orderly
+  to Major-General the Honourable Sir James Yorke Scarlett, K.C.B.;
+  had his horse shot through the thigh, but procured another, and
+  returned to his duty immediately.
+
+  FIRST DRAGOONS.—Colonel JOHN YORKE, C.B., served in the Crimea until
+  the action at Balaklava, when he was so severely wounded in command of
+  his regiment, as to oblige him to retire from active service. Captain
+  GEORGE CAMPBELL, displayed gallant conduct under fire in the cavalry
+  action at Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854, and continued in
+  command of his troop, although _severely_ wounded, until the regiment
+  was out of fire. Sergeant JOHN HILL, displayed coolness and
+  intrepidity when on patrol and attacked by a party of Russians on the
+  10th. of October, 1854; and again on the 25th. of October, 1854, when
+  his horse was shot under him, on which occasion, having captured one
+  belonging to the enemy, he immediately rejoined his regiment and did
+  duty with it for the rest of the day.
+
+  SECOND DRAGOONS.—Colonel HENRY DARBY GRIFFITH, C.B.; served the
+  campaign of 1854–5; commanded his regiment at the battle of Balaklava.
+  Captain GEORGE BUCHANAN, this officer’s conduct in the heavy cavalry
+  charge at the action of Balaklava was cool and gallant, and by his
+  example great execution was done against the enemy; he afterwards
+  commanded a squadron under fire in support of the light brigade
+  charge. Sergeant-Major JOHN WILSON, was under arrest for a minor
+  offence, but on finding the regiment was likely to be engaged, he made
+  ready his horse, and coming up to the adjutant, said, “I have broken
+  my arrest, sir, as I could not see my regiment going into action and
+  remain quiet in camp; I have come to report myself, and wish to join
+  and do my duty.” In the heavy cavalry charge at Balaklava he fought
+  most gallantly, using his sword with great execution, and he was
+  afterwards wounded by a round shot when his regiment went in support
+  of the light brigade. He was promoted to troop sergeant-major for his
+  gallant conduct.
+
+  FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Colonel Lord GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK PAGET,
+  C.B., served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, and the
+  battle of the Tchernaya; in 1854 was in command of the 4th. Light
+  Dragoons; in 1855 in command of a brigade of light cavalry.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel ALEXANDER LOWE, served the campaign of
+  1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and
+  the Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; in 1854 as Major of the 4th.
+  Light Dragoons; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major
+  ROBERT PORTAL, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma,
+  Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Troop Sergeant-Major
+  WILLIAM WATERSON, displayed very gallant conduct at the action at
+  Balaklava, in the light cavalry charge, particularly in the retreat of
+  the regiment after they had sabred the artillerymen at their guns.
+
+  SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Captain EDWARD D’ARCY HUNT; Captain Hunt was squadron
+  leader of the second squadron of the 6th. Dragoons, which was detached
+  under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Shute, during the action of
+  Balaklava, and led the squadron with great steadiness and gallantry.
+  Trumpeter JOHN HARDY, acted as field trumpeter to Lieutenant-Colonel
+  White, C.B., during the action of Balaklava, and was consequently more
+  exposed during the whole of that day than any other man in the
+  regiment, more particularly during the charge of the heavy brigade.
+
+  EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant-Colonel ROBERT DE SALIS, served the
+  campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+  Inkermann, and Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; also commanded the
+  cavalry in the expedition to Kertch; in 1854 as Major of the 8th.
+  Hussars; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major EDWARD
+  TOMKINSON, advanced with the light brigade to Balaklava, and led the
+  squadron he commanded with courage and steadiness; he had his horse
+  shot under him; he was subsequently present at the battle of the
+  Tchernaya. Trumpeter WILLIAM WILSON, charged with the light brigade at
+  Balaklava, and evinced great coolness and courage, being then only
+  sixteen years of age; he was subsequently at the battle of the
+  Tchernaya.
+
+  TENTH HUSSARS.—Colonel WILLIAM PARLBY, commanded a brigade of cavalry
+  in the campaign of 1855, before Sebastopol, and at the battle of the
+  Tchernaya.
+
+  ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant and Adjutant JOHN YATES, was present in
+  the Crimea from the commencement of the campaign until August, 1855;
+  was present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and behaved
+  gallantly; acted as brigade-major to Major-General the Earl of
+  Cardigan, K.C.B., at Balaklava, and for a fortnight previously.
+  Sergeant ROBERT DAVIES, after having passed through the battery in the
+  light cavalry charge, perceiving a Russian field-piece limbered up to
+  retreat, Sergeant Davis called Private John T. Bambrick, who was
+  riding next him, to follow and endeavour to capture it; in going to
+  perform this duty he was attacked by two Russian lancers, one of whom
+  he cut down, the other shot his horse; when on the ground he received
+  a lance wound on the right thigh; he then caught a loose horse and
+  rejoined his regiment.
+
+  TWELFTH LANCERS.—Major THOMAS GEORGE ALEXANDER OAKES, commanded a
+  squadron of the 12th. Lancers, detached as the escort of General La
+  Marmora, at the battle of the Tchernaya.
+
+  THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Captain PERCY SHAWE SMITH, distinguished
+  conduct in the light cavalry charge at Balaklava, on the 25th. of
+  October, 1854. Corporal WILLIAM GARDINER, distinguished conduct on the
+  same occasion.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Colonel JOHN LAWRENSON, commanded the 17th.
+  Lancers at the Alma, and a brigade of cavalry in the campaign of 1855.
+  Cornet JAMES DUNCAN, served the Eastern campaign of 1854–5 to the end
+  of the war, including the affair of the Bulganak, the battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava (horse killed), and Inkermann (horse killed), and
+  siege of Sebastopol; was never absent from the regiment. Sergeant A.
+  RANSON, embarked with the regiment for foreign service; was present at
+  the battles of the Alma, where he distinguished himself; Balaklava,
+  where he again distinguished himself by engaging and cutting down a
+  Russian officer; and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; was never absent
+  from the regiment.
+
+  ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Major FRANCIS BECKFORD WARD, served at the siege and
+  fall of Sebastopol; commanded the Royal Artillery at the battle of the
+  Tchernaya. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN CHARLES WILLIAM FORTESCUE,
+  served at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and
+  was present during the whole of the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES HENRY MORRIS, C.B., joined the army
+  in October, 1854, and remained with it until the termination of the
+  war; was present at the sortie on the 26th. of October, at Inkermann,
+  and in the trenches; was with Marshal Bosquet at the assault of the
+  Mamelon and Malakoff. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels SAMUEL ENDERBY GORDON
+  and the Honourable EDWARD THOMAS GAGE; served at the battles of the
+  Alma and Balaklava, and was present during the whole of the siege of
+  Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES STUART HENRY, the siege
+  of Sebastopol; was severely wounded (with siege train.)
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel HENRY JOHN THOMAS; the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major PHILIP GOSSET PIPON, the campaign of 1854–5; battles of
+  the Alma and Balaklava; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors GASPARD LE
+  MARCHANT TUPPER and CHARLES HENRY INGILBY, the campaign of 1854–5;
+  Balaklava and Inkermann, where they were wounded; sortie on the 26th
+  of October, 1854; and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major HENRY PEEL
+  YATES, the campaign of 1854–5; battles of the Alma and Inkermann;
+  sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854; and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major JAMES FARRELL PENNYCUICK, the campaign of 1854–5; battle
+  of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors ALEXANDER CÆSAR
+  HAWKINS and GEORGE SHAW, served in the trenches to the fall of
+  Sebastopol, the former from March, and the latter from January, 1855.
+  Brevet-Major EDWARD MOUBRAY, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battle of
+  Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; commanded a battery in the Tchernaya.
+  Brevet-Major WILLIAM WIGRAM BARRY, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battles
+  of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Major JOHN EDWARD MICHELL, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors GEORGE CECIL
+  HENRY, JAMES SINCLAIR, and LEWIS WILLIAM PENN (with siege train);
+  Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; Inkermann; and siege of Sebastopol; Major
+  Sinclair was very severely wounded during the siege. Brevet-Major
+  EDWARD TADDY, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and
+  Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major PAGET WALTER L’ESTRANGE,
+  Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol (with siege
+  train.) Brevet-Majors REGINALD HENRY CHAMPION (with siege train), and
+  WILLIAM GILLY ANDREWS, the campaign of 1854–5; battle of Inkermann and
+  siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major WILLIAM GEORGE LE MESURIER, the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenants BENJAMIN GEALE
+  HUMFREY, Sir JOHN WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Bart., EDWARD JOHN WARD, FREDERICK
+  AUGUSTUS ANLEY, CHARLES ORDE BROWNE, HENRY BARLOW MAULE, and CHARLES
+  FYSHE ROBERTS; all served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol;
+  the first, second, fourth, and seventh from March, 1855; the third and
+  sixth from May; and the fifth from April. Staff-Surgeon WILLIAM PERRY,
+  served at the battle of the Alma, the repulse of the sortie on the
+  26th. of October, 1854, and the battle of Inkermann; was also present
+  throughout the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeon
+  ESSEX BOWEN, served at the battle of Inkermann; was also present
+  throughout the whole of the siege of Sebastopol; served in the
+  trenches from October, 1854 (the first bombardment) to May, 1855.
+  Troop Sergeant-Major J. BEARDSLEY, was present during the whole of the
+  campaign, and served at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava with
+  great zeal and gallantry. Company Sergeant-Major J. HAMILTON,
+  recommended for his bravery and distinguished conduct in the trenches;
+  was also remarkable for the example of coolness and intrepidity he
+  offered to others; received the medal for distinguished conduct in the
+  field. Sergeant JOHN HAMILTON, served in the trenches without
+  intermission from December, 1854, to the fall of Sebastopol. Sergeant
+  SAMUEL EWING, served in the first, second, third, and fourth
+  bombardments against Sebastopol; when in command of a gun in the
+  bombardment between the 6th. and the 10th. of June, 1855, he exposed
+  himself freely in the embrasures, and encouraged the men; was a
+  volunteer for the spiking party which left the trenches to assail the
+  Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which occasion he lost a leg.
+  Sergeant DANIEL DOWLING, afterwards Lieutenant, military train; served
+  throughout the whole of the Crimean Campaign; was present at the
+  battles of the Alma, Balaklava, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854,
+  and Inkermann; served as a volunteer in the second and third
+  bombardments against Sebastopol; was wounded on the 7th. of June,
+  1855, and noticed for his gallant conduct on two occasions. Sergeant
+  GEORGE SYMONS, served with great gallantry with the eighteen-pounders
+  at the battle of Inkermann, and distinguished himself repeatedly in
+  the trenches during the siege by his great zeal, gallantry, and good
+  conduct; was severely wounded in June, 1855. Sergeant MOSES HUNTER and
+  Bombardier DANIEL CAMBRIDGE, served in the trenches throughout the
+  whole of the siege of Sebastopol; the former was distinguished for his
+  good conduct and bravery in the trenches, and the latter formed one of
+  the spiking party on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he
+  was severely wounded; Bombardier Cambridge received the Victoria
+  Cross. Bombardier W. RAMSEY, served with zeal and distinction in the
+  trenches throughout the whole siege of Sebastopol; particularly
+  distinguished himself in the June bombardment in the advanced
+  batteries of the left attack, where he took charge of the gun on which
+  the heaviest fire was directed, and performed the duties required of
+  him in a most gallant and able manner. Acting Bombardier H. COLLIER,
+  was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and
+  during the whole of the siege of Sebastopol; as a driver he was
+  constantly engaged in taking ammunition to the trenches; also
+  accompanied the expedition to Kinburn. Gunner and Driver EDWARD
+  O’BRIEN, served in the trenches in five bombardments against
+  Sebastopol, and with the spiking party (as volunteer) upon two
+  different occasions, namely, the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Gunner and Driver JACOB M‘GARRY, served at the battle
+  of the Alma, and was detached with the Turks in one of the advanced
+  redoubts in front of Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854; upon
+  the Turks retiring from the redoubts on the advance of the Russians he
+  remained to spike the guns in his charge, for which conduct he
+  received the approval of Her Majesty, conveyed through the Secretary
+  of State for War. Gunner and Driver THOMAS ARTHUR, was present at five
+  bombardments against Sebastopol, and formed one of the spiking party
+  of artillery on the 18th. of June, 1855, as a volunteer, on which
+  occasion he was severely wounded. Gunner and Driver JOHN DEATH, served
+  in the trenches throughout the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, and
+  was present with one of the two eighteen-pounders at the battle of
+  Inkermann. Gunner and Driver JOHN BARRETT, served at the battle of the
+  Alma, and was detached with the Turks in one of the advanced redoubts
+  in front of Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854; when the Turks
+  retired from the redoubts on the advance of the Russians, he remained
+  to spike the guns in his charge, for which conduct he received the
+  approval of Her Majesty, conveyed through the Secretary of State for
+  War.
+
+  ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colonel JOHN WILLIAM GORDON, C.B., the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5, the battle of the Alma, and the siege of
+  Sebastopol; was second in command of the Royal Engineers; was severely
+  wounded on the night of the 22nd. of March, 1855. Colonel FREDERICK
+  EDWARD CHAPMAN, C.B., and Lieutenant-Colonel EDWARD STANTON, C.B.; the
+  Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, battles of the Alma, and Inkermann, and
+  the whole siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel JAMES FRANKFORT
+  MANNERS BROWNE, C.B., the siege of Sebastopol; was engaged at the
+  capture of the Quarries; was very severely wounded in the trenches on
+  the 24th. of August, 1855. Major HORACE WILLIAM MONTAGUE, the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol till taken prisoner on the
+  22nd. of March, 1855; rejoined the army shortly before the termination
+  of the siege. Major FAIRFAX CHARLES HASSARD, the siege of Sebastopol;
+  expedition to Kertch. Major CHARLES BRISBANE EWART, the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of
+  Sebastopol. Major FRANCIS HORATIO DE VERE, the Eastern Campaign of
+  1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and the siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant
+  WILBRAHAM OATES LENNOX, rendered distinguished service during the
+  siege of Sebastopol; has received the decoration of the Victoria
+  Cross. Lieutenant ARTHUR LEARY, rendered distinguished service during
+  the early part of the siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant FRANCIS EDWARD
+  PRATT, rendered distinguished service during the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Private A. M‘CAUGHEY, rendered distinguished service on various
+  occasions during the siege of Sebastopol, particularly at Egerton’s
+  rifle-pit. Second Corporal W. BAKER, distinguished for his courage and
+  coolness on the morning after breaking ground in the trenches before
+  Sebastopol. Private W. TUMBLE, rendered distinguished service during
+  the siege in the trenches before Sebastopol, particularly on the 5th.
+  of November, 1854.
+
+  GRENADIER GUARDS.—Colonel CHARLES WILLIAM RIDLEY, C.B., commanded the
+  Grenadier Guards for the first six months of the siege of Sebastopol,
+  in 1855, and subsequently a brigade in the first division during the
+  remainder of the siege, and till the end of the year.
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Lord ARTHUR HAY, served during the siege of
+  Sebastopol from the end of 1854 until the termination of the war; a
+  great part of the time as assistant adjutant-general to the first
+  division. Captain CHARLES NAPIER STURT, served during the Eastern
+  Campaign, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann;
+  at the latter was severely wounded; and siege of Sebastopol. Captain
+  HENRY WILLIAM VERSCHOYLE, served through the whole of the campaign,
+  and carried the regimental colours at Inkermann, when surrounded by
+  the enemy. Captain ROBERT WILLIAM HAMILTON, was wounded when carrying
+  the colours at the Alma, but continued with them throughout that day;
+  was with the colours again at Inkermann, when surrounded by the enemy.
+  Colour-Sergeant RICHARD MINOR, was with the colours when surrounded by
+  the enemy at Inkermann. Private THOMAS SHARPE, served with distinction
+  both at the Alma and Inkermann.
+
+  COLDSTREAM GUARDS.—Lieutenant-Colonel CLEMENT WILLIAM STRONG; served
+  in the Eastern Campaign, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+  and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel Lord
+  Augustus CHARLES LENNOX FITZ ROY; served at the battles of Balaklava
+  and Inkermann, and at the latter was very severely wounded; siege of
+  Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors PHILIP SAMBROOK CRAWLEY and SIR JAMES
+  DUNLOP, BART.; were present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and
+  the whole of the trench duty. Brevet-Major JOHN AUGUSTUS CONNOLLY;
+  served during the Eastern Campaign of 1854, with the 49th. regiment,
+  including the battle of the Alma and siege of Sebastopol; was highly
+  distinguished and severely wounded at the repulse of the sortie made
+  on the second division on the 26th. of October, 1854; has received the
+  decoration of the Victoria Cross. Sergeant G. HAYNES and
+  Lance-Sergeant F. FILE; were present at the Alma, Balaklava,
+  Inkermann, and the whole of the trench duty. After the battle of
+  Inkermann, Lance-Sergeant File was sent with a party of four men to
+  collect the wounded; having sent the party to camp with the wounded
+  men, he found, when alone, twenty-nine Russians (three of them
+  severely wounded) in a quarry; he took them prisoners, without
+  resistance, and brought them to camp.
+
+  SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS.—Colonel EDWARD WALKER FORESTIER WALKER, C.B.;
+  Commanded the Scots Fusilier Guards in the Crimea from the 22nd. of
+  September to the end of the war; was at the action of Balaklava and
+  Inkermann (where he was severely wounded), and the siege of
+  Sebastopol. Brevet-Major the Honourable WENHAM CLARENCE WALPOLE COKE;
+  served with zeal at the siege of Sebastopol, and distinguished himself
+  by his coolness under fire in the trenches. Brevet-Major the
+  Honourable ALEXANDER EDWARD FRAZER; served during the Eastern Campaign
+  of 1854 and part of 1855, including the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Captain SEYMOUR JOHN
+  BLANE; served during the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+  action of Balaklava and battle of Inkermann, where he was severely
+  wounded. Siege of Sebastopol. Captain JOHN SCOTT; served the Crimean
+  Campaign with distinction, especially at the battle of the Alma; he
+  was then in the 79th. regiment. He afterwards served before Sebastopol
+  in the Scots Fusilier Guards, with credit to himself and benefit to
+  the service. Sergeant JOHN MCBLAIN; served throughout the whole
+  campaign; he was present at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege
+  of Sebastopol. Sergeant J. STEWART; distinguished himself by his
+  gallantry at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and
+  siege of Sebastopol.
+
+  FIRST REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Lieutenant-Colonel ALEXANDER BARRY
+  MONTGOMERY, C.B.; served through the Eastern Campaign of 1854,
+  including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of
+  Sebastopol, up to the 23rd. of August, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+  the Honourable CHARLES DAWSON PLUNKETT; served during the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+  and siege of Sebastopol. Captains WILLIAM FREDERICK JOHN RUDD, and
+  WILLIAM SPICER COOKWORTHY; faithful, zealous, and active in the
+  discharge of their duties throughout the whole campaign. Lieutenant
+  FREDERICK HARRY HOPE; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including
+  the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Sergeant-Major R. HENSHALL and Colour-Sergeant WILLIAM M‘DOWELL;
+  faithful, zealous, and active in the discharge of arduous duties
+  throughout the whole campaign.
+
+  FIRST REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel FRANCIS
+  GREGOR URQUHART; was present at the siege of Sebastopol from the 22nd.
+  of April, 1855. Major WILLIAM JAMES GILLUM; rendered constant,
+  zealous, and efficient service in the trenches before Sebastopol from
+  the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September, 1855, on which day,
+  during the attack on the Redan, he was severely wounded (lost a leg).
+  Private G. WOODHOUSE; rendered constant, active, willing, and
+  efficient service in the trenches before Sebastopol from the 22nd. of
+  April to the 8th. of September, 1855. His claims to distinction were
+  considered to entitle him to receive the French Military War Medal had
+  there been more for distribution.
+
+  THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel CHARLES THOMAS VAN STRAUBENZEE, C.B.; served
+  during the siege of Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April, 1855, and
+  commanded a brigade of the light division at the assault on the Redan
+  on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Major GEORGE JAMES AMBROSE;
+  displayed conspicuous bravery when in command of a party (two hundred)
+  of the Buffs on the 7th. of June, 1855, in repelling a sortie of the
+  enemy in their endeavour to retake the Quarries, when he was
+  dangerously wounded; was also present at the attack and capture of the
+  Quarries in the earlier part of the day; promoted to be Brevet-Major
+  for his services on that occasion; was mentioned in the despatch of
+  the 20th. of June, 1855. Private JOHN FAHEY; on the night of the 14th.
+  of August, 1855, was one of a picket posted at the head of a ravine in
+  front of a working party; the picket was in the open; a very heavy
+  fire was commenced by the enemy upon the working party; Private Fahey
+  was the only one of the picket who stood his ground, which he did all
+  night.
+
+  FOURTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN JOSIAH HORT and Captain
+  FRANCIS FISHER HAMILTON; served the Eastern Campaign, including the
+  battles of the Alma and Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol; Captain
+  Hamilton was wounded at the Alma. Captain AUGUSTUS JOSEPH SYKES; was
+  present with the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole
+  Eastern Campaign; was cheerful and zealous in the performance of his
+  duties during the period of the siege operations. Lieutenant JOHN
+  HOWLEY; joined the head-quarters of his regiment in the Crimea on the
+  8th. of November, 1857; was remarkable for zeal and activity in the
+  discharge of his duty on all occasions when under fire; remained with
+  his regiment until the embarkation of the army for England in 1856.
+  Sergeant J. M‘ARDELL; served continuously with his regiment throughout
+  the Eastern Campaign; was always most conspicuous for the active,
+  cheerful, and zealous performance of his duty in the trenches during
+  the winter of 1854–5; frequently volunteered and went on the trenches
+  night after night with readiness, when (owing to excessive sickness),
+  sufficient non-commissioned officers could not be found for duty.
+  Private THOMAS SCANNELLS; served continuously with his regiment during
+  the whole of the Eastern Campaign. On the night of the 5th. of May,
+  1855, this man was on sentry in front of the advanced trench before
+  Sebastopol, when a small party of the 4th. regiment, under the command
+  of Captain Arnold, was surprised by a large body of Russians, who
+  fired upon them (mortally wounding and taking prisoner Captain Arnold)
+  and compelled them to retire; when consequent on the surprise and
+  confusion which existed, some of the sentries on adjacent posts ran
+  into the trench; Private Scannells, however, remained firm at his
+  post, and by his example encouraged the other sentries to stand fast.
+
+  SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel REGINALD YONGE SHIPLEY; was
+  present at the battle of the Alma, where he was very severely wounded.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN ROWLEY HEYLAND; served in the siege of
+  Sebastopol in 1855; he was very severely wounded at the attack on the
+  Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Major HUGH ROBERT
+  HIBBERT; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma (wounded),
+  Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, assaults on the Redan on the 18th. of
+  June and the 8th. of September; was wounded in the trenches, and very
+  severely on the 8th. of September, 1855. Lieutenant WILLIAM HOPE; at
+  the great explosion of the French siege train, on the 15th. of
+  November, 1855, Lieutenant Hope was conspicuous for his coolness and
+  activity when in charge of a fatigue party to cover the mill with wet
+  blankets; the roof had been blown off, and one hundred and sixty tons
+  of gunpowder were exposed to the fire of burning materials, rockets,
+  etc.; he mounted the mill and by his courage and example saved the
+  magazine, which was momentarily expected to explode, and preserved the
+  lives of probably hundreds of the light division. He had previously
+  distinguished himself at the assault and taking of the Quarries. He
+  received the decoration of the Victoria Cross. Private WILLIAM
+  BARRACK; volunteered for sharpshooting on the 17th. of October, 1854,
+  and continued with the sharpshooters until the battle of Inkermann,
+  where he was severely wounded; on the 17th. of October, 1854, he was
+  taken prisoner while out with the sharpshooters, and made his escape
+  the same day. Private JOHN M‘GUIRE; on the 6th. of May, 1855, Private
+  John M‘Guire, at the risk of his own life, brought in a wounded
+  comrade who was lying in the Woronzoff road; to perform this
+  meritorious act he was obliged to cross a considerable space of open
+  ground, exposed to the fire of the Russian sharpshooters. Private John
+  M‘Guire was also present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the
+  storming of the Quarries, and both the assaults on the Great Redan.
+  Deserted since he was recommended for the medal, which he, in
+  consequence, forfeited.
+
+  NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel FREDERICK D. LISTER; served during
+  the siege of Sebastopol, from the 27th. of November, 1854, till the
+  capture of the place. Captain WILLIAM NUGENT; displayed gallant
+  conduct in the trenches on several occasions between the 27th. of
+  November, 1854, and the 8th. of September, 1855; also during the
+  attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant P.
+  DONOHUE; displayed gallant conduct in the trenches on many occasions
+  during the siege of Sebastopol; also on the 18th. of June, 1855,
+  during the attack on the Cemetery.
+
+  FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Colonel MAURICE BARLOW, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Sir JAMES EDWARD ALEXANDER, and Brevet-Major W. C. TREVOR; served in
+  the siege of Sebastopol from January, 1855. Colonel Barlow was in
+  command of a brigade at the fall of the place. Captain JOHN GITTENS
+  MAYCOCK; was present with the 47th. regiment at the battles of the
+  Alma, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and Inkermann; wounded at
+  the Alma. Sergeant W. HOPKINS; particularly recommended by the
+  officers of the regiment for zealous and exemplary conduct in the
+  trenches.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Major ALEXANDER M‘KINSTRY; displayed
+  gallant conduct on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the assault on the
+  Great Redan. Colour-Sergeant H. GIBSON; displayed remarkable
+  intelligence and general gallantry in the trenches throughout the
+  whole time the regiment served at the siege of Sebastopol.
+
+  EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN CLARK KENNEDY, C.B.;
+  served in the siege of Sebastopol from December, 1854, including
+  the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE FREDERICK STEVENSON CALL; siege
+  of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant THOMAS DURAND BAKER; displayed
+  great gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the assault of
+  Sebastopol, and zeal in the trenches. Private J. WEIR; displayed
+  gallant conduct at the assault of Sebastopol on the 18th. of June,
+  1855, specially, and on several previous occasions.
+
+  NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel ROBERT WARDEN; served the
+  campaign of 1844 and 1855, including the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, at both of which he was wounded; the whole of the siege of
+  Sebastopol; and was also engaged at the attack on the Quarries, and on
+  the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Captain HENRY TURNER
+  UNIACKE; served the campaign of 1854 and 1855, present at the battle
+  of the Alma and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, including the
+  attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Captain GEORGE
+  ALEXANDER WARBURTON; landed in the Crimea on the 17th. of January,
+  1855; served during the siege of Sebastopol, including the assault of
+  the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was never absent from his
+  duty during this period from sickness or any other cause. Lieutenant
+  and Adjutant THOMAS THOMPSON; landed with his regiment in the Crimea;
+  was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and during the
+  siege of Sebastopol, until ordered to England on duty on the 14th. of
+  February, 1855; was never absent from his duty during the period of
+  his service with the Eastern expedition. Sergeant JOHN SHERLOCK, and
+  Private JOHN HALLORAN; served during the whole of the campaign of
+  1854–5, during which period they were never absent from duty, from
+  sickness or any other cause. The former was present at the Alma,
+  Inkermann, the taking of the Quarries, and at the two assaults on the
+  Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, when he was slightly wounded.
+  The latter was present at the Alma, Inkermann, and the assault of the
+  8th. of September, 1855.
+
+  TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel FREDERICK HORN, C.B.; served the campaign
+  of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, at the
+  last of which he was wounded; commanded a brigade during the siege of
+  Sebastopol. Major WILLIAM POLLEXFEN RADCLIFFE; served the campaign of
+  1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole
+  of the siege of Sebastopol. Captain CHARLES EDWARD PARKINSON; landed
+  in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at the
+  battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and through the whole
+  of the siege (except twenty-one days’ sick leave at Balaklava);
+  discharged his duty at all times with zeal and activity. Lieutenant
+  HECTOR BARLOW VAUGHAN; landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September,
+  1854; was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and
+  throughout the whole of the siege of Sebastopol (except ten days sick
+  on the heights). Colour-Sergeant J. WHYBROW and Private PETER ROWE;
+  both landed with the expedition on the 14th. of September, 1854, and
+  were present at all the actions. Colour-Sergeant Whybrow was wounded
+  at Inkermann, and served through the whole of the siege operations,
+  performing his duty with zeal. Private Rowe brought himself
+  prominently to notice at the battle of Inkermann, in a position
+  against a considerable force of the enemy, where he behaved in a very
+  gallant manner, and was conspicuously in the front of the small party
+  of which he was one. Was afterwards severely wounded in the trenches.
+
+  TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel CHARLES RICHARD SACKVILLE (LORD WEST),
+  C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma
+  and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+  GEORGE NEELD BOLDERO; served the campaign of 1854, including the
+  battles of the Alma and Inkermann, at the last of which he was
+  severely wounded, and siege of Sebastopol. Captains HENRY KING and
+  RICHARD STEPHENS; both landed with the regiment at Old Fort, on the
+  14th. of September, 1854. The former was present at the battles of the
+  Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; was dangerously wounded through the
+  neck at the latter engagement. The latter was present at the battles
+  of the Alma and Inkermann, and was very severely wounded (arm
+  amputated) when carrying the Queen’s colours in the latter battle.
+  Each did duty in the trenches to the 5th. of November, 1854. Captain
+  S. H. CLERKE; served in the Crimea from the 14th. of September to the
+  26th. of October, 1854, and from the 27th. of December to the end of
+  the war. Present at the Alma and Kinburn. Sergeant-Major W. FOWLER and
+  Colour-Sergeant R. ELLIS; both landed with the regiment at Old Fort.
+  The former was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+  Inkermann; did duty in the trenches, and was present with his regiment
+  throughout the war. The latter was present at the Alma and Inkermann
+  (wounded in the arm at the latter), and did his duty in the trenches
+  till the 11th. of May, 1855.
+
+  TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel DANIEL LYSONS, C.B.; served the
+  campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+  and the whole siege of Sebastopol; engaged in the assaults on the
+  Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; on the
+  latter occasion he was severely wounded. Major FRANCIS EDWARD DREWE;
+  for going out to the front under a heavy fire on the evening of the
+  8th. of September, 1855, to assist in bringing in Lieutenant and
+  Adjutant Dyneley, 23rd. Fusiliers, who was lying mortally wounded near
+  the Redan, where he had fallen during the unsuccessful assault that
+  day. This voluntary duty Major Drewe performed with the assistance of
+  Corporal Shields and a party of four other volunteers. Major Drewe
+  further served with credit throughout the whole of the siege,
+  including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; capture of Egerton’s
+  Rifle-pits; capture of the Quarries; sortie on the 22nd. of March;
+  assaults on the Redan, the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September,
+  1855. Wounded on the 8th. of September. Captain SYDNEY CROHAN MILLETT;
+  served the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+  and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Was severely wounded on the
+  8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the Redan. Lieutenant LUKE
+  O’CONNOR and Corporal E. LUBY; services at the Alma as already
+  detailed; the former also behaved with great gallantry in the assault
+  on the Redan, the 8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely
+  wounded through both thighs. The latter served throughout the siege,
+  and displayed great coolness and courage at the assault on the Redan
+  on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he acted as Orderly to
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, and made himself very useful while on the
+  parapet and in the ditch of the Redan. Corporal THOMAS SYMONDS; for
+  going out to the front of the trenches, right attack, with another man
+  (since dead), and bringing in a wounded corporal of the 97th.
+  regiment. Was mentioned for it by Lieutenant-General Sir William
+  Codrington, K.C.B., in Divisional Orders, 7th. of September, 1855, as
+  follows:—“The Lieutenant-General has great pleasure in referring to
+  the good conduct of two men of the 23rd. regiment, named James Brown
+  and Thomas Symons, who brought in from the front a corporal of the
+  97th. regiment, who had been severely wounded, and left in a very
+  exposed position, to which they went out most gallantly and humanely
+  at the risk of their own lives. The Commander of the Forces, in
+  wishing their names to be publicly noticed, desires they may receive a
+  gratuity of £3 each.”
+
+  TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel FRANK ADAMS, C.B., and
+  Lieutenant-Colonel ROBERT JULIAN BAUMGARTNER, C.B.; served the
+  campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the whole
+  siege of Sebastopol, and engaged in the attack on the Cemetery on the
+  18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel EDMUND GILLING
+  HALLEWELL, unattached; served the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Major
+  THOMAS MAUNSELL; served with the 28th. regiment in Turkey; landed in
+  the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at the battles
+  of the Alma and Inkermann. Volunteered as captain to command the
+  sharpshooters of the third division; was employed as such from the
+  opening of the siege before Sebastopol till he was severely wounded on
+  the 30th. December, 1854. Captain SUSSEX LENNOX AUBREY BEAUCLERK
+  MESSITER; served the campaign of 1854–5, battles of the Alma and
+  Balaklava, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Captain THOMAS LYNDEN
+  BELL; served with the 28th. regiment in Turkey; landed in the Crimea
+  on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at the battles of the
+  Alma and Inkermann; served at the siege before Sebastopol from the
+  commencement of the operations till August, 1855, when he was obliged
+  to leave on account of sickness. Was at the attack and occupation of
+  the Cemetery before Sebastopol, on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal
+  J. M‘LOUGHLIN and Private W. GLEESON; both served with the regiment in
+  Turkey; landed in the Crimea on the 14th. September, 1854; were
+  present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the fall of
+  Sebastopol, and at the attack and occupation of the Cemetery before
+  Sebastopol on the 18th. of June, 1855. During the whole siege Corporal
+  M‘LOUGHLIN was never sick or absent from his duty one day, and took
+  his regular tour of the trench duty. On the 18th. of June he
+  volunteered to carry a letter to the advanced party from Major-General
+  Sir William Eyre, then commanding the attack, which duty was performed
+  in a most gallant manner, under a very heavy and galling fire from the
+  enemy. Private Gleeson on the same occasion volunteered for the
+  advanced party as sharpshooter, and distinguished himself by carrying
+  to the rear, from an advanced post, a wounded comrade, under a very
+  heavy and galling fire from the enemy.
+
+  THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JAMES THOMAS MAULEVERER, C.B.;
+  served the campaign of 1854–5; battles of the Alma, Inkermann
+  (severely wounded); sortie on the 26th. of October; the whole siege of
+  Sebastopol; and was wounded in the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel THOMAS HENRY PAKENHAM;
+  displayed especial gallant conduct in leading his company to the
+  attack at the battle of the Alma, where he was dangerously wounded.
+  Major ROBERT DILLON; rendered good and gallant service in the trenches
+  before Sebastopol, and on Inkermann heights during the winter of
+  1854–5. Lieutenant and Adjutant GILBERT HOWARD SANDERS; the siege of
+  Sebastopol; was twice wounded and lost a leg at the assault on the
+  Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant T. SHAW; displayed
+  distinguished conduct in the field in making a Russian mounted officer
+  prisoner, for which service he was specially thanked in orders, by the
+  General, on the 13th. November, 1854. Private J. ANDREWS; for
+  distinguished conduct in the field in having aided Sergeant Shaw to
+  capture a Russian mounted officer, for which service he (in
+  conjunction with the Sergeant) was specially thanked in orders, by the
+  General, on the 13th. of November, 1854.
+
+  THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel GEORGE STAUNTON; served in the siege of
+  Sebastopol from May, 1855, to the capture of the place.
+
+  THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE VALENTINE EDWARD
+  MUNDY, C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann, and
+  the whole siege of Sebastopol; was engaged in the attack on the Redan
+  on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN ELIAS
+  COLLINGS; served the campaign of 1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann and siege
+  of Sebastopol; was engaged in the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of
+  June. Captain ALEXANDER BRUCE WALLIS; was present with his company at
+  the battle of the Alma, and was called upon during the action to carry
+  one of the regimental colours; while so employed he was severely
+  wounded through the right thigh, and although suffering much he
+  remained with the colours until the close of the action. Lieutenant
+  the Honourable R. H. DE MONTMORENCY; on the 8th. of September, 1855,
+  Lieutenant De Montmorency went most gallantly over the parapet of the
+  Redan at the commencement of the assault, cheering on the men; and on
+  the same day he volunteered to lead a party to occupy some rifle-pits,
+  in order to prevent their being taken by the Russians, which he held
+  for some time after the attacking party had been withdrawn.
+  Assistant-Surgeon THOMAS CLARK; served the campaign of 1854–5, battles
+  of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Private
+  P. LEARY; was one of the first men to enter the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, and after having been severely wounded in the head,
+  he volunteered to assist in taking some rifle-pits, to prevent their
+  being occupied by the Russians. This man was recommended for the
+  French Military War Medal. Private JAMES BOND; behaved very gallantly
+  after the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, by
+  volunteering to go out between the advanced works and the Redan, under
+  a very heavy fire, to bring in the Honourable Edward Fitzclarence, of
+  the 7th. Fusiliers, who was severely wounded.
+
+  THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN SIMPSON and
+  Brevet-Major JOSEPH JORDAN; both served during the siege of Sebastopol
+  from the 9th. of December, 1854; the former was engaged at the capture
+  of the Quarries and assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+  1855; and the latter was engaged in the sortie on the 22nd. of March;
+  at the capture of the rifle-pits, 19th. of April; and assault on the
+  Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded.
+  Lieutenant ABEL WOODROFFE BOYCE; for having at the assault on the
+  Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, after the troops had retired to the
+  trenches, gone out in front of the advanced trenches under a heavy
+  fire of grape, and rendered great assistance in bringing in Lieutenant
+  and Adjutant Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers, who was lying outside, severely
+  wounded. Lieutenant FRANCIS PEEL; for cool and gallant conduct at the
+  assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which occasion he
+  was wounded. Colour-Sergeant J. PRATT; displayed gallant conduct at
+  the assault on the Redan, in encouraging the men and assisting to
+  carry a scaling ladder to the _abattis_, on which occasion he was
+  wounded. Corporal D. COUGHLAN; displayed gallant conduct at the
+  assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, in assisting to carry
+  a scaling ladder to the _abattis_, when the rest of the bearers first
+  employed were either killed or wounded. He also brought in a wounded
+  comrade to the trenches under a heavy fire.
+
+  THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JAMES PATTOUN SPARKES,
+  C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAM JAMES LOFTUS; Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma and whole siege of Sebastopol; engaged in
+  the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant
+  CONSTANTINE WILLIAM SEPTIMUS GAYNOR; rendered good and zealous service
+  in the trenches before Sebastopol, till he was wounded severely by a
+  rifle-ball on the 21st. of February, 1855. Lieutenant ARTHUR JOHNSON
+  ALLIX EWEN; was in advance on the 18th. of June, 1855, in the attack
+  and capture of the Cemetery by the second brigade, third division.
+  Privates P. MCGUIRE and T. REYNOLDS; both were in advance on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855, in the attack and capture of the Cemetery by the second
+  brigade, third division. Was one of those who reached close under the
+  Russian batteries. Private M‘Guire, though severely wounded in the
+  left hand, remained at his post during the whole day, firing on the
+  Russian embrasures; and Private Reynolds always behaved well in the
+  trenches during the siege.
+
+  THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Major THOMAS WRIGHT HUDSON; served throughout
+  the siege of Sebastopol from the 19th. of December, 1854. Lieutenant
+  and Adjutant THOMAS WESTROPP BENNETT; displayed general zealous and
+  good conduct in the trenches before Sebastopol during the
+  bombardments, and was present at the attacks on the 18th. of June and
+  the 8th. of September, 1855. Private J. M‘CLUSKEY; on the 18th. of
+  June, 1855, when a party of the 39th. regiment was stationed in the
+  trenches overlooking the Cemetery, which had that day been taken
+  possession of by the brigade under Sir William Eyre, cries and groans
+  of a wounded man attracted attention. Lieutenant Smith, in command of
+  the party, asked for volunteers to accompany him to ascertain the
+  cause. This man and another (who has received the French War Medal),
+  came forward, and they brought in a wounded sergeant of the 38th.
+  regiment, who had been lying there for several hours. This act was
+  performed under a heavy fire, and very close to the Russian sentries.
+
+  FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel ROBERT PRATT; served
+  throughout the siege of Sebastopol, and was wounded at the attack on
+  the Redan on the 18th. of September, 1855. Major GEORGE SKIPWORTH;
+  campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, sortie on the 26th. of October, and
+  Inkermann; the whole siege of Sebastopol. Major HENRY STRATTON BUSH;
+  for having gallantly led men of his company to an advanced position,
+  which he succeeded in holding against a superior force, at the battle
+  of Inkermann (severely wounded.) Captain GEORGE PEDDIE; for having
+  commanded a working party, under a heavy fire, with zeal,
+  determination, and courage, on duty, to reverse the enemy’s trenches,
+  after the taking of the Quarries. Corporal W. CRAWFORD; for having on
+  the 26th. of October, 1854, volunteered and been conspicuous in
+  cutting off and taking prisoners a Russian officer and fourteen
+  soldiers. Private P. COLLINS; for being conspicuous in going to the
+  front to carry off the late Colonel Carpenter, when mortally wounded,
+  under a heavy fire, at the battle of Inkermann, and for repeated zeal
+  in the discharge of a similar arduous duty.
+
+  FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel DUNCAN ALEXANDER CAMERON, C.B.; served
+  the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; commanded the 42nd. regiment at the
+  battle of the Alma, and the Highland Brigade at Balaklava, and during
+  the remainder of the siege of Sebastopol; served on the expedition to
+  Kertch. Lieutenant-Colonel ALEXANDER CAMERON; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava,
+  and siege of Sebastopol. Captain HENRY MONTGOMERY; served the whole
+  campaign in the Crimea, the greater part of the time on the Staff as
+  Aide-de-Camp to Major-General Cameron, C.B. Was present at the battles
+  of the Alma and Balaklava, and throughout the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Captain SIR PETER ARTHUR HALKETT, BART.; served with the 42nd.
+  regiment in the Crimea to the 24th. of October, 1855; was present at
+  the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Colour-Sergeant D. DALGLEISH and Private E. M‘MILLAN; served the whole
+  campaign in the Crimea; were present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.
+
+  FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Colonel the Honourable AUGUSTUS ALMERIC
+  SPENCER, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; commanded the
+  44th. regiment at the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol,
+  including the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+  Commanded the troops on the expedition to Kinburn. Lieutenant-Colonel
+  CHARLES WILLIAM DUNBAR STAVELEY, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of
+  1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, siege of
+  Sebastopol, and attack on Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAM M‘MAHON, and Brevet-Major WILLIAM
+  FLETCHER; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles
+  of the Alma and Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and attack on
+  Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855. Captain ROBERT BAILLIE; landed
+  in the Crimea with the 44th. regiment; served throughout the whole
+  campaign. Was present at the capture of Kinburn. Lieutenant WILLIAM
+  ARTHUR WOOD; landed in the Crimea with the 44th. regiment; served
+  throughout the whole campaign with it, until the regiment returned to
+  England. Was present and in advance at the affair of the Cemetery on
+  the 18th. of June. Served as Adjutant to the regiment from the 29th.
+  of January, 1855, till the end of the siege. Private WILLIAM DOOLE;
+  served throughout the campaign, except for four months, on account of
+  wounds. Volunteered as a sharpshooter at the commencement of the
+  siege, and was wounded in October, 1854. He again volunteered on the
+  18th. of June, 1855, for the advance guard of Major-General Sir
+  William Eyre’s brigade, when he was again wounded, and particularly
+  noticed. Private WILLIAM WOODGATE; served throughout the whole war in
+  the trenches. He was present at the attack on the Cemetery, where his
+  gallantry was particularly noticed. Always set a good example to his
+  comrades by his readiness and cheerfulness under the most trying
+  circumstances during the bad winter of 1854.
+
+  FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colonel SIR ROBERT GARRETT, K.C.B, K.H.; the
+  siege of Sebastopol; in command of a brigade in the fourth division
+  from the 8th. of November, 1854, till the end of the service.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel COLIN FREDERICK CAMPBELL; the siege of
+  Sebastopol; was wounded in the trenches. Captain NICHOLAS DUNSCOMBE;
+  landed with the regiment in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1854,
+  and served uninterruptedly till the end of the campaign. Captain
+  GEORGE HENRY KNAPP; was present at the battles of the Alma, Inkermann,
+  and Balaklava, and served uninterruptedly till the end of the
+  campaign. Colour-Sergeant P. CULLEN; landed with the regiment in the
+  Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1854, and was particularly noticed for
+  gallantry in the trenches and attention to his duties during the
+  campaign. Private P. FLINN; never missed a duty in the trenches from
+  the 8th. of November, 1854, and was remarkable on all occasions for
+  gallantry and daring.
+
+  FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel RICHARD THOMAS FARREN,
+  C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and the
+  whole siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels JAMES VILLIERS
+  and JOHN HENRY LOWNDES; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+  including the Alma, Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854,
+  the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, and was engaged in the attack
+  and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Captain the
+  Honourable BERNARD MATTHEW WARD; distinguished himself on the morning
+  of the 5th. of November, 1854, in support of the pickets of the second
+  brigade, second division. The conduct of this officer was particularly
+  noticed by Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, C.B. Captain HENRY JAMES
+  BUCHANAN; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann,
+  sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Sergeant W. GRANT and Private EDWARD M‘MAHON; distinguished themselves
+  particularly on the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, by their cool and
+  gallant conduct in assisting to drive the enemy from the Quarries, and
+  repulsing his attacks.
+
+  FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Captain WM. HENRY CAIRNES; for steadiness and
+  soldier-like conduct whilst in command of a party of his regiment,
+  sent to relieve and reinforce a party of the fourth regiment on the
+  night of the 22nd. of June, 1855, in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+  Sergeant RICHARD BATLIN; for volunteering to join the party above
+  referred to, and accompanying his captain.
+
+  FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN THORNTON GRANT, C.B.;
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and 1855, including the Alma,
+  Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole siege of
+  Sebastopol, and rendered important service in command of strong
+  working parties of the second and light divisions at the attack on the
+  Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN HYNDE
+  KING; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the Alma,
+  Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole siege of
+  Sebastopol; was engaged in the attack and capture of the Quarries on
+  the 7th. of June, 1855; was severely wounded at the attack on the
+  Redan on the 8th. of September (arm amputated.) Captain GEORGE KEMP
+  CHATFIELD; joined the service companies on the 14th. of November,
+  1854, and was present during the whole of the siege of Sebastopol;
+  also at the assault and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June,
+  1855. Was mentioned in Field-Marshal Lord Raglan’s despatch on the
+  18th. of June, 1855, at the first attack on the Redan. Was wounded in
+  the trenches on the 7th. of September, 1855. Captain WILLIAM YOUNG;
+  joined the service companies on the 14th. of November, 1854, and was
+  present in the Crimea during the whole siege of Sebastopol; the attack
+  and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855 (wounded);
+  attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September,
+  1855. Surgeon JOHN DAVIES; landed in the Crimea in medical charge of
+  the 49th. regiment. Was present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, with the exception of the last
+  attack on the Redan. During the period the Army occupied Bulgaria,
+  Surgeon Davies’s unceasing solicitude and attention to the sick of the
+  regiment was attended with the most beneficial results, and during the
+  whole of the campaign in the Crimea, up to the month of July, 1855, he
+  was scarcely ever out of his hospital tending the sick and wounded.
+  Sergeant-Major R. HOLDEN; was present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, and repulse of sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854. Was
+  with his regiment during the whole siege of Sebastopol. Private J.
+  GIBBONS; greatly distinguished himself on the 26th. of October, 1854,
+  in personal encounter with the Russians. Was mentioned in division
+  orders on the occasion by Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans, G.C.B.
+  Was present during the whole campaign, including the battles of the
+  Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+
+  FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel RICHARD WADDY, C.B., and Lieutenant-Colonel
+  JOHN LUCAS WILTON, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+  including the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel HENRY EDWARD WEARE; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854 as Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General, and was
+  severely wounded at the Alma; also was present at the latter part of
+  the siege of Sebastopol. Major EDWARD GEORGE HIBBERT; served the
+  Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant MONTAGUE DE SALIS
+  M‘KENZIE GEORGE AUGUSTUS CLARKE; this officer was in command of a
+  company in the advanced trench of the left attack before Sebastopol,
+  in December, 1854, when the Russians made a sortie. He was engaged in
+  a personal encounter with a Russian officer, whom he cut down with his
+  sword, but being wounded in two places, he was overpowered and taken
+  prisoner. His sword was found next day in front of the trench, broken
+  in two and covered with blood. Lieutenant JAMES LAMB; this officer
+  served throughout the Crimean Campaign, and his conduct was
+  conspicuous on the occasion of a sortie made by the Russians on the
+  advanced trench of the left attack before Sebastopol in December,
+  1854, when a few companies of the 50th. regiment suffered severely in
+  repelling the attack. Private A. O’LEARY; this man (with another,
+  since dead) volunteered to go out to look for the body of the captain
+  of his company, who was supposed to have been killed in December,
+  1854, when the Russians made a strong sortie on the advanced trench of
+  the left attack. The Russians were repelled, but (the night being very
+  dark) it was some time before it was ascertained that the works were
+  completely cleared of them. However, this man at once proposed to go
+  out from the second parallel to look for his captain; he was permitted
+  to do so. His captain had been taken prisoner. Private THOMAS REGHAN;
+  served throughout the Crimean Campaign, and was remarkable for his
+  coolness under fire when in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+
+  FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Colonel CHARLES WARREN, C.B.; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma, and Inkermann
+  (where he commanded a brigade and was severely wounded), and took part
+  in the sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854; was present during the
+  latter part of the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel
+  ALFRED CAPEL CURE; the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Commanded the
+  regiment in the assaults on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+  September, 1855. Lieutenant WILLIAM BYRNE JOHNSON; served from the
+  22nd. of November, 1854, to the end of the war, including the siege of
+  Sebastopol and the trenches; was severely wounded at the final assault
+  on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he distinguished
+  himself, as on several other occasions, by his forward gallantry.
+  Lieutenant JAMES SCOTT; landed in Turkey with the regiment in May,
+  1854; served at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, siege of
+  Sebastopol, and in the trenches, including the repulse of the sortie
+  on Inkermann heights on the 26th of October, 1854, and the attack on
+  the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; was wounded, and mentioned in
+  the despatches for his distinguished gallantry. Sergeant J. MEARA;
+  landed with the regiment in Turkey, in May, 1854; served in the Crimea
+  during the whole campaign, including the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann; took part in the repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the
+  26th. of October, 1854, and served in the trenches generally;
+  distinguished himself particularly by his gallantry at the storming of
+  the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely
+  wounded. Lance-Sergeant J. O’DONNELL; landed with the regiment in
+  Turkey, in May, 1854; was present at the battle of the Alma (severely
+  wounded); served in the trenches, and distinguished himself at the
+  storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, when he was
+  again severely wounded.
+
+  FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN ALFRED STREET, C.B.;
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+  Alma and Inkermann, the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, and
+  expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Major GERALD JOHN FORSYTH; this
+  officer’s conduct on every occasion when under fire, from the 23rd. of
+  September, 1854, to the end of the siege, on the 8th. of September,
+  1855; was most conspicuous for gallantry and coolness. On the 18th. of
+  June, when one of the assaulting party, he remained with three or four
+  men of his company close under the _abattis_ of the Redan, awaiting
+  reinforcements. These men kept up a constant fire at the embrasures,
+  and Captain Forsyth himself remained with them until the whole of
+  their ammunition was exhausted, when, finding no support come to their
+  aid, he retired to the trenches. Lieutenant ALFRED FREDERICK ADOLPHUS
+  SLADE; this officer volunteered to join the service companies in the
+  field on the 15th. of November, 1854, and obtained permission to do so
+  without joining the depôt. His conduct was marked by conspicuous
+  bravery during his service in the trenches from the above date to the
+  18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded in front of the
+  Redan. Although suffering from a severe wound in the shoulder, and
+  directed to go back to the trenches, he continued to encourage the men
+  to advance under a heavy fire from the Russian batteries, until he was
+  struck again, and, the attack having failed, he retired with the
+  remainder of the regiment. Drummer M. NORTON; landed with the regiment
+  at Katcha River on the 22nd. of September, 1854, and was present at
+  Inkermann, Balaklava, and during the siege of Sebastopol; at the
+  assaults on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+  J. HEALY; was recommended for the medal and gratuity for his very
+  distinguished conduct throughout the whole period of his service in
+  the Crimea, namely, from the 23rd. of September, 1854, to June, 1856,
+  and more particularly at the assault of the Redan on the 18th. of
+  June, 1855, when he remained in advance of the trenches, with Major
+  Forsyth and two or three other men, until the whole of his ammunition
+  was expended. He did not receive the medal on that occasion, because
+  the whole amount of gratuities allowed the regiment were expended.
+
+  SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel CHARLES TROLLOPE, C.B., and
+  Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAM LENNOX INGALL, C.B.—Both served the siege
+  of Sebastopol from the 13th. of November, 1854. Colonel Trollope was
+  in command of a brigade in the second division up to July, and
+  afterwards as a Brigadier-General; also in command of one in the third
+  division. Lieutenant-Colonel Ingall was severely wounded at the
+  storming of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Major
+  CHARLES COOCH and Captain GEORGE HAMPDEN WILKIESON; for long service
+  in the trenches before Sebastopol. Major Cooch was mentioned in the
+  despatches of General Sir James Simpson, G.C.B. Sergeant J. WARREN and
+  Private J. FARRELL; for capturing a French soldier who was deserting
+  to the enemy from the advanced trenches on the 22nd. of February,
+  1855, they being at the time exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy’s
+  advanced posts, and for which service they received the thanks of the
+  Commander-in-Chief in the Crimea.
+
+  SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable ROBERT
+  ALEXANDER GEORGE DALZELL, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854,
+  including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the first part of
+  the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES EDWARD
+  FAIRCLOUGH; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854; the Alma, and
+  Inkermann; at the latter he was severely wounded. Captain F. T. LOGAN
+  PATERSON; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles
+  of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; also in
+  expeditions to Kertch and Kinburn. Private P. CEATON; served the
+  Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma,
+  Balaklava, and Inkermann; expedition to Kertch; assault and fall of
+  Sebastopol; capture of Kinburn. At the battle of Inkermann, Private
+  Ceaton attacked and stabbed two Russians. Was himself wounded, but
+  refused to leave the field.
+
+  SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel HENRY SMITH, C.B.; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+  and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE MACBEATH,
+  C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of
+  the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant SHEFFIELD
+  GRACE; under the command of a captain in the 63rd. regiment,
+  Lieutenant Grace took post at the _chevaux-de-frize_, in front of the
+  position in the Woronzoff road, with only one man to support him, the
+  remainder (of a party of twelve) having fallen back in consequence of
+  the heavy fire. Lieutenant FRANCIS DE LUTTRELL SAUNDERSON; on the
+  11th. of May, 1855, Lieutenant Saunderson was actively engaged
+  repelling a sortie. The night was wet and stormy, and some of the
+  rifles were difficult to load, and this officer particularly
+  distinguished himself by assisting the men in loading. Private SAMUEL
+  BURROWS; on the morning of the 22nd. of November, 1854, in broad
+  daylight under a heavy fire from the enemy, he proceeded from the
+  rifle-pits, in company with another man, to bring in a wounded officer
+  of the rifle brigade. This occurred in the left attack of the siege of
+  Sebastopol. Private J. MAGNER; when on duty in the trenches before
+  Sebastopol on the 11th. of May, 1855, during a sortie, when volunteers
+  were called for by Captain Hamilton to charge the enemy, Private
+  Magner was one of the first to leap on the parapet, and say, “Here is
+  one, sir.” He afterwards volunteered to go out on patrol to see that
+  the enemy had all retired. On another occasion, when on duty in the
+  fourth parallel, he was wounded in the hip, and though told by an
+  officer and surgeon to go home, he refused, saying, “The Russians are
+  coming out, and I would sooner stay with my company.”
+
+  SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Captains FREDERICK J. COLIN HALKETT and JOHN
+  OTWAY WEMYSS; rendered general good service in the trenches before
+  Sebastopol, and at Kertch. Privates H. GOURLEY and J. CATHCART;
+  rendered general good service; both slightly wounded.
+
+  SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel PARKE; in the Crimea from
+  the 13th. of June, 1855, to the end of the war.
+
+  SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE HARRY SMITH
+  WILLIS and Captain RICHARD BUTLER WILLINGTON; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+  and siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeons ROBERT GRAVES BURTON and
+  ALEXANDER HUMFREY; for distinguished courage in the trenches during
+  the whole siege of Sebastopol, where they were exposed, under fire,
+  and in presence of the enemy, to as much danger as executive officers,
+  and where their humanity to the wounded was valuable and constant.
+  Sergeant R. BUSHELL and Lance-Corporal G. BROWN; for conspicuous
+  courage under fire in the presence of the enemy, in every action,
+  sortie, or attack during the whole war.
+
+  SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonels JOHN DOUGLAS, C.B., and
+  RICHARD CHAMBRE HAYS TAYLOR, C.B., and BrevetLieutenant-Colonel ROBERT
+  DOUGLAS CLEPHANE; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+  battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.
+  Lieutenant-Colonels Douglas and Clephane served in the expedition to
+  Kertch. Captain HENRY HOLFORD STEVENSON; was employed on important
+  duty in the advanced trenches the night preceding the fall of
+  Sebastopol, while on the Staff of Lieutenant-General Sir Colin
+  Campbell, G.C.B. Also present at the battles of the Alma and
+  Balaklava. Quartermaster R. JAMESON; was present at the battle of the
+  Alma; acted as a volunteer subaltern at the action of Balaklava;
+  rendered constant good and gallant service under fire in the trenches
+  before Sebastopol. Sergeant J. ANDERSON and Private W. CAMPBELL; were
+  present at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and rendered
+  constant good and gallant service in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+
+  EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel HORATIO SHIRLEY, C.B., and
+  Lieutenant-Colonel GEORGE VAUGHAN MAXWELL, C.B.; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; siege of
+  Sebastopol; attack on the Quarries. The former was general officer in
+  the trenches at the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855,
+  and at the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and commanded a
+  brigade at the assault on the 8th. of September. Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Maxwell also commanded the 88th. regiment at the assaults on the Redan
+  on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September, 1855, and at the last
+  he was severely wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel EDWARD JOHN VESEY BROWN
+  and Brevet-Major THOMAS GORE; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5;
+  the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major EDWARD
+  GILLING MAYNARD; for leading the men under his orders into the Russian
+  works (called the Quarries) in a most gallant manner, on the night of
+  the 7th. of June, 1855. Captain JOHN EDWARD RILEY; for gallant conduct
+  at Inkermann. He was most active in rallying his men when retreating;
+  also was most active during the action, as Adjutant. He likewise
+  behaved exceedingly well on picket, in the Middle Ravine, in the
+  beginning of October, 1854, when the enemy advanced upon him on a
+  certain occasion. Lieutenant GEORGE PRIESTLY; was very conspicuous in
+  the attack on the Redan, leading the Grenadier company in a dashing
+  manner. Private J. SULLIVAN; displayed general activity and gallantry
+  during the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, in the attack on the
+  Quarries. Private W. DURWOODE; this man, with only one other, answered
+  to the call of Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, to rally round a gun, when
+  the regiment was repulsed at the beginning of the battle of Inkermann.
+  He served throughout the whole campaign, and was at last wounded in
+  the attack on the Redan.
+
+  EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel CALEDON RICHARD EGERTON and
+  Major ROBERT B. HAWLEY; served the siege of Sebastopol till the end of
+  the service; the former from the 17th. of December, 1854, and the
+  latter from the 31st., of January, 1855. Major LESLIE SKYNNER; landed
+  in the Crimea on the 15th. of December, 1854, and performed good
+  service in the trenches during the whole campaign. Corporal P. SCOTT;
+  landed with the regiment in the Crimea on the 15th. of December, 1854.
+  Never missed a tour of duty in the trenches until after the 5th. of
+  December, 1855, when he was wounded severely by a piece of shell in
+  the right knee.
+
+  NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel THOMAS SMITH; served the
+  siege of Sebastopol from the 5th. of December, 1854, till the end of
+  the service. Brevet-Major JAMES PERRIN; rendered uninterrupted service
+  with his regiment from its arrival in the Crimea until its embarkation
+  for England, in June, 1856. Never missed a tour of duty in the
+  trenches. In reserve during the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of
+  June, 1855. Assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September. Captain
+  JAMES HERNE WADE; landed in the Crimea with his regiment; was always
+  present, except during a short period when laid up with fever at
+  Scutari. Was at the assault of the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+  1855, where he was severely wounded. Sergeant-Major A. KIRKLAND;
+  displayed gallant conduct at the assault of the Redan on the 8th. of
+  September, 1855, he being one of the first soldiers who entered that
+  battery. Went to the assistance of Sergeant-Major Moynihan (afterwards
+  Ensign) and Major Rowlands, 41st regiment, when attacked by five or
+  six of the enemy, and shot three Russians dead as fast as he could
+  load and fire. Also went to the assistance of Lieutenant Swift, 90th
+  regiment. Was wounded in the Redan and left there after the troops had
+  retired, but subsequently fought his way out. Private W. SMITH;
+  accompanied his regiment to the Crimea, and served uninterruptedly
+  till the fall of Sebastopol. Was present at the capture of the
+  rifle-pits on the 18th. of April, 1855, and at the attack on the Redan
+  on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he was wounded.
+
+  NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel WILLIAM BERNARD AINSLIE,
+  C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and part of 1855; the Alma,
+  Balaklava, and latter part of the siege of Sebastopol.
+  Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN ALEXANDER EWART; served the Eastern
+  Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and entire siege of
+  Sebastopol, except while employed in the expedition to Kertch. Captain
+  JAMES DALZELL, Lieutenant RICHARD AUGUSTUS COOPER, and Colour-Sergeant
+  G. ALLAN; served without interruption throughout the campaign, and
+  showed on all occasions conspicuous zeal and gallantry. Lance-corporal
+  J. ROBERTSON: served throughout the whole campaign, and was
+  conspicuous as a volunteer upon two occasions, once in repairing
+  damages in an advanced trench under a heavy fire, and once in
+  accompanying his captain by night to reconnoitre a trench near the
+  Redan, believed to be occupied by the enemy.
+
+  NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel ALFRED THOMAS HAYLAND, C.B.,
+  served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 at the Alma, where he was
+  severely wounded, and arm amputated; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+  JULIUS AUGUSTUS ROBERT RAINES; served with zeal and distinction from
+  the opening of the Crimean Campaign. Was engaged at the battle of the
+  Alma; was present at the repulse of a sortie on the 26th. of October,
+  1854, and battle of Inkermann as an assistant engineer, and in the
+  trenches; also at the battle of the Tchernaya. Brevet-Major ALEXANDER
+  JAMES JOHN MACDONALD; ordered Private James Murphy, who had
+  volunteered to protect him, when wounded, to retire and leave him,
+  when overpowered by numbers of the enemy, by whom he was afterwards
+  wounded in eighteen different parts of the body on the 5th. of
+  November, 1854. Captain BASIL CHARLES BOOTHBY; served the campaign of
+  1854. Severely wounded at the battle of the Alma (foot amputated.)
+  Colour-Sergeant F. CLUNEY; discovered and dug out of the ground a
+  number of fougasses laid by the enemy, and by the explosion of some of
+  which several men were wounded on the 9th. of June, 1855. Private
+  JAMES KEENAN; seized the Queen’s colours, and planted them in a
+  Russian battery on the 20th. of September, 1854, the officer who had
+  previously carried them having been wounded.
+
+  NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Major FOWLER BURTON; served in the siege of
+  Sebastopol from the 20th. of November, 1854. Captain GEORGE HENRY
+  HIBBERT WARE; for having highly distinguished himself (when
+  Lieutenant) on the night of the 30th. of August, 1855, having been
+  ordered out with a party under Captain Brinkley to retake a sap, and
+  bring in the wounded who were lying under the enemy’s rifle-pits,
+  which duty he was performing in a gallant manner, when he received a
+  severe wound which obliged him to retire. This officer did duty in the
+  trenches from the 28th. of November, 1854, to the 30th. of August,
+  1855, under trying circumstances, in a most unflinching manner.
+  Lieutenant CHARLES HENRY BROWNE; distinguished himself at the assault
+  on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, having entered that work,
+  where he was slightly wounded. He did duty in the trenches from the
+  4th. of May, 1855, to the end of the siege, and was remarkable for the
+  soldier-like manner in which he always did his duty, although a young
+  officer, with but little experience. Sergeants M. KEMMY and W. MOORE;
+  for having highly distinguished themselves on the 8th. of September,
+  1855, at the assault on the Redan, having been severely wounded inside
+  that work. The former was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch for
+  his general gallantry on that occasion; did duty in the trenches from
+  November, 1854, to the end of the siege, and was distinguished on
+  several other occasions; and the latter was taken prisoner inside the
+  Redan. Sergeant Moore likewise did duty in the trenches from November,
+  1854, to the end of the siege, and was remarkable for the unflinching
+  manner in which he did his duty under very trying circumstances.
+
+  RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Colonel WILLIAM SHERBROOK RAMSAY
+  NORCOTT, C.B.—Served in the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+  Alma and entire siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel ALFRED
+  HASTINGS HORSFORD, C.B., (now Deputy Adjutant-General to the Forces,
+  and K.C.B.); served in the Eastern Campaign of 1854, including the
+  Alma and Inkermann, and first part of the siege of Sebastopol, until
+  compelled to return to England on account of ill-health, after which
+  he commanded the third battalion. Lieutenant-Colonel ALEXANDER
+  MACDONELL, C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES JOHN WOODFORD;
+  served in the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and
+  Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel LORD
+  ALEXANDER GEORGE RUSSELL; served in the siege of Sebastopol in 1855.
+  Brevet-Major the Honourable JAMES STUART; was present with the army
+  during the whole war, having embarked with the second battalion for
+  Varna, and was afterwards promoted into the first battalion. He was
+  present at the Alma as aide-de-camp to Colonel Norcott, in command of
+  the left wing of the second battalion. Served during the siege in the
+  first battalion, and commanded the storming party on the 18th. of
+  June, for which he received his brevet rank. Lieutenant GEORGE ROBERT
+  SAUNDERS; joined the battalion in December, 1854, before Sebastopol,
+  and performed his duties without interruption to the end of the war;
+  was present (under Major Stuart), with the covering party on the 18th.
+  of June, 1855. Corporal J. RUDLING; was present at the Alma, Inkerman,
+  Balaklava, sortie on the Woronzoff road, the storming party on the
+  18th. of June, and when the advanced party in the graveyard was
+  attacked; also accompanied Major-General Windham on a reconnoitring
+  party at the commencement of the siege. Was present at the front with
+  the battalion from the landing in the Crimea until the withdrawal of
+  the army. Corporal THOMAS TARRANT; volunteered, on the 17th. of
+  October, to lie out in front of the works, to keep down the enemy’s
+  fire. He was present at the sorties on the 13th. of August, 1855, and
+  served through the whole of the campaign without leaving the front.
+
+  RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—Lieutenant FITZ ROY WILLIAM
+  FREMANTLE; joined in the Crimea on the 1st. of December, 1854, and did
+  duty in the trenches from that date until the 18th. of June, 1855. Was
+  present at the last sortie made on the Quarries on the 8th. of June.
+  Commanded the woolsack party of the right column of attack on the
+  18th. of June, 1855, on which occasion he was severely wounded.
+  Lieutenant JOHN CROFT MOORE; joined in the Crimea on the 10th. of
+  June, 1855, and served in the trenches until the fall of Sebastopol.
+  On the attack of the 8th. of September he commanded an advanced party
+  of about thirty men, which was pushed forward for the purpose of
+  keeping down the fire of some embrasures on the proper right of the
+  Redan, which enfiladed the attack. He was mentioned in General
+  Simpson’s despatch. Sergeant J. CHERRY; two men employed as
+  sharpshooters having ventured down to the gardens near the Woronzoff
+  road, in July, 1855, one of them was wounded and disabled. Sergeant
+  Cherry went to his assistance under a heavy fire, and returned to
+  report that it was impossible to remove him during daylight. When it
+  was sufficiently dark, he headed a party, and brought in the wounded
+  man. Volunteered for secret service on the 6th. of September, 1855.
+  Was wounded in four places. Served during the whole campaign. Private
+  E. TARVISH; served with great gallantry during the whole campaign in
+  the Crimea, especially in the assault of the 8th. of September, 1855,
+  on which occasion he entered the Redan and was taken prisoner.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Turkish War Medal.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                      THE TURKISH WAR MEDAL.[174]
+
+
+This medal was distributed generally to the allied forces. On the
+obverse are the four flags of France, Turkey, England, and Sardinia, and
+beneath is a map of the Crimea spread over a gun wheel, which rests upon
+the Russian flag; a mortar and anchor, etc., are arranged alongside. The
+word “Crimea,” and the date, 1855, are under all. On the reverse is the
+Sultan’s cypher, beneath which is inscribed “Crimea” in Turkish, and
+lower still is the year of the Hegira, 1271, written from right to left,
+corresponding with the year 1855. Ribbon crimson, with light green
+edges. These medals were issued without names, or regiments, engraved,
+or indented on them. There is a variation in the arrangement of the
+flags; in those medals intended for the Sardinian forces the flag of
+that country is next to that of Turkey, and the words “La Crimée,” with
+the date, are inserted. This, it is needless to state, is Italian, and
+many of the medals first issued to the British soldiers are of that
+pattern, arising probably from the demand being greater than the supply,
+or from the fact of a number of them being lost in consequence of the
+wreck of the vessel conveying them to this country. The medal issued to
+the French army has the flag of that nation next to that of Turkey,
+corresponding with the Sardinian and British, and inscribed “La Crimée.”
+Those supplied to the latter are like the engraving, and although the
+difference is but slight, yet the reason of it may not be uninteresting.
+
+
+
+
+             MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD.
+
+
+This medal and the gratuity adverted to in the list of recipients of the
+Sardinian Medal, and also in the list of the recipients of the French
+Medal, were authorized by the Royal Warrant of the 4th. of December,
+1854, with the special view of marking the Sovereign’s sense of the
+distinguished service and gallant conduct in the field, of the army then
+serving in the Crimea, under Field-Marshal Lord Raglan. By its
+provisions the commanding officer of each regiment of cavalry was
+allowed to recommend one sergeant, two corporals, and four privates; and
+the commanding officer of each regiment of infantry, and of each
+battalion of the Foot Guards, and of the Rifle Brigade, was permitted to
+select one sergeant, four corporals, and ten privates, to receive a
+medal and a gratuity of fifteen pounds for a sergeant, for a corporal
+ten pounds, and for a private five pounds. The gratuity was to be placed
+in the regimental savings’ bank, there to remain in deposit at interest
+until the discharge of the soldier, and to be considered his personal
+property. On the obverse of the medal are the Royal Arms, surmounted by
+a cuirass and helmet, and surrounded with helmets, cannon, shot, drums,
+trumpets, muskets, swords, and flags; and on the reverse is inscribed
+“For Distinguished Conduct in the Field.” The ribbon is red and ribbed,
+with a broad blue stripe in the centre. This medal has since been
+awarded to soldiers for services performed during the Indian Mutiny and
+subsequent campaigns. The name of the recipient, with his rank and
+regiment, are indented on the edge of the medal, and in most cases the
+date of the action for which the medal was given.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field.
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Victoria Cross.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                          THE VICTORIA CROSS.
+
+
+The year 1856 was memorable for the establishment of a decoration to
+which all ranks of the army and navy might aspire. It was instituted by
+a warrant dated June 29th., 1856, and revised April 23rd., 1881. This
+new reward of valour appropriately bears the name of the “Victoria
+Cross,” and its value is heightened by the fact of the Queen personally
+conferring the distinction, when the recipient happens to be in this
+country. It consists of a Maltese cross of bronze, attached by the
+letter V to a bar, on which a sprig of laurel is embossed. On the
+obverse, in the centre is the British Lion and Crown, and beneath it a
+scroll, bearing the inscription “For Valour;” the reverse is plain, the
+name and corps of the recipient being engraved on the bar to which the
+ribbon is attached, and the date of the act of bravery in the centre of
+the Cross. The ribbon for the army is red, whilst for the navy it is
+blue. All are placed on an equal footing as regards eligibility for this
+decoration, as neither rank, long service, wounds, nor any other
+circumstance whatever, save conspicuous bravery, can establish a claim
+to the honour. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier is entitled to
+a special pension of ten pounds a year from the date of the act by which
+the decoration was gained. Should further acts of bravery be performed
+by the recipient, which, had he not already received the Cross, would
+have entitled him thereto, additional bars attached to the ribbon are
+accorded, carrying with them further pensions of five pounds per annum
+for each. The same of course holds good for the navy. The names of
+recipients are published in the “London Gazette,” and a registry thereof
+is kept in the office of the Secretary of State for War. The following
+is a list, arranged alphabetically, of the winners of the Cross since
+its institution to the present time (1892), giving the date when, and
+the campaign in which, the act of bravery was performed, with a brief
+notice of the same, and the rank the recipient eventually attained.
+
+  ABLET, Sergeant A., Grenadier Guards. Sept. 2, 1855. Throwing outside
+  trench a live shell from the midst of a number of ammunition cases,
+  which burst as it touched the ground.
+
+  ADAMS, Rev. J. W., Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment, Killa Kazi,
+  Afghanistan. Dec. 11, 1879. Rescuing from drowning some of the 9th.
+  Lancers, in the immediate presence of the enemy, under a heavy fire,
+  and up to his waist in water.
+
+  ADDISON, Private H., 43rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Jan. 2, 1859.
+  Defending and saving the life of Lieut. Osborne. Addison received two
+  wounds and lost a leg in this service.
+
+  AIKMAN, Colonel F. R., 4th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  March 1, 1858. Routing a body of 500 rebel infantry, 200 horse, and
+  two guns, which he captured, with only 100 of the 3rd. Sikh Cavalry.
+
+  AITKEN, Colonel R. H. M., late of the 13th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+  Indian Mutiny, 1857. Various gallant acts during defence of Lucknow
+  Residency, among others saving a powder magazine from explosion,
+  capturing guns, etc., from June 30 to Nov. 22, 1857.
+
+  ALEXANDER, Private J., 90th. Foot. Redan, June 18 and Sept. 6, 1855.
+  Bringing in wounded men on two occasions, under heavy fire, one being
+  Capt. Buckley, Scots Fusilier Guards.
+
+  ALLEN, Corporal W., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+  Jan. 22, 1879. Severely wounded in defending the hospital till the
+  patients were removed. _See_ Private F. Hitch.
+
+  ANDERSON, Corporal C., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Oct. 8,
+  1857, and Trumpeter T. Monaghan. Saving the life of Lieut.-Col.
+  Seymour, C.B., commanding the regiment, when cut down and surrounded
+  by a body of mutineers.
+
+  ANSON, Brevet-Lieut.-Col. A. H. A., 84th. Regiment. Indian Mutiny,
+  Sept. 28 and Nov. 16, 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Bolundshahur,
+  and the storming of the Secundra Bagh at Lucknow.
+
+  ARTHUR, Gunner T., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, June 7 and 18, 1855.
+  Carrying barrels of ammunition to the 7th. Fusiliers, several times,
+  under fire, and volunteering for the spiking party at the assault on
+  the Redan.
+
+  ASHFORD, Private J., Royal Fusiliers. Candahar, Aug. 16, 1880.
+  Assisting in removing wounded, under a heavy fire. _See_ Lieut. Chase.
+
+  BAKER, Lieutenant C. G., Bengal Police Batt. Indian Mutiny, Sept.
+  27th., 1858. For gallant conduct in an attack on 1000 mutineers at
+  Suhejnee, near Peroo, which ended in the rout of the enemy.
+
+  BAMBRICK, Private V., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, May 6th., 1858. For
+  conspicuous bravery at Bareilly, where he was attacked by three
+  Ghazees, and though wounded twice, cut down his assailants.
+
+  BANKS, Cornet W. G. H., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Dec. 31, 1858.
+  Cross provisionally conferred upon him by the Commander-in-Chief in
+  India, for his gallantry in thrice charging a body of fanatics, who
+  had rushed upon the guns near Lucknow, but he died from his wounds
+  before the recommendation was confirmed.
+
+  BEACH, Private T., 55th. Foot. Inkermann, Nov. 5, 1854. Defending
+  Lieut.-Colonel Carpenter, 41st., when wounded, from the attacks of
+  several Russians, two of whom he killed.
+
+  BELL, Captain M. S., Royal Engineers. Ordashu, Ashanti, Jan. 4, 1874.
+  Gallantry in encouraging an unarmed party of Fantees to work under
+  fire without a covering party.
+
+  BELL, Private David, 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Island of Little Andaman,
+  May 7, 1867. For the gallant manner in which, with Surgeon Douglas and
+  three other privates, he manned a boat, and rowed through a dangerous
+  surf to the rescue of seventeen officers and men from almost certain
+  destruction. _See_ Surgeon C. M. Douglas.
+
+  BELL, Captain E. W. D., 23rd. Fusiliers. Alma, Sept. 20, 1854. The
+  first to capture a Russian gun, which was limbered up and being driven
+  off. During the battle he succeeded to the command of the regiment,
+  all his senior officers being killed or wounded.
+
+  BERESFORD, Lord W. L. de la Poer, 9th. Lancers. Umvolosi River,
+  Zululand, July 3rd., 1879. For his gallant conduct in mounting Sergt.
+  Fitzmaurice, 24th. Foot, behind him on his horse, and bringing him
+  off, under a close and heavy fire.
+
+  BERGIN, Private J., 33rd. Foot. April 13, 1868, and Michael Magner,
+  Drummer of the same regiment. For their gallantry in the assault of
+  Magdala, being the first to enter the fortress, by climbing a cliff
+  and forcing their way through a strong fence, and over the wall.
+
+  BERRYMAN, Major J., 17th. Lancers. Alma and Balaklava. For
+  distinguished conduct in the above battles. At Balaklava, his horse
+  being shot under him, he remained on the field with Capt. Webb, who
+  was wounded, under a heavy fire, and refused to leave him till he was
+  placed in safety. He has also a bar for bravery at Inkermann.
+
+  BLAIR, Colonel J., 2nd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 12
+  and Oct. 23, 1857. For volunteering to apprehend armed rebels at
+  Neemuch, who had barricaded themselves in a house, the door of which
+  he burst open. At Jeerum he fought his way through a body of rebels
+  who had surrounded him, and his sword breaking, he, though wounded,
+  charged at the head of his men with his broken sword, and routed the
+  enemy.
+
+  BLAIR, Lieutenant R., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Sept. 28,
+  1857. For attacking a body of about sixty rebel cavalry, with a
+  sergeant and twelve men. He killed four of the enemy himself, and
+  though severely wounded, retreated without losing a man.
+
+  BOYLE, Major A. C., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 29, 1857. Leading
+  the way into a loopholed house occupied by the enemy, at Oonao, in
+  which service he was severely wounded.
+
+  BOOTH, Colour-Sergt. A., 80th. Foot. South Africa, March 12, 1879. In
+  the Zulu attack on the Intombi river, he rallied a few men, and
+  covered the retreat of fifty soldiers for three miles, before an
+  overwhelming force of the enemy.
+
+  BOULGER, Major A., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857. “For distinguished
+  bravery and forwardness as a skirmisher, in all the twelve actions
+  fought between July 12 and Sept. 22, 1857.”—_From Orders of
+  Major-General Sir H. Havelock._
+
+  BOURCHIER, Colonel C. T., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, Nov. 20, 1854.
+  For distinguished bravery at the capture of the rifle-pits. (His
+  conduct was recorded in the French General Orders).
+
+  BOYES, D. G., Midshipman, H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki, Japan, Sept. 6,
+  1864. Carrying the colours in the face of a heavy fire, at the capture
+  of a stockade, both his colour-sergeants having been wounded (one
+  mortally). The colours were six times pierced with balls.
+
+  BRADSHAW, Private J., 2nd. Batt. Rifle Brigade. Crimea, April 22,
+  1855. With another rifleman carrying a rifle-pit in broad daylight. He
+  also received the French War Medal.
+
+  BRADSHAW, W., Assist.-Surgeon 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+  Sept. 26, 1857. For his intrepidity, with Surgeon Home of the 90th.,
+  in removing the wounded men of the column that forced its way into
+  Lucknow; in close proximity to the enemy, and abandoned by the dhooly
+  bearers.
+
+  BRENNAN, Bombardier J., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, April 3, 1858.
+  For his gallantry at the assault of Jhansi, in bringing up two guns,
+  under a heavy fire, and so directing them as to compel the enemy to
+  abandon their battery.
+
+  BROMHEAD, Major G., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, Jan. 22 and 23,
+  1879. For his gallant conduct with Lieutenant J. R. Chard, R. E., at
+  the defence of Rorke’s Drift, against an enormously superior force of
+  Zulus.
+
+  BROWN, Lieut.-Colonel F. D. M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian
+  Mutiny, Nov. 16, 1857. For his gallantry at Narrioul, where, at the
+  risk of his life, he carried off a wounded soldier, under a heavy
+  fire, with the enemy’s cavalry close upon him.
+
+  BROWNE, Trooper P., Cape Mounted Rifles, Zululand, April 8, 1879. For
+  carrying water to wounded men at the assault on Moirosi’s Mountain,
+  under fire, in which service he was severely wounded.
+
+  BROWNE, Captain E. S., 1st. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, March 29,
+  1879. Saving life of a soldier at Inhlobana, by twice returning
+  towards pursuing enemy under heavy fire, and assisting him to mount
+  his horse.
+
+  BROWNE, Colonel H. G., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 24, 1857.
+  Leading sortie during siege of Lucknow Residency, to spike two guns,
+  protected by palisades and the embrasures fitted with sliding
+  shutters. He removed the shutters and spiked the guns.
+
+  BROWNE, Lieut.-General Sir S. J., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., Commandant of the
+  2nd. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 31, 1858. For attacking at
+  Seerporah, with one orderly, the gunners of a 9-pounder, and
+  preventing gun being served until captured by his men. In this service
+  he was severely wounded, his left arm being severed at the shoulder by
+  a sword cut.
+
+  BUCKLEY, Captain C. W., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855. Twice
+  undertaking the desperate service of firing Russian stores, at
+  Genitchi and Taganrog, in a four-oared gig, in the face of 3000
+  Russian troops.
+
+  BUCKLEY, J., Assistant-Comm. of Ordnance, Bengal Establishment. Indian
+  Mutiny, May 11, 1857. Defending Delhi magazine against the mutineers.
+
+  BULLER, Colonel Sir R. H., C.B., K.C.M.G., 60th. Rifles. Zululand,
+  March 28, 1879. For saving lives of two officers—Capt. D’Arcy and
+  Lieut. Everett, of the Frontier Light Horse—and one trooper, on the
+  same day, at the retreat of Inhlobana.
+
+  BURGOYNE, Captain H. T., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855. Assisting
+  to fire Russian stores at Genitchi, in the presence of a strong force
+  of the enemy.
+
+  BURSLEM, Captain N., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, Aug. 21, 1860.
+  Swimming the ditch, accompanied by Private T. Lane, and obtaining
+  entrance into the North Taku Fort, during the assault, in which both
+  were severely wounded.
+
+  BUTLER, Major T. A., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny,
+  Lucknow, March 9, 1858. Swimming the Goomtee and climbing the parapet
+  of a work and remaining there, under heavy fire, till the work was
+  occupied.
+
+  BYRNE, Private J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3, 1858. Carrying
+  in Lieut. Sewell, who was lying wounded, under a heavy fire.
+
+  BYRNE, Private John, 68th. Foot. Inkermann, 1855. For bringing in
+  wounded soldier under heavy fire, when the regiment was ordered to
+  retire, and defending entrance of work.
+
+  BYTHESEA, Rear-Admiral J., C.B., C.I.E. Island of Wardo, Baltic Sea,
+  Aug. 9 and 12, 1854. Assisted by W. Johnstone, stoker, seizing Russian
+  despatches from five men, three of whom they took prisoners, and
+  brought on board the “Arrogant.”
+
+  CADELL, Lieut.-Colonel T., late 2nd. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian
+  Mutiny, June 12, 1857. For his gallant conduct before Delhi, in
+  bringing in two wounded soldiers under a heavy fire.
+
+  CAFE, Major-General W. M., 56th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+  Mutiny, April 15, 1858. Bearing away, under heavy fire, the body of
+  Lieut. Willoughby, assisted by Privates Thompson, Crowie, Spence, and
+  Cook; and going to the rescue of Spence, who was severely wounded in
+  this service.
+
+  CAMBRIDGE, Sergeant D., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, Sept. 8, 1855.
+  Volunteering for spiking party at assault on the Redan, and remaining
+  when severely wounded; and bringing in a wounded man under heavy fire.
+
+  CAMERON, Colonel A. S., 72nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, March 30, 1858. For
+  bravery at Kotah, in heading a small party against a body of armed
+  fanatic rebels, strongly posted in a loopholed house, which he
+  stormed. He killed three of the rebels in single combat, and was
+  severely wounded.
+
+  CARLIN, Private P., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6, 1858. For
+  rescuing a wounded Naick of the 4th. Madras Rifles on the field of
+  battle.
+
+  CHAMPION, Sergeant-Major J., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Sept. 8,
+  1858. For continuing at his duty during the pursuit at Beejapore,
+  although severely wounded by a ball through his body, and for
+  distinguished conduct at Gwalior.
+
+  CHANNER, Lieut.-Colonel G. N., Bengal Staff Corps. Perak, Dec. 20,
+  1875. In the command of a small party of the 1st. Ghoorka Light
+  Infantry, he jumped into a strongly fortified stockade, shooting one
+  man and keeping the rest at bay till his men followed him, and
+  captured the place.
+
+  CHAPLIN, Colonel J. W., 67th. Foot (afterwards 8th. Hussars). Capture
+  of Taku Forts, Aug. 21, 1860. Planting the colours of the regiment on
+  the breach made by the storming party, assisted by Private T. Lane,
+  and subsequently on the cavalier of the fort, which he was the first
+  to mount. In doing this he was severely wounded.
+
+  CHARD, Major J. R. M., Royal Engineers. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, 1879,
+  and Major G. Bromhead. For the defence of Rorke’s Drift against
+  enormously superior force. _See_ Bromhead, Major G.
+
+  CHASE, Lieutenant W. St. L., Bombay Staff Corps. Candahar, Aug. 16,
+  1880, and Private J. Ashford. Carrying off wounded soldier under heavy
+  fire.
+
+  CHICKEN, Mr. G. B., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, Sept. 27, 1858. For
+  his bravery at Suhejnee, where he charged into the middle of a body of
+  rebels, and killed five before he was cut down himself.
+
+  CLIFFORD, Major-General Hon. Sir H. H., Rifle Brigade. Inkermann,
+  1855. Leading a charge, in which he killed one of the enemy with his
+  sword, disabled another, and saved the life of a soldier.
+
+  CLOGSTOUN, Captain H. M., 19th. Madras Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  Jan. 15, 1859. For conspicuous gallantry in charging the rebels at
+  Chichumbah, with only eight men, and compelling them to abandon their
+  plunder. In this affair he was severely wounded, and seven of his men
+  were killed.
+
+  COCHRANE, Colonel H. S., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 1, 1858.
+  Near Jhansi, capturing single-handed a gun under a heavy fire, and
+  holding it till his company came up. Also for attacking the rear-guard
+  of the enemy, when he had three horses shot under him in succession.
+
+  COFFEY, Private W., 34th. Foot. Sebastopol, March 29th., 1855.
+  Throwing live shell over the parapet.
+
+  COGHLAN, Sergeant-Major C., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 8 and July
+  18, 1857. For penetrating with others into a Serai strongly occupied
+  by the enemy, and removing Private Corbett, 75th. Regiment, who was
+  severely wounded. Also encouraging a party to charge down a lane,
+  raked with a cross fire, at Delhi, and returning under fire for
+  dhoolies for wounded.
+
+  COGHILL, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot, Zululand, Jan. 22, 1879.
+  Endeavouring, together with Lieutenant Melville, of the same Regiment,
+  to save the colours of the 24th. after the disaster at Isandhlwana, in
+  which duty they were both killed. (Conferred posthumously).
+
+  COLEMAN, Sergeant J., 97th. Foot. Sebastopol, Aug. 30th., 1855.
+  Defending a new sap until all his comrades had been killed or wounded,
+  and carrying in a wounded soldier under fire.
+
+  COLLIS, Gunner J., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand, July
+  27, 1880. For drawing enemy’s fire from wounded to himself, until they
+  were removed out of danger.
+
+  COMMERELL, Admiral, Sir J. E., k.c.b. Crimea, Oct. 11, 1855. For
+  crossing the Isthmus of Arabat, with Wm. Rickard, Quartermaster, and
+  Geo. Milstone, Seaman, and destroying large quantities of stores on
+  the Crimean shore of the Sivash, retreating under a heavy fire of
+  musketry.
+
+  CONOLLY, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 49th. Foot. Balaklava, October
+  26th., 1854. Personally encountering several Russians when in command
+  on outlying picket duty, till he fell dangerously wounded. His conduct
+  was highly praised in General Orders.
+
+  CONNOLLY, Gunner W., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny, July 7th,
+  1857. For his gallantry at Jhelum, when he continued to serve his gun
+  when twice severely wounded, and declined to go out of action. He was
+  again, soon after shot through the leg, but continued to load until he
+  fainted from loss of blood.
+
+  CONNORS, Private J., 3rd. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855.
+  Conspicuous gallantry during the assault, and rescuing a officer of
+  the 30th. Regiment, when surrounded by Russians. Selected by his
+  company for the French war medal.
+
+  COOK, Major J., Bengal Staff Corps. Afghanistan, Peiwar Kotal,
+  December 2nd., 1878. For his intrepidity in charging the enemy, who
+  broke and fled, and rescuing Major Galbraith, who was personally
+  engaged with an Afghan soldier.
+
+  COOK, Private W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th., 1859. At
+  Maylah Ghaut, when all the officers were killed or wounded, and the
+  colour-sergeant killed, with Private D. Miller going to the front, and
+  directing the company.
+
+  COOPER, Boatswain H. Crimea, June 3rd., 1855. Performing desperate
+  service at Taganrog, landing and firing stores in the presence of the
+  enemy.
+
+  COOPER, Private J., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman Island,
+  May 7th., 1867. _See_ Private D. Bell and Assistant-Surgeon C. M.
+  Douglas.
+
+  CORBET, Private T., 3rd. Battalion the King’s Royal Rifle Corps.
+  Egypt, Kafr Dower, August 5th., 1882. Remaining under fire with
+  wounded officer, and assisting to bring him in.
+
+  CRAIG, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Redan, September 6th.,
+  1855. For volunteering and collecting volunteers to go out under fire
+  and search for Captain Buckley, of his regiment, and bringing in his
+  body, during which duty he was wounded.
+
+  CREAGH, Major O’Moore, Bombay Service Corps, Afghanistan, April 21st.,
+  1879. Defending the village of Kam Dakka, with 150 men, against 1,500
+  Mohmunds, whom he repeatedly repulsed, till relieved.
+
+  CRIMMIN, Surgeon J., Bombay Medical Service. Eastern Karenni, Burmah,
+  January 1st., 1889. Attending to wounded under fire and murderous
+  attack of Red Karens, one of whom he killed with his sword.
+
+  CROWE, Lieutenant J. P. H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, August
+  12th., 1857. For being the first to enter a redoubt at Bourzekee
+  Chowkee, an entrenched village.
+
+  CUBITT, Colonel W. G., 13th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  June 30th., 1857. Saving lives of three men of the 32nd. regiment, at
+  risk of his own, during retreat from Chinhut.
+
+  CUNNINGHAME, Major Sir W. J. M., Bart., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol,
+  November 20th., 1854. For his gallantry at the capture of the
+  rifle-pits. Recorded in French General Orders.
+
+  CUNYNGHAM, Captain W. H. D., Gordon Highlanders. Afghanistan, December
+  13th., 1879. For exposing himself to the heavy fire of the enemy at
+  Shurpur, and by his example encouraging the men who were wavering.
+
+  CURTIS, Boatswain’s Mate H. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855. Rescuing
+  wounded soldier. _See_ Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, c.b.
+
+  DALTON, Assistant-Commander J. L. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, January
+  22nd., 1879. For his conspicuous gallantry during the defence, and
+  saving a man’s life; was severely wounded during the conflict.
+
+  DANAHER, Trooper J., Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, June 16th., 1881.
+  For attempting to save wounded soldier. _See_ Lance-corporal J.
+  Murray.
+
+  DANIELS, Midshipman E. St. J., Royal Navy. Inkermann and Redan,
+  November 5th., and June 18th., 1854–55. Bringing in powder under heavy
+  fire, and bandaging the arm of his leader, Captain Peel, on the glacis
+  of the Redan, exposed to a very close and heavy fire.
+
+  D’ARCY, Captain Cecil, Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand, July
+  3rd., 1879. Endeavouring to save a dismounted trooper, when his horse
+  had kicked them both off, and the Zulus had closed upon him.
+
+  DAUNT, Colonel J. C. C., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  October 2nd., and November 2nd., 1857. For his bravery at Chota Behar,
+  where, with Sergeant Dynon, of the 53rd. Foot, he captured two guns;
+  and gallantry in attacking a large body of mutineers, when he was
+  dangerously wounded.
+
+  DAVIS, Major-General Gronow, Royal Artillery. Redan, September 8th.,
+  1855. Gallantry during the attack, and saving the life of Lieutenant
+  Sanders, 30th. regiment, and other wounded soldiers, under a
+  “murderous” fire.
+
+  DAVIS, Private James, 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 18th., 1858.
+  Carrying Lieutenant Bramley’s body from under the very walls of Fort
+  Ruhya.
+
+  DAY, Captain G. Fiott, Royal Navy. Crimea, October, 1855. Successfully
+  making two reconnaissances within enemy’s lines at Genitchi, by night,
+  often up to his knees in water.
+
+  DEMPSEY, Private D., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, August 12th. and March
+  14th., 1857–58. For carrying a bag of powder through a burning
+  village, exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy behind loopholed
+  walls, and being the first man to enter the village of Jugdispore,
+  under a very hot fire.
+
+  DIAMOND, Gunner B., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September
+  28th., 1857, and Gunner R. Fitzgerald. Together working their guns
+  under heavy fire, and clearing the road of the enemy at Boolundshuhur,
+  after all their comrades had been killed or wounded.
+
+  DICKSON, General Sir C., K.C.B., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, October
+  17th., 1855. Personally assisting in carrying powder barrels to supply
+  the batteries, under a heavy fire.
+
+  DIVANE, Private John, 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 10th.,
+  1858. Heading a successful charge on the trenches of the mutineers
+  before Delhi. Elected by privates of his regiment.
+
+  DIXON, Major-General M. C., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, April 17th.,
+  1855. When his battery was blown up by a shell, which destroyed the
+  parapet and disabled five guns, continuing to defend it till sunset
+  with one gun.
+
+  DONOHOE, Private P., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September 28th.,
+  1857. Going to the support of Lieutenant Blair, who was severely
+  wounded, and bringing him in through enemy’s cavalry.
+
+  DOOGAN, Private J., 1st. Dragoon Guards. South Africa, January 28th.,
+  1881. Although himself wounded, he endeavoured, under heavy fire of
+  the Boers, to induce a wounded officer to take his horse, receiving
+  another wound while doing so.
+
+  DOUGLAS, Brigadier-Surgeon C. M., M.D., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot.
+  Little Andaman Island, May 7th., 1867, and Privates T. Murphy, J.
+  Cooper, D. Bell, and W. Griffiths. For proceeding in a boat, through a
+  most dangerous surf, to rescue some comrades. _See_ Privates Bell,
+  Cooper, etc.
+
+  DOWELL, Lieutenant-Colonel G. D., Royal Marine Artillery. Attack on
+  Viborg, Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Rowing to the assistance of a
+  disabled rocket-boat of the “Arrogant,” saving three of the crew, and
+  bringing off the boat under heavy fire of grape and musketry.
+
+  DOWLING, Private W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 4th. and 9th.,
+  and September 27th., 1857. Going out on three occasions to spike guns
+  under heavy fire from the enemy, and killing a Soubadar by one of the
+  guns.
+
+  DOWN, Ensign J. F., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd., 1863, and
+  Drummer D. Stagpoole. Bringing in wounded man under close and heavy
+  fire at Pontoko.
+
+  DUFFY, Private T., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+  26th., 1857. For his cool intrepidity and daring in saving a
+  24-pounder gun from falling into the enemy’s hands.
+
+  DUNDAS, Lieutenant J., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th., 1865.
+  For his gallantry in leading attack on a loopholed Blockhouse at
+  Dewangiri, and entering the place head foremost, through an opening
+  two feet wide, in the face of 200 desperate men. _See_ Major Trevor.
+
+  DUNLAY, Lance-Corporal J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+  1857. For being the first man (surviving) of the regiment to enter the
+  Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of regiment.
+
+  DUNN, Lieutenant A. R., 11th. Hussars. Crimea, October 25th., 1854.
+  For saving the lives of Sergeant-Major Bentley and a private, by
+  attacking and cutting down some of the enemy in the light cavalry
+  charge at Balaklava.
+
+  DYNON, Sergeant D., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd., 1857. For
+  his distinguished bravery in capturing two guns at Chota Behar, by
+  shooting the gunners. _See_ Colonel Daunt.
+
+  EDWARDS, Private T., 1st. Batt. Royal Highlanders. Egypt, Tamai, March
+  13th., 1884. For his gallantry in defending gun, and, though wounded,
+  remaining by it.
+
+  EDWARDS, Captain W. W. M., 2nd. Battalion 74th. Light Infantry. Egypt,
+  Tel-el-Kebir, 1882. For rushing single-handed into a battery of the
+  enemy, and killing officer in charge.
+
+  ELPHINSTONE, Colonel Sir H. C., K.C.B., Royal Engineers. Crimea,
+  Redan, June 18th, 1855. For volunteering to command a party of
+  volunteers to recover ladders left behind after repulse, on the night
+  preceding, and rescuing twenty wounded men.
+
+  ELTON, Lieutenant-Colonel F. C., 55th. Foot. Sebastopol, August 4th.,
+  1855. Setting example to his men by personally working under a
+  dreadful fire in front of the Quarries, and volunteering with a small
+  party to drive off a body of Russians.
+
+  ESMOND, Lieutenant-Colonel T., 18th. Foot. Redan, June 18th. and
+  20th., 1855. For his intrepidity in repeatedly rescuing wounded under
+  heavy fire, and extinguishing a fire-ball before it could betray the
+  position of his working party.
+
+  EVANS, Private Samuel, 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, April, 18th., 1855. For
+  repairing embrasure under a very heavy fire.
+
+  EWART, Sergeant R., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 24th., 1857.
+  For conspicuous bravery at the Alumbagh, in going to aid wounded
+  comrade under heavy fire, and bringing him safe into the camp.
+
+  FARMER, Lance-Corporal J. J., Army Hospital Corps. South Africa,
+  Majuba Mountain, February 27th., 1881. He held a white flag over the
+  wounded, and when his arm was shot through by the Boers, he called out
+  that he had “another.” He then held the flag up with the other arm,
+  until it also was disabled by a bullet.
+
+  FARQUHARSON, Lieutenant F. E. H., 42nd. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny,
+  March 9th., 1858. Storming bastion and spiking two guns at Lucknow.
+
+  FARRELL, Quartermaster J., 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October 25th.,
+  1854. For his devotion in remaining with Captain Webb, when wounded,
+  and assisting to bring him in, under a shower of shot and shell.
+
+  FFRENCH, Captain A. K., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 16th.,
+  1857. For his gallantry at the taking of the Secundra Bagh, being one
+  of the first to enter the building. Elected by the officers of
+  regiment.
+
+  FITZGERALD, Gunner, R., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 28th, 1857. For working gun under very heavy fire. _See_
+  Gunner B. Diamond.
+
+  FITZGIBBON, Hospital Apprentice A. F., Indian Medical Establishment.
+  Taku Forts, August 21st., 1860. Attending to wounded under heavy fire,
+  in which duty he was himself severely wounded.
+
+  FITZPATRICK, Private Francis, 94th. Foot. Sekukuni’s Town, South
+  Africa. November 28th., 1879, and Private T. Flawn. For carrying out
+  of action a wounded officer under heavy fire.
+
+  FLAWN, Private T., 94th. Foot. South Africa, November 28th., 1879.
+  _See_ Private F. Fitzpatrick.
+
+  FLINN, Private T., 64th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 28th., 1857.
+  For his gallantry in a charge on the enemy’s guns, in which he was
+  wounded.
+
+  FORREST, Captain G., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny, May
+  11th., 1857. For gallant conduct in defence of Delhi magazine.
+
+  FOSBERY, Lieutenant-Colonel G. V., late 4th. Bengal European Regiment.
+  India, October 30th., 1863. For volunteering to lead a party to
+  recapture the Craig Piquet after its garrison had been driven in by
+  the enemy, and sixty of them killed in desperate hand to hand
+  fighting.
+
+  FOWLER, Private E., 90th. Foot. South Africa, March 28th., 1879. For
+  his behaviour at the assault of the Inhlobani Mountain. _See_
+  Lieutenant H. Lysons.
+
+  FRASER, Major-General C. C., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, December
+  31st., 1858. Swimming, under heavy fire, to the rescue of Captain
+  Stisted and men of the 7th. Hussars, who were in danger of drowning in
+  the Raptee, while in pursuit of the mutineers.
+
+  FREEMAN, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, October 10th., 1857.
+  Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Jones, who was wounded, and
+  defending him against several of the enemy.
+
+  GARDINER, Colour-Sergeant George, 57th. Foot. Sebastopol and Redan,
+  March 22nd., and June 18th., 1855. Rallying covering party which had
+  been driven in by enemy; and in the attack on the Redan, remaining,
+  under fire, firing at enemy on the parapet till his ammunition was
+  exhausted.
+
+  GARDNER, Quartermaster-Sergeant W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, May
+  5th., 1858. For his gallant conduct at Bareilly in saving the life of
+  his commanding officer, Colonel Cameron, when attacked by three
+  fanatics, killing two of them.
+
+  GARVIN, Colour-Sergeant S., 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles. Indian
+  Mutiny, June 23rd., 1857. Leading a small party, under heavy fire, and
+  dislodging enemy from the “Sammy House,” also for gallant conduct
+  during operations before Delhi.
+
+  GIFFORD, Major Lord E. F., 24th. Foot. Ashanti, February 1st., 1874.
+  For his gallantry at the head of scouts during the war, and especially
+  at the taking of Becquah.
+
+  GILL, Sergeant-Major P., Loodiana Regiment. Indian Mutiny, June 4th.,
+  1857. For volunteering with Sergeant-Major Rosamond to bring into
+  barracks Captain Brown and family from detached bungalow at Benares;
+  also saving the life of non-commissioned officer, and twice saving the
+  life of Major Barrett, 27th. Native Infantry.
+
+  GOAT, Lance-Corporal W., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March 6th.,
+  1858. For his conduct at Lucknow in twice attempting to recover the
+  body of Major Smyth in face of the enemy, succeeding the second time.
+
+  GOODFELLOW, Colonel C. A., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, October
+  6th., 1859. At the attack on the Fort of Beyt, for recovering, under a
+  sharp fire, the body of a soldier who was then dead, but whom he
+  supposed to be only wounded.
+
+  GOODLAKE, Lieutenant-General G. L., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol,
+  October 26th., 1854. For holding the Windmill ravine against a much
+  superior force, and surprising enemy’s piquet.
+
+  GORMAN, Seaman J., Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. Defending the
+  Lancaster Battery, under a heavy fire, using the muskets of the
+  disabled soldiers. _See_ Seamen T. Reeves and M. Schofield.
+
+  GOUGH, Colonel Sir C. J. S., K.C.B., 5th. Bengal European Cavalry.
+  Indian Mutiny, August 15th. and 18th., 1857; January 27th. and
+  February 23rd., 1858. Distinguished gallantry at Khurkowdah, where he
+  saved his wounded brother, killing two of the enemy; and for his
+  intrepid conduct at Shumshabad and Meangunge, where he went to the
+  assistance of Major O. St. George Anson, and killed his opponent.
+
+  GOUGH, Colonel Sir H. H., K.C.B., 1st. Bengal European Light Infantry.
+  Indian Mutiny, November 15th., 1857, and November 25th., 1858.
+  Capturing two guns near Alumbagh, and for charging the enemy’s guns
+  near Lucknow, where he had two horses killed under him, and was
+  severely wounded.
+
+  GRADY, Sergeant T., 4th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 18th., 1854. For
+  volunteering to repair embrasures, under a heavy fire, and refusing to
+  leave front when severely wounded.
+
+  GRAHAM, Major-General Sir G., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th.,
+  1855. Determined gallantry at the head of a ladder party, and on
+  several occasions going out of the trenches and bringing in wounded
+  officers and men, under fire.
+
+  GRAHAM, Private P., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th., 1857.
+  Bringing in wounded comrade, under heavy fire, at Lucknow. Elected by
+  privates of the regiment.
+
+  GRANT, Private P., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., 1857.
+  For his gallantry in killing five of the enemy with one of their own
+  swords, in defence of Colonel Ewart, carrying the colours at the
+  Secundra Bagh. Elected by privates of regiment.
+
+  GREEN, Colour-Sergeant P., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 11th.,
+  1857. Rescuing wounded comrade at Delhi, when hotly pressed by the
+  enemy.
+
+  GRIEVE, Sergeant-Major J., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October 25th.,
+  1854. Saving the life of an officer surrounded by the enemy, killing
+  one, and disabling and dispersing the others.
+
+  GRIFFITHS, Private W., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman
+  Island, May 7th., 1867. _See_ Brigadier-Surgeon C. M. Douglas.
+
+  GUISE, Lieutenant-General J. C., C.B., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+  November 16th. and 17th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry in action at
+  Lucknow. Elected by the officers of the regiment.
+
+  HACKETT, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel T. B., 23rd. Fusiliers. Indian
+  Mutiny, November 18th., 1857. For rescuing, with Private Monger, at
+  Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, a wounded corporal, under fire, and removing
+  thatch from bungalow in order to prevent its being set on fire, under
+  a heavy fire.
+
+  HALE, Surgeon-Major T. E., M.D., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, September
+  8th., 1855. For remaining with Captain H. M. Jones, who was wounded,
+  and bringing in wounded under a very heavy fire, after the troops had
+  retired to the trenches.
+
+  HALL (Coloured) Seaman W., H.M.S. “Shannon.” Indian Mutiny, November
+  10th., 1857. _See_ Commander J. Young.
+
+  HAMILTON, Major-General T. de Courcy, 68th. Foot. Sebastopol, May
+  11th., 1855. During a sortie, at the head of a small force, recovering
+  possession of a battery strongly held by the enemy.
+
+  HAMILTON, Lieutenant W. R. P., Bengal Staff Corps. Futtehabad, April
+  2nd., 1879. For leading charge (in which his commander, Major W.
+  Battye, was killed), against a superior force of the Guides, and
+  rescuing a sowar by cutting down three of the enemy.
+
+  HAMMOND, Major A. G., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December 14th., 1879.
+  For his distinguished conduct in defending the top of a hill with
+  rifle and bayonet, covering retiring party, and assisting to carry
+  away wounded Sepoy under very close and heavy fire.
+
+  HANCOCK, Private T., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857,
+  and Private J. Purcell; before Delhi. Remaining by and assisting in
+  action Brigadier Grant, his commanding officer, whose horse had been
+  shot. In doing this he was severely wounded, and Purcell’s horse was
+  shot under him.
+
+  HARDING, Chief Gunner Israel, H.M.S. “Alexandra,” Alexandria, July
+  11th., 1882. For extinguishing fuse of live shell by throwing it into
+  a tub of water.
+
+  HARRINGTON, Lieutenant H. E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, 1857,
+  with E. Jennings (roughrider), J. Park, T. Laughnan, and H. M‘Innes
+  (gunners.) Elected by officers, non-commissioned officers, and
+  privates generally, of each troop or battery, for conspicuous
+  gallantry at the relief of Lucknow, from 14th. to 22nd. November,
+  1857.
+
+  HARRISON, Boatswain’s Mate J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny, November
+  16th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in volunteering and
+  climbing up a tree to reply to the fire of the enemy. _See_
+  Rear-Admiral N. Salmon.
+
+  HART, Lieutenant-Colonel R. C., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan, January
+  31st., 1879. For running, exposed to the fire of the enemy, some 1200
+  yards, and risking his own life to save that of a private sowar of the
+  13th. Bengal Lancers.
+
+  HARTIGAN, Pensioned Sergeant H., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June
+  8th. and October 10th., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in rescuing
+  a wounded comrade surrounded by enemy; also rescuing a comrade from
+  four of the enemy near Delhi, being disabled in doing so. He ran,
+  unarmed, to the assistance of Sergeant Crews, who was attacked by four
+  rebels. Hartigan, with his right hand, seized a tulwar from one of
+  them, and with his left, hit him in the mouth, then attacking the
+  other three, he killed one and wounded two.
+
+  HARTLEY, Surgeon-Major E. B., Cape Mounted Rifles, South Africa,
+  Basutoland, June 5th., 1879. Attended to wounded under heavy fire, and
+  carrying wounded corporal to place of safety, afterwards returning
+  under fire to attend again to the wounded.
+
+  HAVELOCK-ALLAN, Lieutenant-General Sir H. M., Bart., C.B., 10th. Foot.
+  Indian Mutiny, July 16th., 1857. Charging and capturing the last gun
+  of the enemy at Cawnpore.
+
+  HAWKES, Private D., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th., 1858.
+  Rescuing a wounded comrade under fire. _See_ Corporal Nash and Major
+  Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., C.B.
+
+  HAWTHORNE, Bugler R., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 16th.,
+  1857. For his gallantry when forming one of the explosion party at
+  Delhi, and assisting a wounded officer (Lieutenant Salkeld), under
+  heavy fire.
+
+  HEAPHY, Major C., Auckland Militia, New Zealand, February 11th., 1864.
+  For his conduct at the Mangapiko River in assisting a wounded soldier
+  who had fallen in the midst of the enemy, under a very close and heavy
+  fire. Five balls pierced his clothes and cap, and he was wounded in
+  three places.
+
+  HEATHCOTE, Lieutenant A. S., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857.
+  Volunteering for services of extreme danger, and for gallantry during
+  the siege of Delhi, June to September, 1857. Elected by officers of
+  his regiment.
+
+  HENEAGE, Major C. W., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., 1858.
+  With Sergeant J. Ward, Farrier G. Hollis, and Private J. Pearson. For
+  their bravery in a desperate charge at Gwalior, in which two guns were
+  captured. Elected by their comrades in the charge.
+
+  HENRY, Captain A., Land Transport Corps. Inkermann, 5th. November,
+  1854. Continuing to defend the guns of his battery until he had
+  received twelve bayonet wounds.
+
+  HEWETT, Rear-Admiral Sir W. N. W., K.C.B. Sebastopol, October 26th.,
+  1854. Being Mate of H.M.S. “Beagle,” for defending his battery with
+  one gun against heavy advance of Russians. By mistake an order to
+  spike the gun was brought, which he disregarded; also for conspicuous
+  gallantry at Inkermann.
+
+  HILL, Lieutenant A. R., 2nd. Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment.
+  South Africa, Laing’s Nek, January 28th., 1881. Bringing wounded
+  soldier out of action, then returning and rescuing another, under
+  heavy fire of the Boers. He had previously attempted to save Lieut.
+  Baillie, but that officer was again struck and killed while he was
+  carrying him out of fire.
+
+  HILL, Sergeant S., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny November 16th. and 17th.,
+  1857. Saving the life of Captain Irby, his commanding officer, at the
+  storming of the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, and going out under a heavy
+  fire to aid two wounded men; also for his gallant conduct all through
+  the relief of Lucknow. Elected by the officers of his regiment.
+
+  HILLS-JOHNES, Major-General Sir J., K.C.B., Royal Artillery. Indian
+  Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. For gallant defence of his post before Delhi.
+  _See_ Tombs, General Sir H.
+
+  HINCKLEY, Seaman G., H.M.S. “Sphinx.” China, October 9th., 1862. For
+  his gallant conduct at Fung Wha, in volunteering to carry two wounded
+  men to place of safety, under heavy fire.
+
+  HITCH, Private Frederick, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+  Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Corporal W. Allen.
+  Together holding the hospital, a most dangerous post, raked by the
+  fire of the enemy from a hill, until the patients could be withdrawn.
+  When prevented by wounds from fighting they continued serving out
+  ammunition during the night.
+
+  HODGE, Private S. (coloured), 4th. West India Regiment. Africa, June
+  30th., 1866. For distinguished bravery at storming and capture of
+  Tubabecolong, River Gambia. Presented by his commanding officer,
+  Colonel D’Arcy, to his comrades as the bravest soldier in the
+  regiment.
+
+  HOLLIS, Farrier G., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., 1858.
+  _See_ Major C. W. Heneage.
+
+  HOLLOWELL, Private J., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 26th.,
+  1857. Successfully directing defence of a burning house in Lucknow,
+  against a large force of rebel Sepoys.
+
+  HOLMES, Private Joel, 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 17th., 1857.
+  Volunteering to assist in working gun under a heavy fire, by which
+  almost all the artillerymen were killed.
+
+  HOME, Surgeon-General Sir A. D., K.C.B., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 26th., 1857, and Assistant-Surgeon W. Bradshaw. Gallantly
+  defending the wounded left under their charge, for twenty-two hours,
+  when the troops under General Havelock forced their way into the
+  Residency of Lucknow.
+
+  HOME, Lieutenant D. C., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, 1857, and
+  Lieutenant P. Salkeld and Sergeant J. Smith. Provisionally conferred
+  upon them by General Sir A. Wilson, Bart., K.C.B., for performing the
+  desperate duty of blowing in the Cashmere Gate, at Delhi, in broad
+  daylight, September 14th. None of them survived for the nomination to
+  be confirmed.
+
+  HOOK, Private Henry, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+  Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. Defending the hospital and
+  rescuing eight patients. _See_ Private J. Williams.
+
+  HOPE, Lieutenant W., 7th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. Assisting in
+  bringing in wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson), under a very heavy fire.
+
+  HUGHES, Corporal M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th. and 18th., 1855.
+  Twice fetching ammunition under heavy fire, and bringing in at
+  different times a wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers), and
+  a wounded private, while so doing he was severely wounded himself.
+
+  HUMPSTON, Sergeant R., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, April 22nd., 1855.
+  With another rifleman capturing rifle-pit occupied by enemy in broad
+  daylight. For this act he received a gratuity of £5, and was promoted.
+
+  INGOUVILLE, G., Captain of Mast H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Attack on Viborg,
+  Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Jumping overboard, swimming to and
+  recovering disabled cutter, which had drifted under enemy’s battery.
+
+  INNES, Colonel J. J. McLeod, Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, February
+  23rd., 1858. At the action of Sultanpore he was the first up to seize
+  a gun, and holding another, although quite unsupported and under heavy
+  fire, till assistance reached him.
+
+  IRWIN, Private C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., 1857.
+  Although severely wounded he was one of the first to enter the
+  Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of his regiment.
+
+  JARRETT, Lieutenant-Colonel H. C. T., 26th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+  Indian Mutiny, October 14th., 1858. For daring bravery at Baroun, with
+  only four men, in attempting to take possession of a house occupied by
+  seventy Sepoys, the only approach to which was up a very narrow
+  street, and under heavy fire.
+
+  JEE, Deputy-Inspector-General J., C.B., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 25th., 1858. For conspicuous gallantry in attending,
+  protecting, and saving a number of wounded at Lucknow, on the entry of
+  General Havelock’s relieving force.
+
+  JENNINGS, Roughrider E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+  November, 1857. _See_ Lieut. H. E. Harrington.
+
+  JEROME, Colonel H. E., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd. and May
+  28th., 1858, and Private J. Byrne. For his intrepid conduct at Jhansi,
+  in bringing in Lieut. Sewell, who was severely wounded, with the
+  assistance of Private J. Byrne, under very severe fire, and daring
+  gallantry on other occasions, particularly in an action with a very
+  superior force of rebels on the Jumna, when he was severely wounded.
+
+  JOHNSTONE, Stoker W., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Baltic Sea, April
+  12th., 1854. _See_ Rear-Admiral J. Bythesea.
+
+  JONES, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred S., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June
+  8th., 1857. Capturing one of the enemy’s guns and turning it upon
+  them. “This was a well conceived act, gallantly executed.”—_Despatch
+  of Major-General Hope Grant._
+
+  JONES, Captain H. M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th., 1855. At the
+  storming of the Quarries, for repeatedly leading on his men to repel
+  continual night attacks of the enemy, although himself wounded.
+
+  JONES, Private R., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, January 22nd.
+  and 23rd., 1879, and Private W. Jones. Defending their post in the
+  hospital till the last, until six out of seven patients were removed
+  into the inner line of defence.
+
+  JONES, Private W., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, 1879. _See_
+  Private R. Jones.
+
+  KAVANAGH, Mr. T. H. (“Lucknow Kavanagh”) Assistant Commissioner in
+  Oudh, Indian Civil Service, Indian Mutiny, November 8th., 1857.
+  Voluntarily proceeding through the city of Lucknow in disguise, to
+  camp of Commander-in-Chief, and guiding the relieving force to the
+  beleaguered garrison in the Residency.
+
+  KEATINGE, Colonel R. H., Bombay Artillery. Indian Mutiny, March 17th.,
+  1858. At the assault of Chundairee volunteering to lead the column
+  through the breach, under a heavy cross fire, by a path across the
+  ditch which he had discovered, receiving two dangerous wounds in the
+  act.
+
+  KELLAWAY, Boatswain J., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Wrangler.” Russia, Azoff,
+  September, 1855. Returning towards enemy to assist Mr. Odevaine, mate,
+  who had fallen, and endeavouring to rescue him from fifty Russians.
+  Both taken prisoners after stout resistance.
+
+  KELLS, Trumpet-Major R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September 28th.,
+  1857. For his bravery at Bolundshuhur, in defending his commanding
+  officer (Captain Drysdale), who was wounded, against numbers of the
+  enemy and remaining with him till out of danger.
+
+  KENNY, Private J., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., 1857.
+  For bravery at the taking of the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow, and for
+  bringing up ammunition under severe cross fire. Elected by the
+  privates of his regiment.
+
+  KERR, Lieutenant W. A., 24th. Bombay Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  July 10th., 1857. Taking a stronghold near Kholapore, held by a party
+  of mutineers, by making a dash at a gateway with his dismounted
+  horsemen, forcing an entrance under fire, and killing and capturing
+  the whole of the enemy.
+
+  KIRK, Private J., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 4th., 1857.
+  Assisting to rescue officer and family who were besieged by rebels in
+  a house at Benares.
+
+  KNOX, Major J. S., Scots Guards. Alma and Redan, 1854–55. For his
+  exertions in re-forming the ranks of the Guards at Alma, and
+  volunteering for the ladder party in the attack on the Redan, June
+  18th.
+
+  LAMBERT, Sergeant-Major G., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857.
+  Distinguished conduct at Oonao, July 29th., Bithoor, August 16th., and
+  Lucknow, September 26th.
+
+  LAUGHNAN, Gunner, Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, November,
+  1857. _See_ Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.
+
+  LAWRENCE, Major S. H., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 7th. and
+  September 26th., 1857. In a sortie from Lucknow he was the first to
+  mount a ladder and enter the window of a house strongly held by enemy.
+  Also charging in advance of his company with two men and capturing a
+  nine-pounder gun in a sortie.
+
+  LANE, Private T., 67th. Foot. Gallantry at the capture of the Taku
+  Forts, August 22nd., 1860. _See_ Captain M. Burslem.
+
+  LEACH, Lieutenant-Colonel E. P., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan, March
+  17th., 1879. For his bravery in action near Maidanah, in promptly
+  charging with some men of the 45th. Sikhs a superior force of the
+  enemy, thereby saving his party from annihilation. In this encounter
+  he killed two or three of the enemy, and was himself severely wounded.
+
+  LEET, Lieutenant-Colonel W. K., 1st. Battalion 13th. Foot. Zululand,
+  March 26th., 1879. Rescuing Lieutenant A. M. Smith from Zulus, under
+  close fire, during the retreat from the Inhlobana.
+
+  LEITCH, Colour-Sergeant P., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th., 1855.
+  Forming a caponière and ramp across the ditch by tearing down gabions
+  from the parapet, filling and placing them, under heavy fire, until he
+  was wounded and disabled.
+
+  LEITH, Major J., 14th. Light Dragoons. Indian Mutiny, April 1st.,
+  1858. For his distinguished conduct at Bretwah, in charging alone, and
+  rescuing Captain Need from a large number of rebel infantry.
+
+  LENNOX, Major-General W. O., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol, November
+  20th., 1854. Establishing a lodgement in rifle-pits, and assisting to
+  repel assaults. Specially noticed in French general order by General
+  Canrobert.
+
+  LENNON, Major E. H., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, August 22nd.,
+  1860. For swimming the ditch, and entering the North Fort by an
+  embrasure during the assault.
+
+  LEQUESNE, Surgeon F. S., M.S. Upper Burmah, May 4th., 1889. For his
+  gallantry in assisting, while under a close fire from a stockade,
+  Lieutenant Michel, Norfolk Regiment, who was mortally wounded. Shortly
+  after he was himself severely wounded while attending to another
+  wounded officer.
+
+  LINDRIM, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. J., Royal Engineers. Crimea, April
+  11th., 1855. Intrepidity in climbing to top of magazine and
+  extinguishing burning sandbags, and making good the breach, under
+  fire; also superintending replacing of capsized gabions under very
+  heavy fire, and for being one of four who volunteered to destroy a
+  Russian rifle-pit, April 20th.
+
+  LOYD-LYNDSAY, Brevet-Major (afterwards Lord Wantage), _which see_.
+
+  [175]LUCAS, Captain C. D., Royal Navy. Attack on Bomarsund, June 21st,
+  1854. Throwing overboard a live shell, which fell on board H.M.S.
+  “Hector.”
+
+  LUCAS, Colour-Sergeant J., 40th. Foot. New Zealand, March 18th., 1861.
+  Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Rees, under close and heavy
+  fire; also remaining at his post guarding arms, though wounded, till
+  the arrival of supports.
+
+  LUMLEY, Major C. H., 97th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855. For his
+  bravery at the assault, in which he was severely wounded, being one of
+  the first inside the work.
+
+  LYONS, Private J., 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 10th., 1855. Throwing
+  live shell over the parapet, which fell in the trenches.
+
+  LYSONS, Lieutenant H., 2nd. Battalion Cameronians. South Africa, March
+  28th., 1879, and Private Fowler. Gallantry in dislodging the enemy
+  from a cave at the assault of the Inhlobane Mountain.
+
+  LYSTER, Colonel H. H., 72nd. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+  May 23rd., 1858. Singly charging and breaking a square of retreating
+  mutineers from Calpee, killing several of the enemy.
+
+  MCBEAN, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 93rd. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, March
+  11th., 1858. For his distinguished bravery in the breach of the Begum
+  Bagh, Lucknow, where he killed eleven of the enemy with his own hand.
+
+  MCCORRIE, Private C., 57th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 23rd., 1855.
+  Throwing a live shell over parapet.
+
+  MCCREA, Surgeon J. F., 1st. Regiment Cape Mounted Police. Transvaal,
+  January 14th., 1881. For his conduct in attending to the wounded,
+  under a close and heavy fire, though wounded himself, and carrying a
+  wounded man to place of safety under a heavy fire.
+
+  MCDERMOND, Private J., 47th. Foot. Crimea, November 5th., 1854.
+  Rescuing Colonel Haly, lying on the ground, surrounded by a number of
+  Russians, killing the man who had wounded him.
+
+  MACDONALD, Captain H., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol, April 19th., 1855.
+  Gallantry in effecting a lodgment in enemy’s rifle-pits, and
+  persistently carrying on the sap under constant attacks.
+
+  MCDONNELL, Mr. H. T., Magistrate of Sarun, Bengal Civil Service.
+  Indian Mutiny, July 30th., 1857. Exposing himself to an incessant fire
+  in order to cut loose the rudder of a boat during retreat of the
+  troops from Arrah.
+
+  M‘DOUGALL, Private John, 44th. Foot. Taking of Taku Forts, China,
+  August 21st., 1860. For swimming the ditch. _See_ Major E. H. Lennon.
+
+  MCGAURAN, Sergeant John, 1st. Bengal Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, June
+  23rd., 1858. Gallantry before Delhi, when he carried a wounded
+  comrade, under fire, into camp, at the risk of his own life.
+
+  M‘GAW, Lance-Sergeant S., 42nd. Foot. Amoaful, Ashanti, January 21st.,
+  1874. Skilfully leading his section through the bush through the whole
+  day, although severely wounded.
+
+  MCGREGOR, Sergeant R., 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, April
+  22nd., 1855. In the advanced trenches, for crossing open space, under
+  fire, and dislodging two Russians from a rifle-pit.
+
+  M‘GUIRE, Sergeant J., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 14th., 1857, and Drummer M. Ryan. At the assault on Delhi
+  saving many lives at the risk of their own, by throwing burning
+  ammunition boxes over parapet into the water.
+
+  M‘HALE, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd. and
+  December 22nd., 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Lucknow, being the
+  first man, on two occasions, at the capture of a gun from the enemy.
+
+  M‘INNES, Gunner H., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+  November, 1857. _See_ Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.
+
+  MACINTYRE, Major-General Donald, Bengal Staff Corps. Looshai
+  Expedition, January 4th., 1872. For his gallantry in storming a
+  stockade at Lalgnoora, under very severe fire, being the first man to
+  climb over.
+
+  MACKAY, Private D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., 1857.
+  Capturing the enemy’s colours at the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow. Elected
+  by the privates of his regiment.
+
+  MCKECHNIE, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September 20th.,
+  1854. For his conduct in rallying the men round the colours when the
+  regiment was disordered.
+
+  MCKENNA, Colour-Sergeant E., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September 7th.,
+  1863. For his intrepid coolness in drawing off a small force through a
+  rugged country while harassed by the enemy, after an engagement near
+  Cameron Town.
+
+  MACMANUS, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, September
+  26th., 1857. Protecting a party besieged in a house by firing at
+  rebels from behind a pillar outside; and, with Private J. Ryan,
+  rushing into the street and rescuing Captain Arnold out of a dhooly,
+  under close and heavy fire.
+
+  M‘MASTER, Assistant-Surgeon V. M., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 25th., 1857. At Lucknow, for attending to, and bringing in
+  wounded men under heavy fire.
+
+  MCNEILL, Major-General Sir J. C., K.C.M.G., 107th. Foot. New Zealand,
+  March 30th., 1864. For his gallantry in rescuing Private Vosper,
+  thrown from his horse and surrounded by enemy.
+
+  MACPHERSON, Major-General Sir H. T., K.C.B., 78th. Foot. Indian
+  Mutiny, September 25th., 1857. Distinguished bravery at Lucknow, in
+  capturing two brass nine-pounders, at the point of the bayonet.
+
+  MCPHERSON, Colour-Sergeant S., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+  26th., 1857. For rescuing a wounded private lying in exposed
+  situation, under heavy fire, at the Residency, Lucknow.
+
+  MCQUIRT, Sergeant B., 95th Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 6th., 1858.
+  For his gallant conduct at the capture of Rowa, when he attacked three
+  of the enemy single-handed, killing one, and wounding another. In this
+  service he was wounded by five sabre cuts, and a musket-shot.
+
+  MCWHEENEY, Sergeant W., 44th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 20th. and
+  December 5th., 1854; and June 18th., 1855. For his conspicuous bravery
+  in volunteering as a sharpshooter, bringing in wounded men, on two
+  occasions under a very heavy fire, and volunteering for the advanced
+  guard on the Cemetery. He was never absent from duty during the war.
+
+  MADDEN, Sergeant-Major A., 41st. Foot. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854.
+  Heading a party of his regiment and taking prisoners one officer and
+  fourteen privates, three of whom he took himself, alone.
+
+  MAGNER, Drummer M., 33rd. Foot. Abyssinia, April 13th., 1868, and
+  Private J. Bergin. For their gallantry at the assault of Magdala,
+  being the first to enter. _See_ Private J. Bergin.
+
+  MAHONEY, Sergeant P., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+  21st., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in aiding in the capture of
+  the colours of the mutineers at Mungulwar.
+
+  MALCOLMSON, Lieutenant J. G., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia,
+  February 8th., 1857. Saving the life of Colonel Moore in the midst of
+  a square of the enemy. _See_ Colonel A. T. Moore.
+
+  MALONE, Sergeant Joseph, 13th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava, October
+  25th., 1854. Staying by Captain Webb, 17th. Lancers, mortally wounded,
+  under heavy fire, himself on foot, his horse having been shot.
+
+  MANGLES, Mr. R. L., Assistant-Magistrate, Patna, B.C.S. Indian Mutiny,
+  July 30th., 1858. As a volunteer; during the retreat from Arrah,
+  binding up the wounds, and carrying for several miles to the boats, a
+  wounded soldier, while wounded himself, and under a murderous fire,
+  which killed or wounded almost the whole detachment.
+
+  MANLEY, Deputy-Surgeon-General W. G. N., Royal Artillery. New Zealand,
+  April 29th., 1864. At the assault on the Gate Pa, near Tauranga,
+  risking his life to save Commander Hay, R.N., and others.
+
+  MARLING, Lieutenant P. S., King’s Royal Rifle Corps. Soudan, Tamai,
+  March 13th., 1884. Saving the life of a wounded soldier at the risk of
+  his own, by placing him on his horse.
+
+  MARSHALL, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. T., 19th. Hussars. Soudan, El Teb,
+  February 29th., 1884. Saving life of Colonel Barrow, 19th. Hussars,
+  whose horse had been killed under him.
+
+  MAUDE, Colonel F. C., C.B., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, July
+  12th., 1857. At the head of his artillerymen, one third of whom were
+  killed in this service, checking advance of the enemy in General
+  Havelock’s march on Cawnpore.
+
+  MAUDE, Lieutenant-General Sir F. F., K.C.B., 3rd. Foot. Redan,
+  September 8th., 1855. For remarkable bravery during the attack, and
+  holding a position till dangerously wounded.
+
+  MAYO, Midshipman A., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, November 22nd., 1857.
+  For his gallantry in leading the advance against two six-pounder guns,
+  which were keeping up a heavy fire.
+
+  MELVILLE, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot. _See_ Lieutenant Coghill.
+
+  MILLAR, Private D., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th., 1859,
+  and Private W. Cook. In the action at Maylah Ghaut, when all the
+  officers and the colour-sergeant were either killed or wounded, going
+  to the front and directing the company, displaying a courage which was
+  admired by all who witnessed it.
+
+  MILLER, Lieutenant-Colonel F., Royal Artillery. Inkermann, Nov. 5th.,
+  1854. For having personally attacked three Russians, and gallant
+  defence of guns when surrounded by the enemy.
+
+  MILLER, Conductor J., Bengal Ordnance Department. Indian Mutiny,
+  November 28th., 1857. Going to assistance of Lieutenant Glubb, who was
+  wounded, at great personal risk, and carrying him out of action.
+
+  MITCHELL, Captain of the Foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier.” New Zealand,
+  April 29th., 1864. Bringing Commander Hay out of the Gate Pah when
+  mortally wounded, although ordered by that officer to leave him, and
+  seek his own safety.
+
+  MONAGHAN, Trumpeter T., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, October
+  8th., 1858. For saving the life of Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour,
+  commanding the regiment. _See_ Corporal C. Anderson.
+
+  MONGER, Private G., 23rd. Regiment. Indian Mutiny, November 18th.,
+  1857. _See_ Lieutenant-Colonel B. Hackett.
+
+  MOORE, Colonel A. T., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia, February
+  8th., 1857, and Lieutenant J. G. Malcolmson. Colonel Moore leaped his
+  horse into the enemy’s square, his horse was killed and his sword
+  broken, and he would have been killed had not Lieutenant Malcolmson
+  fought his way to his aid and carried him off through a crowd of
+  enemies.
+
+  MOORE, Colonel H. G., 88th. Foot. South Africa, December 29th., 1877.
+  For his gallant conduct in an action against the Gaikas, near Komgha,
+  in endeavouring to save the life of a soldier surrounded by the enemy,
+  not giving up the attempt till the man was killed, and himself
+  wounded.
+
+  MORLEY, Private S., Bengal Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April 15th.,
+  1858, and Private M. Murphy. Bravery in saving the life of Lieutenant
+  Hamilton, when unhorsed, wounded, and surrounded by enemy.
+
+  MOUAT, Surgeon-General J., C.B., 6th. Dragoons. Balaklava, October
+  26th., 1854, and Quartermaster C. Wooden. Going to the assistance of
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Morris, 12th. Lancers, who was lying wounded in an
+  exposed situation, and dressing his wounds in presence of the enemy,
+  under fire.
+
+  MOYNIHAN, Ensign A., 8th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855.
+  Personally engaging and killing five Russians, and rescuing a wounded
+  officer under heavy fire.
+
+  MULLANE, Sergeant P., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand,
+  July 27th., 1880. Carrying a wounded comrade out of action, and
+  fetching water under heavy fire.
+
+  MUNRO, Colour-Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+  1857. For gallantry at Secundra Bagh in going to the assistance of
+  Captain Walsh, who was wounded, and removing him to a place of safety.
+
+  MURPHY, Private M., Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858.
+  _See_ Private S. Morley.
+
+  MURPHY, Private T., 24th. Foot. Little Andaman Island, 1867. _See_
+  Surgeon-Major C. M. Douglas, Private Bell, etc.
+
+  MURRAY, Lance-Corporal J., 2nd. Battalion Connaught Rangers, and
+  Trooper J. Danaher, Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, January 19th., 1881.
+  Attempting to save a wounded private under heavy fire of the Boers, by
+  which Murray was himself severely wounded.
+
+  MURRAY, Sergeant J., 68th. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864. For
+  distinguished bravery in attacking alone a rifle-pit, occupied by
+  eight or ten Maories, killing or wounding them all.
+
+  MYLOT, Private P., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 21st., 1857. Being
+  first to take possession of an enclosure under a shower of balls, and
+  gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of his regiment.
+
+  NAPIER, Sergeant W., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6th., 1858. For
+  his gallant conduct near Azimghur in protecting a wounded private and
+  carrying him to a place of safety, under heavy fire.
+
+  NASH, Corporal W., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th., 1858.
+  For his conduct in helping rescue a wounded comrade, though severely
+  wounded himself. _See_ Major Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., C.B.
+
+  NEWELL, Private E., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March 19th., 1858.
+  Gallantry at Lucknow, in assisting comrade whose horse had fallen, and
+  bringing him away under heavy fire of musketry.
+
+  NORMAN, Private W., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, December 19th., 1854. When
+  on sentry, in a post of much danger, capturing two out of three
+  Russians who were reconnoitring, without alarming the Russian pickets.
+
+  O’CONNOR, Colonel Luke, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. Alma and Redan,
+  September 20th., 1854, and September 8th., 1855. When Sergeant at the
+  Alma, taking colours from wounded officer and carrying them till end
+  of action, though himself wounded; and gallantry at the assault on the
+  Redan, where he was shot through both thighs.
+
+  ODGERS, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Niger.” New Zealand, March 28th., 1860.
+  Being the first to enter a Pah and assisting to haul down the enemy’s
+  colours.
+
+  O’HEA, Private T., 1st. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Canada, June 19th.,
+  1866. For extinguishing fire in a railway car containing ammunition,
+  between Quebec and Montreal.
+
+  OLPHERTS, General W., C.B., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September
+  25th., 1857. For distinguished bravery in capturing two guns in face
+  of a heavy fire of grape, in the city of Lucknow, and returning under
+  fire for limbers and horses to carry them off.
+
+  OSBORNE, Private J., 58th. Regiment. South Africa, February 22nd.,
+  1881. Going to assist a wounded soldier in the front of a strong body
+  of Boers, and removing him under a heavy fire.
+
+  O’TOOLE, Sergeant E., Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand, July
+  3rd., 1879. For his gallantry on several occasions, especially in
+  assisting Lord W. Beresford to rescue Sergeant Fitzmaurice when almost
+  surrounded by Zulus.
+
+  OWENS, Sergeant J., 49th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 30th., 1854.
+  Gallantry in personal encounter with the Russians, and nobly assisting
+  Major Connolly, Coldstream Guards.
+
+  OXENHAM, Corporal W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 30th., 1857.
+  Saving the life of Mr. Capper, Bengal Civil Service, under heavy fire.
+
+  PALMER, Private Anthony, Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, November 5th.,
+  1855. For his gallantry in charging singly a party of the enemy, and
+  saving Sir C. Russell’s life. _See_ Russell, Sir C.
+
+  PARK, Sergeant J., 77th. Foot. Alma and Inkermann, September 20th. and
+  November 5th., 1854, and April 19th., 1855. For distinguished bravery
+  at the battles of Alma and Inkermann, and gallantry at taking of
+  rifle-pits and at both assaults on the Redan.
+
+  PARK, Gunner J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, November, 1857.
+  _See_ Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.
+
+  PARKES, Private Samuel, 4th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava, October 25th.,
+  1854. Defending Trumpet-Major Crawford in the retreat on two occasions
+  against overwhelming odds, and saving his life the first time.
+
+  PATON, Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., 1857.
+  For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in proceeding alone round the
+  Shah Nujiff, under fire, and discovering a breach on the opposite
+  side, to which he conducted his regiment, and the place was taken.
+  Elected by non-commissioned officers of the regiment.
+
+  PEARSON, Sergeant J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd., 1858.
+  Attacking a number of armed rebels at the storming of Jhansi, killing
+  one and wounding two others; also bringing in a wounded private under
+  heavy fire, at Calpee.
+
+  PEARSON, Sergeant John, 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny. Gwalior, June
+  17th., 1858. _See_ Major C. V. Heneage.
+
+  PEEL, Captain W., Royal Navy. The Crimea, 1854–1855. On October 18th.,
+  1854. For his intrepidity in taking up a live shell from the midst of
+  several powder cases, outside a magazine, and throwing it over the
+  parapet (it burst as it left his hands), thereby saving the magazine
+  and many lives. On November 5th., 1854, at Inkermann, he joined the
+  officers of the Grenadier Guards in defending the colours of the
+  regiment. On June 18th., 1855, he volunteered to lead a ladder party
+  at the assault on the Redan, and carried the first ladder until he was
+  wounded.
+
+  PERCY, Colonel Hon. H. H. M., Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, November
+  5th., 1854. Charging singly into the sandbag battery and extricating
+  some men who had charged too far, and were surrounded by the enemy.
+
+  PERIE, Sapper J., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For
+  conspicuous bravery in leading the sailors with ladders, and rescuing
+  a wounded man under fire, although himself wounded.
+
+  PHILLIPS, Ensign E. A. L., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+  Mutiny. Would have received the Victoria Cross for many gallant deeds
+  during the siege of Delhi had he survived. He captured the Water
+  Bastion with small party of men at the assault of that city, and was
+  killed there on September 18th.
+
+  PICKARD, Lieutenant A. F., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November
+  20th., 1863. For gallantry at the assault on Rangiriri, in crossing
+  and re-crossing a point exposed to a concentrated fire, to procure
+  water for the wounded, when no one else would perform the service.
+  _See_ Surgeon-Major W. Temple.
+
+  PITCHER, Captain H. W., 4th. Punjaub Infantry. Umbeyla, India, October
+  30th., 1863. For his bravery in leading two assaults to retake the
+  Crag Piquet, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. _See_
+  Fosbery, G. V.
+
+  PRENDERGAST, Major-General H. N. D., Madras Engineers. Indian Mutiny,
+  November 21st., 1857. For attempting to cut down a Velaitee who was
+  about to shoot Lieutenant Dew; and for gallantry in the actions at
+  Ratgurh and Betwa, when he was severely wounded.
+
+  PRETTYJOHN, Corporal J., Royal Marines. Inkermann, November 5th.,
+  1854. For placing himself in an advanced position and shooting four
+  Russians.
+
+  PRIDE, T., Captain of Afterguard H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki, Japan,
+  September 6th., 1864. Gallantly supporting Midshipman Boyes when
+  carrying the colours in action, until wounded.
+
+  PROBYN, Lieutenant-General Sir D. M., K.C.S.I., C.B., 2nd. Punjaub
+  Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, September, 1857. For several acts of
+  distinguished gallantry, amongst them capturing a standard in the
+  midst of a number of the enemy.
+
+  PROSSER, Private J., 1st. Foot. Sebastopol, June 16th. and August
+  11th., 1855. Pursuing and capturing, while exposed to two cross fires,
+  a soldier in act of deserting to the enemy; and assisting to bring in
+  a wounded man under heavy fire.
+
+  PURCELL, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857.
+  Assisting Brigadier Grant. _See_ Private T. Hancock.
+
+  PYE, Lieutenant C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th., 1857.
+  For bringing up ammunition under fire at Lucknow, and gallantry on
+  every occasion. Elected by the non-commissioned officers of the
+  regiment.
+
+  RABY, Rear-Admiral H. J., c.b., Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855, and
+  Captain of Forecastle J. Taylor, and Boatswain’s mate H. Curtis. After
+  the assault on the Redan, carrying in a wounded soldier under heavy
+  fire.
+
+  RAMAGE, Sergeant H., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October 26th., 1854.
+  Saving the life of a wounded comrade when surrounded by seven
+  Russians; also bringing in prisoner from the Russian lines, and
+  carrying to the rear another wounded soldier, under a very heavy fire.
+
+  RAYNOR, Captain W., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny, May 11th.,
+  1857. For his gallantry in defence of the magazine at Delhi.
+
+  READE, Deputy Surgeon-General H. T., 61st. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 14th. and 16th., 1857. For dislodging with a small force a
+  party of rebels firing on the wounded, and gallantry at the assault of
+  Delhi, where he was one of the first up the breach, and helped to
+  spike one of the guns of the enemy.
+
+  REEVES, Seaman T., Royal Navy. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854.
+  Defending battery under heavy fire, and repeated attacks. _See_ Seamen
+  J. Gorman and M. Scholefield.
+
+  RENNIE, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+  21st. and 25th., 1857. For his bravery in the advance on Lucknow, and
+  at that city, in charging guns in advance of his column, in the face
+  of a heavy fire.
+
+  RENNY, Major-General G. A., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September
+  16th., 1857. For his heroism in preventing the enemy firing the
+  magazine at Delhi, by climbing to the top of the wall and throwing
+  lighted shells amongst them.
+
+  REYNOLDS, Surgeon-Major J. H., M.B., Army Medical Department. Rorke’s
+  Drift, Zululand. January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. For his attention to
+  the wounded under fire, and for fetching ammunition for defenders of
+  the hospital under a cross fire.
+
+  REYNOLDS, Private W., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September 20th.,
+  1854. For his conspicuous gallantry in rallying the men round the
+  colours when the line was disordered.
+
+  RICHARDSON, Private G., 34th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 27th., 1859.
+  For his determined courage at Kewanie, having, when one of his arms
+  was disabled, closed with and secured a rebel armed with a loaded
+  revolver.
+
+  RICKARD, Quartermaster W., Royal Navy. Black Sea, October 11th., 1855.
+  Remaining to assist fallen comrade under close fire. _See_ Admiral Sir
+  J. E. Commerell.
+
+  RIDGEWAY, Captain R. K., Bengal Staff Corps. Konoma, Eastern frontier
+  of India, November 22nd., 1879. For his bravery in attempting to
+  destroy a barricade, under a heavy fire, in which duty he was severely
+  wounded, at Genitchi.
+
+  ROBERTS, Lieutenant-General Sir F. S., Bart., G.C.B., Bengal
+  Artillery. Indian Mutiny, January 2nd., 1858. Capturing a standard
+  from two Sepoys, single-handed, at Khodagunge, and for conspicuous
+  gallantry on every occasion.
+
+  ROBERTS, Chief Gunner John. Black Sea, May 29th., 1855. Setting fire
+  to stores, in face of enemy. _See_ Captain Buckley.
+
+  ROBERTS, Private J. R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September 28th.,
+  1857. Bringing a wounded comrade through a street under heavy fire, in
+  which he was himself wounded, at Bolundshuhur.
+
+  ROBINSON, Seaman E., Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 13th., 1858.
+  For having, at Lucknow, extinguished a fire among the sandbags of a
+  battery under very heavy fire of musketry.
+
+  RODDY, Lieutenant-Colonel P., Bengal Army. Indian Mutiny, September
+  27th., 1857. For charging and cutting down a rebel armed with a
+  musket, who killed his horse; and other gallant acts.
+
+  RODGERS, Private G., 71st. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 16th., 1858. For
+  daring conduct in attacking alone a party of seven rebels strongly
+  posted, killing one of them, at Marar, Gwalior.
+
+  ROGERS, Colonel R. M., 44th Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, China, August
+  21st., 1860, with Lieutenant E. H. Lenon, and Private J. M‘Dougal. For
+  swimming the ditches, and being the first in the fort, entering
+  through an embrasure. _See_ Lieutenant Lenon.
+
+  ROSAMOND, Serjeant-Major M., 37th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+  Mutiny, June 4th., 1857. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Spottiswoode
+  to fire the lines of mutinous Sepoys at Benares, and volunteering to
+  bring in Captain Brown, his family, and others from a detached
+  bungalow.
+
+  ROSS, Corporal J., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol and Redan, July 21st.
+  and August 23rd., 1855. For distinguished conduct in placing and
+  filling gabions under heavy fire and light balls, and creeping to the
+  Redan and reporting its evacuation on the night of September 8th.
+
+  ROWLANDS, Major-General H., c.b., 41st. Foot. Inkermann, November
+  5th., 1854. Rescuing Colonel Haly when wounded and surrounded by
+  Russians, and gallantly holding his post on picquet.
+
+  RUSH, Serjeant-Major David, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March 19th.,
+  1858. For conspicuous bravery near Lucknow, in attacking with one man
+  eight of the enemy, killing three of them.
+
+  RUSSELL, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir C., Bart., Grenadier Guards.
+  Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. Volunteering to dislodge a party of
+  Russians from the Sandbag Battery, if anyone would follow him. The
+  attack was successful.
+
+  RYAN, Private John, 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+  26th., 1857. For his gallantry in saving the wounded from being
+  massacred at Lucknow.
+
+  RYAN, Lance-Corporal J., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September 7th.,
+  1863. For his conduct, with Privates Bulford and Talbot of the same
+  regiment, in removing Captain Smith, who was mortally wounded, from
+  the field of action, and remaining beside his body all night in the
+  bush.
+
+  RYAN, Drummer M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny,
+  Delhi, September 14th., 1857. _See_ Serjeant-Major J. M‘Guire.
+
+  SALKELD, Lieutenant P., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, September
+  14th., 1857. Mortally wounded in the desperate duty of blowing in the
+  Cashmere Gate. _See_ Lieutenant D. C. Home.
+
+  SALMON, Rear-Admiral N., C.B., Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny, November
+  16th., 1857; and Boatswain’s Mate John Harrison. Climbing, under fire,
+  a tree, touching the angle of the Shah Nujiff, in order to reply to
+  the fire of the enemy, when Captain Peel had called for volunteers.
+
+  SARTORIUS, Lieutenant-Colonel E. H., 59th. Foot. Afghanistan, October
+  24th., 1879. Leading party of five men of the 59th. Regiment at
+  Shahjui against enemy of unknown strength, and dislodging them from a
+  strong position on the top of a hill. In this service he was wounded.
+
+  SARTORIOUS, Lieutenant-Colonel R. W., C.M.G., 6th. Bengal Cavalry.
+  Ashanti, January 17th., 1874. At Abogov, removing wounded
+  non-commissioned Houssa officer under heavy fire and placing him under
+  cover.
+
+  SCHIESS, Corporal, Natal Native Contingent. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+  January 22nd., 1879. For conspicuous gallantry in repulsing Zulus with
+  the bayonet; also creeping along a wall and shooting three others who
+  were firing from the wall which had been abandoned.
+
+  SCHOLEFIELD, Seaman M. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. _See_ Seamen J.
+  Gorman and T. Reeves.
+
+  SCOTT, Major A., Bengal Staff Corps. India, July 6th., 1877. Saving
+  the life of Lieutenant Kunhardt, at Quetta, from some Pathan coolies,
+  bayoneting two and closing with a third.
+
+  SCOTT, Lieutenant R. G., Cape Mounted Rifles. South Africa, April
+  8th., 1879. In the attack on Moirosi’s Mountain, attempting to throw
+  time shells over a stone barricade amongst the enemy, under a heavy
+  fire. In the performance of this duty he was severely wounded.
+
+  SEELY, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Japan, September 6th., 1864.
+  Daring in ascertaining enemy’s position, and remaining at the front
+  after being wounded.
+
+  SELLAR, Lance-Corporal G., Seaforth Highlanders. Kabul, December
+  14th., 1879. For his bravery at Asmai, being first at top of a hill
+  and cutting down one of the enemy after fierce fight, in which he was
+  wounded himself.
+
+  SHAW, Lieutenant-Colonel H., 18th. Foot. New Zealand, January 24th.,
+  1865. Rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire, and with the
+  assistance of four privates who volunteered, bringing him in, on two
+  occasions the same day.
+
+  SHAW, Private S., 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, January
+  13th., 1858. Attacking and killing a Ghazee with his short sword,
+  after a desperate struggle, in which he was himself wounded.
+
+  SHEBBEARE, Captain R. H., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry. September
+  14th., 1857. At the assault on Delhi, attempting to reorganise his men
+  before walls of loopholed serai, and conducting rear-guard of retreat
+  across a canal, though severely wounded.
+
+  SHEPPARD, Boatswain J., H.M.S. “St. Jean d’Acre.” Sebastopol, July
+  15th., August 16th., 1855. Twice proceeding into the harbour alone in
+  a punt, and endeavouring to blow up a Russian man-of-war.
+
+  SHIELDS, Corporal R., 23rd. Foot. Sebastopol, Redan, September 8th.,
+  1855. Volunteering to go out and bring in Lieutenant Dynely, who was
+  mortally wounded, under heavy fire.
+
+  SIMPSON, Major J., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858. At
+  the attack on the fort of Ruhya, bringing in first a wounded officer,
+  and then a wounded man, under close and heavy fire.
+
+  SIMS, Private J., 34th. Foot. Redan, 18th. June, 1855. Bringing in
+  wounded under heavy fire, in broad daylight.
+
+  SINNOT, Lance-Corporal J., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 6th.,
+  1857. For distinguished gallantry at Lucknow in going out with
+  Sergeants Glynn and Mullins, and Private Mullins, to the rescue of
+  Lieutenant Gibaut, who was wounded, and bringing him in under heavy
+  fire. Selected by his companions as the most worthy.
+
+  SLEAVON, Corporal M., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd.,
+  1857. At the attack on the fort at Jhansi, continuing to work at head
+  of sap under heavy fire.
+
+  SMITH, Gunner Albert, Royal Artillery. At Abu Klea, Soudan, January
+  17th., 1885. Defending Lieutenant Guthrie, Royal Artillery, who was
+  mortally wounded.
+
+  SMITH, Colonel F. A., 43rd. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864.
+  Gallantly leading his company to attack a position at Tauranga,
+  although wounded.
+
+  SMITH, Lance-Corporal H., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 14th.,
+  1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire of grape and
+  musketry at Delhi.
+
+  SMITH, Sergeant J., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, Delhi, September
+  14th., 1857. _See_ Lieutenant Home.
+
+  SMITH, Private J., 1st. Madras Fusiliers (102nd. Regiment). Indian
+  Mutiny, November 16th., 1857. For having been one of the first to try
+  and enter the Secundra Bagh, and on the gate being forced, he was
+  among the first inside. He received immediately three desperate
+  wounds, but fought his way out, and performed his duties for the day.
+  Elected by the privates of the regiment.
+
+  SMITH, Corporal P., 17th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For
+  repeatedly going out in front of the trenches and bringing in wounded,
+  under heavy fire.
+
+  SPENCE, Troop Sergeant-Major, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, January
+  17th., 1858. Rescuing a wounded comrade from a number of rebels, at
+  Shumsabad.
+
+  SPENCE, Private E., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858. He,
+  with Lance-Corporal Thomson, would have been recommended for the
+  decoration, for having covered retreat of the party bringing in the
+  body of Lieutenant Willoughby, under heavy fire, but he died from
+  wounds received when doing so.
+
+  STAGPOOLE, Drummer D., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd., 1863.
+  Has also the medal for distinguished service in the field. _See_
+  Ensign J. T. Down.
+
+  STANLOCK, Private W., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, October, 1854.
+  For volunteering to crawl up within six yards of Russian sentry,
+  thereby enabling officer in command of reconnoitring party to effect a
+  surprise.
+
+  STEWART, Major W. G. D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+  1857. For his gallantry at Lucknow in leading attack and capturing two
+  guns. Elected by the officers of the regiment.
+
+  STRONG, Private George, Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, September 1855.
+  Throwing away live shell which fell in the trenches.
+
+  SULLIVAN, Chief Boatswain J. Sebastopol, April 10th., 1855. Placing
+  flag on a mound at great risk, so as to enable fire to be opened on a
+  concealed Russian battery.
+
+  SUTTON, Bugler W., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 13th., 1857.
+  Reconnoitring the breach at Delhi the night before the assault, and
+  rushing over trenches when the enemy was attacking in force, and
+  killing a bugler who was about to sound. Elected by the privates of
+  the regiment.
+
+  SYLVESTER, Assistant-Surgeon H. T., 23rd. Foot. Redan, September 8th.,
+  1855. Going out under heavy fire to dress the wounds of Lieut. Dynely,
+  who was laying mortally wounded, and assisting the wounded under fire
+  on other occasions.
+
+  SYMONS, Lieutenant G., Military Train. Sebastopol, June 6th., 1855.
+  Unmasking battery under terrific fire, in which act he was severely
+  wounded.
+
+  TAYLOR, J., Captain of the Forecastle. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855.
+  _See_ Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, C.B.
+
+  TEESDALE, Colonel C. C., Royal Artillery. Defence of Kars, September
+  29th., 1855. Driving the enemy from a redoubt, the key of the
+  position, and rallying Turkish artillerymen when driven from their
+  guns, and inducing them to return to their post; and also, at great
+  personal risk, saving many of the wounded Russians from the fury of
+  the Turks.
+
+  TEMPLE, Surgeon-Major W., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November
+  20th., 1863; and Lieutenant A. F. Pickard. For their devoted conduct
+  in assisting the wounded under heavy fire, during the assault of
+  Rangiriri.
+
+  THACKERY, Lieutenant-Colonel E. T., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny,
+  September 16th., 1857. For daring in extinguishing a fire in the
+  magazine at Delhi, under close musketry fire, and at imminent risk of
+  being blown up.
+
+  THOMAS, Bombardier J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September
+  27th., 1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire, during a
+  sortie from Lucknow.
+
+  THOMSON, Lance-Corporal A., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th.,
+  1858. Volunteering to assist in bringing in an officer’s body under
+  heavy fire. _See_ General Cafe.
+
+  THOMPSON, Private J., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. For
+  saving the life of his captain (Wilton) when surrounded by a party of
+  Ghazees, and gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of
+  the regiment.
+
+  TOMBS, Major-General Sir H., K.C.B., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+  July 9th., 1857. Twice going to the assistance of Lieutenant Hills,
+  before Delhi, killing his man on each occasion. _See_ Lieutenant
+  Hills.
+
+  TRAVERS, General J. Indian Mutiny, July 1st., 1857. For his bravery in
+  the attack on the Presidency at Indore, when, supported by only five
+  men, he charged the guns of the mutineers, and by this act saved the
+  lives of many European fugitives.
+
+  TREVOR, Colonel W. S., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th., 1865;
+  and Lieutenant J. Dundas. Gallantry in leading attack on a loopholed
+  blockhouse at Dewangiri. _See_ Lieutenant Dundas.
+
+  TREWAVAS, Seaman J., H.M.S. “Beagle.” Straits of Genitchi, July 3rd.,
+  1855. Cutting hawsers of the floating bridge at Genitchi under heavy
+  fire, in which he was wounded.
+
+  TURNER, Private S., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857. At
+  Delhi, during a severe fight with the mutineers, he carried off on his
+  shoulders Lieutenant Humphreys, who was mortally wounded, and was
+  himself wounded in so doing.
+
+  TYTLER, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+  Mutiny, February 10th., 1858. For charging rebel guns in advance at
+  Choorpoorah, and engaging gunners alone hand to hand, till the guns
+  were carried. In the action he was severely wounded.
+
+  VOUSDEN, Major W. J., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December 14th., 1879.
+  Charging with a small party through and through superior force of
+  retreating Kohistanees, backwards and forwards several times, on the
+  Asmai heights.
+
+  WADESON, Colonel R., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, before Delhi, July
+  18th., 1857. Twice saving a soldier’s life when attacked by rebel
+  sowars.
+
+  WALKER, Major-General M., 30th. Foot. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854.
+  By his example encouraging his comrades to repulse a superior force of
+  Russian Infantry.
+
+  WALLER, Colour-Sergeant G., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, September
+  14th. and 18th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Delhi, in charging
+  and capturing guns. Elected by the non-commissioned officers of the
+  regiment.
+
+  WALLER, Lieutenant-Colonel W. F. F., 25th. Bombay Light Infantry.
+  Indian Mutiny, June 20th., 1858. For distinguished bravery in
+  capturing Gwalior by storm, with a handful of men. Lieutenant Rose,
+  the only other European present, was killed in the assault.
+
+  WALTERS, Sergeant G., 49th. Foot. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854.
+  Rescuing Brigadier-General Adams when surrounded by the enemy, one of
+  whom he killed.
+
+  WANTAGE, Lord (Loyd-Lindsay, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir R. J., K.C.B.),
+  Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma and Inkermann, 1854. At the Alma,
+  re-forming the line, and standing firm with the colours; and at
+  Inkermann, charging and repulsing a strong body of Russians with a few
+  men.
+
+  WARD, Private H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, September 25th.
+  and 26th., 1857. Escorting and protecting Lieutenant H. M. Havelock,
+  and a private, who were wounded, through heavy cross fire, to a place
+  of safety, at Lucknow.
+
+  WARD, Sergeant J. 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., 1858. For
+  gallantry at Gwalior. _See_ Major C. W. Heneage and Private Pearson.
+
+  WASSAL, Private S., 80th. Foot. Zululand, Isandhlwana, January 22nd.,
+  1879. Rescuing comrade from drowning, under heavy and close fire, in
+  the Buffalo river.
+
+  WATSON, Major-General J. C. B., 1st. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian Mutiny,
+  November 14th., 1857. For distinguished conduct in attacking rebel
+  cavalry in advance of his men, and dismounting their leader in single
+  combat.
+
+  WHEATLEY, Private F., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, November 10th., 1854.
+  Throwing live shell over parapet of the trenches.
+
+  WHIRLPOOL, Private F., 3rd. Bombay European Regiment. Indian Mutiny,
+  April 3rd. and May 2nd., 1858. Bringing in wounded under heavy fire,
+  at the attack on Jhansi, and going to the rescue of Lieutenant Donne,
+  who was wounded, at Lohari. In this service he received _seventeen_
+  wounds, but his gallant example greatly contributed to the success of
+  the day.
+
+  WHITE, Lieutenant-Colonel G. S., 92nd. Foot. Afghanistan, October
+  7th., 1879, and September 1st., 1880. For his gallantry at Charasiah,
+  in dislodging overwhelming numbers of enemy from fortified hill, with
+  only two companies of his regiment. His men exhausted with climbing,
+  he advanced alone and shot the enemy’s leader, causing the rest to
+  retreat; also dashing forward on another occasion and capturing a gun
+  at Candahar.
+
+  WILKINSON, Bombardier Thomas, Royal Marine Artillery. Sebastopol, June
+  5th., 1855. For his conduct in the advanced trenches, in repairing
+  work under heavy fire.
+
+  WILLIAMS, Private John, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+  Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Private H. Hook.
+  Gallantly defending and rescuing hospital patients. _See_ Privates
+  Hitch, Jones, etc.
+
+  WILMOT, Major Sir Henry, Bart., C.B., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny,
+  March 11th., 1858; and Corporal W. Nash and Private D. Hawks. For his
+  gallantry in covering retreat of three of his men, who were carrying
+  away a wounded comrade exposed to the fire of the enemy.
+
+  WILSON, Captain A. K., H.M.S. “Hecla.” Soudan, El Teb, February 29th.,
+  1884. Engaging, in defence of a Gardner gun, several of the enemy,
+  single-handed and wounded.
+
+  WOOD, Major-General, Sir H. E., K.C.B., 17th. Light Dragoons. Indian
+  Mutiny, October 19th., 1858. Attacking and routing almost
+  single-handed, a body of rebels at Sindwaho; and with two soldiers
+  rescuing a Potail from band of robbers, near Sindhora.
+
+  WOOD, Colonel J. A., Bombay Staff Corps. Persia, December 9th., 1856.
+  At Bushire he was first on the parapet, and although struck by seven
+  bullets, he cut down the leader of the enemy, and established himself
+  in the place.
+
+  WOODEN, Quartermaster Charles, 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October
+  26th., 1854. Saving life of Colonel Morris. _See_ Surgeon-General J.
+  Mouat, C.B.
+
+  WRIGHT, Private A., 77th. Foot. Crimea. For conspicuous gallantry
+  throughout the whole war. He greatly distinguished himself on several
+  occasions, and was twice wounded.
+
+  YOUNG, Commander J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny, November 10th., 1857,
+  and Captain of Foretop, W. Hall, H.M.S. “Shannon.” Gallantry in
+  working a 24-pounder gun brought up to the angle of the Shah Nujiff,
+  at Lucknow.
+
+Since the above list has been in type, three officers have won the
+Cross, for the distinguished bravery shown by them during the recent
+operations in the Hunza and Nagar Country, on the Gilgit frontier, in
+December, 1891; namely, Captain F. H. Aylmer, of the Royal Engineers,
+and Lieutenants G. H. Boisragon and J. M. Smith, of the Indian Staff
+Corps. Capt. Aylmer and Lieutenant Boisragon gained the decoration for
+their conspicuous gallantry in the assault and capture of the Nilt Fort,
+December 2nd., 1891. Captain Aylmer accompanied the storming party, and
+blew open the inner gate of the place with gun cotton, and, though
+severely wounded, continued fighting till he fainted from loss of blood.
+Lieutenant Guy H. Boisragon led the assault, and returned for
+reinforcements, under a heavy cross fire. The Cross was given to
+Lieutenant J. M. Smith for the gallantry with which he led the storming
+party at the attack and capture of a very strong position near Nilt, in
+the Hunza-Nagar country, December 20th., 1891, which had stopped the
+advance of the force for seventeen days.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Indian Mutiny Medal.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                        THE INDIAN MUTINY MEDAL.
+                               1857–1858.
+
+
+This medal, which is by L. C. Wyon, Esq., was granted by a General
+Order, dated August 18th., 1858. The obverse has the Queen’s head,
+diademed, with the superscription “Victoria Regina,” and on the reverse
+Britannia is represented in an erect position, instead of being seated.
+In her right hand, outstretched, is a laurel wreath. An oval shield with
+the crosses of the Union is on the left arm, and in the hand are other
+wreaths. The British Lion forms an appropriate background, above is the
+word “India,” and in the exergue the date 1857–1858. The ribbon is
+French-white, with two red stripes. It was granted to all engaged in
+operations against the rebels or mutineers, and was also conferred on
+non-military persons who had borne arms as volunteers against them.
+There are five bars attached, respectively inscribed “Delhi,” “Defence
+of Lucknow,” “Relief of Lucknow,” “Lucknow,” and “Central India.” The
+first clasp was granted to the troops employed in the operations
+against, and at the assault of, Delhi; that for the “Defence of Lucknow”
+was conferred on all of the original garrison, under Major-General
+Inglis, and to those who succoured them, and continued the defence under
+Major-Generals Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram, until relieved
+by Lord Clyde; “Relief of Lucknow” was given to the troops engaged in
+the operations against that place, under the immediate command of Lord
+Clyde, in November, 1857; and the clasp of “Lucknow” was awarded to the
+force engaged under his lordship’s immediate command in March, 1858, in
+the final capture of the town, and in all operations connected
+therewith; “Central India” was granted to the column under Major-General
+Sir Hugh Rose, G.C.B., engaged in the operations against Jhansi, Calpee,
+and Gwalior, and also to the troops, which, under the command of
+Major-Generals Roberts and Whitlock respectively, performed such
+important service in Central India. Four was the greatest number of bars
+issued with any one medal, and the medal was given to the Naval Brigade,
+without a bar, and with bars, for “Relief of Lucknow,” and “Lucknow.”
+
+
+
+
+                            SIEGE OF DELHI.
+                  30TH. MAY TO 14TH. SEPTEMBER, 1857.
+
+
+Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, will never cease to be remembered in
+India. An outbreak, for some time contemplated, broke out at Meerut in
+the afternoon of that day. A century had elapsed since Clive’s
+celebrated battle of Plassey, the forerunner of so many victories gained
+in India, by the valuable co-operation of the Native troops, when the
+latter, forgetful of their former glories and of their loyalty, burst
+out into mutiny, with the view of overthrowing British supremacy in the
+East; the outbreak of Vellore, in the Madras Presidency, in 1806, having
+been the only exception to the long-continued fidelity of the Sepoy
+soldier. During the operations against Persia the Court of Delhi had
+entered into correspondence with the Shah, and Dost Mahomed, the
+Sovereign of Cabool, had been urged to invade the Punjab when, by the
+secession of the Bengal native army, the time should be opportune. The
+grievance of the greased cartridges was indeed urged, but the
+combination had been for some time forming, and the name of the King of
+Delhi, over eighty years of age, was imagined to be a “tower of
+strength” in the endeavour to be made to restore the supremacy of the
+Mogul dynasty.
+
+There is no doubt the rebellion was prematurely commenced; but scenes of
+the most heart-rending descriptions occurred, and several officers,
+ladies, and even children fell victims to the brutality of the Sepoys.
+Outbreaks occurred at Allahabad, Jhansi, Azimghur, Bareilly, Lucknow,
+Cawnpore, Benares, and other places; the European women and children
+being, in many cases, murdered, and the several mutinous regiments all
+made for Delhi, hastening thither, as a central point, from all
+quarters, and committing the greatest outrages.
+
+When the mutineers had seized Delhi, and proclaimed a descendant of the
+Mogul as king, their next object was to gain the chief magazine in that
+city. After a gallant defence it was exploded by order of Lieutenant
+Willoughby, who died of his wounds. Sculley and Buckley were the two
+gunners, and the former, who fired the train, escaped, together with the
+other heroes Lieutenants Forrest and Raynor.
+
+At this momentous period the Commander-in-Chief in India was General the
+Honourable George Anson, who had proceeded to Simla to escape the heat
+of the plains. Immediately upon receiving intelligence of the mutiny, he
+hurried to Umballa, and collecting all the available troops,[176]
+marched on Delhi, but died of cholera at Kurnaul on the 27th. of May.
+His successor was Major-General Reed, who on the day following quitted
+Rawul Pindee, and arrived early in June at the camp of Major-General Sir
+Henry Barnard, K.C.B., at Aleepore, where a numerous force had been
+collected.
+
+While Brigadier-General Archdale Wilson hastened with a body of troops
+from Meerut to join the former, the mutineers from Delhi attempted to
+intercept his march. He was attacked on the 30th. of May at
+Ghazee-ood-deen-nuggur, when seven hundred British soldiers defeated a
+disciplined force more than seven-fold their number. This is considered
+as the commencement of operations before Delhi.
+
+On the following day (Whit-Sunday) the attack was renewed, and the enemy
+was again repulsed, twenty-six guns being captured. The 6th. Dragoon
+Guards and first battalion 60th. Rifles have reason to be proud of their
+deeds performed this day. No further opposition was encountered, and
+Brigadier-General Wilson joined Sir Henry Barnard at Aleepore. The
+united forces commenced their march shortly after midnight, and
+Brigadier-General Reed being unable from sickness to proceed with the
+army, the command devolved on Major-General Sir Henry Barnard.
+
+At dawn on the 8th. of June the British arrived before Badlee-ke-Serai,
+a fortified position, when the enemy opened fire. Brigadier Hope Grant,
+C.B., with his column, consisting of portions of the 9th. Lancers, 6th.
+Dragoon Guards. 75th., first battalions 60th. and 87th. were highly
+distinguished. On the regimental colour of the 75th. appeared the Royal
+Tiger, gained in former fields in India, and they added to their
+well-earned reputation by charging the enemy with the bayonet, who
+abandoned the whole of his guns.
+
+This entrenched position being carried, Sir Henry Barnard divided his
+army into two columns, one of which proceeded along the main trunk road
+under Brigadier-General Wilson, while the other marched under his own
+command to the site of the Delhi cantonments, before they were burnt.
+Here on an eminence the mutineers were posted, which position was taken
+by Sir Henry Barnard, the enemy being forced to abandon their guns;
+while this rapid flank movement to the left, by Brigadier Wilson’s
+column forcing its way through gardens with high walls, compelled the
+foe to take refuge in Delhi, the two commanders meeting at a place named
+Hindoo’s Rao’s House.
+
+In these actions the Ghoorkas, evinced that gallantry which was so
+prominent during every subsequent encounter with the enemy.
+
+After these events the British army took up a position before Delhi. The
+force at this period comprised the following Queen’s regiments:—two
+squadrons of the 6th. Dragoon Guards (Carabineers), the 9th. Lancers;
+head-quarters and six companies of the 60th. Rifles; head-quarters and
+nine companies of the 75th. Regiment; in addition to these were three
+troops of horse artillery; a company of foot artillery, a detachment of
+sappers and miners, the first Bengal Fusiliers; and the head-quarters
+and six companies of the second Fusiliers, and the Sirmoor battalion.
+
+A strongly-built residence, named Hindoo Rao’s House, on the top of a
+high eminence about half a mile in advance of the camp, offered an
+excellent position for bombarding the town, and from the three batteries
+erected thereon a constant fire of shot and shell was kept up. Between
+Hindoo Rao’s House and the Grand Trunk Road the ground was rough and
+rocky, covered with brushwood and enclosed gardens, over which the
+Sepoys frequently crept up in skirmishing order, availing themselves of
+the shelter thus afforded, but they were always repulsed by the guides
+and riflemen, being at times pursued nearly to the city walls. Every
+mutineer who was captured was at once shot or bayoneted.
+
+The lines of defence were gradually advanced, and the rebels were driven
+from the Subzee Mundee, formerly used as a market for vegetables, and
+the Serai, a large building in front of it, which the British strongly
+fortified, together with the Pagoda opposite the Moree Gate.
+
+Early in June cholera appeared in the camp; this added to the trials of
+the troops; there being in consequence of the small force scarcely any
+rest by night, as the limited numbers barely admitted of relief,
+lessened as they were by those required for picket duty. Fighting by
+day, and being on the alert for a renewal of the conflict by night,
+occasioned great fatigue, and shewed what British troops can endure;
+besides which the ammunition supplies were not very plentiful for heavy
+ordnance.[177] Another large Serai, near the Ajmeer Gate, was gallantly
+taken on the 17th. of June, by a body of troops under Major Tombs, of
+the artillery.
+
+In consequence of a prophecy that the 23rd. of June, the centenary
+anniversary of Plassey, was to be fatal to British rule in India, a
+determined effort was made by the mutineers on that morning, who
+advanced from the city in large bodies, and attacking the batteries,
+kept up a sustained and vigorous fire throughout the day. Their prophets
+proved false, for the enemy was beaten as usual.
+
+This victory of the 23rd. of June occasioned much rejoicing in the camp.
+Frequent skirmishes occurred towards the end of the month, and during
+July. The besieging force had now been strengthened by a wing of the
+8th. Foot and of the 61st. Regiment.
+
+Early in July Sir Henry Barnard died of cholera, when the command
+devolved on Major-General Reed, who, although the senior, had
+relinquished it to him upon the decease of General Anson. Reed, on
+account also of ill-health, was soon compelled to give over the command
+to Brigadier-General Wilson. The 8th. and 61st. Regiments suffered
+severely from cholera, attributed to their long march during the height
+of the rainy season. The former, in four months, from July to October,
+lost one hundred and thirty-three men, and the deaths in the latter
+during the same period amounted to two hundred and forty-six.
+
+A sortie was made by the enemy on the 9th. of July. During the forenoon
+of the 14th. another attack occurred in which Brigadier-General
+Chamberlain, the Adjutant-General, was severely wounded; Captain Norman,
+of the 31st. Native Infantry (frequently thanked in the dispatches for
+his services), the second in the department, was appointed to carry on
+the duties of this arduous office. On the 18th. and 23rd. other sorties
+took place, and the rebels were again repulsed.
+
+Two dense columns of the enemy attempted, on the 31st. of July, to gain
+the rear of the British camp, but the bridges having been destroyed,
+they were unable to cross the canal, and after a brisk cannonade the
+troops returned to the city. An attack sustained with great
+determination occurred on the 1st. of August, the anniversary of the
+great Mahomedan festival, commemorating Abraham’s sacrifice, not of
+Isaac, but of Ishmael, when the mutineers received a severe punishment.
+Brigadier Showers, on the 12th. of that month, succeeded in capturing
+four of the enemy’s guns. Four days previously Brigadier-General
+Nicholson reached the camp in advance of his column, which had been
+employed in disarming rebellion in the Punjab;[178] his force consisting
+of two thousand five hundred men, Europeans and Sikhs, was a welcome
+addition to the army before Delhi.
+
+Brigadier-General Nicholson gained a brilliant victory over the enemy at
+Nujjuffghur, twenty miles from Delhi, on the 25th. of August, and thus
+prevented an attack upon the rear of the British camp.
+
+For some time the siege train from Meerut had been anxiously expected,
+and on the morning of the 4th. of September it arrived.
+
+A crisis was now fast approaching; fifty-four siege guns were placed in
+position in several batteries, and on the 11th. of September an
+incessant fire was opened, and sustained, upon the line of defence
+between the Water and Cashmere Gates. The latter was in ruins on the
+13th., and shortly after three o’clock on the following morning, the
+assaulting columns prepared to advance. There were four columns of
+attack; Brigadier-General Nicholson commanded the first;
+Brigadier-General Jones the second; Brigadier Campbell the third; and
+Major Reid the fourth. There was also a fifth reserve column under
+Brigadier Longfield.
+
+It being necessary to blow open the Cashmere Gate, in order that the
+attacking force might effect an entrance into the city, this desperate
+duty was performed by Lieutenants Home and Salkeld,[179] of the
+Engineers. The latter died of his wounds, and the former was shortly
+afterwards killed by an explosion, whilst blowing up a fort abandoned by
+the rebels in Bolundshuhur.
+
+Brigadier Nicholson with the first column of attack, consisting of three
+hundred men of the 75th., two hundred and fifty of the 1st. European
+Bengal Fusiliers, and five hundred of the 2nd. Punjab Infantry was
+ordered to assault the breach in the Cashmere Curtain Gate. A portion
+escaladed the left face of the bastion of the gate, while the remainder,
+covered by the fire of the 60th., rushed up the breach made upon their
+left of the gate. After reaching the Cabool Gate, so destructive a fire
+was opened by the enemy, that the advancing troops were compelled to
+desist. Their gallant commander, Nicholson, whilst inducing the men to
+renew the attempt, here fell mortally wounded, and died nine days
+afterwards. Colonel Herbert, of the 75th., was previously wounded on the
+glacis, and the command of this portion of the assaulting column
+devolved on Captain William Brookes, of that regiment.
+
+Brigadier William Jones with the second column, composed of the 8th.,
+2nd. European Bengal Fusiliers, and 4th. Sikh regiment of infantry (the
+storming party consisted of seventy-five men of these corps, and the
+assault was led by Brevet-Major R. S. Baynes, of the 8th. Foot, who was
+dangerously wounded), covered by the fire of the skirmishers of the
+60th. Rifles, advanced through the breach in the bastion at the Water
+Gate, and gained possession of the walls as far as the Cabool Gate
+without meeting any check. Upon reaching the latter the troops turned
+one of the guns immediately on the Lahore Gate, from which the foe was
+firing grape and round shot.
+
+Colonel George Campbell, of the 52nd. Light Infantry, proceeded with the
+third column of assault, consisting of two hundred and forty of the
+52nd., five hundred of the 1st. Punjab Infantry, and two hundred and
+sixty of the Kumaon battalion, and when the Cashmere Gate had been blown
+open by the explosion, the stormers rushed in, and in a short time the
+column gained possession of the main guard, where so many murders had
+occurred at the outbreak of the mutiny and at once advanced to the
+attack of the great mosque, the Jumma Musjid, situated about the centre
+of the city. When almost close to the mosque, it was found that there
+were no means of gaining an entrance, the force being without
+powder-bags or artillery; and having to sustain a concentrated musketry
+fire from the surrounding houses, the column was eventually compelled to
+withdraw.
+
+Major Reid, of the Sirmoor Battalion, who led the fourth column
+(consisting of fifty men of the 60th. Rifles, two hundred Sirmoor
+Battalion, one hundred and sixty 1st. Fusiliers, two hundred Guides,
+twenty-five Coke’s Corps, sixty-five Kumaon Battalion, eighty 61st.
+Regiment,—seven hundred and eighty in all), was severely wounded; his
+fall checked the advance of the Goorkhas; Captain D. D. Muter, of the
+1st. battalion of the 60th., succeeded to the command; and the rush of
+the Rifles and Fusiliers placed them for a moment in possession of the
+breastwork at the end of the Serai of Kishengunge, but being
+unsupported, were unable to maintain the position, under the heavy
+flanking fire to which they became exposed.
+
+Meanwhile the cavalry brigade (consisting of two hundred of the 9th.
+Lancers, and four hundred and ten Natives from the Guides, 1st., 2nd.,
+and 5th. Punjab Cavalry, and Hodson’s Horse; with three guns of the
+first Troop Horse Artillery, and four guns of the second, under Major
+Toombs), commanded by Brigadier Hope Grant, forming in front of the
+walls, proceeded to the Cabool Gate, and although exposed to a heavy
+fire, did excellent service by preventing the mutineers, who came out in
+great numbers through the gardens, from attacking the British batteries.
+During the operation on the 14th. of September the casualties amounted
+to eleven hundred and seventy killed, wounded, and missing.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Deacon, of the 61st., succeeded in capturing the
+magazine in the city of Delhi, on the 16th. of September. Not a word was
+spoken, not a trigger pulled, until the stormers and the support had
+reached the summit of the breach and the magazine yard, when a cheer and
+a charge were given and made, on which the enemy, taken most completely
+by surprise, fled precipitately, throwing down the port-fires at their
+guns. Several of them were bayoneted close to the breach, the others
+were closely pursued by the 61st. and the 4th. Punjab Infantry. A party
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Rainey, of the former (under the guidance of
+Captain H. W. Norman, Assistant-Adjutant-General), having passed through
+the magazine, turned to their left, and spiked a gun, which was in
+position on the eastern wall of the city, and which was pointed at the
+College Garden Battery; here the enemy fought desperately.
+Assistant-Surgeon Reade and Colour-Sergeant Mitchell, both of the 61st.,
+also spiked a gun. One hundred and seventy guns, together with stores of
+all descriptions, were found in the magazine. During the fore and
+afternoon attacks were made by the rebels, which were repulsed on every
+occasion by the troops then within the walls, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Farquhar, of the Belooch Battalion.
+
+A determined opposition was kept up for a few days in the city, and only
+slow progress was made; but on the morning of the 20th., possession was
+secured of the Lahore Gate, and the troops then advanced upon the other
+bastions and gates, until the entire defences of the city were acquired.
+The enemy, unable to withstand the uninterrupted and vigorous fire from
+the guns and mortars, from the first entrance of the city by the
+British, and the steady and persevering advance of the troops, at length
+took to flight, abandoning their camp, property, and several of their
+sick and wounded, besides the greater portion of their field artillery;
+some four or five thousand fled across the bridge of boats into the
+Doab, or country between the Jumna and the Ganges, and the rest along
+the right bank of the former river.
+
+After the gate of the palace had been blown in, it was occupied by the
+troops about noon on Sunday, the 20th. of September, and the
+head-quarters of Major-General Wilson were established therein the same
+day. The rapid advance upon the Jumna Musjid by Major Brind, of the
+artillery, with a detachment of fifty men of the 8th. Foot, and twenty
+of the 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers, under the command of Captain
+Bannatyne, of the former regiment, an entrance into which was forced
+about an hour and a half prior to the assault upon the palace,
+contributed towards the success of the operations, and the complete
+occupation of the city. At sunrise on the 21st. a royal salute
+proclaimed that Delhi was again under British rule; the aged Sovereign,
+after a trial, being sent a prisoner for life to Rangoon.[180]
+
+When the capture of Delhi was completed, a flying column, under the
+command of Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Greathed,[181] consisting of the
+9th. Lancers, 8th. and 75th. Regiments, the 2nd. and 4th. Punjab
+Infantry, two hundred of Hodson’s Horse with the 1st., 2nd., and 5th.
+Punjab Cavalry and Horse Artillery, proceeded on the morning of the
+23rd. of September, from Delhi in a south-easterly direction upon
+Bolundshuhur and Allyghur, with a view of cutting off the mutineers on
+the right bank of the Jumna, in their endeavour to pass the river into
+the Doab. At Bolundshuhur, on the 28th. of September, the column
+defeated a body of the enemy, and afterwards destroyed the fort of
+Malaghur; here, Lieutenant Home, who shared in the blowing open of the
+Cashmere Gate at Delhi, met an accidental death by an explosion of
+gunpowder. While on the march along the Great Trunk road to Allyghur,
+the rebels were again encountered and scattered.
+
+Pursuing this successful course the troops arrived at Agra, after a
+night march from Hattrass; fatigued as they were, and while preparing to
+encamp, an attack was suddenly made upon them on the 10th. of October,
+by a numerous body of the enemy. In the action which ensued, the 9th.
+Lancers were specially mentioned. Lieutenant-Colonel Cotton, commanding
+at Agra, at once repaired to the camp, and assumed the command, but
+Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed was not aware of his presence for some time.
+The attack was soon overpowered, and turned into a complete rout,
+notwithstanding several ineffectual attempts to make a stand, and the
+pursuit was continued during the rest of the day for a distance of
+eleven miles, the whole of the enemy’s guns, twelve in number, being
+captured. This was effected under the rays of an Indian sun, and with
+comparatively small loss, but the casualties of the enemy were immense.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed having crossed the Jumna was joined, on the
+14th. of October, by Brigadier Hope Grant,[182] who, as senior officer,
+took the command. After dismantling the fort of a rebel Rajah of
+Mynporee, who did not attempt any resistance, the column put to flight a
+body of fugitives from Delhi, killing many of them. Possession was
+gained of the fort of Jhujjur by Brigadier Showers, on the 17th. of
+October, which is regarded as the close of the operations against Delhi.
+Brigadier Grant, continuing his march, arrived at Cawnpore on the 28th.
+of October, and on the 30th. crossed the Ganges, reaching the vicinity
+of the Alumbagh on the 8th. of the following month.
+
+The troops engaged at Delhi were—Artillery (European and Native); 6th.
+Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 1st. and 2nd. Hodson’s Horse; and 1st.,
+2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; 8th., 52nd., 60th., 61st., and 75th.
+Royal Bengal Fusiliers; Bengal Sappers and Miners; 32nd. Bengal
+Infantry; 1st., 2nd., 4th. and 24th. Punjaub Infantry; 2nd. and 3rd.
+Ghoorkas; 4th. Sikh Infantry; 27th. Bombay Light Infantry; Irregular and
+Guide Cavalry and Infantry; and the Belooch Battalion.
+
+
+
+
+                          DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW.
+                  29TH. JUNE TO 25TH. SEPTEMBER, 1857.
+
+
+Sir Henry Lawrence, having received information in the evening of the
+29th. of June, that a body of rebels were about to march upon Lucknow
+from the village of Chinnahut, distant about eight miles from the town,
+determined on making a reconnoissance. This was accordingly commenced on
+the following day. Misled by the reports of wayfarers, who stated that
+there were few or no men between Lucknow and Chinnahut, the troops
+proceeded a greater distance than was originally intended, and suddenly
+fell in with the enemy, who had up to that moment eluded the vigilance
+of the advanced guard by concealing themselves, in overwhelming numbers,
+behind a long line of trees.
+
+For some time the foe was held in check by the force, composed of three
+hundred of the 32nd., and portions of the 13th., 48th., and 71st. Native
+Infantry, with the howitzer; but the Oude artillerymen and drivers were
+traitors, and they overturned their six guns into ditches, cut the
+traces of their horses, and abandoned them, notwithstanding the
+remonstrances of their own officers, and of those on Sir Henry
+Lawrence’s staff, the Brigadier himself heading them, and drawing his
+sword upon the caitiffs. Thus exposed to a vastly superior fire of
+artillery, and completely outflanked on both sides by the enemy’s
+infantry and cavalry, which actually penetrated to the rear, the British
+were forced to retire with the loss of three pieces of artillery, and
+with a sad list of killed and wounded.
+
+By this untoward event the whole available force was so far diminished,
+that there was not a sufficient number of men remaining to occupy the
+Residency and the fort named Muchhee Bhowun, an old dilapidated edifice
+which had been hastily put in repair, although the defences were far
+from complete, and were moreover commanded by many houses in the city.
+The Brigadier-General therefore, on the 1st. of July,[183] signalled the
+garrison of the Muchhee Bhowun to evacuate and blow up that fortress in
+the course of the night. The orders were ably carried out, and at twelve
+p.m. the troops marched into the Residency with their guns and treasure,
+without the loss of a man; and shortly afterwards the explosion of two
+hundred and forty barrels of gunpowder and six millions of ball
+cartridges, which were lying in the magazine, announced to Sir Henry
+Lawrence and his officers—who were anxiously waiting the report—the
+complete destruction of that post, and all that it contained. If it had
+not been for this wise and strategic measure, no member of the Lucknow
+garrison, in all probability, would have survived to tell the tale: for,
+as the Muchhee Bhowun was commanded from other parts of the town, and
+was moreover indifferently provided with heavy artillery ammunition,
+while the suffering and loss which the Residency garrison (even with the
+reinforcements thus obtained) endured in holding the position, proved
+that if the original intention of holding the two posts had been adhered
+to, both would inevitably have fallen.
+
+A sad calamity occurred at the outset. On the first of July, an
+eight-inch shell burst in the room of the Residency in which Sir Henry
+Lawrence was sitting. The missile burst between him and Mr. Couper,
+close to both, but without injury to either. The whole of his staff
+implored Sir Henry to take up other quarters, as the place had then
+become the special target for the round shot and shell of the enemy.
+This, however, he jestingly declined to do, observing that another shell
+would certainly never be pitched into that small room. On the very next
+day, however, he was mortally wounded by the fragment of another shell
+which burst exactly in the same spot, and Captain Wilson,
+Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General, received a contusion. Sir Henry
+Lawrence terminated his distinguished career on the morning of the 4th.
+of July, having previously directed Brigadier-General Inglis to take the
+command of the troops, and Major Banks to succeed to the office of chief
+commissioner.
+
+Scarcely had the garrison recovered this shock, when it had to lament
+the death of Major Banks, who received a bullet through his head while
+examining a critical outpost on the 21st. of July.
+
+When the blockade was commenced only two of the batteries were
+completed, and the defences were in an unfinished condition, the
+buildings in the immediate vicinity, which gave cover to the enemy,
+being only partially cleared away. Indeed the heaviest losses were
+caused by the fire from the enemy’s sharpshooters, stationed in the
+adjoining mosques and houses of the native nobility, the necessity of
+destroying which had been repeatedly pressed on Sir Henry by the staff
+of engineers, but his invariable reply was, “Spare the holy places, and
+private property as far as possible;” and the garrison consequently
+suffered severely from this tenderness to the religious prejudices, and
+respect to the rights, of the rebellious citizens and soldiery.
+
+Then ensued a defence as heroic as any in the annals of war. The
+narrative of Brigadier Inglis, simple and earnest, will never be
+forgotten by his countrymen. By it the reader will see that not a
+building within the walls of the Residency was safe;[184] the wounded
+were shot while in hospital, and ladies and children met the same fate
+in houses considered secure. The enemy, while working the guns concealed
+by the trenches, were shielded from the fire of the garrison, upon whom
+an incessant cannonade was kept up until the 20th. of July, at ten
+o’clock, on which morning the besiegers, in great numbers, after
+exploding a mine within the British defences, attempted to storm the
+Residency, and did not cease their efforts until two o’clock in the
+afternoon, being driven back by the gallant defenders, who were
+sustained by the consciousness of the mighty trust committed to their
+charge.
+
+It was not until the 10th. of August that another assault was attempted,
+although during the interval the forlorn garrison became exposed to a
+constant fire, with famine staring it in the face. This second attempt,
+similar in its features to the first, commencing with the springing of a
+mine close to the brigade mess, although repeated at various points, met
+with a like result; in some instances the defenders, acting like
+grenadiers of a former time, dislodged the foe with hand-grenades. On
+the 18th. of August another mine was sprung in front of the Sikh lines
+with deadly effect, burying alive eleven men beneath the ruins, whence
+it was impossible to extricate them, owing to the tremendous fire kept
+up by the enemy from houses distant less than ten yards in front of the
+breach. Captain Orr, unattached, and Lieutenants Mecham and Soppitt were
+blown into the air, but, wonderful to state, received no further injury
+than a severe shaking. A general assault followed the explosion, which
+was soon repulsed; but the enemy succeeded in establishing themselves in
+one of the houses of the British position, from which they were driven
+in the evening by the bayonets of the 32nd. and 84th. regiments.
+
+Fresh mines were sprung on the 5th. of September, when the last serious
+assault was made. It was in vain; all these repeated attacks met
+everywhere with defeat. Thus ended the four great struggles which
+occurred during the siege. For eighty-seven days and nights officers and
+men stood or slept under arms.
+
+Notwithstanding all the hardships experienced, the garrison made no less
+than five sorties, in which two of the enemy’s heaviest guns were
+spiked, and several of the houses, from which a harassing fire was
+experienced, were blown up. Cholera, small pox, and an unknown, but
+fatal disease, added to the loss sustained from the enemy’s fire.
+Delicate women, some whilst in their earliest grief for the loss of
+their husbands, assisted in nursing the sick and wounded. The names of
+Birch, Polehampton, Barbor, and Gall, will descend to posterity as
+worthy imitators of Florence Nightingale.
+
+The conduct of the 32nd. (reduced to less than three hundred), and the
+detachment of the 84th. was splendid. The loyalty of the native troops,
+but especially the 13th., was never surpassed. The other regiments were
+the 48th. and 71st. Native Infantry,[185] the European and Native
+Artillery, and the Sikhs of the respective corps.[186] The number of
+artillerymen was so reduced, that on the occasion of an attack, the
+gunners, although aided by men of the 32nd. regiment, and by volunteers
+of all classes, had to run from one battery to another, wherever the
+enemy’s fire was hottest, there not being nearly sufficient men to serve
+half the number of guns at the same time. Eventually the number of
+European gunners was only twenty-four, while, including mortars, there
+were no less than thirty guns in position. So near too were the heavy
+guns of the assailants, that their taunts and threats addressed to the
+native defenders could be easily heard; besides which many of the
+British military airs, such as “Brighton Camp,” “See, the Conquering
+Hero Comes,” and the “National Anthem,” were, with matchless effrontery,
+frequently played by the enemy.
+
+In general orders it was announced that “There does not stand recorded
+in the annals of war an achievement more truly heroic than the defence
+of the Residency at Lucknow. The good services of H.M.’s 32nd. regiment
+throughout this struggle have been remarkable.”
+
+“LUCKNOW” has been authorized to be borne on the regimental colour and
+appointments of the 32nd., which for its gallantry, has been constituted
+light infantry; and the Queen’s officers and men of the garrison were
+allowed to reckon one year’s additional service.
+
+While the force, under Brigadier Inglis, afterwards advanced to the rank
+Major-General, and appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath, had been
+defending the Residency of Lucknow, the eyes of Europe were directed to
+the efforts made for its relief by Brigadier-General Havelock, who,
+after his Division in Persia had been broken up, proceeded to Bombay,
+and thence to Calcutta. He was immediately selected to command a
+moveable column, and hearing that the mutineers were proceeding from
+Cawnpore[187] towards Futtehpore, a forced march, under a burning sun,
+was made upon that place. Major Renaud joined him on the road with about
+eight hundred troops, the latter having been actively engaged in
+suppressing the mutiny in the neighbourhood. This column consisted of
+the third company eighth battalion of the Royal Artillery, seventy-six;
+1st. Madras Fusiliers, three hundred and seventy-six; 64th. regiment,
+four hundred and thirty-five; 78th. Highlanders, two hundred and
+eighty-four; 84th. regiment, one hundred and ninety; detachment of the
+Bengal Artillery, twenty-two; Volunteer Cavalry, twenty; total British,
+one thousand four hundred and three. The native troops:—The Regiment of
+Ferozepore, four hundred and forty-eight; 13th. Irregular and 3rd. Oude
+Irregular Cavalry, ninety-five; Galundauze, eighteen; total native
+troops, five hundred and sixty-one; in all, one thousand nine hundred
+and sixty-four. It is computed that the mutineers numbered three
+thousand five hundred, and they occupied a strong position at
+Futtehpore, with twelve guns.
+
+Pushing forward two of their guns, they commenced, on the 12th. of July,
+a cannonade on the British front, while a body of infantry and cavalry
+threatened the flanks. The enemy had imagined an easy victory over Major
+Renaud’s force, but they found Brigadier-General Havelock ready to
+receive them. Astonished by the precision of the fire of the guns under
+Captain Maude, of the Royal Artillery, and the deadly aim of the Enfield
+rifles, they fell back upon Futtehpore in disorder, leaving three of
+their cannon. Here they endeavoured to make a stand, but were compelled
+to take to flight, abandoning twelve guns. This victory, in Havelock’s
+order of the day, was attributed “to the British Artillery, to the
+Enfield rifle, to British pluck, and to the blessing of Almighty God.”
+
+Brigadier-General Havelock continued his march upon Cawnpore, and on the
+15th. of July was twice engaged with the mutineers, first at the village
+of Aeng, and next at the bridge over the Pandoo Nuddee. Successful in
+both instances, the column pushed on, having captured the two guns with
+which it had been intended to defend the bridge. After it had been
+carried, information was received that Nena Sahib occupied a position at
+Ahirwa; this position was a very strong one, and in order to save the
+troops from the fire of his heavy guns, the British General make a flank
+movement, which resulted on the 16th. in a direct charge with the
+bayonet. The 78th. Highlanders, gallantly led by Colonel Hamilton,
+supported by the Madras Fusiliers, succeeded in turning the enemy’s left
+flank; while the 64th. and 84th., and the Regiment of Ferozepore, broke
+the right: the mutineers were driven headlong on Cawnpore, leaving a
+twenty-four pounder on the field.
+
+The victors bivouacked on the ground, from which the roofless barracks
+at Cawnpore could be perceived. When Nena Sahib[188] saw that nothing
+could withstand the advance of the avenging column, he gave directions
+on the 17th. for the massacre of the women and children in his power,
+and with savage barbarity caused their bodies to be thrown into a well.
+
+Early on that morning a heavy explosion was heard, arising from the
+blowing up, by the enemy, of the magazine at Cawnpore, when Nena Sahib
+was withdrawing thence upon Bithoor. Cawnpore was at once occupied, and
+the troops were horrified at the traces which remained of the massacre.
+The capture of the castellated palace of Nena Sahib at Bithoor, where he
+was unable to make a stand, was effected without firing a shot, and
+twenty guns were taken.
+
+Upon Brigadier-General Neill’s arrival at Cawnpore, from Benares, he was
+left in command of the former place, whilst Brigadier-General Havelock
+commenced his march upon Lucknow. Having passed the Ganges into Oude,
+the mutineers were next encountered near Unao, on the 29th. of July. The
+action was commenced by the 78th. Highlanders and the 1st. Fusiliers,
+with two guns. Afterwards, the 64th., commanded by Colonel Wilson, were
+ordered up. Patrick Cavanagh, a private of that regiment, was hewn in
+pieces by the Sepoys whilst exhibiting to his comrades an example of the
+highest gallantry. This valiant soldier had he survived would have
+received the Victoria Cross. At the narrow pass between the village and
+the town of Unao the mutineers were discovered in great force, but,
+after an obstinate contest, they sought safety in flight. Subsequently
+the troops pushed on towards Busherut Gunge, a walled town, with wet
+ditches, which was captured by the 1st. Fusiliers, 64th., and 78th.
+regiments.
+
+Major-General Havelock’s[189] force was not of sufficient strength to
+continue the advance upon Lucknow, cholera having broken out amongst
+them; and he fell back on the 2nd. of August, on Munghowar. On the 5th.
+he again attacked the enemy at Busherut Gunge, driving them out of the
+town with great slaughter. Preparations were next commenced for passing
+over the Ganges to Cawnpore. The baggage had already been forwarded
+across the river, when he resolved, on the 11th. of August, to attack
+the mutineers a third time at Busherut Gunge, where they had once more
+collected in great force, and again defeated them.
+
+Returning to their former position at Munghowar, the troops, on the
+12th. and 13th. of August, crossed the Ganges to Cawnpore, where they
+arrived, nearly worn out by fatigue, sickness, and constant exposure to
+an Indian sun. Almost immediately, however, they struck another
+effective blow on the mutineers. A large body of them had collected at
+Bithoor, and were menacing Brigadier-General Neill at Cawnpore.
+Major-General Havelock, uniting his force with the former, marched on
+Bithoor, and gained another victory. During these several encounters
+forty guns had been taken, and sixty more recovered for the government.
+Great loss had been inflicted on the enemy, while the British casualties
+were comparatively small.
+
+The British column afterwards remained at Cawnpore waiting for
+reinforcements, and on the 16th. of September, Major-General Sir James
+Outram arrived with the welcome aid; although the senior officer, he
+nobly relinquished to Major-General Havelock the honour of relieving the
+Lucknow garrison, and accompanied the column as Chief Commissioner of
+Oude, proffering his military services as a volunteer.
+
+On the 19th. and 20th. of September, the relieving force, amounting to
+about two thousand five hundred men, and seventeen guns crossed the
+Ganges. The 5th. Fusiliers, 84th., detachments of the 64th. and 1st.
+Madras Fusiliers, composed the first infantry brigade, under
+Brigadier-General Neill; the 78th. Highlanders, 90th. Light Infantry,
+and the Sikh Ferozepore regiment, made up the second brigade, under
+Brigadier Hamilton, of the 78th.; Major Cooper commanded the artillery
+brigade, consisting of Captains Maude, Oliphant, and Major Eyre’s
+batteries; Captain Borrow commanded the Volunteers and Irregular
+Cavalry.
+
+Only a feeble resistance was offered by the enemy, who retired upon the
+old position of Munghowar. Here they were attacked on the morning of the
+21st. of September, and after an obstinate contest were routed, two of
+the four guns captured, being taken in a cavalry charge led by Sir James
+Outram.
+
+Continuing the march on Lucknow, the rebels were discovered on the
+23rd., in a strong position, with their left resting on the enclosure of
+the Alumbagh, an isolated building to the south-east of the city of
+Lucknow, and about three miles from the Residency, their centre and
+right being drawn up behind a chain of hillocks. Five guns were taken by
+the British on this day, but the relieving force was incessantly
+cannonaded throughout the 24th. The enemy’s cavalry, one thousand
+strong, made a sudden irruption upon the baggage massed in the rear;
+when the soldiers of the 90th. Light Infantry forming the baggage guard
+gallantly dispersed the whole body, but not without losing some brave
+officers and men.
+
+As the troops had been marching for three days under a perfect deluge of
+rain, irregularly fed, and badly housed in villages, the assault on the
+city was deferred until the 25th. On that morning the baggage and tents
+were deposited in the Alumbagh, and the force advanced. The gratifying
+object of relieving the garrison was the result, but great loss was
+sustained by the constant fire from the flat-roofed and loopholed
+houses, the gallant Brigadier-General Neill being shot dead; but every
+obstacle was at length overcome, and the troops established themselves
+within the enclosure of the Residency.[190] It was not, however, until
+the following evening that the remainder of the force, with the sick and
+wounded, constantly exposed to the attacks of the foe, could be brought
+in. This succour is regarded, in respect to the medal-clasps, as a
+continuation of the defence of Lucknow.
+
+
+
+
+                           RELIEF OF LUCKNOW.
+                         17TH. NOVEMBER, 1857.
+
+
+Sir Colin Campbell,[191] who, like Sir Charles Napier, had proceeded at
+a moment’s notice to India, did not find the task completed, as was the
+case in the Punjaub emergency. There was work to be done, and how nobly
+and successfully it was performed is now matter of history. Troops
+constantly arrived from England at Calcutta, and were moved up to
+Cawnpore as speedily as possible, but owing to the want of transport,
+only slow progress was made, and Sir Colin was not prepared to proceed
+therefrom for the final relief of the garrison at Lucknow before the
+9th. of November. By a rapid march he joined, on the same day that he
+quitted Cawnpore, the column under Brigadier-General Grant in camp at
+Buntara, about six miles from the Alumbagh. Remaining there for
+reinforcements until the 12th. of November, he advanced on the Alumbagh,
+which he reached in the evening, after having captured the guns of a
+body of the enemy who had attacked his vanguard. As the direct road from
+the Alumbagh to the Residency was through the heart of the city of
+Lucknow,[192] wherein every street was a fortification, the houses being
+loopholed and filled with desperate men, Sir Colin determined to make a
+detour to the right, and after forcing his way through the Dilkoosha
+park and the Martinière, to cross the canal to the east of Lucknow, and
+then arrive at the Residency by a circuitous route round the north-east
+corner of the city. Very great assistance was afforded to the military
+operations at Cawnpore and the vicinity by the Naval Brigade, under
+their gallant leader, the late Captain (afterwards Sir William) Peel.
+The Brigade consisted of about five hundred and eighty officers and men
+the crew of H.M.S. “Shannon,” with six 8-inch guns from the ship. With a
+small military force of about seven hundred men, under Captain Powell,
+they were engaged on the 1st. of November at Kadjwa, twenty-four miles
+from Futtehpore, and succeeded in routing with severe loss, the
+mutineers, amounting to four thousand men. On the loss of Captain
+Powell, who was killed in this encounter, the command fell upon Captain
+Peel. The duties were very arduous; after this battle, with the
+exception of a day’s rest for the footsore men, who had marched
+seventy-two miles in three days, besides gaining the above victory,
+daily marches had to be made in order to join the column before Lucknow,
+where the brigade arrived on November 12th. At the attack on the
+Secundra Bagh, Midshipman Daniel and three or four of the brigade were
+killed, and Lieutenant Salmon and above a dozen men wounded. On January
+2nd. the brigade took part in the battle of Kallee-Nuddee, in which the
+mutineers were severely defeated; and on the 3rd. of March was before
+Lucknow, and shared in the capture of the Dilkoosah. Captain Peel was
+wounded on March 9th. and died of small pox on his way to Calcutta. With
+the capture of Lucknow the active services of the brigade ended, and on
+September 15th. following, the “Shannon” sailed for England. Another
+Naval Brigade, under Captain Sotheby, of H.M.S. “Pearl,” numbering about
+two hundred and fifty officers and men, known as the “Pearl Brigade,”
+served for about fifteen months with the Goruckpore Field Force, and
+took part in several engagements with the mutineers.
+
+On the 15th. of November, as the troops approached the park, the leading
+men were met by a long line of musketry fire; the advanced guard was
+quickly reinforced by a field battery and companies of infantry, when
+after a running fight of nearly two hours, the rebels were driven across
+the garden and park at the Martinière, and far beyond the canal. Both
+the park and the latter building were at once occupied by the troops,
+when they sustained an attack in front, and promptly driving back the
+enemy, pursued them across the canal.
+
+Early on the morning of the 16th. of November, the victorious troops
+proceeded to attack the Secundra Bagh (garden or plantation), a high
+walled enclosure of strong masonry, one hundred and twenty yards square,
+and carefully loopholed all round. This post was numerously defended.
+Opposite to it, at a distance of one hundred yards, was a village which
+was likewise loopholed, and filled with men. As the head of the column
+advanced along the lane to the left of the Secundra Bagh, a fire was
+opened on it by the enemy, which was hotly maintained for an hour and a
+half on both sides. A small breach having been made, it was determined
+to storm the position, and this was effected by the remainder of the
+Highlanders and the 53rd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry, supported by a
+battalion of detachments under Major Barnston.[193]
+
+After this brilliant commencement Captain Peel’s Royal Naval Siege Train
+proceeded to the front, and advanced towards the Shah Nujjeef, together
+with the field battalion and some mortars, the village to the left
+having been cleared by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope and
+Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon. This position was resolutely defended against
+a heavy cannonade of three hours. It was then stormed in the boldest
+manner by the 93rd. Highlanders, under Brigadier Hope, supported by a
+battalion of detachments under Major Barnston, who was wounded. Captain
+Peel gallantly led up his heavy guns within a few yards of the building,
+to batter the massive stone walls. This concluded the day’s operations,
+and about three o’clock in the afternoon of the 17th. a building named
+the “Mess House,” after being cannonaded by Captain Peel, was stormed by
+a company of the 90th. under Captain Wolseley, and a picket of the
+53rd., under Captain Hopkins, supported by Major Barnston’s battalion of
+detachments under Captain Guise of the 90th., with some of the Punjaub
+Infantry under Lieutenant Powlett. The place was immediately carried,
+and the troops pushed forward with great vigour, and lined the wall
+separating the Mess House from the Motee Mahal. Here a final stand was
+made, but after an hour’s fighting, during which openings had been
+broken in the wall, the opposition was overcome, and the soldiers
+pouring through with a body of sappers, accomplished the communications
+with the Residency. Shortly afterwards Sir Colin had the gratification
+of greeting Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Havelock, who came out to
+meet him before the action was terminated.
+
+While the final relief of the besieged garrison had been thus achieved
+by the indomitable gallantry of the army under Sir Colin Campbell, the
+garrison within the walls had not been inactive. The mines which had
+been driven under the outer wall of the garden in advance of the palace,
+already breached in several places by the enemy, and also under some
+buildings in its vicinity, were exploded as soon as it was ascertained
+that the Commander-in-Chief was assailing the Secundra Bagh; at the same
+time two powerful masked batteries poured shot and shell into the
+palace. When the advance sounded the effect was electrical; pent up for
+six weeks, and subjected to constant attacks, the soldiers felt that the
+hour of retribution had arrived. It was impossible to withstand them,
+and in a few minutes the whole of the buildings were in their
+possession, were armed with cannon, and steadily held against all
+attacks.
+
+It was now Sir Colin Campbell’s great object to effect the removal of
+the non-combatants from the Residency, including the sick and wounded,
+without subjecting them to the enemy’s fire. By a series of masterly
+arrangements, which may be regarded as a perfect example of such
+combinations, the desired object was attained. A fire was opened upon
+the Kaiserbagh on the 20th., and when the foe was led to believe that an
+immediate assault was contemplated, orders were issued for the garrison
+to withdraw through the line of pickets at midnight on the 22nd.
+Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope so ably carried out the
+dispositions to cover the movement, that the mutineers were completely
+deceived, and instead of following, they commenced firing on the old
+positions, many hours after they had been quitted by the British.
+
+During all these operations from the 16th. of November, the remnant of
+Brigadier Greathed’s brigade closed in the rear, and again formed the
+rear-guard as the troops retired to Dilkoosha, which was reached by the
+whole force by four o’clock in the afternoon of the 23rd. of November.
+On the previous day that valued soldier whose name is so identified with
+Lucknow, the gallant Sir Henry Havelock, died of an attack of dysentery,
+to the universal regret of the army, and of his country.
+
+The troops which took part in the relief of Lucknow, were the Naval
+Brigade; 9th. Lancers; 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; Hodson’s
+Horse; Bengal Horse and Field Artillery; Punjaub Sappers and Miners; the
+8th., 53rd., 75th., and 93rd. Foot; 2nd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                                LUCKNOW.
+                     2ND. TO 21ST. OF MARCH, 1858.
+
+
+Sir Colin Campbell, leaving a portion of his army at the Alumbagh, under
+Sir James Outram, commenced his march upon Cawnpore on the 27th. of
+November, 1857, and arrived at Bunnee that evening. On the following
+morning he received intelligence of the attack made upon Major-General
+Windham,—who had been fiercely engaged with the Gwalior rebels. That
+officer on the 26th. attacked one of the enemy’s Divisions, eight miles
+from Cawnpore, routed them and captured all but one gun. Next morning,
+being reinforced, they returned to the assault, forced the British
+within their lines at Nuwabgunge, burning down the camp of three
+regiments. The Rifle Brigade under Colonel Walpole, supported by the
+88th. under Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, which suffered very severely,
+were highly distinguished. On the 28th. the renewed attempts of the
+enemy were triumphantly defeated.[194] Then followed the decisive battle
+of the 6th. of December,[195] when the Commander-in-Chief utterly routed
+the rebel army, which had been augmented by four regiments from Oude,
+and the followers of Nena Sahib, estimated at not less than twenty-five
+thousand men, with about thirty-six guns.
+
+After this action Sir Colin Campbell continued at Cawnpore until the
+beginning of 1858, employed in restoring order in the stronghold of the
+mutiny, and in preparing to advance on Lucknow. Several assaults were
+made by the rebels to dislodge Sir James Outram from his position at the
+Alumbagh, before he could be aided by Sir Colin Campbell; especially on
+the 12th. and 16th. of January, and subsequent months, but they were all
+defeated. The first portion of the army crossed the Ganges at Cawnpore
+on the 4th. of February. Brigadier Franks, while on his road to Lucknow,
+on the 19th., defeated two separate bodies of the enemy, at Chanda and
+Amereepore, and on the 23rd. of that month gained a decisive victory
+over their united forces, when attempting to capture Badshahgunge, a
+strong fort near Sultanpore. In this action the enemy lost twenty-one
+guns and nearly two thousand men. The loss of the victors was _eleven_.
+
+Being joined on this day by the siege train from Agra, and all the
+requisite arrangements having been completed, Sir Colin Campbell
+proceeded direct from Cawnpore to the Alumbagh, where the army arrived
+on the 1st. of March. The Divisions under Brigadier-Generals Sir Hope
+Grant and Walpole, who had been employed watching the mutineers, had
+meanwhile rejoined, and on the following morning the Dilkoosha palace
+was seized after a skirmish, in which a gun was captured from the
+enemy.[196] This palace was at once occupied as an advanced post on the
+right, and the Mahomed Bagh on the left, heavy guns being placed at each
+point to keep down the fire of the rebels. The remainder of the siege
+train and additional troops arrived on the next and succeeding days: the
+right of the British line now rested on Bibiapore and the river Goomtee;
+the left stretching in the direction of the Alumbagh. Brigadier-General
+Franks, C.B., joined with his division on the 5th. of March,[197] after
+a march of one hundred and thirty miles, during which four actions had
+been fought, with the small loss of thirty-seven killed and wounded.
+Thirty-four pieces of ordnance were captured.
+
+Sir James Outram was withdrawn from the Alumbagh, and having crossed to
+the left bank of the Goomtee[198] on the 6th. of March, at once pushed
+on to turn the first line of the works abutting on the river, and on the
+morning of the 9th. attacked the position, driving the enemy before him
+at all points, until he was enabled to occupy the Fyzabad road, and
+plant his batteries so as to enfilade the works on the canal.
+
+Meanwhile a heavy fire was kept up by the British on the Martinière,
+from the batteries at the Dilkoosha palace; and in the afternoon of the
+9th. of March the former was stormed by the troops under Brigadiers Sir
+Edward Lugard[199] and the Honourable Adrian Hope. The regiments were
+the 42nd., 53rd., and 90th. Next came into operation the second part of
+the plan of attack against the Kaiser Bagh, which was to use the great
+blocks of houses and palaces extending from Banks’s house to the former
+as the approach, instead of sapping up towards the front of the second
+line of works. By these means the Commander-in-chief was able to turn
+towards his own left, at the same time that the enemy was enfiladed on
+the right by Sir James Outram’s advance. The latter had received orders
+to plant his guns with a view of raking the position of the rebels, to
+annoy the Kaiser Bagh with a vertical and direct fire,—also to attack
+the suburbs in the vicinity of the iron and stone bridges shortly after
+daybreak, and to command the iron bridge from the left banks. These
+instructions were carried out with the most marked success, but the
+enemy still clung pertinaciously to his own end of the iron bridge, on
+the right bank, and heavy cannonading ensued from both sides, until the
+bridge was subsequently taken in reverse. On the 11th. Sir Edward Lugard
+pressed forward in like manner. As the operation had now become one of
+an engineering character, the most earnest endeavours were used to save
+the infantry from being hazarded before due preparation was made. The
+chief engineer, Brigadier Napier, placed the batteries so as to breach
+and shell a large block of the palaces designated the Begum Kotee. At
+four o’clock in the morning the latter were stormed with great gallantry
+by the 93rd. Highlanders, supported by the 4th. Punjaub Rifles and one
+thousand Ghoorkas, led by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope, under
+Brigadier-General Sir Edward Lugard’s direction. The whole block of
+buildings was secured by the troops, who inflicted a heavy loss on the
+enemy, and the attack was pronounced by Sir Colin Campbell to have been
+“the sternest struggle which occurred during the siege.”
+
+The chief engineer pushed forward the approach with the greatest
+judgment through the enclosures, by the aid of the sappers and heavy
+guns, the troops immediately occupying the ground as he advanced, and
+the mortars being moved from one position to another, as the ground was
+won on which they could be placed. The buildings to the right, and the
+Secundra Bagh, were taken early in the morning of the same day, without
+opposition, and during the night of the 12th. Sir James Outram was
+reinforced with a number of heavy guns and mortars, and directed to
+increase his fire upon the Kaiser Bagh, while the mortars placed in a
+position at the Begum’s house never ceased playing on the Imambarrah,
+the next large palace it was found necessary to storm, between the Begum
+Kotee and the Kaiser Bagh.
+
+Upon Brigadier-General Franks, C.B., who had relieved Sir Edward Lugard,
+and the second division with the fourth, on the 12th. of March, devolved
+the duty of attacking the Imambarrah. For this purpose a column of
+attack was formed on the morning of the 14th., by Brigadier David
+Russell, who at the second relief of Lucknow had been severely wounded.
+The Maharajah Jung Bahadoor too had joined, with a force of about nine
+thousand men and twenty-four field guns, drawn by men, and took up his
+position in the British line on the 12th., and moved close to the canal
+on the following day. His Highness passed the canal and attacked the
+suburbs in his front, and considerably to the left of Banks’s house, at
+the request of the Commander-in-chief; his troops were thus most
+advantageously employed in covering Sir Colin Campbell’s left for
+several days, during which, from the nature of the operations, it was
+necessary to mass all the available strength of the British force
+towards the right in the joint attack carried along both banks of the
+Goomtee.
+
+Early on the 14th. the Imambarrah was carried, and the Sikhs of the
+Ferozepore Regiment, under Major Brasyer, pressing forward in pursuit,
+entered the Kaiser Bagh, the third line of defences having been turned
+without a single gun being fired from them. Supports were quickly thrown
+in, and all the well-known ground of former defence and attack, the Mess
+House, the Tara Kotee, the Motee Mahul, and the Chutter Munzil, were
+rapidly occupied by the troops, while the engineers devoted their
+attention to securing the position towards the south and west. The
+doomed city was now hastily evacuated by the enemy, thousands of
+fugitives being seen to escape to the north and west. Flying columns
+were sent after them, and building after building which had been
+occupied as a defence, was successively taken, until all save the city
+itself was in the hands of the British.
+
+A combined movement was organized on the 19th. of March. Sir James
+Outram moved forward directly on the Moosa Bagh, the last position of
+the foe on the line of the Goomtee; the latter was cannonaded from the
+left bank by Sir James Hope Grant, whilst Brigadier Campbell moved round
+the western side from the Alumbagh, preventing retreat in that
+direction. The rout was complete, great loss being inflicted on the
+enemy by all these columns.
+
+Major-General Sir Edward Lugard was directed to attack, on the 21st., a
+stronghold in the heart of the city, held by the Moulvie. This he
+occupied after a sharp contest, and it then became possible to invite
+the return of the inhabitants, and to rescue the city from the horrors
+of this prolonged struggle. Brigadier William Campbell, of the 2nd.
+Dragoon Guards, attacked the enemy with his cavalry, when retreating
+from the city in consequence of Sir Edward’s advance, occasioning them
+heavy loss, and pursuing the fugitives for six miles.[200] Two days
+after, Sir Hope Grant defeated a strong body of rebels, twenty miles
+from the city, and captured their guns, and with this action the
+recapture of Lucknow was completed.
+
+
+
+
+                             CENTRAL INDIA.
+                         JANUARY TO JUNE, 1858.
+
+
+Major-General Sir Hugh Rose, K.C.B., at the end of January, 1858,
+captured Rathghur, a strong fort in Central India. For two whole days,
+the 26th. and 27th. of January, the guns of the British played upon the
+walls, and when a practicable breach had been effected, the garrison, on
+the 28th., endeavoured to escape by using ropes to aid them in their
+descent. Meanwhile an attempt was made by the enemy outside to relieve
+the fort by an attack on the rear of the camp; this was, however, soon
+frustrated, and the place was taken. On the 31st. of January a victory
+was gained over the insurgents, near Baroda.
+
+An advance was next made by Sir Hugh Rose upon Saugor, where several
+Europeans, amongst whom were about a hundred women and children, had
+been closely besieged since July, 1857. The British general arrived
+before the fort on the 3rd. of February, 1858, and effected its
+immediate relief. Meanwhile Major-General Whitlock, commanding the
+Madras column, had been marching towards Saugor with the same view, and
+reached Jubbulpore on the 7th. of that month. Thus the Bombay and Madras
+troops were gradually sweeping the country before them: and compelling
+the mutinous bands to withdraw towards the line of the Jumna, where at
+Calpee and Gwalior they mustered strongly.
+
+On the 10th. and 11th. of February the fort at Garakota was captured and
+demolished, when Sir Hugh Rose withdrew to Saugor, which he quitted on
+the 27th. of February, and marched upon Jhansi.
+
+The forts of Serai, Marowra, and Thal Behut, next fell into the hands of
+the British. Brigadier C. S. Stuart, with the first brigade, took by
+assault the fort of Chandairee on the 17th. of March; the impetuous rush
+of the stormers of the 86th. Foot, and the 25th. Bombay Native Infantry,
+carried everything before them; the loss before this place amounted only
+to two killed and twenty-eight wounded, nineteen of these casualties
+falling on the first-named regiment. The Brigadier having effected a
+junction with Sir Hugh Rose, was sent on with a body of cavalry and
+artillery to invest the fortress of Jhansi, a place of great strength
+both natural and artificial, defended by a garrison of about twelve
+thousand men, headed by a determined Amazon, the Ranee of Jhansi. Sir
+Hugh Rose with the rest of the troops arrived before this stronghold on
+the 21st. of March.
+
+On the 1st. of April, the so-called army of the Peishwah, under Tantia
+Topee, advanced across the Betwa to relieve the place, but this attempt
+was defeated, and the enemy was pursued some distance beyond the river.
+This was a remarkable action, and was fought by the small force left in
+camp[201], without relaxing in the least the arduous siege and
+investment of Jhansi. The victory was gained with the small loss of
+fifteen killed and sixty-six wounded; seven died of wounds. The
+casualties of the 14th. Light Dragoons were the greatest, namely, five
+killed and twenty-four wounded. Fifteen hundred of the enemy were
+killed, and all his artillery, stores, and ammunition were captured.
+Captain Need’s troop of this regiment was specially commended, and
+Lieutenant Leith gained the Victoria Cross for having charged alone, and
+rescued that officer when surrounded by a large number of rebel
+infantry.
+
+The assault was made on the 3rd. of April, the storming parties being
+divided into two columns, one of which formed the right, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, of the 86th., and the other the left attack.
+The latter was led by Major Stuart, of the same regiment, and making its
+way partly through the breach and partly by escalading a bastion into
+the city, penetrated to the palace; here it was met by the right column,
+which had advanced along the streets in the midst of a galling fire from
+the houses on each side.[202] The conduct of the 86th. received high
+commendation. Possession having been gained of a large portion of the
+city by the 3rd. Europeans and 86th. Foot, these two corps occupied with
+pickets commanding houses, and several hand to hand combats
+occurred.[203]
+
+Preparations were being made for the continuance of the attack, when
+intelligence reached Sir Hugh Rose that the Ranee had during the
+preceding night fled from the fortress, attended by a small escort; she
+was seen mounted on a grey horse, and although hotly pursued, was not
+overtaken; this was succeeded by a general abandonment of the place by
+the rebels, who proceeded in a north-easterly direction. Jhansi was
+taken possession of without further opposition, when nothing could
+exceed the humanity shewn by the victorious troops.
+
+In the meantime Awah, in Rajpootana, a strongly fortified town, had been
+taken by Colonel Holmes, on the 24th. of January, and Major-General
+Roberts in March advanced against Kotah, the Rajah of which was friendly
+to the British, but was coerced by his followers.
+
+Two hundred men of the 83rd., and the Rifle Company of the 13th. Native
+Infantry, under Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Heatly, of the former
+regiment, were sent by Major-General Roberts, commanding the Rajpootana
+Field Force, on the 26th. of March, into the portion of the town held by
+the Maha Rao, who had been assaulted on two successive mornings by the
+rebels; the service rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel Heatly with this
+detachment on this occasion, and up to the time of the assault was
+prominently noticed. Late on the evening of the 28th., the 8th. Hussars,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Salis, arrived.
+
+On the 30th. of March the place was carried with the greatest gallantry,
+the 72nd. and 95th. regiments[204] leading the way. The first column,
+under Brigadier Parke, of the 72nd. was composed of two hundred and
+fifty men from each of the following regiments, namely, the 72nd., under
+Major Thellusson, 13th. Native Infantry, under Captain Adams,
+accompanied by a party of Sappers, under Lieutenant Paterson, Royal
+Engineers. The second column, under Lieutenant-Colonel Holmes, comprised
+a like number of the 83rd. under Major Steele, and of the 12th. Native
+Infantry, under Lieutenant Howison; and the third column, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Raines, of the 95th., was similarly made up of the
+95th., under Major the Honourable Eyre Massey, of that regiment, and the
+10th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant Roome, each accompanied by a
+party of Sappers, under an engineer officer. The reserve under Brigadier
+Macan, consisted of two hundred and fifty of the 83rd., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Heatly, and of the 13th. Native Infantry, under
+Captain Steuart.
+
+By the explosion here of a magazine fired by the rebels, after the
+capture of the city, Captain Robert Bainbrigge, of the 23rd. Bombay
+Light Infantry, Brigade-Major of the first brigade of the Rajpootana
+Field Force, and Captain Evelyn Bazalgette, of the 95th. regiment, were
+unfortunately killed.
+
+From the 23rd. to the 30th. of March the British casualties amounted to
+fourteen killed and forty-six wounded—a small loss when compared with
+the importance of the capture. The cavalry and Colonel Blake’s troop of
+Horse Artillery were sent in pursuit.
+
+Major-General Whitlock, in command of the Madras column, gained a
+decisive victory at Banda, on the 19th. of April, over the troops of the
+Nawab of that place. The battle lasted four hours.[205] The enemy
+mustered about seven thousand, including one thousand mutinous Sepoys of
+the Bengal army, and their loss amounted to five hundred men and several
+guns.[206] Banda surrendered at once, and the Major-General then moved
+on towards Calpee to co-operate in the attack intended to be made by Sir
+Hugh Rose upon that stronghold. The latter on the 7th. of May, attacked
+and captured the fort of Koonch. Marching thence to Golowlie on the
+Jumna, three miles distant from Calpee, a determined attack was there
+made by the insurgents upon the British, on the 22nd. of May, and the
+enemy sustained another defeat. On the 23rd. Sir Hugh Rose moved upon
+Calpee. Seized with a panic, the mutineers, after firing a few shots
+fled from the town, which was at once occupied; here was discovered a
+subterraneous magazine, containing five hundred barrels of gunpowder,
+and vast quantities of ordnance; besides which were four foundries for
+cannon, several guns used by the enemy having been cast there. Owing to
+the intense heat, the flying column sent after the rebels to the fort of
+Sheerghur, whither they had retired, was compelled to relinquish the
+pursuit; but they were subsequently overtaken on the road, and between
+five and six hundred of them killed.
+
+The work of the gallant Central India Field Force was now considered to
+be terminated, and it was announced in orders that it was about to be
+broken up, but there was further employment for the troops. Tantia
+Topee, the leader of the rebels at Calpee, had given proofs of being the
+most active and vigorous opponent of the British during the mutiny,
+being nearly the only rebel leader who had gained anything approaching
+to a military reputation, having defeated with great adroitness all
+attempts to capture him. Prior to the capture of Calpee he retired
+therefrom towards Gwalior, and after his arrival at the capital of
+Scindiah’s territory, endeavoured to gain over the Maharajah’s troops. A
+numerous body of the enemy retreated westward in the direction of
+Gwalior; Scindiah attacked them at the Morar cantonment, near the
+capital, on the 1st. of June, and sustained a complete defeat; his men
+deserted during the action, and he was obliged to take refuge in the
+British cantonments at Agra. After this success the rebels placed upon
+the musnud or throne of Gwalior, Rao Sahib, a nephew of Nena Sahib.
+
+Upon receiving this intelligence Major-General Sir Hugh Rose, recalling
+his detachments, marched to Sassowlee, where he arrived on the 15th. of
+June. Meanwhile the insurgents at Gwalior, after making themselves
+masters of the treasure in the capital, commenced deserting in great
+bodies. Even the Nawab of Banda and Tantia Topee left the place, but the
+valorous Ranee of Jhansi remained, attired in male costume, to head the
+Sepoys and the Gwalior contingent, who alone remained to abide the
+fortune of war.
+
+On the 16th. of June, Sir Hugh Rose advanced upon Gwalior, and on that
+day, in the action upon Morar, Lieutenant Neave of the 71st., which
+regiment well maintained its historical renown, was killed. Brigadiers
+Smith and Orr, with additional troops, arrived on the 17th. at
+Kota-ki-Serai, ten miles from Gwalior, where they defeated some of the
+advanced posts. The charge through the enemy’s camp of the 8th. Hussars
+and the conduct of the 95th., were most highly spoken of. The infantry
+was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Raines, of the latter regiment. In a
+hand to hand contest the stout-hearted Ranee of Jhansi was killed, and
+as her body could not be discovered, it is supposed to have been burnt.
+Sir Hugh Rose subsequently arrived, and a fierce attack was made on the
+19th. by the insurgents, who were repulsed, and after a severe contest
+on the plain between the town and the heights, were completely defeated.
+Next day, Lieutenant W. F. Waller and Lieutenant Rose, with a handful of
+men, captured the fortress of Gwalior in a most gallant manner. Climbing
+on the roof of a house, they shot down the gunners opposed to them, and
+carried the fort, killing every man in it. In this daring action
+Lieutenant Rose was killed, these two officers being the only Europeans
+present. Gwalior was then occupied, and the Maharajah Scindiah was once
+more restored to his throne.
+
+After this decisive battle the Central India Field Force was broken up,
+and was distributed in the garrisons of Gwalior, Jhansi, and other
+places. Sir Hugh Rose afterwards returned to the Bombay Presidency,
+prior to which, in general orders, the Commander-in-chief in India
+thanked him and Major-Generals Roberts and Whitlock for their eminent
+services.
+
+Such is a brief account of the special services for which clasps have
+been awarded, which naturally divide into five acts the exciting drama
+of the Indian Mutiny; there are, however, several episodes which alone
+would fill a volume.[207] In this campaign there were many separate
+columns, which afforded officers greater opportunities of distinguishing
+themselves than in ordinary cases. So various were the military
+operations that it is almost impossible to condense them into one
+connected whole.
+
+Amongst the most determined opponents of the British was the ex-Queen of
+Oude, commonly known as the Begum, under whom many of the fugitives had
+rallied. She endeavoured to gain over that active ally Jung Bahadoor,
+but without success. Moveable columns successfully effected the objects
+intended. Beni Madho, a powerful chieftain, whilst Lieutenant-Colonel
+Carmichael was in pursuit, was intercepted and driven across the
+Goomtee, by Brigadier (now Sir Alfred) Horsford, who, at the head of a
+separate column, had highly distinguished himself. On the 30th. of
+December, Nena Sahib and his followers were attacked and driven through
+a jungle which they endeavoured to defend; afterwards across the Raptee,
+the 7th. Hussars entering that river with the fugitives. The Nena
+escaped punishment for the time, but although not taken by the British,
+there is no reason to doubt the certainty of his death. Tantia Topee, in
+pursuit of whom so many long marches had been made, was ultimately
+captured and hanged.
+
+Thus may the contest be said to have terminated, and the resistance of
+one hundred and fifty thousand armed men overcome; in no campaign had
+greater exertions been displayed, and more honour acquired by the
+British soldier.
+
+Besides the names of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, Major-Generals
+Sir Henry Havelock, Sir Hugh Rose, Roberts, Whitlock, Sir Archdale
+Wilson, Sir James Hope Grant, Sir William Rose Mansfield, Sir Thomas
+Harte Franks, Sir Edward Lugard, Windham, and Sir John Michel, the
+campaign produced a number of Brigadier-Generals, such as Neill, the
+Honourable Adrian Hope, Walpole, Sir Robert Napier, Russell, Nicholson,
+Horsford, Barker, Wetherall, Jones, Parke, Rowcroft, and others, who are
+intimately associated with the military operations by which an extensive
+country may be said to have been re-conquered, and peace restored.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Abyssinia Medal.
+]
+
+Lord Canning, the able Governor-General of India, and the Earl of Elgin,
+who nobly diverted the troops ordered for China, are inseparably
+connected with these events; and if difficulty has been experienced in
+doing justice to individual officers during the mutiny, it is enhanced
+when attempting to record the deeds of him who, linked with military
+services extending over half a century, brought this momentous struggle
+to a successful termination. In other times enemies had to be
+encountered in India, and great battles had been won, but in this
+instance the men had been armed and disciplined by their conquerors. Ho
+words can be more applicable than those of His Royal Highness the Duke
+of Cambridge, when the vote of thanks to the Army in India was proposed
+in the House of Lords, on the 14th. of April, 1859:—“As to Lord Clyde it
+would be preposterous in me to sing his praises; they are not only
+patent to every nobleman present, but they are known throughout the
+length and breadth of this country of the continent, and in other parts
+of the world.”
+
+The regiments that received the medal for the Indian Mutiny were:—Royal
+Artillery, 3rd. and 6th. Dragoon Guards, 7th., 8th. and 14th. Hussars,
+and 9th. and 12th. Lancers. The 4th., 5th., 6th., 8th., 10th., 13th.,
+19th., 20th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 32nd., 34th., 35th., 37th., 38th.,
+42nd., 43rd., 52nd., 53rd., 54th., 61st., 64th., 70th., 71st., 72nd.,
+73rd., 74th., 75th., 78th., 79th., 80th., 81st., 82nd., 83rd., 84th.,
+86th., 87th., 88th., 89th., 90th., 92nd., 93rd., 95th., 97th., 101st.,
+102nd., 104th., 107th., 108th., and 109th. Foot; 60th. Rifles, and Rifle
+Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                         THE ABYSSINIAN MEDAL.
+
+
+This medal is smaller and altogether different in design to those
+usually issued, granted by a General Order, dated March, 1869, and
+designed by Messrs. Wyon. Obverse, a crowned and veiled head of the
+Queen, surrounded by a star of nine points, containing the letters A. B.
+Y. S. S. I. N. I. A. Reverse, a laurel wreath, with inner circle, within
+which, in raised letters, is the recipient’s name, rank, regiment, or
+ship; above the medal is a crown, with a ring for suspension. Ribbon,
+crimson, with broad white edges. Twenty thousand of the medals were
+struck, and given to both services.
+
+
+
+
+                       THE ABYSSINIA EXPEDITION.
+                     OCTOBER, 1867, TO APRIL, 1868.
+
+
+Since the time of Bruce, Abyssinia remained almost a _terra incognita_
+to Europeans till nearly the middle of the nineteenth century. Soon
+after 1850, missionaries and traders who visited the region, reported
+that a chieftain, who claimed descent from King Solomon, and professed
+the Christian faith, had by a series of victories over the Gallas
+tribes, the Shoans, and other half-savage races, made himself master of
+Tigré and Amhara, the principal provinces of Abyssinia, and aspired to
+the sovereignty of the whole country. In the year 1855, this ruler, a
+fierce, but able and ambitious man, assumed the title of Theodore,
+Emperor of Abyssinia, fixed his capital at Magdala, a steep and lofty
+height which he deemed to be impregnable, and had a seal engraved with
+the motto “King of Kings.” An ancient prophecy existed that a King
+Theodore would establish the Christian religion in Abyssinia, and become
+the ruler of the world; and this, and his successes, excited the vanity
+of Theodore almost to insanity, he looked upon himself as the destined
+monarch, and expected an alliance with England on equal terms. He was
+desirous of having Europeans about him, his grand chamberlain was an
+Englishman; English and German missionaries settled in the country, with
+artizans of various nations, who were employed by the king in the
+manufacture of cannon and muskets.
+
+The English Government in 1861 appointed Captain Cameron as Consul to
+Abyssinia, who, on his arrival at Massowah, on the shore of the Red Sea,
+was welcomed by Theodore with letters and presents. In October of the
+same year, Theodore despatched a letter to the Queen, stating that his
+mission was to subjugate the Gallas and Turks, his enemies, and asking
+for her friendship and support. The letter was forwarded by Captain
+Cameron, but for a long time it lay unnoticed at the Foreign Office, and
+in the reply of Earl Russell to the Consul, was not mentioned. This
+circumstance, and a visit which Cameron made to a frontier province,
+excited the suspicions and anger of Theodore; his vanity was wounded by
+his letter remaining unanswered, and in the Consul’s expedition he
+suspected a desire to assist the Egyptians, who he believed were
+preparing to invade Abyssinia. In revenge for what he regarded as
+insults and injuries, the half-savage potentate made prisoners of the
+Consul, and all the Europeans he could seize in his territories. The
+missionaries and workmen were also imprisoned in wretched huts—some put
+in irons—and treated alternately with kindness and severity, according
+to the caprice of Theodore, who removed them from place to place, and
+generally kept most of them strictly guarded in his camp.
+
+Mr. Rassam, who was partly of African descent, with Lieut. Prideaux and
+Dr. Blane, was then sent by the British Government to endeavour to
+obtain the release of the captives. At first they were received with
+some show of respect, but almost before the negociations were begun,
+they were also made prisoners and taken to Theodore’s camp. The good
+offices of the Armenian patriarch were employed in vain, and every
+effort to induce Theodore to release his prisoners proving useless, the
+English Government determined to send an expedition to compel their
+deliverance.
+
+The difficulties of the undertaking were well known and counted on.
+Colonel Merewether, the Resident at Aden, was sent in command of a
+reconnoitring party to select a place for the landing of the troops, and
+he fixed on Annesley Bay as best suited for the base of operations. Sir
+Robert Napier, Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay army, was appointed to
+command the expedition, and Major-General Sir Charles Staveley was
+second in command, having under them a force of nearly twelve thousand
+men, and about fourteen thousand camp followers. Most of the troops were
+natives belonging to the Bombay Establishment, but four thousand of them
+were British.
+
+Piers and storehouses were constructed by the sailors at Annesley Bay,
+wells were dug, mules and cattle purchased for the transport service,
+and guides procured from the tribes who were in rebellion against
+Theodore.
+
+On January 3rd., 1868, Sir Robert Napier arrived on board H.M.S.
+“Octavia,” and found a port formed on a desert shore, a road made
+through a rugged mountain pass, friendly relations existing with tribes
+who had been notorious robbers, and his advance force firmly established
+at Senafé, on the highlands of Abyssinia. The advance pushed on to
+Antalo, where it halted for nearly a month, when the operations for
+keeping open communication with the transports and supplies being
+complete, on March 12th. the march on Magdala began in earnest. The
+pioneer force, under Brigadier-General Field, with whom was Colonel
+Phayre, Quartermaster-General, led the advance, and formed part of the
+First Division, under Major-General Sir Charles Staveley. The rest of
+the troops were divided into two Brigades, commanded by Brigadiers
+Schneider and Wilby.
+
+The country traversed was extremely rough and mountainous, with
+difficult passes, and ravines filled with loose boulders and rocks.
+Often before any advance, a road had to be made for the mules, and men,
+carrying besides their accoutrements, fifty-five pounds weight each,
+more than half the load of a mule. All superfluous baggage was left
+behind, and tents, except for hospitals, were reduced to the smallest
+number practicable. The rations were of the roughest description, no
+spirits and scarcely any tea were procurable, and the officers fared the
+same as the private soldiers.
+
+Day after day the troops toiled on, over mountains eleven thousand feet
+above the sea level; during the day oppressed by the heat, and suffering
+often severely from the cold after sunset.
+
+During this time Theodore had been strengthening his stronghold at
+Magdala, and making all possible efforts by forming roads, to transport
+his heavy guns into that place.
+
+Sir Charles Staveley arrived with the Second Brigade at Santara, at the
+end of March, and on the 1st. of April the three Brigades were formed
+into two, the whole numbering about four thousand men, and in addition
+fourteen hundred and four men were advancing to reinforce these two
+Brigades.[208]
+
+Magdala was now almost reached. It stands among a sea of hills, its
+sides frowning and precipitous, at a height of more than 9,000 feet
+above the level of the sea, on the eastern part of a crescent; of which
+the hill called Fahla is the western extremity, while midway between the
+two rises the peak of Sellasye, looking in the distance like a triple
+topped mountain. Sellasye and Magdala are connected by a saddle about a
+mile long, flanked by precipices sloping down to ravines 3,000 feet
+below the level of the stronghold. On April 8th. the British Army
+encamped on the Talanta plateau, in full view of Magdala, and by the
+close of the next day the preparations for storming the fortress were
+complete. The army of Theodore, with his heavy guns, were posted on the
+flat-topped hill of Fahla, behind which rose his stronghold, towering on
+three sides precipitously from the plain. Between these hills and the
+British camp was a deep ravine, through which flows the muddy stream of
+the river Bashilo. While waiting for the arrival of the 2nd. Division,
+in the afternoon of April 10th., a reconnoitring party, with a mountain
+battery, under Colonel Milward, crossed the Bashilo, and advanced up the
+pass. The head of the baggage train was just reaching the plateau from
+the ravine below, when suddenly Theodore’s guns on Fahla opened fire on
+Colonel Milward, and several thousand men yelling defiance, led by
+chiefs on ponies, rushed furiously down the slopes of the hill. Part
+advanced across the plain but a large body hastened to attack the
+baggage train. Sir R. Napier sent the Punjab Pioneers to the assistance
+of Colonel Milward, and the Naval Brigade sent rocket after rocket among
+the Abyssinians, which for a time checked their progress, the missiles
+being new and strange to them; which enabled the 4th. regiment to get
+into line, and open fire with their Snider rifles, here for the first
+time used in actual warfare. The fire of the 4th. made terrible havoc in
+the ranks of the enemy; their General—Gabri[209]—fell, shot through the
+head, and the shattered remnant of his troops fled in confusion. In the
+ravine, the attack on the baggage train was more serious. The baggage
+guard defended themselves gallantly, but the Abyssinians pressed forward
+till the Punjaubees took them in flank, and after firing volley after
+volley into them, charged with the bayonet, and drove them back with a
+loss of more than 500 in killed alone. As the enemy retreated, the Naval
+Brigade again plied them with rockets, till they fled in all directions,
+few returning to Magdala. The blue jackets then turned their attention
+to the guns on Fahla, near which stood Theodore himself, and sent a
+shower of rockets among them with so accurate an aim that they were
+speedily deserted, and were quietly taken possession of a day or two
+afterwards by six men of the 33rd., two artillerymen, and three
+officers. The action only lasted about half an hour, and ended in a
+tempest of rain and thunder.
+
+After this defeat Theodore made overtures for peace, and on the morning
+of the 11th. Mr. Flad and Lieutenant Prideaux were sent into the British
+camp to propose terms. None could be offered but those of unconditional
+surrender, with honourable treatment for himself and family. With this
+answer the envoys returned to Magdala. Great fears were entertained for
+their safety, as only two days before Theodore had butchered over three
+hundred native political prisoners, slaying some with his own hand, and
+throwing their bodies half-way down a precipice. The tyrant refused to
+surrender, but in the evening the captives were released and arrived in
+the British camp. Theodore then sent in a present of cattle, but finding
+no better terms could be obtained, gave way to despair, and attempted to
+escape from his stronghold. But the British were in front, and the
+Gallas, his most inveterate enemies, encircled Magdala on all other
+sides, rendering escape impossible. The greater part of his followers
+had also disbanded, or refused to obey his orders. On Easter Monday,
+April 13th., Magdala, naturally one of the strongest fortresses in the
+world, was carried by storm. The 33rd. regiment led the assault, and
+gained the top of Fahla, where some thousands of natives were found, who
+tendered their submission without a shot being fired. The men were
+disarmed, and all then allowed to depart, while the troops marched on
+over the shoulder of Sellasye towards Magdala. About two o’clock a fire
+of shot, shell, and rockets was opened on the huts and gateway of the
+fortress, and the 33rd., with a company of Engineers and Sappers,
+advanced to the attack. The ascent was by an extremely steep and narrow
+path, crowned by a rude gateway which had been filled up with stones;
+the approach to which was defended on both sides by a thick hedge, with
+stakes. A few determined men could have held the position against the
+assault of an army. The column reached the gate keeping up a continuous
+fire with their sniders, receiving but a few scattered shots in reply,
+by which not a man was killed, and only ten wounded; when the right hand
+companies planted their ladders, broke through the bushes, and entered
+the place. A few dead bodies were lying near the gate, which after some
+trouble was opened from inside, and the rest of the stormers rushed in.
+All resistance then ceased. Theodore was found about fifty yards from a
+second gate, lying shot through the head. In the moment of his utter
+defeat, resolving never to be taken alive, he had discharged a pistol
+into his mouth. His body was buried in a church within the precincts of
+the fortress, the huts of which were burnt, the gates blown up, and all
+the guns burst and destroyed. Theodore’s Queen, with her son, placed
+herself under the protection of the British, but the Queen died during
+the return march. Her son was brought to England, when he was carefully
+educated, but died a few years after of consumption. The return of the
+expedition was as successful as its advance, and before the end of June,
+the last man had left Annesley Bay.
+
+For his services Sir R. Napier was raised to the peerage by the title of
+Lord Napier of Magdala, with a pension; and a large number of
+Commanderships and Companionships of the Bath were distributed among the
+other officers who took part in the operations. The total expense of the
+expedition was between eight and nine millions.
+
+The following regiments received the medal:—3rd. Dragoon Guards; Royal
+Artillery and Engineers; the 4th., 26th., 33rd., and 45th. Foot; the
+Naval Brigade; Scinde Horse; 3rd. Bombay Cavalry; 10th. Bengal Lancers;
+12th. Bengal Cavalry; Bombay and Madras Sappers and Miners; 1st., 2nd.,
+3rd., 10th., 18th., 21st., 25th., and 27th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+
+
+
+
+                          THE ASHANTEE MEDAL.
+
+
+This Medal was granted by a General Order of June 13th., 1874, to all
+officers and men who had served on the Gold Coast between the 9th. of
+June, 1873, and February 4th., 1874. Obverse, head of the Queen, veiled
+and crowned, with the inscription “Victoria Regina.” Reverse, a bush
+fight, in relief, from the design of E. J. Poynter, R.A., the name and
+regiment, or ship, of the recipient, with the date, “1873–4,” are
+engraved on the edge of the medal. A clasp inscribed “Coomassie” was
+added. Ribbon, alternate stripes of yellow and black. Given to both
+services. About eleven thousand of this medal was issued.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  THE ASHANTEE MEDAL.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                           THE ASHANTEE WAR.
+                                1873–74.
+
+
+Cape Coast Colony is situated on the west coast of Africa. The town,
+called Cape Coast Castle, has been in the possession of the British
+since the 17th. century, and a tract of country extending back eighty
+miles from the coast to the river Prah, is under their protection. To
+the west of Cape Coast Castle is the Dutch post of Elmina. North and
+west of the river Prah, is the country of the Ashantees, a fierce and
+warlike tribe, who had conquered or driven out all their neighbours, and
+founded Coomassie as their capital, about one hundred and forty miles to
+the north of Cape Coast Castle. Their religion is the most degraded
+fetishism, and hundreds of human beings were slaughtered yearly as
+sacrifices by their king.
+
+The Ashantees had a communication with the sea through Elmina, and the
+Dutch were in the habit of sending their king an annual present—or
+tribute as he considered it—but the Dutch having exchanged Elmina with
+the British for some ports higher up the coast, in 1868, the transfer
+gave great offence to the black potentate, who asserted that the place
+belonged to him, and that the Dutch had no right to dispose of it.
+
+The unwarlike Fantis inhabiting the country between Cape Coast Castle
+and the Prah, were regarded with utter contempt by the Ashantees, who
+also held the fighting powers of the British in no high estimation, for
+in the year 1824, Sir Charles Macarthy, Governor of Cape Coast Castle,
+crossed the Prah with a small force, against them, and being deserted by
+the Fantis, was surrounded and completely destroyed—three white men only
+escaping. This defeat had never been avenged, and encouraged the
+Ashantees, in 1873, to cross the Prah with the intention of capturing
+Elmina. A small force comprising seven companies of the 2nd. West India
+Regiment, with a large body of Fantis under Lieutenant Hopkins,
+endeavoured to stop their advance, but after a short skirmish the Fantis
+fled, and the Lieutenant was obliged to retreat. The Ashantees took
+possession of Dunquah, and threatened to attack Elmina and Cape Coast
+Castle, and had they pushed on, both places would probably have fallen
+into their hands. At this juncture H.M.S. “Barracouta,” Captain
+Fremantle, arrived on the coast, having on board a detachment of one
+hundred and ten marines, commanded by Colonel Festing, R.M.A. The
+marines landed at Cape Coast Castle June 9th.; Colonel Festing took
+command of the troops, and martial law was proclaimed.
+
+The native inhabitants of Elmina joined the Ashantees, a strong body of
+whom advanced on the town, which was bombarded and burnt by the
+“Barracouta.” Colonel Festing, with the marines, a detachment of the
+2nd. West India Regiment, a body of Houssas, a party of sailors from the
+“Barracouta,” “Druid,” “Seagull,” and “Argus,” under Capt. Fremantle,
+attacked the enemy, and drove them back with a loss of two hundred men.
+
+More skirmishes followed; the “Simoon” arrived with a strong body of
+marines, also Commodore Commerell in the “Rattlesnake” from the Cape of
+Good Hope, who assumed the command of the marine forces; but shortly
+after in an advance up the Prah with the boats of the squadron, he was
+fired upon by the enemy concealed in the bush, and so severely wounded
+that he was ordered at once to return to the Cape.
+
+On October 2nd. Sir Garnet Wolseley landed at Cape Coast Castle, with
+some twenty British officers, but no troops, having called at Sierra
+Leone _en route_, and made arrangements for raising men from the tribes
+on the coast. Efforts were immediately made to form an army of Fantis,
+but after a month’s experience, Sir Garnet gave up the attempt as
+hopeless, and wrote to England for a force of disciplined troops. A body
+of Houssas were trained as gunners by Captain Rait and Lieutenant
+Wilmot, R.A., who performed their duties admirably throughout the
+expedition, and two regiments of natives from the bravest tribes, of
+about four hundred men each, were raised and well drilled by British
+officers. One of these regiments was commanded by Lieut.-Colonel Evelyn
+Wood, the other by Major Russell, and the men on all occasions behaved
+well and courageously.
+
+Captain Glover, formerly of the Royal Navy, also raised a large Native
+force, with which he prepared to make the river Volta his base of
+operations, and to march on Coomassie from the east. Glover had been
+administrator at Lagos, and possessing a thorough knowledge of the
+native tribes on the coast, his undertaking proved to be completely
+successful.
+
+In the meantime, Sir G. Wolseley, with a body of marines, sailors, and
+Houssas, made an attack on the Ashantees occupying villages near Elmina,
+and put them to flight. A camp had been formed at Abrakampa, a place of
+much importance, which had been a missionary station, surrounded by
+thick woods. It was garrisoned by Major Russell with his black regiment,
+and a body of seamen and marines, who totally defeated a determined
+attack made on the position by the enemy, who after this repulse began
+to retreat across the Prah.
+
+The invasion of the Protectorate had failed, and the invaders were
+driven across the frontier, by native levies, “admirably conducted by
+British officers, without the assistance of any English troops except
+the marines and blue jackets who were on the station.”
+
+Major Home, R.E., now commenced a road twelve feet in width, towards the
+Prah. A camp was formed at Prahsu to accommodate two thousand European
+troops, with a hospital and storehouses, which on January 3rd., 1874,
+was occupied by a Naval Brigade of about two hundred and eighty men,
+under Commodore Hewett and Captain Grubbe.
+
+On new year’s day, the 42nd. Highlanders, the Rifle Brigade, with
+detachments of the 23rd. Fusiliers, Royal Engineers, and Royal Artillery
+disembarked at Cape Coast Castle, numbering in all two thousand five
+hundred and four men. Early in January the whole of the British troops
+reached Prahsu, and on the 20th., a bridge across the Prah being
+completed by the sailors and engineers, the march on Coomassie began.
+
+Lord Gifford, in command of a party of native scouts, led the advance,
+and was followed by the two regiments of natives, under Colonels Wood
+and Russell. The country through which the troops marched was almost
+entirely covered by trees, with an undergrowth of dense scrub and
+creepers, through which it was impossible to pass, unless where natural
+paths existed, or a way had been cut by the pioneers. Marshes also lay
+in every direction, which emitted exhalations destructive to the health
+and lives of Europeans exposed to their noxious influence. Fommanah, a
+village thirty miles from Coomassie, was entered without opposition,
+January 24th.
+
+Koffee Kalkalli, the Ashantee king, alarmed by the British advance, sent
+in some German missionaries, whom he had kept for some time as
+prisoners, and dispatched letter after letter asking for peace. His
+object being only to gain time, and the demand of Sir G. Wolseley for
+hostages being disregarded, the troops continued their march, and the
+reply sent to the king was, the British meant to go to Coomassie.
+
+Information that the Ashantees were posted in great force in the
+villages of Amoaful and Becquah, being received by the General, he
+resolved to attack them immediately. On the morning of January 31st. was
+fought the battle of Amoaful, about twenty miles from Coomassie, where
+Amanquatia, the best Ashantee General, had concentrated an army of
+twenty thousand warriors. The British force consisted of the 42nd.
+Highlanders, under Major Macpherson; 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Warren; and a detachment of the 23rd. Fusiliers,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Mostyn. These regiments formed the “White
+Brigade,” commanded by Brigadier Sir A. Alison. The other troops
+consisted of the Naval Brigade, under Captain Grubbe; a detachment of
+the 2nd. West India regiment, under Lieutenant Jones; the Houssa
+Artillery, under Captain Rait, R.A.; and the native regiments of Russell
+and Wood. The 42nd. led the attack, with the Naval Brigade and Russell’s
+and Wood’s natives on the flanks; the Rifle Brigade being held in
+reserve. The enemy fought most stubbornly, and the thick bush favouring
+their mode of fighting, for some time but little advance was made.
+Though the village of Agamassie had been carried, the Ashantees still
+held the bush not two hundred yards from it, and made desperate efforts
+to retake the place, while so heavy was the fire they maintained that
+the air seemed literally alive with slugs. Two companies of the Rifles
+were sent up as reinforcements. Rait’s Artillery poured round after
+round of grape into the bush, till the fire of the enemy slackened, and
+they fled before the rush of the 42nd. At the top of the hill they again
+made a stand, and contested every foot of ground, but gave way at
+another charge, and the British gained the open clearing in which the
+village of Amoaful was situated. A fire was opened from the houses, but
+the 42nd. drove the Ashantees out of the place, and all resistance in
+that quarter was at an end. But the enemy were not yet beaten. When the
+battle seemed to be over they made a final and furious attempt to turn
+the flank of the British, and retake the village of Agamassie. The Rifle
+Brigade marched back and met them, and after a sharp contest of an hour
+the Ashantees rapidly retreated, and the day was won. The action
+altogether lasted twelve hours, the British casualties being Captain
+Buckle, R.E., and three men killed, and twenty-one officers and one
+hundred and seventy-three men wounded. Nearly every fourth man of the
+42nd. had been hit, among them being Major Macpherson. The loss of the
+enemy was estimated at between two and three thousand, including their
+General Amanquatia. The troops took up their quarters for the night at
+Amoaful.
+
+Next day the village of Becquah was taken, and the advance continued to
+a place called Aggemamu, fifteen miles from Coomassie. The General now
+stated his intention of making a dash on the capital, and the men were
+asked if they would make their rations for four days last for six, if
+required. Their answer was “Most willingly.” Over streams and through
+swamps they pushed on, disregarding a message from King Koffee, without
+hostages, and reached the river Ordah, over which the Engineers at once
+commenced to make a bridge. By daybreak on February 4th. the bridge was
+finished, and the troops passed over, the Naval Brigade being left to
+guard the passage. The enemy immediately fired on the advance, but with
+a dash the village of Ordashu was carried by the Rifles, and held in
+spite of repeated efforts of the Ashantees to retake it. About noon, the
+42nd., supported by the Rifles and Rait’s Artillery, moved direct on
+Coomassie, and disregarding repeated flank attacks and ambuscades,
+carried position after position; till the enemy finally broke and fled
+in complete disorder, leaving the ground strewn with umbrellas,
+war-chairs of chiefs, drums, muskets, and killed and wounded. An halt of
+about an hour was then made, when the whole force again advanced,
+crossing the pestilential swamp which surrounds the town, and entered
+Coomassie without opposition about half-past five p.m. A party was sent
+to the palace, who found the King and Princes had fled. To remain at
+Coomassie was impossible, owing to the lack of supplies, and the rains
+having commenced the rivers would soon become impassable. Sir G.
+Wolseley therefore determined to destroy the town and palace, and return
+to the coast.[210]
+
+Next morning the return march began. The King’s palace was blown up, and
+the town set on fire and destroyed. So thorough had been the defeat of
+the Ashantees that the troops were not molested on their return, and on
+February 12th., during a halt at Fommanah, ambassadors from King Koffee
+overtook the army, bringing with them one thousand ounces of gold, as a
+portion of the indemnity of the fifty thousand ounces demanded, and
+returned with a treaty of peace which the King eventually signed. The
+chief terms dictated by Sir G. Wolseley were, besides the indemnity, the
+abolition of human sacrifices, and perpetual peace. So salutary has been
+the effects of this successful expedition on the Ashantees, that they
+have never since disturbed their neighbours across the Prah. About a
+week after Sir G. Wolseley had left Coomassie, Captain Glover, at the
+head of nearly five thousand natives, entered the town, having marched
+from the Volta river. King Koffee sent him by an ambassador, a plateful
+of gold as a sign of submission, and Glover then proceeded southwards
+with his forces into friendly territory, having performed his arduous
+undertaking with the utmost daring, judgment, and success. A day or two
+before, Captain R. Sartorius, of the 5th. Bengal Cavalry, was dispatched
+by Captain Glover[211] to report to Sir G. Wolseley that he was within
+eighteen miles of the capital. He started on his adventurous errand with
+forty natives, but without provisions, as he expected to meet the
+General at Coomassie. At the close of the first day he halted at a
+village, seven miles from the capital, when he heard that the place was
+burnt and the English gone. Fully aware of his danger he determined to
+push on, and the next morning rode through Coomassie, which he found
+destroyed and deserted. Night found him at Amoaful, and the day
+following he reached the head-quarters at Fommanah, having travelled
+fifty-five miles through the heart of the Ashantee country. Not a shot
+was fired at him throughout his journey, and he saw but few Ashantees,
+who fled at his approach.
+
+For this and other services, Captain Sartorius deservedly gained the
+Victoria Cross. The troops, with the Major-General and his staff,
+reached Cape Coast Castle on February 19th. In the actions during the
+march on Coomassie the total number of officers and men killed and
+wounded was two hundred and sixty-nine. Eight only were killed, and
+about one hundred and sixty were but slightly wounded, but many of the
+troops and Naval Brigade died of fever.
+
+Thirty-three officers engaged in the expedition received the Order of
+the Bath; Lord Gifford received the Victoria Cross, and Captain Glover
+was made a Knight of St. Michael and St. George. Sir G. Wolseley, who
+declined a baronetcy offered him, was voted a sum of £25,000 in
+recognition of his services.[212]
+
+The cost of the war was estimated at £900,000.
+
+The troops who served in this campaign were the 23rd. and 42nd. Foot;
+2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade; 2nd. West India Regiment; the Houssa
+Artillery; and Naval Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE EGYPTIAN AND SOUDAN MEDALS.
+
+
+By a General Order in October, 1882, a medal was granted to all troops
+who landed in Egypt, and served there, between July 16th. and September
+14th., 1882. Obverse, head of the Queen, veiled and crowned, with the
+inscription, “Victoria Regina et Imperatrix.” Reverse, a Sphinx, on a
+pedestal, above which is the word “Egypt” and the date “1882” below. The
+name and regiment, or ship of the recipient, are engraved on the edge.
+Ribbon, alternate stripes of blue and white. Two clasps were issued with
+this medal, “Alexandria,[213] 11th. July,” and “Tel-el-Kebir.” The first
+was given to the seamen and marines engaged in the action of July 11th.,
+and who landed in Alexandria after the bombardment; and the other to all
+who were present at Tel-el-Kebir—soldiers, sailors, and marines.
+
+At the end of the first Soudan War, 1884, a similar medal, but without a
+date, was given to all men of both services who took part in the
+operations against the Arabs in the neighbourhood of Suakim, from July
+19th. to March 26th., 1884. Ribbon, blue and white. Four bars were
+issued with this medal:—“Suakim, 1884”; “El Teb—Tamaai”; to those who
+were present at both these battles; “El Teb,” to those present there
+only; and “Tamaai,” to those who were only in that action.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Egyptian Medal.
+]
+
+By a General Order in 1885, at the close of the second Soudan campaign,
+the same medal was granted to the troops and Naval Brigade, with five
+additional bars. Ribbon, the same. The order specified that—“Individuals
+already in possession of the decoration will only be eligible to receive
+such of the clasps specified hereafter, as they may be entitled to. All
+officers and soldiers who served south of Assouan on or before March
+7th., 1885, will be held entitled to the medal, except those who are
+already in possession of it. All officers and soldiers who were on duty
+at Suakim between 27th. March, 1884, and 14th. May, 1885, will also be
+entitled to the medal, except those already in possession of it. Her
+Majesty has further approved of clasps being issued as follows: a clasp,
+inscribed ‘The Nile, 1884–85,’ to those officers and soldiers who served
+south of Assouan on or before March 7th., 1885. A clasp, inscribed ‘Abu
+Klea,’ to those officers and soldiers who took part in the action fought
+there on 17th. January, 1885, under the late Major-General Sir H.
+Stewart, K.C.B. A clasp, inscribed ‘Kirbekan,’ to those officers and
+soldiers who took part in the action fought there on the 10th. February,
+1885, under the late Major-General Earle, C.B. A clasp, inscribed
+‘Suakim, 1885,’ to those officers and soldiers who were engaged in the
+operations at Suakim between the 1st. March and 14th. May, 1885, both
+inclusive. A clasp, inscribed ‘Tofrek,’ to those officers and men who
+were actually present at the action fought there on the 22nd. March,
+1885.” No medals were issued with single clasps for Tofrek, Abu Klea, or
+Kirbekan, as all who were present at Tofrek received also the clasp for
+Suakim, 1885; and all present at the other two actions, were given the
+clasp for the Nile, 1884–5. The medals without a bar, dating from 1882
+to 1885–86, were also given to the captains of all ships employed as
+transports, and to others who shared in the campaign, not belonging to
+the service. The whole number issued was forty-four thousand. The medal,
+without clasp, was also given to all officers and soldiers who served
+at, and to the South of Wady Halfa, between November 30th., 1885, and
+January 11th., 1886, under Lieutenant-General Sir J. Stephenson, if they
+had not received it for any previous campaign.
+
+A General Order of January 2nd., 1890, granted a further issue of the
+Soudan medal, with a clasp, inscribed “Gemaizah, 1888,” to all troops
+who were at Suakim before December 20th., 1888, and who were present at
+the action on that day. By the same order, the medal was given to all
+troops who were employed on the Nile, at, and south of Korosko, on
+August 3rd., 1889, and a clasp, inscribed “Toski, 1889,” was given to
+all who were present at that action on August 3rd. of the same year. The
+total number of clasps already issued with this medal is thirteen.[214]
+
+The Khedive of Egypt gave a bronze star, to every officer and man of
+both services who was entitled to the English medal. The star is
+five-pointed, and suspended by a ring and bar, on which is a small star
+and a crescent. On the obverse is a Sphinx, with the Pyramids in the
+background, surrounded by a band, with the word “Egypt,” and the date
+1882, 1884, or 1884–6 above, and the same in Arabic below. On the
+reverse is the Khedive’s monogram in a circle, surmounted by a crown.
+Ribbon, dark blue. The decoration was issued without names, but some of
+the recipients had their names and regiments engraved on the reverse at
+their own expense.
+
+
+
+
+              THE EGYPTIAN WAR. BOMBARDMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.
+
+
+JULY 11TH., 1882.
+
+Early in the year 1882, what may be styled a revolution took place in
+Egypt. The army, headed by Arabi Pasha, set aside the authority of the
+Khedive, and assumed the supreme power, with the intention of
+emancipating the country from all foreign control. Arabi had entered the
+Egyptian army, and had risen from the ranks to the position of colonel.
+Being the idol of the ignorant soldiers, he imprisoned the Khedive in
+his own palace, and compelled him to bestow the post of Minister of War
+on himself. He next made himself Pasha, and the bulk of the Egyptian
+people supporting the army, Arabi became the head of the national
+movement, and inscribed on his banners: “Egypt for the Egyptians.” These
+proceedings were viewed with apprehension in England. The Khedive had
+always been favourable to British interests, and the support afforded
+him by the British so excited the hostility of Arabi and his party, that
+they threatened to seize the Suez Canal, and so block the highway to
+India. The Egyptians beginning to show the greatest animosity towards
+all foreigners, an English and French fleet appeared before Alexandria,
+to give moral support to the Khedive, and to protect the European
+inhabitants. In June, serious riots broke out in the city, many
+Europeans were killed and wounded, and the remainder driven to seek
+shelter on board the ships in the harbour. Preparations for war were
+made on both sides. The fortifications of Alexandria were strengthened,
+new batteries constructed, and the garrison increased. Sir Beauchamp
+Seymour, the British Admiral, ordered the Egyptians to discontinue these
+operations, with no effect; upon which he sent in an ultimatum
+threatening an immediate bombardment, unless the working on the
+fortifications was suspended, and the forts surrendered to him. No
+attention was paid to this demand, and the fleet prepared for action.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  The Khedive’s Star.
+]
+
+The French fleet had already left Alexandria; all neutral vessels were
+warned to leave the harbour, and the British fleet steamed out and took
+its position opposite the outer forts. On the evening of July 10th., the
+“Invincible” (10), “Monarch” (6), and “Penelope” (10), anchored to the
+west of Fort Mex, and by daybreak on the 11th. all the other ironclads
+were in the positions assigned to them. At 6.30 all the ships cleared
+for action, which was begun by the “Alexandra” pitching a shell into
+Fort Ada. It was immediately replied to, upon which all the ships and
+the forts opened fire, and the engagement became general. The “Sultan”
+(13), “Alexandra” (12), “Superb” (4), and “Inflexible” (4), were opposed
+to the forts at Pharos Point and Ras-el-Tin, and the “Téméraire” (8),
+supported the Invincible, Monarch, and Penelope, in the attack on Fort
+Mex, and the adjoining batteries. The gunboats “Bittern,” “Condor,”
+“Decoy,” “Cygnet,” and “Beacon” were placed in a second line behind the
+ironclads, with orders to hold themselves at the disposal of the
+Admiral.
+
+The wind was favourable to the Egyptians, and after the first broadside
+or two a thick cloud of smoke enveloped the ships, making it impossible
+to see the effects of their firing, which could only be directed from
+the tops.
+
+The gunboats were not willing to remain idle spectators, so, without
+orders, the “Cygnet” opened fire, and the “Condor,” with two
+64-pounders, and one 7-inch rifled gun, steamed away to the west, and
+alone engaged the Marabout Fort, armed with two 18-ton, and two 12-ton
+guns, twenty 32-pounders, and five mortars; for nearly two hours. Sir B.
+Seymour, seeing the disproportion of force, signalled the “Bittern” and
+“Beacon” to join her, and the other gunboats also moved off to assist
+the “Condor.”
+
+About 8.30, Fort Marsa-el-Kanat was blown up by shells from the
+“Invincible” and “Monarch,” and by nine o’clock, the “Téméraire,”
+“Monarch,” and “Penelope” had disabled all the guns but four, in Fort
+Mex. It was difficult through the smoke to hit on the locality of these
+guns, but by 11 a.m. the Fort was almost in ruins, and silent. About the
+same time the gunboats had silenced Fort Marabout, and joined the
+ironclads before Fort Mex, which was entered by a small party of
+volunteers from the “Invincible,” covered by the “Bittern” and “Condor,”
+and found deserted by all but the dead. The guns in the Fort were blown
+up and destroyed, and the party returned to the ships without loss.
+
+The Egyptians stood to their guns well, but before five o’clock all
+their guns were disabled, and soon after all firing from the fleet
+ceased, and the ships drew off the shore. The “Alexandra” suffered the
+most, she was hit fourteen times in her hull, and a shell burst in the
+captain’s cabin. All the ships except the “Monarch” were struck more or
+less, but none of the projectiles of the enemy pierced the armour of one
+of them. The casualties of the British were five men killed and
+twenty-seven wounded, those of the Egyptians were estimated at nine
+hundred or a thousand.
+
+During the night Alexandria was seen to be in flames. The convicts had
+been liberated, and with the Arabs, had set fire to, and plundered the
+European quarter, and massacred all the Europeans they could find.
+
+Next day, a force of six hundred seamen and marines landed, and found
+that Arabi with his troops, and most of the inhabitants, had left the
+town. Captain Lord C. Beresford, of the “Condor,” was appointed chief of
+the British forces acting as police in Alexandria, the streets were
+cleared of rioters, all incendiaries shot on the spot, and natives
+entering the place, disarmed[215] For his services, Admiral Sir F. B.
+Seymour received the thanks of both Houses, and was raised to the
+peerage by the title of Lord Alcester, with a grant of £25,000.
+
+
+
+
+                             TEL-EL-KEBIR.
+                         SEPTEMBER 13TH, 1882.
+
+
+Sir Archibald Alison commanded the troops at Alexandria, and kept the
+Egyptians at bay till the arrival of Sir Garnet Wolseley from England,
+on August 15th., who at once changed the base of operations from
+Alexandria to the Suez Canal. Leaving a division of troops under Sir E.
+Wood to protect the town, on August 19th. the fleet and army sailed for
+Port Said,[216] and proceeded up the Suez Canal to Ismailia, which place
+was occupied without resistance, and the army disembarked. Owing to the
+difficulties of transport there was considerable delay before the troops
+were able to advance, and in the meantime Arabi had collected a large
+army at a strongly fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On August 28th. a
+most determined attack was made on the British advanced force at
+Kassassin; consisting of under two thousand men, including the Marine
+Artillery, commanded by General Graham, by about ten thousand of the
+enemy, with twelve guns; but after a day’s hard fighting, the cavalry,
+under General Drury Lowe, charged the Egyptians in the rear, and routed
+them with loss. By September 11th., the whole expeditionary force,
+including the Indian contingent,[217] commanded by General Sir H.
+Macpherson, was assembled at Kassassin, and the next day General
+Wolseley having carefully reconnoitered the enemy’s position, explained
+to his officers his plan of attack. This was, to move with his whole
+force at nightfall, and marching eight miles through the desert, to
+attack the Egyptian entrenchments with the bayonet at daybreak.
+
+The enemy’s position was defended by sixty guns, and a disciplined force
+of about twenty thousand men, besides several thousand irregular troops.
+The British army consisted of eleven thousand infantry, two thousand
+cavalry, and forty-two guns, including the Indian contingent. In the
+evening the camp was struck, and the troops moved out, piled their arms,
+and lay down on the sand till one o’clock in the morning, when they
+silently fell into rank and advanced. Marching across the desert, guided
+by the light of the stars, with occasional halts; as day began to break
+the dim outlines of the entrenchments of Tel-el-Kebir became visible. On
+the extreme right were the Cavalry and mounted Infantry, with two
+batteries of Horse Artillery; next was General Graham’s Brigade, with
+the Guards in support; in the centre was massed the Artillery, forty-two
+guns, and on the left the Highland Brigade, supported by the 46th., 3rd.
+Battalion 60th. Rifles, and a Battalion of Royal Marine Artillery; on
+the line of railway was the Naval Brigade, with a forty-pounder on a
+truck, and on the other side of the canal the 72nd. and the Indian
+troops. So silent was the advance of the assailants in the early dawn
+that they were not perceived by the enemy till they were within three
+hundred yards of the works. Then suddenly a terrific fire flashed along
+the line of sand-heaps, and a storm of bullets swept over the heads of
+the advancing troops. Not a shot was fired in reply, but a wild cheer
+broke from the Highlanders as they dashed at the enemy’s trenches. The
+first line of entrenchments was carried, but from a second line the
+enemy opened a heavy fire. For a few minutes the Highlanders replied,
+and then, making another rush, a hand to hand contest followed, till
+some of the force penetrated between the redoubts and opened a flank
+fire on the Egyptians, who soon broke and fled. Graham’s brigade was
+vigorously opposed on the other flank. The enemy here were not taken by
+surprise, and for a while held their ground stubbornly. The 18th. Royal
+Irish were sent to turn their left, and with a yell they went straight
+at the works, and carried them at the bayonet’s point. The 18th. were
+followed by the 84th. and 87th., but the Egyptians, though outflanked,
+clung to an inner line of trenches, and at every angle and redoubt,
+rallied and sustained the fight. But they fell in scores before the
+bayonet charges, the inner entrenchments were won, the Highlanders were
+in the midst of their camp, and the enemy, losing heart, fled in
+confusion, pursued by the cavalry.
+
+Within an hour from the commencement of the attack the Egyptian army was
+in complete rout. The whole of their guns (sixty-six) and military
+stores, several trains of ammunition, and other _matériel_, fell into
+the hands of the victors. The British pressed on in pursuit. Zagazig was
+occupied in the afternoon, and the next day, General Drury Lowe, with
+fifteen hundred Cavalry and a battery of Horse Artillery, entered and
+took possession of Cairo, containing twenty-seven thousand fanatics and
+its citadel garrisoned by ten thousand men. At ten o’clock the same
+night, Arabi surrendered himself to General Lowe, and on September
+15th., Sir Garnet Wolseley, with a portion of his infantry, entered the
+city,[218] and telegraphed to London—“The war is over, send no more
+troops to Egypt.” The British loss in this battle was nine officers and
+forty-eight non-commissioned officers and men killed[219]; twenty-seven
+officers, and three hundred and fifty-three non-commissioned officers
+and men wounded; and twenty-two men missing; total of casualties, four
+hundred and fifty-nine. The loss of the enemy, exclusive of prisoners,
+was over two thousand killed and wounded.
+
+The regiments which shared in this decisive victory were detachments of
+1st. and 2nd. Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards; 4th. and 7th. Dragoon
+Guards, and 19th. Hussars; a battalion each of Grenadier, Coldstream,
+and Scots Guards; the 18th., 42nd., 46th., 60th., 72nd., 74th., 75th.,
+79th., 84th., and 87th. Also a Naval Brigade of about two hundred men; a
+battalion of Marine Artillery and Light Infantry, and the Indian
+Contingent.
+
+
+
+
+                THE WAR IN THE SOUDAN. BATTLE OF EL TEB.
+                           FEBRUARY 29, 1884.
+
+
+The Khedive, Tewfik, had been reinstated in Egypt, the English army of
+occupation had been reduced, and preparations made for the evacuation of
+the country, when in 1883, a formidable insurrection against the
+Egyptian rule broke out in the Soudan. It was headed by a fanatic who
+assumed the title of the Mahdi, or Messiah, and who was regarded by the
+Soudanese as the successor of Mahomet, and their deliverer from the yoke
+of the Egyptians. An Egyptian army sent against him under Hicks Pasha,
+was almost annihilated on November 3rd., and his followers then overran
+the Soudan, and besieged the Egyptian garrisons in the towns they
+occupied. One of the chiefs of the Madhi, called Osman Digma, had
+invested the towns of Sinkat and Tokar, and was threatening the port of
+Suakin, on the Red Sea. Admiral Sir W. Hewitt was ordered to protect
+Suakin, and with the “Ranger,” “Spynx,” “Decoy,” and “Euryalus,” took
+his station off the town, landed a body of seamen and marines, and
+effectually defended it against Osman Digma and his followers. Valentine
+Baker Pasha, with an ill-disciplined force of 5000 Egyptians, was then
+sent to relieve the beleagured garrisons. He landed at Trinkitat, and
+marched towards Tokar, but was attacked by the tribesmen of Osman Digma
+at El Teb, on February 1st., and disastrously defeated, with the loss of
+more than half his men; nearly all the British officers accompanying him
+being slain.
+
+The Egyptian garrison of Sinkat, finding themselves without hope of
+relief, and their provisions exhausted, then gallantly marched out, and
+endeavoured to cut their way to the coast, but were surrounded, and
+exterminated, not a man escaping to tell the tale.
+
+English troops were then sent from Egypt and Aden, and a force was
+assembled at Suakin under Major-General Graham, which proceeded by sea
+to Trinkitat, and disembarked there February 23rd. A day or two before,
+the garrison of Tokar surrendered and joined the enemy. By February
+26th., most of the stores being landed, the bulk of the troops marched
+out of Trinkitat and encamped at Fort Baker, about two miles on the road
+towards Tokar, where a supply of food and water for three days had been
+provided. The 65th. regiment having arrived from Aden, the next morning,
+February 29th., the advance towards Osman Digma’s position at El Teb
+began in earnest. Numbered roughly, the column consisted of about 4000
+men. The advance was made in a hollow square, the transport animals and
+hospital equipment being in the centre. In front was the 75th.
+Highlanders; in rear the 42nd.; on the right the 89th. and 60th. Rifles;
+on the left the 65th. Royal Marine Artillery, and Light Infantry.
+Intervals were left at the angles for the guns and gatlings; the Naval
+Brigade of one hundred and sixty-two men, under Commander Rolfe, of the
+“Euryalus,” occupying the front and the Royal Artillery the rear angles.
+Two squadrons of the 10th. and 19th. Hussars were in the front and on
+the flanks, the rest of the cavalry in the rear, under Colonel Stewart.
+With the troops were Admiral Sir W. Hewitt, General Baker Pasha, in
+charge of the Intelligence Department, and Colonel F. Burnaby. The
+square advanced over the track taken by Baker’s ill-fated troops a few
+weeks previously, whose bodies lay about in hundreds, polluting the air.
+The position of the enemy was on a low ridge, marked by a number of
+banners, and at several points along the line, which extended nearly a
+mile, guns could be seen placed. As the troops neared the enemy, who
+were seen to be in great strength, General Graham determined to turn
+their position and take it in reverse. The square continued to march
+obliquely past the left front of the enemy, when a sharp fire of
+musketry broke out, and two Krupp guns opened upon it with case shot and
+shell. This was about 11 o’clock. The square halted, the men ordered to
+lie down, and four guns of the Royal Artillery and the machine guns were
+brought into action. The Krupp guns which had been captured from Baker’s
+force, and were now worked by Egyptian artillerymen from Tokar, were
+well handled, many men were struck, and General Baker wounded in the
+face by a piece of a shell; but the machine guns of the Naval Brigade
+poured such a stream of bullets upon them, that the two guns were
+silenced, being taken in reverse, and the gunners killed, or driven from
+them. Then the order was given to advance, the bagpipes struck up, the
+men sprang to their feet with a cheer, and went straight at the enemy’s
+position. From every bush and pit the Arabs leaped up, and rushed on the
+advancing troops. The brunt of their attack fell on the 42nd., the
+65th., and the Naval Brigade. Swept away by the deadly fire of the
+machine guns and rifles, the Soudanese came on again with their spears
+and cross-hilted swords, in groups of twenty and thirty, and sometimes
+alone, but not one broke through the line of bayonets. The Cavalry then
+swept round the right flank of the square, and charged in three lines,
+over the broken ground, swarming with Arabs; who crouching among the
+scrub, hamstrung the horses as they passed over them, and then speared
+the dismounted troopers.
+
+In this conflict Major Slade, Lieutenants Probyn and Freeman, were
+killed; and Colonel Barrow, commanding the 19th. Hussars, severely
+wounded, and his life only saved by the gallantry of three of his men.
+The position of the enemy was carried, their guns captured and turned
+against them, but they still fiercely contested every foot of ground
+till the village of El Teb, with its wells, were taken by the
+Highlanders; when they gave up the contest and sullenly retired in the
+direction of Tokar. The British loss was thirty killed, including four
+officers, and about one hundred and sixty officers and men wounded,
+several of whom, including Lieutenant Royds, of H.M.S. “Carysfort,”
+afterwards died. Colonel Burnaby had his horse shot under him, and a
+bullet through one of his arms. The loss of the Arabs was over two
+thousand, and four Krupp guns, two brass howitzers, and a Gatling gun
+were captured. The next day, Tokar, eleven miles distant, was occupied
+without opposition, and a quantity of rifles and ammunition destroyed.
+The force then returned to Trinkitat, and re-embarked for Suakin.
+
+The troops engaged at El Teb were the 10th. and 19th. Hussars; 6th.
+Battery First Brigade Royal Artillery; 26th. Company Royal Engineers;
+the 42nd., 65th., 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles, 75th., 89th. Foot; a
+Battalion of Royal Marine Artillery and Light Infantry; and the Naval
+Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                                TAMAAI.
+                           MARCH 13TH, 1884.
+
+
+The power of Osman Digma, though shaken, was yet far from destroyed. The
+victors of El Teb, had scarcely reached Suakin, when they were again put
+in motion against a strong body of Arabs, reckoned to be about eight
+thousand, which he had collected at a place called Tamaai, and with
+which he threatened utter destruction to all unbelievers. On March 11th.
+General Baker marched out to Baker’s zareba, seven miles from Suakin,
+and the next day continued his advance towards Tamaai. At nightfall the
+troops bivouacked in a hastily constructed zareba, within two miles of
+the enemy’s position, which Commander Rolfe, R.N., after darkness had
+set in, alone set out from the zareba to reconnoitre, and saw the Arabs
+asleep around their fires. About one o’clock the enemy opened a random
+fusilade on the British camp, which they kept up the remainder of the
+night, but fortunately with little effect. At eight on the morning of
+March 13th., the troops formed in front of the zareba in two brigades.
+On the left was the 2nd. Brigade, commanded by General Davis, consisting
+of the 42nd., 65th., Marines, and Naval Brigade, with machine guns. Then
+came the Artillery, under Major Holley, and on the right the 1st.
+Brigade, commanded by General Buller, comprising the 75th., 89th., and
+60th. Rifles, with a battery of Artillery. Two squadrons of cavalry were
+sent to the front as skirmishers, and a brisk fire began on both sides;
+but the enemy advancing, the cavalry fell back, and the brigade opened a
+heavy fire of rifles and machine guns on the Arabs. The 42nd., who were
+in front, with a cheer charged the enemy at the double, but this
+movement leaving a gap between them and the 65th., the Arabs seeing
+their advantage, rushed like a torrent on the right side of the square,
+and for a time all was confusion.[220] The 65th. wavered, and fell back
+on the Marines, and the Naval Brigade surrounded by a mass of soldiers
+mixed in a wild _mêlée_ with the foe, were unable to use their guns and
+compelled to abandon them, with the loss of three officers and many
+seamen. But Buller’s brigade advancing on the right rear in perfect
+order, by its terrible fire prevented the enemy from coming to close
+quarters,[221] and the 42nd. and the Marines fighting back to back
+checked further disaster, and the brigade was re-formed. The two
+brigades now advanced abreast, the captured Gatlings were recovered, and
+turned by the seamen with great effect on a fresh body of Arabs, who
+charged out of a deep ravine in force, till their masses seemed to melt
+away under the tremendous fire poured into them. The ravine was carried,
+and a ridge beyond it; the bravest men of the enemy had fallen, and the
+rest lost heart and fled. After a brief halt General Graham pushed on to
+the wells of Tamaai, three miles from the battle-field, and occupied the
+camp of Osman Digma. Next day, the camp, with the village of Tamaai, was
+destroyed, and the troops returned to Suakin.
+
+The British casualties were five officers—Lieut. Montressor, H.M.S.
+“Carysfort”; Lieut. Almack, H.M.S. “Briton”; Lieut. H. Stewart, H.M.S.
+“Dryad”; Major Aiken, 42nd., and Capt. Ford, 65th. regiment; and one
+hundred and four men killed; and eight officers and one hundred and
+twenty men wounded and missing. The 42nd. had no less than eight
+sergeants killed. The loss of the Arabs was estimated to be at least
+three thousand in killed alone.
+
+The troops present at Tamaai were—10th. and 19th. Hussars; Royal
+Artillery; the 42nd., 60th., 65th., 75th., and 89th. Foot; Royal
+Marines; and Naval Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                                SUAKIN.
+                                 1884.
+
+
+After his defeat at Tamaai, Osman Digma was reported to be occupied in
+the Tamanieb Valley, about four miles from the last battle-field, in
+collecting more tribesmen to oppose the British. A party of the 75th.
+and 19th. Hussars were sent to occupy Handoab, on the road to Berber,
+and native spies brought the information that Osman was encamped near
+Tamanieb with two thousand men, who were all willing to fight again. On
+March 25th. General Graham, with the 10th. and 19th. Hussars, 42nd.,
+60th., 65th., 75th. Mounted Infantry and Marines, marched out from
+Suakin once more against the Lieutenant of the Mahdi; Admiral Sir W.
+Hewitt landing two hundred seamen to hold the town in the absence of the
+troops. The heat was intense, causing the men much suffering, and there
+were many cases of sunstroke. The troops bivouacked at night in an
+oblong square, and slept in all their accoutrements. In the morning the
+cavalry and mounted infantry were sent out in advance, and two or three
+skirmishes took place during the day, but the enemy fired at a distance,
+and did not come to close quarters. At half-past four a.m. on March
+27th., the troops fell in, and at six, advanced up the valley, the
+cavalry being out all round as scouts. At seven the enemy showed
+themselves, but were driven back by the mounted infantry, and they were
+dislodged from a height on which they attempted to make a stand, by the
+fire of the artillery. Osman’s camp, or the remains of it, was committed
+to the flames, and the column returned unmolested to Suakin on March
+28th. Soon after, Sir G. Graham and the bulk of the troops, sailed for
+Cairo and England.
+
+
+
+
+                               THE NILE,
+                                1884–85.
+
+
+The British Government having decided to abandon the Soudan, General
+Gordon, C.B., R.E., of Chinese celebrity, and who had been Governor of
+the equatorial provinces of Africa, under the Khedive, was sent to
+Khartoum to withdraw the Egyptian garrisons from the country, and to
+make the best arrangements he could for its future government. He had no
+connection with the Egyptian Government, which he declined to serve
+under any circumstances. He was accompanied by Colonel J. D. Stewart,
+who had been at Khartoum in the preceding year. On February 18th. they
+reached Khartoum, where they were received by the inhabitants with the
+greatest joy and enthusiasm. But General Gordon soon found that his
+mission to carry out the evacuation of the Soudan by the Egyptian
+garrisons, numbering about thirty thousand men, was impracticable. In
+March, the whole country south of Berber declared for the Mahdi; in May,
+Berber was taken by the enemy, and Gordon, with Colonel Stewart and Mr.
+Power, the British Consul, was closely besieged in Khartoum. For months
+he defended himself with the greatest skill and valour against
+overwhelming odds, but it was not until August that the British
+Government decided to despatch an expedition for his relief, under the
+command of General Lord Wolseley.
+
+Regiments were then ordered from India, Malta, and other places, to
+Egypt; eight hundred boats, at a cost of £75 each, were built in England
+for the conveyance of the troops up the Nile; steam pinnaces and light
+steamers were provided for towing purposes; and five hundred Canadian
+boatmen, and three hundred Kroomen, were engaged to navigate the boats
+and steamers over the cataracts of the river. British troops were pushed
+on to Wady Haifa, and on September 10th. Lord Wolseley reached
+Cairo,[222] with instructions to advance up the Nile and bring away
+General Gordon and Colonel Stewart from Khartoum, and to undertake no
+further offensive operations of any kind.
+
+On his arrival at Cairo the General formed a camel corps from volunteers
+from the Guards and Cavalry, consisting of over one thousand two hundred
+officers and men, divided into three bodies, called, the Guards, Heavy,
+and Light camel regiments. These chosen men sailed from England on
+September 26th., and by their conduct in the desert march to the Nile,
+in January following, amply justified their organization. For nearly
+four months a British army of nine thousand men, with their baggage and
+_matériel_ were toiling hundreds of miles up the broken and tortuous
+course of the Nile, tugging at the oar, transporting stores, and
+dragging boats by main force through rapids and over cataracts.[223] On
+November 3rd. Lord Wolseley and his Staff reached Dongola, and on
+December 16th. arrived at Korti, one thousand two hundred and fifty
+miles from Cairo. The situation of Khartoum was known to be critical,
+and on December 30th., 1884, General Sir Herbert Stewart was despatched,
+with about one thousand six hundred men and two thousand camels, across
+the desert to Metammeh, on the Nile, one hundred and seventy miles from
+Korti; from whence he was to proceed in Gordon’s steamers to Khartoum,
+one hundred miles further up the river.
+
+Sometime previous, Colonel Stewart and Mr. Power had been sent by Gordon
+down the Nile to Dongola, to endeavour to open communications with the
+British, but their steamer was wrecked near Berber on October 6th., and
+the two Europeans with most of their party were massacred by the
+natives. Two days before Lord Wolseley reached Korti, on December 14th.,
+Gordon wrote in his diary—“Now mark this: If the Expeditionary Force—and
+I ask no more than two hundred men—does not come in ten days, the town
+may fall, and I have done my best for the honour of our country. Good
+bye.”[224]
+
+
+
+
+                               ABU KLEA.
+                          JANUARY 17TH, 1885.
+
+
+Sir H. Stewart, after a long and waterless march, reached Gakdul, about
+one hundred miles from Korti, on January 2nd. Here, water was found in
+abundance, and a halt of some days was made. On the 14th. the march to
+the Nile was resumed, but on approaching Abu Klea, two short marches
+from Metammeh, the scouts of the 19th. Hussars reported the enemy to be
+encamped in force near the wells. The troops were in need of water, but
+formed a zareba about four miles from the Arab camp, and slept on their
+arms, exposed to a desultory fire all night, by which five or six men
+were wounded and several camels killed. As soon as it was daylight, on
+the morning of January 17th., General Stewart began his preparations for
+an advance, his object being to drive the enemy from the wells of Abu
+Klea. A strong body of skirmishers with the guns were sent out, who
+engaged the enemy at long range, but failed to draw them from their
+position, though a brisk fire was kept up for some time by both sides.
+At about half-past eight o’clock, leaving most of the camels and the
+sick and wounded in the zareba, with a guard of Mounted Infantry, and
+one hundred and twenty-five men of the 35th. regiment, the troops
+advanced against the enemy in a square, which was formed as
+follows:—“Left front face, two companies Mounted Infantry; right front
+face, two companies Guards, with the three guns Royal Artillery in the
+centre; left face, two companies Mounted Infantry; one company Heavy
+Camel Regiment; rear face, four companies Heavy Camel Regiment, with
+Naval Brigade with Gardner gun in the centre.” The 19th. Hussars,
+numbering one hundred and twenty men, under Colonel Barrow, were
+stationed on the flanks. The square moved towards the left flank of the
+enemy, under a hot fire from the sharpshooters, and was nearly abreast
+of their position, when several thousand Arabs, with loud yells and
+beating of tom-toms, rushed down on the left and left rear of the
+square. The three guns of Captain Norton, and a heavy rifle fire was
+opened on them, but did not check their advance; the British skirmishers
+came racing for life into the square, while with waving flags the enemy
+rushed on like a vast black wave of surf. “By twos and threes our
+skirmishers had now reached our lines, and the left face being nearly
+clear, a volley was sent into the enemy at one hundred and fifty yards,
+as they rose over the last crest between our opposing fronts. A hundred
+or more Arabs dropped, and for a moment I saw the force waver and halt,
+as a man stops to gasp for breath. Had that volley been promptly
+repeated, there would have been little more of the battle to tell.” The
+Gardner gun of the Naval Brigade[225] was brought into action at the
+left flank, but after a few rounds had been fired, the gun jammed, and
+was rendered useless, and Lieutenants Piggott and De Lisle with several
+seamen were killed. Many of the rifles were also rendered temporarily
+useless from the same cause, the jamming of the cartridges. Colonel F.
+Burnaby, who had arrived a few days before from Korti, called on the
+Heavies to meet the Arab charge, and riding out to assist two or three
+skirmishers, was surrounded and slain, and the enemy closed in upon the
+square, throwing its left face into confusion. So furious was their rush
+that many of them penetrated to the middle of the square, where they
+killed the camels and slew the wounded in their litters, but none of
+them returned, being all slain to a man. Meanwhile the Guards and
+Mounted Infantry poured such a heavy fire into the dense crowds of the
+Arabs, that after a few minutes they began to waver and recoil, and at
+length took to flight, under a fire of rifles and shell from the guns;
+and followed by the Hussars and Mounted Infantry.
+
+The hard-fought battle was won, the square re-formed and presently
+advanced, while the Hussars pushed on and took possession of the wells
+at Abu Klea, at which place, the whole force, with the wounded, arrived
+at the close of the day.
+
+The British loss was Colonel Burnaby, Major Carmichael, 5th. Lancers,
+and seven other officers killed; nine officers wounded (Lord St. Vincent
+and another, mortally); sixty-five non-commissioned officers and men
+killed; and eighty-five wounded. The total Arab force was estimated at
+over twelve thousand men, and of these more than two thousand were
+killed and wounded. “Five or six hundred of the enemy lay heaped in
+front of, and around our dead camels.”
+
+The troops present at Abu Klea, were detachments of 19th. Hussars; Royal
+Artillery, with three seven-pounders; the Guards, and Heavy Camel Corps;
+Mounted Infantry; 35th. Regiment; a detachment of Royal Engineers; Naval
+Brigade of fifty-two officers and men, under Lord C. Beresford; and
+Departmental Corps.
+
+At four p.m. on January 18th., the column pushed on for the Nile,
+marching all night, and found at daybreak it was still six miles from
+the river, with the enemy, in force, barring the way. Sir H. Stewart
+halted near Abu Kru, and formed a zareba under a continual fire, which
+caused many casualties. The General himself fell, severely wounded, and
+the correspondents of the _Standard_ and _Morning Post_ were killed.
+
+Sir Charles Stewart then took the command, and it was decided that if
+the Arabs did not attack by two p.m., to march out and cut a passage to
+the Nile. About three hundred men with the guns were left in the zareba,
+under Lord C. Beresford and Colonel Barrow; and the rest of the column,
+in square, pushed on for the river, under a heavy rifle fire from the
+scrub. The accurate fire of the British guns scattered the masses of the
+enemy, and prevented many from joining in the attacks; but a body of
+several thousands made a furious rush on the square, about two miles
+from the zareba, and were repulsed with fearful loss. The Arabs then
+retreated to Metammeh, and the wearied troops reached the Nile at about
+five in the evening.
+
+The British losses in the battle of Abu Kru, or Gubat, were two officers
+and twenty-two men killed, and nine officers and ninety-two men wounded,
+many severely. Next day the bulk of the column returned to the zareba,
+the dead were buried, the wounded removed, and at night the whole force
+was encamped on the bank of the Nile.
+
+On the following morning, January 21st., a reconnaissance in force was
+made towards Metammeh, the column being joined by two hundred and fifty
+of Gordon’s men, with four guns. These, with four steamers, had been
+waiting the arrival of the relief force for some weeks on an island a
+little way above Metammeh. The place was cannonaded with little effect,
+and being considered too strong to be taken by assault, the troops
+retired. On the 24th., Sir. C. Wilson started for Khartoum with two of
+Gordon’s steamers, but on approaching the town he was met by so heavy a
+fire from rifles and Krupp guns, that he was compelled to return, with
+the knowledge that the expedition had failed in its object, and that
+Khartoum was in the possession of the Mahdi.
+
+Information was soon received that on the night of January 26th. the
+place had fallen through treachery, and the heroic Gordon, with many of
+his followers, had perished. On his return down the river the two
+steamers of Sir Charles were wrecked by the treachery of the pilots,
+about thirty miles from the British camp, and Sir C. Beresford was sent
+with another steamer to rescue him and his party. In this service
+Beresford’s steamer was for a time disabled by a shot from the enemy,
+but after many dangers and difficulties, Sir C. Wilson and his men were
+taken on board, and all reached Gubat in safety. As the recovery of
+Khartoum was impracticable, General Sir Redvers Buller was dispatched by
+Lord Wolseley to withdraw the troops from Gubat to Korti. On February
+14th. the return commenced, and after a smart skirmish at Abu Klea, the
+column reached Gakdul without further opposition. Here many of the sick
+and wounded died, among them, on February 16th., the gallant Sir Herbert
+Stewart, to the unfeigned regret of every officer and man. By March 9th.
+the whole of the troops returned to Korti, and a few weeks after, the
+expedition was broken up.
+
+Khartoum had fallen after a noble defence of over ten months, maintained
+by the pluck and endurance of a single Englishman, who scorned to desert
+his post; and the efforts and lives of his countrymen who bravely
+struggled in the face of countless perils and difficulties to effect his
+deliverance, were fruitlessly thrown away. As Gordon had written months
+before, the expedition was “just too late.”
+
+
+
+
+                               KIRBEKAN.
+                          FEBRUARY 10TH, 1885.
+
+
+While the fate of Khartoum was trembling in the balance, and the battles
+of Abu Klea and Gubat were being fought, another column was dispatched
+up the Nile, under Major-General Earle, C.B., to punish the Monassir
+tribe for the treacherous murder of Colonel Stewart and his companions
+in the preceding September. As already stated, Stewart was sent by
+General Gordon from Khartoum to Dongola, but his steamer was wrecked
+near Berber, and most of the party massacred. General Earle was also
+ordered afterwards to push on to Berber, and after capturing it, to take
+part in any further operations at, or beyond Khartoum. Leaving Korti,
+Earle concentrated his troops—consisting of the 38th. and 42nd. Foot, a
+squadron of 19th. Hussars, and the Egyptian Camel Corps, with two
+guns—at Handab. On January 24th. he began his advance, but the
+difficulties of the river were many, and his progress slow, so that he
+did not reach the vicinity of Kirbekan, near Dulka Island, seventy miles
+from Merawi, till February 9th. The enemy had fallen back as he
+advanced, but now, reinforced by a body of Dervishes from Berber, were
+encamped on a rocky range of hills near the Nile, and prepared for an
+obstinate resistance. The front of their position was very strong, and
+fortified in places with loopholed walls. At sunrise on the morning of
+February 10th. the assault commenced. Leaving two companies of the
+38th., with his two guns in front, to make a feigned attack, the General
+with the bulk of his troops made a detour, and turning the left of the
+enemy’s position attacked them in the rear. The Arabs, being taken by
+surprise, but having the advantage of the ground, fought most
+desperately, and contested the possession of every rock and boulder,
+till the British by rushes gained fastness after fastness, and dislodged
+the defenders at the point of the bayonet. A determined band of the
+enemy made a frantic charge on the 42nd., but were all killed or driven
+into the Nile, save some who took possession of a stone built hut.
+General Earle, though warned that the building was full of Arabs,
+attempted to enter it, and was immediately shot dead by one of them. The
+door of the hut being strongly barricaded, it was set on fire, and all
+the enemy within were shot down or burned alive. Another steep hill, on
+which the Soudanese made their last stand, was stormed by the 38th., and
+in the meanwhile the Hussars had captured their camp, three miles in the
+rear. This ended the battle of Kirbekan, after a contest of five hours.
+
+The loss of the British, besides their General, was Colonel Eyre, of the
+38th.; Colonel Coveny, V.C., of the 42nd.; and seven men killed; and
+about fifty of all ranks were wounded, some severely. The loss of the
+enemy was heavy. Many were drowned in the Nile, and, as Lord Wolseley
+wrote, “Scarcely any can have escaped.” Their force was estimated at
+above two thousand men.
+
+General H. Brackenbury assumed the command on the fall of General Eyre,
+and pushed on towards Abu Hamed, in the direction of Berber, but was
+recalled to Korti by Lord Wolseley, acting on orders from England. Soon
+after, the force returned to Cairo, with the exception of a detachment
+left on the frontier of Egypt proper.
+
+
+
+
+                                SUAKIN.
+                                 1885.
+
+
+The news of the fall of Khartoum and the death of General Gordon caused
+a profound impression in England, and the Government, influenced by
+public opinion, resolved on another campaign for the recovery of the
+Soudan. Troops were dispatched from England, Cairo, and India, to
+Suakin, to break the power of Osman Digma; and it was determined, at an
+enormous expense, to construct a line of railway in the face of the
+enemy, from Suakin to Berber, a distance of two hundred and eighty
+miles. From this place it was contemplated to operate with Lord
+Wolseley, in his projected march from Korti to Khartoum; which, owing to
+a change of purpose of the Government, was never carried out. The force
+collected at Suakin, consisting of a brigade of Guards and an Indian
+contingent, was commanded by General Sir G. Graham. The Engineers having
+selected some hills near the village and wells of Hasheen, about
+fourteen miles distant, as the site of an entrenched camp, after a
+reconnaissance, March 20th., General Graham moved out of Suakin to
+occupy the place in force. He advanced in a square formation, the 49th.
+and 70th. regiments and Marines, in the front, on the right the Guards,
+on the left the Indian Contingent, with the guns and camels in the
+centre. The cavalry scouted in front and on the flanks.
+
+The first ridge of hills were reached without opposition, the outposts
+of the enemy falling back as the troops advanced, and the sappers began
+to throw up redoubts on two of them. The square pushed on through a
+pass, into a plain surrounded by rugged bills, on one of which, on the
+left, the enemy were seen to be posted in strength. Their sharpshooters
+opened a hot fire from among the rocks and scrub; the Marines and 49th.
+were sent against them, and climbing some hills on the right, after a
+smart contest dislodged the Soudanese, who in their retreat were charged
+by the Indian Cavalry. But the Arabs being reinforced, rallied, and
+closed in upon the Indians, to whose movements the broken ground was
+altogether unfavourable, and forced them to retire upon the Guards,
+formed in square. Over two thousand of the enemy, in pursuit of the
+cavalry, led by a youth on a white camel, rushed with loud yells
+straight on the square, but were received by such a withering fire, that
+not an Arab was able to reach the outer line of levelled bayonets by
+several yards. The cavalry having re-formed, again charged the now
+disordered enemy and scattered them in all directions. Another body of
+Arabs then came round on the right, with the most daring bravery, but
+were received by such a hot fire from rifles and the artillery that they
+were unable to concentrate for a charge, and withdrew in confusion,
+followed by the British.
+
+At half-past ten a.m. all the hills had been cleared of the enemy, and
+about one o’clock the force was on the point of being withdrawn, but the
+Soudanese made another furious onset on the 17th. and 28th., but were
+driven back after a hotter contest than any during the day, and pursued
+by the 5th. Lancers. The 70th. Regiment was left to hold the redoubts in
+the hills, and the rest of the troops returned to Suakin, after an
+engagement which lasted nearly seven hours. In this affair Captain
+Dalison, Scots Guards, and twenty-two non-commissioned officers and men
+were killed, and about fifty officers and men wounded.
+
+Four thousand was the estimated strength of the enemy, and of these,
+three hundred were killed. After the battle, the bulk of them retreated
+southwards in the direction of Tamaai.
+
+Little more than a week afterwards the New South Wales contingent, of
+about eight hundred officers and men, landed at Suakin, and were
+welcomed with enthusiasm. The railway was pushed on to Otao and Tambouk,
+about fifteen miles on the road to Berber, but the enemy made almost
+nightly attempts to destroy it, and, by orders from England, it was
+presently abandoned.
+
+Osman Digma being reported to be again occupying Tamaai in force, on
+April 2nd., General Graham, with about eight thousand men, including the
+Australian contingent, marched from Suakin to meet him. After a
+fatiguing march of five hours Tesilah was reached, where a zareba was
+constructed, and on the following morning the troops advanced to Tamaai,
+which they found to be unoccupied, and which they burnt. During the
+advance some skirmishing took place, in which two men were killed and
+fourteen men (including two Australians) wounded; but on its return to
+Suakin the column was not molested by the enemy. A strong body of Arabs
+having taken up a position at Dhakdul, with the intention of harassing
+the British outposts and destroying the railway, two flying columns were
+despatched from Suakin and Otao to disperse them. The columns,
+consisting of the Camel Corps, Lancers, Hussars, and Mounted Infantry,
+left Suakin at midnight, and, marching all night, reached Dhakdul at
+daybreak on the morning of May 7th. The troops advancing upon the place
+from two directions, the enemy were completely taken by surprise, and
+after a running fight fled to the hills, abandoning their flocks and
+herds, pursued by the cavalry. The expedition was well planned and
+executed; about one hundred and fifty Arabs were killed, and above two
+thousand cattle, horses, camels, and sheep captured; the casualties of
+the British being only two or three men wounded. Dhakdul was destroyed,
+the wells there blown up with gun cotton, and the force returned to
+Suakin. The heat now became almost unbearable, and the troops suffered
+much from sickness.
+
+On May 2nd. Lord Wolseley arrived at Suakin, and on the 7th. proceeded
+with his Staff to Otao and Handoub, and inspected the troops. A few days
+afterwards he inspected and thanked the Australian contingent, and on
+May 16th. he issued his last general order to the “Soldiers, Seamen, and
+Marines of the Army of the Soudan,” at Suakin. The place was then
+evacuated by the British troops except the 53rd., a battery of
+Artillery, and some Engineers, which, with the Indian contingent of
+three regiments of Infantry and one of Cavalry, held the place till May,
+1886, when they were replaced by an Egyptian garrison, under Watson
+Pasha (Major Watson, R.E.).
+
+The troops engaged in the operations at and around Suakin, were a
+battalion each of the Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards; Royal
+Artillery; 5th. Lancers; 19th. Hussars; Engineers; 49th., 53rd., and
+70th. Foot; the New South Wales contingent; the Indian contingent,
+comprising the 9th. Bengal Lancers, three battalions of Native Infantry,
+and a company of Sappers; Mounted Infantry; Royal Marines; and Naval
+Brigade.
+
+
+
+
+                                TOFREK.
+                           MARCH 22ND., 1885.
+
+
+Two days after the engagement at Hasheen, Major-General Sir John
+McNeill, V.C., an officer who had served in India, New Zealand, and in
+the Ashantee Expedition, moved out of Suakin at daybreak, with a
+squadron of the 5th. Lancers, the 49th. Regiment, a battalion of
+Marines, the three Infantry Regiments of the Indian Contingent (under
+Brigadier-General Hudson), a detachment of Engineers, and a Naval
+Brigade, with four Gardner guns, in the direction of Tamaai. His purpose
+was to construct some zarebas, about six miles out, to be garrisoned by
+the 49th., while the other troops were to return to Suakin. Though the
+enemy were seen to be in force on the hills, and spies and prisoners had
+reported the intention of Osman Digma to attack the British advanced
+zarebas, no intimation of this seems to have reached General McNeill.
+
+Between ten and eleven o’clock in the morning the troops commenced
+making their zarebas, a large one in the centre for the camels, and two
+on the angles of this, each to contain a battalion, and two Gardner guns
+manned by the Naval Brigade. So little was an attack expected, that one
+zareba being completed, with the guns mounted, and the others in
+progress of formation, the camels and baggage animals which brought the
+supplies, were beginning to slowly to move off on their return to
+Suakin, and a portion of the troops were at breakfast. The working
+parties were in the bush hacking at the tough underwood, with a picket
+or two and a few cavalry scouts thrown out, but none more than about
+thirty yards in advance, when suddenly the outposts came rushing in,
+breaking through the working parties, with the enemy at their heels
+uttering the most frightful yells. “Stand to your arms” resounded on all
+sides, but the men were scattered, many working at a distance from the
+piles of arms, but all did their best to get into proper position and to
+form in squares. Everything was in favour of the enemy, before whose
+furious onset the whole assemblage of transport animals plunged forward
+upon the zareba. “There was a multitude of roaring camels heaped one
+upon the other, with strings of screaming mules entangled in one moving
+mass. Crowds of camp followers were carried along by the huge animal
+wave—crying, shouting, fighting. Mingled with this mass of brutes and
+terrified natives, which swept all before it, were the Arab swordsmen,
+hewing and slashing at men and animals with the ferocity of demons. They
+hamstrung every animal they could reach and cut the helpless camp
+followers to pieces, amidst a shower of bullets from all sides, and
+there can be little doubt but that many men and camels were killed by
+our own fire in the confused _mêlée_.” The British force found itself
+suddenly engaged in a most desperate hand to hand conflict with masses
+of a fanatical and fearless enemy. The 17th. Native Infantry gave way
+before the terrific rush of the Arabs, their commanding officer, Major
+Von Beverhoudt, being killed in an attempt to rally his men; and sixty
+of the enemy got inside the square of the Marines, to be all shot or
+bayonetted. Half of the 49th. were in the zareba, and the remainder in a
+rallying square outside. On the first rush of the enemy about one
+hundred and twenty of them entered the zareba at the corner, and were
+all killed after a desperate conflict. The Gardner guns, under
+Lieutenant Paget, now came into action, and checked the advance of the
+enemy by a rain of bullets, while a steady fire from the zareba and the
+squares outside, mowed down the charging masses of the Arabs like grass.
+The Soudanese saw that their attack had failed, and sullenly withdrew,
+vanishing into the bush from which they had so suddenly burst forth.
+
+In this brief but furious action the 49th. had Lieutenant Swinton and
+twenty-five men killed; the Naval Brigade, Lieutenant Seymour and six
+men; the Engineers, Captain Romily, Lieutenant Newman, and thirteen men
+killed; the total casualties (exclusive of the loss of the Indian
+contingent) being five officers and ninety-four men killed; six officers
+and one hundred and thirty-six men wounded; and one officer and seventy
+men missing. The Indians had about one hundred and twenty men killed and
+wounded, and the Departmental Corps and camp followers suffered heavily.
+Upwards of eight hundred camels and transport animals were also killed.
+
+When the clouds of smoke and dust had cleared away, the ground in and
+around the zarebas was seen to be thickly strewn with the bodies of the
+enemy, in every conceivable attitude. It was computed that nearly one
+thousand five hundred Arabs lay there, for the most part dead.[226]
+Outside the zareba the dead and wounded camels and baggage animals lay
+literally in heaps. The enemy still swarmed in the bush, and were active
+all night in removing their slain and wounded, and searching for their
+standards, of which three were captured[227] during the fight.
+
+The next morning General Graham arrived from Suakin, with the Guards and
+Mounted Infantry, and a new zareba was constructed away from the
+vicinity of the reeking battle-field. The wounded were sent in the
+afternoon to Suakin, escorted by the Grenadier Guards and Indians, and
+were taken on board the hospital ship “Ganges.”
+
+The withdrawal of the Nile expedition commenced in May, 1885, and on the
+25th., the advanced post of Merawi was evacuated by the 42nd. Regiment.
+Garrisons of British troops and Egyptians however held various places in
+Upper Egypt, which presently were attacked by the Dervishes. In
+December, three thousand of them attacked Mograkeh, occupied by the
+79th. and two hundred Egyptians, but were repulsed with heavy loss. On
+the 30th. of the same month, General Sir F. Stephenson, with a force of
+British and Egyptian troops, consisting of about four thousand five
+hundred men, moved out early in the morning and attacked the Arabs,
+about six thousand strong, who were entrenched at Ginnis. With General
+Stephenson, were Generals Grenfell, Butler, and Huyshe, and Colonel
+Ardagh. The action commenced at six a.m., and by nine o’clock the enemy
+were totally defeated and their position captured, with four guns and
+twenty banners.
+
+The British loss was trifling. Lieutenant Soltau, of the 49th. Regiment,
+was killed; and one officer and twenty-one men wounded; and of the
+Egyptians about twenty men were killed and wounded. The loss of the
+Arabs was computed to be about six hundred killed. In these operations
+the 19th., 38th., 49th., 79th., and 106th. Foot, were engaged.
+
+
+
+
+                               GEMAIZAH.
+                         DECEMBER 20TH., 1888.
+
+
+The Arabs having again advanced in force on Suakin, and preparing by the
+construction of trenches and redoubts to invest the place, General
+Grenfell, commanding the British and Egyptian troops there, resolved to
+attack them. The men were under arms before dawn on December 20th., and
+at half-past five the action commenced by H.M.S. “Racer” opening fire on
+the trenches of the enemy. The garrison batteries and forts also poured
+a heavy fire on the enemy’s redoubts, which was hurriedly returned.
+General Grenfell and his _aide_, Captain Maxwell, then rode to the
+front, and having made a hasty inspection, ordered the troops to
+advance. The first brigade, under Colonel Kitchener, of three regiments
+of Soudanese, was on the right, and the second, under Colonel Holled
+Smith, consisting of Soudanese and two Egyptian regiments, were on the
+left. The cavalry, comprising the 20th. Hussars, and Egyptian Mounted
+Infantry, numbering about three hundred men, with the 25th. and 41st.
+Regiments, were held in reserve about five hundred yards in the rear.
+The advance was made about seven o’clock, the British Infantry opening
+fire to cover the Soudanese, who rushed on the Arab entrenchments. They
+were received with a hot fire, and the enemy brought a heavy gun to bear
+on them, but the Soudanese dashed at the gun, and drove the Dervishes
+out of their trenches. At the same time the redoubts in spite of a
+determined resistance were carried, and the Arabs were completely
+routed, and pursued by the Hussars. H.M.S. “Starling”[228] and the
+Egyptian steamers then shelled the wells. At half-past eight the
+fighting was over, and the enemy dispersed, with the loss of about four
+hundred men, all their _matériel_, and camp. The British casualties were
+four men of the 20th. Hussars killed, and two officers and three men
+wounded. The loss of the Egyptians was also trifling.
+
+
+
+
+                                 TOSKI.
+                           AUGUST 3RD., 1889.
+
+
+The Nile Expedition having been withdrawn, and the Soudan, with the
+exception of Suakin, practically abandoned by the British and Egyptians,
+the Dervishes resolved on an invasion of Egypt proper. In June 1889, an
+army of them, about fourteen thousand strong, crossed the frontier, and
+steadily advanced northwards. Near Wady Halfa they were met on the first
+of July, by an Egyptian force under Colonel Wodehouse, R.A., and, after
+a smart action, defeated with the loss of five hundred men.
+
+This failed to stop their progress, but Wodehouse’s column harassed them
+by constant attacks during their advance of fifty miles in the Egyptian
+territory.
+
+On the morning of August 3rd. they had pushed on to within six miles of
+Toski, a place about three miles from the Nile, occupied by Sir F.
+Grenfell, Sirdar, or Commander-in-Chief, of the Egyptian army. The
+General sent out his mounted troops, consisting of the 20th. Hussars,
+the Egyptian Cavalry, and the Camel Corps, to skirmish with the enemy,
+who rapidly advanced, their riflemen driving back the mounted troops,
+who slowly withdrew in the direction of Toski, keeping up an incessant
+fire. The enemy were drawn on step by step till two guns came up at a
+gallop, and opened fire on them with great effect, giving time for the
+infantry to arrive and take a position on a ridge of hills lying almost
+due east and west, completely checking the movement of the Dervishes
+northwards. Thus out-manœuvred, they formed in order of battle on
+several small hills, which they covered with waving flags and thousands
+of spears glittering in the morning sun, their riflemen being extended
+in an attempt to turn the Egyptian right. A hot fire was kept up on both
+sides, but the enemy finding themselves enfiladed on their left, charged
+down the hill, and were literally mown down by the volleys poured into
+them. The first brigade was then ordered to advance direct on the
+hillocks held by the Arabs, and at the same time the second brigade
+advanced on the extreme left, and took their position in flank. The
+enemy for a time held their ground with the utmost bravery, and though
+driven from post to post, charged again and again in the most fearless
+manner. But they were beaten from the hills in disorder to the plain
+below, where they were repeatedly charged by the Hussars and the
+Egyptian Cavalry.
+
+Their chief, Wadj-el-Njumi, and every Emir of importance but one was
+killed, and the Dervishes, completely overwhelmed, fled in confusion,
+closely pursued by both infantry and cavalry for some miles. The enemy’s
+force was entirely broken up, upwards of fifteen hundred of them being
+killed, and nearly three thousand spears and swords, one gun, one
+hundred and fifty rifles, a large quantity of ammunition, and over three
+thousand prisoners being taken.
+
+The British loss was one private of the 20th. Hussars and sixteen
+Egyptians killed; and one hundred and thirty men wounded, including six
+British.
+
+This action closes the long list of the generally useless, and almost
+profitless fields of bloodshed and slaughter which crimsoned the sands
+of Egypt and the Soudan.
+
+
+
+
+                      THE NORTH WEST CANADA MEDAL.
+                                 1885.
+
+
+This medal was given by the British Government to the Canadian Militia,
+Volunteers, and Mounted Police, for the suppression of the rebellion of
+Louis Riel in the North West of Canada, March to May, 1885. The obverse
+of the medal is the same as the medal for Egypt, and on the reverse are
+the words “North West Canada, 1885,” within a wreath of maple leaves.
+With the medal was given a clasp inscribed “Saskatchewan,” to all those
+who had been under fire. The medal without the clasp, was given to the
+troops called out to suppress the revolt, but who were not present at
+any of the engagements. It was issued without names. Ribbon, dark blue,
+with two red stripes. No English troops were engaged in the operations.
+The rebels were mostly French half-breeds and Indians. The force which
+suppressed them numbered about five thousand men, under the command of
+Major-General Sir F. D. Middleton. Battleford was besieged by the
+Indians, and relieved by a force under Colonel Otter, who routed the
+rebels with a loss of 150 killed and wounded. Riel entrenched himself at
+Batoche, where he was attacked and defeated by General Middleton on May
+11th., and this action virtually ended the rebellion. Riel was
+afterwards tried and executed.
+
+
+
+
+                   THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.
+                                 1891.
+
+
+Since the pages of this work describing the actions for which the Indian
+General Service Medal and Clasps have been given, were written, three
+additional clasps have been granted, inscribed “Hazara, 1891,” “N. E.
+Frontier, 1891” and “Hunza, 1891”—making a total of fifteen clasps
+issued to the present time (1892). Officers and men who already
+possessed the medal received the new clasps only; and a bronze medal and
+clasp of similar pattern was given to all authorised Government
+followers.
+
+The force operating against the Hazara tribes, under Major-General
+Ellis, advanced from Derband, on March 12th., and defeated the tribesmen
+at Dilari on March 23rd. All active operations ceased by May 16th., and
+before the end of the month the tribes surrendered unconditionally, and
+their chiefs accepted the terms imposed on them by General Ellis. The
+78th. Highlanders, and 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, were the British regiments
+engaged in this affair.
+
+The clasp inscribed “N. E. Frontier,” was given to the native troops
+employed in the Manipur Expedition, between the dates of their advance
+from Tamu, March 28th.; Silchar, April 15th; and Kohimar, April 20th.;
+to May 7th., 1891; when the operations were ended, by the submission of
+the Rajah, and the punishment of the officials who had incited the
+attack on the British Resident.
+
+The clasp for “Hunza, 1891,” was granted to all troops employed in the
+Hunza-Nagar Expedition, between the 1st. and 22nd. of December, 1891,
+both dates inclusive.
+
+The Hunzas are a nation of robbers and slave dealers, inhabiting an
+almost inaccessible country. The expedition against them was commanded
+by Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. Durand, who, after some sharp fighting,
+stormed the strongly fortified fort of Nilt, on the Hunza river,
+December 2nd. In this service he was severely wounded. Only Indian
+troops were engaged in these operations.
+
+
+
+
+                MEDAL FOR LONG SERVICE AND GOOD CONDUCT.
+
+
+This Medal was first instituted by King William IV., on July 30th.,
+1830, for non-commissioned officers and men who had been discharged in
+receipt of gratuities, under the provisions of the Royal Warrant of
+November 14th., 1829. The men recommended must have served twenty-one
+years in the Infantry, Artillery, or Engineers, or twenty-four years in
+the Cavalry, with irreproachable characters. A gratuity not exceeding £5
+for a European soldier, or £3 for a black soldier, is given to each
+recipient. On the obverse of the medal is a military trophy, with a
+shield bearing the royal arms, with a smaller shield in the centre
+bearing the arms of Hanover. The reverse has the inscription “For long
+service and good conduct.” Ribbon: crimson, suspended by a steel loop.
+The name and regiment of the recipient, with the date, were indented on
+the edge of the medal. After the accession of Queen Victoria the arms of
+Hanover were omitted on the medal, and some years subsequently, but
+before the Crimean War, the steel suspender was replaced by a silver
+clasp, similar to other medals.
+
+By a Royal Warrant of January 16th., 1860, the medal, _without
+gratuities_, was in future to be given to such soldiers as might fulfil
+the conditions previously required, but who were precluded from becoming
+recipients of the medal with a gratuity, in consequence of the aggregate
+amount to be annually awarded having been already appropriated. No
+soldier is entitled to the medal unless he has specially distinguished
+himself, or has, at least, three good conduct badges. A record of the
+recipients of these medals is kept in the office of the Secretary of
+State for War.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Meritorious Service Medal.
+
+  The Cape Medal.
+]
+
+
+
+
+                   THE MEDAL FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE.
+
+
+By a Royal Warrant, dated December 19th., 1845, it was ordered that a
+sum, not exceeding £2000 per year, should be distributed in annuities,
+as rewards for distinguished or meritorious service, to Sergeants
+recommended by the Commander-in-Chief, either while serving, or after
+discharge, with, or without pension, in sums not exceeding £20 in each
+case.
+
+By a Warrant of June 4th., 1853, the sum to be distributed was increased
+to £4000 per annum; and by another Warrant dated December 4th., 1854, it
+was ordered that one sergeant of each regiment of Cavalry and Infantry,
+and one from each battalion of Foot Guards and Rifle Brigade, should be
+selected for the annuity, as a reward for their services in the Crimea.
+The obverse of the medal bears the Queen’s head, crowned, with the
+legend “Victoria Regina” and date of issue. The reverse has the
+inscription “For Meritorious Service,” surrounded by laurel, with a
+crown above. Ribbon: crimson. The name and regiment of the recipient are
+engraved on the edge of the medals. The annuity and medal are also given
+to Sergeants of the Marines, and worn with a blue ribbon. If an
+annuitant is promoted to a commission the medal may be retained, but the
+annuity must be relinquished.
+
+A sergeant on becoming an annuitant, is required to relinquish the
+gratuity of which he may be in possession, making a declaration in
+writing that he does so voluntarily. The medal inscribed for
+“Meritorious Service” cannot be held together with that for “Good
+Conduct and Long Service;” but the latter must be surrendered on receipt
+of the former. Neither can two medals for “Distinguished Conduct” be
+held by the same individual, but a sergeant, on becoming an annuitant,
+must relinquish one of them. An annuitant may, however, hold the
+“Meritorious Service” medal, or that for “Good Conduct and Long
+Service,” together with the medal for “Distinguished Conduct in the
+Field.”[229]
+
+
+
+
+                      EAST INDIA COMPANY’S MEDALS.
+                                 1848.
+
+
+By a General Order of the Right Honourable the Governor-General of
+India, dated “Fort William, May 20th., 1848,” medals for Long Service
+and Good Conduct, and for Meritorious Service, were granted to the
+troops of the East India Company. On the obverse of the medal is a
+shield bearing the Arms of the East India Company, surrounded by
+military trophies; and on the reverse, the words “For Long Service and
+Good Conduct” in a circle, within which is engraved the name, rank, and
+regiment of the recipient. Ribbon, red. The medal for Meritorious
+Service was given to non-commissioned officers, with an annuity not
+exceeding £20 in any case. On the obverse is the head of the Queen, with
+the words “Victoria Regina,” and the date “1848.” On the reverse are the
+Arms of the East India Company, surrounded by the words “For Meritorious
+Service.” The name and regiment of the recipient are engraved on the
+edge of the medal. Ribbon, red. A medal for Long Service and Good
+Conduct was struck with the intention of giving it to the men of the
+Company’s Navy, but it was never distributed. A few were issued by
+mistake to the Army. On the obverse is the head of the Queen, and on the
+reverse the words “For Long Service and Good Conduct,” with a crown and
+anchor, surrounded by oak leaves. Ribbon, red.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER.
+
+
+Was instituted by Royal Warrant, dated September 6th., 1886. It is given
+to officers of the Navy, Land Forces, Marines, and Indian and Colonial
+Naval and Military Forces, who have been specially mentioned in
+despatches for meritorious or distinguished services in the field before
+the enemy. This Order ranks next after the Order of the Indian Empire.
+The badge consists of a gold cross, enamelled white, edged with gold. On
+the obverse in the centre, within a wreath of laurel, enamelled green,
+is the Imperial crown in gold, upon a red ground. On the reverse, within
+a similar wreath, and on a similar red ground is the Imperial and Royal
+cypher—V.R.I. It is worn on the left breast, with a red ribbon, edged
+with blue.
+
+
+
+
+                       THE INDIAN ORDER OF MERIT.
+
+
+A similar decoration to the Victoria Cross, called the Order of Merit,
+is given to native officers and men of the Indian Army, for personal
+bravery only. It is an eight-pointed star, having, on a blue enamelled
+ground, two crossed swords, surmounted by the words “Reward of Valour,”
+within a gilt laurel wreath. It is divided into three classes: the
+first, or senior star is gold; the second silver; and the third also
+silver, without the gilding. Ribbon: dark blue, with red edges. The
+third class is to be obtained by any conspicuous act of gallantry on the
+part of any native officer or soldier in the field, or in the attack or
+defence of fortified places. The second class is to be obtained by those
+only who already possess the third, and for similar services. The first
+class is to be obtained in like manner, only by those who already
+possess the third and second classes. Every member of the Order of Merit
+is entitled to additional pay, and on his death his widow receives this
+allowance for three years.
+
+
+
+
+                     MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY MEDALS.
+
+
+A medal was struck by the Scottish Darien Company in 1700, to reward the
+services of Colonel Alexander Campbell, of Finab, and his surviving
+companions, for their services against the Spaniards in that unfortunate
+settlement. Campbell was an old soldier who had served in Flanders under
+William III. On learning the distressed state of the new settlers,
+Campbell was sent to Darien to take the command there. With two hundred
+men and forty Indians, he attacked and totally routed a body of one
+thousand six hundred Spaniards, at a place called Toubocanti. In spite
+of this success the colonists were compelled to surrender to the enemy,
+and Campbell, with a few others, were all that ever returned to
+Scotland. The Darien Council ordered a gold medal of the value of £16 to
+be struck for Campbell, and silver ones of the value of ten shillings
+for his companions. The medal was designed by M. Smeltzing. On the
+obverse, is Campbell with sword and shield, advancing to storm a fort in
+the distance, on a scroll above are the words “Quid non pro patria,” and
+in the exergue, “Toubocanti—Ubi 1600, Hispan. fudit, Dux Alexander
+Campbell, MDCC., 8 Feb., M.S.” Reverse, a shield with the arms of the
+Scottish African Company, above—on the scroll the words “Qua panditur
+orbis,” below, “Vis unita fortior.”
+
+The Caribs, or natives of the Island of St. Vincent, West Indies,
+instigated by the French settlers, rebelled against the English in 1772,
+but, after a severe struggle, were reduced to submission by
+Major-General Dalrymple, Commander-in-Chief in the West Indies, in
+February, 1773. The troops engaged in this campaign were the 14th.,
+31st., and 70th. Foot, and a strong force of local Militia and
+Volunteers. After the rebellion was suppressed, the Legislative Assembly
+voted that silver medals should be given to the local troops as a
+reward. The medal is of large size, having on the obverse the bust of
+George III. in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius III. M.B. Rex.” and
+on the reverse, Britannia standing, with her right hand on her shield,
+and offering with her left an olive branch to a Carib, who has laid his
+gun and bow and arrows at her feet. Above are the words “Peace and
+prosperity to St. Vincents,” and in the exergue the date 1773. Worn with
+a red ribbon. For a subsequent war in the same island, in 1795, with the
+French and Caribs, a bronze medal was given to the native troops who
+took part in it. This has on the obverse a figure of Victory, with the
+legend “St. Vincent’s Black Corps,” and on the reverse a negro soldier
+with a musket.
+
+During the American War of Independence, large and handsome medals in
+silver were struck and presented to the chiefs of the North American
+Indians, as rewards for their loyalty and good service to King George
+III. They were of various sizes, and with some were given silver chains
+for suspension. One of the largest bears on the obverse a laureated bust
+of George III., in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius III., D. G. M.
+Bri. Fra. et Hib. Rex. F. D.” Reverse, an Indian and European sitting
+under a tree, with their hands clasped, and the Indian offering his pipe
+to his companion as a token of friendship. In the background are
+wigwams, and above, the words “Happy while united.” The loop for
+suspension is formed of the wing of an eagle and the calumet of peace,
+placed crosswise. Another specimen has on the obverse the bust of the
+King, and on the reverse the arms of Great Britain[230]; and another, of
+large size, with an obverse almost similar, bears on the reverse the
+British lion—reclining, watching a snarling wolf (America); in the
+background, is a church with trees.
+
+To commemorate the long and successful defence of Gibraltar, 1779–1783,
+against the combined forces of France and Spain, a large medal was
+struck in silver. On the obverse is a bird’s-eye view of Gibraltar, with
+the words “Battering ships destroyed” in a scroll above, and in the
+exergue, “September 13th., 1782.” On the reverse is inscribed “By a
+zealous exertion of patience, perseverance, and intrepidity, after
+contending with unparalleled succession of dangers and difficulties in
+the defence of Gibraltar during a blockade and siege of almost four
+years; the Garrison, under the auspices of George III., triumphed over
+the combined powers of France and Spain”; surrounded by a wreath
+springing from a pedestal, on which reclines the British lion, holding a
+shield charged with a castle and key, and below which, in the exergue,
+is the inscription “Blockade commenced June 21st, 1779; siege terminated
+Feby. 11th., 1783.” This medal was not worn as a decoration, but another
+of smaller size was struck in silver by General Elliott, and given to
+the officers and men of the Hanoverian Brigade who took part in the
+defence. The English troops did not receive this medal, but specimens in
+gold were struck for George III. and the Royal Family. Obverse, a view
+of Gibraltar, besieged, with the Spanish fleet in the fore ground; above
+are the words “Per tot discrimina rerum,” and in the exergue “13th.
+September, 1782.” On the reverse, within a laurel wreath, are the names
+of the principal officers “Reden, Lamotte, Sydow, Eliott,” surrounded by
+the German motto “Bruderschaft.” This medal was designed by L. Pingo.
+
+In 1794 a gold medal was given by Pope Pius VI. to twelve officers of
+the 12th. Light Dragoons (now 12th. Lancers) as a mark of his
+approbation of their conduct while stationed at Civita Vecchia. On the
+obverse is a bust of the Pope, with the legend “Pius Sextus Pont Max. A.
+XVII.” Reverse, a figure of Ceres, seated, with a cornucopia in her
+right hand, her left arm extended, and a wreath on her head; above are
+the words “Aero Pomptin Colonis Rest,” and in the exergue, the date
+“1791.” Two or three Naval officers also received this medal, which was
+originally struck to commemorate the restoration of the harbour of
+Civita Vecchia by the Pope, and not specially as a reward to the British
+officers.
+
+A large and handsome gold medal and chain was presented by the Emperor
+of Germany, Francis II., on May 1st., 1798, to eight officers of the
+15th. Light Dragoons, for the gallant conduct of the regiment at the
+action of Villiers-en-Couché, near Cambray, April 24th., 1894; by which
+the Emperor was preserved from being taken prisoner by the French. There
+were but two squadrons of the 15th. engaged, but they, with a small body
+of German Cavalry, attacked and routed several thousands of the enemy,
+and captured three guns. The medal weighs 4 ozs. 7 dwts., with a gold
+chain of the same weight. On the obverse is a laureated head of the
+Emperor, with the words “Imp. Caes. Franciscus. II., P. F. Aug.”;
+beneath the head is the name of the engraver, J. N. Wirt, F. On the
+reverse “Forti Britanno in Exercitu. Foed. ad Cameracum, XXIV. Apr.,
+MDCCXCIV.,” with laurel branches beneath.
+
+The officers who received the medal were, Major William Aylett; Captains
+Edward Pocklington, and Edward M. Ryan; Lieutenants Thomas G. Calcraft,
+Wm. G. Keir, and Thomas B. Blount; Cornets Edward G. Butler, and Robert
+Wilson.[231] Only nine medals were struck in gold, and one of these was
+deposited in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna.
+
+In 1835 a body of English Volunteers, called the Anglo-Spanish Legion,
+commanded by General Sir de Lacy Evans, was raised by permission of the
+Government, for service in Spain, on the side of the Queen, Doña
+Isabella, against Don Carlos. A Naval force of seamen and Marines, under
+Lord John Hay, also took part in the operations on the north coast of
+Spain. A medal was given by the Spanish Government to the officers and
+men of the British Volunteers present at the action near San Sebastian,
+May 5th., 1836. The medal was made of white metal, or pewter; but the
+officers, on their return to England, in 1837, had a similar medal
+struck in silver for themselves, by Messrs. Loewenstark, of London. On
+the obverse is a lion, statant, surrounded by the collar of the Golden
+Fleece. Reverse, a Maltese cross, with crowns in the angles; in the
+centre within a wreath, the words “San Sebastian, 5 de Mayo, 1836.” It
+was worn with a dark purple ribbon with two yellow stripes.
+
+About twenty officers and men of the Royal Artillery were given a small
+gold cross for their services at Bilbao in 1836, and a detachment of
+Royal Artillery and Marines received the Order of Maria Isabella Luisa.
+
+The East India Company, in 1837, gave a medal to the chiefs of the loyal
+Coorgs, who had suppressed an insurrection in the Canara country. The
+two principal Dewans each received a gold medal and chain, valued at 400
+rupees; twelve Subadars, medals valued at 200 rupees each; twenty
+medals, without chains; and ten, valued at 50 rupees each, were given to
+leaders who had distinguished themselves; and two hundred silver medals,
+without chains, of the value of 10 rupees each, were bestowed on the
+inferior leaders and distinguished Ryots. On the obverse is a Coorg
+warrior in a fighting attitude, surrounded by an inscription in
+Canarese, “For a Memorial of Fidelity to the Government of the East
+India Company, in suppressing disturbances during the months of April
+and May, 1837.” Reverse, a trophy of Coorg arms, suspended in a laurel
+wreath, surrounded by the words “For distinguished loyalty to the
+British Government, Coorg, April, 1837.” The medals were struck at the
+Calcutta Mint, and are two inches each in diameter, but of varying
+thickness.
+
+General Sir H. G. Smith, commanding the troops in South Africa, in 1851,
+to express his approbation of the conduct of a detachment of Cape
+Mounted Rifles and colonial levies, presented each man with a silver
+medal. On the obverse is a lion, statant; above, a wreath of laurel; and
+below, in the exergue, the date “1851.” On the reverse, in raised
+letters, “Presented by His Excellency Sir H. G. Smith, G.C.B., to —— for
+gallantry in the field.” Ribbon: dark blue, with red edges. Only about
+thirty of this medal were issued.
+
+By an Army Circular in 1869, a medal was instituted to be given
+annually, with a gratuity of £20, to the best shot in the Army. It was
+at first struck in bronze, but afterwards in silver. Only sixteen of
+these medals were issued, the last being given in 1883, when the system
+was altered. In the years 1875 and 1876 two medals were given, one to
+the best shot with the Martini-Henry, and the other to the best shot
+with the Snider rifle. Private G. Bryant, of the 62nd. Foot, won the
+medal and gratuity two years in succession, in 1870 and 1871. The
+obverse is the same as the Ashantee medal. The reverse, which was
+designed by E. J. Poynter, R.A., bears a figure of Victory rising from a
+throne on a pedestal, in the act of crowning an ancient warrior with a
+wreath of laurel; in his right hand is a bow, and in his left a shield
+transfixed with three arrows. The medal is worn on the right breast,
+with a red ribbon edged with black and white stripes.
+
+
+
+
+                           REGIMENTAL MEDALS.
+
+
+Towards the end of the last century the officers of a few regiments
+instituted Orders of Merit, and gave medals to their men as rewards for
+particular acts of gallantry, distinguished service in the field, long
+service, good conduct, etc. These medals were not issued by the
+Government, but were presented by the officers of the different
+regiments at their own expense. They were generally discontinued on the
+institution of the medal for long service and good conduct by William
+IV. in 1830.
+
+Subjoined is a List of the principal Regimental Medals known. It is not
+exhaustive, and exigences of space compel the omission of detailed
+descriptions of each medal. Of some of them, especially those struck in
+gold, and given as a reward for a special act of bravery, but a single
+specimen was ever issued, and of many of those in silver but one or two
+specimens are known. When bestowed as a reward for gallant conduct, the
+names of the battles in which the recipient had been engaged were
+usually engraved on the medal. They were generally in silver, but were
+sometimes struck in bronze and white metal.
+
+One of the first regiments to introduce a system of honourable
+distinction in its ranks was the 5th. Fusiliers. The medals were of
+three classes—worn, suspended by a green ribbon, from a button-hole of
+the left lapel. The first, or lowest class, which was given to such men
+as had served irreproachably for seven years, was made of bronze, having
+on the obverse the badge of the regiment, St. George and the Dragon,
+with the motto “Quo fata vocant”; and on the reverse, within a laurel
+wreath, “Vth. Foot, Merit, March 10th., 1767.” The second class was
+silver, having on the reverse the words “Reward of fourteen years’
+Military Merit.” The third was similar to the second, but was inscribed
+with the name of the individual whose conduct had earned it,—“A. B., for
+twenty-one years’ good and faithful service as a soldier, has received
+from his commanding officers this honourable testimony of his merit.”
+These medals were bestowed only upon soldiers who, for the respective
+periods of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, had never incurred the
+censure of a court-martial. They were given by the commanding officer at
+the head of the assembled battalion; and if, which rarely happened, the
+owner of a medal subsequently forfeited his pretensions to enrolment
+among the men of merit, his medal was cut from his breast by the
+drum-major as publicly as he had been invested with it. Those who
+obtained the third, or twenty-one years’ medal, had also an oval badge
+of the colour of their facings on the right breast, embroidered round
+with gold and silver wreaths, and inscribed in the centre with the word
+“Merit” in gold letters.[232]
+
+The 5th. Fusiliers being one of the earliest, if not the first regiment
+to reward meritorious soldiers with medals, has been placed first in the
+list, as a typical example how regimental decorations were commonly won
+and conferred.
+
+  ROYAL ARTILLERY.—In 1813 a troop of the Royal Horse Artillery was
+  armed with rockets, and served in the battle of Vittoria, and
+  afterwards at Leipsic, in the German Allied Army, against the French.
+  A silver medal was given to the men of the rocket troop, who were
+  present at these battles, inscribed “Vittoria and Leipsic,” but by
+  whom is not known.
+
+  NINTH LANCERS.—1837. Silver. Two sizes. Ribbon, red with blue edges.
+
+  TENTH HUSSARS.—1843–46. Silver. Ribbon, dark blue.
+
+  TWELFTH LANCERS.—Silver.
+
+  FOURTEENTH HUSSARS.—1812. Silver. Ribbon, red.
+
+  SIXTEENTH LANCERS.—1813. A large Maltese cross. Silver. Given by
+  Lieutenant-General Sir J. Vandeleur.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—A small engraved gold medal, presented by the
+  non-commissioned officers and privates of Captain Willett’s troop to
+  Troop Sergeant-Major Farley.
+
+  TWENTY-SECOND LIGHT DRAGOONS.—“Reward of Merit.” 1815. Silver. Ribbon,
+  yellow.
+
+  FIRST FOOT.—1847. Silver. Ribbon, red.
+
+  SECOND FOOT.—A Maltese cross, in bronze for six years’ service; in
+  silver for ten years. Ribbon, dark blue.
+
+  THIRD BUFFS.—Gold medal given to Lieutenant Latham. (See page 129).
+
+  SEVENTH FOOT.—1788. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, dark blue.
+
+  NINTH FOOT.—Silver. Ribbon, yellow.
+
+  TENTH FOOT.—“For Expertness in Ball-firing.” Bronze. Ribbon, yellow.
+
+  THIRTEENTH FOOT.—Medal of Merit. Gold for twenty years’ good conduct;
+  silver for fourteen, ten, and seven year. Also a silver badge of a
+  bugle and sphinx. Ribbon, yellow with red edges.
+
+  SIXTEENTH FOOT.—1838. A Temperance Medal. Silver.
+
+  SEVENTEENTH FOOT.—1816. Reward of Merit. Silver. Ribbon, blue.
+
+  TWENTIETH FOOT.—1838. Gold and silver, with an ornamental clasp.
+  Ribbon, yellow. The silver medal was a reward for good shooting.
+
+  TWENTY-SECOND FOOT.—Order of Merit. 1785. Silver gift for twenty-one
+  years’ good conduct; silver for fourteen years; and bronze for seven.
+  Ribbon, blue or yellow.
+
+  TWENTY-THIRD FOOT.—1816. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red, blue edges.
+
+  TWENTY-SIXTH FOOT.—1823. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, red with yellow
+  edges.
+
+  THIRTY-FIRST FOOT.—In 1804 a gold medal was presented to Private W.
+  Pentency and his two companions, for their bravery in extinguishing a
+  fire in the powder magazine at St. Heliers, Jersey.
+
+  THIRTY-FOURTH FOOT.—1836–43. Silver, of large size, with a bar.
+
+  THIRTY-SEVENTH FOOT.—1843. Gold and silver for the best marksmen. Also
+  a large oval badge. Silver. Ribbon, red, with blue edges.
+
+  THIRTY-EIGHTH FOOT.—Silver and bronze.
+
+  FORTIETH FOOT.—Silver. Struck to commemorate the gallant defence of
+  German Town, a village six miles from Philadelphia, and repulse of the
+  Americans, by this regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave.
+  October 4th., 1777. Suspended by a narrow dark blue string.
+
+[Illustration: A line drawing showing the obverse and reverse of a
+circular military medal. The left side features a laurel wreath with
+text '40 Regt GERMAN TOWN OCT 4 1777'. The right side depicts a battle
+scene at a large house with 'Reward of Merit' inscribed above.]
+
+  FORTY-SECOND FOOT.—1819. Silver. Three varieties.[233] Ribbon, red,
+  with blue edges; also a circular badge in the form of a garter, given
+  to the best marksman.
+
+  FORTY-THIRD FOOT.—Medal “Presented by the officers of the regiment to
+  Private Henry Wharton,”—who served seven campaigns in Spain and
+  France.
+
+  FORTY-FOURTH FOOT.—1812. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal.
+
+  FORTY-FIFTH FOOT.—A gold oval medal, presented by the inhabitants of
+  Wexford, 1793, to Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver Nicolls.
+
+  FORTY-SIXTH FOOT.—Silver.
+
+  FORTY-EIGHTH FOOT.—1819. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red with blue
+  edges.
+
+  FORTY-NINTH FOOT.—1837. Silver. A temperance medal.
+
+  FIFTY-SECOND FOOT.—1812–13. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal, given to
+  volunteers in the assault on Badajoz and San Sebastian. Ribbon, red,
+  with blue edges.
+
+  FIFTY-THIRD FOOT.—1812. A silver plate, with an engraved clasp.
+  Ribbon, blue and red. This decoration was given to fifteen sergeants
+  for distinguished conduct in the Peninsula.
+
+  FIFTY-FIFTH FOOT.—A small Maltese cross. Silver. Given to marksmen.
+
+  FIFTY-SIXTH FOOT.—Silver. A temperance medal, with a bar.
+
+  FIFTY-SEVENTH FOOT.—1798. A social medal for officers.
+
+  FIFTY-EIGHT FOOT.—“Gibraltar, 1782.” A gilt medal.
+
+  SIXTY-SECOND FOOT.—Silver. A good conduct medal.
+
+  SEVENTIETH FOOT.—Silver. Given to marksmen.
+
+  SEVENTY-FIRST FOOT.—Silver. Given for long service. Four varieties.
+  Also, a silver star—a prize for marksmen. Ribbon, red with blue edges.
+
+  SEVENTY-THIRD FOOT.[234]—Silver. “Prize for the best marksman.”
+
+  SEVENTY-FOURTH FOOT.—1814. Silver. Given in three classes. First, to
+  men who had been in eight or nine general actions. Second, to those
+  present in six or more. Third, to those who had been in four or
+  upwards. The different classes vary slightly in size, and the names of
+  the battles are engraved on the medal. Specimens were also issued in
+  bronze. Ribbon, yellow. Permission was granted by the
+  Commander-in-Chief to wear this medal.
+
+  SEVENTY-SIXTH FOOT.—1837. Silver. Prize for best shot.
+
+  SEVENTY-SEVENTH FOOT.—1818. Silver. For services in the Peninsula.
+  Ribbon, red, with blue edges.
+
+  SEVENTY-NINTH FOOT.—1819. Silver, for fourteen years’, and bronze for
+  seven years’ good conduct. Ribbon, dark green.
+
+  EIGHTY-EIGHTH FOOT.—1818. Silver. In three classes. First class, a
+  large Maltese cross, given to men present in twelve general actions;
+  the names of the battles being inscribed on the arms of the cross.
+  Second class, a medal bestowed on men present in six to eleven general
+  actions. Third class, a similar medal, but smaller, given to men
+  present in six, or less number of actions. All the medals had a bar
+  for suspension. Ribbon, red, with blue edges. Seventy first class
+  crosses, one hundred and forty-five second class, and two hundred and
+  seventeen third class medals, were issued.
+
+  NINETY-FOURTH FOOT.—Silver; with a clasp inscribed “Peninsula,”
+  Ribbon, red, with blue edges.
+
+  NINETY-FIFTH FOOT (Rifle Brigade).—1807–13. Silver medals were given
+  to eleven sergeants for their gallant conduct at the storming of Monte
+  Video, 1807. A Forlorn Hope medal for San Sebastian, 1813. Also, a
+  Maltese cross (silver), a prize for marksmen.
+
+  NINETY-SIXTH FOOT.—A silver star. Prize for the best marksman.
+
+  NINETY-SEVENTH FOOT (Queen’s German Regiment).—1801. Silver.
+
+  ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST FOOT (First Bengal Europeans).—1837. Silver.
+  Good conduct medal.
+
+  ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTH FOOT.—1780. Silver.
+
+  SECOND WEST INDIA REGIMENT.—1846. Bronze, silver-gilt.
+
+
+
+
+            MEDALS OF THE MILITIA, YEOMANRY, AND VOLUNTEERS.
+
+
+About the end of the last century, and the beginning of the present,
+England was in constant danger of invasion, and regiments of volunteers
+started into existence all over the country. The inhabitants of every
+town and village turned out to defend their homes and property, and in
+the years 1803–4, the number of the Volunteers in Great Britain amounted
+to nearly three hundred and eighty thousand men. Most of them were
+disbanded after the battle of Waterloo, in 1815. Medals and prizes were
+freely given by the officers of each regiment, as rewards for merit and
+good shooting, and there was scarcely a single corps that did not
+decorate some of its members. The shapes and designs of these medals
+were various, and the dates of their issue are generally from about 1790
+to 1814.
+
+Appended is an alphabetical list of corps that issued medals, but with
+no pretensions to completeness.
+
+  ACROTORMENTARIAN SOCIETY OF RIFLEMEN.—1816. Brass.
+
+  ARTILLERY COMPANY, LONDON.—1803. Silver. Oval shape.
+
+  BANK OF ENGLAND VOLUNTEERS.—1805. Gold.
+
+  BANTRY GARRISON.—1797.
+
+  BARRACK LIGHT COMPANY.—Dublin, 1803. Silver. Oval.
+
+  BETHNAL GREEN VOLUNTEERS.—1803. Silver, by P. Wyon.
+
+  BIRMINGHAM LIGHT HORSE.—1798. Bronze and white metal.
+
+  BIRMINGHAM VOLUNTEERS.—1802. Silver.
+
+  BREADALBANE HIGHLANDERS.—1798. Silver.
+
+  BRISTOL VOLUNTEERS.—1814. Silver.
+
+  BUCKS YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1821. Silver. Given to the men who formed the
+  royal escort at the coronation of George IV.
+
+  CAMBERWELL VOLUNTEERS.—1805.
+
+  CARMARTHEN MILITIA.—1798. Silver.
+
+  CARMARTHEN YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1827. Silver.
+
+  CORK TRUE BLUES.—1745. (A hundred gentlemen, equipped at their own
+  expense.)
+
+  CORK (ROYAL) VOLUNTEERS.—1776. Silver. Oval.
+
+  DRUMKEEN INFANTRY.—1797. Silver-gilt.
+
+  DUKE OF CUMBERLAND’S SHARPSHOOTERS.—1803. “The first Volunteer Rifle
+  Corps in Great Britain” (now the Victoria Rifles). Silver and bronze;
+  given by Colonel Beaumont.
+
+[Illustration: A circular line drawing of a commemorative medal
+featuring the profile of a man with curly hair and sideburns, with the
+name BARBER BEAUMONT inscribed around the edges.]
+
+  EDINBURGH ROYAL VOLUNTEERS.—1803. Silver. Oval.
+
+  ESSEX LIGHT DRAGOONS.—1820. Bronze.
+
+  FERMOY CAVALRY.—1798. Silver-gilt.
+
+  GODLEY VOLUNTEER CAVALRY.—1804. Silver. Oval.
+
+  IRVINE VOLUNTEERS.—1820. Silver.
+
+  JOHN OF GAUNT’S BOWMEN.—1795. Silver. Large oval.
+
+  LIBERTY RANGERS.—Dublin, 1797. Silver-gilt.
+
+  LIMERICK MILITIA.—1798. Silver. (The Colooncy medal, given to the
+  Militia for defeating the French, near Sligo.)
+
+  LIVERPOOL VOLUNTEERS.—1806. Silver-gilt.
+
+  LONDON (LOYAL) VOLUNTEERS.—1st., 1803. Silver. 5th., 1805. Gold. 6th.,
+  1805. Silver. 7th., 1804. Silver. Oval.
+
+  LOUTH VOLUNTEERS.—1755. Silver.
+
+  MANCHESTER RIFLE REGIMENT.—1804. Gold.
+
+  MANCHESTER AND SALFORD VOLUNTEERS.—Light Horse, 1802. Gold, white
+  metal, and bronze.
+
+  MANCHESTER AND SALFORD VOLUNTEERS.—Grenadier Company, 2nd. Battalion.
+  Gold, silver, and bronze.
+
+  MID-LOTHIAN (ROYAL LOYAL) YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1808. Silver. Oval.
+
+  MID-LOTHIAN 3RD., THE WESTERNS.—1803. Silver and bronze.
+
+  MONTGOMERYSHIRE YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1820. Silver.
+
+  NEWCASTLE VOLUNTEERS.—1801. Silver.
+
+  NITHSDALE VOLUNTEERS.—1805. Silver. Oval.
+
+  NORFOLK (LOYAL) YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1796. Silver.
+
+  NORFOLK (EAST) MILITIA.—1804. An oval badge. Gilt.
+
+  NORTH SOMERSET YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1814. Gold and silver. Also, a
+  silver-gilt cross, given in 1800.
+
+  NOTTINGHAMSHIRE RIFLEMEN.—1810. White metal.
+
+  PENRHYN VOLUNTEERS.—1794. Bronze.
+
+  PRINCE OF WALES’S LOYAL VOLUNTEERS.—1804. Large. Silver-gilt.
+
+  RATHDOWN CAVALRY.—1796. Silver.
+
+  RENFREWSHIRE YEOMANRY.—1804. Silver.
+
+  RUTLAND YEOMANRY.—1819. Silver. Oval.
+
+  RUTLAND LEGION RIFLEMEN.—1796. Silver, suspended from a clasp,
+  inscribed “Good conduct.”
+
+  SADBOROW YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1823. Silver.
+
+  SHERWOOD RANGERS (YEOMANRY).—1821. Bronze.
+
+  SOUTH DEVON MILITIA.—1799. Silver. Given by the citizens of Waterford.
+
+  SOUTH CIRCULAR ROAD INFANTRY.—1808. (Dublin). Silver. Large oval.
+
+  STIRLINGSHIRE VOLUNTEERS (East Battalion).—1804. Silver. Oval.
+
+  SUFFOLK LOYAL YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1795. Silver and bronze.
+
+  SURREY VOLUNTEERS (1ST).—1808. Silver-gilt. Large oval.
+
+  SUTHERLAND VOLUNTEERS.—1802. Silver-gilt. Large oval.
+
+  SUTTON’S (CAPTAIN) RIFLE COMPANY.—1806. Silver. Large size.
+
+  TYRONE MILITIA (ROYAL).—1797. Silver and bronze.
+
+  TYRONE VOLUNTEERS (ROYAL). Silver. Oval.
+
+  WESTMINSTER LOYAL VOLUNTEERS.—1803. Silver-gilt.
+
+  WEST AND EAST HAM LOYAL UNITED VOLUNTEERS.—1798. Silver-gilt.
+
+  WEST SOMERSET YEOMANRY CAVALRY.—1820. Silver, and silver-gilt.
+
+  WICKLOW MILITIA.—1797. Silver. Presented by the Westmeath Grand Jury.
+
+  WORLINGWORTH VOLUNTEERS.—(Suffolk), 1798. Silver.
+
+These very interesting decorations are now almost the only memorials
+existing of the patriotic exertions of the people of the British Islands
+at an important epoch in the history of their country. It is to be
+regretted that of many medals issued, not a single specimen can now be
+found, having probably been consigned to the melting pot, and any
+descriptions of their designs, if such there were, have equally
+disappeared.[235]
+
+The brave men who served in the campaigns of the latter half of the
+19th. century, have been honoured by a far more lavish distribution of
+medals and clasps than were ever granted to the veterans, who, after a
+contest of years, vanquished Napoleon by sea and land; but the list of
+the glorious deeds of these, though unrewarded by medal or cross, form
+with the no less distinguished actions of their successors, a chronicle
+of achievements which none of their countrymen can regard but with
+feelings of pride and exultation, and which will ever be regarded as
+examples for imitation by the British Army.
+
+
+                                THE END.
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+ Abercrombie, Sir R., Death of, 66.
+
+ Abu Klea, Battle of, 619.
+
+ Abyssinian Medal, 587.
+
+     „ Expedition, 588.
+
+ Afghanistan Medals, 233.
+
+ Afghan War, first, 235.
+
+     „ „ second, 258.
+
+ Afridis, Expedition against, 356, 359.
+
+ Ahmed Khel, Battle of, 272.
+
+ Abu Kru, Battle of, 622.
+
+ Albuhera, Battle of, 124.
+
+     „ Medal for, 130.
+
+ Alexandria, Battle of, 63.
+
+     „ Bombardment of, 604.
+
+ Allan, bugler, noble conduct of, 337.
+
+ Allighur, Capture of, 17.
+
+ Ali Musjid, Action of, 260.
+
+ Aliwal, Battle of, 315.
+
+ Alma, Battle of, 380.
+
+ Amoaful, Battle of, 598.
+
+ Argaum, Battle of, 31.
+
+ Arrah, Defence of, 585.
+
+ Artillery, Royal, Gallant Conduct of, 426.
+
+ Ashantee Medal, 594.
+
+     „ War, 595.
+
+ Assaye, Battle of, 22.
+
+ Australian, Contingent at Suakin, 627.
+
+ Ava, War in, 41.
+
+
+ Badajoz, Capture of, 138.
+
+ Balaklava, Battle of, 398.
+
+ Barrosa, Battle of, 112.
+
+ Basuto War, 21.
+
+ Battles fought on Sundays, 405.
+
+ Beresford Lord Charles, Dispatch of, 620.
+
+ Bhootan Expedition, 364.
+
+ Bhurtpore, Storming of, 50.
+
+ Bilbao Cross, 644.
+
+ “Birkenhead,” Wreck of the, 210.
+
+ Black Mountain Expedition, 375.
+
+ Booth, Sergeant, Gallant Conduct of, 227.
+
+ Bourbon Medal, 9.
+
+ Burmese War, second, 347.
+
+     „ „ third, 371.
+
+ Burmah, Annexation of, 372.
+
+ Burnaby, Col. F., death of, 621.
+
+ Busaco, Battle of, 107.
+
+ “Buffs” at Albuhera, 127.
+
+ Byrne, Corporal J., and Sergeant Murray, Anecdote of, 334.
+
+
+ Cabul, Actions at, 268.
+
+ Campbell, Sir C., Anecdote of, 568.
+
+ Canada, North West, Medal, 634.
+
+ Cannon Shot, rewards for picking up, 417, 549.
+
+ Canton, Capture of, 290.
+
+ Cape Medal, 200.
+
+ Carib Medals, 640.
+
+ Cashmere Gate blown in at Delhi, 552.
+
+ Cavalier Badges, 5.
+
+ Cavanagh, Private, death of, 565.
+
+ Cawnpore, Evacuated, 563.
+
+ Central India Campaign, 578.
+
+ Ceylon Medal, 8.
+
+ Charasia, Battle of, 264.
+
+ Chateauguay, Action of, 165.
+
+ Chilianwala, Battle of, 325.
+
+ China Medals, 278.
+
+ Chinese War, the first, 279.
+
+     „ „ second, 286.
+
+ Chin-Lushai Expedition, 376.
+
+ Chrystler’s Farm, Action of, 169.
+
+ Ciudad Rodrigo, Storming of, 135.
+
+ Civita Vecchia Medal, 642.
+
+ Colooncy Medal, 651.
+
+ Colours of the 78th. Regiment at Argaum, 31.
+
+ Coomassie, Capture of, 600.
+
+ Coorg Medal, The, 644.
+
+ Corunna, Battle of, 89.
+
+     „ Last Survivor of, 95.
+
+ Corygaum, Defence of, 40.
+
+ Crimean Medal, 378.
+
+ Cromwell, O., Letter of, 4.
+
+ Cross of the 88th Regiment, 650.
+
+
+ Darien Company’s Medal, 640.
+
+ Deccan Medal, 7.
+
+ Deig, Battle of, 24.
+
+     „ Capture of, 35.
+
+ De Lancey, Sir W., Death of, 191.
+
+ Delhi, Battle of, 20.
+
+     „ Siege of, 546.
+
+ “Die Hards” at Albuhera, 127.
+
+ Distinguished Service Order, 639.
+
+ Doab Field Force, 363.
+
+ Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters’ Medal, 651.
+
+
+ Earle, General, Death of, 624.
+
+ East India Company’s Medals for Long Service and Good Conduct, and
+    Meritorious Service, 638.
+
+ Edwardes Medal, The, 322.
+
+ Egyptian Medal, 8, 58.
+
+ Egyptian Campaign (1801), 59.
+
+ Egyptian and Soudan Medals, 602.
+
+ Elliott’s Gibraltar Medal, 642.
+
+ El Teb, Battle of, 610.
+
+ Eusufzye Expeditions, 356, 360.
+
+
+ Fatshan Creek, Action of, 287.
+
+     „ „ Commodore Keppel’s Account of, 288.
+
+ Ferozeshuhur, Battle of, 312.
+
+ Fifty-second Regt. at Busaco, 110.
+
+ Fordyce, Col., Death of, 209.
+
+ Forlorn Hope Medal, 2.
+
+ Fort Detroit, Capture of, 144.
+
+ French War Medals and Recipients, 446.
+
+ Fuentes d’Onor, Battle of, 117.
+
+     „ „ Medal for, 122.
+
+
+ Galekas and Gaikas, Campaign against the, 213.
+
+ Gate Pah, Action at, 342.
+
+ Gawilghur, Storming of, 32.
+
+ Gemaizah, Battle of, 631.
+
+ German Town Medal, 648.
+
+ Ghuznee, Capture of, 237.
+
+     „ Recapture of, 256.
+
+ Ginnis, Battle of, 631.
+
+ Glover Capt., March of, 600.
+
+ Gonine, Battle of, 255.
+
+ Goojerat, Battle of, 329.
+
+ Gordon, General C., at Sebastopol, 423.
+
+     „ „ „ Entry in his Diary, 619.
+
+     „ „ „ Death of, 622.
+
+ Griquas, Campaign against the, 216.
+
+
+ Hackett, Major, at Kambula, 227.
+
+ Hardinge, Viscount, Letter of, 314.
+
+ Harwood’s, Corporal, Account of the Battle of Alma, 387.
+
+ Hazara Expedition, 375, 635.
+
+ Honorary Colours of the 76th. Regiment, 21.
+
+ Howell, Private, Gallantry of, 324.
+
+ Hullock, R., Anecdote of, 61.
+
+ Hunza Expedition, 635.
+
+ Hyderabad, Battle of, 302.
+
+
+ Indian War Medal, 54.
+
+ Indian General Service Medal, 346, 635.
+
+ Indian Mutiny Medal, 545.
+
+ Indian Order of Merit, 639.
+
+ Inkermann, Battle of, 404.
+
+ Isandhlwana, Action of, 221.
+
+
+ Java, Capture of, 131.
+
+     „ „ Medal for, 135.
+
+ Jellalabad, Defence of, 242.
+
+ Jones, Capt. J., Anecdote of, 110.
+
+ Jowaki Expedition, 369.
+
+
+ Kaffir War, the first, 201.
+
+     „ „ second, 204.
+
+     „ „ third, 206.
+
+ Kandahar, Defence of, 253.
+
+     „ March to, 274.
+
+ Kelat-I-Ghilzie, Defence of, 254.
+
+ Kendal Medal, 2.
+
+ Kirkee, Battle of, 37.
+
+ Kirbekan, Battle of, 623.
+
+
+ Laswarree, Battle of, 28.
+
+ Latham, Lieut., at Albuhera, 128.
+
+ Light Brigade, March of, 102.
+
+ Looshai Expedition, 366.
+
+ Lucknow, Defence of, 557.
+
+     „ Relief of, 568.
+
+
+ Magdala, Storming of, 593.
+
+ Maharajpore and Punniar, Battles of, and Star for, 304.
+
+ Maheidpore, Battle of, 39.
+
+ Maida, Battle of, 70.
+
+     „ „ Gold Medal for, 73.
+
+ Main, Lieutenant, Gallant conduct of, 252.
+
+ Manipur, Expedition to, 635.
+
+ Martinique and Guadaloupe, Capture of, 105.
+
+ McCabe, Sergeant, Gallantry of, 319.
+
+ Medals, mode of wearing, 104.
+
+ Medal for Distinguished Conduct, 510.
+
+ Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, 636.
+
+ Medal for Best Shot in the Army, 644.
+
+ Meeanee, Battle of, 299.
+
+ Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Medals, 650.
+
+ Mohammerah, Bombardment of, 355.
+
+ Moodkee, Battle of, 310.
+
+ Mooltan, Siege of, 321.
+
+ Moore’s, Sir J., Campaign, 80.
+
+     „ „ Death of, 93.
+
+     „ „ Sword of, 93.
+
+ Mysore Medal, 7.
+
+
+ Naga Expedition, 370.
+
+ Nagpore, Capture of, 38.
+
+ Napier, Sir C., 94.
+
+     „ „ wounds of, 94.
+
+ Napoleon’s opinion of Medals, 5.
+
+ Nepaul Medal, 10.
+
+     „ War in, 36.
+
+ New Zealand Medal, 322.
+
+     „ „ War, the first, 333.
+
+     „ „ second, 338.
+
+ Nile Expedition, 617.
+
+ Ninety-Second Regiment at the Pass of Maya, 152.
+
+ Nivelle, Passage of, 167.
+
+ Nive, Passage of, 171.
+
+ North American Chiefs Medal, 641.
+
+
+ O’Connor, Col., at the Alma, 389.
+
+ Old Ninety-fourth Regiment, 14.
+
+ Orthes, Battle of, 174.
+
+
+ Paget, General, Anecdote of, 86.
+
+ Pearl Brigade, 570.
+
+ Peiho or Taku Forts, Capture of, 292, 293.
+
+ Peiwar Kotul, Battle of, 231.
+
+ Pekin, Occupation of, 295.
+
+ Peninsula Medal, 54.
+
+     „ „ Notes on, 59, 180.
+
+     „ Gold Cross and Clasps, 161.
+
+ Perak, Naval Brigades at, 368.
+
+ Persian War, 352.
+
+ Phillpotts, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, 335.
+
+ Picton, Sir J., Remains of, 190.
+
+ Pyrenees, Battles of, 151.
+
+
+ Quatre Bras, Battle of, 181.
+
+ “Queen’s,” the losses of, 208.
+
+
+ Red Karens, Expedition against, 373.
+
+ Regimental Medals, 645.
+
+ Roleia and Vimiera, Battles of, 74.
+
+     „ „ „ Gold Medals for, 80.
+
+ Rorkes Drift, Defence of, 224.
+
+ Royal Irish, winners of prize, 619.
+
+
+ Sahagun and Benevente, Actions of, 81.
+
+ Salamanca, Battle of, 141.
+
+     „ Anecdotes of, 143.
+
+     „ Conduct of the 11th. and 61st., Regts. at, 127.
+
+ Samana Expedition, 377.
+
+ San Sebastian Medal, 643.
+
+ Sardinian War Medal and Recipients, 478.
+
+ Scinde Medals and Campaign, 298.
+
+ Sebastopol, Bombardments of, 395, 397, 425, 431, 433, 439.
+
+ Sekukuni, Operations against, 231.
+
+ Seringapatam, Capture of, 13.
+
+ Seventy-third Regt. in Ceylon, 649.
+
+ Shannon Brigade, 569.
+
+ Sikkim Expedition, 374.
+
+ Sittana Expedition, 360.
+
+ “Slashers,” The, at San Sebastian, 160.
+
+ Smith’s, General Sir. H. G., Medal, 644.
+
+ Sobraon, Battle of, 318.
+
+ Stewart, General Sir. H., Death of, 623.
+
+ Stopford, Brigadier, Noble Conduct of, 306.
+
+ St. Sebastian, Capture of, 158.
+
+ Suakin, Battle at, 626.
+
+ Sutlej and Punjaub Medals, 308.
+
+
+ Talavera, Battle of, 95.
+
+     „ Gold Medal for, 103.
+
+ Tamaai, Battle of, 614.
+
+ Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 607.
+
+ Thibetan Army defeated, 375.
+
+ Tofrek, Battle of, 628.
+
+ Toski, Battle of, 632.
+
+ Toulouse, Battle of, 176.
+
+ Tryon, Lieutenant, Death of, 418.
+
+ Turkish Medal, 70.
+
+ Turkish War Medal, 509.
+
+ Twenty-eighth Regt. in Egypt, 66.
+
+
+ Ulundi, Battle of, 229.
+
+ Umbeyla Campaign, 361.
+
+ Uylett, Sergeant, Noble Conduct of, 245.
+
+
+ Victoria Cross, 511.
+
+     „ „ Winners of, 512.
+
+ Villiers-en-Couché Medal, 642.
+
+ Vittoria, Battle of, 147.
+
+ Vittoria and Liepsic Medal, 647.
+
+
+ Walsh Medal, 3.
+
+ Waterloo, Battle of, 186.
+
+     „ Anecdotes of, 194.
+
+     „ Medal for, 196.
+
+ Wives of Infidels, 610.
+
+ Wood, Sir E. Speech of, 229.
+
+ Wood, Captain J. A., Anecdote of, 353.
+
+ Wyatt-Rawson, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, 610.
+
+
+ Zulu War, 218.
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  These Medals were of silver, and oval in shape, having on one side the
+  head of the Queen, and on the other an Ark on the Sea,
+  inscribed—_Sœvas tranquilla per undas_.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  See Naval Medals.
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  Both are in the British Museum; one is in gold and the other in
+  silver; there is an aperture at the top for the ribbon.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  It is recorded that when Napoleon surrendered himself on board the
+  Bellerophon, he was received by a captain’s detachment of the Royal
+  Marines. After acknowledging the salute, he minutely inspected the
+  men, and having remarked that they were very fine and well appointed,
+  the ex-emperor added, “are there none amongst them who have seen
+  service?” Upon being told that nearly the whole of them had seen much
+  service, he exclaimed, “What! and no marks of merit.” The officer
+  explained that it was not customary to confer medals, except upon
+  officers of the highest ranks. The conversation terminated by Napoleon
+  remarking, “Such is not the way to excite or cherish the military
+  virtues.”
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  See Naval Medals.
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+  These medals were almost invariably given to the Native troops only.
+
+Footnote 7:
+
+  As the 12th. Foot moved forward, a large body of Mysorean cavalry
+  formed in the shape of a wedge, having an elephant with a howdah on
+  his back in front, appeared advancing to charge the regiment, and the
+  British line halted to receive the attack. Immediately afterwards two
+  other very large bodies of the enemy were discovered in two topes or
+  woods, preparing to support the first charge. Lieutenant-General
+  Harris, seeing the danger which menaced the regiment, placed himself
+  in its rear, frequently repeating the words, ‘Steady, Twelfth!’
+  ‘Steady, old Twelfth!’ and when the wedge approached within a hundred
+  yards of the line, the Mysoreans discharged their carbines and
+  pistols, but without doing execution. The 12th. remained steady, with
+  their muskets at the recover, until the enemy arrived within about
+  thirty yards, when a well-directed volley, followed by rapid file
+  firing, carried destruction into the enemy’s ranks; a rampart of
+  killed and wounded men and horses lying along the front of the
+  regiment. The rear of the wedge were embarrassed by the killed and
+  wounded in front, and could not continue the charge. The elephant was
+  severely wounded, his conductor killed, and the chiefs on his back had
+  fallen, when, turning round, he directed all his fury on the
+  Mysoreans, overturning everything in his retrograde movement, and
+  producing great havoc with a prodigious chain, which he swayed. A few
+  Mysorean horsemen broke through the regiment, but they were instantly
+  shot in its rear, and the British artillery arriving, and opening its
+  fire, the enemy’s cavalry fell back; at the same time the line
+  advanced, and decided the fate of the day at that part of the field; a
+  distant cannonade, however, indicated that the battle was raging
+  elsewhere.
+
+Footnote 8:
+
+  Eight stand of colours were captured by the 12th. Foot. A forlorn hope
+  of each attack consisted of a sergeant and twelve Europeans, followed
+  by two subaltern’s parties; that of the right column, under Lieutenant
+  Hill, of the 74th., and that of the left column, commanded by
+  Lieutenant Lawrence, of the 77th., the father of sons subsequently
+  memorable in Indian annals, and especially during the mutiny.
+
+Footnote 9:
+
+  This was the old 94th., and not the present regiment which was only
+  ordered to be raised in December, 1823, now known as the 2nd.
+  Battalion Connaught Rangers. The former was known for years, as the
+  Scots Brigade, before receiving its numerical title on the 25th. of
+  December, 1802. This corps had been formed in 1568, for service in
+  Holland against the oppression of Spain. Being a British corps, it was
+  demanded from the United Provinces by King James II, on the rebellion
+  of the Duke of Monmouth, in 1685, after the suppression of which it
+  returned to Holland. It again embarked for England with the Prince of
+  Orange, at the revolution of 1688, and remained there until the
+  Protestant cause had been established, when it re-embarked for
+  Flanders in 1691, and served in the campaigns of King William III. It
+  remained in the service of Holland until 1793, until it was decided by
+  King George III., upon the application of the British officers
+  remaining in it, to require the corps to return to Great Britain. It
+  was taken on the British establishment on the 5th. of July, 1793. It
+  then consisted of three battalions; in 1795 it was reduced to two
+  battalions, and embarked for Gibraltar. In 1796 it was formed into one
+  battalion, and embarked for the Cape of Good Hope; it proceeded in
+  1798 to the East Indies, from whence it returned to England in 1808.
+  It embarked for Cadiz and Lisbon, and served in the Peninsula War from
+  January, 1810, to July, 1814. It was disbanded at Belfast on the 24th.
+  of December, 1818.
+
+Footnote 10:
+
+  For the specimen of the ribbon of the Seringapatam medal I have to
+  acknowledge my obligations to Albert Woods, Esq., Lancaster Herald,
+  and Inspector of Regimental Colours, who has furnished me with much
+  valuable information on this and other points. From a letter addressed
+  to him by the gallant General Sir James L. Caldwell, G.C.B, now in his
+  91st. year, in reply to a query on this subject, the following
+  interesting particulars have been afforded:—When the medal was issued
+  no ribbon accompanied it, but the recipients were given to understand
+  that it was to be of a deep yellow colour, and about an inch in width.
+  This colour was adopted in reference to the tiger, selected by the
+  Sultan Tippoo as his favourite insignia, the golden throne found in
+  the palace being constructed on the back of that animal, and his
+  chosen Sepoys being clothed in tiger jackets. The head of this animal
+  of the throne is now at Windsor Castle, having been obtained by the
+  Marquis of Wellesley, from the prize agents, together with the ideal
+  and fictitious bird termed the “Huma,” supposed to ensure perpetual
+  royalty to the person over whose head it is suspended, and being
+  regarded as a bird of Mahomedan Paradise: it is shewn to strangers
+  under the misnomer of the Seringapatam Peacock. The above information
+  was accompanied by a piece of the ribbon, the colour of which
+  resembles the light fur of the tiger. It may be added that the name
+  Tippoo signifies Tiger, and that the tiger-stripe was adopted in the
+  uniform of the Sultan’s infantry. In the United Service Museum,
+  amongst other oriental curiosities, are two of Tippoo’s pistols,
+  having a tiger’s head at the end, and also the dress he wore when
+  killed. The famous organ of Tippoo representing a tiger tearing a
+  prostrate British soldier is in the East Indian Museum, together with
+  his suit of chain armour. When the handle of the organ is turned
+  sounds are emitted similar to the shrieks of a human being and the
+  growl of the animal.
+
+Footnote 11:
+
+  “I think that General Lake’s capture of Allighur is one of the most
+  extraordinary feats that I have heard of in this country. I never
+  attacked a fort that I did not attempt the same thing, namely, to blow
+  open the gates; but I never succeeded. I have always taken them by
+  escalade, which appears to have been impossible in this
+  instance.”—_Wellington Dispatches._
+
+  This practice of blowing open the gates has since, on more than one
+  occasion, been successfully practised in India.
+
+Footnote 12:
+
+  The 19th. Dragoons (since disbanded), the 74th. and 78th. regiments,
+  had honorary colours for Assaye conferred by the Governor-General of
+  India. In consequence, however, of the inconvenience occasioned by
+  taking a third officer from his duty to carry it, the 74th. received
+  the orders of the Commander-in-Chief on the 31st. of August, 1830, to
+  discontinue the use of the third colour in the field, and to carry it
+  only at reviews, inspections, and on gala days.
+
+Footnote 13:
+
+  The 19th. Light Dragoons, who had their commanding officer,
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, killed, and the 74th. and 78th. regiments
+  received honorary colours as stated in note at page 22. In the latter
+  part of the action Major-General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley had a
+  horse killed under him close to the 78th. Nearly all the mounted
+  officers lost horses, some having two and even three killed. No part
+  of the Mysore or Mahratta allies were engaged; their infantry were
+  left with the baggage, and the cavalry not being in uniform, it was
+  apprehended that mistakes might have arisen had they been brought into
+  action.
+
+Footnote 14:
+
+  Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur rode a celebrated race-horse, of a
+  jet-black colour. Long after the melancholy fate of his rider, this
+  horse kept his place with the regiment, and afterwards became the
+  property of Cornet Burrows, who took great care of him until the
+  regiment left India, when he was shot, that he might not fall into
+  unworthy hands.
+
+Footnote 15:
+
+  The following officers were engaged in this brilliant affair:—_Madras
+  Artillery._—Lieutenant Chisholm, killed; Assistant-Surgeon Wylie.
+  _2nd. Battalion 1st. Regiment Bombay Native Infantry._—Captain
+  Staunton; Lieutenant and Adjutant Pattinson, died of wounds;
+  Lieutenant Connellan, wounded; Lieutenant Jones, 10th regiment, doing
+  duty with the 2nd battalion 1st. regiment; Assistant-Surgeon Wingate,
+  killed. _Auxiliary Horse._—Lieutenant Swanston, Madras Establishment,
+  wounded.
+
+Footnote 16:
+
+  Additional troops proceeded from Madras in the autumn, and before the
+  close of the year His Majesty’s 47th., with the governor-general’s
+  body-guard, had joined the expedition, which then amounted to about
+  thirteen thousand men.
+
+Footnote 17:
+
+  “All their artillery, stores, and reserve depôts, which had cost them
+  so much labour to get up, with a great quantity of small arms, gilt
+  chattahs, standards, and other trophies fell into our hands. Never was
+  victory more complete or decided, and never was the triumph of
+  discipline and valour, over the disjointed efforts of irregular
+  courage and infinitely superior numbers, more conspicuous. Majors
+  Dennie and Thornhill, of the 13th. Light Infantry, and Major Gore, of
+  the 89th., were distinguished by the steadiness with which they led
+  their men.”—_Brigadier-General Sir A. Campbell’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 18:
+
+  In the same general orders it was announced that “Medals also, bearing
+  a suitable device, are to be distributed to the native troops which at
+  any period during the war, were employed under the command of
+  Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, including the officers and men
+  of the gunboats serving in the Irrawaddy.” This medal, also designed
+  by William Wyon, Esq., contained on the obverse a quaint device—the
+  Asiatic elephant crouching to the British Lion. It was not conferred
+  on the regiments of the Crown, and therefore does not come within the
+  scope of this work. When the medal for services in India from 1803 to
+  1826 was authorized, a bar inscribed Ava was granted.
+
+  The 1st., 13th., 38th., 41st., 44th., 45th., 47th., 54th., 87th., and
+  89th. King’s regiments were permitted to bear the word AVA on their
+  colours, in commemoration of their gallantry during this service.
+
+Footnote 19:
+
+  In consequence of the scarcity of European infantry with the infantry,
+  it was deemed necessary to call for volunteers from the cavalry, each
+  King’s regiment to furnish three officers and eighty rank and file.
+  This number was at once obtained. The officers’ names were Captain
+  Browne, Lieutenant Windus, and Comet Pearson, of the 11th. Dragoons,
+  and Captain Luard, and Lieutenants McConchy and Walker, of the 16th.
+  Lancers. Viscount Combermere had formerly served in the latter
+  regiment.
+
+Footnote 20:
+
+  From the 24th. of December, 1825, to the 18th. of January, 1826, the
+  expenditure of shot and shells during the twenty-six days was as
+  follows:—Shot 42,215, shells 17,060, shrapnells 1,096, grape 693, case
+  404, carcasses 4; in all 61,472.
+
+Footnote 21:
+
+  One officer wrote:—“It is very vexatious to honourable feelings, when
+  we go into society at home and abroad, to meet foreigners of all
+  nations covered with medals and orders, when we, who have had the
+  pleasure of licking them in every part of the world, have neither
+  orders nor medals.”
+
+Footnote 22:
+
+  Long before this order was issued, the majority of these old warriors,
+  the survivors of a hundred fights, had fallen before the irresistible
+  scythe of Time, with no mark of their glorious services, except the
+  honourable scars which they had received on the field of battle.
+
+Footnote 23:
+
+  As to the rarity of the Peninsula medal, it is very uncommon to meet
+  with any having more than eight or nine bars, and if any of the bars
+  should have inscribed on them the actions of “Fort Detroit.”
+  “Chateauguay,” or “Chrystler’s Farm;” the value of the medal is
+  greatly enhanced. The clasps for the cavalry actions of “Sahagun” and
+  “Benevente,” in the Peninsula; and the bars for “Maida,” “Martinique,”
+  “Guadaloupe,” and “Java,” are also of rare occurrence. The old 45th.,
+  Sherwood Foresters, bore more Peninsula honours on their colours than
+  any other regiment.
+
+Footnote 24:
+
+  As the soldiers were burying a Highlander of the 42nd. regiment, who
+  was supposed to be dead, Captain David Stewart, of Garth, requested
+  them to take him out of the grave, and carry him to the surgeon; he
+  soon recovered of a swoon, his wound was cured, and he resumed his
+  duty shortly afterwards. It is to be hoped that this soldier did not
+  evince his gratitude like the private of the 31st. regiment, mentioned
+  in the following anecdote:—In 1799, the 31st. regiment was serving in
+  Holland, and at Egmont-op-Zee crossed bayonets with the French
+  regiment bearing the same number; a ball fired during the retreat of
+  the latter, passed through the jaws of a soldier of the former, named
+  Robert Hullock; in the course of the afternoon he was buried in the
+  sand-hill where he had fallen, by a soldier of his regiment named John
+  Carnes. During the night Hullock having been but lightly covered with
+  sand, crept out and crawled to a picket of his corps posted near. He
+  was sent to hospital, recovered, and was serving with his regiment in
+  Malta, in 1809. His face having been much disfigured, and his voice
+  scarcely intelligible, (a part of his tongue and palate having been
+  carried away,) he had for some years served as pioneer to his company;
+  a soldier of it died, and Hullock, as a part of his duty, dug the
+  grave, in which he was found, on the arrival of the body for
+  interment, still at work, though then nearly ten feet deep. On being
+  drawn out he was asked for his reason in making it so unusually deep,
+  he replied, “Why, Sir, it’s for poor John Carnes, who buried me, and I
+  think, Sir, if I get him that deep, it will puzzle him to creep out as
+  I did.” On the burial service being read, he proceeded to fill up the
+  grave, and actually buried the man who ten years previously had buried
+  him. Hullock was discharged and pensioned in 1814.
+
+Footnote 25:
+
+  When the standard was delivered up to Major Stirling, of the 42nd., he
+  gave it in charge to a sergeant to remain close to the gun which that
+  corps had captured, but in a subsequent charge, this non-commissioned
+  officer was ridden over by the French Dragoons, was stunned in
+  consequence, and when he returned to consciousness the standard of the
+  “Invincible Legion” was gone. It was afterwards recaptured from the
+  French by Private Anthony Lutz, of the Minorca regiment in the British
+  service, was sent to England, and placed in the Royal Military Chapel,
+  Whitehall, and subsequently in Chelsea Hospital.
+
+Footnote 26:
+
+  The Highland Society, at London, in grateful acknowledgment, and
+  commemoration of the valour of their countrymen, on this day,
+  presented the 42nd. regiment with a piece of plate, value one hundred
+  guineas, inscribed with an appropriate motto and designs. A silver
+  medal was also struck, in commemoration of the capture of Buonaparte’s
+  invincible standard; one to be given to each private as well as
+  officer in the regiment, or, if killed or dead, to their nearest
+  surviving relations. The cool and intrepid courage of Colonel
+  Stewart’s foreign corps, and of the 28th. and 42nd. regiments, on whom
+  the fury of the enemy principally fell, it is agreed on all hands, was
+  also, on this important day, particularly distinguished. In this
+  battle, the 28th., now the 1st. Gloucestershire regiment, gained the
+  privilege of wearing their badge on the back and front of their
+  helmets. The regiment while in line, was attacked in front by
+  infantry, and in the rear by cavalry, under cover of the mist. There
+  was no time to form in square, the rear rank went to the right about,
+  and thus back to back, the 28th. repulsed both attacks of the enemy.
+
+Footnote 27:
+
+  The regiments which proceeded from India were the 10th., 80th., 86th.,
+  and 88th. regiments; a troop of the 8th. Light Dragoons and the 61st.
+  regiment embarked from the Cape of Good Hope, joined the army, under
+  Major-General Baird, at Cosseir, in July, 1801, and proceeded through
+  the desert to Kenna, on the Nile, where the troops afterwards embarked
+  for Cairo.
+
+Footnote 28:
+
+  The 22nd. Light Dragoons, 20th. (two battalions,) 24th., 25th., and
+  26th. Regiments, the Ancient Irish Fencibles, and the foreign corps of
+  De Watteville and Chasseurs Britanniques, joined the Army in Egypt, in
+  July, 1801.
+
+Footnote 29:
+
+  The same incident is related in the “Record of the 52nd. Light
+  Infantry,” edited by Captain Moorsom, late captain of that regiment,
+  by which it appears there were three men, one a straggler from the
+  artillery, another from the guards, and the third a man named Lewis,
+  of the 52nd. Lewis generally contrived to have an attack of rheumatism
+  soon after getting into action, and thus got out of sight of his
+  officers, for the purpose of filling his havresack. Although a sad
+  plunderer, he was a gallant soldier, and was afterwards killed at
+  Orthes, by the side of the late Duke of Richmond.
+
+Footnote 30:
+
+  “The rear regiments of the reserve only were present when the money
+  was cast away, and certainly not a man of those left their ranks in
+  the hope of obtaining a portion. This discipline, however, did not
+  extend to the ‘followers,’ who, as soon as they arrived at the spot
+  where the dollars were rolling over the mountain side, at once began a
+  scramble, in which the wife of the regimental master-tailor, Malony,
+  (who was a merry one, and often beguiled a weary march to the men with
+  her tales,) was so successful that her fortune was apparently made.
+  The poor woman went through all the subsequent perils and hardships of
+  the retreat, but on stepping from the boat to the ship’s side on
+  embarking at Corunna, her foot slipped, and down she went, like a
+  shot, and owing to the weight of dollars secured about her person she
+  never rose again.”—_Historical Record of the 52nd. Light Infantry._
+
+Footnote 31:
+
+  “Our baggage animals were all left on the beach. Major Browne was
+  fortunate enough to get a pig in exchange for a horse. The Major was
+  rather unlucky with his pork; for in the hurry of embarkation, piggy
+  was taken on board one ship, and the Major on board another.”
+
+                               —_Lieutenant-Colonel Cadell’s Narrative._
+
+Footnote 32:
+
+  This sword is now in the possession of the Officers’ Mess of the 43rd.
+  Regiment (Oxford Light Infantry). It was presented to the regiment by
+  General Lynedoch Gardiner.
+
+Footnote 33:
+
+  The following remarkable circumstance occurred in the 2nd.
+  Foot:—“Samuel Evans, a private in the Grenadier Company of the 2nd.
+  Foot, was carried off amongst the wounded at Corunna. He arrived in
+  England, and died in the military hospital at Plymouth, on the 30th.
+  of January, 1809. On a _post mortem_, examination being made, it was
+  discovered that he had been shot through the heart, and yet had
+  survived sixteen days.”—_Curiosities of War._
+
+Footnote 34:
+
+  Major (afterwards Sir Charles) Napier received five terrible wounds at
+  Corunna, and but for the aid of a generous French drummer, would there
+  have been killed; he was made a prisoner, and his fate being long
+  unknown, he was mourned for as dead by his family. In the battle of
+  Busaco, a bullet struck his face, and lodged behind the ear,
+  splintering the articulation of the jawbone; yet with this dreadful
+  hurt, he made his way, under a fierce sun, to Lisbon, more than one
+  hundred miles! Returning from France, after the battle of Waterloo,
+  the ship sunk off Flushing, and he only saved himself by swimming to a
+  pile, on which he clung until a boat carried him off, half drowned,
+  for the pile was too large to climb up; he had caught it during the
+  recession of a wave, and was overwhelmed by each recurring surge. He
+  escaped Cholera, and a second shipwreck off the Indus, and
+  marvellously recovering from the stroke of a rocket at Kurrachee, was
+  again firm on horseback, and conducted a dangerous war to a glorious
+  termination. On the 13th. of December, 1842, whilst in Scinde, he was
+  observing the practice of a rocket-train, when one of the fiery
+  missiles burst, rocket and shell together, and tore the calf of his
+  right leg open to the bone; but neither the bone itself nor the great
+  artery were injured, and the wound was instantly stitched. His decease
+  did not occur until some years afterwards.
+
+Footnote 35:
+
+  The last survivor of the victory of Corunna, Thomas Palmer, of the
+  32nd. Regiment, died April 20th, 1889.
+
+Footnote 36:
+
+  These two battalions were formed on the 1st. February, 1809, and
+  consisted of detachments that had been left in Portugal, belonging to
+  the regiments composing the division of the army which had marched
+  into Spain under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore.
+
+Footnote 37:
+
+  The 43rd. and 52nd. are now known as the 1st. and 2nd. Battalions of
+  the Oxford Light Infantry, the old 95th. being the present Rifle
+  Brigade.
+
+Footnote 38:
+
+  Some of the general officers applied to Viscount Wellington to
+  ascertain whether, upon ordinary occasions, they might not wear the
+  ribbon of the medal at the button-hole, instead of round the
+  neck;—“This,” his lordship remarked, “would be a more convenient way
+  of wearing it, and they would consequently wear it more frequently,
+  which would be desirable.” In the reply to the general officers, dated
+  Cartaxo, 3rd. February, 1811, his lordship acquainted them that an
+  answer had been received from Lieutenant-Colonel Torrens, Military
+  Secretary, “stating that the General Officers should wear the ribbon
+  of the medal at their button-hole, the same as the Field Officers, in
+  undress; but when the medal is worn itself, it should be round the
+  neck.”
+
+  The medal for Maida was worn at the button-hole, and that mode is
+  alluded to in a letter from the Marquis of Wellington to Earl
+  Bathurst, dated Grenada, 20th. April, 1813. “To Earl Bathurst.—We must
+  have the orders of the Secretary of State for any alteration in the
+  mode of wearing the medal by the General Officers. It may do very well
+  for an admiral to wear his medal round his neck on his quarter-deck,
+  but we on horseback ought to wear it always at our button-hole. Indeed
+  this is the common practice in all distributions of this description,
+  and was the rule at first on the grant of the medal for the battle of
+  Maida; and I don’t know why it was altered.”
+
+Footnote 39:
+
+  “Several prisoners were taken by the regiment, and amongst others
+  the French General Simon. He surrendered himself to Private James
+  Hopkins, of Captain Robert Campbell’s company, who received a
+  pension of twenty pounds per annum, as the reward of his bravery on
+  this occasion. Private Harris, of the 52nd., also shared in the
+  capture, and a pension was awarded to him in 1843, by the late
+  Viscount Hardinge, then the Secretary at War, on the representation
+  of Lieutenant-General Sir J. F. Love, who was present at the capture
+  of General Simon, and who delivered him as a prisoner to
+  Brigadier-General Craufurd.”—_Historical Record of the 52nd. Light
+  Infantry, by Captain Moorsom._
+
+  Captain Moorsom also relates the following _medal_ incident:—“When the
+  head of Simon’s column appeared in the act of deploying, and the 52nd.
+  advanced to charge, Captain William Jones, more commonly known in the
+  division by the name of “Jack Jones,” a fiery Welshman, rushed upon
+  the Chef de Bataillon, who was in the act of giving the word to his
+  men, and killed him on the spot with a blow of his sword. Jones
+  immediately cut off the medal with which the major was decorated, and
+  appropriated it to himself.”
+
+Footnote 40:
+
+  In the midst of the engagement, Sergeant Patrick Masterson, of the
+  87th., seized and kept possession of the eagle of the 8th. French
+  regiment of light infantry, (which was the first taken in action since
+  the commencement of the Peninsula war,) and for this His Royal
+  Highness the Prince Regent promoted him to an ensigncy in the Royal
+  York Light Infantry Volunteers; he was subsequently removed to the
+  87th. regiment, now the 1st. Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers.
+
+Footnote 41:
+
+  An interesting anecdote has been preserved of this officer’s canine
+  friend:—“After the battle of Barrosa, the wounded of both nations
+  were, from want of means of transport, necessarily left upon the field
+  of action the whole night and part of the following day. General
+  Rousseau, a French general of division, was of the number; his dog, a
+  white one of the poodle kind, which had been left in quarters upon the
+  advance of the French force, finding that the general returned not
+  with those who escaped from the battle, set out in search of him;
+  found him at night in his dreary resting-place, and expressed his
+  affliction by moans, and by licking the hands and feet of his dying
+  master. When the fatal crisis took place, some hours after, he seemed
+  fully aware of the dreadful change, attached himself closely to the
+  body, and for three days refused the sustenance which was offered him.
+  Arrangements having been made for the interment of the dead, the body
+  of the general was, like the rest, committed to its honourable grave;
+  the dog lay down upon the earth which covered the beloved remains, and
+  evinced by silence and deep dejection his sorrow for the loss he had
+  sustained. The English commander, General Graham, whose fine feelings
+  had prompted him to superintend the last duties due to the gallant
+  slain, observed the friendless mourner, drew him, now no longer
+  resisting, from the spot, and gave him his protection, which he
+  continued to him until his death, many years after, at the general’s
+  residence in Perthshire.”—_Maxwell’s Victories of the British Army._
+
+Footnote 42:
+
+  The following British troops were engaged at the battle of
+  Albuhera. Cavalry, under Major-General the Honourable Sir William
+  Lumley:—3rd. Dragoon Guards, 4th. Dragoons, and 13th. Light
+  Dragoons. Second division, Major-General the Honourable W.
+  Stewart:—3rd. Foot, first battalion, 31st., second battalion,
+  48th., second battalion, 66th., second battalion 60th., one
+  company fifth battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne; 29th. Foot.
+  48th., first battalion, 57th., first battalion 60th., one company
+  fifth battalion, Major-General Hoghton; 28th. Foot, second
+  battalion, 34th., second battalion, 39th., second battalion,
+  60th., one company fifth battalion, Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Abercromby. Fourth division, Major-General the Honourable Lowry
+  Cole: 27th. Foot, first battalion, 40th., first battalion, 97th
+  Queen’s Own 60th., one company fifth battalion, Colonel Kemmis;
+  Fusilier Brigade,—7th. Foot, first and second battalions, 23rd.,
+  first battalion, Brunswick Oels, one company. First and second
+  light battalions German Legion, Major-General Baron Charles Alten.
+
+Footnote 43:
+
+  No description can surpass that given by Sir William Napier:—“Such a
+  gallant line issuing from the midst of the smoke, and rapidly
+  separating itself from the confused and broken multitude, startled the
+  enemy’s heavy masses, which were increasing and pressing onwards as to
+  an assured victory; they wavered, hesitated, and then vomiting forth a
+  storm of fire, hastily endeavoured to enlarge their front, while a
+  fearful discharge of grape, from all their artillery, whistled through
+  the British ranks. Myers was killed, Cole, and the three colonels,
+  Ellis, Blakeney, and Hawkshawe fell wounded, and the Fusilier
+  battalions, struck by the iron tempest, reeled and staggered like
+  sinking ships. But suddenly and sternly recovering, they closed on
+  their terrible enemies, and then was seen with what a strength and
+  majesty the British soldier fights. In vain did Soult, by voice and
+  gesture, animate his Frenchmen; in vain did the hardiest veterans,
+  extricating themselves from the crowded columns, sacrifice their lives
+  to gain time for the mass to open out on such a fair field; in vain
+  did the mass itself bear up, and, fiercely striving, fire
+  indiscriminately upon friends and foes, while the horsemen, hovering
+  on the flanks, threatened to charge the advancing line. Nothing could
+  stop that astonishing infantry. No sudden burst of undisciplined
+  valour, no nervous enthusiasm weakened the stability of their order;
+  their flashing eyes were bent on the dark columns in their front;
+  their measured tread shook the ground; their dreadful volleys swept
+  away the head of every formation; their deafening shouts overpowered
+  the dissonant cries that broke from all parts of the tumultuous crowd,
+  as slowly, and with a horrid carnage, it was pushed by the incessant
+  vigour of the attack, to the farthest edge of the height. There the
+  French reserve, mixing with the struggling multitude, endeavoured to
+  sustain the fight; but the effort only increased the irremediable
+  confusion; the mighty mass gave way, and like a loosened cliff, went
+  headlong down the steep. The rain flowed after in streams discoloured
+  with blood, and fifteen hundred unwounded men, the remnant of six
+  thousand unconquerable British soldiers, stood triumphant on the fatal
+  hill.”
+
+Footnote 44:
+
+  Mustering the living and recording the dead became afterwards our
+  melancholy duty. On reckoning our numbers, the 29th. regiment had only
+  ninety-six men, two captains, and a few subalterns remaining out of
+  the whole regiment; the 57th. regiment had but a few more, and were
+  commanded out of action by the adjutant; the first battalion of the
+  48th. regiment suffered in like manner; not a man of the brigade was
+  prisoner; not a colour was lost, although an eloquent historian most
+  unwarrantably stated that the 57th. had lost theirs—the 57th. lose
+  their colours!—never! Major-General Hoghton, commanding the brigade,
+  and Lieutenant-Colonel Duckworth, of the 48th. regiment, were killed;
+  Lieutenant-Colonel White, of the 29th. regiment, mortally wounded;
+  Colonel Inglis, of the 57th., and Major Way, of the 29th. regiments,
+  very severely. In fact, every field officer of the whole brigade was
+  either killed or wounded, so that at the close of the action the
+  brigade remained in command of a captain of the 48th. regiment, and
+  singular enough, that captain was a Frenchman (Cemetiere.)
+
+Footnote 45:
+
+  “During the operations on the right, Colonel Gillespie pursued his
+  advantage to the left, carrying the enemy’s redoubts towards the rear,
+  and being joined by Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander M‘Leod, of the 59th.,
+  with part of that corps, he directed him to attack the park of
+  artillery, which that officer carried in a most masterly manner,
+  putting to flight a body of the enemy’s cavalry that formed and
+  attempted to defend it. A sharp fire of musketry was now kept up by a
+  strong body of the enemy, who had taken post in the lines in front of
+  Fort Cornelis, but were driven from them, the fort taken, and the
+  enemy completely dispersed. They were pursued by Colonel Gillespie,
+  with the 14th. regiment, a party of Sepoys, and the seamen from the
+  batteries under Captain Sayer, of the Royal Navy. By this time the
+  cavalry and horse artillery had effected a passage through the lines,
+  the former commanded by Major Travers, and the latter by Captain
+  Noble; and, with the gallant Colonel at their head, the pursuit was
+  continued, till the whole of the enemy’s army was killed, taken, or
+  dispersed. Major Tule’s attack was equally spirited, but, after
+  routing the enemy’s force at Campong Maylayo, and killing many of
+  them, he found the bridge on fire, and was unable to penetrate
+  further.”—_Lieutenant-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 46:
+
+  After the capture of Java the 14th. regiment remained on the island
+  for some time. The Sultan of Mataram, who governed a portion of the
+  interior, trusting to his power, and the strength of his fortified
+  palace, at Djocjocarta, meditated the expulsion of all Europeans from
+  the island, and committed aggressions of which it became necessary to
+  stop the progress. To effect this, his palace was captured by storm on
+  the morning of the 20th. June, 1812; on which occasion the 14th. had
+  another occasion of distinguishing themselves. Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Watson (now General Sir James Watson, K.C.B., and Colonel of the
+  14th.) commanded the main attack, and the grenadiers of the regiment
+  headed the assault with their usual gallantry.
+
+Footnote 47:
+
+  “Lieutenant Gurwood, (afterwards the editor of the Wellington
+  Dispatches,) of the 52nd., who led the forlorn hope, took the French
+  Governor, General Barrié, prisoner in the citadel. Lord Wellington
+  presented Lieutenant Gurwood with the sword of General Barrié on the
+  breach by which Gurwood had entered,—a fitting and proud compliment to
+  a young soldier of fortune!”
+
+Footnote 48:
+
+  At its head marched the 45th. regiment, supporting the advanced
+  storming party, composed of the flank companies of the division and
+  the 83rd. regiment. Few more desperate conflicts are on record than
+  that which took place. After repeated assaults the escalade was
+  effected, and the place carried.
+
+  Lieutenant M‘Pherson, of the 45th., though wounded previous to his
+  ascending the ladders in the escalade, was distinguished in hauling
+  down the French flag from the staff of the citadel, which being
+  brought to Major Greenwell, who commanded the regiment, he ordered a
+  jacket of the 45th. to be substituted, in its place, acting upon the
+  well-known adage of—“exchange no robbery.” It had been a point of
+  emulation amongst the different regiments during the siege, which
+  should have the honour of striking the French flag, and spiking a
+  certain gun in the castle, which had been particularly offensive
+  during the operations; the 45th. had the good fortune to do both.
+
+Footnote 49:
+
+  On the enemy’s commencing to give way, a French officer picked up a
+  firelock, thrown down by one of his men, and levelled it at
+  Major-General the Honourable Edward Pakenham; the piece missed fire,
+  when the intrepid officer snatched up another, and presented it, on
+  which Corporal Patrick Cavanagh, of the 45th., advanced out of the
+  ranks, shot the officer, and saved the general; but both parties were
+  now so near, that in the act of firing the Corporal was himself shot.
+
+Footnote 50:
+
+  The 11th. and 61st. regiments specially distinguished themselves on
+  this occasion; evening was fast approaching, and the legions of
+  Napoleon were retreating in much disorder, when the French division,
+  commanded by General Maucune, made a determined stand to cover the
+  retreat of the broken battalions; then ensued a desperate musketry
+  action in the dark. The difficulty of the ascent gave the enemy’s
+  division, formed on the summit, a decided advantage; but at length
+  Maucune’s battalions were forced from the height. Of Major-General
+  Hulse’s brigade, (the 11th., 53rd., and 61st.,) only nine officers and
+  three hundred men remained, which were formed on the following day
+  into one battalion. A round shot (probably fired at the colours of the
+  11th.,) took the heads off the two sergeants, posted between the
+  colours, and of a black man who beat the cymbals in the band, and who
+  was in rear of them, without injuring either of the officers carrying
+  the colours; one of them (Ensign Scott) was afterwards killed. The
+  colour party of the 61st. regiment, being all shot down, the colours
+  were seized by Privates Crawford and Coulson, who carried them till
+  the close of the battle. Crawford was made a sergeant on the field,
+  and the same rank was offered to Coulson, who declined it, saying that
+  he was already over rewarded by the cheers and congratulations of his
+  comrades. The regiment went into action with 27 officers and 420 men,
+  and at the close of the fight had only 3 officers and 78 men left.
+
+Footnote 51:
+
+  Southey thus describes the bâton:—“It was rather more than a foot
+  long, and covered with blue velvet, on which the imperial eagles were
+  embroidered; and it had been tipped with gold, but the first finder
+  had secured the gold for himself. The case was of red morocco, with
+  silver clasps, and with eagles on it, and at either end the Marshal’s
+  name imprinted in gold letters.”
+
+Footnote 52:
+
+  In this desperate combat in the Pass of Maya, the 6th., 28th., 34th.,
+  50th., 71st., 82nd., and 92nd. regiments had opportunities of
+  distinguishing themselves. The latter having been hotly engaged for
+  ten successive hours, and in want of ammunition, was ordered by
+  Lieutenant-General the Honourable William Stewart not to charge, and
+  the gallant Highlanders, for the first time, disregarded orders, not
+  only charging, but leading the charge. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, of
+  the 92nd., who commanded the first brigade, was permitted by his
+  Sovereign to bear on his shield the word Maya in commemoration of this
+  action. The 92nd. had thirty-four men killed and two hundred and
+  sixty-eight men wounded; one officer was killed, and eighteen officers
+  were wounded, one of whom died of wounds. Sir William Napier, in his
+  history of the Peninsula War, has remarked that “so dreadful was the
+  slaughter, especially of the 92nd., that it is said the advancing
+  enemy was actually stopped by the heaped mass of dead and dying. The
+  stern valour of the 92nd., principally composed of Scotchmen, would
+  have graced Thermopylæ.”
+
+Footnote 53:
+
+  “Although our wounded are numerous, I am happy to say that the cases
+  in general are slight, and I have great pleasure in reporting to Your
+  Lordship that the utmost attention has been paid to them by the
+  Inspector General, Dr. M‘Grigor, and by the officers of the department
+  under his directions.”—_Marquis of Wellington’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 54:
+
+  Just before the assault was given, a sergeant of the 28th. regiment,
+  named Bull, being sent with a party to the coast from Roncesvalles, to
+  make purchases for the officers, placed the money entrusted to him,
+  2000 dollars, with a Commissary, and took a receipt. He then persuaded
+  his party to join the stormers, so, as he said, that the ‘Slashers’
+  should be represented, and took part in the assault, which he
+  survived, reclaimed his money, made his purchases, and rejoined his
+  regiment. Singularly this gallant little party did not sustain any
+  loss.
+
+Footnote 55:
+
+  The illustration is copied from the Cross and Clasp conferred upon the
+  late General Sir George Scovell, G.C.B. Gold medals were struck to
+  commemorate the battles of Roleia, Vimiera, Corunna, Talavera, Busaco,
+  Barrosa, Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees,
+  Nivelle, Nive, Toulouse, the capture of Java, Martinique, Guadaloupe,
+  etc. These were only granted to superior officers, and worn with a red
+  ribbon with blue edge. For example, see plate of “Talavera Gold
+  Medal.”
+
+Footnote 56:
+
+  “Richoso, 1st. October, 1811.—Adverting to your Lordship’s despatch of
+  the 3rd. September, regarding the grant of medals to the officers of
+  the army, it occurs to me that an improvement might still be made in
+  the system; for instance, many officers, in the course of service,
+  become entitled to two or three or more medals. In my opinion, they
+  should receive but one; but for every additional action deemed worthy
+  of the medal, in which any officer having a medal should be present,
+  he should be warranted to have the name of that action engraved on his
+  medal, and that in that case the fresh medal for that action should be
+  given to the officer next in command in the regiment, who was present
+  and distinguished in the action.”—_The Wellington Dispatches._
+
+      “To the Earl of Liverpool.”
+
+Footnote 57:
+
+  Some correspondence had taken place on the subject with the Marquis of
+  Wellington, as appears by the following:—
+
+                                            “Freneda, 16th. March, 1813.
+
+    “I have received your letter of the 24th. February, in regard to the
+    medals, and I concur entirely with you regarding all the
+    improvements you propose on the subject. You have provided a remedy
+    for a difficulty which I could never get over in a way at all
+    satisfactory to myself. I likewise agree with you in the propriety
+    of having a cross with eight bars, or a star with eight points, for
+    those who are entitled to more than seven distinctions. I am not
+    certain that it would not be best that all general officers, as well
+    as others, should wear the medal or cross at the button-hole, till
+    they should receive the last distinction. It is very awkward to ride
+    in round the neck.”
+
+    “To Earl Bathurst.”
+
+                                            _The Wellington Dispatches._
+
+Footnote 58:
+
+  It appears that the Duke of Wellington was in favour of a more general
+  distribution, for in a letter dated Vera, 6th. November, 1813,
+  addressed to Marshal Sir William Carr Beresford, K.B., in reference to
+  his claim for the Ciudad Rodrigo medal, he remarked, “In regard to the
+  medals, I have always been of opinion, that government should have
+  extended the principle more than they did; and in executing their
+  orders, I believe it will be found that, whenever a medal could be
+  given to an individual under the orders of government, I have inserted
+  his name in the return. However, my decision on this or any other
+  subject is not final; and if anybody doubts, I wish he would apply to
+  superior authority.”—_The Wellington Dispatches._
+
+Footnote 59:
+
+  Whilst the British were in position on the banks of the Nive, in
+  November, 1813, the French used to meet the English officers at a
+  narrow part of the river, and chat over the campaign. One of the
+  latter, in order to convince them of the reverses of Napoleon in
+  Germany, rolled a stone up in the _Star_ newspaper, and endeavoured to
+  throw it across the stream. The stone, unfortunately, went through it,
+  which made it fall into the water. The French officer thereupon
+  remarked, in pretty fair English, “Your good news is very soon
+  damped.”
+
+Footnote 60:
+
+  “This attack, led by the 52nd. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+  Colborne, and supported on their right by Major-General Brisbane’s and
+  Colonel Keane’s brigades of the third division, and by simultaneous
+  attacks on the left by Major-General Anson’s brigade of the fourth
+  division, and on the right by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton,
+  with the remainder of the third division, and the sixth division,
+  under Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, dislodged the enemy from
+  the heights, and gave us the victory.”—_Wellington’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 61:
+
+  “I walked down to the bridge with Lord Wellington yesterday (6th
+  March, 1814,) and found him limp a little, and he said he was in
+  rather more pain than usual, but it was nothing. At dinner yesterday,
+  he said he was laughing at General Alava having had a knock, and
+  telling him it was all nonsense, and that he was not hurt, when he
+  received this blow, and a worse one in the same place himself. Alava
+  said it was to punish him for laughing at him.”—_Larpent’s Journal._
+
+  In “Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” recently published, there is a
+  remark of Wellington’s in allusion to the above circumstance:—“The
+  elastic woven corselet would answer very well over the cuirass. It
+  saved me, I think, at Orthes, where I was hit on the hip. I was never
+  struck but on that occasion, and then I was not wounded. I was on
+  horseback again the same day.”
+
+Footnote 62:
+
+  The 7th. Hussars, who highly distinguished themselves in this battle
+  do not bear “Orthes” on their accoutrements; though Wellington in his
+  despatches, said, “The charge of the 7th. Hussars under Lord E.
+  Somerset, was highly meritorious.”
+
+Footnote 63:
+
+  The following statement gives the number of troops employed in Spain
+  and the South of France, at the periods of the several actions
+  mentioned:—
+
+ ┌──────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+ │   Actions.   │                  Number of Troops.                   │
+ ├──────────────┼─────────────────────────┬───────┬───────────┬────────┤
+ │      „       │Present and fit for Duty.│ Sick. │On Command.│ Total. │
+ ├──────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────┼───────────┼────────┤
+ │Roleia        │                   14,871│       │           │        │
+ │Vimiera       │                   18,903│       │           │        │
+ │Talavera      │                   28,987│ 48,827│       1596│  35,410│
+ │Busaco        │                   29,138│  7,079│       2526│  38,743│
+ │Fuentes d’Onor│                   34,647│  9,298│       4912│  48,857│
+ │Ciudad Rodrigo│                   37,014│ 12,392│       4217│  53,623│
+ │Badajoz       │                   36,025│ 12,711│       4433│  53,169│
+ │Salamanca     │                   38,531│ 13,891│       5004│  57,426│
+ │Vittoria      │                   47,927│  9,605│       4294│  61,826│
+ │Pyrenees      │                   41,263│ 12,698│       4916│  58,877│
+ │Nivelle       │                   45,104│ 13,658│       4425│  63,187│
+ │Nive          │                   43,680│ 14,732│       5007│  63,419│
+ │Orthes        │                   42,959│ 12,972│       4690│  60,621│
+ │Toulouse      │                   42,807│ 12,907│       5638│  61,352│
+ └──────────────┴─────────────────────────┴───────┴───────────┴────────┘
+
+Footnote 64:
+
+  A few notes on the Peninsula Medals may be given in addition to that
+  on page 59. Of the _Gold_ Medals, large and small, given only to
+  General Officers, four hundred and sixty-nine were issued. Of these,
+  one hundred and forty-three had _one_ clasp, seventy-two _two_ clasps.
+  Sixty-one gold Crosses were awarded; forty-six with _one_ clasp,
+  eighteen with _two_, seventeen with _three_, eight with _four_, seven
+  with _five_, three with _six_, two with _seven_, and one only with
+  _nine_ clasps, given to the Duke of Wellington, for thirteen general
+  engagements. To the cavalry which served during the war, the highest
+  number of bars issued with any medal was _eleven_, and only _four_
+  medals with this number. There were only _six_ survivors to claim the
+  medal with _fifteen_ bars in 1847. _Two_ medals only with _two_
+  bars—“Fort Detroit” and “Chrystler’s Farm”—were issued; one of these
+  was sold in 1887 for £25 10s. 0d. A medal with the bar “Chrystler’s
+  Farm” was sold in 1878 for £6 6s. 0d. A medal with _fourteen_ bars was
+  sold for £14. A medal with clasp for “Nive” was given as recently as
+  March, 1889, to an old veteran, Capt. Gammell, who as an ensign was
+  present at the sortie from Bayonne; but leaving the army soon
+  afterwards, and neglecting to forward his claim in 1847, did not
+  receive this recognition of his services till _seventy-five_ years had
+  elapsed, when nearly all his companions in arms had long been in their
+  graves.
+
+Footnote 65:
+
+  “As the 42nd. regiment advanced through a field of rye, which reached
+  nearly to the men’s shoulders, a body of cavalry was seen approaching,
+  which was supposed to be either Prussians or Flemings, but which
+  proved to be French. The mistake was not discovered in time to
+  complete the proper formation to receive the charge; the regiment,
+  however, attempted to form square, and while in the act of so doing,
+  the French lancers galloped forward with great impetuosity, being
+  assured of victory when they saw the unprepared state of the regiment.
+  The regiment suffered severely; but the lancers were repulsed with
+  loss. When the enemy’s ardour was cooled and the attacks had become
+  less frequent and fierce, the regiment completed its formation. It had
+  sustained a severe loss in killed and wounded: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir
+  Robert Macara, K.C.B., had fallen, and the command of the regiment
+  devolved on Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Robert Henry)
+  Dick.”
+
+Footnote 66:
+
+  “The Duke, on this occasion, was very nearly overtaken by the French
+  cavalry; and being obliged to gallop towards the 92nd. Highlanders, he
+  called out to the nearest men to lie down in the ditch, when he fairly
+  leaped over them.”—_Captain Siborne._
+
+Footnote 67:
+
+  “It is only recently that the remains of Sir Thomas Picton were
+  removed to St. Paul’s. In the _Times_ of Thursday, May 5th, 1859,
+  appeared a letter from W. Brewer, Esq., of 21, George Street, Hanover
+  Square, stating that in the vaults of the burying ground in the
+  Bayswater road, might be seen the thick chest or oak box, in which the
+  remains of this general, as they were packed up in the village of
+  Waterloo, and sent to England, were deposited. As these vaults were
+  just closed by order of the Privy Council, and the brickwork to close
+  in the coffins was at once to be commenced, this gentleman appealed to
+  the country that the body of this illustrious warrior might be
+  deposited in some distinguished mausoleum:—the result of this appeal
+  was that the remains of this gallant general were removed on the 8th.
+  of June, 1859, to St. Paul’s, and the following account of the
+  ceremony appeared in the _Morning Post_ of Thursday, June 9th., 1859:—
+
+  “Yesterday morning, according to arrangement, the remains of the late
+  Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton were removed from the cemetery
+  belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover Square, to St. Paul’s
+  Cathedral.
+
+  “The coffin was placed on a gun-carriage, drawn by eight horses, It
+  was covered with a rich silk Genoa velvet pall with richly emblazoned
+  armorial bearings of the late general, and with the union-jack. The
+  procession was under the direction of the Royal Artillery. The first
+  carriage contained Mr. J. Picton, the Hon. Colonel Vereker, Colonel
+  Bagot, and General Wood. The second contained the Rev. Henry Howarth,
+  rector of St. George’s, Hanover Square, Mr. Stanley, and Dr. Brewer.
+  In the third were Mr. Cooper, Mr. Westerton, and Treherne. Then
+  followed the carriages of Lord Strafford, the Right Hon. Mr. Estcourt,
+  the Home Secretary, Lord Gough, General Sir F. Stovin, Sir John
+  Burgoyne, Sir Hew Ross, Sir Robert Gardiner, and Sir James Coleman.
+
+  “Amongst the others who appeared as mourners was the Rev. Dr. Macnab,
+  of Canada, representing his uncle, Captain Alexander Macnab, of the
+  30th. Regiment of Foot, who was aide-de-camp to General Picton, and
+  who fell at the battle of Waterloo.
+
+  “The procession moved slowly through the principal streets to St.
+  Paul’s Cathedral. When the body reached St. Paul’s Cathedral, some
+  time was taken up in removing the ponderous mass from the
+  gun-carriage, and bearing up the steps on the south side into the
+  Cathedral. It was there met by the Very Rev. the Dean Milman,
+  Archdeacon Hale, the Rev. W. Murray and several other prebendaries and
+  minor canons, who preceded the body to the crypt, where a vault had
+  been constructed not far from the tomb of Wellington, the illustrious
+  chief of the noble hero. At that moment the organ began to play the
+  ‘Dead March in Saul.’ Followed by the old comrades of the illustrious
+  general, the body was conveyed, in the most solemn silence, to the
+  tomb, where it was received and lowered into the grave in the presence
+  of Colonel Vereker, Mr. J. Picton, and a large number of private
+  mourners.”
+
+Footnote 68:
+
+  Lady de Lancey, a sister of Captain Basil Hall, carefully attended her
+  dying husband, Sir William de Lancey, in a peasant’s cottage at
+  Waterloo, for seven or eight days after the battle, in which he had
+  been severely wounded, and, in fact, was at first returned as killed.
+  In “Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” the following account is given
+  by the Duke:—“De Lancey was with me when he was struck. We were on a
+  point of land that overlooked the plain, and I had just been warned by
+  some soldiers, (but as I saw well from it, and as two divisions were
+  engaging below, I had said, ‘Never mind,’) when a ball came leaping
+  along _en richochet_, as it is called, and striking him on the back,
+  sent him many yards over the head of his horse. He fell on his face,
+  and bounded upward and fell again. All the staff dismounted, and ran
+  to him; and when I came up he said, ‘Pray tell them to leave me, and
+  let me die in peace.’ I had him conveyed into the rear: and two days
+  afterwards, when, on my return from Brussels, I saw him in a barn, he
+  spoke with such strength that I said, (for I had reported him among
+  the killed,) ‘Why, De Lancey, you will have the advantage of Sir Condy
+  in Castle Rackrent; you will know what your friends said of you after
+  you were dead.’ ‘I hope I shall,’ he replied. Poor fellow! We had
+  known each other ever since we were boys. But I had no time to be
+  sorry; I went on with the army, and never saw him again.”
+
+Footnote 69:
+
+     ┌────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
+     │                    │  Cav.   │  Art.   │  Guns.  │Infantry.│
+     ├────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
+     │British             │     5843│     2967│       78│   15,181│
+     │King’s German Legion│     1997│      526│       18│    3,301│
+     │Hanoverians         │      497│      465│       12│   10,258│
+     │Brunswickers        │      866│      510│       16│    4,586│
+     │Nassausers          │         │         │         │    2,880│
+     │Dutch Belgians      │     3205│     1177│       32│   13,402│
+     ├────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
+     │       Total        │    12408│     5645│      156│   49,608│
+     └────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
+
+Footnote 70:
+
+  The Life Guards and Blues were without cuirasses at Waterloo; and the
+  1st. Foot Guards received the royal authority to be styled Grenadier
+  Guards, to commemorate their having been victorious over the Imperial
+  Guard.
+
+Footnote 71:
+
+  In an interesting paper, entitled “APSLEY HOUSE,” which appeared in
+  the “Quarterly Review,” for March, 1853, descriptive of a visit to the
+  late Duke’s residence, the writer thus alludes to this medal,—“His own
+  Waterloo medal, engraved ‘Arthur, Duke of Wellington,’ and much worn
+  by use, with the ring cobbled and mended by himself, is indeed a
+  relic.”
+
+Footnote 72:
+
+  At this period the Fingo tribes placed themselves under the protection
+  of the British government; great care was ordered to be observed that
+  they should not be taken for the enemy. Their warriors were
+  distinguished from the Kaffirs, by carrying shields.
+
+Footnote 73:
+
+  At this period the 27th. Foot joined. On the arrival of the regiment
+  at Graham’s Town, on the 8th. of September, a provisional battalion,
+  consisting of four hundred Hottentots, divided into four companies,
+  and officered by colonists, was attached to the corps. The 72nd. and
+  75th. regiments had similar battalions attached to them.
+
+Footnote 74:
+
+  “The conduct of the troops has well maintained the character of
+  British soldiers, and the losses sustained by the 2nd. Queen’s Royal
+  Regiment, will stand prominent on the Regimental Records of the former
+  achievements of this gallant corps.”—_Cape General Orders._
+
+Footnote 75:
+
+  “At the moment he was hit, he was giving directions to a company of
+  his own well-loved corps, which was skirmishing in the bush, and the
+  position of which he wished to alter a little. Whilst raising his arm
+  to indicate the ground he alluded to, a huge Hottentot stepped rapidly
+  from a thick clump close by, and delivered the fatal shot; observing
+  with characteristic cunning the irreparable mischief he had done, he
+  screeched out, in hellish accents, ‘_Johnny, bring stretcher_,’ and,
+  turning on his heel, dived into the clump again before the infuriated
+  74th. could wreak their vengeance upon him.
+
+  “Fordyce lived a quarter of an hour after receiving his death-wound.
+  The ball had passed through his abdomen; and, as he was borne away in
+  the consciousness of approaching death, he was just able to utter, in
+  faint accents, the words—‘_Take care of my poor regiment_—I AM READY,’
+  when he passed placidly away.”—_United Service Magazine, April, 1852._
+
+Footnote 76:
+
+  The “Birkenhead,” an iron steam transport, sailed from Queenstown for
+  the Cape, with drafts of the 12th. Lancers, 2nd., 6th., 12th., 43rd.,
+  45th., 60th., 73rd., 74th., and 91st. Regiments; the whole under the
+  command of Lieutenant-Colonel Seton of the 74th. Off Simon’s Bay, on
+  26th. February, 1852, she struck on a sunken rock, and shortly
+  afterwards sank. Out of six hundred and thirty-eight souls on board,
+  only 184 were saved. Colonel Seton and his men exhibited an example of
+  the highest coolness and self-possession, and died at their post with
+  the courage and resolution of British soldiers. A graceful tribute has
+  been paid by the Queen to his memory, and that of the officers,
+  non-commissioned officers, and men who perished in the wreck. Her
+  Majesty, desirous of recording her admiration of their heroic
+  constancy and unbroken discipline, has caused to be placed in the
+  colonnade at Chelsea Hospital, a tablet in commemoration of this
+  event. When the ship struck, Colonel Seton called all the officers
+  about him, and impressed upon them the necessity of preserving order
+  and silence among the men, and intimated to the soldiers by his
+  sergeant-major, that he would be the last to quit the ship. After
+  placing the women, children, and sick, in the over-crowded boats, with
+  his men drawn up on the deck, as if standing on parade, they all went
+  down together with the wreck; one of the noblest examples of heroism
+  ever recorded. As a splendid instance of heroic constancy, the late
+  William I., Emperor of Germany, then King of Prussia, ordered the
+  glorious story to be read on parade at the head of every regiment in
+  his service.
+
+Footnote 77:
+
+  The body of Sandilli was found in the bush, and was brought on a horse
+  into the British camp. As he lay on the ground wrapped in a piece of
+  old sail cloth, the Fingoes marched past, and each shook his assagai
+  in the face of the dead chief. He was then interred by them in the
+  presence of the troops.
+
+Footnote 78:
+
+  Some time after, a Zulu chief in speaking of the battle at
+  Isandhlwana, said: “The red soldiers killed many of us with their
+  bayonets; when they found we were upon them, they turned back to back.
+  They all fought till they died, they were hard to kill. Not one tried
+  to escape.” Another said: “Ah, those red soldiers, how few they were,
+  and how they fought! They fell like stones, each man in his place.”
+
+Footnote 79:
+
+  “He was last seen with his back to a rock, six Zulus lying dead at his
+  feet, his empty revolver in his left hand, a bloody sabre in his
+  right, and two assegais quivering in his body.”
+
+Footnote 80:
+
+  One of the wounded officers was the gallant Major Hackett, V.C., of
+  the 90th. Perthshire Regiment, who led his men into action with a pipe
+  in his mouth. He was shot through the head, but recovered with the
+  loss of both eyes.
+
+Footnote 81:
+
+  On the preceding evening, Sir E. Wood paraded his men, and thus
+  addressed them, to their great encouragement:—“This is the last of the
+  laagering business. The Zulus think we cannot beat them in the open,
+  and we are going to try. I have conversed with Oham’s men and others
+  who were at Isandlhwana, and they all state that the Zulus would never
+  have beaten those companies of the 24th., but that they got in rear of
+  them. Now, I want you, to-morrow, to pay attention to your officers,
+  as we are going to fight them in square, and I have every confidence
+  in you, providing you keep shoulder to shoulder, fighting back to
+  back. I cannot promise all will return, but that we shall be victors I
+  am sure.”
+
+Footnote 82:
+
+  This Medal was struck at the Government Mint in Calcutta.
+
+Footnote 83:
+
+  The first Jellalabad medal is also very scarce. Since 1842 it has been
+  the custom with medals granted for service in India to present them to
+  the legal representatives of deceased officers and soldiers.
+
+Footnote 84:
+
+  A gold Maltese cross, on a larger cross of silver, supported by two
+  crossed swords, in the centre, a circle of pearls, worn with a red and
+  green ribbon.
+
+Footnote 85:
+
+  The 44th. regiment arrived at Jellalabad in January 1841, and was
+  moved to Cabool in May following. On the 1st. of October of that
+  year, the strength of the regiment in Afghanistan was 25 officers,
+  35 sergeants, 14 drummers, and 635 rank and file. The number killed
+  at Cabool, and during the retreat, amounted to 22 officers and 543
+  men; three officers, Lieutenant-Colonel Shelton, and Lieutenants
+  Evans and Souter, and 51 men were taken prisoners. The officers
+  killed between the 10th. of November, 1841, and the 13th. of
+  January, 1842, were Lieutenant-Colonel Mackrell, Major Scott,
+  Captain Swayne, McCrea, Leighton, and Robinson; Lieutenants Dodgin,
+  Collins, White, Wade, Hogg, Cumberland, Raban, Cadett, Swinton,
+  Fortye, and Gray; Paymaster Bourke; Quartermaster Halahan; Surgeon
+  Harcourt, and Assistant-Surgeons Balfour and Primrose.
+
+  Lieutenant Souter, severely wounded, preserved the colours of the
+  44th. by tying them round his waist. 102 officers were killed at
+  Cabool, and during the retreat.
+
+Footnote 86:
+
+  This was the place where the massacre of the British troops occurred,
+  and not as too frequently stated, in the _Khyber_ pass, which had they
+  been able to reach, being on the Indian side Jellalabad, they would
+  have been safe.
+
+Footnote 87:
+
+  It is remarkable that the Sikhs, afterwards such formidable opponents
+  during the Sutlej and Punjab campaigns, were able supporters at this
+  period, and during the recent Indian Mutiny they sustained their
+  former character, the Sikh regiments being most valuable allies.
+
+Footnote 88:
+
+  One of these officers, Lieutenant Mein, was thus alluded to in
+  reference to his conduct, while serving with the army on its retreat
+  from Cabool, by Sir Robert Peel, on moving the vote of thanks to the
+  army employed in Afghanistan:—“I have said that, in the course of this
+  campaign, instances of the most generous devotion, of friendly
+  sympathy, and of desperate fidelity, were displayed, which deserve at
+  least a passing notice. Lieutenant Eyre says: ‘Lieutenant Sturt
+  (son-in-law to Sir Robert and Lady Sale) had nearly cleared the
+  defile, when he received his wound, and would have been left on the
+  ground to be hacked to pieces by the Ghazees, who followed in the rear
+  to complete the work of slaughter, but for the generous intrepidity of
+  Lieutenant Mein, of Her Majesty’s 13th. Light Infantry, who, on
+  learning what had befallen him, went back to his succour, and stood by
+  him for several minutes, at the imminent risk of his own life, vainly
+  entreating aid from the passers by. He was, at length, joined by
+  Sergeant Deane, of the Sappers, with whose assistance he dragged his
+  friend, on a quilt, through the remainder of the Pass, when he
+  succeeded in mounting him on a miserable pony, and conducted him in
+  safety to the camp, where the unfortunate officer lingered till the
+  following morning, and was the only man of the whole force who
+  received Christian burial. Lieutenant Mein was himself at this very
+  time suffering from a dangerous wound in the head, received in the
+  previous October; and his heroic disregard of self, and fidelity to
+  his friend in the hour of danger, are well deserving of a record in
+  the annals of British valour and virtue; I think, Sir, it is but just
+  that the name of Lieutenant Mein should be mentioned with honour in
+  the House of Commons, and I do not regret having noticed this
+  circumstance, as it has called forth so generous, and general an
+  expression of sympathy and approval.’”
+
+  The name and sufferings of Lady Sale will be ever connected with the
+  disasters in Afghanistan. Her Journal is one of exciting and absorbing
+  interest.
+
+Footnote 89:
+
+  A General Order of October, 1842, announced: “To every officer,
+  non-commissioned officer, and private present within Kelat-i-Ghilzie,
+  and forming part of the garrison during the late investment, will be
+  presented a silver medal,” &c. The garrison consisted of 600 of the
+  Shah’s army and three companies of the 12th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+  No Queen’s regiment took part in the defence, but there were present
+  forty European artillery and sixty Sappers and Miners, the whole being
+  under the command of Captain John Craigie.
+
+Footnote 90:
+
+  On the south face of the fort was a large bastion, close to which was
+  an open space which had been converted into a burial ground; here the
+  remains of Colonel Dennie, with many other gallant soldiers were laid,
+  and the engineer officer in mining the bastion caused the whole mass
+  to be thrown by the explosion over the graves, thus leaving a lasting
+  and appropriate monument over them, and effectually preventing the
+  bodies being disturbed by the Afghans.
+
+Footnote 91:
+
+  The shots were fired by two Pathan soldiers in the 29th. to rouse
+  their neighbours, the Afghans, at the top of the Pass. A native
+  officer detected them at the time by smelling the barrels of their
+  rifles, but, to screen his co-religionists, kept his knowledge to
+  himself, and made no report to his superior of the matter. The
+  traitors were subsequently discovered and tried by court-martial; one
+  was condemned to death and hanged, and the other imprisoned for two
+  years with hard labour. The native lieutenant was also sentenced to
+  transportation for seven years.
+
+Footnote 92:
+
+  Among the guns captured were seventeen Armstrongs, and an old brass
+  Dutch piece, with the date 1625. How it got to Cabul is a mystery.
+
+Footnote 93:
+
+  The Rev. J. W. Adams, Chaplain to the Force, who had accompanied the
+  troopers, gained the Victoria Cross for rescuing some men of the 9th.
+  Lancers, who had fallen into a deep ditch, he being all the time under
+  a heavy fire, and up to his waist in water. Haying dismounted in order
+  to give more effectual assistance, he made his escape on foot, when
+  the Afghans were within a few yards of him.
+
+Footnote 94:
+
+  In this charge, Major White shouted to his men: “Just one charge more
+  to settle the business.”
+
+Footnote 95:
+
+  The first design for this medal showed the Chinese Plenipotentiaries
+  signing the treaty, and on the cloth of the table was an embroidered
+  pattern representing the British Lion trampling on the Chinese dragon.
+  So much was this part of the design approved of, that it was adopted
+  for the reverse, instead of the whole, with the motto as above, and
+  “Nankin, 1842,” underneath; but the present medal was ultimately
+  struck, the first being deemed offensive to the feelings of the
+  conquered people.
+
+Footnote 96:
+
+  There was but one medal for the second Chinese war, _issued with five
+  clasps_, to a Royal Marine artilleryman. When first issued, the ribbon
+  of the medal was blue, yellow, red, white and green, in stripes, but
+  afterwards changed to crimson and yellow.
+
+Footnote 97:
+
+  “The grenadier company of H. M. 55th. Foot, and two companies of the
+  6th. regiment of M. N. I., with the Sappers carrying the ladders,
+  under the command of Brevet-Major Maclean, 55th. Foot, advanced
+  against the north-east angle. The Sappers, commanded by Lieutenant
+  Johnstone, with the greatest steadiness and gallantry reared their
+  ladders against the wall, and in a few minutes the grenadiers of the
+  55th. had mounted, and dividing into two parties, proceeded to clear
+  the ramparts, one party turning to the right, under Brevet-Major
+  Maclean, and another to the left, under Lieutenant Cuddy,
+  55th.”—_Major-General Schoedde’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 98:
+
+  The 59th. regiment, Royal Sappers and Miners, first landed, then the
+  French Naval Brigade, followed by that of the Royal Marines, and later
+  in the day by the British Naval Brigade. The numbers amounted to five
+  thousand six hundred and seventy-nine, namely, eight hundred troops;
+  Royal Marines, two thousand one hundred; Naval Brigade, one thousand
+  eight hundred and twenty-nine; and French Naval Brigade, nine hundred
+  and fifty. The _mot d’ordre_, or parole, throughout the operations was
+  “France and England.” Shortly after the landing, Lieutenant Hacket, of
+  the 59th., aide-de-camp to Colonel Graham, whilst carrying an order,
+  was surprised by a party of Chinese, who inhumanly beheaded him, and
+  then made off. Two of them were shot, and a third was afterwards
+  hanged.
+
+Footnote 99:
+
+  Yeh was captured while endeavouring to escape, by a party of blue
+  jackets, under the command of Captain Key, who took the Commissioner
+  with his own hand. He was eventually sent as a prisoner to Calcutta,
+  where he died in the month of April following.
+
+Footnote 100:
+
+  The loss in this brilliant affair was trifling, 21 English being
+  killed and wounded, and 67 on the side of the French, principally
+  through the explosion of a magazine in one of the forts after its
+  capture.
+
+Footnote 101:
+
+  The storming party consisted of a wing of the 44th., under
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Mahon, and one of the 67th., under
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, supported by the other wings of those two
+  regiments and the Royal Marines, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gascoigne. A
+  detachment of the latter, under Lieutenant-Colonel Travers, carried a
+  pontoon bridge for crossing the wet ditches, and Major Graham, of the
+  Royal Engineers, conducted the assault. The whole were commanded by
+  Brigadier Reeves; who, although severely wounded in three places, did
+  not quit the field until he had conducted his men into the fort.
+
+Footnote 102:
+
+  Mr. Parkes and all his companions, with Mr. Loch and Captain Brabazon,
+  were made prisoners; the whole number being twenty-six British, and
+  twelve French subjects. Twenty of them died from the horrible
+  treatment of the Chinese. The remains of Lieutenant Anderson, Messrs.
+  de Norman, and Bowlby were subsequently delivered up by their captors,
+  or rather murderers, and were publicly and solemnly interred in the
+  Russian cemetery, within the walls of Pekin.
+
+Footnote 103:
+
+  The late Lord Herbert, in his first speech in the House of Lords, in
+  moving the vote of thanks to the Forces in China, alluded to this
+  service:—“The Tartar cavalry had posted themselves upon an eminence,
+  which had a sudden fall at the foot of it, and in the deepest part
+  they had made a ditch. They evidently thought our cavalry could not
+  pass this ditch, and that they should be able to pick off our men as
+  they came up with the greatest ease with their matchlocks. The spot
+  has been described to me by an eye-witness as what would be called, in
+  hunting phraseology, “a very ugly place,” one which very many would
+  have looked at twice, and which very few would have gone at. The
+  probability is that the majority of the field would have gone round,
+  and attained their object in some other way. The 1st. Dragoon Guards
+  however rode at it, and so successfully, that they cleared the place
+  without more than one or two of the men getting out of the ranks. This
+  struck dismay into the Tartars, who had no conception such a feat was
+  possible, and they instantly scattered themselves all over the plain.
+  A Chinese force afterwards attempted to clear the place, as our men
+  had, but they utterly failed, and fell back into the ditch. It is said
+  to have been singular to witness the great respect the enemy always
+  paid to our cavalry, whether regulars or irregulars, but the alarm
+  depicted in their countenances, and their sudden change of tactics
+  whenever our Dragoon Guards afterwards came into the field, was
+  something remarkable.”
+
+Footnote 104:
+
+  As a lesson to the Emperor and his officials, and as a punishment for
+  their perfidy and cruelty towards these unfortunate gentlemen, the
+  summer residence of the Emperor, called Yuen-ming-yuen, which extended
+  for six or seven miles, was plundered and burnt. Some idea of its
+  extent may be given in the fact that it took two days to set fire to
+  and destroy all the buildings. The grounds were more than ten miles in
+  diameter, and the palace consisted of thirty distinct residences with
+  appendages.
+
+  Corps employed against Canton, in 1857, and the Taku Forts and Pekin,
+  in 1860. Those present at Canton, Taku Forts, Pekin, (as shewn by the
+  figure 1,) have been authorised to bear the names of these places on
+  their regimental colours; the 60th., being Rifles, have them on their
+  appointments. The Artillery, Engineers, and Marines have a general
+  motto, and do not receive such distinctions:—
+
+ ┌────────────────────────────────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬──────────────┐
+ │             CORPS.             │Canton.│ Taku │Pekin.│              │
+ │                                │       │Forts.│      │              │
+ ├────────────────────────────────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼──────────────┤
+ │Royal Artillery[105]            │      1│     1│     1│              │
+ │Madras Artillery                │       │     1│      │Two Companies.│
+ │Royal Engineers[106]            │      1│     1│     1│              │
+ │Madras Engineers                │       │     1│      │Two Companies.│
+ │1st. King’s Dragoon Guards      │       │     1│     1│Two Squadrons.│
+ │1st. Sikh Irregular Cavalry, now│       │     1│     1│Head-quarters.│
+ │  11th. Bengal Cavalry          │       │      │      │              │
+ │Fane’s Horse, now 19th. Bengal  │       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │  Cavalry                       │       │      │      │              │
+ │1st. Battalion Military Train   │       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │1st. (Royal) Regt., 2nd. batt.  │       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │2nd. (Queen’s) Regt., 1st. batt.│       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │3rd. (Buffs) Regt., 1st. batt.  │       │     1│      │      „       │
+ │31st. Regiment                  │       │     1│      │      „       │
+ │44th.          „                │       │     1│      │      „       │
+ │59th.          „                │      1│      │      │      „       │
+ │60th.    „     2nd. batt.       │       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │67th.          „                │       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │99th.          „                │       │     1│      │      „       │
+ │Royal Marines[107]              │      1│     1│      │              │
+ │8th. Punjaub Infantry, now 20th.│       │     1│     1│Head-quarters.│
+ │15th.   „              now 22nd.│       │     1│     1│      „       │
+ │38th. Madras Native             │      1│      │      │              │
+ │  Infantry[108]                 │       │      │      │              │
+ └────────────────────────────────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴──────────────┘
+
+Footnote 105:
+
+  Three batteries at Canton, nine at Taku Forts, five at Pekin.
+
+Footnote 106:
+
+  Half a Company at Canton, two and a half companies at Taku and Pekin.
+
+Footnote 107:
+
+  Three Battalions at Canton, one at Taku Forts.
+
+Footnote 108:
+
+  Detachment of two officers and forty men; being so small a portion of
+  the corps, the word “Canton” was not authorised for the regiment.
+
+Footnote 109:
+
+  The only Queen’s regiment at Meeanee was the 22nd., and the following
+  extracts from the despatch of Major-General Sir Charles Napier testify
+  the part borne by it in this victory:—“Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather
+  was severely wounded, as, with the high courage of a soldier, he led
+  his regiment up the desperate bank of the Fulailee. Major Wyllie,
+  Captains Tucker and Conway, Lieutenants Harding and Phayre, were all
+  wounded while gloriously animating their men to sustain the shock of
+  numbers. Captains Meade, Tew, and Cookson, with Lieutenant Wood, all
+  fell honourably, urging on the assault with unmitigated valour. Major
+  Poole, of the 22nd., and Captain Jackson, of the 25th. Native
+  Infantry, who succeeded to the command of those regiments, proved
+  themselves worthy of their dangerous posts. The Acting Assistant
+  Quartermaster-General, Lieutenant McMurdo, of the 22nd. regiment, had
+  his horse killed, and, while on foot leading some soldiers in a
+  desperate dash down the enemy’s side of the bank, he cut down a
+  chieftain. He has greatly assisted me by his activity and zeal during
+  the whole of our operations. Innumerable are the individual acts of
+  intrepidity which took place between our soldiers and their opponents,
+  too numerous for detail in this despatch, yet well meriting a record.”
+
+Footnote 110:
+
+  Major Poole, commanding the 22nd. regiment, in consequence of
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather having been severely wounded, stated in
+  his report, respecting the soldiers of the regiment under his command,
+  who had distinguished themselves in the battle of Meeanee, “that the
+  officers generally assert that they feel difficulty in making
+  selections, where the conduct of every man of their companies was so
+  satisfactory. In so general a field of action and persevering
+  exertion, I equally feel at a loss where to draw a distinction; but it
+  may be proper to mention the names of Private James O’Neill, of the
+  light company, who took a standard whilst we were actively engaged
+  with the enemy, and Drummer Martin Delaney; the latter shot,
+  bayoneted, and captured the arms of Meer Whullee Mahomed Khan, who was
+  mounted, and directing the enemy in the hottest part of the
+  engagement.”
+
+Footnote 111:
+
+  The words “Meeanee,” “Hyderabad,” and “Scinde,” were authorised to be
+  borne on the colours of the 22nd. regiment.
+
+Footnote 112:
+
+  In the pursuit of Meer Shere Mahomed, the following men of the 22nd.,
+  concealing their wounds received in the battle of Hyderabad, marched
+  with their regiment the next day, thinking another action was at
+  hand:—Sergeant Haney, John Durr, John Muldowney, Robert Young, Henry
+  Lines, Patrick Gill, James Andrews, Thomas Middleton, James Mulvey,
+  and Silvester Day.
+
+Footnote 113:
+
+  Brigadier Stopford, C.B., of the 64th., who was killed on the 9th. of
+  December, 1856, at the attack on Reshire, in Persia, commanded the
+  40th. at Maharajpoor, and fell whilst leading on his regiment,
+  dangerously wounded, at the very muzzles of the enemy’s guns. For this
+  service he was made Lieutenant-Colonel and a C.B. He lay for a
+  considerable time wounded on the field, among the dying and the dead,
+  men and horses, and might have fallen a victim to his own generosity.
+  When his dooly or stretcher was sent for him from the rear, and he
+  perceived Major-General Churchill lying near him mortally wounded,
+  with both legs carried away by a cannon ball, like another Sidney, he
+  said, “Oh! General you are worse than I am, you’ll bleed to death, you
+  must go on this dooly.” Colonel Stopford was at last carried to the
+  rear, and was only in time to bid farewell to the general who died
+  immediately afterwards.
+
+Footnote 114:
+
+  The total casualties, including the Native corps, exceeded a thousand
+  killed and wounded.
+
+Footnote 115:
+
+  The British army consisted of 5,674 Europeans and 12,053 natives, with
+  sixty-five guns.
+
+Footnote 116:
+
+  “Near the middle of it, one of their heavy guns was advanced, and
+  played with deadly effect upon our troops. Lieutenant-General Sir
+  Henry Hardinge immediately formed Her Majesty’s 80th. Foot and the
+  1st. European Light Infantry. They were led to the attack by their
+  commanding officers, and animated in their exertions by
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Blucher Wood (Aide-de-Camp to the
+  Lieutenant-General), who was wounded in the outset, the 80th. captured
+  the gun, and the enemy dismayed by this counter-check, did not venture
+  to press on further.”—_General Sir Hugh Gough’s Despatch._
+
+Footnote 117:
+
+  A vivid picture of this sanguinary struggle was given by the late
+  Viscount Hardinge, in a letter to a member of his family, which was
+  quoted by Sir Robert Peel, when the vote of thanks to the army was
+  proposed in Parliament. “It was the most extraordinary of my life. I
+  bivouacked with the men, without food or covering, and our nights are
+  bitter cold. A burning camp in our front, our brave fellows lying down
+  under a heavy cannonade which continued during the whole night, mixed
+  with the wild cries of the Sikhs, our English hurrah, the tramp of
+  men, and the groans of the dying. In this state, with a handful of
+  men, who had carried the batteries the night before, I remained till
+  morning, taking very short intervals of rest by lying down with
+  various regiments in succession, to ascertain their temper and revive
+  their spirits. I found myself again with my old friends of the 29th.,
+  31st., 50th., and 9th., and all in good heart. My answer to all and
+  every man was, that we must fight it out, attack the enemy vigorously
+  at daybreak, beat him, or die honourably in the field. The gallant old
+  General, kind-hearted and heroically brave, entirely coincided with
+  me. During the night I occasionally called upon our brave English
+  soldiers to punish the Sikhs when they came too close, and were
+  imprudent; and when morning broke we went at it in true English style.
+  Gough was on the right. I placed myself, and dear little Arthur by my
+  side, in the centre, about thirty yards in front of the men, to
+  prevent their firing, and we drove the enemy without a halt from one
+  extremity of their camp to the other, capturing thirty or forty guns
+  as we went along, which fired at twenty paces from us, and were served
+  obstinately. The brave men drew up in an excellent line, and cheered
+  Gough and myself as we rode up the line, the regimental colours
+  lowering to me as on parade. The mournful part is the heavy loss I
+  have sustained in my officers. I have had ten aides-de-camp _hors de
+  combat_, five killed and five wounded. The fire of grape was very
+  heavy from 100 pieces of cannon. The Sikh army was drilled by French
+  officers, and the men the most warlike in India.”
+
+Footnote 118:
+
+  “The Governor-General’s thanks are due to all the infantry regiments
+  of Her Majesty, and to the 1st. European Light Infantry of the East
+  India Company’s service, all of which regiments distinguished
+  themselves by the most devoted courage in braving the destructive fire
+  of the enemy’s batteries, and valiantly capturing their guns. The
+  Governor-General offers his thanks more especially to Her Majesty’s
+  3rd. Dragoons, who on all these occasions, sought opportunities of
+  useful conflict with the enemy, and fought with that superiority over
+  their opponents which skill and discipline impart to brave and
+  determined men.”—_General Orders by the Right Honourable the
+  Governor-General._
+
+Footnote 119:
+
+  Shortly after the storming of the village of Aliwal, an European
+  officer in the Sikh service was given in charge to the 31st. regiment,
+  having surrendered himself as a prisoner to an officer of one of the
+  cavalry regiments in the Company’s service. He said his servant had
+  galloped off with his charger, and, being rather stout, preferred
+  giving himself up to the chance of running away; his name was John
+  Potter, a native of Maidstone, in Kent; he had deserted from the
+  Company’s artillery twenty years before, and was now a Colonel of
+  artillery in the Sikh service, having a native wife and family at
+  Lahore. The Governor-General afterwards permitted him to hold an
+  appointment in the Sikh service.
+
+Footnote 120:
+
+  A most gallant act was performed by Sergeant Bernard McCabe, of the
+  31st. Foot. Lieutenant Tritton, bearing the Queen’s colour, was shot
+  through the head, and Ensign Jones, who carried the regimental one,
+  was nearly at the same time mortally wounded. The regimental colour
+  falling to the ground, was seized by Sergeant McCabe, who rushing
+  forward, crossed the ditch, and planted it on the highest point of the
+  enemy’s fortifications, maintaining his position under a most
+  tremendous fire, the colour being completely riddled with shot. The
+  men, cheering, scrambled into the works as best they could, and drove
+  the enemy into the river, Lieutenant Noel bearing the Queen’s colour,
+  the staff of which shivered in his hand. Sergeant McCabe was appointed
+  to an ensigncy in the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, on the
+  recommendation of the late General Sir Harry Smith, who pronounced
+  this deed to be one of the most daring he ever witnessed, and which he
+  considered tended much to shorten the struggle. Captain McCabe, of the
+  32nd., to which regiment he was afterwards promoted, died of wounds,
+  received while leading his fourth sortie, at Lucknow, on the 1st. of
+  October, 1857.
+
+Footnote 121:
+
+  Guns mounted upon camels, and carrying shot about one pound in weight.
+
+Footnote 122:
+
+  “Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell has established a claim on this
+  day to the rare commendation of having achieved much with a cavalry
+  force, where the duty to be done consisted entirely of an attack on
+  field works, usually supposed to be the particular province of
+  infantry and artillery. His vigilance and activity throughout our
+  operations, and the superior manner in which our outposts duties have
+  been carried on under his superintendence demand my warmest
+  acknowledgements.”—_General Sir Hugh Gough’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 123:
+
+  A superb gold medal, designed by William Wyon, Esq., was presented to
+  this officer by the Honourable East India Company. The obverse bears
+  the head of the Queen, superscribed VICTORIA REGINA, and on the
+  reverse are Victory and Valour crowning the arms of Major Edwardes;
+  these figures are resting on the lotus flower, and beneath is the
+  infant Hercules strangling the serpents, in allusion to the youth of
+  the hero; within the border thus formed is the following
+  inscription:—FROM THE EAST INDIA COMPANY TO LIEUTT. AND BREVT.-MAJOR
+  H. B. EDWARDES, C.B., FOR HIS SERVICES IN THE PUNJAB, A.D.
+  MDCCCXLVIII.
+
+Footnote 124:
+
+  Brevet-Major Edwardes, C.B., in his despatch to Major-General Whish
+  giving such details of the action of the 7th. of November as concerned
+  the Irregular Auxiliary Force under his command, and Lieutenant Lake,
+  stated:—“I regret to say that the head of the British line reached the
+  east side of the nullah as our Irregulars arrived at the passage in
+  the canal, which connected the entrenchments on the east and west, and
+  a party of Sheikh Emamoodeen’s Rohillas, disregarding the heat of the
+  action the orders they had received to keep on their own side of the
+  nullah, crossed over and had captured a gun on the eastern bank, when
+  they were mistaken by the Sepoys for Moolraj’s troops, and two were
+  shot down before the error could be explained.
+
+  “I deem it my duty to bring to your notice the noble conduct of a
+  private of Her Majesty’s 32nd. Foot, who at this juncture, perceiving
+  what was going on, leaped down the canal, and putting himself in front
+  of my Pathans, faced the British troops, and waved his shako on the
+  end of his bayonet as the signal to cease firing. Thus many friendly
+  lives were saved. The name of this brave man is Howell.”
+
+Footnote 125:
+
+  During this siege, the first Naval Brigade was organised. It consisted
+  of about one hundred men from Captain Powell’s steamers of the Indus
+  flotilla, who worked a battery of eighteen-pounders, in the most
+  effective manner.
+
+Footnote 126:
+
+  The Sikhs “were magnificently placed, on a low hill surrounded by a
+  thick jungle, equalling the British in number of guns, and more than
+  doubling them in troops.”—_Letter from Officer engaged in the battle._
+
+Footnote 127:
+
+  When Brigadier Pennycuick fell mortally wounded, a Sikh was mangling
+  the body; on seeing which his son rushed forward, dealt an avenging
+  blow, and across his father’s corpse endeavoured to protect the
+  remains; but it was in vain, and the heroic youth fell overpowered by
+  numbers.
+
+  Another father and son met a like fate in this campaign. Colonel
+  Cureton was killed at Ramnuggur, and his son, Lieutenant A. J.
+  Cureton, of the 14th. Light Dragoons, fell at Chilianwala.
+
+Footnote 128:
+
+  The loss of the 24th., which advanced on the Sikh guns with unloaded
+  muskets, and blown by the run, was fearful; it was the central
+  regiment of the fifth brigade, under Brigadier Pennycuick, which
+  formed the right brigade of the third division, under
+  Brigadier-General Colin Campbell. Lieutenants-Colonels Brookes and
+  Pennycuick, C.B., Major Harris, Captains Lee, Travers, Harris, and
+  Shore, Lieutenants George Phillips, Payne, Woodgate, and Ensigns
+  William Phillips, Collis, and Pennycuick were killed; Major Paynter,
+  Captains Brown and Bazalgette, Lieutenants Williams, Croker, Berry,
+  Thelwall, and Hartshorn (Adjutant), Macpherson, and Archer (96th.
+  Foot,) were wounded. Of the men the casualties were returned as four
+  hundred and ninety-seven killed or wounded; two hundred and
+  twenty-seven of these were killed in action, and nine subsequently
+  died of their wounds.
+
+Footnote 129:
+
+  “This division nobly maintained the character of the Indian Army,
+  taking and spiking the whole of the enemy’s guns in their front, and
+  dispersing the Sikhs wherever they were seen.”—_Lord Gough’s
+  despatch._
+
+Footnote 130:
+
+  Forty guns, twelve of which were brought into the British camp.
+
+Footnote 131:
+
+  Thirty-eight officers and five hundred and sixty-four men killed,
+  ninety-four officers and one thousand five hundred and fifty-seven men
+  wounded, and one hundred and four missing.
+
+Footnote 132:
+
+  Lieutenant Philpotts having been some time on the station was well
+  known and respected by Heke and the natives. At the head of his men,
+  while endeavouring to hew down the palisades with an axe, the
+  defenders called to him by name, and told him to go away, or they
+  should shoot him. This he disregarded and fell. His body being left in
+  possession of the Maories, was by them cooked and partly eaten.
+
+Footnote 133:
+
+  The loss would have been greater but for the noble conduct of Allen,
+  the bugler of the detachment, a mere lad: who when struck on the right
+  arm by a tomahawk in the act of sounding the alarm, seized the bugle
+  with his left, and gave a blast which effectually roused his sleeping
+  comrades, when another stroke laid him dead on the ground.
+
+Footnote 134:
+
+  The soldiers blamed the sailors for the miscarriage of this affair,
+  who retaliated by making a similar charge against the military. The
+  day was closing when the assault took place, and it appears that when
+  the party led by Commander Hay got into the interior of the “pa,”
+  nothing could at first be seen but a few wounded Maories lying about,
+  and concluding the place to be abandoned, some of the men began
+  straggling in search of plunder. The enemy, who had lain concealed and
+  secure from the bombardment, in holes dug out of the earth covered
+  with turf and brushwood, suddenly rose up on all sides, and poured in
+  such close and withering volleys that the stormers seeing their
+  officers all shot down, were seized with a panic, and discipline was
+  at an end.
+
+Footnote 135:
+
+  General Cameron wrote in his despatch “The 43rd Regiment: the Service
+  have sustained a serious loss in the death of Lieut.-Colonel Booth,
+  which took place on the night after the attack. I have already
+  mentioned the brilliant example shown by the officers in the assault;
+  and when I met him on the following morning as he was being carried
+  out of the work, his first words were an expression of regret that he
+  had found it impossible to carry out my orders.”
+
+Footnote 136:
+
+  Corporal J. Byrne, V.C., of the 68th., when the order to charge was
+  given, was the first man of his company into the rifle-pits; a Maori,
+  whom he ran through with his bayonet, seized his rifle with one hand,
+  and holding it firm, with the bayonet through his body, tried to cut
+  down the corporal with his tomahawk, but his life was saved by
+  Sergeant Murray, who for his distinguished bravery on the occasion was
+  awarded the Victoria Cross. Sergeant Murray charged a rifle-pit
+  containing from eight to ten of the enemy, and, single-handed, killed
+  or wounded every one of them.
+
+Footnote 137:
+
+  So numerous were these expeditions, that no less than _fifteen_
+  occurred between the years 1849 and 1855 inclusive.
+
+Footnote 138:
+
+  18th., eight hundred and fifty men; 51st., nine hundred; 80th., four
+  hundred and sixty; Artillery, five companies, five hundred and
+  seventeen; Native Infantry, three regiments, two thousand eight
+  hundred; Gun Lascars, seventy; Sappers and Miners, one hundred and
+  seventy; in all five thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven men.
+
+Footnote 139:
+
+  Captain John Augustus Wood, of the 20th. Bombay Native Infantry,
+  gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on the 9th. of December.
+  On that day he led the grenadier company, which formed the head of the
+  assaulting column. He was the first man on the parapet of the fort,
+  where he was instantly attacked by a large number of the garrison, who
+  suddenly sprang on him from a trench cut in the parapet itself. These
+  men fired a volley at Captain Wood and the head of the storming party,
+  when only a yard or two distant; although struck by no less than seven
+  musket-balls, he at once threw himself upon the enemy, passed his
+  sword through the body of their leader, and, being closely followed by
+  the men of his company, speedily overcame all opposition, and
+  established himself in the place. His wounds compelled him to leave
+  the force for a time; but with the true spirit of a good soldier, he
+  rejoined his regiment, and returned to his duty at Bushire before the
+  wounds were properly healed.
+
+Footnote 140:
+
+  Lieutenants Arthur Thomas Moore (Adjutant), and John Grant Malcolmson,
+  of the 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry, here gained the Victoria Cross. On
+  the occasion of an attack on the enemy on the 8th. of February, 1857,
+  led by Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes, C.B., Lieutenant Moore, the Adjutant
+  of the Regiment, was, perhaps, the first of all by a horse’s length.
+  His horse leaped into the square, and instantly fell dead, crushing
+  down his rider, and breaking his sword as he fell among the broken
+  ranks of the enemy. Lieutenant Moore speedily extricated himself, and
+  attempted with his broken sword to force his way through the press;
+  but he would have assuredly lost his life had not Lieutenant
+  Malcolmson, observing his peril, fought his way to his dismounted
+  comrade through a crowd of enemies, and, giving him his stirrup,
+  safely carried him through everything out of the throng.
+
+Footnote 141:
+
+  “To Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, and to his brave companions
+  in arms, the Governor-General in Council desires to offer an early
+  assurance of the warm approbation and thanks which they have so well
+  merited. These are especially due to Major-General Stalker, C.B., and
+  to Colonel Lugard, C.B., chief of the staff, who are described by Sir
+  James Outram as having guided the troops to victory in the time—most
+  happily not of long continuance—during which he was disabled by a
+  severe fall from his horse.”—_Fort William, March 12th, 1857._
+
+  Major-General Stalker and Commodore Ethersey both destroyed themselves
+  at Bushire, while labouring under mental aberration; the former on the
+  14th. of March, 1857, and the latter three days afterwards.
+
+Footnote 142:
+
+  Sir Charles Napier, in a General Order of February 16th., 1850, thus
+  speaks of these operations. “The fighting and labour fell on those who
+  had to scale precipices to secure the camp, and when marching to
+  protect the front, flank, and rear of the column while passing through
+  a dangerous defile, thirteen miles in length, under a constant fire of
+  matchlock men. It is said that in making this march Runject Singh lost
+  1,000 men. The Commander-in-Chief does not know whether this story is
+  correct or not, but Brigadier Sir Colin Campbell has not lost twenty,
+  nor was there one bit of baggage taken by our enemies, though they are
+  renowned for being the most daring and dexterous plunderers in the
+  world.”
+
+Footnote 143:
+
+  The Afridis are divided into eight principal Khails, or tribes, which
+  are nearly always at war with each other. Each tribe has a debtor and
+  credit account with its neighbour, life for life, and consider revenge
+  the strongest of all obligations, but among them hospitality is the
+  first of virtues.
+
+Footnote 144:
+
+  In 1858, a force under Sir Sidney Cotton was despatched to Sittana, on
+  the Eusufyze border, against a body of Hindostanee Wahabee fanatics,
+  who had committed depredations on British villages. The 81st. and
+  98th. Regiments were the only British troops employed in this
+  expedition, which was successful.
+
+Footnote 145:
+
+  “An officer seeing a stir upon the hill side amongst the European
+  troops sent out to the scene of an action fought two days before, and
+  a large group assembled about some object on the ground, ascended a
+  rock above them to learn the cause. A curious sight presented itself.
+  In the centre lay the mutilated body of a slain comrade, and at its
+  head stood a non-commissioned officer with a Testament in his hand.
+  Man after man came up, and to each was administered a solemn oath that
+  from that day they would neither save nor spare, but pay that debt to
+  the uttermost. That oath was afterwards well kept.”—_Fosbery’s Umbeyla
+  Campaign._
+
+Footnote 146:
+
+  The Umbeyla expedition was scarcely ended, when the Mohmund tribe made
+  a raid into British territory at Shubkuddur, and killed an officer of
+  the Irregular Cavalry who opposed them. To punish the tribe, the Doab
+  Field Force was formed under Colonel Macdonnel, who encountered and
+  severely defeated the Mohmunds near Shubkuddur, January 2nd., 1864.
+  The European troops engaged in this affair were three troops of the
+  7th. Hussars, and 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade; who, twelve years
+  afterwards, were given the Indian Medal, with the “North West
+  Frontier” clasp.
+
+Footnote 147:
+
+  Two guns and a number of wounded were abandoned during the retreat,
+  the men of the 43rd. Bengal Infantry refusing to carry them; but to
+  the honour of the Bhootan General, Tongso Punlow, he treated all the
+  wounded very kindly, fed them, and sent them to the British camp, each
+  man with a small present.
+
+Footnote 148:
+
+  In one of their raids the Looshais carried off an English girl from a
+  plantation, which was one cause of the expedition being organised
+  against them. At the end of war the girl was given up by the Looshai
+  chiefs.
+
+Footnote 149:
+
+  The following is a portion of the farewell order issued by General
+  Bourchier, on the breaking up of the force:—“From the beginning of
+  November to the present time, every man has been employed in hard
+  work, cheerfully performed, often under the most trying circumstances
+  of heat and frost—always bivouacking on the mountain side, in rude
+  huts of grass or leaves; officers and men sharing the same
+  accommodation, marching day by day over precipitous mountains,—and
+  having made a road fit for elephants from Luckipur to Chipoune, a
+  distance of 103 miles. The spirits of the troops never flagged; and
+  when they met the enemy, they drove them from their stockades and
+  strongholds, until they were glad to sue for mercy.”
+
+Footnote 150:
+
+  Three Naval Brigades were employed in these expeditions. One, under
+  Captains Butler and Singleton, co-operated with General Colborne on
+  the Perak river; another, under Commander Garforth, comprising
+  officers and men of the “Philomel,” “Modeste,” and “Ringdove,”
+  co-operated with the column under Brigadier-General Ross; and a third,
+  under Commander Stirling, was engaged on the Perak and Lakut rivers.
+  The brigade under Captain Butler, was for one month without vegetables
+  or bread, and lived on tinned meats, varied occasionally by the flesh
+  of a wild buffalo. During the ten days advance to Kinta, the men
+  frequently marched through stagnant water waist-deep, under torrents
+  of rain, and slept in the open-air without cover of any kind. The
+  officers and crews of H.M.S. “Egeria,” “Charybdis,” and “Hart” also
+  took part in the operations.
+
+Footnote 151:
+
+  A Naval Brigade, under Captain Clutterbuck, captured a Burmese
+  position at Mayangyan on November 23rd.
+
+Footnote 152:
+
+  By a General Order issued January 3rd., 1888, the Indian Medal of
+  1854, with a clasp inscribed “Burma, 1885–87” was granted “to the
+  troops engaged in the operations between November 14th., 1885, and
+  April 30th., 1887.” A bronze medal and clasp, of a similar pattern was
+  given to all recognised Government followers who accompanied the
+  troops so engaged. Another Order of December 3rd., 1889, notifies—“the
+  Queen’s command, that the grant of the Indian Medal of 1854, with a
+  clasp inscribed “Burma, 1887–89,” shall be extended to all troops
+  engaged in the military operations in Upper Burma, and to those
+  actually engaged in Lower Burma, between the 1st. of May, 1887, and
+  the 31st. of March, 1889. A medal and clasp of similar pattern, but in
+  bronze, is to be issued to all authorised Government followers, who
+  accompanied the troops. Officers and men who already possess the
+  Indian medal, including those wearing the clasp “Burma, 1885–87,” will
+  receive the clasp only.” The medal was struck in England, but the
+  clasp was made in Calcutta. The names of the recipients and their
+  regiments are engraved on the edge of the medal.
+
+Footnote 153:
+
+  The European regiments engaged in this expedition were the 1st.
+  Battalions of the 6th. and 19th. Foot, who received the Indian Medal,
+  with the “North West Frontier” clasp.
+
+Footnote 154:
+
+  A parallel circumstance is found in the campaigns in Spain, during the
+  reign of Queen Anne. The day before the battle of Saragossa, which was
+  fought on the 20th. August, 1710, several men who were so pressed with
+  hunger and thirst as to venture to gather grapes in a vineyard
+  situated between the two armies, were shot by the enemy’s outposts.
+
+Footnote 155:
+
+  As an instance of this, the following circumstance has been narrated
+  to the author by an officer, who, on following the second division up
+  the heights after the battle, found a poor fellow that had escaped
+  untouched by the enemy’s fire, dying of cholera. He offered the man a
+  drop of brandy, who refused it, saying, “It’s too late, sir, there is
+  no use wasting it on me.”
+
+Footnote 156:
+
+  This officer also behaved with great gallantry at the assault on the
+  Redan, 8th. September, 1855, where he was shot through both thighs.
+
+Footnote 157:
+
+  For this and other interesting information the author is indebted to
+  Colonel Lysons, C.B., who served throughout the Crimean Campaign, and
+  is now employed as Assistant Adjutant-General upon the Staff of
+  Lieutenant-General Sir James Frederick Love, K.C.B., Inspector General
+  of Infantry.
+
+Footnote 158:
+
+  It cannot be too generally known that there is an excellent model of
+  the Siege of Sebastopol deposited in the Museum of the United Service
+  Institution, Whitehall Yard, which forms a worthy companion to that of
+  the Battle of Waterloo, by Captain Siborne, also to be seen there. The
+  Sebastopol model owes its origin to the following circumstances:—While
+  the war in the Crimea was still being carried on, His Royal Highness
+  the Prince Consort, as a mark of the continued interest he has always
+  taken in the above Institution, presented to its Museum, in November,
+  1855, a model of the Siege of Sebastopol, based upon the best
+  information that could at that time be procured in England. His Royal
+  Highness, on presenting it, made a stipulation that the council would
+  take steps to mark (in colour or otherwise), the exact position of the
+  attacks of the allies, and of the Russian defences at the time of the
+  capture of the place.
+
+  The council lost no time in inviting some officers who had lately
+  returned from the Crimea, to undertake the completion of the model,
+  according to His Royal Highness’s wishes; difficulties, however,
+  presented themselves in endeavouring to carry this out in a
+  satisfactory manner, which it was found impossible to overcome. In the
+  meantime, at the expiration of the war in 1856, the officers of the
+  Royal Engineers and of the Quartermaster-General’s department had
+  completed their official surveys of the country, and, with His Royal
+  Highness’s concurrence, it was resolved to construct a new model,
+  based upon the latest and most accurate information. Colonel F. W.
+  Hamilton, C.B., of the Grenadier Guards, who was wounded at the Battle
+  of Inkermann, undertook the execution, the officers of the Army and
+  Navy being invited to subscribe to a fund for defraying the necessary
+  expenses, the Prince Consort heading the list with a donation of £50.
+  The model is constructed to a horizontal scale of eleven inches to one
+  mile, or one inch to four hundred and eighty feet. A succinct but
+  valuable description of the model by Colonel Hamilton has been
+  printed, from which the above particulars have been extracted.
+
+Footnote 159:
+
+  All inventions and resources were pressed into service during the war:
+  photography lent its aid; a telegraph and a railroad were ultimately
+  constructed; and Soyer made his culinary campaign; but from the first
+  the leading public journals had their representatives in the field.
+  The letters of Mr. W. H. Russell, the special correspondent of “The
+  Times,” were eagerly read by all, and the above has been extracted
+  from that gentleman’s work, “The British Expedition to the Crimea.”
+
+Footnote 160:
+
+  “The English cavalry, commanded by Lord Cardigan, had attacked our
+  brigade of hussars (6th. Cavalry Division), with extraordinary
+  impetuosity, but being themselves assailed in flank by four squadrons
+  of our combined regiment of Lancers, they were thrown back, while the
+  artillery of the 12th. and 16th. divisions fired after them with
+  canister, and the Lancers with their carbines.”
+
+  “The English cavalry, while charging our hussars, succeeded in
+  penetrating to the battery of Don Cossacks, No. 3, and cut down some
+  of its gunners.”—_Extract from Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, dated
+  25th. October, 1854._
+
+  “The enemy’s attack was most pertinacious; he charged our cavalry in
+  spite of the grape fired with great precision from six guns of the
+  light battery, No. 7, in spite of the fire of the skirmishers of the
+  regiment “Odessa,” and of a company of the fourth battalion of
+  “Tirailleurs,” that stood on the right wing, and even unheeding the
+  artillery of General Yabokritski.”—_General Liprandi’s report to
+  Prince Menschikoff, 26th. October, 1854._
+
+Footnote 161:
+
+  In the “Curiosities of War,” are shown the numerous battles which have
+  been fought on Sundays, especially on Palm, Easter, and Whit Sundays.
+  From the Wars of the Roses to the time of Wellington, Sunday has been
+  memorable in English military annals. It is a stern necessity, that
+  offers so strong a contrast to the prayer which then is ascending from
+  ivied village church or stately city fane, to preserve us “from battle
+  and murder, and from sudden death.” The Peninsular War was fruitful in
+  Sunday fighting, and the following instances in that and more recent
+  campaigns are here inserted, as being intimately connected with the
+  “Medals of the British Army.”—The second battle in Portugal, that of
+  Vimiera, was fought on Sunday, 21st. August, 1808. The battle of
+  Fuentes d’Onor was gained on Sunday, the 5th. of May, 1811. On Sunday
+  evening, 10th. January, 1812, Lord Wellington issued the brief and
+  determined order, that “Ciudad Rodrigo must be carried by assault this
+  evening, at seven o’clock.” The battle of Orthes was fought on Sunday,
+  the 27th. of February, 1814, and that of Toulouse—the last general
+  action of the Peninsular War—occurred on Easter Sunday, the 10th. of
+  April following. The Battle of Waterloo was also decided on Sunday,
+  the 18th. of June, 1815. The second Burmese War afforded two
+  examples:—Easter Sunday the 11th. April, 1852, the attack on the lines
+  of defence at Rangoon; and the attack and capture of Pegu, on Sunday,
+  the 21st. of November, 1852. The victory of Inkermann, as above
+  narrated, was achieved on Sunday, the 5th. of November, 1854. And it
+  was on Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, that the terrible Indian Mutiny
+  broke out at Meerut.
+
+Footnote 162:
+
+  “Every bush hid a dead man, and in some places small groups lay
+  heaped. In a spot which might have been covered by a common bell-tent,
+  I saw lying four Englishmen and seven Russians. All the field was
+  strewn; but the space in front of the two-gun battery, where the
+  Guards fought, bore terrible pre-eminence in slaughter. The sides of
+  the hill, up to and around the battery, were literally heaped with
+  bodies. It was painful to see the noble Guardsmen, with their large
+  forms and fine faces, lying amidst the dogged, low-browed Russians.
+  One Guardsman lay, in advance of the battery, on his back, with his
+  arms raised in the very act of thrusting with the bayonet; he had been
+  killed by a bullet entering through his right eye. His coat was open,
+  and I read his name on the Guernsey frock underneath—an odd
+  name—‘Mustow.’ While I was wondering why his arms had not obeyed the
+  laws of gravity, and fallen by his side when he fell dead, a Guardsman
+  came up and told me he had seen Mustow rush out of the battery and
+  charge with the bayonet, with which he was thrusting at two or three
+  of the enemy, when he was shot. In their last charges the Russians
+  must have trodden at every step on the bodies of their
+  comrades.”—_“The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol,” by
+  Lieutenant-Colonel E. Bruce Hamley, Royal Artillery._
+
+Footnote 163:
+
+  The first notice of the advance of the Russians was given by Sir
+  Thomas Troubridge, who commanded the outposts of the first brigade of
+  the Light Division. After relieving the advanced sentries, he went
+  down before daybreak towards the Mamelon, and, sweeping the ground
+  with a field-glass, descried the enemy on the opposite side of the
+  ravine.
+
+Footnote 164:
+
+  Some misapprehension having arisen regarding the numbers then actually
+  belonging to the army in the Crimea, in consequence of the above
+  statement in Lord Raglan’s despatch, the following return of the
+  strength on the 4th. of November, 1854, is inserted:—
+
+                                  Cavalry.    Artillery and    Infantry.
+                                            Sappers & Miners.
+ Under arms                           1,417              3,154    17,436
+ Detached on command, Bâtmen, and       449                260     4,353
+   otherwise employed
+ Sick { Present                         149                 50     1,131
+ Sick { Absent                          512                130     5,104
+                                      —————              —————    ——————
+                                      2,527              3,594    28,024
+ Officers                               107                147       708
+        Total officers and men, 4th. November, 1854      35,107.
+
+  The brigade of Highlanders, upwards of 2,000 men, was at Balaklava;
+  the third division of 3,400 men occupied the heights in rear of the
+  trenches, a sortie from the town being expected: and about 3,600 were
+  in the trenches; these, deducted from 17,436, the “Infantry under
+  arms,” leave 8,436, nearly agreeing with the number given in the
+  despatch.
+
+Footnote 165:
+
+  “At one time, while the Duke was rallying his men, a body of Russians
+  began to single him out, and to take shots at him in the most
+  deliberate manner. A surgeon, Mr. Wilson, 7th. Hussars, who was
+  attached to the brigade, perceived the danger of his Royal Highness,
+  and with the greatest gallantry and coolness, assembled a few men of
+  the Guards, led them to the charge, and utterly routed and dispersed
+  the Russians. The Duke’s horse was killed in the course of the fight.
+  At the close of the day he called Mr. Wilson in front of the regiment
+  and publicly thanked him for having in all probability saved his
+  life.”—_“Expedition to the Crimea,” by W. H. Russell, L.L.D._
+
+Footnote 166:
+
+  The incident is thus alluded to in a letter written on the day
+  following the escape of the French garrison of Almeida, by the Duke of
+  Wellington to Viscount Beresford:—“Villa Formosa, 11th. May, 1811. You
+  will hardly believe that we were obliged to pick up the French shot in
+  our camp to make up ammunition for Arentschild’s guns, his reserve
+  having been left behind at Saragossa.”
+
+Footnote 167:
+
+  Non-commissioned officers and men, 11th. January, 1855:—
+
+                                  Cavalry.    Artillery and    Infantry.
+                                            Sappers & Miners.
+ Under arms                           1,086              2,971    17,050
+ Bâtmen, & otherwise employed           306                100     3,040
+ On command                             242                206     2,029
+ Sick { Present                         193                564     4,821
+ Sick { Absent                          576                673     9,174
+                                      —————              —————    ——————
+                                      2,403              4,514    36,114
+ Officers                               111                161       832
+         Total officers and men, 11th. January, 1855    44,135.
+
+Footnote 168:
+
+  “Would you tell Mrs. Herbert that I begged she would let me see
+  frequently the accounts she receives from Miss Nightingale or Mrs.
+  Bracebridge, as I hear no details of the wounded, though I see so many
+  from officers, etc., about the battle-field, and naturally the former
+  must interest me more than anyone. Let Mrs. Herbert also know that I
+  wish Miss Nightingale and the ladies would tell these poor noble
+  wounded and sick men that no one takes a warmer interest, or feels
+  more for their sufferings, or admires their courage and heroism more
+  than their Queen. Day and night she thinks of her beloved troops; so
+  does the Prince. Beg Mrs. Herbert to communicate these my words to
+  those ladies, as I know that our sympathy is much valued by these
+  noble fellows.—VICTORIA.”
+
+Footnote 169:
+
+  “The covering party for the entire right attack (upwards of a mile in
+  extent) never had exceeded, at this period of the siege, three hundred
+  and fifty men, and on the night of the 21st. of January it numbered
+  only two hundred and ninety men. The guards for the other attacks were
+  equally small.”—_Major Elphinstone’s “Journal of Operations conducted
+  by the Royal Engineers.”_
+
+Footnote 170:
+
+  “The gallant old 7th. Fusiliers had to run the gauntlet of a large
+  body of the enemy, whom they drove back _à la fourchette_. The 34th.
+  regiment had an enormous force to contend against, and their Colonel,
+  Kelly, was carried off by the enemy. In the midst of the fight, Major
+  Gordon, of the Royal Engineers, displayed that cool courage and
+  presence of mind which never forsook him. With a little switch in his
+  hand, he encouraged the men to defend the trenches, and standing up on
+  the top of the parapet, unarmed as he was, hurled down stones upon the
+  Russians. He was struck by a ball, which passed through the lower part
+  of his arm, and at the same time received a bullet through the
+  shoulder. All rejoiced that he was not dangerously wounded.”—_The
+  British Expedition to the Crimea, by W. H. Russell, L.L.D._
+
+Footnote 171:
+
+  The British ships employed in this expedition were the “Royal Albert,”
+  “Agamemnon,” “Hannibal,” “Algiers,” “St. Jean d’Acre,” “Princess
+  Royal,” ships of the line; and twenty-seven frigates and gunboats. The
+  land forces amounted to nearly 16,000 men, with six batteries of
+  artillery.
+
+Footnote 172:
+
+  “From the 13th. to the 19th. of August, inclusive, the expenditure of
+  ammunition amounted to twenty-six thousand two hundred and seventy
+  rounds, and that of powder to about eighty-one tons.”—_Artillery
+  Operations, compiled by Captain and Brevet-Major W. E. M. Reilly,
+  C.B., Royal Artillery._
+
+Footnote 173:
+
+  Number killed, wounded, etc., of the British army in the Crimea, from
+  the date of embarkation for the East, to the 30th. April, 1856.
+
+ ┌────────────────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬────────────┐
+ │                    │ Cavalry.  │Artillery. │Engineers. │ Infantry.  │
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬──────┤
+ │                    │Offi-│N.-C.│Offi-│N.-C.│Offi-│N.-C.│Offi-│N.-C. │
+ │         „          │cers.│O. & │cers.│O. & │cers.│O. & │cers.│ O. & │
+ │                    │     │Men. │     │Men. │     │Men. │     │ Men. │
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────┤
+ │Killed in action    │    9│  114│   11│  121│    9│   32│  125│  2331│
+ │Died of wounds      │    4│   26│    1│   52│    6│   23│   73│  1832│
+ │Died of disease,    │   23│ 1007│   10│ 1298│    5│  175│  105│13,414│
+ │  etc.              │     │     │     │     │     │     │     │      │
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────┤
+ │    Total deaths    │   36│ 1147│   22│ 1471│   20│  230│  303│17,577│
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────┤
+ │Wounded { severely  │   12│  113│    6│  632│    7│   31│  254│  5186│
+ │Wounded { slightly  │   14│  124│   24│  „  │    6│   55│  181│  5220│
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────┤
+ │   Total wounded    │   26│  237│   30│  632│   13│   86│  435│10,406│
+ ├────────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼──────┤
+ │Number who suffered │    1│   22│    1│   32│    2│    7│   34│   810│
+ │  amputation        │     │     │     │     │     │     │     │      │
+ └────────────────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────┘
+
+Footnote 174:
+
+  The “Turkish General Service Medal,” instituted by Mahomet II., in
+  1831, was given by the Sultan, to Colonel (afterwards General Sir J.
+  Lintorn) Simmons, two officers, and sixteen men of the tenth company
+  Royal Engineers, and to two officers, and thirty men forming the crew
+  of a gunboat, for services in the Danube in 1854. The medals given to
+  Colonel Simmons and Commander Carr-Glyn, were in gold, the others in
+  silver. On the obverse is the Sultan’s cypher, within a circle,
+  surmounted by the crescent and star, on the sides are flags and laurel
+  branches. The reverse has a large elliptical star, surmounted by
+  another of six points, below is a scroll with a Turkish inscription,
+  signifying Medal, or Mark of Honour. Ribbon: red, with green edges.
+  Medals—one in gold, and the others in silver—were also given to seven
+  British officers in command of Turkish troops at the successful
+  defence of Silistria, in 1854; and a silver medal was given to General
+  Sir F. Williams and the officers under him for the defence of Kars,
+  1855.
+
+Footnote 175:
+
+  The first act of bravery for which the Cross was given.
+
+Footnote 176:
+
+  Queen’s Regiments in India on the 1st. of May, 1857:—6th. Dragoon
+  Guards, 9th. and 12th. Lancers, and 14th. Light Dragoons, 8th. Foot,
+  10th. (first battalions), 24th., 27th., 29th., 32nd., 35th., 43rd.,
+  52nd., 53rd., 60th. (first battalion), 61st., 64th., 70th., 74th.,
+  75th., 78th., 81st., 83rd., 84th., 86th., and 87th. Regiments.
+  Strength:—seven hundred and fifty-seven officers and twenty-two
+  thousand four hundred and seventy-one men. The East India Company’s
+  troops raised this force to two hundred and seventy-seven thousand
+  seven hundred and forty-six; the Native Troops included therein
+  amounting to two hundred and thirty-two thousand two hundred and
+  twenty-four, and the Europeans to forty-five thousand five hundred and
+  twenty-two.
+
+Footnote 177:
+
+  The following fact is significant of the scarcity of this kind of
+  ammunition:—In one of the field force orders it was notified that two
+  annas would be given for each of the enemy’s twenty-four pounder round
+  shot that might be brought into camp, to be again used up. Similar
+  instances occurred during the siege of Sebastopol, and in the
+  Peninsula, as noticed in the account of the War in the Crimea, at page
+  417 of this work.
+
+Footnote 178:
+
+  Sir John Lawrence, the able chief commissioner of the Punjab, by his
+  wise and prompt measures secured the tranquility of that portion of
+  India. The necessary steps to disarm the Native Regiments were ably
+  carried into effect by the 81st., the only Queen’s regiment at Lahore.
+  Putteeala, a powerful Sikh chieftain, also gave zealous aid, not only
+  by sending troops to replace those who had marched from Umballa to
+  join their comrades before Delhi, but also by affording protection to
+  fugitives, and exercising his influence to keep his countrymen
+  faithful to the British; his relative, the Jheend Rajah also proceeded
+  to Delhi with a body of his own troops, and bore an active share in
+  the subsequent operations. The authorities at Peshawur, where fourteen
+  thousand men were stationed, only about one-fourth being Europeans,
+  were on the alert; the fort of Attock was at once provisioned for a
+  siege, the 57th. Queen’s regiment forming the garrison, and the 64th.
+  Native Infantry were distributed in the frontier forts, the treasure
+  being deposited at Peshawur. The Guides were sent to join the army
+  before Delhi, where they arrived in June, after a march of about six
+  hundred miles, pronounced by Sir Henry Barnard to be without a
+  parallel. Colonel Edwards, of Punjab fame, also by his appeals caused
+  several bodies of Sikh troops to uphold British rule, and they were
+  found most welcome at Delhi, above all, the great object of disarming
+  the suspicious regiments was carried out. Colonel Ellice with three
+  companies of the 24th. regiment, had an affair with the 14th. Native
+  Infantry, at Jhelum on the 7th. of July; in which he himself was
+  dangerously wounded; and a flying column, under Brigadier-General
+  Nicholson, encountered the mutineers about noon on the 12th. of July,
+  as they were crossing the Ravee; in this action the 52nd. Light
+  Infantry, under Colonel Campbell, maintained their high character.
+  After another attack on the 16th. of that month, the Brigadier
+  proceeded to several disturbed parts of the country, and eventually
+  joined the troops before Delhi on the 14th. of August. The column from
+  the Punjab comprised the 52nd. Light Infantry, a wing of the 61st.,
+  No. 17 Light Field Battery, 2nd. regiment of Punjab Infantry, a wing
+  of the 7th. Punjab Police Battalion, 4th. Sikh Infantry, two hundred
+  and fifty Mooltanee Horse, with siege guns and ordnance stores. The
+  52nd. were six hundred and eighty strong, with six sick, but on the
+  14th. of September, owing to the ravages of fever and cholera, they
+  only mustered two hundred and forty effectives of all ranks.
+
+Footnote 179:
+
+  In addition to these two officers there were Sergeants John Smith and
+  A. B. Carmichael, and Corporal F. Burgess, _alias_ Joshua Burgess
+  Grierson, of the Sappers and Miners; Bugler Hawthorne, of the 52nd.
+  Light Infantry, and twenty-four Sappers and Miners, viz.:—fourteen
+  Native and ten Punjabees. Covered by the fire of the 60th. Rifles,
+  this party advanced at the double towards the Cashmere Gate;
+  Lieutenant Home, with Sergeants John Smith and Carmichael, and
+  Havildar Madhoo, all of the Sappers, leading and carrying the
+  powder-bags, followed by Lieutenant Salkeld, Corporal Burgess, and a
+  section of the remainder of the party. Sergeant Carmichael was killed
+  whilst laying his powder, and Havildar Madhoo was wounded. Whilst
+  endeavouring to fire the charge Lieutenant Salkeld was shot through
+  the leg and arm, and handed over the slow match to Corporal Burgess,
+  who fell mortally wounded just as he had successfully performed his
+  duty. Havildar Tiluk Singh, of the Sappers and Miners was wounded, and
+  Ram Heth, Sepoy, of the same corps, was killed during this part of the
+  operation. The demolition having been most successful, Lieutenant Home
+  then caused the bugle to sound the regimental call of the 52nd. as the
+  signal for the advance of the column; this was repeated three times,
+  as it was feared that amidst the noise of the assault the sound might
+  not be heard. The bugler, Robert Hawthorne, after performing his own
+  dangerous duty, humanely attached himself to Lieutenant Salkeld, and
+  after binding up that officer’s wounds under a heavy musketry fire,
+  had him removed without further injury. For this deed, pronounced to
+  be “as noble as any that has ever graced the annals of war,” he
+  received the Victoria Cross.
+
+Footnote 180:
+
+  Well might the Governor-General, in his “Notification,” remark, that
+  “Before a single soldier, of the many thousands who are hastening from
+  England to uphold the supremacy of the British power, has set foot on
+  these shores, the rebel force, where it was strongest and most united,
+  and where it had the command of unbounded military appliances, has
+  been destroyed or scattered by an army collected within the limits of
+  the North-western Provinces and the Punjab alone.”
+
+Footnote 181:
+
+  At one time there were three brothers of this name before Delhi, the
+  8th. Foot being in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed at the
+  assault on that city; this was the elder; the other, H. H. Greathed,
+  Esq., Commissioner and Political Agent of the Bengal Civil Service,
+  died of cholera on the 19th. of September, the day previous to its
+  capture; and the youngest, Brevet-Major William Wilberforce Harris
+  Greathed, C.B., of the Bengal Engineers, was severely wounded in the
+  storming of Delhi.
+
+Footnote 182:
+
+  Afterwards General Sir Hope Grant, G.C.B.
+
+Footnote 183:
+
+  The strength of the Lucknow garrison on the 1st. of July, 1857,
+  consisted of one thousand six hundred and eighteen officers and men,
+  “effective, fit for duty”; the sick and wounded amounted to eighty
+  officers and men.
+
+Footnote 184:
+
+  One of the most remarkable relics of the siege that I have seen was
+  the mess plate of the 32nd. regiment. The spoons were twisted by the
+  effect of the enemy’s shot, and the soup tureen presented a singular
+  appearance, the handles being nearly wrenched off. These battered
+  articles were sent to Windsor Castle for the inspection of Her
+  Majesty.
+
+Footnote 185:
+
+  The native non-commissioned officers and men who formed part of the
+  garrison, received the Indian Order of Merit, and were permitted to
+  count three years of additional service. The 13th., 48th., and 71st.
+  regiments of Native Infantry were afterwards formed into one corps,
+  designated the “Regiment of Lucknow.”
+
+Footnote 186:
+
+  The garrison of Lucknow, from the 30th. of June to the 26th. of
+  September, 1857, had one hundred and forty officers and men,
+  Europeans, killed, and one hundred and ninety wounded; Natives,
+  seventy-two killed and one hundred and thirty-one wounded.
+
+Footnote 187:
+
+  Cawnpore unfortunately occupies a prominent place in the history of
+  the mutiny. General Sir Hugh Wheeler, seeing the state of the native
+  troops, which composed part of the garrison, formed an entrenched camp
+  round the hospital barracks, and collected a supply of provisions.
+  Owing to the defection of the native corps, some of which at first
+  appeared faithful, the force ultimately consisted of the first company
+  sixth battalion of artillery, sixty-one; 32nd. regiment, eighty-four;
+  1st. European Fusiliers, fifteen; 84th. regiment, fifty; in all, two
+  hundred and ten. To these may be added the officers of the three
+  native infantry regiments, and others, amounting to about one hundred.
+  The non-combatants amounted to five hundred and ninety, one hundred
+  and sixty women and children being included in the latter number, in
+  all nine hundred. Considering the defenceless state of the camp, it
+  was wonderful that the garrison could withstand the enemy for a single
+  day. The Sepoys commenced their attack on the 7th. of June, and
+  continued an almost constant fire on the camp until the 24th. The
+  garrison had only eight guns, while some opposed to them were
+  twenty-four pounders. Frequent attempts were made to carry the
+  enclosure by storm, but they were unsuccessful, the Sepoys being
+  driven back each time. The sufferings of the garrison were so extreme,
+  that on the 25th. of June, arrangements were entered into with Nena
+  Sahib for the evacuation of the place. The result is but too well
+  known. While the unfortunate people were proceeding towards Allahabad,
+  the treacherous mutineers fired upon all in the boats; the one in
+  which General Wheeler (who had been severely wounded) was in they
+  brought back to Cawnpore. Only a few escaped, one of whom, Lieutenant
+  Delafosse, has given a narrative of what he witnessed. All who were
+  not killed in the boats were carried back to Cawnpore; the men being
+  shot, and the females detained prisoners.
+
+Footnote 188:
+
+  This miscreant’s real name was Doondoo Punt, and he was the adopted
+  son of Bajee Kao, the ex-Peishwah of Poona. After the death of the
+  latter, in 1852, he made claim to the pension which had been allowed
+  to that chief by the treaty of 1818, when he gave himself up to Sir
+  John Malcolm. The refusal of the Indian authorities to recognise his
+  right made him commence his vindictive course. He had been permitted
+  to keep up a retinue of two hundred soldiers, and had a fortified
+  place of residence at Bithoor, ten miles from Cawnpore.
+
+Footnote 189:
+
+  Promoted to the rank of Major-General on the 30th. of July, 1857, and
+  was afterwards appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath; also created
+  a baronet, but dying before the patent was sealed, the dignity was
+  conferred upon his son, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry M. Havelock,
+  Bart., of the 18th. Royal Irish regiment.
+
+Footnote 190:
+
+  Captain William Robert Moorsom, of the 52nd. Light Infantry, rendered
+  most important service in guiding Havelock’s second column. This young
+  officer had been selected in 1856 to conduct a scientific survey of
+  Lucknow, and having preserved rough copies of it, his knowledge of the
+  city proved of the highest importance, not only on this, but
+  subsequent occasions, his gallantry being repeatedly mentioned in the
+  despatches. Captain Moorsom met a soldier’s death at the early age of
+  twenty-four, at the head of a column of attack on the rebel parts of
+  the city of Lucknow, on the 11th. of March, 1858, and the 52nd.,
+  feeling that the career of this young officer, who had been engaged in
+  nine pitched battles and numerous skirmishes, having been twice
+  wounded, was an honour to the regiment, erected a monumental tablet to
+  his memory in the cathedral of Rochester. The Division of Sir James
+  Outram also erected in Westminster Abbey a memorial window to their
+  youthful Quartermaster-General.
+
+Footnote 191:
+
+  Captain Oliver J. Jones, R.N., in his “Recollections of a Winter
+  Campaign in India, 1857–8,” gives the following amusing anecdote of
+  his first peep at the Commander-in-Chief. The author was wandering
+  through the rooms of a “strongish place” taken from a Rajah.—“In one
+  of them I found a couple of glass candlesticks, not worth sixpence a
+  piece; but as my establishment only sported an empty porter bottle, I
+  thought they would make a handsome addition, and took them. Coming
+  down stairs, I met Forster—poor fellow! he is now dead—one of the
+  Chief’s aide-de-camps, who said,—‘By Jove, old fellow, you’d better
+  not let Sir Colin catch you looting—here he comes!’ upon which I
+  dropped them, as Paddy says, like a hot murphy; and in a couple of
+  minutes after saw a Sikh walking off with my elegant candlesticks.
+  Soon afterwards I saw the Chief serving out _bamboo backsheesh_ to
+  some Sikhs who had passed him with loot, with a big stick, and I
+  rejoiced at the warning my friend Foster had given me, else, perhaps,
+  in his wrath, he might have broken my head too.”
+
+  The promising young officer above referred to, namely Captain W. F.
+  Godolphin Forster, of the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, son of
+  Major-General W. F. Foster, K.H., Military Secretary at Head Quarters,
+  died at Lucknow on the 14th. of May, 1858, and up to that date had
+  accompanied Sir Colin Campbell in all his battles and operations
+  against the mutineers.
+
+Footnote 192:
+
+  Mr. Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oude, when
+  serving under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, in
+  Lucknow, on the 8th. of November, 1857, volunteered on the dangerous
+  duty of proceeding through the city to the camp of the
+  Commander-in-Chief, for the purpose of guiding the relieving force to
+  the beleaguered garrison in the Residency,—a task which he performed
+  with chivalrous gallantry and devotion.
+
+  A highly interesting work has been written by this gentleman, showing
+  how he won the Victoria Cross, which was conferred upon him under the
+  Royal Warrant of the 13th. of December, 1858; by which this high
+  distinction was accorded to certain non-military persons, who, as
+  Volunteers, had borne arms against the mutineers in India.
+
+Footnote 193:
+
+  “There never was a bolder feat of arms, and the loss inflicted on the
+  enemy, after the entrance of the Secundra Bagh was effected, was
+  immense,—more than two thousand of the enemy were afterwards carried
+  out. The officers who led the regiments were Lieutenant-Colonel L.
+  Hay, H.M.’s 93rd. Highlanders, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, H.M.’s 93rd.
+  Highlanders; Captain Walton, H.M.’s 53rd. Foot; Lieutenant Paul, 4th.
+  Punjaub Infantry (since dead); and Major Barnston, H.M.’s 90th.
+  Foot.”—_Sir Colin Campbell’s despatch._
+
+Footnote 194:
+
+  “The fighting on the 28th. was very severe. On the left advance,
+  Colonel Walpole with the Rifles, supported by Captain Greene’s
+  battery, and part of the 82nd. regiment, achieved a complete victory
+  over the enemy, and captured two eighteen-pounder guns. The glory of
+  this well-contested fight belongs entirely to the above-named
+  companies and artillery.”—_Major-General Windham’s Despatch._
+
+Footnote 195:
+
+  Force employed on the 6th. of December:—Brigadier Greathed’s
+  Brigade—8th., 64th., and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry. Artillery Brigade—two
+  troops Horse Artillery; three light field Batteries; guns of the Naval
+  Brigade; heavy field Battery Royal Artillery. Cavalry Brigade—9th.
+  Lancers; detachments 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry and Hodson’s
+  Horse. 4th. Brigade—53rd. Foot; 42nd. and 93rd. Highlanders; 4th.
+  Punjaub Rifles. 5th. Infantry Brigade—23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers;
+  32nd. and 82nd. Regiments. 6th. Brigade—second and third battalions
+  Rifle Brigade; detachment 38th. Foot. Engineer Brigade—Royal
+  Engineers, and detachments Bengal and Punjaub Sappers and Miners
+  attached to the various brigades of Infantry.
+
+Footnote 196:
+
+  Troops employed:—Head-quarters of the division of Artillery and of the
+  Field Artillery brigade under Major-General Sir A. Wilson, K.C.B., and
+  Colonel D. Wood, C.B. Royal Horse Artillery: Lieutenant-Colonel
+  D’Aguilar’s troop, Royal Horse Artillery; Lieutenant-Colonel Toombs,
+  C.B., and Lieutenant Bishop’s troops; Bengal Horse Artillery, under
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Turner; two twenty-four pounders and two eight-inch
+  howitzers of the “Shannon’s” Naval Brigade; two companies Punjaub
+  Sappers and Miners. Head-quarters of the Cavalry division and the 1st.
+  Cavalry Brigade, under Brigadier-General Sir J. H. Grant, K.C.B., and
+  Brigadier Little. 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub Irregular Cavalry;
+  detachment of 5th. Punjaub ditto; 1st. Sikh Irregular Cavalry. Second
+  division of Infantry, under Brigadier-General Sir E. Lugard, K.C.B.,
+  consisting of third brigade, Brigadier P. M. M. Guy, 34th., 38th., and
+  53rd. Foot; fourth brigade, Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope,
+  42nd. and 93rd. Highlanders and 4th. Punjaub Rifles.
+
+Footnote 197:
+
+  The force under Brigadier-General Franks consisted of one hundred and
+  forty European and one hundred and seven Native officers, and five
+  thousand six hundred and forty-six men, and was composed of two
+  companies of Royal, one of Bengal, and one of Madras Artillery;
+  detachments of Benares Horse; Lahore Light Horse, Pathan Horse, and
+  third Sikh Irregular Cavalry; Her Majesty’s 10th., 20th., and 97th.
+  regiments, and six battalions of Ghoorkha infantry and artillery. A
+  dashing cavalry combat occurred at Nyapoorwa, on the 1st. March, in
+  which Captain Aikman, commanding the 3rd. Sikh cavalry, was greatly
+  distinguished; and on the 4th. of that month, the fort of Dhowrara was
+  captured.
+
+Footnote 198:
+
+  Force sent across the Goomtee under Sir James
+  Outram:—Lieutenant-Colonel D’Aguilar’s troop Royal Horse Artillery;
+  Major Remmington’s and Captain McKinnon’s troops Royal Horse
+  Artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel F. Turner; Captains Gibbons’ and
+  Middleton’s Light Field Batteries; Royal Artillery and head-quarters
+  Field Artillery Brigade; head-quarters Cavalry Division and of first
+  Cavalry Brigade; 2nd. Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub
+  Cavalry, detachments 1st. and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry, under Captains
+  Watson and Sanford; third Infantry Division under Brigadier-General R.
+  Walpole; fifth Brigade, Brigadier Douglas, C.B., 23rd. Royal Welsh
+  Fusiliers, 97th. Highlanders, and 1st. Bengal Fusiliers; sixth
+  Brigade, Brigadier Alfred Horsford, C.B., second and third battalions
+  Rifle Brigade, and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry.
+
+Footnote 199:
+
+  Promoted Major-General for his services on this occasion, and also
+  when in command of the force employed at the relief of Azimghur, in
+  April, 1858.
+
+Footnote 200:
+
+  From the 2nd. to the 25th. of March, 1858, the British had one hundred
+  and twenty-seven officers and men killed, and five hundred and
+  ninety-five wounded.
+
+Footnote 201:
+
+  Force employed at the Betwa.—Artillery, three siege guns, sixteen
+  light field guns; 14th. Light Dragoons, two hundred and forty-three
+  rank and file; Hyderabad Cavalry, two hundred and seven sabres; 86th.
+  Regiment, two hundred and eight rank and file; 3rd. Bombay European
+  Regiment, two hundred and twenty-six rank and file; 24th. Bombay
+  Native Infantry, two hundred and ninety-eight rank and file; and 25th.
+  Bombay Native Infantry, four hundred rank and file.
+
+Footnote 202:
+
+  Several standards were captured, together with a silk Union Jack which
+  had been given by Lord William Bentinck to the grandfather of the
+  Ranee’s husband, with permission to have it carried before him as a
+  reward for his fidelity, a privilege accorded to no other Indian
+  Prince. The soldiers who had so bravely won this flag of their
+  country, asked permission to hoist it on the place,—a request to which
+  Sir Hugh Rose at once acceded.
+
+Footnote 203:
+
+  See Recipients of the Victoria Cross.
+
+Footnote 204:
+
+  Lieutenant Cameron, of the 72nd., received the Victoria Cross for
+  conspicuous bravery on this day, in having headed a small party of
+  men, and attacked a body of armed fanatic rebels, strongly posted in a
+  loopholed house, with one narrow entrance. He stormed the house, and
+  killed three rebels in single combat. This officer was severely
+  wounded, having lost the half of one hand, by a stroke from a tulwar.
+
+Footnote 205:
+
+  In addition to four killed and fourteen wounded, the 14th. Light
+  Dragoons had eighteen cases of sunstroke, two proving fatal. The 71st.
+  Highland Light Infantry suffered from the same cause, eight out of the
+  nineteen cases dying from the intense heat, one day in the shade it
+  rose to 130 degrees. Sir Hugh Rose stated in his despatch, that when a
+  wing of the 71st. was prostrated by sun-sickness, the only complaint
+  he heard in the field hospitals from these gallant fellows, was that
+  they could not rise and fight.
+
+Footnote 206:
+
+  Troops employed in the action at Banda:—Horse Artillery, European and
+  Native; 12th. Lancers (left wing); one squadron Hyderabad Cavalry, one
+  hundred and thirty-six; detachments Royal Artillery; Madras Artillery;
+  Sappers and Miners; 3rd. Madras European Regiment; 1st. Regiment of
+  Native Infantry; Detachment 50th. Native Infantry.
+
+Footnote 207:
+
+  One of these, the defence of Arrah, is most remarkable. Sixteen
+  Europeans and fifty Sikh soldiers, made a noble stand against three
+  thousand mutineers. The Europeans were Mr. Littledale, judge; Mr.
+  Bombe, collector; Mr. Wake, magistrate; and Mr. Boyle, railway
+  engineer—all civilians. The first attempt to relieve them failed; on
+  the 27th. of July portions of the 10th. and 37th. regiments, and some
+  Sikhs, about four hundred in all, were sent up the river from Dynapore
+  in two steamers, one of which grounded: this caused a delay, but in
+  the evening of the 29th. the troops were disembarked. Captain Dunbar
+  pushed on until he reached the outskirts of the town, when the Sepoys
+  suddenly opened a destructive fire of musketry from the wood, a great
+  number, including himself, being killed, the survivors being hotly
+  pursued to the steamer. Major Vincent Eyre, of the Bengal Horse
+  Artillery (author of the well-known work on the disasters at Cabool),
+  who was in command of a flying force, on hearing of this event
+  advanced from Shawpore, a distance of twenty-eight miles, and on the
+  2nd. of August encountered the rebels near Goojerajunge; and although
+  the odds were twenty to one, gallantly defeated them. Mr. Ross Lowis
+  Mangles, Assistant-Magistrate at Patna, and Mr. William Fraser
+  M‘Donell, Magistrate of Sarun, both of the Bengal Civil Service,
+  received the Victoria Cross for their services; the former for
+  volunteering to serve with the above, having, on the morning of the
+  30th. of July, after Captain Dunbar’s death, during the retreat, with
+  signal gallantry and generous self-devotion, and notwithstanding that
+  he had himself been previously wounded, carried for several miles, out
+  of action, a wounded soldier of the 37th. regiment, bore him in safety
+  to the boats, after binding up his wounds under a murderous fire,
+  which killed or wounded almost the whole detachment; and the latter
+  for great coolness and bravery on the same day and occasion, in having
+  climbed, under an incessant fire outside the boat in which he and
+  several soldiers were, up to the rudder, and with considerable
+  difficulty cut through the lashing which secured it to the side of the
+  boat; on this being cut the boat obeyed the helm, and thus thirty-five
+  European soldiers escaped certain death. In this feat of arms, by
+  which the gallant garrison was relieved, one hundred and fifty-four
+  men of the 5th. Fusiliers, under Captain L’Estrange, maintained the
+  ancient fame of their regiment, and shared with the first company of
+  the 5th. battalion of the Bengal Artillery, and the Buxar Gentlemen
+  Volunteers, in this important result; so honourable to them and to
+  their daring commander. Captain Scott, Ensigns Lewis Oldfield
+  (wounded), and Mason, and Assistant-Surgeon Thornton, were the other
+  officers of the detachment of the 5th. Fusiliers.
+
+Footnote 208:
+
+  The First Brigade, with whom was Sir Robert Napier, consisted of the
+  third Scinde Horse; head-quarters 12th. Bengal Cavalry; a battery
+  21st. Brigade Royal Artillery, with steel 7-pounder guns;
+  head-quarters 10th. Company Royal Engineers; 4th. King’s Own; 23rd.
+  Punjaubees, and wing of 27th Beloochees, also a Naval Brigade of
+  eighty-three men under Commander Fellowes, H.M.S. “Dryad,” with twelve
+  12-pounder rocket tubes, divided into two batteries. The Second
+  Brigade comprised four troops 3rd. Bombay Cavalry; a battery of the
+  14th. Brigade Royal Artillery, with four 12-pounder Armstrong guns;
+  detachment 5th. battery 25th. Brigade R.A., with two 8-inch mortars;
+  battery 21st. Brigade, with steel 7-pounders; company of Sappers and
+  Miners; 2nd., 3rd., and 4th. Companies of Bombay Sappers and Miners;
+  the 33rd. Regiment, and wing of the 10th. Bombay Native Infantry. The
+  reinforcement consisted of six companies of 45th. Regiment; wing of
+  3rd. Native Infantry; wing of the 27th. Native Infantry; one troop
+  3rd. Cavalry; wing of 3rd. Dragoon Guards; and a squadron of 10th.
+  Bengal Cavalry.
+
+Footnote 209:
+
+  “The body of Fitaurari Gabri could be distinguished from the remainder
+  of the fallen by its gorgeous attire. He had been one of the first to
+  fall, and seven chiefs who had attempted to bear away his body were
+  laid in a heap around him. On the left, where the pioneers and baggage
+  guard had been engaged, the dead lay thickest. Along the ravine where
+  the bayonet charge was made men and horses were heaped in tens and
+  twenties. In addition to those that lay there, hundreds had been
+  carried into the fortress during the night.”—(LIEUT. SHEPHERD,
+  correspondent of the _Daily News_).
+
+Footnote 210:
+
+  “Nothing was left us but to leave marks of our power or vengeance,
+  which would long be remembered. No more utterly atrocious Government
+  than that which has thus, perhaps fallen, ever existed on the face of
+  the earth. Their capital was a charnel-house, their religion a
+  combination of cruelty and treachery, their policy the natural outcome
+  of their religion.”—_Despatch of Sir G. Wolseley to Lord Kimberley._
+
+Footnote 211:
+
+  Among the small body of British officers with Captain Glover, besides
+  Captain Sartorius, were Lieutenants Cameron and Barnard, 19th.
+  regiment; Commander Larcom, Lieutenant Moore, Dr. Rowe, and Dr.
+  Bailey, R.N., and three master gunners of the Royal Artillery.
+
+Footnote 212:
+
+  The plunder captured at Coomassie, consisting chiefly of the gold
+  ornaments of the King’s wives, was sold at Cape Coast Castle, and
+  realised nearly £6,000. Among it was an ivory-hilted sword, having on
+  one side of the blade the following inscription, “From Her Majesty
+  Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee.” This sword which was found in
+  the King’s bedchamber, was purchased by the Officers of the Staff, and
+  presented by them to Sir Garnet Wolseley. On the reverse of the blade
+  is another inscription, “Major-General Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley,
+  K.C.B., from the Officers of his Staff. Coomassie, 4th. February,
+  1874.”
+
+Footnote 213:
+
+  Only one military officer, Colonel A. B. Tulloch, C.B., Chief of the
+  Intelligence Department, who was present at the bombardment, received
+  this clasp.
+
+Footnote 214:
+
+  The greatest number of bars given with any single medal was six, and
+  but four were issued with this number, to four men of the 19th.
+  Hussars. The medals were supplied by the Mint, but a Birmingham firm
+  assisted in their production. All the officers above the rank of
+  captain, who served in the campaign of 1882, received the Order of the
+  Medjidie from the Khedive.
+
+Footnote 215:
+
+  The Naval Brigade held Alexandria till the end of July, by which time
+  so many troops had arrived, that the services of the seamen on shore
+  were no longer required, with the exception of those serving in
+  Captain Fisher’s moveable armoured battery. The marines remained on
+  shore, and took the chief part in a smart engagement near Ramleh, on
+  August 5th.
+
+Footnote 216:
+
+  Port Said was seized by Captain Fairfax, R.N., and Ismailia occupied
+  by Captain Fitzroy, R.N. On August 20th. the seamen and marines of the
+  “Seagull” and “Mosquito,” with two hundred of the 72nd. Highlanders,
+  attacked and carried an entrenched position at Chalouf.
+
+Footnote 217:
+
+  The troops from India consisted of 1st. Battalion 72nd. Highlanders;
+  7th. Native Infantry; 29th. Punjaubees; 29th. Beloochees; a battery of
+  seven-pounder screw guns; and the 2nd., 6th., and 13th. Bengal
+  Cavalry.
+
+Footnote 218:
+
+  The Highland Brigade, on entering Cairo, was first quartered in the
+  Citadel, but removed and occupied a camp without the walls during the
+  months of October and November. One night in October a curious
+  incident happened. A large number of Bedouins were prowling around the
+  city and encampment, into which they now and then fired. The dress of
+  the Highlanders completely puzzled the Arabs, and imagining them to be
+  the wives of the Infidel soldiers in Cairo, they made a dash at the
+  tents, hoping to capture some of the damsels to enliven their homes in
+  the desert. They were undeceived by being saluted with a volley that
+  stretched forty of them on the ground, and the survivors sought safety
+  in flight.
+
+Footnote 219:
+
+  Among the officers killed was the gallant Lieutenant Wyatt-Rawson,
+  R.N., who had guided the Highland Brigade by the stars, throughout the
+  night, and was among the first to enter the Egyptian works. He was
+  Naval _aide-de-camp_ to Sir G. Wolseley, to whom his last words were
+  “Didn’t I lead them straight, General!” Major Strong and Captain
+  Wardell, of the Royal Marines, were both shot dead while leading and
+  cheering on their men up the glacis, within twenty yards of the enemy.
+
+Footnote 220:
+
+  When the order to charge was given, the 42nd. charged instantly, and
+  the 65th. after a short interval, and more quickly than the flank half
+  battalion. This inequality of movement left the right corner and part
+  of the right flank of the square open. Worse still, the charge was
+  made, to quote the common expression in the camp “at nothing.” The
+  line stopped short, and in a few moments came the Arab rush, and the
+  Highlanders and 65th. were so closely jammed together that they had
+  hardly elbow room to use their weapons. Only three or four of the
+  enemy got inside the square, and they were killed as soon as they
+  entered.
+
+Footnote 221:
+
+  “The formation of the Arabs, which was like a half moon, overlapped
+  the front and right face of the 1st. Brigade. Buller had his men well
+  in hand, just as if they were at a review. He commenced firing volleys
+  at them. The Arabs, who were in irregular formation, and from three to
+  ten deep, came along at a run, and it was just like a big black wave
+  running up a beach. It began to break on the crest, the white foam
+  being represented by the men that fell simultaneously with every
+  volley, and the wave began to grow less and less the more it neared
+  the square. Within two hundred and fifty yards it nearly ceased, and
+  not one man could get near enough to use his spear.”—_Wylde’s—In the
+  Soudan._
+
+Footnote 222:
+
+  With Lord Wolseley were Major-General Sir Redvers Buller, V.C., Chief
+  of the Staff; Colonel W. F. Butler, C.B., Assistant Adjutant-General;
+  Colonel Sir C. W. Wilson, R.E., Chief of Intelligence Department; and
+  Colonel Sir H. Stewart, K.C.B. Colonel H. Brackenbury, R.A.; Colonel
+  R. Harrison, R.E.; Colonel Webber, R.E.; and others, for special
+  service.
+
+Footnote 223:
+
+  The advance of the troops up the Nile was difficult and onerous in the
+  extreme. Some of the cataracts extended for two and three miles, and
+  all the stores had to be taken out of the boats and carried miles
+  round, over broken and rocky ground, and then shipped again beyond the
+  obstruction. It often took seventy men to haul one boat through the
+  rapids, and some days the whole progress made was under a mile. Many
+  of the boats were capsized and wrecked, and fifty men of the
+  expedition, including ten Canadians, were drowned before reaching
+  Dongola.
+
+Footnote 224:
+
+  The troops which proceeded up the Nile were detachments of the 1st.
+  and 2nd. Life Guards; the Horse Guards; 2nd., 4th., and 5th. Dragoon
+  Guards; 1st. and 2nd. Dragoons; 5th. and 16th. Lancers; and 3rd.,
+  4th., 7th., 10th., 11th., 15th., 18th., 19th., 20th., and 21st.
+  Hussars. Most of them served as mounted infantry, or in the camel
+  corps. Detachments of Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards; 13th.,
+  21st., and 94th. Foot, 60th. Rifles and Rifle Brigade, and the 18th.,
+  35th., 38th., 42nd., 46th., 50th., 56th., 75th., 79th. Foot; Royal
+  Marines; and Naval Brigade. The 18th. Foot were the winners of Lord
+  Wolseley’s prize of £100 in the race up the Nile to Debbah.
+
+Footnote 225:
+
+  “Immediately I perceived the enemy coming down, I ran the gun to a
+  position in the centre of the left flank, and commenced firing. After
+  about thirty rounds the gun jammed. The enemy then were about two
+  hundred yards from the muzzle of it. The captain of it, Will Rhoods,
+  and myself, unscrewed the plate to clean the barrel, when the enemy
+  were upon us. Rhoods was killed by a spear; Miller, drummer, I also
+  saw killed at the same moment. I was knocked down in rear of gun, but
+  uninjured, except a spear scratch on left hand. As I struggled up I
+  was carried against the face of the square, which was literally
+  pressed back by sheer weight of numbers. The crush was so great, that
+  at the moment few on either side were killed, but fortunately this
+  flank of the square was forced up a very steep little mound, which
+  enabled the rear rank to open a tremendous fire over the heads of the
+  front rank men. This relieved the pressure, and enabled the front rank
+  to bayonet or shoot those of the enemy nearest them. The enemy then
+  turned to the right and streamed away along the rear face of the
+  square, where, I afterwards heard they effected an entrance. None of
+  them got into the square at the place I indicated, where the crush
+  was, which was held by the Mounted Infantry.”—_Despatch of Lord
+  Charles Beresford, R.N._
+
+Footnote 226:
+
+  All the Arabs killed belonged to the Hadendowa tribe, and among them
+  were several women, clad as men. Their fanaticism was amazing. As an
+  eye-witness wrote—“When our men went out to bring in the wounded
+  rebels lying in the bush, these latter crept bleeding on all fours,
+  with the spears in their mouths to stab them, and even hobbled on
+  broken legs to attack them.”
+
+Footnote 227:
+
+  One of the standards had this inscription—“From the Mahdi, the true
+  Prophet of God. Whoever fights under this banner shall be victorious.”
+
+Footnote 228:
+
+  The Soudan Medal, with the clasp “Gemaizah, 1888,” was given to the
+  officers, seamen, and marines of H.M.S. “Racer” and “Starling” who
+  belonged to those vessels on December 20th., 1888, the date of the
+  action.
+
+Footnote 229:
+
+  Medals granted for service in the field, as well as medals and
+  gratuities, and medals and annuities, for good conduct, are forfeited
+  by soldiers on conviction of desertion or felony, or being sentenced
+  to penal servitude, or on discharge with ignominy. They are also
+  liable to forfeiture by sentence of court-martial, on conviction of
+  disgraceful conduct; or, in case of sergeants, on reduction to the
+  ranks. Medals thus forfeited are transmitted to the Horse Guards, in
+  order to their being returned to the Mint. Under certain regulations
+  lost medals are replaced; if the loss be proved to have occurred from
+  carelessness or neglect, the loser may be recommended to the
+  Commander-in-Chief for a new medal, at his own expense, after two
+  years’ absence from the regimental defaulters’ book. In order to
+  justify the replacement of a medal at the public expense, the loss
+  must be shewn to have occurred while on duty, or by some accident
+  entirely beyond the control of the loser; in all other cases, such as
+  the loss of a medal cut from a tunic, or stolen from the person, the
+  soldier has to pay for it himself. In cases wherein the clasps are not
+  lost, they are forwarded to the Adjutant-General to be attached to the
+  new medal. When medals are designedly made away with, or pawned, the
+  soldier is to be tried by court-martial, and, if convicted, put under
+  stoppages, the amount being credited to the public. After five years’
+  absence from the regimental defaulters’ book, the offender may be
+  recommended for a new medal, on again paying the value thereof.
+
+Footnote 230:
+
+  A somewhat similar medal was given to the Indian chiefs who had
+  distinguished themselves by their loyalty, at the close of the war
+  between America and England, in 1814. On the obverse is a laureated
+  bust of George III., in the mantle and collar of the garter, with the
+  legend “Georgius III. Dei Gratia, Britannarum Rex. F. D.”; and on the
+  reverse, the Royal Arms, with the date 1814 in the exergue. All these
+  medals are of extreme rarity.
+
+Footnote 231:
+
+  Two years afterwards, in November, 1800, the Emperor further rewarded
+  the eight officers of the 15th., by conferring on each of them the
+  Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa, permission to accept and wear the
+  insignia being granted by George III. At the Greg sale, May 16, 1887,
+  the medal and chain, with the cross of Maria Theresa, given to Cornet
+  E. G. Butler, were sold for £240.
+
+Footnote 232:
+
+  This “Order of Merit” having attracted the attention of the local
+  military authorities, the commanding officer was called upon by Lord
+  Hill, to explain under what regulations and arrangements it was
+  conferred. The explanation produced the following letter:—
+
+                                          Horse Guards, 20th June, 1832.
+
+    Sir,—I have had the honour to submit to the General Commanding in
+    Chief your letter of the 4th. instant, with its enclosure, on the
+    subject of the “Order of Merit” existing in the 5th. Foot, and am
+    directed to acquaint you, that the explanation afforded by
+    Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland, shews that the order in question is
+    dispensed under the most laudable regulations, and has been
+    productive of the best effects, during the long period since its
+    original establishment in the regiment.
+
+    It is considered highly desirable, however, that both officer and
+    soldier should, under all circumstances, be taught to expect
+    professional honours from the Sovereign alone; and under this
+    impression, Lord Hill has been induced to recommend to the King to
+    give the royal authority for the confirmation and continuance of
+    this regimental badge of distinction, an arrangement which, while it
+    bestows upon it legitimate existence, will, at the same time, no
+    doubt enhance its value in the estimation of those on whom it is
+    conferred.
+
+    You will, therefore, be pleased to communicate this decision to
+    Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland, and acquaint him that he is at
+    liberty to proceed in the distribution of the medals and badges as
+    heretofore.
+
+                                          I have, etc.,
+                                                  JOHN MACDONALD,
+                                                       Adjutant-General.
+
+    Lieutenant-General
+      Sir Wm. Houstoun, G.C.B. and G.C.H.,
+        Commanding at Gibraltar.
+
+Footnote 233:
+
+  This medal was struck in Dublin, and issued to those entitled to wear
+  it, at their own expense.
+
+Footnote 234:
+
+  In the year 1818, the 73rd. were engaged in suppressing a rebellion of
+  the Candians in Ceylon. A small party of the regiment, in charge of
+  Lance-Corporal R. McLoughlin, while on a march, was attacked by a
+  numerous body of the enemy, and two men were killed. As the Candians
+  generally mutilated the remains of British soldiers, the little party
+  of the 73rd. divided; part remaining to guard the bodies, and the
+  other part, at an equal risk, forcing their way to Badulah, a few
+  miles distant. From this place they returned with a reinforcement,
+  drove back the enemy, and carried off the bodies of their slain
+  comrades. To reward this gallant conduct, a medal was struck by the
+  Ceylon government for presentation to Corporal McLoughlin, and three
+  privates, but they all died of fever before it was issued.
+
+Footnote 235:
+
+  The following account of the presentation of medals to a body of
+  Volunteers, on their disbanding, appeared in the _Morning Chronicle_
+  of April, 1802, just after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens:—
+
+  “Yesterday the Hon. John Henniker Major met his respectable corps of
+  Suffolk Volunteers, in that county; and, after thanking them, in an
+  elegant and appropriate speech, for the zeal and activity that they
+  had manifested in the defence of their country, delivered to each of
+  them a silver medal, decorated with military devices, as a mark of the
+  high sense he entertained of their services; after which, Mr. Major
+  informed them they were now disbanded, conformably to the regulation
+  of the Government, with a reward the most gratifying, viz., their
+  Sovereign’s approbation of their conduct.”
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ Page           Changed from                      Changed to
+
+  160 the conflict raged at the        the conflict raged at the
+      breaches, when an explosion      beaches, when an explosion
+      destroyed                        destroyed
+
+  376 divided into two columns, one    divided into two columns, one
+      operating from Burmah agains     operating from Burmah against
+
+  578 direction. The route was         direction. The rout was
+      complete, great loss being       complete, great loss being
+      inflicted                        inflicted
+
+ ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final
+     chapter.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+ ● Images without captions use HTML alt text.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78811 ***
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+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78811 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter ph1'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='sc'>War Medals of the British Army.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id='Frontispiece' class='c002 figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_frontispiece.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Gold Cross and Clasp</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<main>
+<div class='titlepage'>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c003'>WAR MEDALS<br> <span class='small'>OF THE</span><br> <span class='xlarge'>BRITISH ARMY,</span><br> <span class='small'>AND</span><br> <span class='large'>HOW THEY WERE WON.</span></h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='large'>THOMAS CARTER.</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'>REVISED, ENLARGED, AND CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME</div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'>BY</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='large'>W. H. LONG,</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'><span class='small'>EDITOR OF</span></div>
+    <div class='c004'>“<i>The Oglander Memoirs</i>,” “<i>Memoirs of Lady Hamilton</i>,” <i>&#38;c.</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c005'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“What is a ribbon worth to a soldier?</div>
+      <div class='line'>Everything!—Glory is priceless!”</div>
+      <div class='line in24'><i>Sir E. B. Lytton, Bart.</i></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“He wears her like her medal, hanging</div>
+      <div class='line'>About his neck.”—<i>Winter’s Tale.</i></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>LONDON:</div>
+    <div>NORIE <span class='fss'>AND</span> WILSON, 156, MINORIES.</div>
+    <div>1893.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa0_0_7 c007'>When Napoleon proposed the institution of
+the Legion of Honour, he was met by
+the assertion that: “Crosses and ribbons were the
+pillars of an hereditary throne, and that they were
+unknown to the Romans, who conquered the world.”
+In his reply to this objection—after showing that
+Rome rewarded the achievements of her citizens by
+all kinds of distinctions—he added: “For the
+soldier, as for all men in active life, you must
+have glory and distinction; recompenses are the
+food which nourish military virtue.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For many years a similar antagonistic feeling
+to the granting of Medals to all ranks prevailed in
+this country, although the propriety of rewarding
+the victors of a hundred fights with some decoration
+was warmly advocated by the press, and the result
+eagerly expected by the veterans who had survived.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It remained for her present Majesty the Queen
+to carry out the foregoing maxim of a great
+military genius, in her Army and Navy; for with
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>the exception of the Medal given for Waterloo, the
+soldiers who won the fields of Assaye, Salamanca,
+and Vittoria, and the gallant seamen who conquered
+at St. Vincent, the Nile, and Trafalgar,
+remained undecorated till the year 1847, without
+even a piece of ribbon to show for the many
+actions in which they had risked their lives in the
+service and defence of their country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following Work, besides describing the
+Medals, aims at giving a concise account of the
+Campaigns and Actions for which Medals and
+Clasps have been conferred, drawn from the most
+authentic sources; interspersed with notes and anecdotes
+of regimental and individual acts of bravery.
+The engravings have been executed from the Medals
+themselves, so as to ensure their exact representation;
+and it is hoped the narratives of “How
+they were won,” will be found equally trustworthy,
+as no pains have been spared to secure accuracy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The accounts of the Wars in New Zealand
+and South Africa, and of the numerous Expeditions
+for which the Indian General Service Medal has
+been granted, will be found in a more detailed
+and collected form than hitherto published in a
+single volume.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The first edition of this Work, by the late Mr.
+<span class='sc'>T. Carter</span>, described the Medals of the British
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>Army, and the Campaigns for which they were
+granted, to the year 1860. This part has been
+carefully revised, and alterations either of excision
+or addition made in almost every page. For the
+accounts of all Expeditions and Battles, and the
+Decorations given for them, from 1860 to the
+present date, the Editor alone is responsible.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Descriptions of some Naval Engagements and
+Actions of Naval Brigades will also be found, as in
+most of the campaigns the operations of the two
+branches of the service have been so combined,
+that it is scarcely possible to describe one without
+the other.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A complete history of the Medals of the British
+Navy, and how they were won; forming a companion
+volume to the present, is now in the press, and
+will be published as speedily as possible.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>W. H. L.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>February, 1893.</span></span></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CORRIGENDA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c002'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Page <a href='#t176'>176</a>.—In Note, for “colours” read “accoutrements.”</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>„  <a href='#t234'>234</a>.—Afghanistan Medals. No. 3, “Candahar and Ghuznee,” was never issued.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Badges of Charles I.</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Dunbar Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Culloden Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The East India Company’s Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for Egypt, 1801</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indians War Medal, 1799–1826</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Storm of Allighur</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Delhi</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Assaye</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Asseer Ghur</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Laswarree</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Argaum</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Gawilghur</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Delhi</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle and Capture of Deig</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Nepaul War, 1816</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Kirkee and Capture of Poona</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Seetabuldee and Capture of Nagpore</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Maheidpore</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Corygaum</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>War in Ava, 1824–26</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege and Storm of Bhurtpore</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Medal, 1799–1826</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Peninsula Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian Campaign, 1801</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Alexandria</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal for Egypt</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Maida, 1806</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Maida Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Roleia and Vimiera</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for Roleia and Vimiera</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sir John Moore’s Campaign</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sahagun and Benevente</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Corunna, 1809</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Talavera, 1809</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_95'>95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Talavera Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Busaco, 1810</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Barrosa, 1811</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Fuentes d’Onor</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Albuhera, 1811</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Albuhera Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Java, 1811</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 1812</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Badajoz, 1812</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Salamanca, 1812</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Fort Detroit</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Vittoria, 1813</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Actions of the Pyrenees</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_151'>151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of San Sebastian, 1813</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Gold Cross and Clasps</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of Chateauguay</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Passage of the Nivelle, 1813</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action at Chrystler’s Farm</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Passage of the Nive</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_171'>171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Orthes, 1814</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Toulouse, 1814</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Campaign in Flanders</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action at Quatre Bras</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_181'>181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of June 17th, 1815</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Waterloo</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span><span class='sc'>The Waterloo Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Cape Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaigns in South Africa, 1834–5</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Kaffir War, 1846–7</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Third Kaffir War, 1850–53</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign against the Galekas and Gaikas, 1877–78</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign against the Griquas, 1878</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Basuto War, 1879–80</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Zulu War, 1879</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_218'>218</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Operations against Sekukuni</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_230'>230</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Afghanistan Medals and Star</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_233'>233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Afghan War, 1839</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_235'>235</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Ghuznee</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_237'>237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Jellalabad</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Afghan Campaign, 1842</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_247'>247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Advance on Cabool</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kandahar, 1842</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_253'>253</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kelat-i-Ghilzie</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Gonine</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Re-Capture of Ghuznee</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_256'>256</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Afghan War, 1878–9–80</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ali Musjid</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_260'>260</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Peiwar Kotul</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Charasia</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_264'>264</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Cabul, 1879</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_268'>268</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ahmed Khel</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_272'>272</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>March to Kandahar, 1880</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_274'>274</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The China Medals, 1840–60</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Chinese War, 1840–42</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Chinese War, 1856–60</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_286'>286</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of Fatshan Creek</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_287'>287</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Canton</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_290'>290</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of the Peiho Forts, 1858</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_292'>292</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of the Taku Forts, 1860</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Occupation of Pekin</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_295'>295</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span><span class='sc'>The Scinde Medals, 1843</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_298'>298</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Battle of Meeanee</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_299'>299</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Hyderabad</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_302'>302</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Battles of Maharajpoor and Punniar, 1843</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej and Punjaub Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_308'>308</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej Campaign, 1845–46</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Moodkee</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_310'>310</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Ferozeshah</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Aliwal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Sobraon</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Punjaub Campaign, 1848–9—Siege of Mooltan</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_321'>321</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Chilianwala</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_325'>325</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Goojerat</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The New Zealand Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>First New Zealand War, 1845–7</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second New Zealand War, 1860–66</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_338'>338</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian General Service Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Burmese War, 1852–3</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_347'>347</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Persian Campaign, 1856–7</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_352'>352</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>North West Frontier Expeditions, 1849–63</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Afridis, 1850</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Hussunzies and Boree Afridis, 1852–3</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Lurruckzai Mohmunds, &#38;c., 1854–5</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Afridis and Bozdars</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Cabul Khail Wuzerees, &#38;c., 1859</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Umbeyla Campaign</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Bhootan, 1864–5–6</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_364'>364</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Looshai, 1871–72</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_366'>366</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Perak, 1875–76</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Jowaki, 1877–8</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Naga, 1875–80</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Burma, 1885–87–89</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sikkim, 1888</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Hazara, 1888</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Chin-Lushai, 1889–90</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span><span class='sc'>Samana, 1891</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_377'>377</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Crimean Medal, 1854–56</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of the Alma</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_394'>394</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>First Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_395'>395</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Balaklava</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_398'>398</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sortie of Oct. 26th</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_403'>403</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Inkermann</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_404'>404</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Third Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_431'>431</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fourth Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_434'>434</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fifth Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Final Bombardment and Fall of Sebastopol</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The French Military Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_445'>445</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sardinian Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_479'>479</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish War Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_509'>509</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_510'>510</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Victoria Cross</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_511'>511</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_512'>512</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Mutiny Medal, 1857–58</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_545'>545</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Delhi</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_546'>546</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Lucknow</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_557'>557</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Relief of Lucknow</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_568'>568</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Lucknow</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_573'>573</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign in Central India, 1858</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_578'>578</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinian Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_587'>587</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinia Expedition, 1868</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_588'>588</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_594'>594</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee War, 1873–74</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_595'>595</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian and Soudan Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Bombardment of Alexandria, 1882</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_604'>604</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, 1882</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_607'>607</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>War in the Soudan, Battle of El Teb</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_610'>610</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span><span class='sc'>Tamaai, 1884</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_614'>614</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Suakin, 1884</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_616'>616</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Nile, 1884–5</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_617'>617</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Abu Klea, 1885</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_619'>619</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kirbekan, 1885</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_623'>623</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Suakin, 1885</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_625'>625</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Tofrek, 1885</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_628'>628</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Gemaizah, 1888</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_631'>631</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Toski, 1889</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_632'>632</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>North West Canada Medal, 1885</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_634'>634</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Indian General Service Medal, 1891</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_635'>635</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_636'>636</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Meritorious Service</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_637'>637</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>East India Company’s Medal, 1848</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_638'>638</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Distinguished Service Order</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Indian Order of Merit</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Miscellaneous Military Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_640'>640</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Regimental Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_645'>645</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medals of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_650'>650</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>COLOURED PLATES.</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Gold Cross</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><i><a href='#Frontispiece'>Frontispiece</a></i></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian War Medal and the Guznee Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>to face page   <a href='#i011fp'>11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196;  <a href='#i015fp'>15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Peninsula Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196;  <a href='#i054fp'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal for Egypt</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196;  <a href='#i070fp'>70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Talavera Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i103fp'>103</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Waterloo Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i197fp'>197</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Afghanistan Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i233fp'>233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Star for General Roberts’ March</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i275fp'>275</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for First Chinese War and Second Burmese War</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i279fp'>279</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span><span class='sc'>The Second Jellalabad Medal, and the Maharajpoor Star</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i303fp'>303</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej and Punjaub Medals</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i308fp'>308</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The New Zealand Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i332fp'>332</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian General Service Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i346fp'>346</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Crimean Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i378fp'>378</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The French War Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i445fp'>445</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sardinian Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i477fp'>477</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i509fp'>509</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i510fp'>510</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Victoria Cross</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i511fp'>511</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Mutiny Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i545fp'>545</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinia Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i587fp'>587</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i594fp'>594</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i602fp'>602</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Khedive’s Star</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i604fp'>604</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Meritorious Service Medal, and the Cape Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'>„&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; „&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; <a href='#i637fp'>637</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>WOODCUTS.</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c010'>PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Dunbar Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Maida Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Coin of Ellis</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The South African Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_200'>200</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ghuznee Medal, 1839</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Jellalabad Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ghuznee and Cabul Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_257'>257</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Germantown Medal</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_648'>648</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal of the Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters</span></td>
+    <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_651'>651</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BRITISH WAR MEDALS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The highest rewards in all ages and nations have invariably
+been bestowed upon deeds of valour and martial daring; and
+no renown has generally been considered equal to that honorably
+gained by Arms in face of an enemy. The most noble families
+are proud to trace their descent from some celebrated warrior,
+and any distinction or trophy won by him is usually more
+treasured and prized than any other dignity or mark of honour.
+The custom of striking medals to commemorate victories, important
+events, or in honour of remarkable persons or deeds, dates
+from the times of the Greeks and Romans; but only in modern
+times have medals been issued as a reward of martial services,
+and worn as personal decorations.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Gold chains and medals were frequently bestowed by Princes
+in the XV. and XVI. centuries on Ambassadors, and others
+whom they wished to honour, and these marks of favor were
+certainly intended to be worn by the recipients; Queen Elizabeth<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c013'><sup>[1]</sup></a>
+gave medals for naval achievements; but not until the
+next century can instances be found of such rewards being
+conferred for distinguished services in the field. Probably the
+earliest Medal in existence struck by, or for an Englishman, is
+a war medal dated 1480, of large size, and in the early Italian
+style. On the obverse is a head with “<span class='sc'>Jo Kendal Rhodi.
+Turcupellarius</span>,” and on the reverse the arms of Kendal, with
+the inscription “<span class='sc'>Tempore obsidionis Turcorum, mcccclxxx</span>.”
+The first medals given in England for Military services were
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>struck by order of Charles I., by a warrant dated from the
+Court at Oxford, May 18th. 1643; to reward such soldiers as
+distinguished themselves in forlorn hopes. The warrant was
+issued to the Wardens of the Mint:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Charles R.</span>,</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you
+well: whereas we have received information that those soldiers
+which have been forward to serve us in the Forlorn-hope, are
+not looked upon according to their merited valour and loyal
+service. We do therefore require, that from henceforward, the
+Commander-in-Chief, both of Horse and Foot, which lead up
+the Forlorn-hope, upon whom also we mean to bestow special
+tokens of our princely favour, do signify in writing the names
+of those soldiers whom they find most forward in serving us,
+their King and country, that care may be taken to reward their
+deservings, and make them specially known to all our good
+subjects. For which end we have thought fit to require Sir
+William Parkhurst, Kt., and Thomas Bushell, Esq., Wardens of
+our Mint, to provide from time to time certain Badges of Silver,
+containing our Royal image, and that of our dearest son, Prince
+Charles, to be delivered to wear on the breast of every man who
+shall be certified under the hands of their Commander-in-Chief
+to have done us faithful service in the Forlorn-hope.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“And we do therefore, most straightly command, that no
+soldier at any time do sell, nor any of our subjects presume to
+buy, or wear, any of these said Badges, other than they to whom
+we shall give the same, and that under such pain and punishment
+as our Council of War shall think fit to inflict, if any
+shall presume to offend against this our Royal command. And
+we further require the said Commanders and Wardens of our
+Mint, to keep several Registers of the names of those, and of
+their country, for whom they shall give their certificate. Given
+at our Court at Oxford the 18th. day of May, 1643.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These Medals had the effigy of the King on one side, and
+of Prince Charles on the other.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On Sunday, October 23rd., 1642, was fought the battle of
+Edgehill, in which Robert Welsh or Walsh, an Irish gentleman,
+who commanded a troop of horse, succeeded in recovering from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>the Parliamentary forces, the standard of the King’s own regiment,
+taken by them, and also captured two pieces of cannon,
+and a waggon belonging to the Earl of Essex. The following
+morning, the king, upon the top of Edgehill, knighted Mr. Walsh,
+who was presented to him with these trophies by Prince Rupert;
+and on the 1st. of June, 1643, a gold medal was ordered for
+this officer, the obverse to bear the royal figure and his son
+Prince Charles, the reverse to have the royal banner used in
+the above battle, to be inscribed “<span class='sc'>Per Regale Mandatum
+Caroli Regis hoc assignatur Roberto Welch Militi</span>.” Sir
+Harris Nicolas states that a copy of the warrant, with a drawing
+of the medal, which is oval, having on one side the effigies of the
+king and of Prince Charles, inscribed <span class='sc'>Car. Rex. M. B. F. et
+H. Car. Princeps</span>; and on the reverse the royal standard, in
+bend sinister, inscribed “<span class='sc'>Per Regale Mandatv’ Caroli Regis
+hoc assignatur Rob: Welch Militi</span>,” was recorded in the
+College of Arms, on the 14th. of August, 1685. This medal
+was worn on the breast, as appears by the knight’s own
+narrative, printed for himself in 1679. The long parliament
+passed an act in 1649, enacting that the tenth of all prizes
+due to the Lord High Admiral, should be appropriated for
+medals or other rewards for eminent service at sea, which
+ordinance was repeated in the succeeding year.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c013'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After the defeat of the Scots at Dunbar, by Cromwell, on the
+3rd. of September, 1650, the House of Commons “ordered that
+it be referred to the committee of the army, to consider what
+medals may be prepared for officers and soldiers, that were
+in this service in Scotland, and set the proportions and the
+values of them, and their number, and present the estimate
+of them to the House.” The house voted that the officers
+and men “which did this excellent service” should be presented
+with gold and silver medals. Simon, an eminent
+engraver of that day, was sent to Cromwell, to consult with
+him as to the device for this medal. Dr. Harris, in the
+appendix to his “Historical and Critical Account of Oliver
+Cromwell,” page 538, has printed an original letter of Cromwell’s
+to the parliament (then in the possession of James
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>Lamb, Esq., of Fairford, in Gloucestershire, and subsequently
+of John Raymond Barker, of the same place), on Symond’s
+(Simon) proceeding as above stated. The letter is highly
+characteristic, and is as follows.—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“For ye Honble the Committee for the Army, these.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“Gentl.,—It was not a little wonder to me to see that you
+should send Mr. Symonds so great a journey about a business
+importinge so little, as far as it relates to me when, as if
+my poore opinion may not be rejected by you, I have to
+offer to that wch I thinke the most noble end, to witt, the
+commemoracon of that great mercie at Dunbar, and the
+gratuitie to the army, wch might better be expressed upon
+the meddal by engraving as on the one side the Parliamt,
+wch I heare was intended, and will do singularly well; so,
+on the other side, an army wth this inscription over the
+head of it, The Lord of Hosts, wch was or word that day:
+wherefore, if I may begg it as a favor from you, I most
+earnestly beseech you, if I may do it wth out offence, that
+it may be soe; and if you thinke not fitt to have it as I
+offer, you may alter it as you see cause, only I doe thinke
+I may truely say it will be verie thankfully acknowledged
+by me, if you will spare the having my effigies in it.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The gentlemans paynes and trouble hither have been verie
+great, and I shall make it my seconde suite unto you that
+you will please to conferr upon him that imploymt in yr
+service wch Nicholas Briott had before him; indeed, the man
+is ingenious and worthie of encouragemt. I may not presume
+much, but if at my request and for my sake he may obteyne
+this favor, I shall put it upon the accompt of my obligacons,
+wch are not a few, and I hope shal be found readie
+gratefully to acknowledge and to approve myself, Gentl.,</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Yor most reall servant,</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Edinburgh, 4th. of Feb., 1650–1.”      “<span class='sc'>O. Cromwell.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>Cromwell’s modesty was over-ruled, and the medal bears his
+bust. On the obverse is the head of Cromwell, profile;
+under the shoulder, Tho: Simon F.; the motto about the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>head, <span class='sc'>Word at Dunbar,—The Lord of Hosts,—Septem ye
+3, 1650</span>; behind the head a prospect of the battle. The
+reverse has the House of Commons sitting, as represented
+on the Parliament Great Seal, 1648, and also on that of the
+Commonwealth, 1651. It is remarkable also for Cromwell’s
+likeness when Lieutenant-General. This is engraved in “The
+Medallick History of England,” and in “Simon’s Medals and
+Coins.” The Dunbar Medal is of two sizes,<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c013'><sup>[3]</sup></a> and is the
+first given generally to officers and men, as is the present
+practice, and no instance occurred of a general distribution of
+medals by the Sovereign’s command until that for Waterloo
+was authorised.<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c013'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_b_005.jpg' alt='Illustration with two oval panels connected side-by-side. Left panel shows a profile portrait labeled “The Lord of Hosts,” identified as Oliver Cromwell, with the date September 1650. Right panel shows a large parliamentary or assembly hall filled with seated figures facing a central speaker.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the two works immediately referred to there are engravings
+of several medals, probably worn by officers and
+soldiers as honorary badges; some contain the effigy of King
+Charles the First or Prince Rupert, or Sir Thomas Fairfax
+or his son, or the Earls of Essex, Manchester, or Dumferline,
+General Rossiter, or of other Parliamentary commanders; on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>the reverse were their names or arms, or a representation
+of the Parliament, or the words <span class='sc'>Meruisti</span>, or <span class='sc'><span lang="la">Pro Religione
+Lege et Parliamento</span></span>, or <span class='sc'>For King and Parliament</span>. It
+now seems impossible to discover the precise history of these
+medals. The victory of Naseby, on the 14th. of June, 1645,
+was commemorated by a silver-gilt medal, with a ring: on
+one side was the effigy of Sir Thomas Fairfax, inscribed,
+<span class='sc'>Tho: Fairfax miles Milit. Parl. Dux. Gen.</span>; the reverse
+bore <span class='sc'>Meruisti</span>, within a circle, and <span class='sc'>Post Hæc Meliora, 1645</span>.
+The Parliamentary medal, which was distinct from the naval
+medal, before adverted to, cannot be described with certainty;
+but it is supposed to have had the effigies of the victorious
+generals on one side, and the Parliament on the other. It
+appears to have been instituted soon after that for Dunbar,
+as the House of Commons conferred it on Colonel Mackworth,
+by resolution dated the 27th. of August, 1651, with a chain
+of gold to the value of one hundred pounds. This officer
+was governor of Shrewsbury, and his service consisted in
+refusing to surrender the castle and garrison when summoned
+by the forces of the royalists.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>With these exceptions the medals of the Commonwealth
+era appear to have been given for naval services against the
+Dutch, such distinctions being granted to Generals Blake
+and Monk, Vice-Admiral Penn, and Rear-Admiral Lawson,
+and certain officers of the fleet. Blake’s medal for the victory
+over the Dutch fleet off the Texel, in 1653, was purchased
+by William the Fourth for one hundred and fifty guineas.
+At this period the position of these officers was scarcely
+defined, for at times they appear to have fought on land
+as well as at sea.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c013'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The medals of succeeding reigns appear to have been
+confined to naval services: although medals were struck in
+commemoration of the victories of the great Duke of Marlborough,
+it is certain that they were not worn by either
+officers or soldiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After the battle of Culloden, on the 16th. of April, 1746, a
+gold medal was struck, having on the obverse, the head of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>Duke of Cumberland; the reverse had a figure of Apollo, and
+a dragon pierced by an arrow, inscribed, <span class='sc'>Actum est ilicet
+perit</span>, and in the exergue, <span class='sc'>Præl.</span> Colod. <span class='sc'>Ap.</span> xvi., <span class='fss'>MDCCXLVI.</span>
+This medal was given to officers who commanded regiments
+at the battle, and was worn round the neck by a crimson
+ribbon with a green border.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The medals granted by the <span class='sc'>Honourable East India Company</span><a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c013'><sup>[6]</sup></a>
+are next in order of time.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A medal was issued to Officers and men, by the East India
+Company, for the Campaigns in the Deccan, against Hyder Ali
+and his son Tippoo Sahib, 1780–84. This medal was granted
+by an order in Council, January 19th., 1784, and was in gold,
+silver, and inferior metal. Obverse, Britannia, seated upon a
+trophy of Arms, holding a wreath in her outstretched hand
+towards a fortress in the distance. Reverse, an inscription
+in Persian, which may thus be translated: “The courage and
+exertions of those valiant men by whom the name of Englishmen
+has been celebrated and exalted from Hindostan to the
+Deccan, having been established throughout the world, this
+has been granted by the Government of Calcutta, in commemoration
+of the excellent services of the brave. Year of
+the Hegira, 1199,” <i>i.e.</i>, 1784. Within a circle is the following
+legend, also in Persian: “As coins are current in the world,
+so shall the bravery and exploits of those heroes by whom
+the names of the victorious English nation was carried from
+Bengal to the Deccan.” Suspended from a yellow cord.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In 1793, June 4th., by an order in Council, the East India
+Company granted a medal to the Officers and men under
+Lord Cornwallis, General Meadows, and General Abercromby,
+engaged in the war in Mysore, 1791–92, against Tippoo Sahib.
+The medal was issued in gold, silver, etc., as the Deccan Medal.
+Obverse, a Sepoy in the Military costume of the time, holding
+the British flag in his right hand, in his left the Mysore
+banner reversed, in the background a view of Seringapatam.
+Reverse, within a wreath, “For services in the Mysore, 1791–1792”;
+surrounded by a Persian inscription, “A token of the
+bravery of the troops of the English Government in the war
+in the Mysore, in the year of the Hegira, 1205–1206.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>There were two sizes of this medal in silver, and it was
+worn suspended from a yellow silk cord.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One of the most dashing exploits in the war of Mysore was
+the capture of Bangalore, the second city in the dominions of
+Tippoo. It was enclosed by a high wall and a deep ditch,
+and the gate was covered by a close thicket of Indian thorns.
+The attack was made without any examination of the ground,
+and the troops in advancing and endeavouring to force an
+entrance, were exposed to a destructive fire of musketry.
+Colonel Moorhouse, one of the best officers in the service,
+fell mortally wounded. At length Lieutenant Ayre, a man of
+diminutive stature, succeeded in forcing his way through the
+shattered gate; which gallant action, being observed by General
+Meadows, he shouted to the stormers, “Well done! now
+whiskers, try if you can follow and support the little gentleman.”
+This animated appeal succeeded, the troops rushed
+through the gate into the town, and drove out the enemy at
+the point of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By an order in Council, Fort William, May 15th. 1807, a
+medal was granted to the troops engaged in the capture of
+Ceylon from the Dutch, 1795–96. Obverse, “For services in
+the Island of Ceylon, <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 1795–96.” Reverse, an inscription
+in Persian,  “This medal was given by way of acknowledgement
+of services in Ceylon, in the year of the Hegira, 1209–1210,”
+suspended from a yellow silk cord. (<i>Seringapatam Medal, see
+post</i>).</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A medal for services in Egypt was granted by general order,
+July 31st., 1802. In 1801, General Sir David Baird was
+dispatched from India in command of a force of 2,800 British
+troops, 2,000 Sepoys, and 400 picked artillerymen, to Egypt,
+to join the army under Sir Ralph Abercromby, landed
+them from England, to act against the French. Sir David
+was joined on the 17th. of May, at Jeddah, in the Red Sea,
+by an expedition from the Cape of Good Hope, consisting
+of the 61st. Regiment, some light cavalry and artillery, and on
+June 8th. landed at Cossier. (<i>See Egyptian Campaign, post</i>).
+Obverse, a Sepoy holding a Union Jack in his right hand,
+in rear, a camp, with an inscription in Persian:  “This medal
+has been presented in commemoration of the defeat of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>French armies in the Kingdom of Egypt, by the bravery and
+ability of the victorious army of England.” Reverse, a ship
+in full sail, with the Union Jack flying; pyramids and obelisk
+in the back ground. In the exergue, the date, 1801. Worn
+as the preceding.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In 1850 a clasp was added to this medal, which was sanctioned
+by the Queen in 1848.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In July, 1810, a small Anglo-Indian force, under the command
+of Colonel Keating, with a squadron of ships of the
+Royal Navy, under Commodore Rowley, captured the Isle
+of Bourbon from the French.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 29th. of November of the same year, an army of
+about 10,000 men from India, commanded by General J.
+Abercromby, assisted by a squadron of ships, under the command
+of Vice-Admiral Bertie, landed in the Isle of France,
+and after a smart action, in which the French were defeated,
+General Decaen, the French Governor, proposed terms of
+capitulation, and on December 3rd., surrendered the Island
+to Great Britain. Two hundred and nine pieces of heavy
+ordnance, with ample stores of ammunition, five French frigates,
+and a corvette, with twenty-four merchant ships, were captured.
+From that time, the Isle of France, henceforth known by
+its older name of Mauritius, has remained a dependency of
+the British crown.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For these services a medal was granted, by general order,
+dated, Fort William, September 10th., 1811. Obverse, a Sepoy
+holding the Union Jack, trampling on the French colours and
+Eagle; by his side a gun; in the back ground, ships at anchor.
+Reverse, within a wreath a Persian inscription: “This medal
+was conferred in commemoration of the bravery and accustomed
+fidelity exhibited by the Sepoys of the English
+company in the capture of the Mauritius Islands, in the year
+of the Hegira, 1223.” Round the wreath, “<span class='sc'>Rodrigues</span>, 6th.
+July, <span class='fss'>MDCCCIX</span>. <span class='sc'>Bourbon</span>, 8th. July, and <span class='sc'>Isle of France</span>,
+3rd. December, <span class='fss'>MDCCCX</span>.” The medal is worn as the preceding.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 69th. and 86th. Regiments were engaged in
+this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a general order, February 11th., 1812, a medal was
+conferred on the troops, numbering about 12,000, engaged in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>the reduction of Java, under the command of General Sir
+S. Auchmuty. (<i>See capture of Java, post</i>). Obverse, Sepoys
+carrying Fort Cornelis; on the flag-staff is the British flag
+over the Dutch, above, the word <span class='sc'>Cornelis</span>. Reverse, a Persian
+inscription: “This medal was given in commemoration of the
+valour and courage displayed by the Sepoys of the East India
+Company, in the capture of Java, in the year of the Hegira,
+1228.” The legend is in English, “Java, conquered, 26th.
+August, <span class='fss'>MDCCCXI.</span>” Worn as the preceding.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. Regiments
+of foot were present at the capture of Java.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A medal was granted by general order, March 20th., 1816,
+for the two campaigns in Nepaul, 1814–16, under Generals
+Marley, Wood, Gillespie (who was killed), and Ochterlony.
+Obverse, troops marching across hills crowned with stockades;
+on the left, a field gun. Reverse, inscription in Persian:
+“This medal was given by the Nawab Governor-General
+Bahadur, in testimony of the energy, good service, skill, and
+intrepidity which were displayed during the campaigns on the
+hills, in the year of the Hegira, 1229–1230.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Worn as the preceding. A clasp for Nepaul was granted
+with the “Army of India” Medal in 1851. (<i>See War in
+Nepaul, post</i>).</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In 1826, April 22nd., a medal was granted for the first
+Burmese War, 1824–26, troops commanded by Sir Archibald
+Campbell and General Morrison. Obverse, the white Elephant
+of Burmah crouching to the British Lion; the Burmese colours
+lowered to the Union Jack, palm-trees in the back ground.
+A Persian inscription: “The Elephant Ava submitting to
+the British Lion, 1826.” Reverse, a storming party advancing
+towards the Great Pagoda of Rangoon, a steam-boat
+and boats on the river Irrawaddy; Sir A. Campbell directing
+the movement in the foreground, under a palm-tree. An inscription
+in Persian: “The Standard of the victorious army of
+England in Ava.” This medal is by Wyon, and worn with
+a crimson ribbon with blue edge. A clasp for “Ava,” was
+given with the “Army of India” Medal in 1851. (<i>See War
+in Ava, post</i>).</p>
+
+<div id='i011fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_011fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Indian War Medal.—1799–1826<br>  <br>  The Ghuznee Medal.—1830</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1799–1826.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 21st. of March, 1851, a General Order was issued,
+announcing that The Queen had been pleased to signify her
+assent to a measure that had been proposed by the Court of
+Directors of the East India Company, of granting a medal
+to the surviving officers and soldiers of the Crown, who were
+engaged in the following services in India:—Storm of Allighur,
+September 4th., 1803; Battle of Delhi, September 11th., 1803;
+Battle of Assaye, September 23rd., 1803; Siege of Asseer Ghur,
+October 21st., 1803; Battle of Lawsarree, November 1st., 1803;
+Battle of Argaum, November 29th., 1803; Siege and Storm of
+Gawilghur, December 15th., 1803; Defence of Delhi, October,
+1804; Battle of Deig, November 13th., 1804; Capture of Deig,
+December 23rd., 1804; War in Nepaul in 1816; Battle of
+Kirkee, and Battle and Capture of Poona, November, 1817;
+Battle of Seetabuldee, and Battle and Capture of Nagpoor,
+November and December, 1817; Battle of Maheidpore, December
+21st., 1817; Defence of Corygaum, January 1st., 1818; War
+in Ava, 1824 to 1826; and Siege and Capture of Bhurtpore,
+January, 1826.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The mode of application was similar to that specified in the
+General Order granting the War Medal, (<i>see War or Peninsula
+Medal, post</i>,) but the concluding paragraph announced that,
+“It having, moreover, been represented to Her Majesty, that
+the officers and soldiers of the Crown, who were engaged in the
+Mysore war, and at the Siege of Seringapatam had already
+received medals from the East India Company for those services,
+Her Majesty has further been graciously pleased to
+permit the same to be worn by them with their uniforms.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Following the order of date, the first service is</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE MYSORE WAR AND SIEGE OF SERINGAPATAM.<br> <span class='sc'>February to May, 1799.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Although the reduction of the power and resources of
+Tippoo Sahib, effected by the treaty of Seringapatam, which
+terminated the campaign of 1792, had weakened his influence,
+yet it had not extinguished his intense hatred of the British.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>The Sultan had entered into a negotiation with the Governor of
+the Isle of France, in 1798, and sent an embassy to Zemaun
+Shah, Sovereign of Cabool, for the purpose of inducing him to
+attack the possessions of the Company. Having also derived
+encouragement from the successes of the French arms in Egypt,
+from which country the Directory intended to act against the
+British dominions in India, Tippoo commenced augmenting his
+military force, and his hostile designs became every day more
+apparent. The Governor-General the Earl of Mornington
+(afterwards Marquis of Wellesley) perceiving a rupture inevitable,
+resolved to anticipate the attack, and ordered the army
+to take the field, and march into the heart of Tippoo’s
+territory.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, who was
+serving with the local rank of Lieutenant-General, in conformity
+to these orders, advanced with the army under his command
+on the 11th. of February, 1799, and entered the Mysore territory
+on the 5th. of March. On the 27th. the troops arrived
+at Mallavelly, and on approaching the ground of encampment
+the forces of Tippoo were seen drawn up on a height a few
+miles off. The enemy attacked the advanced pickets, and a
+general action ensued, in which the 33rd. regiment highly distinguished
+itself. A body of two thousand men moved forward
+in the best order towards the regiment, which, firmly standing
+its ground, coolly reserved its fire until within a distance of
+about sixty yards, and then led by its Lieutenant-Colonel, the
+Honourable Arthur Wellesley, in person, boldly advanced, and
+charging with the bayonet, compelled the approaching column
+to give way. This movement being seconded by Major-General
+Floyd, who made a rapid charge with the cavalry, completed
+the disorder, and the enemy retreated before the whole of the
+British line, which immediately moved forward.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While this attack was being made by the left wing, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Arthur Wellesley, with the
+Nizam’s contingent, the 33rd., and Major-General Floyd’s
+cavalry, Lieutenant-General Harris with the troops, which
+formed the right wing, had been also engaged.<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c013'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>In this affair Tippoo sustained a loss of nearly two thousand,
+including some of his most valuable officers; whilst the British
+casualties amounted to only sixty-six men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following morning the army advanced, and arrived
+before Seringapatam on the 5th. of April, when preparations
+for the siege were at once commenced.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attack was made on an entrenchment of the enemy about
+six o’clock in the evening of the 20th. of April, in which the
+flank companies of the 12th. and 73rd. regiments were
+employed. This was successful, and although the enemy
+had two hundred and fifty men killed and wounded, and
+the entrenchment was occupied by about eighteen hundred
+of Tippoo’s infantry, the British had but one man wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The siege was prosecuted with vigour, and a breach being
+reported practicable on the 3rd. of May, the assault was ordered
+to take place in the heat of the following day, as the besieged
+would then be the least prepared to oppose the attack. On
+this service were employed the ten flank companies of the
+European corps necessarily left to guard the camp, and outposts,
+followed by the 12th., 33rd., 73rd., and 74th. regiments,
+three corps of grenadier Sepoys, two hundred of the Nizam’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>troops, a hundred of the artillery, and the corps of pioneers,
+the whole under the orders of Major-General (afterwards Sir
+David) Baird. The assault took place about half-past one
+o’clock in the afternoon of the 4th. of May, and in a short
+space of time the British colours waved over the fortress.<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c013'><sup>[8]</sup></a>
+The Major-General had divided his force for the purpose of
+clearing the ramparts to the right and left; one division was
+commanded by Colonel Sherbrooke, and the other by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Dunlop; the latter was wounded, but both corps,
+although strongly opposed, were completely successful. The
+spirited attack, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the
+74th. Highlanders, was particularly mentioned in general
+orders, in which all the officers and men were thanked
+for this memorable achievement. The body of Tippoo Sultan
+was found among heaps of slain, and was afterwards interred
+in the magnificent mausoleum which he had erected over the
+tomb of his father, the once powerful Hyder Ali, a portion
+of the victorious troops attending the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this manner terminated the siege of Seringapatam, and
+the fall of the capital placed the kingdom of Mysore at the
+disposal of the British government, and destroyed a power in
+India which had proved itself a formidable enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in the storming and
+capture of Seringapatam on the 4th. of May, 1799; namely,
+the 19th. and 22nd. (late 25th.) Light Dragoons, (both since
+disbanded;) the 12th., 33rd., 73rd., 74th., 75th., 77th. regiments,
+the Scots Brigade, afterwards the 94th.<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c013'><sup>[9]</sup></a> regiment, and
+the 103rd.</p>
+
+<div id='i015fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_015fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal.</span>—1799.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL,<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c013'><sup>[10]</sup></a> 1799.</h2>
+</div>
+<p class='c012'>This medal was distributed to officers and soldiers—European
+and Native—on one side of it is represented the storming of
+the breach of Seringapatam, from an actual drawing on the
+spot, with the meridian sun, denoting the time of the storm,
+and the following inscription in Persian underneath:—“The
+Fort of Seringapatam, the gift of God, the 4th. May, 1799.”
+On the reverse side is the British Lion subduing the Tiger,
+the emblem of the late Tippoo Sultan’s Government, with the
+period when it was effected, and the following words in Arabic
+on the banner:—“<span class='sc'>Assud otta-ul Ghaulib</span>,” signifying the
+Lion of God is the Conqueror, or the Conquering Lion of God.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Of these medals gold ones were struck for His Majesty, the
+Right Honourable Lord Melville, the Governor-General of India
+at the time, the Marquis Cornwallis, the Nizam and his two
+ministers, the Peishwah and his minister, the Nabobs of Arcot
+and Oude, and the Rajahs of Tanjore, Travancore, Mysore,
+Coorga, and Berar, Dowlut Rao Scindiah, the Commander-in-Chief,
+general officers on the staff employed in the Service,
+and for the Oriental Museum.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Silver-gilt medals were struck for the members of council
+at the three Presidencies, the Residents of Hydrabad and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>Poonah, the field officers, and the general staff on the service.
+Silver for the captains and subalterns, copper-bronzed for the
+non-commissioned officers, and pure grain tin for the privates.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The European officers of the Company’s service received
+permission in August, 1815, to wear the Seringapatam Medal.
+On the 16th. of that month the following representation was
+made to the Right Honourable the Earl of Buckinghamshire:—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“<span class='sc'>My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class='c017'>“Medals having been struck by the
+Court of Directors, with the approbation and concurrence of
+His Majesty’s Ministers, in commemoration of the storming of
+Seringapatam, and of the other splendid successes of the British
+Army in Mysore, in 1799; to be executed by an eminent
+artist, and distributed to the officers and soldiers, both of His
+Majesty’s, and of the Company’s troops, who served in that
+brilliant and decisive campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The European officers of the Company’s Service have represented
+to us that highly as they have been gratified with the
+receipt of those honourable bestowments, they experienced considerable
+mortification in not feeling themselves at liberty to
+wear them on great public occasions, such as being presented
+at Court, and at the Military Levees of His Royal Highness
+the Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“This sentiment necessarily strikes them with peculiar force
+at the present period, when all the officers of Europe, who
+have distinguished themselves in the service of their several
+Sovereigns, appear upon all public occasions, decorated with
+the honourable badges of their services and glory.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“We therefore intreat your Lordship to transmit these circumstances
+to His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent, and to
+solicit his gracious permission, that the medals granted by the
+East India Company, upon the occasion of the capture of
+Seringapatam by storm on the 4th. of May, 1799, and the
+other splendid successes of the British Army in Mysore in that
+year, may be worn by the officers, who have received them,
+in such manner, and at such times as to His Highness may
+appear proper.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“We have etc.,</div>
+      <div class='line in8'>“<span class='sc'>Charles Grant</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line in8'>“<span class='sc'>Thomas Read.</span>”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>This request was complied with in a letter, dated Whitehall,
+29th. August, 1815, of which the accompanying is an extract:—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p class='c017'>“His Royal Highness has been pleased
+to grant his gracious permission that such officers may wear
+their medals in any part of His Majesty’s dominions.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“To the Chairman and&#8196; &#8196; &#8196; (Signed) <span class='sc'>Buckinghamshire.</span>”</div>
+      <div class='line'>Deputy-Chairman.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>STORM OF ALLIGHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>4th. September, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This service occurred during the Mahratta war. The
+empire of the Mahrattas, of which Sevajee was the founder,
+had become a confederacy of five chieftains, the Peishwah,
+Scindiah, Holkar, the Rajah of Berar, and the Guicowar;
+each of whom, although acknowledging a kind of fealty to the
+descendant of Sevajee, was independent of the other. The
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Peishwah, who was regarded as the nominal head of the confederation,
+was considered only as an instrument in the hands
+of the strongest. Dowlut Rao Scindiah, who ruled over Malwa
+and Candeish, had acquired an absolute control in the
+councils of Bajee Rao, the Peishwah, and was regarded with
+great jealousy by his rival Holkar. Both these chieftains
+had armies officered by Europeans, principally Frenchmen.
+Holkar suddenly crossed the Nerbudda, marched on Poonah,
+and having defeated the united troops of Scindiah and the
+Peishwah, the latter placed himself under the protection of the
+British, and after his restoration in May, 1803, it was ascertained
+that Scindiah was in <span lang="fr">négociation</span> with Holkar and the
+Berar Rajah, with a view to subvert the British alliance with
+the Peishwah. After the evasions and procrastinations inseparable
+from oriental diplomacy, hostilities commenced, Major-General
+the Honourable Arthur Wellesley being appointed to
+the chief command of the British and allied troops in the
+territories of the Peishwah, of the Nizam, and of any
+Mahratta state; subject alone to the orders of General Stuart
+and General Lake, the Commander-in-Chief in India.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Lake was instructed to conquer the whole of Scindiah’s
+territory between the Jumna and the Ganges, to seize
+upon Delhi and Agra, and to destroy the army commanded
+by General Perron, a French officer. On the 7th. of August,
+1803, the troops advanced from Cawnpore, and entered the
+Mahratta territory on the morning of the 29th. of that month.
+Perron occupied a strong position, with about fifteen thousand
+men, in the vicinity of Coel. General Lake resolved to turn
+his left flank, against which he advanced, but the enemy
+retired after firing a few rounds, without venturing a regular
+engagement; the rapidity of his flight rendering the several
+attempts made to charge him quite ineffectual. After this affair,
+Perron took up a position between the town of Coel and the
+fortress of Allighur, and every effort to induce the governor
+to surrender proving unsuccessful, the necessary arrangements
+were made for the assault of the fort.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Allighur was a place of considerable strength, the country
+being levelled around and open to its fire in every direction.
+It was provided with a broad ditch and a fine glacis, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>had only one entrance, which was very intricate, and over
+a narrow causeway. On the 4th. of September, a storming
+party, consisting of four companies of the 76th., with two
+battalions and four companies of native infantry, was placed
+under the orders of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Monson.
+At half-past four o’clock in the morning it had advanced
+within a few hundred yards of the place before being discovered;
+when, a tremendous fire being opened, the colonel
+rushed forward with the flank companies of the regiment, in
+the hope of being able to enter the main gateway with a
+fugitive guard which had been stationed in a breastwork outside
+the place. In this he was disappointed, and, as the enemy’s
+cross fire was very severe, Major Macleod, and two grenadiers
+of the regiment, endeavoured to scale the wall, but encountered
+such a powerful phalanx of pikemen that they were compelled
+to fall back. A gun was with some difficulty placed opposite
+to the gate, which, after a few discharges, was blown open.
+During these operations the party for twenty minutes was exposed
+to a raking fire of grape, wall pieces, and matchlocks.
+Colonel Monson was severely wounded by a pike discharged
+from a gun, and the adjutant and four officers of grenadiers
+were killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After clearing the first gate, a long and intricate passage
+conducted the troops, in the midst of a heavy cross fire,
+through a second and third gateway, which were easily
+forced, to a fourth, that led immediately into the body of
+the place. With great difficulty the gun was brought up,
+but the gate could not be blown open. At last the grenadiers,
+with Major Macleod at their head, succeeded in pushing
+through the wicket, and mounted the ramparts, after which
+but little opposition was offered by the Mahrattas, who for
+the space of an hour had made a most vigorous defence. They
+lost about two thousand men, while the casualties of the
+assailants were likewise severe.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As Allighur was the chief residence and principal depôt of
+General Perron, a large quantity of ordnance and military
+stores were captured, and several carriages were found laden
+with treasure, which the victors divided amongst themselves
+on the spot. A few days after the fall of this fortress,
+General Perron withdrew from the Mahratta service; his
+popularity amongst the natives had excited the jealousy of
+Scindiah, whose conduct would have palliated a severe retaliation;
+but the high-minded Frenchman, disdaining an
+unworthy action, resigned the command under circumstances
+most honourable to his personal character.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 76th. may feel proud of the praise which was bestowed
+upon the regiment and its officers by the Governor-General
+for their gallantry.<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c013'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>11th. September, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Although General Perron had been permitted to enter the
+British territories, the troops which he had commanded still
+remained under other officers. Having left a sufficient force
+at Allighur, the British proceeded towards Delhi on the 7th.
+of September. After a fatiguing march of eighteen miles,
+and when, on the 11th. of that month, they had arrived
+within two leagues of the city, information was received that
+M. Louis Bourquin, another French officer in command of
+Scindiah’s army, had crossed the Jumna with a numerous force,
+in order to attack General Lake. This intelligence was quickly
+confirmed by an attack upon the outlying pickets which had
+just been posted.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British commander immediately proceeded with the
+whole of his cavalry to reconnoitre the enemy, and found
+them drawn up in order of battle on a rising ground, their
+flanks resting on a morass, while the front was defended by
+a line of entrenchments and a formidable artillery. As it
+was considered impossible to make any impression upon so
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>excellent a position by a direct attack, stratagem was employed
+to induce them to quit it. The cavalry, which had
+proceeded considerably in advance, were directed to fall back
+before the Mahrattas, and afterwards to form behind the right
+wing of the infantry. This manœuvre was completely successful;
+the cavalry retired, while the infantry were quickly
+formed, and advanced in line, under a tremendous cannonade
+of round, grape, and chain shot. Nothing could exceed the
+steadiness of the troops; no man took his musket from his
+shoulder until arrived within a proper distance of the enemy.
+A volley was fired, and General Lake, placing himself at the
+head of the 76th. the whole line rushed forward to the charge
+with an impetuosity which it was impossible to withstand.
+Thrown into confusion, the Mahrattas fled in the utmost consternation,
+while the cavalry, dashing forward, completed the
+work which their irresistible companions had so well commenced.
+Bourquin was the first man to leave the field, and
+he surrendered, with five other foreign officers, three days after
+to his conqueror.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By this splendid victory, sixty-eight pieces of cannon, two
+tumbrils laden with treasure, and thirty-seven with ammunition,
+fell into the hands of the conquerors. The loss of
+the enemy was estimated at three thousand men out of
+thirteen thousand infantry (nearly all regular troops), and
+six thousand cavalry, which had been brought into the field.
+Of the British, who had four thousand engaged, four hundred
+and eighty-five were killed, wounded, and missing. The
+76th., the only King’s regiment at Allighur, Delhi, or at the
+subsequent battle at Laswarree, had two sergeants and thirty-one
+rank and file killed; Lieutenant Alexander Macdonald,
+one sergeant, and ninety-six rank and file were wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Delhi was entered without opposition, and the venerable
+and blind emperor, Shah Aulum, the nominal sovereign of
+Hindostan, who had been for years in the hands of the
+Mahrattas, was restored to his throne.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In testimony of the gallantry of the troops under General
+Lake, the Governor-General in council ordered honorary colours,
+with a suitable device, commemorative of the reduction of
+Allighur and the battle of Delhi, to be presented to all.
+Those granted<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c013'><sup>[12]</sup></a> to the 27th. Dragoons (since disbanded) and
+the 76th. Regiment, were to be used by these corps while
+they continued in India, or until His Majesty’s pleasure
+should be signified.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ASSAYE.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. September, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This was the battle which gained a name for the illustrious
+Duke of Wellington, and it is commemorated on the colours
+of the 74th. and 78th. regiments. On the 21st. of September,
+Major-General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley had a conference
+with Colonel Stevenson, and a plan was concerted to
+attack the enemy’s army with the divisions under their
+command on the 24th. This intention was not carried out,
+as circumstances occurred which determined the former to
+attack without waiting for the junction of the troops.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 23rd. of September, while on the march, it was
+discovered that the enemy was much nearer than was imagined;
+whereupon Major-General Wellesley immediately determined
+to move in advance to reconnoitre them, and if
+convenient bring them to action. He ordered the cavalry to
+mount, and went on with them for this purpose; the infantry,
+except the rear battalion (1st. of the 2nd. Native Infantry),
+received directions to follow by the right. The second of
+the 12th. to join the left brigade to equalize the two; the
+first of the second to cover the baggage on the ground marked
+for the camp, and to be joined by the rear-guard on its
+arrival, and four brass light twelve-pounders to be sent to the
+heads of the line.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These dispositions did not occasion ten minutes’ halt to the
+column of infantry, but the cavalry moving in front with
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>the Major-General, came first in sight of the enemy’s position,
+from a rising ground to the left of the road, and within
+cannon-shot of the right of their encampment, which lay along
+one of the banks of the River Kaitna, a stream of no magnitude,
+but with steep sides and a very deep channel, so as not
+to be passable except in particular places, mostly near villages.
+Along their rear ran a similar stream (the Jooee
+Nullah), which fell into the Kaitna half a mile beyond their
+left. Scindiah’s irregular cavalry formed their right, and the
+Berar troops their left. These were composed of seventeen
+battalions, amounting to about ten thousand five hundred
+men, formed into three brigades, each of which had a corps
+of cavalry of a better kind than the rest, and a body of
+skilled marksmen; and the artillery amounted to about one
+hundred and two pieces, or perhaps a few more.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The infantry were dressed, armed, and accoutred like
+the Sepoys; they were remarkably fine men, and in a high
+state of discipline. Although the English officers had left
+them, there was a number of French and other European
+officers both with the infantry and artillery. The guns were
+served by Golundaze, exactly like those of the Bengal service,
+which had been some time before disbanded, and were
+probably the same men. It was soon, however, found that
+they were extremely well trained, and that their fire was
+both as quick and as well-directed as could be produced
+by the Company’s artillerymen. What the total number of the
+enemy was cannot be ascertained, or even guessed at with any
+degree of accuracy, but it is certainly calculated very low
+at thirty thousand men, including the light troops who were
+out on a plundering excursion (and were those which had
+marched in the morning), but they returned towards the close
+of the action.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The force of Major-General Wellesley’s army in action was
+nearly four thousand seven hundred men, of whom about
+one thousand five hundred were Europeans, including artillery
+with twenty-six field pieces, of which only four twelve and
+eight six-pounders were fired during the action; the remainder
+being the guns of the cavalry and of the second line, could
+not be used.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>On the Major-General approaching the enemy for the
+purpose of reconnoitring, they commenced a cannonade, the
+first gun of which was fired at twenty minutes past one
+p.m., and killed one of his escort. He then resolved to
+attack their left, in order to turn it, and ordered the infantry
+column to move in that direction, while some of his staff
+looked out for a ford, to enable his troops to cross the
+Kaitna and execute this movement. All this march being
+performed considerably within the reach of the enemy’s cannon,
+the fire increased fast, and by the time the head of the
+column reached the ford, about a short half-mile beyond their
+left flank, it was tremendously heavy, and had already destroyed
+numbers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this movement the first line of the enemy’s infantry
+changed their front to the left, and formed with their left
+on Assaye, a village on the Jooee, near the left of their
+second line, which did not change position, the right of their
+first line resting on the Kaitna, where the left had been.
+They brought up many guns from their reserve, and the
+second line to the first.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Being obliged to cross the ford in one column by sections,
+the British were long exposed to the cannonade. The first
+line formed nearly parallel to that of the enemy, at about
+five hundred yards distance, having marched down the
+alignment to its ground. The second line rather outflanked
+the first to the right, as did the third (composed of the
+cavalry) the second. The left of the first line was opposite
+the right of the enemy’s. During this formation their artillery
+fired round shot with great precision and rapidity, the
+same shot often striking the three lines. It was answered
+by the guns of the first line of the British with great spirit
+and coolness, but the number of gun bullocks killed soon put
+the advance of the artillery (except by men) out of the
+question.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British lines were formed from right to left as follows:—First
+line; pickets, four twelve-pounders, one battalion of
+the 8th. and one of the 10th. Native Infantry, and the 78th.
+regiment. Second line; 74th. regiment, and the second battalion
+of the 12th. and the 1st. of the 4th. Native Infantry.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Third line; 4th. Native Cavalry, 19th. Light Dragoons, 5th.
+and 7th. Native Cavalry. Major-General the Honourable
+Arthur Wellesley named the picket as the battalion of direction,
+and ordered that the line should advance as quickly
+as possible, consistent with order, and charge with the bayonet,
+without firing a shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At fifteen minutes before three the word was given for the
+line to advance, and was received by Europeans and natives
+with a cheer. Almost immediately, however, it was discovered
+that the battalion of direction was not moving forward
+as intended, and the first line received the word to halt. This
+was a critical moment; the troops had reached the ridge of
+a little swell in the ground that had somewhat sheltered
+them, particularly on the left, and the enemy, supposing
+them staggered by the fire, redoubled their efforts, firing
+a number of chain shot with great effect. Dreading the
+consequences of this check to the ardour of the troops, the
+Major-General rode up to one of the native corps of the
+first line, and, taking off his hat, cheered them on in their
+own language, repeating the words “to march.” Again the
+soldiers received the order with loud cheers, and the three
+left battalions of the first line, followed by the first battalion
+of the 4th., advanced in quick time, and with the greatest
+coolness, order, and determination upon their opponents.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On coming within about one hundred and fifty yards, the
+78th. withdrew its advanced centre sergeant, and the men
+were cautioned to be ready to charge. Soon after the battalion
+opposed to them fired a volley, and about the same time
+some Europeans were observed to mount their horses and
+ride off. The 78th. instantly ported arms, cheered, and redoubled
+its pace, when the enemy’s infantry, deserted by
+their officers, broke and ran. The 78th. pushed on and fired,
+the front rank to the charge, overtaking and bayonetting a
+few individuals. But Scindiah’s gunners held firm by their
+guns; many were bayonetted in the acts of loading, priming,
+or pointing, and none quitted them until the bayonet was
+at their breast.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 78th. now halted for an instant to complete the files
+and restore exact order, and then moved forward on the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>enemy’s second line, making a complete wheel to the right,
+whose pivot was the right of the army, near the village of
+Assaye.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of the pickets having failed to advance,
+the 74th. pushed up, in doing which they were very much
+cut down by grape, and at length charged by cavalry headed
+by Scindiah in person. They suffered severely (as did the
+pickets and the second battalion of the 12th. Native Infantry),
+and the remains were saved by the memorable charge of the
+cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell. This part
+of the British line, however, though it broke the enemy’s first
+line, did not gain much ground; and the foe still continued
+in possession of several guns about the village of Assaye,
+from which they flanked the British line when arrived opposite
+their second.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Several of the enemy also coming up from the beds of the
+river and other ways, attacked and killed a large proportion
+of the artillerymen, amongst whom were four officers. They
+also regained possession of many of the guns of their first
+line, which had been taken and passed, and from them
+opened a fire of grape on the British rear.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It is impossible to praise too highly the behaviour of the
+infantry at this critical moment. Deprived of the assistance
+of their artillery, the enemy’s second line being untouched
+and perfectly fresh in their front, firing steadily upon them,
+flanked by round shot from the right, grape pouring on the
+rear, and cavalry threatening the left. Not a word was heard
+or a shot fired, all waiting the orders of the general with
+the composure of a field day, amidst a scene of slaughter
+scarcely to be equalled. This, however, was not of long duration.
+The British cavalry came up and drove off the body
+that threatened the left, who did not wait to be charged,
+when Major-General Wellesley ordered the principal part of
+the line to attack the front, while the 78th. and 7th. Native
+Cavalry moved to the rear, and charged the guns which were
+firing from thence. The enemy’s second line immediately
+retired; one brigade in perfect order, so much so that it repulsed
+a gallant charge of the 19th. Dragoons, at the head of
+which Colonel Maxwell was killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>After being obliged to change front two or three times
+under the fire of grape, the 78th. succeeded in clearing the
+guns in the rear. The enemy’s light troops, that had been
+out, now came on the ground, and were ordered to be attacked
+by the Mysore Horse, which they did not wait for,
+and the firing entirely ceased. About half-past four o’clock
+the enemy had set fire to all their tumbrils, which blew up
+in succession, many of them some time later; and the corps
+which had retired in such good order appear soon to have
+lost it, for they threw their guns into the river, four of which
+were afterwards found, exclusive of ninety-eight left on the
+field of battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus terminated the battle of Assaye, a general’s battle, due
+even more to the ability of the commander, than to the valour
+of his men; the first victory gained by the Iron Duke in
+which he commanded in chief, and one of the most decisive
+as well as one of the most desperate ever fought in India. The
+leader of the English was foremost in the fight, led two
+charges in person, and had two horses shot under him; of
+the two Rajahs that headed the enemy, one fled at the first
+onset, and the other followed the example, on witnessing
+the defeat of his cavalry. The British loss was very great;
+of Europeans, killed and wounded, including artillery and
+officers, there were upwards of six hundred, and the natives
+were estimated at about nine hundred. “<span class='sc'>Assaye</span>” is borne
+on the colours of the 74th. and 78th. regiments.<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c013'><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At sunset the British collected about the village of Assaye,
+and lay on their arms all night, except the cavalry, which,
+after resting some hours, were sent back to assist in escorting
+the baggage; and about ten in the morning of the 24th.
+the troops were encamped on the left bank of the Kaitna,
+on the ground the column had moved over previous to
+crossing the ford into the field of battle. That evening at
+sunset the cavalry and one battalion of Native Infantry of
+Colonel Stevenson’s division arrived, and the next morning
+(25th.) the remainder of his force, which a day or two afterwards
+were ordered to follow the enemy into Candeish, and
+to possess themselves of the city of Berhampore and the hill
+fort of Asseer Ghur.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF ASSEER GHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. October, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Colonel Stevenson obtained possession of the city of Berhampore
+without opposition on the 15th. of October, 1803, and
+two days afterwards marched to Asseer Ghur, a strong fort in
+that vicinity. Having carried the pettah on the 18th., he
+opened a battery against the fort on the 20th.; about an
+hour afterwards a white flag was hoisted, which was the signal
+that had been agreed upon in case the terms of surrender,
+offered two days previously, should be accepted; hostages were
+sent down, and it was arranged that this important fortress
+should be delivered over on the following morning. This was
+the last of the possessions of Dowlut Rao Scindiah in the
+Deccan, and the operations of the troops were subsequently
+directed towards those of the Rajah of Berar. The casualties
+were trifling, and were confined to the native troops.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF LASWARREE.<br> <span class='sc'>1st. November, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 27th. of October, the British advanced against a
+division of the enemy, formed of two battalions which had
+escaped from the wreck at Delhi, and fifteen, which had been
+detached from the main army of Scindiah to support General
+Perron in the early part of the campaign. These troops
+amounting to nine thousand infantry and four thousand cavalry,
+and provided with a train of seventy-two pieces of cannon,
+had been directed to recover possession of Delhi. After great
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>exertions the British cavalry came up with them about seven
+o’clock in the morning of the 1st. of November; they were
+discovered in an excellent position; their right resting on a
+rivulet, their left on the village of Laswarree, or Leswarree,
+and their whole front amply furnished with a powerful artillery.
+Being anxious to prevent their escape, General Lake immediately
+attacked them with the cavalry alone. The first brigade,
+under Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur,<a id='r14'></a><a href='#f14' class='c013'><sup>[14]</sup></a> of the 8th.
+Dragoons, who fell mortally wounded, charged their lines, and
+dashed into the village; but finding that their attacks on the
+masses of infantry could make no sensible impression, the
+cavalry were withdrawn out of the range of the destructive
+fire of artillery which it had encountered, in order to wait the
+arrival of the infantry and artillery. About eleven o’clock
+in the forenoon, the Anglo-Indian infantry arrived, but after
+so long a march, it was absolutely necessary to allow the
+men to refresh themselves, and during this interval Scindiah’s
+forces offered to surrender their guns if certain terms were
+conceded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a fruitless negotiation, the infantry, which had been
+formed in two columns, were ordered to advance to the attack.
+The first of these headed by the 76th. regiment, under Major
+Macleod, was to turn the enemy’s right, which since the morning
+had been thrown back from the rivulet, and to attack the
+village of Mohaulpoor, situated between his two lines; while
+the second and a brigade of cavalry were to support them in
+the execution of this movement. Having encountered several
+impediments, the rear divisions were so retarded in their march,
+that a considerable interval was occasioned between them and
+the 76th., which had arrived within a hundred yards of the foe.
+In this situation the regiment was exposed to such a dreadful
+fire, and was losing so many men, that the Commander-in-Chief
+placing himself at its head, led it forward to the attack,
+supported by only one battalion and six companies of Sepoys,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>namely, the second battalion of the 12th., and six companies of
+the second battalion of the 16th. Bengal Native Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“As soon as this handful of heroes,” wrote General Lake,
+“were arrived within reach of the enemy’s canister shot, a
+most tremendous fire was opened upon them.” Their loss was
+so severe, that the enemy’s cavalry advanced to the charge,
+but were gallantly repulsed by this steady and invincible band.
+Rallying, however, at a short distance, they assumed so
+menacing a posture, that the General directed an attack by
+the British cavalry. In superintending the attack, the horse of
+the General was shot under him, and his son who had dismounted
+and offered his father his horse, was severely wounded.
+The cavalry charged with admirable intrepidity, while the
+infantry fell upon the Mahratta line, which at length gave
+way, though disputing every inch of ground, and fighting till
+it was driven from every position and had lost every gun. By
+four o’clock in the afternoon the work of destruction had
+ceased.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was most severe; his numerous
+French-officered battalions of infantry—the boasted “Deccan
+Invincibles”—were annihilated; his cavalry dispersed; and
+the baggage and camp equipage, elephants, camels, and bullocks,
+with forty-four stand of colours, seventy-two guns,
+sixty-four tumbrils of ammunition, three laden with treasure,
+and two thousand prisoners, remained in the hands of the
+victors; five thousand stand of arms were collected in the
+field.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By this victory, which was mainly gained by the gallantry
+of the 76th., that regiment acquired great honour, and its “heroic
+bravery” was borne testimony to in the official despatches.
+During this campaign the regiment acquired a gurrah, or
+Indian gong of great value, which was afterwards carried
+about by the corps; being usually planted opposite the guard
+room, and a sergeant regularly striking the hours on it.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This decisive action terminated the campaign of 1803 and
+the war with Scindiah, a treaty of peace highly advantageous
+to the East India Company being concluded on the 30th. of
+December.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Hindoostan</span>” inscribed around the elephant on the colours
+of the 76th., keeps in remembrance the services of the regiment
+in the East at this period. “<span class='sc'>Leswarree</span>” was, however, authorized
+for the guidons and appointments of the 8th. Hussars,
+which is the only corps that bears the word. General Lake
+gained a peerage, being created Baron Lake of Delhi, Leswarree,
+and Aston Clinton. Several Indian titles were also conferred
+upon him, which being translated from the Persian, signified
+Saviour of the State, the hero of the land, the lord of the
+age, and the victorious in war.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ARGAUM.<br> <span class='sc'>29th November, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A series of active movements in pursuit of the Rajah of
+Berar were re-commenced on the 25th. of October, 1803; and
+on the 29th. of November, Major-General Wellesley, having been
+joined by the subsidiary force under Colonel Stevenson, encountered
+the united armies of Scindiah, and the Rajah of Berar, on
+the plains of Argaum. Although late in the day, the Major-General
+resolved to attack; he formed his army in two lines, the
+infantry in the first, the cavalry in the second, and supporting
+the right; and the Mogul and Mysore cavalry the left, nearly
+parallel to that of the enemy, with the right rather advanced,
+in order to press upon his left. When formed, the whole
+advanced in the greatest order; the 74th. and 78th. Highlanders
+were attacked by a large body, supposed to be Persians,
+who were all destroyed. “These two regiments,” wrote
+the British general, “had a particular opportunity of distinguishing
+themselves, and have deserved and received my
+thanks.” The enemy’s line retired in disorder, leaving thirty-eight
+pieces of cannon and all their ammunition; whereupon
+the British cavalry pursued them for several miles, destroying
+great numbers, and capturing several elephants and camels,
+with a considerable quantity of baggage. One hour more of
+daylight, and not a man would have escaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the orders thanking the army for its exertions on this
+day, the 74th. and 78th. were particularly mentioned; Colonel
+Harness being very ill, Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 78th.,
+commanded the right brigade in the action, and Major Scott
+being in charge of the pickets as field officer of the day, the
+command of the regiment fell to Captain Fraser. In this
+battle, as at Assaye, a scarcity of officers occasioned the colours
+of the 78th. to be carried by sergeants, and it is somewhat
+extraordinary that not a shot penetrated either colour in the
+two actions; at the latter it was probably owing to the high
+wind, in consequence of which they were carried rolled close
+round the poles. The names of the non-commissioned officers
+who carried them on these memorable occasions were at Assaye
+Sergeant Leavock, paymaster’s clerk, afterwards quarter-master,
+and Sergeant John McKenzie, senior sergeant, and immediately
+afterwards quartermaster-sergeant. At Argaum, Sergeants Leavock
+and Grant; the latter was regimental clerk, and was subsequently
+promoted to a commission in the 78th. Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments of the crown engaged were the 19th. Light
+Dragoons, and the 74th., 78th., and 94th. regiments.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE AND STORM OF GAWILGHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>15th. December, 1803.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the victory of Argaum, Major-General Wellesley,
+resolved to lose no time in commencing the siege of Gawilghur,
+a strong fort situated on a range of mountains between
+the sources of the rivers Poorna and Taptee; he
+accordingly marched on, and arrived with both divisions
+at Ellichpoor on the 5th. of December, whence, after establishing
+an hospital for the men wounded at Argaum, both
+divisions advanced upon Gawilghur, on the 7th. of that
+month. The heavy ordnance and stores were dragged by hand
+over mountains and through ravines, for nearly the whole
+distance, by roads which the troops had to make for themselves.
+The batteries were opened against the place on the
+morning of the 13th., and the breach of the outer fort being
+reported practicable on the following night, the storm took
+place on the 15th. of December. All the troops advanced
+about ten in the morning, and an entrance was effected
+without difficulty. The wall in the inner fort, in which no
+breach had been made, had then to be carried; when Captain
+Campbell with the light infantry of the old 94th. escaladed
+the wall; opened the gates for the stormers, and the
+fort was shortly in their possession. This service was effected
+with slight loss, but vast numbers of the enemy were killed,
+especially at the different gates. The garrison was numerous,
+comprising a great portion of the infantry which had escaped
+after the battle of Argaum, and were all armed with
+the Company’s new muskets and bayonets.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This led to a treaty with the Rajah of Berar on the 17th.
+of December, and on the 30th. of the same month, peace
+was signed with Scindiah.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>October, 1804.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This defence of Delhi by Native troops, under British
+superintendence, presents a striking contrast to that made
+by them during the Indian Mutiny, against their former
+instructors in the art of war, and deservedly met with a
+different result.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As General Lord Lake advanced upon Muttra, Holkar
+secretly despatched his infantry and artillery for the purpose
+of surprising Delhi, leaving his cavalry to engage the attention
+of the British Commander. From its great extent and
+unprotected state, Holkar expected an easy conquest; his troops
+arrived before the city on the morning of the 8th. of October.
+Colonel Ochterlony, the resident, at once made the
+most judicious preparations for its defence; his garrison
+amounted to nearly two thousand two hundred men, and
+consisted entirely of Native troops. Lieutenant-Colonel Burn,
+as senior officer, commanded, and the resident’s time was
+fully taken up in preserving peace within the city, with
+the Mahomedan population of Delhi. Lieutenant Bose, with
+two hundred of the 14th. native infantry, one hundred and
+fifty irregulars, and a reserve of fifty men and a six-pounder,
+made a sortie during the evening of the 10th., and
+succeeded in storming the enemy’s battery, of which he
+gained possession, and having spiked the guns, withdrew,
+with trifling loss. At daybreak on the 14th. of October,
+under cover of a heavy cannonade, the enemy assaulted the
+Lahore gate, but were repulsed, leaving the ladders behind,
+which were drawn up over the walls by the Sepoys. After
+this defeat Holkar’s troops became dispirited, and before the
+following morning, his whole force had retired from the
+place. This successful defence by so small a force, was
+highly applauded, and it is a circumstance worthy of record,
+that as the men could not be frequently relieved, the resident
+caused provisions and sweetmeats, of which the natives
+are specially partial, to be distributed to them.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF DEIG.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. November, 1804.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The British army which had marched from Muttra on the
+12th. of October, arrived at Delhi on the 18th., and encamped
+under its walls. On the 5th. of November the main
+body of the infantry, of which the 76th. was the only King’s
+regiment, with some corps of native cavalry, and the park
+of artillery, proceeded under the command of Major-General
+Frazer towards Deig, on the right bank of the Jumna, where
+the enemy’s infantry and guns were assembled. Although
+numerically the foe was superior, it was determined to attack
+him, and about daybreak on the 13th. of November, the
+action commenced. Major-General Frazer received a dangerous
+wound from a cannon-shot, which carried away his
+right foot and part of the leg, and resulted in his death
+eleven days after; whereupon the Honourable Colonel Monson
+assumed the command. According to the most reliable statements
+the opposing force consisted of twenty-four battalions,
+from five to seven hundred men each, a numerous body of
+cavalry, and one hundred and sixty guns. In this battle the
+76th. acquired additional renown; its “undaunted bravery and
+steadiness” being specially adverted to in the despatches.
+About two thousand of the enemy were killed and drowned
+in attempting to escape. Eighty-seven pieces of cannon were
+captured, including some which Colonel Monson had previously
+lost.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF DEIG.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. December, 1804.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>When the troops of Holkar fled before the British in the
+action of the 13th. of November, the guns of the garrison
+of Deig, which belonged to the Rajar of Bhurtpore, were
+opened upon the pursuers, and the fugitives were sheltered
+within the fort. Accordingly an order was issued for the
+annexation of all his strongholds and territories, to the dominions
+of the Company; and the army encamped within ten
+miles of the strong fortress of Deig, on the 3rd. of December.
+The siege commenced on the 14th. of that month. A
+fortification had been erected by the foe on an eminence
+named Shah Bourj, or King’s redoubt, which commanded the
+town and forts; and the besieged had also entrenched themselves
+in its front, throwing up batteries in the best situations.
+The possession of this eminence being deemed essential, at
+half-past eleven o’clock in the night of the 23rd. of December,
+the flank companies of His Majesty’s 22nd. and 76th.
+Foot, and those of the 1st. European regiment, and the first
+battalion of the 8th. Native Infantry, were ordered to storm
+it. In an hour the gallantry of this heroic party had surmounted
+every obstacle, and completely succeeded in the
+enterprise. The two other columns were equally fortunate,
+notwithstanding that the enemy’s gunners offered a strenuous
+resistance; fighting desperately with their tulwars, and being
+mostly bayoneted at their posts. About half-past twelve the
+moon arose, and enabled the assailants to secure the guns
+they had so nobly captured. An attempt was now organized
+for the assault of the citadel, but during the night of the 24th.
+it was evacuated; and on Christmas morning the British flag
+was hoisted on the fortress. Considering the nature of the
+operations the loss was small. One hundred guns, sixteen of
+which were brass, became the trophies of the victors. The
+flank companies of the 22nd., and 76th. Foot, represented the
+King’s troops on this service.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>WAR IN NEPAUL, 1816.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In consequence of the Rajah of Nepaul having refused to
+ratify the treaty which had been signed by his ambassadors,
+an army was collected under the command of Major-General
+Sir David Ochterlony, K.C.B., with a view to coerce this
+refractory ruler. There were three King’s regiments with this
+force: the 24th. belonging to the first brigade, the 66th. to
+the second brigade, and the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers to
+the third brigade. The first brigade, commanded by Colonel
+Kelly, of the 24th., was to penetrate by Hurryhurpore; the
+second brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Nicol, of the 66th.,
+was to enter the hills at Ramnuggur, and by a circuitous
+route join Sir David Ochterlony before Muckwanpore. The
+third brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, of the 87th.,
+remained with the fourth brigade (native troops), under
+Sir David Ochterlony, who marched through the forest at the
+foot of the Nepaul Hills on the 9th. of February. Great
+difficulty was experienced in carrying the guns through the
+forest, which was accomplished by the personal exertions of
+each individual.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 27th. of February, the advance guard arrived at
+Muckwanpore, and on the following day the brigade was ordered
+to take possession of the heights of Sierapore; an action
+ensued, which commenced about noon, and terminated at six
+o’clock, leaving the British in possession of the heights for
+a considerable distance from Sierapore, and of one field-piece.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For this affair, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Miller, of the
+first battalion of the 87th., and Lieutenant Fenton, who had
+performed very arduous duties, having been placed in charge
+of the advanced guard, composed of the light company of
+his regiment and those of the native infantry, with two guns,
+received the public thanks of the authorities in India.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Colonel Kelly, with the first brigade, encountered
+and defeated the Rajah’s troops on the heights of Hurryhurpore,
+on the 1st. of March.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Convinced of the inutility of further opposition, the Rajah
+sued for peace, and a treaty was eventually concluded on the
+4th. of March, which terminated the war in Nepaul.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>
+  <h2 class='c018'>BATTLE OF KIRKEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF POONA.<br> <span class='sc'>November, 1817.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 2nd. of November accounts were received of the
+Peishwah’s renewed treachery, when the division under Brigadier-General
+Lionel Smith, C.B., was instantly put in motion,
+and on arrival at Ahmednuggur on the 8th., it was ascertained
+that the gallantry of the troops at Poona under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Burr, of the 7th. Bombay infantry, had successfully
+resisted the Peishwah’s attempt to annihilate them, in their
+position at Kirkee, on the 5th. of November. After some
+slight skirmishing on the road, the force under Brigadier-General
+Smith (of which the King’s 65th. regiment formed
+a portion), joined the Poona brigade at their position on the
+13th. of November, when immediate preparations were made
+for attacking the enemy’s camp, which was on the opposite
+side of the Moottah Moola. The force moved down before
+daybreak on the 14th. of November, but finding the river
+too deep to cross, it again encamped. The ford having been
+more particularly ascertained under some skirmishing and trifling
+loss, the left wing under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Milnes, of the 65th., crossed on the evening of the 16th., in
+face of the enemy, whose artillery and matchlocks occasioned
+considerable loss during the passage and advance to a position
+on the right of the Peishwah’s camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night the Peishwah abandoned his capital, and
+moved to the southward. The inhabitants made their submission,
+and about noon on the 17th. of November, the British
+flag was hoisted on his palace, under a royal salute.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 65th. regiment, for the above and subsequent services,
+has received authority to bear on its colours and appointments
+the figure of the Royal Tiger, with the word India above,
+and Arabia beneath, also the 84th., this regiment now being
+linked to the 65th.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SEETABULDEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF NAGPOOR.<br> <span class='sc'>November and December, 1817.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Without any previous declaration of hostilities, or the
+slightest act of aggression on the part of the Indian government,
+the Rajah of Berar attacked the troops at Nagpoor;
+consisting of two weak battalions of the Madras Native
+Infantry, and three troops of cavalry, in the evening of
+the 26th. November; and after an action which lasted eighteen
+hours was repulsed. Lieutenant-Colonel Scott at the requisition
+of the Resident had taken post on the hill of Seetabuldee,
+overlooking the city of Nagpoor, when the attack took place,
+in which the three troops of the 6th. regiment of native
+cavalry, and the 1st. battalions of the 20th. and 24th. Madras
+Native Infantry, were highly distinguished.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Reinforcements immediately marched on to the seat of war,
+of which eight companies of the 2nd. battalion of the 1st.
+Royals, formed part of the second division, under Brigadier-General
+Doveton. Upon his arrival the Rajah was desirous
+of treating for peace, and agreed to surrender his guns and disperse
+his troops; but the treachery he had already evinced
+made the Brigadier-General dispose his troops in order of
+battle, when he advanced to take possession of the guns.
+This precaution was not in vain. No opposition was encountered
+in obtaining the first battery, but on the soldiers
+entering the plantation, a sharp fire of musketry was treacherously
+opened upon them. The Rajah had formed an army
+of twenty-one thousand men, of which fourteen thousand
+were horse; the position being marked by irregularities of
+the ground, and clusters of houses and huts, and a thick
+plantation of trees, with ravines and a large reservoir. In
+the action of the 16th. of December, which ensued, the 2nd.
+battalion of the 1st. Foot added to the former honours of that
+corps. The batteries were carried with great gallantry, the
+enemy driven from all his positions and pursued a distance
+of five miles; his camp equipage, forty elephants and seventy-five
+guns being captured. The battalion had nine men killed
+and twenty-six wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this success the siege of the city of Nagpoor was
+commenced. The troops which defended this place, consisting
+of about five thousand Arabs and Hindoostanees, insisted upon
+extraordinary terms, and these not being acceded to they
+determined on a desperate defence. On the 23rd. of December
+a breach was made in one of the gates, when an assault
+was resolved upon. At half-past eight o’clock in the
+morning of the 24th. of December the stormers advanced,
+but the breach being found untenable, the troops were withdrawn,
+although the parties had gained the desired points.
+On the following day the Arabs renewed their offer, and their
+terms being granted, they marched out of the city on the
+1st. of January, 1818; being permitted to go where they
+pleased with the exception of proceeding to Asseerghur.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Nagpore</span>” on the regimental colours of the Royals commemorates
+the foregoing services.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MAHEIDPORE.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. December, 1817.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>While the eighth battalion companies of the Royals had
+been engaged at Nagpoor, the two flank companies, commanded
+by Captain Hulme, had shared in the movements of the first
+division of the army of the Deccan. On the 8th. of December
+the troops arrived near Maheidpore, where the army of Mulhar
+Rao Holkar, one of the coalesced Mahratta powers against the
+British interests in India, was assembled. After various fruitless
+negotiations the Anglo-Indian troops advanced against the
+enemy on the morning of the 21st. of December, and as they
+were crossing the ford of the Soopra river they were exposed
+to a powerful and concentrated cannonade. About half a
+mile beyond the river stood the troops of Holkar, and after
+passing the stream Brigadier-General Sir John Malcolm
+proceeded with two brigades of infantry to attack their
+left, and a ruined village situated on an eminence near the
+centre. They were completely routed, and in the general
+orders of Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Hislop, Bart., Commander-in-Chief
+of the army of the Deccan, dated 22nd. of
+December, the charge of the squadron of the 22nd. Light
+Dragoons, under Captain Vernon, and the intrepid courage and
+animated zeal of the flank companies of the Royals under
+Captain Hulme, were specially commended.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In commemoration of the conduct of the flank companies
+the words “<span class='sc'>Maheidpore</span>” was authorized to be inscribed on
+the regimental colours of the Royals.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF CORYGAUM.<br> <span class='sc'>1st. January, 1818.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This eminent service was confined to the Company’s troops.
+The Peishwah having advanced towards Poonah, Colonel Burr,
+commanding in that city, requested a reinforcement from Seroor;
+accordingly Captain Staunton, of the second battalion 1st regiment
+of Bombay Native Infantry, was despatched with that
+corps, barely six hundred strong, a few Madras artillery, with
+two six-pounders, and about three hundred auxiliary horse.
+The Peishwah’s army, estimated at twenty thousand horse and
+about eight thousand infantry, were encamped on the right
+bank of the Beemah, above the village of Corygaum. Captain
+Staunton, upon coming in sight of this overwhelming force, on
+the 1st. of January, immediately moved upon Corygaum, and
+had scarcely succeeded in reaching the village, when he was
+attacked by three divisions of infantry, supported by immense
+bodies of horse, and two pieces of artillery. The enemy obtained
+immediate possession of the strongest posts of the village;
+and the remaining position was most obstinately contested from
+noon until nine at night, after a fatiguing march of twenty-eight
+miles. Ultimately the enemy was forced to abandon the
+village, after sustaining great loss. During the night of the
+2nd., the detachment returned unmolested to Seroor, which
+was reached at nine o’clock on the following morning, without
+having partaken of any refreshment since the evening of the
+31st. of December. Nearly all the wounded were brought in,
+and both the gun and the colours of the regiment were
+preserved.<a id='r15'></a><a href='#f15' class='c013'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>WAR IN AVA.<br> <span class='fss'>1824 TO 1826.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The repeated acts of aggression of the Burmese governors
+in the country adjacent to the British territory, at length
+rendered it necessary to demand an explanation from the
+Court of Ava. This terminated by a mutual declaration of
+war, and troops were assembled to penetrate the Burmese
+empire. His Majesty’s 13th. and 38th. regiments, and two
+companies of artillery, and the 40th. Native Infantry, amounting
+to two thousand one hundred and seventy-five men, proceeded
+from Bengal, while His Majesty’s 41st. and 89th. Foot, the
+Madras European regiment, and the 9th., 12th., 28th., and
+30th. Madras Native Infantry, and artillery embarked from
+Madras,—making in all eleven thousand four hundred and
+seventy-five men. The troops from Bengal embarked in April
+and May, 1824.<a id='r16'></a><a href='#f16' class='c013'><sup>[16]</sup></a> To occupy Rangoon and the country at
+the mouth of the Irrawaddy was the first object. Brigadier-General
+Sir Archibald Campbell with his troops took possession
+of Rangoon on the 12th. of May, without the loss of a man;
+and Cheduba, on the Arracan coast, was also captured by
+storm on the 17th. of May, by a detachment under Brigadier-General
+McCreagh, of the 13th. Light Infantry, three companies
+of the regiment being employed on this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Burmese army continued in great force in
+the vicinity of Rangoon, under the fortifications of wood called
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>stockades, and of the dense jungle which covered the country.
+In carrying the stockades without ladders on the 28th. of May,
+portions of the 13th. and 38th. regiments were specially noticed.
+On the 10th. of June, Kemmendine was assaulted; when
+about two miles from the town, the head of the column
+was stopped by a strong stockade, full of men, against
+which the artillery opened fire, and in half an hour a breach
+was made. The 41st., and part of the Madras European regiment,
+stormed the works in front; and the detachments of the
+13th. and 38th. assaulted the rear face, which was ten feet
+high. The soldiers being encouraged and animated by the
+spirited conduct of Major (afterwards Sir Robert) Sale, who was
+the first on the top, climbed the works, one helping another
+up, and entering simultaneously with the party by the breach,
+they bayoneted every man that opposed them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This point being gained, the column advanced about a
+mile, and at four o’clock in the afternoon took up a position
+against the principal stockade. Batteries were erected during
+the night, and the artillery opened a heavy fire at daylight,
+when the Burmese forsook their works and fled.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attack was made upon the British pickets on the 1st.
+of July, which was repulsed. The Burmese position in the
+rear of the great pagoda was assaulted on the 5th. of July,
+and a general attack was made on the 8th. of that month,
+one column advancing by land, under Brigadier-General
+M‘Bean, while the other column proceeded by water. Major
+Wahab, with the Native Infantry, landed and immediately
+attacked the breach; Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin, of the
+41st., entered the work higher up by escalade; Major Sale encountered
+the Burmese commander-in-chief in the works, and
+slew him in single combat, taking from him a valuable gold-hilted
+sword and scabbard. Eight hundred of the enemy were
+killed on this occasion, and thirty-eight pieces of artillery,
+forty swivels, and three hundred muskets were captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An expedition was sent on the 11th. of October against
+Martaban, on the Saluen river, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Godwin, of His Majesty’s 41st. regiment, and
+the place was captured on the 30th. of that month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Burmese recovered from the consternation
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>into which they had been thrown, and a veteran chief,
+named Maha Bandoola, being appointed their commander, he
+approached the British position on the 1st. of December, with
+upwards of fifty thousand foot, a body of Cassay horse, and
+three hundred pieces of artillery, and commenced forming
+entrenchments. Major Sale advanced against the left of the
+Burmese line with two hundred of the 13th. Light Infantry,
+under Major Dennie, and two hundred and fifty of the 18th.
+Native Infantry, under Captain Ross, and stormed the entrenchments
+in sight of the whole army. The soldiers of the
+13th. led the charge with great intrepidity; they burst
+through the intrenchments, and overcame all opposition; this
+example was followed by the native infantry, when the Burmese
+fled, and the British troops returned to their posts laden
+with trophies.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This victory was followed by another over the left wing
+of the Burmese army, on the 5th. of December. The first
+advantage was followed up, the enemy was overthrown, and
+of the three hundred pieces of ordnance which they had in
+position, two hundred and forty were brought into the British
+camp.<a id='r17'></a><a href='#f17' class='c013'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 7th. of December the trenches were assaulted in
+four columns of attack, under the superintendence of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Miles, the second in command, and led by
+Lieutenant-Colonels Mallet (both of the 89th.), Parlby,
+Brodie, and Captain Wilson, of the 38th. regiment. At a
+quarter before twelve every gun that would bear upon the
+breaches opened fire. Major Sale at the same time made a
+diversion on the enemy’s left and rear. At noon the cannonade
+ceased, and the columns moved forward to their
+points of attack, when the total defeat of Bandoolah’s army
+ensued, his loss being estimated at five thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>In an attack on the enemy’s corps of observation, on the
+Dalla side of the river, on the 9th. of December, the 89th.
+regiment highly distinguished itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Rallying his broken legions, the Burmese commander called
+reinforcements to his aid, and took up another position,
+which he fortified with great labour and art. These formidable
+works were attacked on the 15th. of December, when
+two hundred of the 13th., under Major Sale, with three
+hundred of the 18th. and 34th. Madras Native Infantry,
+formed the right column of attack under Brigadier-General
+(afterwards Sir Willoughby) Cotton; this made a detour
+round the enemy’s left to gain the rear of his position at
+Kokien, which was to be attacked in front by another column.
+Sir Archibald marched with the left column, which consisted
+of five hundred Europeans, from the 38th., 41st., 89th., and
+Madras European Regiment, with portions of native infantry,
+to attack the foe in front. Of this column two divisions
+were formed, the command of one being given to Lieutenant-Colonel
+Miles, of the 89th., and the other to Major Evans,
+of the 28th. Madras Native Infantry. On arriving in front
+of the position it presented a very formidable appearance;
+but when the signal was given, the soldiers rushed forward,
+and in less than fifteen minutes they were in full possession
+of these stupendous works. Major Sale received a severe
+wound in the head, and was succeeded by Major Dennie,
+who although wounded in the hand, continued at the head of
+the 13th., regiment until the action was over. The Burmese
+after a short resistance, fled in a panic, leaving their camp
+standing, and abandoning all their baggage, together with a
+great portion of their arms and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These successes, connected with those of the royal navy,
+had produced important results; the maritime provinces of
+Mergui, Tavoy, Yeb, and Martaban, had been captured, and
+seven hundred pieces of artillery had been taken from the
+Burmese. Lieutenant-Colonel Elrington, with a small detachment,
+consisting of a portion of the 47th., with some seamen
+and marines, carried by storm the factory and stockades of
+Syriam on the 11th. and 12th. of January, 1825. To wrest
+additional territory from the court of Ava, Major Sale proceeded
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>against the city of Bassein, in the south-west part of the ancient
+kingdom of Pegu, which constituted part of the Burmese
+empire. The troops, after a tedious passage, arrived in the
+evening of the 24th. of February, off Pagoda Point, Great Negrais.
+On the 26th. the expedition entered the river, and the
+13th., 38th., and the 12th. Native Infantry landed and captured
+a stockade. The force afterwards re-embarked, and proceeded
+to the next stockade, which the Burmese abandoned as the
+soldiers went on shore to storm the works; so great was
+their consternation, that the City of Bassein was set on fire
+and abandoned, the enemy retiring on Donabew.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Cotton, in the interim, with a detached
+force, of which the 47th. and 89th regiments formed
+a part, had attacked the pagoda stockade in advance of
+Donabew, on the 7th. of March. The troops were formed in
+two columns, under Lieutenant-Colonel O’Donaghue, 47th.,
+and Major Basden, 89th. regiment. All were exposed to a
+heavy fire, which was kept up to the last, with greater spirit
+and perseverance than was usual. The operations against the
+second defence, distance about five hundred yards from the
+pagoda stockade, were not successful, and the force was re-embarked
+on the 18th., after the enemy’s cannon had been
+spiked and his arms destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, a force of eleven thousand men, under Brigadier-General Morrison, of the 44th., of which that regiment
+and the 54th. formed a portion, had been assembled at Chittagong
+towards the end of September of the preceding year,
+moved forward early in January, in order to penetrate through
+Arracan, and across the mountains into Ava, where it was
+to effect a junction with the army at Rangoon. The first
+attack at Arracan, on the 29th. of March, failed, owing
+principally to a dense fog, which prevented the great strength
+of the position from being discovered. On the night of the
+31st., Brigadier Richards proceeded by a circuitous route, and
+gained the summit of the range unperceived; and on the
+morning of the 1st. of April the Burmese were attacked in
+flank, while the front was assailed by the main body. In a
+short time the heights were abandoned, and Arracan was
+gained. The Burmese army having retreated to Donabew, two
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>columns were formed to attack it by land and water, the land
+column being under the command of Sir A. Campbell, and
+the water column under Brigadier-General Cotton. Donabew
+was strongly fortified by a stockade extending nearly a mile
+along the Irrawaddy, composed of teak beams fifteen to seventeen
+feet high, driven into the earth as closely as possible to
+each other. Behind this wooden wall was the old brick rampart,
+and the works were mounted with one hundred and fifty guns
+and swivels. The marine attack failed, after carrying the first
+stockade, and the flotilla retreated ten miles down the river,
+leaving the wounded in the power of the enemy. Next day
+most of the killed and wounded that had been left in the
+stockade, were crucified and placed on rafts, which were sent
+down the stream to the boats of their comrades.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a bombardment by the land column, Donabew was
+taken possession of by Sir Archibald Campbell on the 2nd.
+of April; Maha Bandoolah having been killed by a rocket,
+the other chiefs could not prevail on the garrison to remain,
+and the place was evacuated during the night of the 1st. of April.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this success the march was resumed to Prome, where
+the army arrived on the 25th. of April, the Burmese having
+evacuated the town after setting it on fire, but the decisive
+measures adopted saved the place from a general conflagration.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of the season of military operations being
+over, the army remained inactive at Prome, and in the autumn
+overtures of peace were made by the Burmese, but hostilities
+were resumed in the middle of November; and the army of
+Ava, having repulsed the attack of three bodies of Sepoys,
+became suddenly elevated with a high idea of its own power,
+and advanced to attack the British troops at Prome, which
+had been reinforced by the detachments left at Rangoon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About sixty thousand Burmese environed six thousand Anglo-Indian
+troops; but undismayed by this formidable host, four native
+regiments were left for the defence of Prome, and the
+remainder advanced on the 1st. of December to attack the
+enemy’s left wing at Simbike. This post was gallantly
+stormed by the troops under Brigadier-General Cotton, and the
+works were carried in ten minutes. The flank companies
+of the Royals, under Captain Thomas John Harvey, with the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>41st. and 89th. regiments, commanded respectively by Major
+Peter Latouche Chambers, and Brevet-Major Henry Ross Gore,
+supported by the 18th. Madras Native Infantry, and led by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Godwin, performed this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a harassing march of about twenty miles, the troops
+bivouacked at Ze-ouke, and at daylight on the morning of
+the 2nd. of December they were again in motion, to attack
+the formidable position occupied by the enemy’s centre
+division on the Napadee Hills. Arriving in the vicinity,
+the British artillery commenced a sharp cannonade; Brigadier-General
+Elrington’s troops drove the enemy from the jungle,
+and six companies of the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers carried
+the posts at the bottom of the ridge; the Burmese were
+driven from the valley to their principal works on the hills,
+which appeared very formidable, as the heights could only be
+ascended by a narrow road, commanded by artillery, and defended
+by stockades crowded with men armed with muskets.
+When the artillery had made an impression on the works,
+the 13th. and 38th. regiments, the latter leading, rushed into
+them, overthrew all opposition with the bayonet, and forced the
+Burmese from hill to hill, over precipices that could only be
+ascended by a narrow stair, until the whole of the position
+nearly three miles in length, was captured. Scarcely a shot
+was fired in return to the enemy’s continued volleys, and the
+six companies of the 87th. advancing through the jungle to
+the right, drove everything before them on that side.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 5th. of December the enemy’s right wing was
+driven from its post. The division employed under Brigadier-General
+Cotton consisted of two hundred and fifty of the
+Royal Regiment, two hundred and seventy of the 41st., two
+hundred and sixty of the 89th., the light company of the
+28th. Madras Native Infantry, and one hundred pioneers.
+The immense army of Ava was thus forced from its positions,
+and the Burmese legions sought safety in flight. After this
+success the army continued to advance; the Burmese evacuated
+Meeaday, and took post at Melloon, at the same time they
+renewed their offers for terminating the war; but this appeared
+to be with the view of gaining time to re-organize
+their forces for a more determined resistance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>The conditions of peace not being ratified by the stipulated
+time, hostilities were resumed on the 19th. of January, 1826,
+on which day the 13th. and 38th. regiments embarked in
+boats under Lieutenant-Colonel Sale, to assault the main face
+of the enemy’s fortifications at Melloon. At the same time
+Brigadier-General Cotton, with the flank companies of the
+47th. and 87th. regiments, and the 89th., under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hunter Blair, the 41st. regiment and the 18th. Madras
+Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin,
+commanding the first brigade of Madras troops, and the 28th.
+Madras Native Infantry, with the flank companies of the 43rd.
+Madras Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Parlby
+were to cross above Melloon, and, after carrying some outworks,
+were to attack the northern face of the principal
+work. The whole of the boats quitted the shore together;
+but the current and breeze carried the 13th. and 38th. to
+their point of attack before the other divisions could reach the
+opposite bank of the river, and Lieutenant-Colonel Sale was
+wounded in his boat; but the two regiments landed, formed
+under the command of Major Frith, of the 38th. (who was
+wounded in the assault), and rushed forward with such intrepidity
+that they speedily became masters of these formidable
+works. When Brigadier-General Cotton saw that they were
+carried, he ordered the brigade under Lieutenant-Colonel Blair,
+of the 87th., to cut in upon the enemy’s line of retreat,
+which was performed with much effect.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 28th. of January, the 87th., with the flank companies
+of the 28th. Native Infantry, and detachments of the
+Governor-General’s body-guard and artillery, under Brigadier
+Hunter Blair, were sent from Tongwyn, to attack the position
+of Moulmein, eleven miles distant. The position, being a
+great annoyance to the surrounding country, was destroyed,
+and the troops returned to camp the same evening.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The army advanced upon the Burmese capital, and the
+legions of Ava resolved once more to try the fortune of war.
+A new army of 40,000 men was raised, and placed under
+the command of a noted warrior named Nee Woon-Breen,
+which has been translated—“Prince of Darkness,” “King of
+Hell,” and “Prince of the Setting Sun.” They met the British
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>in the open fields near Pagahm Mew, where an action took
+place on the 9th. of February. The 13th. Light Infantry led
+the right attack, supported by the 38th. and 89th. regiments.
+That on the left was supported by the 41st. Part of the
+Burmese troops, broken by the 38th., retired into a well-constructed
+field-work, but were so closely pursued that they had
+not time to form for its defence: here from three to four
+hundred of them perished either by the bayonet or plunging
+into the river to escape. The result was another defeat to
+the enemy. The “Prince of Darkness” fled to Ava, where he
+was put to a cruel death by the order of the King.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this victory the army continued its advance upon
+Ummerapoora, the capital, situated upon the shores of a
+beautiful lake; and when within four days’ march of that
+city the king of Ava sent the ratified treaty, paying the
+expenses of the war, and relinquishing a considerable portion
+of territory. The treaty of peace was finally signed at Gandaboo,
+February 24th., 1826. The King of Ava renounced all
+claim on Assam, ceded to the East India Company Arracan,
+and four other provinces with their islands and dependencies,
+and agreed to pay a crore of rupees as a war indemnity; free
+trade also to be allowed to British subjects in all parts of his
+dominions. In one of the conferences the negotiators had
+objected to the payment of money, and stated, that by using
+great economy, they might furnish a million baskets of rice
+within a year, but they did not grow rupees; and if the
+British had any objection to the rice, there was abundance
+of fine trees in the forest, which they might cut down and
+take away in lieu of the money.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the conclusion of this campaign, the following statement
+appeared in general orders:—“While the Governor-General in
+Council enumerates, with sentiments of unfeigned admiration,
+the 13th., 38th., 41st., 89th., 47th., 1st. (or Royals), 87th,
+and 45th. regiments, the Honorable Company’s Madras European
+regiment, and the Bengal and Madras European artillery,
+as the European troops who have had the honour of establishing
+the renown of the British arms in a new and distant region,
+His Lordship in Council feels that higher and more justly-merited
+praise cannot be bestowed on those brave troops
+than that, amidst the barbarous hosts whom they have fought
+and conquered, they have eminently displayed the virtues,
+and sustained the character, of the British Soldier.”<a id='r18'></a><a href='#f18' class='c013'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE AND STORM OF BHURTPORE.<br> <span class='sc'>January, 1826.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Baldeo Singh, Rajah of Bhurtpore, had become attached
+to the British government, with which he formed an alliance
+offensive and defensive, and procured a guarantee for the succession
+of his youthful son, Bhulwunt Singh to the throne, from
+Sir David Ochterlony, then Commander of the forces and
+Political Resident at Delhi, who acknowledged the boy’s right,
+and pledged his word to support him. But among many of
+the Rajah’s subjects a strong feeling of hostility to the British
+existed, particularly in the army, and his nephew, Doorjun
+Sal, headed a party opposed to the alliance. After the Rajah’s
+decease his nephew gained possession of the capital, seized the
+young prince, and assumed the sovereign power. Sir David
+Ochterlony assembled a force (of which the 59th. formed part)
+and marched on Bhurtpore; but the government having disapproved
+of the measures taken, the troops returned to Cawnpore.
+Sir David in consequence resigned, and died at Meerut
+in July, 1825, his decease being, it is considered, hastened by
+this event.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was, however, afterwards determined to carry into effect
+the engagements entered into with the late Rajah, by placing
+his son on the throne. An army was assembled under General
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>Lord Combermere, the Commander-in-Chief in India, and the
+siege of the capital, the fortified city of Bhurtpore, was determined
+upon. Great confidence was placed by the natives
+in the strength of this place, the fort being upwards of five
+miles in circumference, and having in 1805, withstood four
+attacks of Lord Lake’s army, wherein were five king’s regiments,
+which had been repulsed with great loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. and 11th. of December, 1825, the British
+appeared before this celebrated city and fortress. The army
+amounted to twenty-five thousand three hundred men, of
+which His Majesty’s 11th. and 16th. Light Dragoons, and the
+14th. and 59th. regiments formed part, the remainder being
+made up of Native corps. The garrison was nearly equal
+in numbers to the besieging force. The Bhurtporees had
+cut a sluice into the embankment of a lake near the
+town, to fill the ditch round the woods with water, but
+they were speedily driven from the spot; the sluice was
+stopped, and the embankment was turned into a military
+post, which was entrusted to a company of the 14th. Foot
+and some sepoys. About eighteen inches of water only had
+flowed into the ditch, and this sudden seizure of the embankment
+facilitated the progress of the siege by keeping
+the ditch nearly empty, and thus prevented the enemy from
+filling it with water, as was done in Lord Lake’s time. The
+several corps took up their ground, and the investment became
+complete, orange and date trees from the groves being
+converted into fascines and gabions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At an early hour on the morning of the 24th of December,
+the fires of two batteries were opened on the town; additional
+works were constructed, the batteries became more numerous,
+and the siege was prosecuted with vigour. It was, however,
+found extremely difficult to effect practicable breaches in the
+peculiarly-constructed walls of Bhurtpore, as they were in
+many places thickly studded with large trees of a very tough
+description of timber, which offered a remarkable resistance
+to shot. The process of mining was adopted; several explosions
+took place, and the result soon rendered it evident
+that the horrors of an assault was drawing near. Great
+bravery and perseverance was evinced by the garrison; they
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>exposed themselves resolutely to the fire of besiegers, and
+built up in the night the works which were knocked down
+during the day, labouring under a ceaseless fire, and evincing
+a firm determination to persevere in the defence.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Considerable progress having been made towards effecting
+practicable breaches, it was determined to attempt the storming
+of the place on the morning of the 18th. of January, 1826,
+the explosion of the mine under the north-east angle being
+the signal for the assault. The 14th. and 59th. regiments
+headed the two attacks, and they were directed to wheel as
+soon as they entered the breaches, one to the right and
+the other to the left, and, continuing their career round the
+ramparts, to drive the enemy before them till they met.
+Some delay occurred in the mine, and the soldiers stood
+seven hours anxiously waiting for the moment to commence
+the assault, during which time the thunder of the artillery
+was tremendous. The mine having exploded in an unexpected
+direction, several men of the 14th., at the head of the column
+of attack, were killed, and Brigadier-General John M‘Combe,
+(of that regiment,) and other officers received severe contusions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As soon as the tremendous crash was over the troops
+rushed through the cloud of smoke and dust, and commenced
+ascending the breach, and, the summit, after some opposition,
+was gained. Here a short pause ensued from the native corps
+appointed to support not being near, when the enemy opened
+a heavy fire from the buildings near the breach, and sprang
+a mine, which killed several of the soldiers. The Bhurtpore
+artillerymen fought with great desperation, and the defenders
+of the walls exhibited much bravery; but in two hours the
+whole rampart surrounding the town, together with the
+command of the gates, were in possession of the British.
+The citadel surrendered about four o’clock, and the 14th.,
+(at the head of which the Commander-in-Chief entered it,)
+was placed there in garrison, as a compliment to the gallantry
+of the corps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Viscount Combermere, G.C.B., in his despatch
+stated, “I must particularly remark the behaviour of His
+Majesty’s 14th. regiment, commanded by Major Everard, and
+the 59th., commanded by Major Fuller; these corps, having
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>led the columns of assault, by their steadiness and determination
+decided the events of the day.” His lordship also specially
+adverted to the services rendered by Brigadier, now General
+Sir James Wallace Sleige, K.C.B., commanding the cavalry;
+the general good and active conduct of the cavalry, and the
+spirited manner in which they volunteered their services
+when it was anticipated (before the arrival of the 1st.
+European regiment) to employ them in the storm were also
+mentioned.<a id='r19'></a><a href='#f19' class='c013'><sup>[19]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus was accomplished the capture of this city, regarded
+throughout the East as impregnable, the natives being accustomed
+to remark that India was not subdued because
+Bhurtpore had not fallen. The usurper Doorjun Sal was
+captured while attempting to escape, and the young Rajah
+was placed on the throne. The 14th. had Brigadier-General
+Edwards and Captain Armstrong killed, and the 59th. lost
+Captain Pitman, and had Major Fuller and other officers
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The state of the Burmese war at this period rendered it of
+the highest importance that Bhurtpore should be captured, as
+a failure in that object would have paralyzed British domination
+in the East.<a id='r20'></a><a href='#f20' class='c013'><sup>[20]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Bhurtpore</span>” was authorised by the Sovereign to be borne on
+the standards and colours of the 11th. and 16th. Light
+Dragoons, and the 14th. and 59th. regiments.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Combermere, whose earliest services had been connected
+with the siege of Seringapatam, in 1799, and who
+had commanded the British cavalry during the Peninsula
+war, under Wellington, was made a Viscount for this capture.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL, 1799–1826.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal, the design of which is extremely chaste and
+beautiful, has on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the
+inscription <span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>, similar to the Crimean and
+other medals. The artist, the late William Wyon, Esq., R.A.,
+was the chief engraver to the Royal Mint until his decease in
+1851. On the reverse of the medal is a figure of Victory
+seated, holding in her right hand a laurel branch, in her left,
+a victor’s laurel-wreath. A lotus flower, emblematic of India,
+is by her side, a trophy of Oriental arms and a palm-tree in
+the background. Above are the words, “To the army of India”:
+in the exergue, “1799–1826.” The various services are commemorated
+by clasps, and the medal is worn with a pale blue
+ribbon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The glorious achievements of the army of India, from the
+decisive victory of Assaye to the capture of Bhurtpore, were
+not commemorated by a medal till the year 1851, and the few
+survivors who took part in the first-named battle did not receive
+the decoration until <i>forty-eight</i> years after the event.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE PENINSULA WAR MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>When the distribution of the Waterloo Medal both to
+officers and men took place, it was no wonder that the
+veterans who had fought through the several actions of the
+Peninsula war should desire to have a similar distinction.
+By a letter from the Duke of Wellington, dated Brussels,
+13th. April, 1815, to His Royal Highness Field-Marshal the
+Duke of Kent, then Colonel of the Royals, it would appear
+that there was some general distinction intended to be conferred
+on the Peninsula army:—“When your Royal Highness
+first communicated to me your desire that the 3rd. battalion
+Royals should wear a distinguishing badge for their services
+under my command, it was in the contemplation of His
+Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief, that the whole
+army which served in the Peninsula and in the South of
+France should wear one. I have not heard what has
+prevented His Royal Highness from carrying that intention
+into execution, but I will enquire, and I will recommend
+that the Royals shall have one, if it is not intended that
+one should be given to the whole army.” This design appears
+to have been abandoned.</p>
+
+<div id='i054fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_054fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The War Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>It has been shewn that during the reign of King Charles
+the First, and the period of the Commonwealth, the humblest
+soldier was eligible for a medal, and that for Waterloo is
+the first since that time which has been conferred by the crown
+on both officers and soldiers. Major Mackie, in a poem entitled
+“Britannia Ingrata,” made a poetical appeal in behalf of the
+gallant Peninsula army. There were volumes of correspondence
+in the several military journals, in which the grievances
+of veterans were set forth; officers who had passed through
+the fields of Corunna, Talavera, Busaco, Salamanca,<a id='r21'></a><a href='#f21' class='c013'><sup>[21]</sup></a> and other
+sanguinary actions, felt they deserved the red and blue-edged
+ribbon as well as the more fortunate Waterloo man. Even
+the badge of merit was defined, some thinking that it should
+be a cross formed of the metal of guns taken during the war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The hardship continued for years, and there is no doubt
+that the Duke of Richmond in his place in Parliament, aided
+by public opinion, was mainly instrumental in obtaining the
+desired honour. So sensible were the war officers of his exertions
+in their cause, that a testimonial was subscribed for and
+presented to His Grace at a grand dinner at Willis’s Rooms,
+on Saturday, the 21st. of June, 1851. It was a most interesting
+gathering, and many of the Peninsula veterans were present.
+The testimonial was in solid silver, the value of the plate being
+about fifteen hundred guineas. The inscription was as follows:
+“Presented on June 21st., 1851, 38th. Anniversary of the Battle
+of Vittoria, to His Grace the Duke of Richmond, Lennox, and
+Aubigny, K.G., by the Recipients of the War Medal, in grateful
+remembrance of his long and unwearied exertion in their
+behalf, as a token of the Admiration, Respect, and Esteem,
+from his humbler brethren in Arms, who successfully aided in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>defending their Island Home throughout a long and sanguinary
+war, in which they gained a series of resplendent victories,
+that led to the capture of Madrid, Paris, Washington, and
+finally to an honourable and lasting peace.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Queen Victoria fully repaired the omission of her predecessors,
+by conferring the boon so long and anxiously coveted, and on
+the 1st. of June, 1847 (the anniversary of a glorious naval
+victory), the following general order was issued, which, it is
+almost superfluous to add, was read with delight by the
+surviving Peninsula veterans.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, 1st. June, 1847.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“Her Majesty having been graciously pleased to command
+that a Medal should be struck to record the Services of
+Her Fleets and Armies during the Wars commencing in
+1793, and ending in 1814, and that one should be conferred
+upon every Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, and Soldier of
+the Army, who was present in any Battle or Siege, to
+commemorate which, Medals had been struck by command
+of Her Majesty’s Royal Predecessors, and had been distributed
+to the General or Superior Officers of the several Armies
+and Corps of Troops engaged, in conformity with the Regulations
+of the Service at that time in force;—General and
+other Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers, who
+consider that they have claims to receive this mark of their
+Sovereign’s gracious recollection of their Services, and of her
+desire to record the same, are each to apply to the Secretary
+of the Board of General Officers, Whitehall, London, and to
+send in writing to the same Officer, a statement of his claim,
+for what Action, at what period of time, and the Names of
+the Persons, or the titles of the Documents by which the
+Claim can be proved.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“These Claims are to be sent, by General Officers having
+such Claims, through the hands of the Commander-in-Chief
+of the Army:—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Staff Officers having such Claims, through the General
+Officers under whom they served, if alive;—if not alive,
+through the Adjutant-General of the Army:—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>Regiments, Battalions, and Detachments, through the Commanding
+Officer of the Regiment, Battalion, or Detachment,
+at the time, if still alive.<a id='r22'></a><a href='#f22' class='c013'><sup>[22]</sup></a> This will be known by enquiry
+at the Agents of the Regiments resident in London. If
+such Commanding Officer should not be alive, the Application,
+in writing, must be sent through the Adjutant-General of
+the Army.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Board of General Officers is hereby, by Her Majesty’s
+Command, directed to take into consideration,—to investigate
+the facts stated in each of these several applications,—and
+to report to the Commander-in-Chief upon the same, for the
+information of Her Majesty, and to enable those commanded by
+Her Majesty to deliver to the Claimants the Medals accordingly.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Adjutant-General, and the Military Secretary of the
+Commander-in-Chief will transmit to the Secretary of the
+Board of General Officers, such information as they may have
+been able to acquire, to assist in the investigations which
+the Board will have to make.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Commander-in-Chief has been required to desire,
+that the Board of General Officers will have Alphabetical
+Lists made out of the names of the Claimants to one of these
+Medals, with his Rank, and the name of the particular
+Battle or Siege for which he claims to receive the same inserted
+in the Margin,—and at which the Board of General
+Officers may consider that he was present.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The occasions for which Medals have been granted by
+the Sovereign are specified in the annexed page for general
+information and guidance, as at page 73 of the Annual Army
+List.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“By Command of Field-Marshal,</div>
+      <div class='line in4'><span class='sc'>The Duke of Wellington</span>, Commander-in-Chief,</div>
+      <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>, Adjutant-General.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>“Honorary Distinctions have been granted to Officers in Commemoration
+of their Services in the following Battles or
+Actions:—Maida, July 4th., 1806; Roleia, August 17th.,
+1808; Vimiera, August 21st., 1808; Sahagun, Benevente, etc.,
+December, 1808, and January, 1809; Corunna, January 16th.,
+1809; Martinique, February, 1809; Talavera, July 27th. and
+28th., 1809; Guadaloupe, January and February, 1810; Busaco,
+September 27th., 1810; Barrosa, March 5th., 1811; Fuentes
+d’Onor, May 5th., 1811; Albuhera, May 16th., 1811; Java,
+August and September, 1811; Cindad Rodrigo, January, 1812;
+Badajoz, March 17th. and April 6th., 1812; Salamanca, July
+22nd., 1812; Fort Detroit, America, August, 1812; Vittoria,
+June 21st., 1813; Pyrenees, July 28th. to August 2nd., 1813;
+St. Sebastian, August and September, 1813; Chateauguay,
+America, October 26th., 1813; Nivelle, November 10th., 1813;
+Chrystler’s Farm, America, November 11th., 1813; Nive,
+December 9th. to 13th., 1813; Orthes, February 27th., 1814;
+Toulouse, April 10th., 1814.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A similar order was issued regarding naval services, these
+commenced with Lord Howe’s action on the 1st. of June,
+1794, but the earliest military service thus decorated was
+the campaign in Egypt, 1801, a general order, dated the
+12th. of February, 1850, being issued, by which the war
+medal was to be conferred on the surviving Egyptian veterans;
+and if they had already received it, an additional bar,
+bearing the word “<span class='sc'>Egypt</span>,” was to be granted.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The <span class='sc'>Medal</span> has on the obverse the head of the Queen, with
+the date 1848; and on the reverse Her Majesty, as the
+representative of the country or people, is in the act of crowning
+with a laurel wreath the Duke of Wellington, in a
+kneeling attitude, as emblematic of the army. In the exergue
+is engraved 1793–1814, (the former date only applying to
+the navy,) and by the side of the dais is the British lion.
+The inscription is “<span class='sc'>To the British Army</span>.” In the illustration
+only a few of the bars are given, but all the services enumerated
+in the foregoing list were of course commemorated by
+their names being placed on the bars. Fifteen is the greatest
+number of bars known to have been worn by any recipient
+of the medal. The rank and names of recipients were engraved
+round the edge of the medal. The ribbon is red, with
+blue edges.<a id='r23'></a><a href='#f23' class='c013'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The first service then, in the order of date, is</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN, 1801.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In the year 1800, a French army, which had been designated
+the “Army of the East,” held Egypt in subjection, and the
+British government anticipating that India was the meditated
+scene of conquest, determined to employ the disposable force
+of the kingdom in relieving Egypt from her invaders. After
+experiencing much severe weather at sea, the fleet arrived at
+Malta, where the troops landed, and the abundance of fresh
+provisions afforded by the inhabitants was most welcome.
+Leaving that island on the 20th. of December, 1800, the armament
+sailed to Marmorice, in Asiatic Turkey, where the
+fleet anchored in a spacious bay environed by mountains, whilst
+gunboats were being procured for the expedition, horses for
+the cavalry, and a plan of co-operation was in course of
+arrangement with the Turks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This force was under the command of the veteran General
+Sir Ralph Abercromby, K.B., and about six thousand men
+from India and the Cape of Good Hope, under Major-General
+Baird, so celebrated for his conduct at Seringapatam, were
+appointed to co-operate.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this period the British forces were brigaded as follows:—Guards,
+Major-General the Honourable George J. Ludlow,
+First Royals, 54th., two battalions, and 92nd, Major-General
+(afterwards Sir Eyre) Coote; 8th., 13th., 18th., and 90th.,
+Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Cradock; 2nd., 50th., and
+79th., Major-General Lord Cavan; 30th., 44th., and 89th.,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir John) Doyle; Minorca,
+De Rolle’s, and Dillon’s regiments (since disbanded,) Major-General
+John Stuart, (afterwards Count of Maida.) The reserve
+consisted of detachments of 11th. and Hompesch’s dragoons,
+40th., flank companies, 23rd., 28th., 42nd., 58th., and Corsican
+Rangers, (since disbanded,) Major-General (afterwards Sir John)
+Moore; 12th. and 26th. dragoons, Major-General the Honourable
+Edward Finch; artillery and pioneers, Brigadier-General
+Lawson.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After some delay at Marmorice, in expectation of receiving
+reinforcements of Greeks and Turks, the expedition proceeded
+to its destination, and on the 2nd of March, 1801, anchored
+in the Bay of Aboukir, eastward of Alexandria, when, notwithstanding
+all the exertions of the navy, under the orders
+of Admiral Lord Keith, the necessary arrangements for landing
+the troops could not be effected until a week afterwards,
+owing to unfavourable weather, and other obstructions. A
+landing was however effected on the 8th. of March.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops forming the first division, consisting of the reserve,
+under the command of Major-General (afterwards Sir
+John) Moore; the brigade of Guards, under the Honourable
+Major-General Ludlow; and a portion of the first brigade,
+under Major-General Coote, got into the boats early in the
+morning; they had generally about six miles to row, and did
+not reach the point of landing until ten o’clock. The front
+of disembarkation was narrow, and a hill, which commanded
+the whole, seemed almost inaccessible. Notwithstanding their
+being exposed to a very severe cannonade, and under the fire
+of grape shot, the troops made good their landing, ascended
+the hill, and forced the enemy to retire, leaving behind him
+seven pieces of artillery, together with a number of horses. The
+troops that ascended the hill in the face of dangers and difficulties
+sufficient to intimidate ordinary men, consisted of the
+23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and the four flank companies of
+the 40th. regiment, under the command of Colonel Spencer,
+whose conduct was specially commended in the despatches; in
+which also the good order of the disembarkation of the 28th.
+and 42nd. regiments, under the command of Brigadier-General
+Oakes was particularly noticed. Whilst these regiments formed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>and mounted the position, the Foot Guards and 58th. regiment
+prolonged the attack, the Royals and the 54th. pushing forward
+to sustain their gallant comrades. A column of French
+infantry advancing through a hollow way with fixed bayonets
+against the left flank of the Foot Guards, encountered the two
+latter regiments; the British advanced, when their opponents
+hesitated, fired a volley, and then retreated. The disembarkation
+of the army continued on the 8th. and the day following.<a id='r24'></a><a href='#f24' class='c013'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops which landed on the 8th., advanced three miles
+the same day, and on the 12th., the army moved forward, and
+came in sight of the enemy, who was strongly posted with
+his right to the canal of Alexandria, and his left towards the
+sea.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About six o’clock in the morning of the 13th. of March, the
+British advanced to attack the enemy’s position in front of
+Mandora. The leading brigades were commanded by Major-Generals
+Cradock and the Earl of Cavan. The 90th. formed
+the advanced guard of the front line, and the 92nd. that of
+the second; both battalions suffered severely, and were highly
+distinguished. These two regiments bear the word “<span class='sc'>Mandora</span>”
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>on their colours. The French having opened a most destructive
+fire from their artillery, enfiladed the column to its whole
+depth, and orders were consequently given to deploy into line.
+This was considered a favourable moment, and the enemy immediately
+advanced to the attack. Major-General Cradock
+formed his brigade under a heavy fire, and the gallant conduct
+of the regiments, (the 8th., 13th., 18th., and 90th. infantry,)
+was equal to the emergency. In this action Lieutenant-Colonel
+(afterwards Viscount) Hill commanded the 90th., and exhibited
+that coolness and conspicuous bravery so frequently displayed
+during the Peninsula campaigns. The remainder of the army
+were immediately in a situation not only to face but to repel
+the enemy. The reserve, under Major-General Moore, which
+was on the right, on the change of the position of the army,
+moved on in column, and covered the right flank. The French
+were driven from their position, and were compelled to retreat
+over the plains into the lines on the heights before Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the general orders issued on the following day, it was
+stated, that “The Commander-in-Chief has the greatest satisfaction
+in thanking the troops for their soldier-like and intrepid
+conduct in the action of yesterday; he feels it incumbent on
+him particularly to express his most perfect satisfaction with
+the steady and gallant conduct of Major-General Cradock’s
+brigade.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having gained a second victory on the shores of Egypt, the
+army took up a position about four miles from Alexandria,
+having a sandy plain in front, the sea on the right, and the
+canal of Alexandria and the lake of Aboukir on the left. The
+reserve, was posted under Major-General Moore, on very high
+ground, projecting a quarter of a mile on the right, and extending
+to the large and magnificent ruins of a palace, built
+in the time of the Romans, within fifty yards of the sea.
+This high ground of sand-hills and old ruins, was about three
+hundred yards broad; it sloped gradually down into a valley,
+which lay between it and the other parts of the position.
+The 58th. regiment occupied the ruins, and the 28th. a redoubt
+near them; the 23rd. and 42nd., with the flank companies
+of the 40th., and the Corsican Rangers, were placed a short
+distance behind the ruins and the redoubt; the other corps
+of the army extending to the canal. The French occupied a
+parallel position on a high and almost perpendicular ridge of
+hills; in the centre of their line appeared Fort Crétin—in
+the left of its rear Fort Caffarelli,—Pompey’s Pillar on its
+right,—Cleopatra’s Needle on the left, and the city of Alexandria
+extending to the sea, with the masts of the shipping
+in the harbour at the back of the town. The whole presented
+a most interesting appearance; objects celebrated in history,
+even some of the wonders of the world, could be distinctly
+seen, and the ruins under the soldier’s feet were of interesting
+antiquity.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For seven days the army occupied this position without
+interruption; the soldiers being under arms every morning at
+three o’clock, and working parties being afterwards employed
+in strengthening the post.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALEXANDRIA.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. March, 1801.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The French army having been augmented by the arrival
+of additional troops from the interior, General Menou advanced
+early on the morning of the celebrated 21st. of March, and
+attacked the British position with great intrepidity. The
+action commenced about an hour before daylight by a false
+attack on the British left, consisting of the 8th., 13th., 18th.,
+and 90th. regiments, which was under Major-General Cradock’s
+command, where they were soon repulsed. The most vigorous
+efforts of the enemy were directed against the right, which
+they endeavoured to turn. The attack on that point was commenced
+with great impetuosity by the French infantry, sustained
+by a strong body of cavalry, who charged in column.
+They were received with equal ardour, and with the utmost
+steadiness and discipline. The contest was unusually obstinate;
+the enemy was twice repulsed, and his cavalry became repeatedly
+mixed with the British infantry. At length they
+retired, leaving an immense number of killed and wounded
+on the field. In these attacks the 28th. and 42nd. regiments
+gained great renown; the former had been ordered into the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>redoubt on the left of the ruins of the palace of the Ptolemies,—the
+left wing of the 42nd. advanced under Major Stirling,
+and took post on the open ground quitted by the 28th., and
+the right wing of the regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Stewart, formed two hundred yards in the rear of the left
+wing. In an instant the ruins, redoubt, and left wing were
+attacked by the enemy with great impetuosity; but the steady
+and well-directed fire of the British regiments forced their
+assailants to retire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While the front was thus engaged, a column of the famed
+“Invincible Legion” advanced, preceded by a six-pounder gun,
+silently along the interval between the left of the 42nd. and
+the right of the Foot Guards, from which the cavalry picket
+had retired, and calculating its distance correctly, although in
+the dark, it wheeled to its left, and penetrated unobserved
+between the wings of the 42nd. regiment drawn up in parallel
+lines. The instant this column was seen, the right wing of
+that regiment attacked its front with great gallantry, and
+captured the gun,—the rear rank of the left wing faced about
+attacked to its rear, and the French being thus placed between
+two fires, rushed towards the ruins of the ancient palace,—receiving
+the fire of the 28th. as they passed the redoubt,
+of the grenadiers and light infantry of the 40th. as they passed
+the ground occupied by these companies, and being pursued
+in full career by the 42nd. As the French entered the ruins,
+two companies of the 58th. wheeled back, and after firing a
+few rounds of musketry, charged with the bayonet. Being
+thus attacked in front and on the flanks, and pursued by the
+Highlanders, who closed with bayonets on the rear, the “Invincible
+Legion” resisted until six hundred and fifty of their
+number had fallen, when the survivors, about two hundred and
+fifty in number, threw down their arms and surrendered, delivering
+up their standard to Major Stirling, of the 42nd., who
+gave it in charge of a sergeant, with directions to remain close
+to the gun which the regiment had taken from the enemy.<a id='r25'></a><a href='#f25' class='c013'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>This column of the enemy being thus disposed of, the 42nd.
+instantly issued from among the ruins, and formed line in
+battalion on the flat, with their right supported by the redoubt;
+but at that moment the French infantry pressed forward so
+rapidly, that Major-General Moore ordered the regiment forward
+before its formation was completed, when Sir Ralph
+Abercromby, who was on the spot, encouraging the troops,
+called out “My brave Highlanders, remember your country,
+remember your forefathers!” and the regiment rushed forward
+with heroic ardour, drove back the French, and pursued them
+along the sandy plain. Major-General Moore, who had the
+advantage of a keen penetrating eye, saw through the increasing
+clearness of the atmosphere, fresh columns of the enemy, with
+three squadrons of cavalry, prepared to charge through the
+intervals of the retreating infantry, and instantly calling to
+the 42nd. to cease pursuing, directed them to resume their
+former ground to resist the charge of cavalry. This order to
+fall back to the redoubt was repeated by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Stirling, but it was only partially heard by the regiment, owing
+to the noise from the firing; the companies which heard it
+fell back, and the others remained in advance. While in this
+broken state, the regiment was charged by the French horsemen,
+who dashed forward with great audacity, as to an assured
+victory; but the gallant Highlanders stood firm, and their fire
+thinned the enemy’s ranks in the advance. All the companies
+which were formed repulsed the dragoons with loss; the other
+companies were broken, yet the Highlanders individually, or
+in small groups, maintained a fierce contest with the dragoons,
+and a number of single combats took place, in which great
+courage and activity were displayed. The French dragoons
+which had penetrated the broken companies, or passed through
+the intervals, turned to their left towards the ruins of the
+old Roman palace, as the column of infantry had done early
+in the morning, and were nearly annihilated by the fire of
+the 28th. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this fierce contest the British troops had expended
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>their ammunition, and while a supply was being procured from
+the ordnance stores at a distance, their fire ceased; that
+of the enemy, however, was continued with great execution, and
+put to a severe test the patient endurance of the troops, who
+suffered severely. When a supply of ammunition arrived, the
+enemy retreated, and the action terminated.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One stand of colours and two field pieces were taken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Ralph Abercromby received a mortal wound at the commencement
+of the action, but which he concealed until the
+battle was decided. This gallant general died on the 28th.
+of March, and was buried at Malta. He was succeeded in the
+command of the army by Lieutenant-General (afterwards Lord)
+Hutchinson. In that officer’s despatch, the conduct of the
+reserve, under Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Moore
+against whom the principal attack was directed, was highly
+noticed; Major-General Moore and Brigadier-General Oakes,
+both wounded nearly at the same time, were specially mentioned;
+and the 28th. and 42nd. regiments<a id='r26'></a><a href='#f26' class='c013'><sup>[26]</sup></a> were reported as
+having acted “in the most distinguished and brilliant manner.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this victory one division traversed the country to Rosetta,
+and captured the forts at that place; part of the army
+then advanced up the River Nile, and forced the French
+troops at the city of Cairo to surrender. Another portion
+was engaged in the blockade of Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the force under Major-General Baird had sailed from
+Bombay for the Red Sea. The original design was to proceed
+to the port of Suez, but the monsoon had commenced before
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>the fleet entered the Red Sea, in April, 1801, when the Major-General
+determined to land at Cosseir, on the Red Sea, and brave
+the difficulties of the desert, in the hope of affording important
+aid to the forces which had arrived in Egypt from Europe.
+This was the first occasion that British troops had proceeded
+by the overland route,<a id='r27'></a><a href='#f27' class='c013'><sup>[27]</sup></a> which course was again adopted during
+the Crimean Campaign, when two regiments of cavalry (10th.
+and 12th. Dragoons) proceeded from India to Sebastopol. At
+this early period the fourteen-days’ march through the desert
+was a more serious affair than in later times.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On landing, the country presented a frightfully desolate
+prospect, but the soldiers commenced their march with alacrity,
+although suffering from excessive heat and dysentery,
+occasioned by bad water. The march was made during the
+night. A short distance from Cosseir the troops entered a
+ravine, which appeared to be the old bed of a river, along
+which they travelled three days, when it terminated at
+Moilah: thence the desert had generally a hard gravelly
+soil, until the troops arrived at Baromba, where the first
+habitable spot was met with after leaving Cosseir, not a
+single hut being previously seen. There was an almost irresistible
+inclination to sleep, and some soldiers straggling from
+the line of march that they might lie down, lost their lives.
+About ten miles from Baromba was Kenna, which was reached
+without further difficulty.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir John Hely Hutchinson,
+K.B., who had succeeded to the command upon the
+death of General Sir Ralph Abercromby, advanced to Grand
+Cairo, which capitulated on the 27th. of June, 1801. General
+Menou, refusing to accept the capitulation of Cairo, was
+closely besieged in Alexandria. The operations against the
+enemy’s works commenced on the 17th. of August. Major-General
+Coote embarked with a strong body of troops
+in the night of the 16th. and 17th. of August, and effected
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>a landing to the westward of Alexandria, and immediately invested
+the strong castle of Marabout.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the night between the 18th. and 19th., Major-General
+Coote opened batteries against the castle of Marabout. This
+fort, situated on an island at the entrance to the old harbour
+of Alexandria, capitulated to the troops under Major-General
+Eyre Coote, on the 21st. of August, 1801. No
+loss was sustained. A brass gun was captured from the enemy
+by the first battalion of the 54th. regiment, which it retained
+until December, 1841; and on its being placed in the repository
+established in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, the corps
+received the royal authority to bear the word “<span class='sc'>Marabout</span>” on
+the regimental colours and appointments, in commemoration
+of the gallantry evinced by the battalion at the capture of
+that fort. No other regiment bears this distinction.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the evening of the 27th. of August, General Menou
+sent an aide-de-camp to request an armistice for three days,
+in order to afford time to prepare a capitulation, which after
+some difficulties and delays was signed on the 2nd. of September.
+It is on record that after the terms of surrender
+were concluded, the French General received Brigadier-General
+Hope with the natural politeness of his countrymen, and an
+invitation was given to dinner, the repast consisting entirely
+of horse-flesh.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This terminated the campaign in Egypt, and the achievements
+of the British army were a prelude to future victories.
+The troops received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament,
+and all the regiments received the royal authority to
+bear on their colours the word “<span class='sc'>Egypt</span>,” with the <i>Sphinx</i> as
+a lasting memorial of the glories acquired during this arduous
+and important campaign, which had exalted the military fame
+of Great Britain, by the expulsion of the “invincible” legions
+of Buonaparte from Egypt, whence he had expected to extend
+his conquests through Asia. The following were the regiments
+employed in Egypt in 1801:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>8th. Light Dragoons, one Troop, Captain Hawkins; 11th.
+Light Dragoons, one Troop, Captain A. Money; 12th. Light
+Dragoons, Colonel Mervyn Archdall; 22nd. Light Dragoons,<a id='r28'></a><a href='#f28' class='c013'><sup>[28]</sup></a>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable William Lumley; 26th. (afterwards
+23rd) Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Gordon;
+Hompesch’s Hussars, (detachment,) Major Sir Robert
+T. Wilson; Coldstream Guards, 1st. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Arthur Brice; 3rd. Foot Guards, 1st. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+T. Hilgrove Turner; Royals, 2nd. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Duncan Campbell; 2nd. Queen’s Royal, Colonel the
+Earl of Dalhousie; 8th. Foot, King’s, Colonel Gordon Drummond;
+10th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Quarrell; 13th.
+Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable Charles Colville; 18th.,
+Royal Irish, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry T. Montresor; 20th.
+Foot, 1st. and 2nd. Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel George Smith;
+23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Lieutenant-Colonel John Hall;
+24th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel John R. Forster; 25th. Foot,
+Colonel William Dyott; 26th. Foot., Colonel Lord Elphinstone;
+27th. Inniskilling, 1st. and 2nd Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Samuel Graham; 28th. Foot, Colonel Honourable Edward Paget;
+30th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel William Wilkinson; 40th. Foot,
+(Flank Companies,) Colonel Brent Spencer; 42nd. Royal Highland
+Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel William Dickson; 44th.
+Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel David Ogilvie; 50th. Foot, Colonel
+Patrick Wanchope; 54th. Foot, 1st. and 2nd. Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel
+John Thomas Layard; 58th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel
+William Houstoun; 61st. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis
+Carruthers; 79th. Foot, Colonel Alan Cameron; 80th. Foot.
+Lieutenant-Colonel John Montresor; 86th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel
+James P. Lloyd; 88th. Foot, Colonel William Carr
+Beresford; 89th. Foot, Colonel William Stewart; 90th. Foot,
+Colonel Rowland Hill; 92nd. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
+Erskine; De Watteville’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Louis
+de Watteville; The Queen’s German Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Peter John James Dutens; De Rolle’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel
+the Baron De Dürler; Dillon’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel
+the Baron Perponcher; Royal Corsican Rangers,
+Major Hudson Lowe; Ancient Irish Fencibles; Chasseurs Britanniques,
+Colonel John Ramsey; and the Staff Corps, (detachment.)</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE TURKISH MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Grand Seignior, with a view to perpetuate the services
+rendered to the Ottoman empire, established an order of knighthood,
+designated the Crescent, which was conferred on the
+general officers. He also presented gold medals of three sizes
+to the field officers, captains, and subalterns, which they were
+authorized by His Majesty to accept and wear. A palace was
+built at Constantinople for the future residence of the British
+ambassadors. The medal from which the engraving has been
+made is the smaller one, given to captains and subalterns, but
+is the same in pattern as the larger size, conferred on the field officers.
+Obverse, a Crescent and Star of eight points, surrounded
+by an ornamental border; Reverse, the Sultan’s cypher,
+under which is the year 1801; the border is the same on both
+sides; the ribbon is dark orange, with a hook and chain.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MAIDA.<br> <span class='sc'>4th July, 1806.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A squadron of British and Russian vessels having, in November,
+1805, landed some troops at Naples, without any
+opposition from the Neapolitan court, shortly afterwards departed.
+On receiving intelligence of this transaction, the French
+Emperor issued a proclamation, that “the Neapolitan dynasty
+had ceased to reign,” and his brother Joseph, assisted by
+Marshal Massena, proceeded with an army to that country.
+The French entered Naples on the 15th. of February, and
+shortly obtained possession of the whole kingdom, excepting
+Gaeta. Meanwhile the Court had retired to Sicily. A decree
+was soon issued, by which the crown of Naples was conferred
+by Napoleon on his brother Joseph, who was proclaimed king
+on the 30th. of May.</p>
+
+<div id='i070fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_070fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Turkish Medal for Egypt.—1801</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>A body of troops was assembled by the French in Calabria,
+and extensive preparations were made for the invasion of Sicily.
+Major-General Stuart, who then commanded the British troops
+in Sicily, formed the design of penetrating Calabria, and attacking
+the French division, under General Regnier: the result was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>the Battle of Maida, Upper Calabria, which was fought on the
+4th. of July, 1806. On hearing of the disembarkation of the
+British at St. Euphemia, General Regnier made a rapid march
+from Reggio, uniting, as he advanced, his detached corps. seven-pounders
+Stuart resolved to anticipate the attack, and the army
+commenced its march on the morning of the 4th. of July. By
+nine o’clock in the morning the opposing fronts were warmly
+engaged. The right of the advanced line consisted of the
+battalion of light infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel,
+afterwards Sir James, Kempt, consisting of the light companies
+of the 20th., 27th., 35th., 58th., 61st., 81st., and Watteville’s,
+(since disbanded,) together with one hundred and fifty chosen
+battalion men of the 35th. regiment, under Major Robinson.
+Directly opposed to them was the favourite French regiment,
+the Ire. Légére. The two corps, at the distance of about one
+hundred yards, fired reciprocally a few rounds, when, as if by
+mutual consent, the firing was suspended, and in close compact
+order and dreadful silence they advanced towards each
+other, until their bayonets began to cross. This momentous
+crisis appalled the enemy; they broke and endeavoured to fly,
+but it was too late, and they were overtaken, when the most
+terrible slaughter ensued.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Acland, whose brigade, consisting of the
+78th. and 81st. regiments, was immediately on the left of the
+light infantry, availed himself of this favourable moment to
+press instantly forward upon the corps in his front, when the
+78th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Macleod, and the 81st., under
+Major Plenderleath, had an opportunity of distinguishing themselves.
+The enemy fled in dismay and disorder, leaving the
+plain covered with their dead and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Being thus completely discomfited on his left, General Regnier
+commenced a new effort in the hope of recovering the
+day. The grenadier battalion and the 27th. regiment, which
+formed the first brigade, under Brigadier-General Cole resisted
+the enemy most gallantly. Nothing could shake the undaunted
+firmness of the grenadiers, under Lieutenant-Colonel O’Callaghan,
+and of the 27th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith.
+The cavalry successively repelled from before their front, attempted
+to turn their left, when Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, who
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>had that morning landed from Messina with the 20th. Foot,
+and was coming up to the army during the action, having
+observed this movement, threw his regiment opportunely into
+a small cover upon their flank, and by a heavy and well-directed
+fire completely frustrated the attempt. The 20th.,
+with natural pride, always commemorated this day’s glory.
+The enemy having succeeded with his cavalry in turning the
+British left, owing to the total deficiency of that arm on the
+part of the English, might possibly have retrieved the day,
+but for this movement. This was the final struggle, and the
+French began precipitately to retire; leaving above seven
+hundred of their dead upon the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British infantry continued in pursuit as long as they
+were able, but as the enemy dispersed in every direction, and
+the victors were under the necessity of preserving order, the
+trial of speed became unequal. The total loss sustained by
+the French was estimated at four thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For this victory Major-General Stuart received the thanks
+of Parliament, with a vote of a thousand pounds a year for
+life; the approbation of his Sovereign, and the dignity of a
+Knight of the Bath; he was created Count of Maida by the
+King of Naples, and the city of London voted him its freedom
+and a sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the official communication from the British minister at
+Palermo, the battle of Maida was thus adverted to:—“There
+is not to be found in the annals of military transactions an
+enterprise prepared with more deliberate reflection, or executed
+with greater decision, promptitude, and success, than the late
+invasion of Calabria by Sir John Stuart. I trust, therefore,
+you will not think me presumptuous for venturing to add my
+testimony of the high sense entertained by this Court, of the
+merits of the British General, and of his gallant army, who,
+on the fertile plains of Maida, have added new trophies to
+those which the same troops had formerly earned, from the
+same enemy, on the sandy regions of Egypt.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in this action, the
+20th., 27th., 35th., 58th., 61st., (flank companies,) 78th., and
+81st. Foot.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Maida.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c004 figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_b_073.jpg' alt='Illustration of a commemorative medal with two circular sides connected side-by-side. Left side shows a profile portrait of King George III wearing a laurel wreath, labeled “Georgivs Tertivs Rex.” Right side depicts the goddess Britannia with spear and shield, accompanied by a winged figure holding a wreath, with the inscription “Mai Da IV MDCCCVI” and a fallen enemy figure below.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>In commemoration of this victory a gold medal was struck,
+and conferred upon all the superior officers who were present.
+On the obverse is the lauriated head of the Sovereign, inscribed
+<span class='sc'><span lang="la">Georgius Tertius Rex</span></span>. The reverse has Britannia brandishing
+a spear with her right hand, and on her left a shield charged
+with the crosses of the Union banner. A flying figure of
+Victory is crowning her with a wreath of laurel; behind Britannia
+is the triquetra, or trinacria, the ancient symbol of Sicily,
+and before her is inscribed <span class='sc'>Maida</span> <span class='fss'>IVL. IV. MDCCCVI.</span> Round
+the edge the name and rank of the officers were engraved.
+There was only one size of this medal, which was worn both
+by General and Field officers from the button-hole of their
+uniform, to a red ribbon, with blue edges, and a gold buckle.
+The issue was limited to the Commander of the Forces engaged,
+officers in command of brigades, battalions, or of corps equivalent
+to a battalion, or the officer who succeeded on the removal
+from the field of the original commander, and the Deputy
+Quartermaster-General. As a general rule, no officer below the
+rank of Major was considered eligible, unless he succeeded to
+the command of a battalion during the action. Only seventeen
+officers received this medal.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLES OF ROLEIA AND VIMIERA.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. and 21st. August, 1808.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>At this period the Peninsula was the centre of political
+interest. Portugal, deserted by her government, and Spain
+betrayed, the people of each of those countries rose in arms
+to recover the national independence. Dissensions had arisen
+in the royal family of Spain, occasioned by the sway of Manuel
+Godoy, who bore the title of the Prince of Peace. This
+minister was dismissed, but the court was unable to restore
+tranquillity. In this emergency the French Emperor was solicited
+to be umpire, and Napoleon eventually placed the crown
+of Spain on his brother Joseph, who was transferred from the
+throne of Naples. The Spaniards at once flew to arms, and
+the British government resolved to aid the Spanish and Portuguese
+patriots. A British army was accordingly ordered to proceed
+to the Peninsula under the command of Lieutenant-General
+Sir Arthur Wellesley. After a favourable passage the troops
+destined for this service anchored in Mondego Bay, in the
+beginning of August, and a landing was effected in the vicinity
+of the village of Frejus. The division under Major-General
+(afterwards Sir Brent) Spencer, K.B., from Cadiz,
+consisting of about four thousand men, joined on the 8th. of
+August; and after a short halt, the army was put in motion
+to occupy a more forward position, where it remained for
+some days. Sir Arthur marched from Leiria on the 13th.,
+and arrived at Alcobaça on the 19th., which place the enemy
+abandoned in the preceding night. The French, about four
+thousand in number, were posted at Roliça, or Roleia, (the
+latter mode of spelling having been inaccurately adopted
+from the despatch for the colours,) and Brilos was occupied
+by their advanced posts. The possession of this latter village
+being important to future operations, it was determined to
+occupy it, and as soon as the British infantry arrived upon
+the ground, a detachment, consisting of four companies of
+riflemen of the 60th. and 95th. regiments, was ordered to
+effect this duty. A trifling resistance was offered by a small
+picket of the enemy’s infantry and a few cavalry, after which
+they retired, being followed by a detachment of riflemen to the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>distance of three miles from Brilos. The riflemen were then
+attacked by a superior body of the enemy, who attempted to
+cut them off from the main body of the detachment to which
+they belonged. Large bodies of the enemy appeared on both
+the flanks of the detachment, which had advanced in support
+of the riflemen, and it was with difficulty that Major-General
+Spencer was enabled to effect a retreat to Obidos, which
+village it remained in possession of.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two days afterwards was fought the Battle of Roleia, or
+Roliça. General Laborde continued in his position at this place,
+and Sir Arthur Wellesley determined to attack him in it on
+the morning of the 17th. of August. Roliça is situated on an
+eminence, having a plain in its front, at the end of a valley,
+which commences at Caldas, and is closed to the southwards
+by the mountains, which join the hills, forming a valley on the
+left, looking towards Caldas. In the centre of the valley, and
+about eight miles from Roliça, is the town and old Moorish
+fort of Obidos, from whence the enemy’s pickets had been
+driven on the 15th., and from that time he had posts in the
+hills on both sides of the valley, as well as in the plain in
+front of his army, which was posted on the heights in front
+of Roliça; its right resting upon the hills, its left upon an
+eminence, on which was a windmill, and the whole covering
+four or five passes into the mountains in his rear.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About seven o’clock in the morning the troops moved from
+Obidos. Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were immediately
+detached into the hills on the left of the valley, to keep up
+the communication between the centre and left columns, and
+to protect the march of the former along the valley; the enemy’s
+posts were successively driven in. Major-General Hill’s
+brigade moved on to attack the French left, and Brigadier-Generals
+Nightingall and Craufurd advanced with the artillery
+along the high road, until at length Nightingall’s formed in the
+plain immediately in the enemy’s front, supported by the light
+infantry companies, and the 45th. regiment of Brigadier-General
+Craufurd’s brigade; while the other two regiments of his brigade,
+the 50th. and 91st., were kept as a reserve in the rear.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Rowland (afterwards Viscount) Hill and Brigadier-General
+Nightingall advanced upon the enemy’s position,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>and at the same moment Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen
+were in the hills on his right; the Portuguese infantry in a
+village upon his left; and Major-General Ferguson’s column
+was descending from the heights into the plain. From this
+situation the French retired by the passes into the mountains
+with the utmost regularity and celerity; and notwithstanding
+the rapid advance of the British infantry, the want of a sufficient
+body of cavalry was the cause of their suffering but
+little loss in the plain. It then became necessary to make a
+disposition to attack the formidable position which had been
+taken up. Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were already in
+the mountains on the enemy’s right, but no time was lost in
+attacking the different passes, as well as in supporting the riflemen,
+so as to ensure a complete victory.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Portuguese infantry were ordered to move up a pass
+on the right of the whole; the light companies of Major-General
+Hill’s brigade, and the 5th. Fusiliers advanced up a pass next
+on the right; and the 29th. regiment, supported by the 9th.
+foot, under Brigadier-General Nightingall, a third pass; and
+the 45th. and 82nd. regiments, passes on the left. These
+were all difficult of access, and some of them were well
+defended, particularly that assailed by the 9th. and 29th.
+Foot; both regiments attacked with the greatest impetuosity,
+and reached the enemy before those whose assaults
+were to be made on their flanks; the defence was desperate,
+and it was in this attack that the greatest loss was sustained,
+Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable George A. F. Lake being
+killed at the head of his regiment, the 29th. Foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Laborde was, however, driven from all the positions
+he had taken in the passes of the mountains, and the
+British troops were advanced in the plains on their tops. For
+a considerable length of time the 9th. and 29th. regiments
+alone were advanced to this point, with Brigadier-General
+Fane’s riflemen at a distance on the left; they were afterwards
+supported by the 5th., and by the light companies of Major-General
+Hill’s brigade, which had arrived on their right, and
+by the other troops ordered to ascend the mountains, the latter
+arriving by degrees. Here three most gallant attacks were made
+upon the 9th. and 29th. regiments, in all of which the enemy
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>was repulsed; but he succeeded in effecting a retreat in good
+order, owing principally to Sir Arthur’s want of cavalry, and
+to the difficulty of bringing up the passes of the mountains
+with celerity a sufficient number of troops and of cannon, to
+support those who had first ascended. The French loss was
+nevertheless very great, and three pieces of cannon were
+captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Arthur Wellesley, in his despatch, observed “that although
+we had such a superiority of numbers employed in the operations
+of this day, the troops actually engaged in the heat
+of the action were, from unavoidable circumstances, only the
+5th., 9th., 29th., the riflemen of the 60th., and 95th., and the
+flank companies of Major-General Hill’s brigade, being a
+number by no means equal to that of the enemy: their
+conduct, therefore, deserves the highest commendation.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus was the first victory in the Peninsula gained; and it
+afforded an omen of future successes, which was afterwards
+fully accomplished. The 5th., 6th., 9th., 29th., 32nd., 36th.,
+38th., 40th., 45th., 60th., 71st., 82nd., 91st., and Rifle Brigade,
+took part in this battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley did not pursue the
+enemy by the high-roads, but keeping to the right, near the
+sea, marched to Vimiera, to cover the landing of a brigade
+commanded by Major-General Anstruther, which was effected
+on the 20th. of August. The following morning was to be
+given up to the troops in order to prepare and repose themselves.
+Whilst the men were engaged in washing and
+cleaning their equipments, the approach of the enemy,
+was discovered at eight o’clock in the morning, and the
+brigades commanded by Major-General Ferguson, Brigadier-Generals
+Nightingall, Acland, and Bowes, proceeded across a
+valley from the heights on the west to those on the east of
+Vimiera.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Junot, Duke of Abrantes, advanced to the attack
+of the position, and commenced it on the British centre,
+where the 50th. regiment was posted, moving along the front
+gradually to the left, until the whole line became engaged.
+Notwithstanding the fire of the riflemen, the enemy advanced
+close to the 50th., and were checked and driven back only
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>by the bayonets of that regiment. The second battalion of
+the 43rd. was likewise closely engaged with them, in the
+road leading into Vimiera, a part of that corps having been
+ordered into the churchyard to prevent them from penetrating
+into the town. On the right of the position they were repulsed
+by the bayonets of the 97th. regiment, successfully
+supported by the second battalion of the 52nd., which, by
+an advance in column, took the enemy in flank.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The attack upon the heights on the road to Lourinha was
+supported by a large body of cavalry, and was made with
+the usual impetuosity of French troops. They were received
+with steadiness by the brigade under Major-General Ferguson,
+consisting of the 36th., 40th., and 71st. regiments. These
+corps charged as soon as the enemy approached them, who
+gave way, and they continued to advance upon him, supported
+by the 82nd., one of the corps of Brigadier-General Nightingall’s
+brigade, which, as the ground extended, afterwards formed a
+part of the first line; by the 29th. regiment, and by Brigadier-General’s
+Bowes and Acland’s brigades; whilst Brigadier-General
+Craufurd’s brigade and the Portuguese troops, in two
+lines, proceeded along the heights on the left. In the advance
+of Major-General Ferguson’s brigade, six pieces of cannon were
+taken, with many prisoners, and vast numbers were killed
+and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attempt was afterwards made by the French to recover
+a portion of their artillery, by attacking the 71st. and 82nd.
+regiments, which were halted in a valley in which the guns
+had been captured. The attempt failed, and the enemy were
+compelled again to retire with great loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Arthur Wellesley especially noticed the following corps:—The
+Royal artillery, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robe; the 20th. Dragoons, (since disbanded,) commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was killed; the 50th. regiment,
+commanded by Colonel Walker; the second battalion of the
+95th. regiment, (rifles,) commanded by Major Travers; the
+fifth battalion 60th. regiment, commanded by Major Davy;
+the second battalion 43rd., commanded by Major Hull; the
+second battalion 52nd., commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Ross; the 97th. regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>Lyon; the 36th., commanded by Colonel Burne; the 40th.,
+commanded by Colonel Kemmis; the 71st., commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Denis) Pack; and the 82nd.
+regiment, commanded by Major Eyre. The British commander,
+always chary of praise, paid a special tribute to the 36th.
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thirteen pieces of cannon, twenty-three ammunition waggons,
+with powder, shells, stores of all descriptions, and twenty
+thousand rounds of musket ammunition, were captured. General
+Beniere was wounded and taken prisoner, together with
+several officers. The defeat was signal, and not more than
+half the British army was actually engaged. The French
+casualties amounted to nearly two thousand killed, wounded,
+and taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this action, George Clark, one of the pipers of the 71st.
+Highland Light Infantry, was wounded; and being unable to
+accompany his corps in the advance against the enemy, put
+his pipes in order, and struck up a favourite regimental air
+to the intense delight of his comrades.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the British
+troops for this victory, and the word “<span class='sc'>Vimiera</span>” was authorized
+to be borne on the colours and appointments of the following
+regiments:—2nd., 5th., 6th., 9th., 20th., 29th., 32nd., 36th.,
+38th., 40th., 43rd., 45th., 50th., 52nd., 60th., 71st., 82nd.,
+91st., and Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard arrived during the
+action, but did not assume the command: Lieutenant-General
+Sir Hew Dalrymple landed on the following day, and took
+command of the army. The force under Lieutenant-General
+Sir John Moore was also embarked during the negociation which
+subsequently took place, making the British forces to amount
+to thirty-two thousand men. This treaty, which was styled
+the “Convention of Cintra,” was signed on the 30th. of
+August, and by its provisions the French troops evacuated
+Portugal.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>All the objects of the expedition having been effected,
+and the French forces embarked for France, the British army
+remained for some time at Lisbon and its vicinity. This
+convention excited great dissatisfaction in England, and a
+Court of Enquiry was assembled to investigate the circumstances
+attending it.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Roleia and Vimiera.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>Although these battles were distinct actions only one medal
+was conferred, but it was granted to those who were present
+at either of them. On the obverse Britannia is represented
+seated on the globe; in her right hand extended a wreath
+of laurel, and in her left a palm branch; to her right the
+British lion, and on the left a shield charged with the crosses
+of the union banner. The reverse had a wreath of laurel,
+within which the name of the event was engraved, and the
+year, thus—Roleia and Vimiera, 1808. The name and rank
+of the officer were engraved on the edge. Further particulars
+regarding these medals will be given with the description of
+that for Talavera, of which an illustration has been made,
+and which is similar to that granted for the above and subsequent
+victories.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIR JOHN MOORE’S CAMPAIGN.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard received His Majesty’s
+commands to place a large portion of the army in Portugal
+under the orders of Sir John Moore, to be employed on a
+particular service, which was announced in a general order
+on the 8th. of October, 1808, and preparations were accordingly
+made for entering Spain. Upon arriving in that
+country the troops were directed to wear the white cockade, in
+addition to their own, as a compliment to the Spanish
+nation, and to use every means to maintain the good
+opinion entertained of them by that high-spirited people.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 27th. of October the division under the command
+of Lieutenant-General the Honourable John Hope, afterwards
+the Earl of Hopetoun, was put in motion, and after a short
+stay at Badajoz, resumed the march to Talavera de la Reyna.
+From this town the column proceeded to the Escurial, seven
+leagues to the north-west of Madrid, where it arrived and
+halted on the 22nd. of November. Intelligence was here received
+of the enemy’s movements, and a night march was
+made to the left by Avila and Peneranda, and finally to
+Alba de Tormes, where a junction was formed with a detachment
+from the army under Lieutenant-General Sir John
+Moore. The troops were shortly afterwards put in motion
+towards Valladolid, and subsequently to the left, to effect a
+junction with the division under Lieutenant-General Sir David
+Baird, which had landed at Corunna.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Previously to this period, the Spanish armies under General
+Blake, near Bilboa on the left, General Castanos in the centre,
+and General Palafox lower down the Ebro on the right, had
+been completely defeated; and Lieutenant-General Sir John
+Moore consequently made arrangements for a retreat on
+Portugal by Ciudad Rodrigo; but it having been represented
+to him that Madrid held out against the French, he was
+induced to effect a junction with Lieutenant-General Sir David
+Baird, in order to make a diversion in favour of Madrid, by
+attacking Marshal Soult on the River Carion.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SAHAGUN, BENEVENTE, ETC.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1808, and January, 1809.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The British commander ascertained that instead of a powerful
+army covering his advance, not a Spanish soldier was in his
+front, the enemy was at hand, and those Spanish armies
+with which he had been directed to co-operate, had been
+routed and dispersed; at the same time the winter had set
+in with unusual severity, and the troops were almost constantly
+marching through snow. Napoleon had three hundred thousand
+men in Spain, and to confront this host of veterans, Sir
+John Moore had not twenty-five thousand British troops, yet
+he boldly advanced and menaced the enemy’s lines.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Three leagues from the quarters of the Hussar brigade,
+consisting of the 7th., 10th., and 15th. Hussars, about eight
+hundred French dragoons were in cantonments at Sahagun,
+under Brigadier-General Debelle. About two o’clock on the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>morning of the 21st. December, the 15th., with Captain
+Thornhill and twelve soldiers of the 7th. Hussars, and Lieutenant-General
+Lord Paget (afterwards Marquis of Angelsey) at their
+head, moved along the left bank of the Cea, in order to
+intercept the retreat of the French dragoons from Sahagun.
+The 10th. marched straight to the town, while Lieutenant-General
+Lord Paget, with the 15th., endeavoured to turn it. The
+British hussars arrived in the vicinity of Sahagun before
+daylight; but a French patrol had given the alarm, and his
+lordship found the enemy formed within the town. The
+march had been performed with difficulty, the weather being
+extremely cold, and from deep snow on the ground, the road
+was so covered with ice in many places, that the men had
+to dismount and lead their horses. Between five and six
+o’clock the advance guard of the 15th. fell in with a French
+patrol, and took five prisoners, but in consequence of the
+extreme darkness the rest escaped, and galloping off to
+Sahagun, gave the alarm, thus preventing the surprise of
+the enemy. Upon approaching that place shortly before
+daylight, the French dragoons were discovered formed up
+beyond a rugged hollow way, which was unfavourable for
+cavalry, and as the 15th. came near the enemy withdrew
+towards a bridge on their left. In numbers the French were
+about two to one, but his lordship instantly charged, overthrew
+them, and captured nearly one hundred and fifty
+prisoners, including two lieutenant-colonels, and eleven other
+officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Paget, and Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, of the 15th.,
+each received a medal. The conduct of the hussars was
+commended by the British General, and the regiment was
+permitted to bear on its appointments the word <span class='sc'>Sahagun</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The attack by Lord Paget on a vastly superior force, so
+far as numbers were concerned, at Sahagun, in which the
+enemy were cut to pieces, occasioned Sir John Moore to issue
+the following order:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Head Quarters, Sahagun.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The different attacks made by parties of cavalry upon
+those of the enemy, on the march, have given them an opportunity
+to display a spirit, and to assume a tone of superiority
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>which does them credit, and which the Commander of the
+Forces hopes will be supported on more important occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The attacks conducted by Brigadier-General Stewart, with
+the 18th. Hussars, when upon the Douro, and that by
+Lieutenant-General Lord Paget upon the enemy’s cavalry at
+this place, are honourable to the British cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Commander of the Forces begs that the Lieutenant-General
+and Brigadier-General will accept his thanks for their
+services, and that they will convey them to Brigadier-General
+Slade, and the officers, non-commissioned officers, and men of
+the cavalry under their command, for their conduct in the
+different affairs that have taken place.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An order like this naturally made the infantry very desirous
+to emulate the cavalry, and the opportunity was shortly
+afterwards afforded. Arrangements had been made for attacking
+the enemy, but the approach of Napoleon, with an overwhelming
+force, rendered a retrograde movement necessary;
+and while the cavalry pickets were skirmishing with the
+French, the baggage, and several brigades of infantry withdrew.
+Christmas, with all its social customs was thus dawning,
+when the troops commenced their retreat. A heavy and
+continued fall of snow hid the ruts in the roads, caused by
+the passage of the guns. Officers lost their boots in these
+ruts, and were compelled to walk barefooted. Two days
+rest after the reserve had crossed the Esla, enabled measures
+to be taken to repair the sufferings from the bad roads, a
+supply of soles and heels having been furnished to each
+regiment; the officers and men had also the welcome issue of
+new blankets, and one hundred and fifty pairs of shoes were
+supplied to each regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 24th. of December the hussars fell back to Cal;
+on the 25th. they arrived at Sahagun, and on quitting that
+place on the 26th., a considerable force of the enemy’s cavalry
+was seen on some high ground at Majorga. Lord Paget directed
+Colonel Leigh, of the 10th. Hussars, to dislodge them
+with two squadrons of his regiment, and the colonel instantly
+led one squadron forward, the other following in support. Arriving
+on the top of the hill, he paused a short time for the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>horses to recover their wind after the ascent, and was exposed
+to a heavy, but not destructive, fire; he afterwards gave the
+word “Charge,” and in five minutes the French were overthrown,
+many were killed, others wounded, and about a
+hundred taken prisoners. On this, and on all other occasions,
+the superiority of the British cavalry over the French
+horsemen, was proved to an extent beyond anything that had
+been anticipated. The British hussars set superior numbers
+at defiance, and their temerity was not, in any instance,
+punished by repulse or defeat.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Continuing the retreat, the cavalry arrived at Benevente
+on the 27th. of December; they had scarcely entered the
+town, when an alarm of the approach of a body of French
+troops was given, and the hussars turned out, but the enemy
+retired. The infantry continued their retreat on the following
+morning, but the cavalry remained in the town, with parties
+watching the fords on the Esla.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Six hundred cavalry of the French imperial guard, commanded
+by General Lefebre Desnouettes, forded the river near
+the bridge, and drove back the videttes, when the British
+pickets, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Otway, (afterwards
+Lieutenant-General Sir Loftus William Otway,) major of the
+18th. Hussars advanced, and repeatedly charging the enemy’s
+leading squadrons, kept the whole in check until Lieutenant-General
+Lord Paget and Brigadier-General the Honourable
+Charles Stewart (afterwards the Marquis of Londonderry)
+arrived. A detatchment of the 10th. Hussars, under Major
+Quentin, was engaged on this occasion, and evinced signal
+gallantry. Lord Paget hastened to bring up the regiment
+from the town: Brigadier-General Stewart placed himself at
+the head of the pickets, and the ground was obstinately
+disputed, many charges being made by both sides, the French
+veterans fighting in a manner worthy of their high reputation.
+The pickets were ordered to fall back gradually,
+and the squadrons were repeatedly mingled. Brigadier-General
+Stewart evinced great personal bravery, and while
+engaged with a French officer, his sword fell, when Lieutenant-Colonel
+Otway gave the general his own sword, and
+recovered the other from the ground. While the fight was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>taking place on the plain, the hussars formed at the edge
+of the town, and, on receiving the signal to advance, they
+galloped forward. The pickets, perceiving the 10th. advancing
+to support them, gave a loud cheer, and dashed
+at speed upon their numerous opponents. In an instant the
+French were broken and driven in great disorder towards the
+river, which they repassed with precipitation, leaving behind
+them about thirty men killed, twenty-five wounded, and
+seventy prisoners. General Lefebre Desnouttes was pursued
+by the hussars, and refusing to stop when overtaken, he was
+cut across the head, and made prisoner by Private Levi
+Grisdall.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of December the troops came up with the
+wretched remains of the army under the Marquis de la
+Romana; instead of these being of any assistance they impeded
+the march of the British, and exhausted the few resources
+left, the houses being filled by them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The retreat presented many harrowing features. An eye-witness,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell, of the 28th., which
+regiment formed part of the reserve, the post of honour in
+a retreat, states,—“On the arrival of the cavalry at Canberas,
+about midnight, the reserve immediately moved on, and
+arrived next morning, 1st. January, 1809, at Bembibre, just
+as the other division was marching off to Villa Franca.
+The scene of drunkenness that here presented itself was
+truly shameful. The stragglers from the preceding division
+so crowded every house, that there was hardly a place
+to be had for the wearied reserve. Crowds of half-naked
+and unfortunate peasants of Romana’s army, added to the
+confusion. On the 2nd., when Sir John Moore left Bembibre,
+with the reserve and the cavalry, for Villa Franca,
+Colonel Ross was left with that excellent regiment, the 20th.,
+and a detachment of hussars, to cover the town, while officers
+were employed in endeavouring to collect the stragglers. A
+few were got away, but many were so tired and lame from
+sore feet, that they did not care if the French sabres and
+bayonets were at their breasts, so completely did most of
+them give themselves up to despair. The rear-guard was at
+length forced to retire and leave those unfortunate people to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>their fate. Some of these poor fellows, who had thought
+better of it, and were endeavouring to overtake their countrymen,
+were unmercifully sabred by the French cavalry, many
+of them in a defenceless state.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the same gallant veteran’s “Narrative of the Campaigns
+of the 28th. Regiment,” this striking incident occurs:—“The
+following occurrence had more effect in establishing the good
+conduct of the reserve than anything that had yet been done.
+We were formed into close column on the Bembibre side of
+the river, when our gallant chief, General Paget, in an excellent
+address, called the attention of the soldiers to the
+dreadful and disgraceful scene of yesterday, and the merciless
+conduct of the enemy’s cavalry had shewn to many of the
+stragglers. He told the men that they had become the
+rear-guard of the army, and upon their sober, steady, and
+good conduct the safety of the whole depended. Just as the
+general had finished his admirable and soldier-like address,
+and after all the orders had been given, and the necessary
+examples that had been made, two men of the reserve were
+found in the very act of shamefully plundering a house in
+the village, and ill-treating the inhabitants. The report was
+made, and the reserve was instantly formed in square; the
+culprits were brought out, the general being determined that
+an example should be made. They were ordered to be hanged
+upon a tree close to the village. Everything being prepared,
+the awful sentence was about to be carried into execution;
+the unfortunate men were in the act of being lifted up to
+the fatal branch, when a officer of the hussars rode into
+the square, and reported that the enemy were at that moment
+advancing. The general said he did not care if the whole
+French cavalry were coming up, that he would hang those
+men, who had been guilty of so shameful an outrage. At
+that instant a few distant shots were heard, and a second
+officer arrived at full speed with another report. The general
+then stopped the execution, and turning round to the reserve,
+said, ‘Soldiers! if you promise to behave well for the future,
+I will forgive those men; say yes, in an instant.’ ‘Yes!’ was
+said by every one. ‘Say it again,’ said the general. ‘Yes,
+yes,’ was again exclaimed by all. ‘Say it a third time,’
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>‘Yes, yes, yes?’ and a cheer followed.<a id='r29'></a><a href='#f29' class='c013'><sup>[29]</sup></a> The men were forgiven,
+the square was reduced, and the 52nd. regiment,
+under Colonel Barclay, went through the village in double-quick
+time, and in the most beautiful manner took possession
+of the vineyards on the opposite side of the river, while
+the remainder of the reserve crossed the bridge under cover
+of the 95th., and formed on the hill behind the 52nd. By
+this time the enemy were close upon us, and attacked the
+95th. in great force, the cavalry joining in the onset. They
+were terribly galled by the rifles as they advanced through the
+village. The 95th. then retired up the road to the right
+and left, the French being at the same time exposed to a
+murderous fire from the 52nd., in the vineyards, which completely
+checked them. The 52nd. then retired up the road,
+when the enemy were again most gallantly repulsed. The
+French in this affair lost the general officer commanding the
+advanced guard, and many men. A column of them was also
+severely handled by Captain Carthew’s guns, and stopped
+descending the hill on the other side of the river. This
+kept them quiet until the afternoon of the 5th. of January.
+Our gallant commander-in-chief was present during this affair,
+and wherever there was a shot fired was he always to be
+found. This was the first time the infantry had met the
+enemy.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult, unwilling to attack, followed the sorely-pressed
+army with unwonted caution. One night and two
+days brought the army from Villa Franca to Lugo. All the
+attacks of the advanced guard of the French upon the rear
+were repulsed. Notwithstanding this, however, the retreating
+troops became more and more harassed. When the two
+bullock cars, containing treasure to the amount of twenty-five
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>thousand pounds, became immovable, the money had to be
+thrown over the precipice. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell
+thus narrates the circumstance:—“On the morning of the 5th.
+(January, 1809,) the reserve left Nogales. We were detained
+at a bridge a little way on the road, covering the engineers,
+who were endeavouring to destroy it, but they did not
+succeed. The 28th. regiment was now the rear-guard of the
+reserve, and the flank companies, with a company of the
+95th., formed the rear-guard of the regiment. The whole
+distance was a continued skirmish. About noon we came
+up with two cars laden with dollars; but the bullocks that
+drew them being completely exhausted, it was impossible to
+save the treasure. Under these circumstances Sir John
+Moore decided that the whole should be thrown down the
+mountain, most judiciously considering, that if the casks were
+broken, the men would make a rush for the money, which
+would have caused great confusion, and might have cost the
+lives of many. The rear-guard, therefore was halted; Lieutenant
+Bennet, of the light company, 28th. regiment, was
+placed over the money, with strict orders from Sir John
+Moore to shoot the first person who attempted to touch it.<a id='r30'></a><a href='#f30' class='c013'><sup>[30]</sup></a>
+It was then rolled over the precipice; the casks were soon
+broken by the rugged rocks, and the dollars falling out,
+rolled over the height—a sparkling cascade of silver. The
+French advanced guard coming up shortly after to the spot,
+were detained for a time picking up the few dollars that
+had been scattered on the road.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF CORUNNA.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. January, 1809.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir John Moore concentrated his army near Lugo, where
+he determined to give battle. About twelve o’clock in the
+morning of the 6th. of January, the French appeared on the
+opposite heights. The British soldiers, full of the national
+spirit, desired nothing better than to confront them. The
+troops were immediately under arms, but each looked at the
+other until evening set in, and it became evident that the
+day of battle was to be postponed. On the following morning
+the enemy at daybreak opened a cannonade, which was
+forthwith returned, and in the space of a few minutes the
+French fire was silenced. Towards sunset a French column
+commenced the ascent of the rising ground, and was met by
+a wing of the 76th.; this regiment gradually retired until
+joined by the 51st. In the latter Sir John Moore had served
+as an ensign, and he addressed them briefly, reminding them
+of that circumstance, and expressing his reliance on their
+gallantry. The speech, short as it was, produced its effect,
+and after a few discharges of musketry, they rushed onward
+with the bayonet, when the enemy was beaten back, leaving
+on the ground several killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At dark, when large fires illumined the heights, the British
+re-commenced their retreat, undiscovered by the French until
+daylight. But little was seen of the enemy until the army
+arrived at Corunna, where the leading brigades marched in
+during the afternoon of the 11th. of January, the adjacent
+villages and suburbs being occupied by the troops. The trying
+retreat was completed; but there was a disappointment to be
+experienced. No transports were there to receive the troops.
+In the evening the foe came up, and occupied a position
+on the other side of the river Mero. The battle-ground was
+not marked out until the 12th of January, and this was the
+range of hills round the village of Elvino, about a mile from
+Corunna, on which Sir John Moore resolved to place his army.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>Before the arrangements were completed, the French were
+observed moving along the opposite bank of the river. Nothing
+occurred until the 14th., when a fire of artillery was kept
+up for a short time. A terrible explosion occurred on that
+day; a magazine of four thousand barrels of gunpowder,
+which had been sent from England for the use of the
+Spaniards, being destroyed, to prevent its falling into the
+hands of the French. This caused quite a panic in both
+armies, and, although occurring three or four miles from
+Corunna, many of the windows in the town were broken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Fine weather enabled the soldiers to dry their clothes,
+and to make themselves comparatively comfortable; and during
+the afternoon of the 14th. the whole fleet of transports,
+convoyed by numerous ships of war, appeared in sight. Some
+slight skirmishing occurred to the right on the 15th. During
+the afternoon and night of the 15th. the sick, wounded, women,
+and children were embarked, and on the following day the
+greater proportion of the artillery was placed on board, the
+ground not being adapted for that arm. Before going on
+board the cavalry had to destroy the remainder of their horses,
+and the sight was naturally most painful. All animals were
+left on the beach at Corunna;<a id='r31'></a><a href='#f31' class='c013'><sup>[31]</sup></a> but the wife of Sergeant
+Monday, the orderly-room clerk of the 28th regiment, is
+stated to have carried a lap-dog in a basket over her arm
+throughout the retreat, and brought it to England with her.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About one o’clock in the afternoon of the 16th. of January,
+the enemy, who had early that day received reinforcements,
+and who had placed some guns in front of the right and left
+of his line, was observed to be moving his troops towards his
+left flank, and forming various columns of attack at that
+extremity of the strong and commanding position which on the
+morning of the 15th. he had taken in the immediate front
+of the British. This indication of his intention was immediately
+succeeded by a rapid and determined attack upon Lieutenant-General
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>Sir David. Baird’s division, which occupied the right
+of the position. The first effort of the enemy was met by
+the 42nd. regiment, and the brigade under Major-General
+Lord William Bentinck. The village on the right then became
+an object of obstinate contest. Lieutenant-General Sir
+David Baird was severely wounded, and shortly after Sir John
+Moore fell by a cannon-shot. The troops though not unacquainted
+with the irreparable loss they had sustained, were
+not dismayed, and by the most determined bravery, not only
+repelled every attempt of the enemy to gain ground, but
+actually forced him to retire, although fresh troops had been
+brought up in support of those originally engaged.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Finding himself foiled in every attempt to force the right
+of the position, the enemy endeavoured by numbers to turn
+it. A judicious and well-timed movement, which was made
+by Major-General the Honourable Edward Paget with the
+reserve, that corps having moved out of its cantonments to
+support the right of the army, by a vigorous attack defeated
+this intention. The Major-General, having pushed forward
+the 95th., (rifle corps,) and the first battalion of the 52nd.
+regiment, drove the foe before him, and in his rapid and
+judicious advance threatened the left of the enemy’s position.
+This circumstance, with the position of Lieutenant-General
+Fraser’s division, which was calculated to give still further
+security to the right of the line, induced the enemy to relax
+his efforts in that quarter. They were then, however, more
+forcibly directed towards the centre, where they were again
+successfully resisted by the brigade under Major-General
+Manningham, forming the left of Sir David Baird’s division,
+and a part of that under Major-General Leith.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon the left the enemy at first contented himself with
+an attack upon the pickets, which in general maintained
+their ground. Seeing, therefore, his efforts unavailing on
+the right and centre, he appeared determined to render the
+attack upon the left more serious, and succeeded in obtaining
+possession of the village through which the great
+road to Madrid passes, and which was situated in front of
+that part of the line. From this post he was soon expelled,
+with considerable loss, by a gallant attack of some companies
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>of the second battalion of the 14th., regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Nicolls. Before five in the evening, not only
+had every attack upon the British position been successfully
+repelled, but ground had been gained in all points, a more
+forward line being occupied than at the commencement of the
+action. Eventually the enemy confined his operations to a
+cannonade, and the fire of his light troops, with a view to
+draw off his other corps. At six o’clock the firing entirely
+ceased. The different brigades were re-assembled on the ground
+they occupied in the morning, and the pickets and advanced
+posts resumed their original stations.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The corps chiefly engaged were the brigades under Major-Generals
+Lord William Bentinck, Manningham, and Leith,
+and the brigade of guards under Major-General Warde,
+Major-General Hill, and Brigadier-General Catlin Crauford,
+with their brigades on the left of the position, ably supported
+their advanced posts. The brunt of the action fell upon the
+4th., 42nd., 50th., and 81st. regiments, with parts of the
+brigades of guards, and the 28th. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About ten at night the troops quitted their position, and
+marched to their respective points of embarkation in the town
+and neighbourhood of Corunna. The pickets remained at
+their posts until five in the morning of the 17th., when they
+were withdrawn unperceived by the French. The embarkation
+proceed rapidly, and, with the exception of the brigades
+under Major-Generals Hill and Beresford, which were destined
+to remain on shore until the movements of the enemy
+should become manifest, the whole were afloat before daylight.
+The brigade of Major-General Beresford, which was alternately
+to form the rear-guard, occupied the land front of the town of
+Corunna, whilst that of Major-General Hill was stationed in
+reserve on the promontory behind the town.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Soon after eight o’clock in the morning of the 17th. of
+January, the French light troops moved towards the town,
+and almost immediately occupied the heights of St. Lucia,
+which command the harbour. Notwithstanding this circumstance,
+and the manifold defects of the place, there being
+no apprehension that the rear-guard could be forced, and the
+disposition of the Spaniards appearing to be good, the embarkation
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>of Major-General Hill’s brigade was commenced and
+completed by three in the afternoon. Major-General Beresford
+withdrew his corps from the land front of the town soon
+after dark, which, with all the wounded that had not been
+previously moved, were embarked before one on the morning
+of the 18th.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir William Napier has thus described the British general’s
+death:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Sir John Moore, whilst earnestly watching the result of the
+fight about the village of Elvino, was struck on the left breast
+by a cannon-shot. The shock threw him from his horse with
+violence, but he rose again in a sitting posture, his countenance
+unchanged, and his stedfast eye still fixed upon the
+regiments engaged in his front, no sign betraying a sensation
+of pain. In a few moments, when he was satisfied that
+the troops were gaining ground, his countenance brightened,
+and he suffered himself to be taken to the rear. Being
+placed in a blanket for removal, an entanglement of the belt
+caused the hilt of his sword to enter the wound, and
+Captain Hardinge attempted to take it away altogether,
+but with martial pride the stricken man forbade the alleviation,—he
+would not part with his sword<a id='r32'></a><a href='#f32' class='c013'><sup>[32]</sup></a> in the field.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Wrapped in a military cloak the warrior’s remains were
+consigned to their resting-place, by the officers of his staff,
+in the citadel of Corunna. The guns of the enemy paid his
+funeral honours, and Marshal Soult evinced the respect he
+bore to departed valour, by chivalrously raising a monument
+to his memory. It may be added that the soldiers of the 9th.
+Foot dug his grave on the rampart, and the well-known lines
+by the Rev. Charles Wolfe are as truthful as they are poetic.
+The several regiments, and their commanding officers, composing
+the army under Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore at Corunna,
+were as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>7th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Vivian; 10th. Light
+Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Leigh; 15th. Light Dragoons,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Grant; 18th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Jones; 3rd. Light Dragoons, (King’s German Legion,)
+Major Burgwesel; Artillery, Colonel Harding; Engineers,
+Major Fletcher; Waggon Train Detachment, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Langley; 1st. Foot Guards, first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cocks, third battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wheatley; 1st. Foot,
+third battalion, Major Muller; 2nd.,<a id='r33'></a><a href='#f33' class='c013'><sup>[33]</sup></a> first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Iremonger; 4th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Wynch; 5th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie;
+6th., first battalion, Major Gordon; 9th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron; 14th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Nicolls; 20th., Lieutenant-Colonel Ross; 23rd., second
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wyatt; 26th., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell; 28th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Belson; 32nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hinde; 36th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Burn; 38th.,
+first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Charles
+Greville; 42nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling;
+43rd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gifford, second battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hull; 50th., first battalion, Major
+Charles James Napier;<a id='r34'></a><a href='#f34' class='c013'><sup>[34]</sup></a> 51st., Lieutenant-Colonel Darling;
+52nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Barclay, second
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel John Ross; 59th., second battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fane; 60th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Codd, fifth battalion, Major Davy; 71st., first battalion,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Denis Pack; 76th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Symes; 79th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron; 81st., second battalion, Major Williams; 82nd.,
+Major M‘Donald; 91st., first battalion, Major Douglas; 92nd,
+first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Napier; 95th.,
+(rifle regiment,) first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Beckwith,
+second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wade; Staff Corps Detachment,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolay; first light battalion
+King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonhart, second
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Halkett.<a id='r35'></a><a href='#f35' class='c013'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF TALAVERA DE LA REYNA.<br> <span class='sc'>27th. and 28th. July, 1809.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>When the British Forces had returned to England, Corunna,
+Bilboa, and all the most important places on the northern
+coast of Spain, fell under the French sway. Saragossa was
+besieged a second time, and after a defence unequalled perhaps
+in modern military history, was compelled to capitulate.
+Marshal Soult quitted Gallicia, entered Portugal, and obtained
+an entrance into Oporto. In April, Lieutentant-General Sir
+Arthur Wellesley, with another British army, disembarked at
+Lisbon, and advanced on Oporto.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Although no medal was granted for the passage of the
+Douro, on the 12th. of May, 1809, the exploit was a highly
+brilliant one. The British commander was desirous of passing
+the river to drive the French from Oporto; but the stream
+was deep, rapid, and more than three hundred yards in width,
+and ten thousand French veterans guarded the opposite shore.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>The passage was however effected in the following manner.
+A Portuguese barber had crossed the river in a skiff, and a
+British staff officer (Colonel Waters) aided by the barber and
+the prior of Amarante, traversed the stream and returned in
+half an hour with three large barges. Between ten and
+eleven o’clock an officer and twenty-five soldiers of the 3rd.
+Foot entered the first boat, crossed the stream unobserved,
+and took post in a large unfinished building on the banks of
+the river, designated the seminary, which was surrounded by
+a wall extending to the water on each side of it. In this
+manner a lodgment was made in the midst of the enemy’s
+army without being noticed. A second and a third boat
+followed, but scarcely had the men from the latter reached
+the shore, when a sudden burst of alarm was heard amidst
+the French troops, and a furious attack was made by their
+cavalry, infantry, and artillery, upon the seminary. The 3rd.
+Foot stood their ground bravely, and singly resisted the
+French legions until supported by the 48th. and 66th. British
+and 16th. Portuguese regiments. Meanwhile Lieutenant-General
+the Honourable Edward Paget had fallen dangerously
+wounded, and Major-General Hill commanded in the seminary.
+A fierce conflict of musketry was maintained, the French
+artillery played on the building, the British guns on the other
+side of the river opened their fire, and the struggle soon
+became violent. Meanwhile some citizens crossed the river
+with several large boats, additional forces were enabled to
+pass over, and ultimately the French were driven from Oporto
+with the loss of five hundred men killed and wounded, in
+addition to about seven hundred left in the hospitals.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British commander subsequently pursued Marshal Soult’s
+army through the wild and mountainous districts of Portugal,
+but, in consequence of Marshal Victor having defeated General
+Cuesta, was compelled to resist from following Marshal Soult;
+and having formed a junction with the Spanish general, the
+combined forces proceeded along the valley of the Tagus, and
+took up a strong position at Talavera. The enemy, in the
+course of the 24th., 25th., and 26th., collected all his forces
+between Torrijos and Toledo, leaving but a small corps of
+two thousand men in that place. The united army consisted
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>of the corps of Marshal Victor, of that of General Sebastiani,
+and of seven or eight thousand men, the guards of Joseph
+Bonaparte, and the garrison of Madrid; and it was commanded
+by him, aided by Marshals Jourdan and Victor, and General
+Sebastiani.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It became obvious that the enemy intended to try the
+result of a general action, for which the best position appeared
+to be in the neighbourhood of Talavera; and General Cuesta
+having taken up this position on the morning of the 27th.,
+Lieutenant-General Sherbrooke was directed to retire with
+his corps to its station in the line, leaving Major-General
+M‘Kenzie with a division of infantry and a brigade of cavalry,
+as an advanced post in a wood on the right of the Alberche,
+which covered the left flank of the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The position taken up by the troops at Talavera extended
+rather more than two miles; the ground was open upon the
+left where the British army was stationed, and it was
+commanded by a height, on which was, in <i>echellon</i> and in
+second line, a division of infantry, under the orders of Major-General
+Hill. Between this height and a range of mountains
+still further upon the left, there was a valley, which
+was not at first occupied, and it was commanded by
+the height before mentioned, whilst the mountain range
+appeared too distant to have any influence upon the expected
+action.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Spanish troops composed the right, which extended immediately
+in front of the town of Talavera down to the Tagus. This
+part of the ground was covered by olive trees, and was much
+intersected by banks and ditches. The high road leading from
+the bridge over the Alberche, was defended by a heavy
+battery in front of a church, which was occupied by Spanish
+infantry. All the avenues to the town were defended in a
+similar manner; the town was occupied, and the remainder of
+the Spanish infantry were formed in two lines behind the
+banks on the roads which led from the town and the right,
+to the left of the British position. In the centre, between
+the two armies, there was a commanding spot, on which a
+redoubt had been commenced, with some open ground in the
+rear. Here Brigadier-General Campbell was posted with a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>division of infantry, supported in his rear by Major-General
+Cotton’s brigade of dragoons, and some Spanish cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At about two o’clock on the 27th. of July the enemy
+appeared in strength on the left bank of the Alberche, and
+manifested an intention to attack Major-General M‘Kenzie’s
+division. The attack was made before they could be withdrawn,
+but the troops, consisting of Major-General M‘Kenzie’s
+and Colonel Donkin’s brigades, with Major-General Anson’s
+brigade of cavalry, and supported by Lieutenant-General Payne
+with the other four regiments of cavalry, in the plain between
+Talavera and the wood, withdrew in good order, but with
+some loss, particularly by the second battalion of the 87th.,
+and the second battalion of the 31st. regiment in the wood.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In his despatch, Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable
+Sir Arthur Wellesley, K.B., stated, “Upon this occasion the
+steadiness and discipline of the 45th. regiment, and of the
+fifth battalion of the 60th., were conspicuous; and I had
+particular reason for being satisfied with the manner in which
+Major-General M‘Kenzie withdrew his advanced guard.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As the day advanced, the French appeared in larger numbers
+on the right of the Alberche, and it was apparent that
+they were advancing to a general attack upon the combined
+army. Major-General M‘Kenzie continued to fall back gradually
+upon the left, where he was placed in the second line, in
+the rear of the guards, Colonel Donkin being posted in the
+same situation further upon the left, in the rear of the
+King’s German Legion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy immediately commenced his attack in the dusk
+of the evening, by a cannonade upon the left of the allied
+position, and by an attempt with his cavalry to overthrow
+the Spanish infantry, posted, as before stated, on the right.
+This attempt entirely failed. Early in the night he pushed
+a division along the valley on the left of the height occupied
+by Major-General Hill, of which a momentary possession was
+obtained, but it was instantly regained by an attack with the
+bayonet. Another attempt was repeated during the night,
+but failed, and again at daylight in the morning of the 28th.
+of July, by two divisions of infantry, which was repulsed by
+Major-General Hill. In these different affairs the 29th., and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>the first battalion of the 48th. regiment, gained especial
+notice. Many brave officers and soldiers were lost in the
+defence of this important point, and Major-General Hill was
+slightly wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A general attack by the enemy’s whole force was made
+about noon, upon the whole of that part of the position
+occupied by the British army. Sir Arthur, in consequence of the
+repeated attempts upon the height on his left by the valley,
+had placed there two brigades of British cavalry, supported
+in the rear by the Duc d’Albuquerque’s division of Spanish
+cavalry. The enemy then placed light infantry in the range
+of mountains on the left of the valley, which were opposed
+by a division of Spanish infantry, under Lieutenant-General
+De Bassecourt. The general attack began by the march of
+several columns of infantry into the valley, with a view to
+attack the height occupied by Major-General Hill. These
+columns were immediately charged by the 1st. German Light
+Dragoons and 23rd. Dragoons, under the command of Major-General
+Anson, directed by Lieutenant-General Payne, and supported
+by Brigadier-General Fane’s brigade of heavy cavalry;
+and although the 23rd. Dragoons suffered considerable loss,
+the charge had the effect of preventing the execution of that
+part of the enemy’s plan. At the same time he directed an
+attack upon Brigadier-General Alexander Campbell’s position
+in the centre of the combined armies, and on the right of
+the British. This attack was most successfully repulsed by
+Brigadier-General Campbell, supported by the king’s regiment
+of Spanish cavalry and two battalions Spanish infantry:
+the enemy’s cannon being taken by the Brigadier-General,
+who mentioned particularly the conduct of the 97th., the
+second battalion of the 7th., and the second battalion of the
+53rd. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attack was also made at the same time upon Lieutenant-General
+Sherbrooke’s division, which was on the left and
+centre of the first line of the British army. This attack was
+most gallantly repulsed by a charge with bayonets by the
+whole division; but the brigade of guards, on the right,
+having advanced too far, they were exposed on their left
+flank to the fire of the enemy’s battery, and of their retiring
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>columns. The division was obliged to retire towards the
+original position, under cover of the second line of Major-General
+Cotton’s brigade of cavalry, which had been moved from the
+centre, and of the first battalion of the 48th. regiment. This
+regiment had also been moved from its original position on
+the heights, as soon as the advance of the guards was observed,
+and it was formed on the plain and advanced upon
+the enemy, covering the formation of Lieutenant-General
+Sherbrooke’s division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly after the repulse of this general attack, in which
+apparently all the enemy’s troops were employed, he commenced
+his retreat across the Alberche, which was conducted
+in the most regular order, and was effected during the night,
+leaving in the hands of the British twenty pieces of cannon,
+ammunition, tumbrils, and some prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The attacks were principally if not entirely directed against
+the British troops. The Spanish commander-in-chief, his
+officers, and troops, manifested every disposition to render
+assistance to their allies, and those of them who were engaged
+did their duty; but the ground which they occupied was so
+important, and its front at the same time so difficult, that
+Sir Arthur Wellesley did not think it proper to urge them to
+make any movement on the left of the enemy, while he was
+engaged with the troops more immediately under his command.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Such a prolonged action against more than double the number
+of the British could not be sustained without great loss
+of valuable officers and soldiers, but the casualties of the
+enemy were much larger. Entire brigades of French infantry
+were destroyed, and the battalions that retreated were much
+reduced in number. The French loss was estimated at ten
+thousand men. Generals Lapisse and Morlot were killed;
+Generals Sebastiani and Boulet were wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General M‘Kenzie, who had distinguished himself on
+the 27th., Brigadier-General Langwerth, of the King’s German
+Legion, and Brigade-Major Beckett, of the Coldstream Guards,
+were killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During a pause in the second day’s fight both armies went
+to the banks of the small stream, a tributary of the Tagus,
+for water, which flowed through a part of the battle-ground.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>The men approached each other and conversed like old acquaintances,
+even exchanging their canteens and wine-flasks.
+In the words of the author of “The Bivouac” (the Rev.
+W. H. Maxwell, Prebendary of Balla):—“All asperity of
+feeling seemed forgotten. To a stranger they would have
+appeared more like an allied force than men hot from a
+ferocious conflict, and only gathering strength and energy to
+re-commence it anew. But a still nobler rivalry for the time
+existed; the interval was employed in carrying off the
+wounded, who lay intermixed upon the hard-contested field;
+and, to the honour of both be it told, that each endeavoured
+to extricate the common sufferers, and remove their unfortunate
+friends and enemies without distinction. Suddenly the
+bugles sounded, the drums beat to arms; many of the rival
+soldiery shook hands and parted with expressions of mutual
+esteem, and in ten minutes’ after they were again at the
+bayonet’s point.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were specially noticed in the despatch:—The
+cavalry, particularly Major-General Anson’s brigade;
+the 29th regiment; first battalion of the 48th.; the
+second battalions of the 7th. and 53rd. regiments; the 97th.;
+the first battalion of detachments; the second battalion of
+the 31st.; the 45th.; and fifth battalion of the 60th. The
+advance of the brigade of guards was also highly commended.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This victory gained over the French army, commanded by
+Joseph Buonaparte in person, occasioned great joy in England,
+and Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley was raised to
+the peerage, by the title of Viscount Wellington.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged at the battle of Talavera
+de la Reyna, on the 27th. and 28th. July, 1809:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>3rd. Dragoon Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Granby Calcraft;
+4th. Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Somerset;
+14th. Light Dragoons, Colonel Samuel Hawker; 16th.
+Light Dragoons, Major the Honourable Lincoln Stanhope;
+23rd. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour; 1st.
+Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Arentschild; Royal British Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Framingham,
+Royal German Artillery, Major Hartineau; the whole
+artillery being under Brigadier-General Howorth, Royal Engineers,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher; Royal Staff Corps, Major
+Dundas; Coldstream Guards, first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hulse; 3rd. Guards, first battalion, Colonel the Honourable
+Edward Stopford; 3rd. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Muter; 7th,
+second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir William Myers, Bart.;
+24th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond; 29th.,
+first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel White; 31st., second battalion,
+Major Watson; 40th., first battalion, Major Thornton;
+45th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Guard; 48th., first
+battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Donellan, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Duckworth; 53rd., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Bingham; 60th., fifth battalion, Major Davy; 61st, first
+battalion, Colonel Saunders; 66th, second battalion, Captain
+Kelly; 83rd, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon;
+87th., second battalion, Major Gough; 88th., first battalion,
+Major Vandeleur; 97th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Lyon; first battalion of Detachments,<a id='r36'></a><a href='#f36' class='c013'><sup>[36]</sup></a> Lieutenant-Colonel
+Bunbury, 3rd. Foot; second battalion of Detachments, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Copson, 5th., Foot; first and second light and
+first line battalions King’s German Legion, Major Bodecker;
+second line battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Brauns; fifth line
+battalion, Captain Humelberg; seventh line battalion, Major
+Burger.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this defeat the enemy continued to keep a rear-guard
+of ten thousand men on the heights on the left of the
+Alberche; the extreme fatigue of the troops, the want of provisions,
+and the number of wounded to be taken care of,
+prevented Viscount Wellington moving from this position.
+Brigadier-General Craufurd arrived with his brigade (first
+battalions of the 43rd., 52nd., and 95th,.)<a id='r37'></a><a href='#f37' class='c013'><sup>[37]</sup></a> on the 29th. of July,
+early in the morning, having marched fifty-two miles in
+twenty-six hours, a wonderful proof of the energy of British
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<div id='i103fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_103fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Talavera Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Talavera.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>In consequence of the victories gained in the Peninsula
+during 1808 and 1809, two gold medals were struck for presentation
+to such superior officers as had distinguished themselves
+in action; the same medals were afterwards conferred
+for military services in other portions of the world. No corps
+were returned in the list for medals, which had not been
+engaged. This, by the Duke of Wellington’s despatches, appears
+to have been the rule.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A notification appeared in the “London Gazette,” dated
+Horse Guards, 9th. September, 1810, stating that His Majesty
+had been graciously pleased to command that, in commemoration
+of the brilliant victories obtained by divisions of his Army
+over the enemy in the Battles of Roleia and Vimiera, also in
+the several instances where the cavalry had an opportunity of
+distinguishing themselves against the enemy in Spain, and in
+the battles of Corunna and Talavera de la Reyna, the Officers
+of the Army present on those occasions should enjoy the privilege
+of wearing a Medal, and His Majesty having approved
+of the Medal which had been struck, was pleased to command
+that it should be worn by the General Officers, suspended
+by a Ribbon of the colour of the Sash, with a blue edge,
+round the neck; and by the Commanding Officers of Corps, (not
+being of rank inferior to Lieutenant-Colonel,) and the Chiefs
+of Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the same
+colour to the button-hole of their uniform. His Majesty was
+also pleased to command that the Medals which would have
+been conferred upon the Officers who had fallen at or died
+since the above-named actions, should, as a token of respect
+for their memories, be deposited with their respective families.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These medals were alike except in size. On the obverse,
+Britannia, wearing a helmet, is seated on the globe; in her
+right hand extended a wreath of laurel, and in her left a
+palm branch; to her right the British lion, and on the left
+a round shield charged with the crosses of the union banner.
+The reverse has a wreath of laurel, within which the name
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>of the event and the year were engraved, thus—Roleia and
+Vimiera, 1808; or Corunna, 1809; or Talavera, 1809; or
+Nivelle, Nive, etc. The name and rank of the officer were
+engraved on the edge. The large medal, of the size of that
+granted for Maida, was for general officers; in full dress it
+was worn from the neck, to a crimson ribbon with blue
+edges. The small medal, (of which an illustration is given,)
+attached to the ribbon by a gold swivel, with a gold buckle
+above, was conferred on field and other officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this period the rules and regulations regarding the issue
+of medals were, 1st.—Medals are only to be bestowed upon
+occasions of great importance or of peculiar brilliancy. 2nd.—Medals
+of a larger size are conferred upon General Officers,
+including Brigadiers, who wear them suspended by a ribbon
+round the neck.<a id='r38'></a><a href='#f38' class='c013'><sup>[38]</sup></a> Medals of a smaller size are bestowed
+upon Colonels, and Officers of the senior ranks. 3rd.—No
+General or other officer is considered to be entitled to receive
+a Medal, except he has been personally and particularly engaged
+upon the occasion, in commemoration of which this
+distinction is bestowed, and has been selected by the Commander
+of the Forces upon the spot, and has been reported
+by him to have merited the distinction, by very conspicuous
+services. 4th.—The Commander of the Forces (after he shall
+have been informed of the intention of Government to bestow
+medals) shall transmit to the Secretary of State for the War
+Department, and to the Commander-in-Chief, returns signed
+by himself, specifying the names and ranks of those Officers
+whom he shall have selected as particularly deserving. 5th.—The
+Commander of the Forces, in making this selection of
+the most deserving Officers, will consider his choice restricted
+to the undermentioned ranks, as it is found to be absolutely
+necessary that some limitation should be put upon the grant
+of this honour.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The rank and situations held by Officers, to render them
+eligible for the distinction of Medals, were, General Officers;
+Commanding Officers of Brigades; Commanding Officers of
+Artillery or Engineers; Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General;
+their Deputies having the rank of Field Officers,
+and their Assistants having the same rank, and being at the
+head of the Staff, with a detached corps or distinct division
+of the Army; Military Secretary, having the rank of Field
+Officers; Commanding Officers of Battalions, Corps equivalent
+thereto, and Officers who have succeeded to the actual command
+during the engagement, in consequence of the death or removal
+of the original Commanding Officer.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF MARTINIQUE AND GUADALOUPE.<br> <span class='sc'>February, 1809, and January and February, 1810.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In January, 1809, the armament which had been assembled
+at Carlile Bay, Barbadoes, under the command of Lieutenant-General
+(afterwards Sir George) Beckwith, commanding in
+the Leeward Islands, proceeded against Martinique, off which
+island, then in the possession of France, it arrived on the
+30th. of January. The troops landed in two divisions. The
+first division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost,
+consisting of between six and seven thousand men, and the
+second, numbering over three thousand men, under Major-General
+Frederick Maitland, landed near St. Luce and Point
+Solomon, in the afternoon of the 30th., without opposition,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>and notwithstanding the difficulties of the country, occupied
+a position on the banks of the Grande Lezarde River before
+daybreak on the 31st., after a night march of seven miles.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of February, the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, and the
+light companies of the brigade which were in advance, drove
+a body of the enemy from Morne Bruno to the heights of
+Surirey, where the enemy on the 2nd. of February made a
+determined stand. A sharp action ensued, in which British
+valour was conspicuously displayed, and the French were
+driven from their position with considerable loss. Batteries
+were subsequently erected, and the siege of Fort Bourbon was
+commenced with such vigour that the garrison surrendered
+on the 24th. of February. Amongst the trophies captured on
+this occasion were three eagles and several brass drums.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having thus captured this valuable island, Lieutenant-General
+Beckwith congratulated the troops, and stated in his official
+despatch, that “the command of such an army will constitute
+the pride of my future life. To these brave troops, conducted
+by Generals of experience, and not to me, their King and
+Country owe the sovereignty of this important colony; and I
+trust that by a comparison of the force which has defended
+it, and the time in which it has fallen, the present reduction
+of Martinique will not be deemed eclipsed by any former
+expedition.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The gold medal was conferred on the general and regimental
+commanding officers, according to the practice of the
+service at this period.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An expedition, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Beckwith,
+against Guadaloupe, the only island remaining to the
+French in the West Indies, was embarked in January, 1810.
+The expedition rendezvoused at Prince Rupert’s, Dominica;
+and on the morning of the 28th. of January, a landing was
+effected by the first division, at the Bay of St. Marie. The
+second division sailed on the 26th. of that month, and anchored
+at the Saints until the 29th., when it proceeded towards
+Guadaloupe, and menaced the enemy’s defences at the Three
+Rivers. A landing was effected near the village of Les Vieux
+Habitans during the night without opposition. The French
+appeared in force on some high open ground, when the 15th.
+Foot turned their right flank, the Royal West Indian Rangers
+the left, and the 13th. Light Infantry advanced against the
+front, and the enemy was speedily forced from his ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 7th., 8th., 13th., 15th., 23rd., 25th., (flank companies,)
+60th., 63rd., 90th. Foot, and 1st. West India regiment were
+engaged in this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly afterwards the conquest of the island was completed,
+and the achievement reflected great credit on the troops employed.
+In general orders, dated 6th. February, it was
+announced that “The Commander of the Forces returns his
+thanks to the officers of all ranks, for their meritorious exertions,
+and to the non-commissioned officers and soldiers, for
+the cheerfulness with which they have undergone the fatigues
+of a march, difficult in its nature, through the strongest
+country in the world, and the spirit they have manifested
+on all occasions to close with the enemy.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Guadaloupe</span> is now borne on the colours of the 15th.,
+63rd., 90th., and 1st. West India regiment; and medals were
+granted to the superior officers, both for the capture of that
+island and also of Martinique. The medal was like that for
+Talavera, already described. When the War Medal was
+issued, bars were inscribed with the names of these two
+islands.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF BUSACO.<br> <span class='sc'>September 27th., 1810.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The advance of Marshal Massena in the summer of 1810,
+was preceded by the proud but vain boast, that, in pursuance
+of the imperial orders, he would drive the English leopards
+into the sea, and plant the eagles on the tower of Lisbon.
+His first operations were attended with success. Ciudad
+Rodrigo surrendered to Marshal Ney on the 10th. of July.
+After the gallant but hazardous combat between the light
+division and the French advance on the 24th. of that month,
+they passed the Coa in overwhelming numbers, when the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>retrograde movement and concentration of the allies behind
+the Mondego immediately commenced. Almedia having surrendered
+on the 27th. of August, the allies were again
+withdrawn to their former positions. The French line of
+invasion was not finally indicated until the middle of September,
+when they commenced their advance into Portugal along the
+right bank of the Mondego. Lieutenant-General Viscount
+Wellington, notwithstanding their vastly superior numbers,
+determined to give them battle in the position of Busaco, a
+lofty and rugged sierra or mountain ridge, extending about
+eight miles in a northerly direction from the Mondego, and
+crossing their line of march.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the night of the 26th. of September, the combined
+British and Portuguese armies assembled in line on the precipitous
+sierra, named after the village and convent of Busaco.
+The second (Lieutenant-General Hill’s) division occupied the
+extreme right, guarding the declivities towards the Mondego;
+next to it the fifth (Major-General Leith’s) division; then
+the third division, having the first (Lieutenant-General Sir
+Brent Spencer’s) division on its left, occupying the highest
+part of the ridge; then the light (Brigadier-General Craufurd’s)
+division at the convent of Busaco; and the fourth (the Honourable
+Major-General Cole’s) division on the extreme left. In
+front, within cannon-shot and in full view of the British
+position, was assembled Massena’s army, seventy thousand
+strong, occupying the opposite range of mountains. The day
+passed over peaceably, but during the evening and night, small
+parties of skirmishers, passing up the dark ravines, attempted
+to establish themselves close to the British line, and kept all
+upon the alert.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The position of Busaco, although formidable from the
+steepness and rugged character of its face, was too extensive
+to be completely occupied by the twenty-five thousand British,
+and the same number of Portuguese troops, which formed the
+allied army, and there was an interval of about two miles
+between the left of the fifth and the right of the third
+division, which occupied the lowest and most accessible part
+of the position.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An hour before day, Lord Wellington went through the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>ranks on foot. He passed in comparative silence, for the
+English soldiers seldom indulge in those boisterous demonstrations
+of joy so common with the troops of other nations, and
+indeed rarely are known to hurrah, except when closing with
+the enemy; but wherever he was recognised, his presence
+was felt as the sure presage to another victory, to be gained
+by the men whom he had already led in so many fields of
+triumph. To be beaten when <i>he</i> commanded, seemed, in the
+opinion of his soldiers (which is no bad criterion to judge
+by) next to impossible.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At six in the morning of the 27th. of September, two
+desperate attacks were commenced upon the British position,
+the one on the right, the other on the left of the highest
+point of the sierra. The assault upon the right was made
+by two divisions of the second corps, on that part of the
+sierra occupied by the third division of infantry. One division
+of French infantry arrived at the top of the ridge, when it
+was attacked in the most gallant manner by the 88th.
+Connaught Rangers, under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Wallace, and the 45th., under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Meade, and by the 8th. Portuguese regiment, under
+the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas, directed by
+Major-General (afterwards Sir Thomas) Picton. These three
+corps advanced with the bayonet, and drove the enemy’s
+division from the advantageous ground it had obtained.
+The other division of the second corps attacked further on
+the right, by the road leading by St. Antonio di Cantaro,
+also in front of Major-General Picton’s division; but was repulsed
+before it could reach the top of the ridge, by the
+74th. Highlanders, under the command of the Honourable
+Lieutenant-Colonel French, and the brigade of Portuguese infantry,
+under Colonel Champelmond, directed by Colonel Henry
+Mac Kinnon; Major-General Leith also moved his left to support
+Major-General Picton, and aided in the defeat of the French
+in this post, by the third battalion of the Royals, and the
+first and second battalions of the 38th. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>His Lordship stated in his despatch, that he never witnessed
+a more gallant attack than that made by the 38th.,
+45th., and 8th. Portuguese regiment, on the enemy’s division,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>which had reached the ridge of the sierra. Major William
+Smith, of the 45th., was killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, on the left, the enemy attacked with three
+divisions of infantry, of the sixth corps, that part of the
+sierra occupied by the left division, commanded by Brigadier-General
+Craufurd, and by the brigade of Portuguese infantry,
+under Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir Denis) Pack. “One
+division of infantry,” wrote Viscount Wellington, “only made
+any progress towards the top of the hill, and they were
+immediately charged with the bayonet by Brigadier-General
+Craufurd with the 43rd, 52nd.,<a id='r39'></a><a href='#f39' class='c013'><sup>[39]</sup></a> and 95th. regiments, and the
+3rd. Caçadores, and driven down with immense loss.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Besides these attacks, the light troops of the two armies
+were engaged throughout the 27th. The loss sustained by
+the enemy was immense, two thousand being killed upon the
+field of battle, with a corresponding amount of wounded.
+Captain Lord Fitz Roy Somerset, (the late Lord Raglan,)
+Aide-de-Camp to the British Commander; Captain the Marquis
+of Tweeddale, of the 1st. Foot Guards, Deputy-Assistant
+Quartermaster-General; Major Charles Napier, of the first
+battalion 50th., (severely;) and Captain George Napier, of
+the first battalion 52nd., were amongst the wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Busaco</span> on the colours of the 1st., 5th., 9th., 38th., 43rd.,
+45th., 52nd., 74th., 83rd., 88th., and Rifle Brigade, commemorates
+this achievement.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>There is a charming episode related by Sir William Napier,
+of the orphan girl, which belongs to this battle:—“Meanwhile
+an affecting incident, contrasting strongly with the savage
+character of the preceding events, added to the interest of the
+day. A poor orphan Portuguese girl, about seventeen years
+of age, and very handsome, was seen coming down the
+mountain, and driving an ass loaded with all her property,
+through the midst of the French army. She had abandoned
+her dwelling in obedience to the proclamation, and now passed
+over the field of battle with childish simplicity, totally unconscious
+of her perilous situation, and scarcely understanding
+which were the hostile and which the friendly troops, for no
+man on either side was so brutal as to molest her.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following day there was some skirmishing on different
+points of the line, but the French, taught by experience to
+appreciate the strength of the position and the valour of its
+defenders, did not renew the assault. Towards evening their
+columns were seen in movement to their right, and their whole
+army was shortly on the march to turn the British left flank.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The allies then commenced their retreat, and before daylight
+on the 29th., the position of Busaco was evacuated, the
+divisions moving on their previously-arranged lines of retreat
+towards the lines of Torres Vedras. This stupendous line of
+entrenchments and fortifications, had by Viscount Wellington’s
+orders, been constructed, with admirable skill and immense
+labour, for the defence of Lisbon. The French general, who
+had followed the retreat through a wasted and deserted country,
+with the confident expectation that he was driving the British
+to their ships, found his progress arrested on the 10th. of
+October by this barrier, which he soon perceived to be impregnable,
+and which extended twenty-nine miles from the
+Tagus to the sea. Within the lines, supplies were abundant,
+and with the exception of some employment in strengthening
+the defensive works, amusements, exercises, and field sports
+of every attainable kind were the occupation of all ranks,
+who engaged in them as if no hostile interruption was to be
+apprehended. The allied army was at this time augmented
+by fresh regiments from England, and a sixth division of
+infantry added to it.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF BARROSA.<br> <span class='sc'>5th. March, 1811.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Wellington’s generals, like those under the illustrious
+Marlborough, did not often have the opportunity of fighting
+independent battles. What Wynendale was to Webb in
+Queen Anne’s reign, Almaraz was to Lord Hill, Albuhera to
+Lord Beresford, and Barrosa to Lieutenant-General Thomas
+Graham, (afterwards Lord Lynedoch,) who commanded the
+British forces in Cadiz at the above period. In consequence
+of Marshal Soult having proceeded into Estremadura, Marshal
+Victor was left to carry on the siege of Cadiz, and a combined
+attack on the rear of the blockading army at Chiclana was
+determined upon. Accordingly a British force of about three
+thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Graham, and a body
+of seven thousand troops, commanded by General Le Pena, were
+selected for this expedition. The forces having first proceeded
+to Gibraltar, afterwards disembarked at Algesiras, on the 23rd.
+of February, and being all united at Tarifa, marched thence
+on the 28th. of that month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Zayas pushed a strong body of Spanish troops across
+the river Santi Petri near the coast on the 1st. of March,
+threw a bridge over, and formed a <i>tête-de-pont</i>. This post was
+attacked by the enemy on the nights of the 3rd. and 4th. of
+March, who was repulsed, though the Spaniards sustained
+considerable loss. On the 5th. of March, 1811, Lieutenant-General
+Graham, and the army under his command, arrived
+on the low ridge of Barrosa, and gained a decisive victory
+over the French army, under Marshal Victor, composed of the
+two divisions of Generals Rufin and Laval.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The circumstances under which Lieutenant-General Graham
+found himself placed were such as compelled him to attack
+the very superior force, in point of numbers, of his opponents.
+The allied army, after a night march of sixteen hours from
+the camp near Veger, arrived on the morning of the 5th. at
+the low ridge of Barrosa, about four miles to the southward
+of the mouth of the Santi Petri river. This height extends
+inland about a mile and a half, continuing on the north the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>extensive heathy plain of Chiclana. A great pine-forest skirts
+the plain, and circles round the height at some distance, terminating
+down to Santi Petri, the intermediate space between
+the north side of the height and the forest being uneven and
+broken. A well-conducted and successful attack on the rear
+of the enemy’s lines near Santi Petri, by the vanguard of the
+Spaniards, under Brigadier-General Ladrizabel, opened the
+communication with the Isla de Leon, and Lieutenant-General
+Graham received General La Pena’s directions to move down
+from the position of Barrosa to that of the Torre de Bermeja,
+about half-way to the Santi Petri river, in order to secure
+the communication across the river, over which a bridge had
+been recently constructed. This latter position occupied a narrow
+woody ridge, the right on the sea cliff, the left falling
+down to the Almanza creek on the edge of the marsh. An
+easy communication between the western points of these two
+positions were kept up by a hard sandy beach. Lieutenant-General
+Graham, while on the march through the wood towards
+the Bermeja, received intelligence that the enemy had appeared
+in force on the plain of Chiclana, about fifty miles from Tarifa,
+and was advancing towards the heights of Barrosa.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This position being considered by the British general as the
+key to that of Santi Petri, he immediately countermarched in
+order to support the troops left for its defence, and the alacrity
+with which this manœuvre was executed, served as a favourable
+omen. It was, however, impossible in such intricate and
+difficult ground to preserve order in the columns, and time
+was never afforded to restore it entirely. Before the British
+could get quite disentangled from the wood, the troops on the
+Barrosa hill were seen returning from it, while the enemy’s
+left wing was rapidly ascending. His right wing at the same
+time stood on the plain, on the edge of the wood, within
+cannon-shot. A retreat in the face of such a foe, already
+within reach of the easy communication by the sea-beach, must
+have involved the whole allied army in all the danger of
+being attacked during the unavoidable confusion of the different
+corps arriving nearly at the same time on the narrow ridge
+of the Bermeja.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Graham relying on the heroism of British
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>troops, and regardless of the number and position of the enemy,
+determined on an immediate attack. Major Duncan soon opened
+a powerful battery of ten guns in the centre. Brigadier-General
+Dilkes with the brigade of Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Browne’s (of the 28th.) flank battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Norcott’s two companies of the second Rifle corps, and Major
+Acheson with a part of the 67th. Foot, (separated from the
+regiment in the wood,) formed on the right. Colonel Wheatley’s
+brigade, with three companies of the Coldstream Guards, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson, (separated likewise from his battalion
+in the wood,) and Lieutenant-Colonel Barnard’s flank
+battalion, formed on the left.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As soon as the infantry was thus hastily got together, the
+guns advanced to a more favourable position, and kept up a
+most destructive fire. The right wing proceeded to the attack
+of General Rufin’s division on the hill, while Lieutenant-Colonel
+Barnard’s battalion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bushe’s
+detachment of the 20th. Portuguese, were warmly engaged
+with the enemy’s tirailleurs on the left.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Laval’s division, notwithstanding the havoc made by
+Major Duncan’s battery, continued to advance in very imposing
+masses, opened his fire of musketry, and was only checked by
+that of the left wing. The left wing now advanced firing; a
+most determined charge by three companies of the Guards and
+the 87th. regiment, supported by all the remainder of the wing,
+decided the defeat of General Laval’s division. The eagle of
+the 8th. regiment of light infantry, which suffered immensely,
+and a howitzer, rewarded this charge, and remained in possession
+of Major Gough, (afterwards General Viscount Gough), of the
+87th. regiment.<a id='r40'></a><a href='#f40' class='c013'><sup>[40]</sup></a> These attacks were zealously supported by
+Colonel Belson, with the 28th. foot, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Prevost with a part of the 67th. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A reserve formed beyond the narrow valley, across which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>the enemy was closely pursued, next shared a similar fate,
+and was routed by the same means. Meanwhile the right
+wing was not less successful; the French, confident of success,
+met Brigadier-General Dilkes on the ascent of the hill, and
+the contest was sanguinary: but the undaunted perseverance
+of the brigade of Guards, of Lieutenant-Colonel Browne’s battalion,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel Norcott’s and Major Acheson’s
+detachment, overcame every obstacle, and General Rufin’s division
+was driven from the heights in confusion, leaving two
+pieces of cannon in the hands of the victors.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In less than an hour and a half from the commencement
+of the action, the enemy was in full retreat. The retiring
+division met, halted, and seemed inclined to form; but a new
+and more advanced position of the British artillery quickly
+dispersed it. The exhausted state of the troops rendered
+pursuit impossible, and a position was occupied on the eastern
+side of the hill. When the conflict had ceased, Lieutenant-General
+Graham remained on the field of battle; but the
+Spanish general, La Pena, who had looked on while this
+obstinate battle was fought, did not seize the favourable
+opportunity which the valour of the British troops had put
+into his hands, of striking a severe blow at the remains of
+the French army retreating in disorder. The inactivity of the
+Spaniards continuing, the British proceeded on the following
+day to Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Among the prisoners were the General of Division Rufin,
+the General of Brigade Rousseau,<a id='r41'></a><a href='#f41' class='c013'><sup>[41]</sup></a> the latter being mortally
+wounded; the Chief of the Staff, General Bellegarde; an aidede-camp
+of Marshal Victor; the Colonel of the 8th. regiment
+and several other officers. The prisoners amounted to two
+general officers, one field officer, nine captains, eight subalterns,
+and four hundred and twenty rank and file. The enemy lost
+about three thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
+and six pieces of cannon were captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament unanimously voted their thanks
+to Lieutenant-General Graham, and the officers and men under
+his command, for his victory.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following corps were engaged in this battle:—2nd.
+Hussars, King’s German Legion; Loyal Artillery; Royal Engineers;
+1st. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion; Coldstream Guards,
+2nd. battalion; 3rd. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion; 9th. Foot,
+1st. battalion, (flank companies;) 28th. Foot, 1st. battalion;
+47th. Foot, 2nd battalion, (flank companies;) 67th. Foot, 2nd
+battalion; 82nd. Foot, 2nd. battalion, (flank companies;) 87th.
+Foot, 2nd. battalion; Rifle Brigade, 2nd. and 3rd. battalions;
+20th. Portuguese Regiment; and one company of the Royal
+Staff Corps.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Barrosa.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>The medal for this battle was similar to that granted for
+the victories commencing with Roleia, and the following
+Memorandum, dated Horse Guards, November, 1811, was published
+in the “London Gazette”:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The Prince Regent having been graciously pleased, in the
+name and on behalf of His Majesty, to command that, in
+commemoration of the brilliant victory obtained over the enemy
+by a division of His Majesty’s army, under the command of
+Lieutenant-General Graham, at Barrosa, on the 5th. of March,
+1811, the undermentioned officers of the army, present upon
+that occasion, should enjoy the privilege of bearing a Medal,
+and His Royal Highness having approved of the medal which
+has been struck, is pleased to command, that it should be
+worn by the General Officers, suspended by a ribbon, of the
+colour of the sash, with a blue edge, round the neck, and by
+the Commanding Officers of corps and detachments, and the
+Chiefs of Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the
+same colour to the button-hole of their uniform:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Thomas Graham; Major-General William
+Thomas Dilkes; Colonel William Wheatley, 1st. Foot Guards;
+Lieutenant-Colonels Charles P. Belson, 28th. Foot, William
+Augustus Prevost, 67th. regiment, The Hon. T. Cranley Onslow,
+3rd. Foot Guards, Andrew F. Barnard, 95th. Rifle regiment,
+John Macdonald, Deputy Adjutant-General, Edward Sebright,
+1st. Foot Guards, John Frederick Brown, 28th. regiment, Amos
+Godsill Norcott, 95th. Rifle regiment, The Hon. Charles M.
+Cathcart, Deputy Quartermaster-General, Richard Bushe, 20th.
+Portuguese regiment, Alexander Duncan, Royal Artillery, and
+Hugh Gough, 87th. regiment; and Major A. F. Baron Bussche,
+2nd. Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By the command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent,
+in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in28'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Henry Torrens</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel and Military Secretary.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF FUENTES D’ONOR.<br> <span class='sc'>5th. May, 1811.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>At this period the sixth division of the British army had
+invested Almeida, and a force of British and Portuguese, under
+Marshal Beresford, was employed in the Alentejo and Spanish
+Estremadura, which compelled the enemy to abandon Campo
+Mayor. Olivenza was next besieged by Marshal Beresford, and
+retaken on the 15th. of April, 1811, after which he broke
+ground before Badajoz.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Massena had reached Ciudad Rodrigo on the 25th.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>of April, and having concentrated his forces, crossed the Agueda
+at that place on the 2nd. of May, and advanced towards the
+allied army, posted between that river and the Coa, in order
+to blockade Almeida, which place, it was ascertained, was but
+ill supplied with provisions for its garrison. Upon the approach
+of the French, the British light division and cavalry fell back
+upon Fuentes d’Onor, where three other divisions were posted,
+and in which position Viscount Wellington determined to receive
+the attack of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The village of Fuentes d’Onor, (Fountain of Honor,) is
+situated on low ground, at the bottom of a ravine, with an
+old chapel and some buildings on a craggy eminence, which
+overhang one end. Shortly after the enemy had formed on
+the ground, on the right of the Duas Casas, in the afternoon
+of the 3rd., they attacked the village with a large force, which
+was gallantly defended by Lieutenant-Colonel Williams, of the
+fifth battalion of the 60th. regiment, in command of the light
+infantry battalions, belonging to Major-General Picton’s division,
+supported by the light infantry battalion in Major-General
+Nightingall’s brigade, commanded by Major (afterwards Sir
+Robert) Dick, and the light infantry battalion in Major-General
+Howard’s brigade, commanded by Major Archibald M‘Donnell, of
+the 92nd. regiment, and the light infantry battalion of the King’s
+German Legion, commanded by Major Charles Aly, of the fifth
+battalion of the Line, and by the second battalion of the 83rd.
+regiment, under Major Henry William Carr.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These troops maintained their position, but the British
+commander seeing the repeated efforts which were made to obtain
+possession of the village, and being fully aware of the advantage
+the enemy would derive therefrom in their subsequent operations,
+the place was reinforced successively by the 71st., under
+the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan, and the 79th.
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, and the 24th. under Major
+Chamberlaine. The former, at the head of the 71st., charged the
+French, and drove them from the part of the village of which
+they had obtained momentary possession. About this time
+Lieutenant-Colonel Williams was wounded, and the command
+devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, of the 79th. regiment.
+The contest continued until night, when the British Troops
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>remained in possession of the whole. The light infantry battalions
+and the 83rd. regiments were subsequently withdrawn, leaving
+only the 71st. and 79th. regiments in the village, with the second
+battalion of the 24th to support them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the 4th. of May the enemy reconnoitred the positions
+which the British had occupied on the Duas Casas river, and that
+night General Junot’s corps was moved from Almeida to the left
+of the position occupied by the sixth corps, opposite to Fuentes
+d’Onor. From the course of the reconnoissance it was considered
+that an attempt would be made to obtain possession of that place,
+and of the ground occupied by the troops behind the village, by
+crossing the Duas Casas at Poza Velho, and in the evening the
+seventh division, under Major-General Houstoun, was moved to
+the right, in order to protect, if possible, that passage.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of Sunday, the 5th. of May, the eighth corps
+appeared in two columns, with all the cavalry on the opposite side
+of the valley of the Duas Casas to Poza Velho; and as the sixth
+and ninth corps also made a movement to their left, the light
+division, which had been brought back from the neighbourhood
+of Almeida, was sent with the cavalry, under Lieutenant-General
+Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., (afterwards Field-Marshal Viscount
+Combermere, G.C.B.) to support Major-General Houstoun, while
+the first and third divisions made a movement to their right,
+along the ridge between the Turon and Duas Casas rivers, corresponding
+to that of the sixth and ninth corps, on the right
+of the latter river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Houstoun’s advanced guard, consisting of the
+85th., under Major M‘Intosh, and the 2nd Portuguese Caçadores,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Nixon, was attacked by the eighth
+corps, and compelled to retire, which was done in good order,
+although with some loss. The eighth corps being thus established
+in Poza Velho, the enemy’s cavalry turned the right of the seventh
+division between that place and Nave d’Aver, and charged.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The charge of the advanced guard of the French cavalry was
+met by two or three squadrons of the different regiments of
+British Dragoons, and the enemy was driven back, Colonel La
+Motte, of the 13th. Chasseurs, and some prisoners being taken.
+The main body was checked, and obliged to retire, by the fire of
+Major-General Houstoun’s division, the Chasseurs Britanniques
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>and a detachment of the Duke of Brunswick’s Light Infantry
+behaving in the most steady manner. Notwithstanding the
+repulse of this charge, Viscount Wellington determined to concentrate
+his force towards the left, and to move the seventh light
+and the other two divisions, and the cavalry from Poza Velho
+towards Fuentes d’Onor. The former place and neighbourhood
+had been occupied in the hope of maintaining the communication
+across the Coa by Sabugal, as well as to provide for the blockade,
+which objects, it became obvious, were incompatible with each
+other, and that which was deemed the least important was abandoned;
+the light division was placed in reserve in the rear of the
+left of the first, and the seventh on some commanding ground
+beyond the Turon, which protected the right flank and rear of the
+first division, besides covering the communication with the Coa,
+and prevented that of the French with Almeida by the roads
+between the Turon and that river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon this occasion the movement of the troops, although
+under very critical circumstances, was well conducted by Major-General
+Houstoun, Brigadier-General Craufurd, and Lieutenant-General
+Sir Stapleton Cotton. The seventh division was covered
+in its passage of the Turon by the light, under Brigadier-General
+Craufurd, and this last, in its march to join the first
+division, by the British cavalry. The British position thus
+extended on the high ground from the Turon to the Duas
+Casas. The seventh division on the left of the former, covered
+the rear of the right; the first division, in two lines, was
+on the right; Colonel Ashworth’s brigade, in two lines, in the
+centre; and the third division, in two lines, on the left. The
+light division and British cavalry in reserve; and the village
+of Fuentes d’Onor in front of the left. Don Julian’s infantry
+joined the seventh division in Frenada, and he was sent with
+his cavalry to endeavour to interrupt the enemy’s communication
+with Ciudad Rodrigo. The efforts on the right part of the
+British position, after it was occupied as above described, were
+confined to a cannonade, and to some cavalry charges upon
+the advanced posts.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One of these was repulsed by the pickets of the first division,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Hill, of the 3rd. regiment of Guards;
+but as they were falling back, they did not see the direction
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>of another in sufficient time to oppose it, and the Lieutenant-Colonel
+was taken prisoner, many men were wounded and some
+captured, before a detachment of the British cavalry could
+move up to their support. The second battalion of the 42nd.,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Blantyre, also repulsed a charge
+of the cavalry directed against them. They likewise attempted
+to push a body of light infantry down the ravine of the Turon
+to the right of the first division, which was repulsed by the light
+infantry of the Guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel Guise, aided
+by five companies of the 95th., under Captain O’Hara.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Throughout this day the enemy’s principal effort was again
+directed against Fuentes d’Onor, and notwithstanding that the
+whole of the sixth corps was at different periods employed to
+attack this village, the French were never able to gain more than
+a temporary possession. It was defended by the 24th., 71st., and
+79th. regiments, under the command of Colonel Cameron; these
+troops were supported by the light infantry battalions in the
+third division, commanded by Major Woodgate; the light
+infantry battalions in the first division, commanded by Majors
+Dick, M‘Donnell, and Aly; the 6th. Portuguese Caçadores,
+commanded by Major Pinto; by the light companies in Colonel
+Champelmond’s Portuguese brigade, under Colonel Sutton; and
+those in Colonel Ashworth’s Portuguese brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pynn; and by the pickets of the third division,
+under the command of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Trench. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron was severely wounded in
+the afternoon, and the command in the village devolved upon the
+Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In addition to the foregoing, the troops in Fuentes d’Onor were
+supported, when pressed by the enemy, by the 74th. regiment,
+under Major Russell Manners, and the 88th. Connaught Rangers,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, belonging to Colonel Mac
+Kinnon’s brigade; on one of these occasions the 88th., with the
+71st. and 79th., under the command of Colonel Mac Kinnon,
+charged the enemy, and drove them through the village.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This prolonged contest again lasted in this quarter until night,
+when the British still held their post, and from that time there
+was no fresh attempt made on any part of their position.
+Although the actions were partial, yet they were very severe, and
+the casualties were also. The enemy had a great superiority of
+force, and their loss was likewise great; they left four hundred
+killed in the village of Fuentes d’Onor.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged at <span class='sc'>Fuentes d’Onor</span>:—14th.
+and 16th. Light Dragoons; the 24th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th.,
+52nd., 60th., 71st., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 85th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle
+Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 8th. of May the enemy retired to the woods between
+Espeja, Gallegos, and Fuentes d’Onor, in which position the
+whole army was collected by the following day, with the exception
+of that part of the second corps which continued opposite
+Almeida; but during the night of the 9th. the whole broke up
+and retired across the Azava, covering their retreat by their
+numerous cavalry, and on the following day the whole crossed the
+Agueda, leaving Almeida to its fate.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>The customary medal was granted for the above battles, the
+pattern being like that for the other actions in the Peninsula.
+The following letter from Viscount Wellington to the Earl of
+Liverpool, dated July 11th., 1811, gives his views regarding
+the distribution of medals:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“I have had the honour of receiving your Lordship’s letter of
+the 22nd of June, in which your Lordships desires to have my
+opinion as to the restrictions which it may be expedient to put
+upon the grant of medals to British officers, for distinguished
+merit displayed upon such occasions as the battles of Vimeiro,
+Corunna, Talavera, and Barrosa.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“My opinion has always been, that the grant of a medal to an
+individual officer ought to have been founded originally, partly on
+the importance of the occasion or action which it was intended to
+commemorate, and partly on the share which the individual
+officer had had in the action to be commemorated; and that
+medals should have been granted for important actions only, and
+to those engaged in them in a conspicuous manner, whatever
+might be their rank in the service. It was decided, however, that
+medals should be granted on the same principle only, but following
+strictly the example of the grant of medals to the navy, notwithstanding
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>that an action on shore is very different from an
+action at sea; and the merit of the different classes of
+individuals is likewise entirely different. At the same time, this
+principle was departed from in some of the grants made.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“If the principle adopted in the grant of medals to the navy is
+adhered to in the grant of medals to officers of the army, and that
+medals, to be granted to general officers, and Lieutenant-Colonels
+commanding regiments, on an occasion to be commemorated,
+because, on a similar occasion, they would be granted to Admirals
+and Captains of ships of the line, it is difficult to restrict the grant
+or make a selection of officers to whom they should be granted to
+commemorate the battles at Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if
+government determine that these actions should be commemorated
+in that manner. If, however, that principle is departed from, it is
+not difficult to make out a list of the names of officers already
+reported to your Lordship, who were at the head of corps or
+detachments upon these occasions, and who had a conspicuous
+share in the event which it is the intention of the government to
+commemorate in this manner. It is not probable, however, that
+the adoption of this principle will decrease the number of those
+to whom the honour would be granted; but, as I have already
+represented to your Lordship, I don’t think this important; that
+which is important in the establishment of the principle on which
+the grant of this honour should be made, is that every officer
+should feel that he shall receive the mark of distinction, if he
+should be in the place to distinguish himself, and should act in
+the manner to deserve to be distinguished, whatever may be his
+military rank. It may be contended for by me, that the officers
+of the British army don’t require an honour of this description to
+stimulate their exertions, and that the grant of the medal is therefore
+useless; but, however, those who contend for this principle
+must admit that a selection of those who have had an opportunity
+of distinguishing themselves in an action is a less objectionable
+mode of granting it than the grant of it by classes, whether the
+individuals composing those classes have distinguished themselves
+or not.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“I have now the honour to enclose lists of the names of the
+officers who, on the principle of selection, ought, in my opinion,
+to receive medals for the battles of Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if
+government think proper to distinguish these battles by medals.
+In respect to the battle of Albuhera, I was not there, and I am
+not able to give an opinion upon it. One brigade of the fourth
+division of infantry, however, was not in the action, nor Brigadier-General
+Madden’s brigade of cavalry. The brunt of the action
+was on the right; but some of the corps of infantry, I believe, and
+certainly General Otway’s brigade of cavalry, on the left, were
+not engaged. At all events, these troops were not engaged, as far
+as I understand, in a greater degree than the whole army were at
+Busaco, and every corps on the field at Fuentes d’ Onor.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“I mention these circumstances only to point out to your Lordship,
+that in every action on shore, however severe, there must be
+some to whose lot it does not fall to have an opportunity to distinguish
+themselves; and that the principle of selection, without
+reference to ranks, ought to be adopted in every instance of the
+grant of medals to the army.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALBUHERA.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. May, 1811.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Early in May the first siege of Badajoz was commenced by the
+British, and whilst the operations against that fortress were in
+progress, Marshal Soult quitted Seville, and advanced to its relief.
+The portion<a id='r42'></a><a href='#f42' class='c013'><sup>[42]</sup></a> of the allied army under Marshal Sir William
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>Beresford, moved forward to meet him, and took up a position in
+front of Albuhera.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At nine o’clock in the morning of the 16th. of May, the
+enemy commenced his attack, and after a strong and gallant
+resistance by the Spanish troops, he gained the heights upon
+which they had been formed; meanwhile the division of the
+Honourable Major-General William Stewart had been moved up
+to support them, and that of Major-General Hamilton brought to the left of the Spanish line, and formed in contiguous close
+columns of battalions, to be available in any direction. The
+Portuguese brigade of cavalry, under Brigadier-General Otway,
+remained at some distance on the left, to check any attempt that
+might be made below the village.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Nearly at the commencement of the battle a heavy storm of
+rain came on, which with the smoke from the firing, rendered it
+impossible to discern anything distinctly. This, with the nature
+of the ground, had been extremely favourable to the attacking
+columns. The right brigade of Major-General Stewart’s division,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne, (now Field-Marshal Lord
+Seaton,) first came into action, and behaved in the most gallant
+manner, and, finding that the enemy’s column could not be shaken
+by fire, proceeded to attack it with the bayonet; while thus in
+the act of charging, a body of Polish lancers, which the thickness
+of the atmosphere and the nature of the ground had concealed,
+(and which was, besides, mistaken by those of the brigade when
+discovered for Spanish cavalry, and therefore not fired upon,)
+turned it, and being thus attacked unexpectedly in the rear, was
+unfortunately broken, and suffered immensely. The second
+battalion of the 31st. regiment, under the command of Major
+L’Estrange, alone held its ground against all the <i>colonnes en masse</i>,
+until the arrival of the third brigade under Major-General Hoghton.
+The conduct of this brigade was most conspicuously gallant, and
+that of the second brigade, under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Abercromby, was not less so. Major-General Hoghton,
+cheering on his men to the charge, fell pierced with wounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Although the principal attack was on this point of the right
+a continual attempt was also made upon that part of the original
+front at the village and bridge, which were defended in the most
+gallant manner by Major-General Baron Alten, and the light
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>infantry brigade of the German Legion, whose conduct, in every
+point of view, was reported as “conspicuously good.” The
+enemy’s cavalry, on his infantry attempting to force the right,
+had endeavoured to turn it; but the able manœuvres of Major-General
+the Honourable William Lumley, commanding the
+allied cavalry, though vastly inferior in point of numbers, foiled
+the design. Major-General the Honourable George Lowry Cole,
+seeing the attack, very judiciously brought up his left a little,
+marched in line to attack the enemy’s left, and arrived most
+opportunely to contribute, with the charges of the brigades of
+Major-General Stewart’s division, to force the enemy to abandon
+his situation, and retire precipitately, and to take refuge under
+his reserve. Here the Fusilier brigade, consisting of two battalions
+of the 7th. and one of the 23rd. Fusiliers, immortalized itself.<a id='r43'></a><a href='#f43' class='c013'><sup>[43]</sup></a>
+So numerous were the casualties, that Captain Stainforth’s company
+of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, was commanded, at the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>close of the action, by Corporal Thomas Robinson. The enemy
+was pursued by the Allies to a considerable distance, and as far
+as it was considered prudent, with his immense superiority of
+cavalry, and Marshal Beresford contented himself with seeing
+him driven across the Albuhera.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Commencing at nine o’clock, the battle continued without
+interruption until two in the afternoon, when the enemy having
+been driven over the Albuhera, for the remainder of the day
+there was but cannonading and skirmishing.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was observed during this sanguinary battle, that the British
+dead, particularly the 57th. regiment, were lying as they fought,
+in ranks, and every wound was in the front. This corps here
+gained the name of the <i>Die-hards</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On this memorable day the loss was very severe, but the
+French casualties were still greater. About two thousand dead
+were left by them on the field, and nearly a thousand prisoners
+were taken. Five of their generals were killed and wounded.
+The British had Major-General Hoghton, thirty-three officers,
+thirty-three sergeants, four drummers, and nine hundred and
+seventeen rank and file killed.<a id='r44'></a><a href='#f44' class='c013'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Amongst the instances of the defence and preservation of the
+colours, the following are remarkable, and more especially that of
+the 3rd., Buffs, for which a medal was struck. In the accounts of
+the time, Ensign Walsh, of the 3rd. Foot, was reported to have
+prevented the colour of the regiment from being taken by tearing,
+when the staff of the colour was broken by a cannon ball, the
+colour off and concealing it in his bosom. This statement misled
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>the then Chancellor of the Exchequer when he moved a vote of
+thanks to the army, on the 7th. of June following, for its gallantry
+in this sanguinary battle. The honour, however, was due to
+Lieutenant Latham, who preserved the regimental colour from
+falling into the enemy’s hands in the following gallant manner:—While
+the Buffs were engaged with the French infantry, they
+were attacked in the rear by a large force of French and Polish
+cavalry. Ensign Thomas, who carried the second, or regimental
+colour, was called upon to surrender; but he replied that could
+only be with his life. He fell, mortally wounded, a victim to his
+bravery, and the colour was captured. The first, or the king’s
+colour, was carried by Ensign Walsh; the sergeants who protected
+it had fallen in its defence, and this officer was pursued by several
+Polish lancers. Lieutenant Latham saw the danger of the colour
+being borne in triumph from the field by the enemy; his soul
+was alive to the honour of his corps, and he ran forward to protect
+it. Ensign Walsh was surrounded, wounded, and taken
+prisoner; but Lieutenant Latham arrived at the spot in time to
+seize the colour, which he defended with heroic gallantry. Environed
+by a crowd of assailants, each emulous of the honour of
+its capture, and his body bleeding from wounds, Lieutenant
+Latham clung with energetic tenacity to his precious charge,
+defended himself with his sword, and refused to yield. A French
+hussar, seizing the flag-staff, and raising in his stirrups, aimed at
+the head of the gallant Latham a blow which failed in cutting
+him down, but which sadly mutilated him, severing one side of
+the face and nose. Although thus severely wounded, his resolute
+spirit did not shrink, but he sternly and vigorously continued to
+struggle with the French horsemen, and, as they endeavoured to
+drag the colour from him, he exclaimed, “I will surrender it only
+with my life.” A second sabre stroke severed his left arm and
+hand, in which he held the staff, from his body. He then dropped
+his sword, and, seizing the staff with his right hand, continued to
+struggle with his opponents until he was thrown down, trampled
+upon, and pierced with lances; but the number of his adversaries,
+impeded their efforts to destroy him, and that moment the British
+cavalry came up and the French troopers fled. Lieutenant Latham,
+although desperately wounded, was so intent on preserving the
+colour, that he exerted the little strength he had left to remove it
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>from the staff and to conceal it under him. The Fusilier brigade
+advanced, and, by a gallant effort, changed the fortune of the day.
+Sergeant Gough, of the first battalion of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers,
+found the colour under Lieutenant Latham, who lay apparently
+dead. The colour, for which so desperate a struggle had been
+maintained, was restored to the Buffs, and the sergeant was
+rewarded with a commission, being, in consequence of his
+gallant conduct, appointed ensign in the 2nd. West India
+Regiment, on the 14th. of November, 1811. After lying
+some time on the ground in a state of insensibility, Lieutenant
+Latham revived and crawled towards the river, where he
+was found endeavouring to quench his thirst. He was removed
+to the convent, his wounds dressed, and the stump of his arm
+amputated: he ultimately recovered. Ensign Walsh escaped
+from the enemy soon after he had been made prisoner. When
+recovered of his wounds, he joined his regiment, and made known
+the circumstance of the colour having been thus preserved by
+Lieutenant Latham. The officers of the Buffs, with a readiness
+which reflected great honour on the corps, subscribed one hundred
+guineas for the purchase of a gold medal, on which the preservation
+of the colour by Lieutenant Latham was represented in high
+relief, with the motto, “I will surrender it only with my life.”
+Application was made to His Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief,
+by General Leigh, then Colonel of the 3rd. Foot, or the
+Buffs, for the royal authority for Lieutenant Latham to receive
+and wear the medal, which was granted, in a letter dated Horse
+Guards, 4th. January, 1813. The medal was presented to this
+gallant officer at Reading, on the 12th. of August following. An
+operation was performed in 1815, by the celebrated surgeon,
+Mr. Carpue, assisted by Assistant John Morrison, M.D., of the
+Buffs, to repair the mutilation of Captain Latham’s face, at the
+suggestion of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, who kindly
+defrayed the expense of the operation and cure. Captain Latham
+received, by authority of the royal warrant, a pension of one
+hundred pounds a year, in consequence of the loss of his left arm,
+and a further annual pension of seventy pounds on account of
+his other severe wounds. He continued to serve in the 3rd.
+regiment until the 20th. of April, 1820, when he exchanged to
+half-pay, receiving the regulated difference.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Ensign James Jackson carried the regimental colour of the
+57th. at Albuhera. Soon after the action commenced, the officer
+with the king’s colour was severely wounded, and the colour fell
+to the ground, when Ensign Jackson immediately directed one of
+the non-commissioned officers to pick it up, and taking it from
+him, gave the regimental colour to the sergeant, which he retained
+until an officer was brought to take charge of it. The king’s
+colour, which Ensign Jackson carried, received thirty balls
+through it, and two others broke the pole and carried away the
+top. Nine balls passed through his clothes, of which four
+wounded—one through the body. During the greatest part of
+the battle the hostile lines were less than one hundred yards
+from each other. Brevet-Major James Jackson was placed on
+retired full pay as captain, 57th. regiment, on the 25th. of June,
+1841, and was promoted to the brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel
+on the 28th. of November, 1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult retired after the battle to the ground he had
+been previously on, and during the night of the 17th. he commenced
+his retreat towards Seville, leaving Badajoz to its fate.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Albuhera.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>The medal for the battle of Albuhera was the same as that
+conferred for other actions of this period, and of which an illustration
+is given for Talavera; but there appears also to have been
+one awarded by the Spanish monarch, for in a letter, dated
+Gonesse, 2nd. July, 1815, addressed to Marshal Lord Beresford,
+G.C.B., the Duke of Wellington wrote, “You should recommend
+for the Spanish medal for Albuhera, according to the rules laid
+down by the King of Spain, for the grant of it. I think it should
+be given only to those who were there, and actually engaged.”
+When the silver war medal was authorized, it is almost superfluous
+to state that a bar was granted for this victory.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF JAVA.<br> <span class='sc'>August and September, 1811.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The British government resolved to complete its dominion
+in the East, by the conquest of the island of Java, of which
+the Dutch had held undisturbed possession for more than one
+hundred years. The extent of the island,—six hundred and
+forty miles long, and about a hundred broad; the luxuriant
+and fertile character of the soil, the mountain districts yielding
+the vegetables and grain of Europe, and the plains the delicious
+fruits and other vegetable productions of the East in abundance,
+without the necessity of laborious tillage, and to so great an
+extent, as to occasion it to be sometimes called the granary
+of the East; rendered the island of Java a valuable acquisition
+to the United Provinces, and its principle city, Batavia, was
+the capital of the Dutch settlements in the East Indies. Holland
+having become a part of that empire which Napoleon
+was forming to prepare the way for universal dominion, it
+became necessary to deprive the Dutch of this large and fertile
+island.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Minto, the Governor-General of India, planned the expedition,
+and in order to carry out his idea, gave orders for
+the collection of a number of troops at Madras. The squadron
+was placed under Rear-Admiral the Honourable Robert Stopford,
+and the land forces were commanded by Lieutenant-General
+Sir Samuel Auchmuty; whilst his lordship determined
+to accompany the armament.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A landing was effected on the 4th. of August, 1811, at
+Chillingching, within twelve miles east of Batavia, which was
+taken possession of on the 8th. of that month without opposition.
+The possession of Batavia was of the utmost importance.
+Although large storehouses of public property were burnt previous
+to the retreat of the enemy, and every effort made to
+destroy the remainder, some valuable granaries and other stores
+were preserved. During the night of the 8th. a feeble attempt
+was made by the enemy to cut off a small guard, which had
+been sent for the security of the place; but the troops of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>advance had reinforced the party early in the evening, and
+the attack was repulsed. The advance under Colonel (afterwards
+Major-General Sir Robert Rollo) Gillespie occupied the
+city on the 9th. of August.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. a sharp affair took place with the <i>élite</i> of
+General Jansen’s army; the British had advanced from Batavia,
+and found three thousand select men of the Gallo-Batavian troops
+in a strong position at Weltervreeden, defended by <i>abattis</i>; this
+post was stormed and carried at the point of the bayonet by
+the troops under Colonel Gillespie, many of the enemy being
+killed, and their guns captured; the remainder retreated to
+the entrenched position at Cornelis, between the great river
+Jacatra and the deep aqueduct of Slokan, neither of which was
+fordable. In this affair the grenadier company of the 78th.,
+and the detachment of the 89th. regiment, were particularly
+distinguished in charging and capturing their adversaries’ artillery.
+The British loss was trifling compared with that of
+their opponents, which was estimated at about five hundred
+men, with Brigadier-General Alberti dangerously wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Although success had thus attended the British troops, further
+progress became extremely difficult, and somewhat doubtful.
+The position of the foe was extremely formidable. Seven
+redoubts, and many batteries, mounted with heavy cannon,
+occupied the most commanding ground within the lines, the
+whole of the works being defended by a numerous and well-organized
+artillery. As the season was too far advanced,
+the heat so violent, and the number of troops insufficient
+to admit of regular approaches, the only alternative was to
+attempt to carry the works by assault, and in aid of this
+design, some batteries were erected for the purpose of disabling
+the principal redoubt; a heavy fire was kept up by the
+British for two days, from twenty eighteen-pounders and eight
+mortars and howitzers. Their execution was great, and although
+answered at the commencement of each day by a far more
+numerous artillery, the nearest batteries were daily silenced,
+and every part of the position was considerably disturbed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At dawn on the 26th. of August, the assault on Cornelis
+was made. To Colonel Gillespie, a gallant and experienced
+officer, the attack was entrusted. He had the infantry of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>advance and the grenadiers of the line with him, and was
+supported by Colonel Gibbs, with the 59th. regiment and the
+fourth battalion of Bengal Volunteers. They were intended,
+if possible, to surprise the redoubt, No. 3, constructed beyond
+the Slokan, to endeavour to cross the bridge over that stream
+with the fugitives, and then to assault the redoubts within the
+lines, Colonel Gillespie attacking those to the left, and Colonel
+Gibbs to the right. Lieutenant-Colonel William Macleod,
+with six companies of the 69th., was directed to follow a path
+on the bank of the great river, and when the attack had
+commenced on the Slokan, to endeavour to possess himself of
+the left redoubt, No. 2. Major Tule, with the flank corps of
+the reserve, reinforced by two troops of cavalry, four guns of
+horse artillery, two companies of the 69th. and the grenadiers
+of the reserve, was to attack the corps at Campong Maylayo,
+on the west of the great river, and endeavour to cross the
+bridge at that post.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The remainder of the army, under Major-General (afterwards
+General Sir Frederick) Wetherall, was at the batteries, where
+a column under Colonel Wood, consisting of the 78th. regiment
+and the fifth volunteer battalion, was directed to advance
+against the enemy in front, and at a favourable moment,
+when aided by the other attacks, to force his way, if practicable,
+and open the position for the line. General Jansens
+was fully prepared for the conflict, and was in the redoubts
+when it commenced. After a long detour through a close
+and intricate country, Colonel Gillespie came on the enemy’s
+advance, routed it in an instant, and, under a heavy fire of
+grape and musketry, rapidly possessed himself of the advanced
+redoubt, No. 3. Passing the bridges with the fugitives, under
+a tremendous fire, he assaulted and carried with the bayonet
+the redoubt No. 4, after a very obstinate resistance. Here
+the two divisions of the columns separated. Colonel Gibbs
+turned to the right, and with the 59th. and a portion of the
+78th., which had now forced their way in front, carried the
+redoubt No. 1. At the instant of its capture an explosion of
+the magazine occurred, which destroyed a number of officers
+and men who were crowded on its ramparts, which the foe
+had abandoned. The redoubt No. 2, against which Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>William Macleod’s (69th. Foot) attack was directed, was
+carried in equally gallant style, but that officer fell in the moment
+of victory. The front of the position being thus open,
+the assailants rushed in from every quarter.<a id='r45'></a><a href='#f45' class='c013'><sup>[45]</sup></a> The cavalry,
+towards the rear, and horse artillery forced a passage through
+the lines, the fort of Cornelis was carried, and the British
+were triumphant at every point. Nearly two thousand of the
+enemy were killed, and about five thousand prisoners were
+taken, including three general officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Jansens, with about fifty horse, the remnant of his
+army of ten thousand men, escaped into the interior, where,
+having collected a small force, he made a feeble attempt
+at further resistance, which resulted in the surrender of himself
+and his troops in September, with the island of Java
+and its dependencies, to the British arms. This valuable
+island was annexed to the dominions of the British crown,
+but was restored to Holland at the termination of the war,
+by the treaty of Vienna, in 1814.<a id='r46'></a><a href='#f46' class='c013'><sup>[46]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. regiments were present
+at the capture of Java.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Java.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>The medal which was conferred for this success was the
+same as that granted for the Peninsula victories, and was
+similarly distributed. When the general silver medal was
+subsequently authorized for the several services specified at
+page <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, the word <span class='sc'>Java</span> was inscribed on one of the bars, as
+was done for the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF CIUDAD RODRIGO.<br> <span class='sc'>January, 1812.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>As soon as the troops had recovered from their sickness and
+fatigue, Viscount Wellington determined the siege of Ciudad
+Rodrigo, which place was approached on the 8th. of January,
+1812. It was not, however, regularly invested, for the light
+division only crossed on that day. The French garrison in
+the Francisco redoubt considered the affair merely as one of
+observation, and amused themselves with bowing and saluting
+the new comers. At night a party was formed from each
+regiment of the above division, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+John Colborne, of the 52nd., and the redoubt was stormed:
+the conduct of this officer, and of the detachment, was highly
+applauded in the official despatches.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Viscount Wellington, in the afternoon of the 14th. of
+January, opened fire from twenty-two pieces of ordnance in
+three batteries in the first parallel, and the British established
+themselves in the second parallel on the same night. Lieutenant-General
+Graham facilitated this measure by having
+surprised the enemy’s detachment in the convent of Santa
+Cruz, on the night of the 13th.; and Major-General the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>Honourable Charles Colville, in temporary command of the
+fourth division, had, on the night of the 14th., obtained
+possession of the convent of St. Francisco, and of the other
+fortified posts of the suburb. The latter service was gallantly
+performed by Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt, with the 40th.
+regiment, which remained from that period in the suburb of
+St. Francisco, and materially assisted in the attack on that
+side of the place. The siege was prosecuted with such vigour,
+that on the 19th. of the same month, two practicable breaches
+having been made in the body of the place, the British commander
+resolved to carry it by storm.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The assault was made on the evening of Sunday, the 19th.
+of January, in five separate columns. Brigadier-General Pack,
+who was destined to make a false attack upon the southern
+face of the fort, converted it into a real one, his advance
+guard, under the command of Major Lynch, having followed
+the enemy’s troops from the advanced works into the <i>fausse-braye</i>,
+where all opposed to them were made prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major Ridge, of the second battalion of the 5th. Fusilliers,
+having escaladed the <i>fausse-braye</i> wall, stormed the
+breach in the body of the place, together with the 94th.
+regiment, (Scots Brigade,) commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell. These regiments not only effectually covered the
+advance from the trenches of Major-General Mac Kinnon’s
+brigade, by their first movements and operations, but preceded
+it in the attack.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-Generals Craufurd and Vandeleur, and the troops of
+the light division on the left, were likewise very forward on
+that side; and in less than half an hour from the time the
+attack commenced, the British troops were in possession of,
+and formed on the ramparts of the place, each body contiguous
+to the other. The enemy, having sustained a considerable
+loss in the contest then submitted.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British casualties were severe, especially in officers of
+high rank and estimation. During the siege, and in the
+assault, nine officers and one hundred and sixty-nine men
+were killed, seventy officers and seven hundred and forty-eight
+men wounded; in all nine hundred and ninety-six.
+Major-General Mac Kinnon was blown up by the accidental
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>explosion of one of the enemy’s expense magazines, close to
+the breach, after having gallantly and successfully led the
+troops under him to the attack. Major-Generals Craufurd and
+Vandeleur were wounded, the former severely, whilst leading
+on the light division to the storm; Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne,
+of the 52nd. Light Infantry,<a id='r47'></a><a href='#f47' class='c013'><sup>[47]</sup></a> who was severely wounded,
+and Major (afterwards Sir George) Napier, who led the
+storming party of the light division, also wounded on the
+top of the breach, and lost an arm. The garrison likewise
+sustained severe loss, and was reduced to one thousand
+seven hundred men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Viscount Wellington specially praised the troops of the first,
+third, fourth, and light divisions, and Brigadier-General Pack’s
+brigade, by whom the siege was carried on. His lordship
+added:—“The conduct of all parts of the third division, in the
+operations which they performed with so much gallantry and
+exactness on the evening of the 19th., in the dark, affords
+the strongest proof of the abilities of Lieutenant-General
+Picton and Major-General Mac Kinnon by whom they were
+directed and led; and I beg particularly to draw your Lordship’s
+attention to the conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel O’Toole,
+2nd. Caçadores, Major Ridge. 5th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell, 94th., Major Manners, 74th., and of Major Grey,
+5th. Foot, who has been twice wounded during this siege.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“It is but justice also to the third division to report,
+that the men who performed the sap belonged to the 45th.,
+74th., and 88th. regiments, under the command of Captain
+M‘Leod, of the Royal Engineers, and Captain Thompson, of
+the 74th., Lieutenant Beresford, of the 88th. (Connaught
+Rangers), and Lieutenant Metcalf, of the 45th. (Sherwood
+Foresters); and they distinguished themselves not less in the
+storm of the place than they had in the performance of their
+laborious duty during the siege.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Although it did not fall to the lot of the troops of the
+first and fourth divisions to bring these operations to their
+successful close, they distinguished themselves throughout
+their progress, by the patience and perseverance with which
+they performed the labours of the siege. The brigade of
+Guards, under Major-General H. Campbell, was particularly
+distinguished in this respect.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British commander was advanced to the dignity of an
+Earl, with an annuity of two thousand pounds. Parliament
+voted its thanks to him and his gallant army. This success
+also gained for him, from the Spanish government, the title
+of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 5th., 43rd., 45th., 52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd.,
+88th., 94th. regiments, and Rifle Brigade, were engaged in
+the capture of Ciudad Rodrigo.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF BADAJOZ.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. March and 6th. April, 1812.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The formidable fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo having been captured
+with such unlooked-for rapidity, astonished the French General,
+who had assembled an army of sixty thousand men for its relief,
+which now again returned to its winter quarters. As soon as the
+breaches were repaired, and the place put in a state of defence,
+the Earl of Wellington undertook, for the third time, the siege of
+Badajoz. The preparations for this service had been carried on
+with extraordinary secrecy, and were completed about the beginning
+of March, when the army broke up from its cantonments in
+the neighbourhood of Almeida, and, moving with the greatest
+rapidity, arrived before Badajoz on the 16th. of that month when
+the place was invested by the third, fourth, and light divisions.
+An advanced post, the Picurina, was taken by storm on the
+25th., and on the following day two breaching batteries opened
+fire on the town.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 6th. of April three breaches were considered practicable,
+and orders were issued for the assault. It was determined to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>assault the castle of Badajoz by escalade. Accordingly the attack
+was made on the night of the 6th. of April, at ten o’clock. Major-General
+Kempt’s brigade<a id='r48'></a><a href='#f48' class='c013'><sup>[48]</sup></a> led, and he was wounded in crossing
+the River Rivillas, below the inundation. Notwithstanding this
+circumstance and the obstinate resistance of the enemy, the castle
+was carried by escalade, and the third division (known as the
+“Fighting Third”) established therein about half-past eleven.
+Meanwhile Major Wilson, of the 48th. regiment, carried the ravelin
+of St. Roque, with a detachment of two hundred men of the guard
+in the trenches, and, with the aid of Major Squire, of the Engineers,
+he established himself within that work.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The fourth and light divisions were not perceived by the enemy
+until they reached the covered way, and the advanced guards of
+the two divisions descended without difficulty into the ditch, protected
+by the fire of the parties stationed on the <i>glacis</i> for that
+purpose. They advanced to the assault of the breaches, led by
+their gallant officers, with the utmost intrepidity; but such was
+the nature of the obstacles prepared by the garrison at the top
+and behind the breaches, and so determined the resistance, that
+the assailants could not establish themselves within the place.
+Many brave officers and soldiers were killed or wounded by explosions
+at the top of the breaches, and others who succeeded to
+them were compelled to give way. Repeated attempts were made
+till after twelve at night, when the Earl of Wellington, seeing that
+success was not to be attained, and that Lieutenant-General Picton
+was established in the castle, the fourth and light divisions were
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>ordered to the ground on which they had first assembled for the
+attack.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Leith in the meantime had pushed forward
+Major-General Walker’s brigade on the left, supported by the 38th.,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Nugent, and the 15th. Portuguese regiment,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Do Rego; and he had made a
+false attack upon the Pardaleras, with the 8th. Caçadores, under
+Major Hill. Major-General Walker forced the barrier on the road
+of Olivença and entered the covered way on the left of the bastion
+of St. Vicente, close to the Guadiana. There he descended into
+the ditch, and escaladed the face of that bastion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This proceeding was supported by Lieutenant-General Leith,
+with the 38th., and the 15th. Portuguese regiment; and the British
+troops being thus established in the castle, which commanded all
+the works of and in the town; and the fourth and light divisions
+being formed again for the attack of the breaches, all resistance
+ceased. At daylight in the morning of the 7th. of April, the
+Governor, General Philippon, who had retired to Fort St. Christoval,
+surrendered, together with the whole garrison, which consisted
+of five thousand men at the commencement of the siege, of
+whom one thousand two hundred were killed or wounded during
+the operations, besides those lost in opposing the assault. About
+three thousand five hundred prisoners were captured, being all
+that survived of the gallant garrison.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments present at the capture of Badajos, were the 4th.,
+5th., 7th., 23rd., 27th., 30th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th.,
+52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd., 88th., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This success cost the British and Portuguese the following heavy
+casualties:—Seventy-two officers, fifty-one sergeants, two drummers,
+and nine hundred and ten rank and file killed; three
+hundred and six officers, two hundred and sixteen sergeants,
+seventeen drummers, and three thousand two hundred and forty-eight
+rank and file wounded. No wonder that the Iron Duke
+wept, when he saw that the glory of the capture was purchased at
+such a price.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SALAMANCA.<br> <span class='sc'>22nd. July, 1812.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 17th. of June, the forts at Salamanca were invested by
+the sixth division, and operations commenced by the light companies
+thereof, under Colonel Samuel Venables Hinde, of the
+32nd. regiment. The remainder of the army was formed in order
+of battle on the heights of San Christoval, in front of Salamanca,
+from the 20th. to the 28th. of June, to meet Marshal Marmont,
+who advanced with forty thousand men to relieve the forts.
+They were attacked without success on the 23rd., and carried on
+the 27th. of June, by a party under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Daviss, of the 36th. regiment. Several skirmishes and
+changes of position occurred. The Earl of Wellington advanced
+in pursuit of the French Marshal, who, having received reinforcements,
+crossed the Douro, and the allies retired, skilfully
+manœuvring and taking up different positions in presence of the
+enemy, until the 21st., when they reached the ground they had
+formerly occupied, on the height of San Christoval.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly after daylight on the 22nd. of July, detachments from
+both armies attempted to obtain possession of the more distant
+from the allied right of the two hills called Dos Arapiles. In this
+attempt the enemy succeeded, his detachment being the strongest;
+by which success the French position was materially strengthened,
+and they had in their power increased means of annoying that of
+their opponents.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The light troops of the seventh division, and the 4th. Caçadores,
+belonging to Major-General Pack’s brigade, were engaged
+in the morning with the enemy on the height of Nuestra Senora
+de la Pena, on which they maintained themselves throughout the
+day. The improved position of the French rendered it necessary
+for the Earl of Wellington to extend the right of his army <i>en
+potence</i> to the heights behind the village of Arapiles, and to
+occupy it with light infantry; here the fourth division, under the
+command of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Lowry Cole,
+was placed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A variety of evolutions and movements having been made
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>by the French Marshal, he proceeded to carry out his plan about
+two o’clock in the afternoon; and under cover of a very heavy
+cannonade, which did but little injury, he extended his left, and
+moved forward his army, apparently with an intention to embrace,
+by the position of his troops, and by his fire, the British
+post on that of the two Arapiles, and thence to attack and break
+the line; or at all events to render difficult any movements to the
+right. This extension of the French line to their left, and its
+advance upon the allied right, gave the British commander an
+opportunity of attacking him, for which he had long been
+anxious. “The attack of the third division,” says Lord Londonderry,
+in his “Story of the Peninsula War,” “was not only the
+most spirited, but the most perfect thing of the kind that modern
+times have witnessed. Regardless alike of a charge of cavalry
+and of the murderous fire which the enemy’s batteries opened, on
+went these fearless warriors, horse and foot, without check or
+pause, until they won the ridge, and then the infantry giving
+their volley, and the cavalry falling on, sword in hand, the French
+were pierced, broken, and discomfited. So close indeed was the
+struggle, that in several instances the British colours were seen
+waving over the heads of the enemy’s battalions.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British General, in his despatch, observed that “Major-General
+the Honourable Edward Pakenham<a id='r49'></a><a href='#f49' class='c013'><sup>[49]</sup></a> formed the third
+division across the enemy’s flank, and overthrew everything
+opposed to him. These troops were supported in the most
+gallant style by the Portuguese cavalry, under Brigadier-General
+D’Urban, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hervey’s squadrons of the
+14th., who successfully defended every attempt made by the
+enemy on the flank of the third division.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In front the French were attacked by Brigadier-General Bradford’s
+brigade, the fourth and fifth divisions, and the cavalry
+under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., and were
+driven from one height to another. The cavalry made a most
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>successful charge against a body of French infantry, which they
+overthrew, and cut to pieces. In this charge Major-General Le
+Marchant was killed. The sixth division, under Major-General
+Clinton, was ordered up at a critical period to relieve the fourth
+division, which had been heavily pressed, and the battle was soon
+restored to its former success.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy’s right, reinforced by the troops which had fled
+from his left, and by those which had by this time retired from
+the Arapiles, still continued to resist; and while other corps were
+directed to turn the right, the sixth division,<a id='r50'></a><a href='#f50' class='c013'><sup>[50]</sup></a> supported by the
+third and fifth, attacked the front. It was dark before this point
+was carried by the sixth division, and the enemy then fled through
+the woods towards the Tormes. The pursuit was made by the
+first and light divisions, and Major-General William Anson’s
+brigade of the fourth division, and some squadrons of cavalry,
+under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart.; but the
+darkness of the night enabled many of the enemy to escape, and
+was unfortunately the cause of Sir Stapleton being wounded by
+one of the allied sentries. The same troops renewed the pursuit
+at break of day the next morning, with Major-Generals Bock’s
+and Anson’s brigades of cavalry, which had joined during the
+night. On coming up with the enemy’s rear-guard of cavalry and
+infantry near La Serna, they were at once attacked by the two
+brigades of dragoons; the French cavalry fled, leaving the
+infantry to their fate. The gallant charge made on the infantry
+by the heavy brigade of the King’s German Legion, under Major-General
+ Bock, which was completely successful, was highly commended;
+the whole body of infantry, consisting of three battalions
+of the French first division, were made prisoners on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Eleven pieces of cannon, several ammunition waggons, two
+eagles, and six colours were captured; one general, three colonels,
+three lieutenant-colonels, one hundred and thirty officers, and
+about seven thousand soldiers were taken prisoners. Marshal
+Marmont was badly wounded, and lost an arm; four general
+officers were killed, and several wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was in all four thousand nine hundred and
+sixty-four killed and wounded. Major-General Le Marchant was
+killed; Field-Marshal Sir W. C. Beresford, K.B., Lieutenant-Generals
+Sir Stapleton Cotton-Leith, and the Honourable George
+Lowry Cole, and Major-General Victor Alten were amongst the
+wounded. The French loss was still more considerable.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This victory was followed by the surrender of Madrid to the
+allies, who entered that city on the 12th. of August, and were joyfully
+received by the inhabitants. The title of Marquis was conferred
+on the Earl of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments took part in the victory of Salamanca:
+5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd., 4th., 11th., 14th., and 16th. Light
+Dragoons; 1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 7th., 9th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th.,
+30th., 32nd., 36th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th., 51st.,
+52nd., 53rd., 58th., 60th., 61st., 68th., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 88th., and
+94th. Foot, and Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF FORT DETROIT.<br> <span class='sc'>August, 1812.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The negotiations between the British Government and the
+United States of America, which had several times been broken
+off and renewed, ultimately terminated on the 18th of June, 1812,
+by the latter declaring war. Their first design was the conquest
+of Canada, and early in July the American commander, Brigadier-General
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>Hull, invaded that country, by crossing the Detroit River
+on the 12th. of that month, with two thousand three hundred
+men, consisting of regular cavalry and infantry, and militia, with
+several field pieces; having driven in the militia towards Amherstsburg,
+he advanced to Sandwich, and afterwards approached
+the former place with a part of his army to the River Cunard,
+about five miles from the fort, where he was foiled in three
+attempts to cross that river, which cost him a considerable loss.
+The garrison of Amherstsburg at that time consisted of a subaltern’s
+detachment of the royal artillery, commanded by Lieutenant
+Troughton, a detachment of three hundred men of the 41st. regiment,
+under Captain Muir, and about the same number of militia,
+the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Saint George, the
+district inspecting field officer of militia. Some skirmishes occurred
+between the troops under the latter officer, and the enemy
+upon the River Canard, which uniformly terminated in his being
+repulsed with loss. Major-General Isaac Brock detached a force
+down the River Thames, capable of acting in conjunction with
+the garrison of Amherstsburg offensively, but Captain Chambers
+who had been appointed to direct this detachment, experienced
+difficulties that frustrated the design; whereupon Colonel Proctor
+was ordered to assume the command, and his force was soon after
+increased with sixty men of the 41st. regiment. Meanwhile the
+most strenuous exertions were made; and voluntary offers of service
+were received from that portion of the embodied militia the
+most easily connected. The Attorney-General, John M‘Donell,
+Esq., acted as provincial aide-de-camp to Major-General Brock,
+and other gentlemen of the first character and influence evinced
+similar devotion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sufficiency of boats being collected at Long Point for the
+conveyance of three hundred men, the embarkation took place on
+the 8th. of August, and in five days the troops arrived at Amherstsburg.
+The judicious arrangement which had been adopted immediately
+upon the arrival of Colonel Proctor, of the 41st., compelled
+the Americans to retreat and take shelter under the guns
+of the fort; that officer commenced operations by sending strong
+detachments across the river, with a view of cutting off the enemy’s
+communications with his reserve. This produced two smart
+skirmishes on the 5th. and 9th. of August, in both of which the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>Americans suffered considerable loss; the British had only three
+killed and thirteen wounded, amongst the latter were Captain
+Muir and Lieutenant Sutherland, of the 41st. regiment. Batteries
+had likewise been commenced opposite Fort Detroit, for one
+eighteen-pounder, two twelve, and two five and a half-inch mortars
+all of which were opened on the evening of the 15th. of August,
+Brigadier-General Hull having been previously summoned to surrender,
+and though opposed by a well-directed fire from seven
+twenty-four pounders, such was their construction, under the able
+directions of Captain Dixon, of the royal engineers, that no injury
+was sustained therefrom.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Brock having collected the force at his disposal
+during the 15th. of August in the neighbourhood of Sandwich,
+the embarkation commenced a little after daylight on the following
+morning, and by the able arrangements of Lieutenant
+Dewar, of the quartermaster-general’s department, the whole
+landed at Springwell, about three miles west of Detroit. The
+Indians, who in the meantime had effected a landing two miles
+below, moved forward and occupied the woods, about a mile
+and a half on the British left. The force which was instantly
+directed to march against the enemy, consisted of thirty royal
+artillery, two hundred and fifty of the 41st. regiment, fifty
+Royal Newfoundland regiment, four hundred militia, and about
+six hundred Indians, to which were attached three six-pounders,
+and two three-pounders. The troops afterwards advanced to
+within one mile of the fort, when an assault was determined
+upon. Brigadier-General Hull, however, prevented this movement,
+by proposing a cessation of hostilities, for the purpose
+of preparing terms of capitulation. The American troops that
+surrendered consisted of two thousand five hundred men, and
+were divided into two troops of cavalry; one company of artillery
+regulars; the 4th. United States regiment; detachments
+of the 1st. and 3rd. United States regiment, volunteers; three
+regiments of the Ohio militia; and one regiment of the Michigan
+territory. Thirty-three pieces of brass and iron ordnance had
+already been secured. This capitulation was concluded at
+Detroit on the 16th. of August, 1812, and the 41st. foot bears
+the name of the fort on the regimental colour, likewise the
+69th. its linked battalion. The medal granted for this service
+was similar to that authorized for the Peninsula; and on the
+war medal being issued a clasp was added commemorative of
+the foregoing events.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF VITTORIA.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. June, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the night of the 19th. of June, 1813, the French troops,
+commanded by Joseph Buonaparte, having Marshal Jourdan as
+the Major-General of the army, took up a position in front of
+Vittoria, the left resting upon the heights which end at La Puebla
+de Arganzon, and extending thence across the valley of the
+Zadorra, in front of the village of Arinez. The Marquis of
+Wellington reconnoitred the enemy’s position on the 20th., with
+design of giving him battle on the following morning, if he
+should still remain in it, and accordingly on the 21st. of June
+ordered an attack to be made on three separate points—Lieutenant-General
+Sir Rowland Hill, with the second division,
+was to assail the French left at La Puebla; with Lieutenant-General
+Sir Thomas Graham, with the first and fifth divisions,
+was to make a wide detour to the left, and crossing the Zadorra
+at Vittoria, to attack their right, and to cut off their retreat
+by the great road to Bayonne. The centre, consisting of the
+fourth and light divisions, (under Lord Wellington himself,)
+on the right, and the third and seventh, (under Lieutenant-General
+Lord Dalhousie,) on the left, was to pass the bridges
+in front, and attack as soon as the movements on the flanks
+should be executed. The troops moved from the camp on the
+Bayas at daybreak; and the operations of the day commenced
+by Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill obtaining possession
+of the heights of La Puebla. The enemy soon discovered the
+importance of these heights, and reinforced their troops to such
+an extent, that the Lieutenant-General was obliged to detach
+first the 71st. regiment and the light infantry battalion of
+Major-General Walker’s brigade, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+the Honourable Henry Cadogan, and successively
+other troops to the same point. The allies not only gained,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>but maintained possession of these important heights throughout
+their operations, notwithstanding the strenuous efforts made by
+the enemy to retake them. Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan was
+here mortally wounded. The contest was thus at first chiefly
+on the extreme right and left, because, on account of the
+rugged nature of the ridges they had to pass, the left centre
+column, (third and seventh divisions,) did not reach the Zadorra
+until nearly one o’clock; the fourth and light divisions crossed
+the Zadorra immediately after Sir Rowland Hill had obtained
+possession of Subijana de Alava, the former at the bridge of
+Nanclares, and the latter at the bridge of Tres Puentes. The
+right brigade of the third division, followed by the seventh
+division, under the Earl of Dalhousie, then crossed the bridge
+of Mendoza, the other brigades of the third division fording
+higher up the river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The seventh division and the centre brigade of the third
+division attacked the French right centre, in front of the
+villages of Margarita and Hermandad, and the Marquis of
+Wellington, seeing the hill in front of the village of Arinez
+weakly occupied by the enemy, ordered the right brigade of
+the third division, under Lieutenant-General Picton, in
+close columns of battalions across the front of both armies
+to that central point. The hill was carried immediately,
+and the French withdrew under cover of a cannonade from
+fifty pieces of artillery and a crowd of skirmishers, to the
+second range of heights, on which their reserve had been
+posted; they, however, still held Arinez on the great road
+leading to Vittoria. The brigade then advanced to the attack
+of the village of Arinez; the three right companies of the
+74th., under Captain Mc Queen, with the companies of the
+60th., immediately dashed forward and charged through it,
+drove out the enemy, and captured three guns; these companies
+were then halted under cover of some houses until the
+remainder of the regiment and brigade should come up, as
+the French were again advancing upon the post with increased
+numbers, keeping up a terrific fire of artillery and musketry.
+Finally they were driven back in confusion at the point of
+the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By the capture of the village the great road was gained,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>and the French extreme left was turned, while they were
+hard pressed by Sir Rowland Hill’s attack on their front.
+They retreated on Vittoria, and the British continued the
+advance in admirable order, notwithstanding the difficulty of
+the ground. For six miles the action became a running fight
+and cannonade. When within a mile of Vittoria, the enemy
+made a stand, and the third division, being the foremost,
+bore the brunt of a heavy fire, until a hill on the French
+left was carried by the fourth division, which caused them
+to abandon the position.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham, with
+his divisions, had attacked the French right. The village of
+Gamarra Mayor was most gallantly stormed and carried by
+Brigadier-General Robinson’s brigade of the fifth division, which
+advanced in columns of battalions under a very heavy fire of
+artillery and musketry, without firing a shot, assisted by two
+guns of Major Lawson’s brigade of artillery. The French suffered
+severely, and three pieces of cannon were captured. Sir
+Thomas then proceeded to attack the village of Abechuco with
+the first division. These two villages were strongly occupied by
+the enemy as <i>têtes-de-pont</i> to the bridges over the Zadorra at
+these places. During the operations at Abechuco, which was
+carried, the light battalions having charged and taken three
+guns and a howitzer on the bridge, the greatest efforts were
+made to recover Gamarra Mayor, which were gallantly repulsed
+by the troops of the fifth division, under Major-General Oswald.
+Two divisions of the French were in reserve on the heights
+upon the left of the Zadorra, and it was not possible to cross
+by the bridges until the troops, which had moved upon the
+centre and left, had driven them through Vittoria. The whole
+then co-operated in the pursuit, which was continued by all
+till after dark.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The movement of the troops under Sir Thomas Graham, and
+their possession of Gamarra and Abechucho, intercepted the
+enemy’s retreat by the high road to France. They were then
+obliged to turn to the road towards Pampeluna, but were
+unable to hold any position for a sufficient length of time to
+allow the baggage and artillery to be drawn off. The whole,
+therefore, of the latter which had not been already captured
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>by the troops, in their attack of the successive positions taken
+up by the French in their retreat from their first position on
+Arinez, and on the Zadorra, together with all their ammunition
+and baggage, fell into the hands of the British close to Vittoria.
+Only one gun and howitzer were carried off by the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Count Gazan, the Chief of the French Staff, in his report,
+shewed the state of destitution to which the officers were reduced.—“To
+such an extent are they stripped, that no one can
+account for what he has, or what is due to him. Several of
+the generals and officers have nothing in the world but the
+coats on their backs, and most of them are barefooted.” The
+French occupation of the Peninsula was virtually settled by
+this day’s success.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Although the nature of the ground did not admit of the cavalry
+regiments being generally engaged, they were kept close to the
+infantry to support them, and were most active in the pursuit.
+The court equipage of King Joseph was taken, and his carriage
+being taken, and his carriage being seized, he had barely time to
+escape on horseback. The defeat was the most complete that had
+been experienced in Spain.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Jourdan’s bâton<a id='r51'></a><a href='#f51' class='c013'><sup>[51]</sup></a> was taken, and sent to the Prince
+Regent, who in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, appointed
+the Marquis of Wellington a Field-Marshal. In a most flattering
+letter, the Prince Regent thus conferred the honour:—“You have
+sent me among the trophies of your unrivalled fame, the staff of a
+French Marshal, and I send you in return that of England.” This
+bâton was taken by the 87th., Royal Irish Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+(afterwards Viscount) Gough. The colours of the
+fourth battalion of the 100th. regiment were also among the
+trophies, and a hundred and forty-three brass guns were captured
+on the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Both armies were nearly equal in numbers, consisting of about
+seventy thousand men each. The French loss was stated by themselves
+at six thousand, and the casualties of the allies amounted
+to nearly five thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were present at the battle of Yittoria:—The
+3rd. and 5th. Dragoon Guards; 3rd., 4th., 14th., 15th., and
+16th., Light Dragoons; 1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 6th., 7th., 9th., 20th.,
+23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 34th., 38th., 39th., 40th., 43rd., 45th.,
+47th., 48th., 50th., 51st., 52nd., 53rd., 57th., 58th., 59th., 60th.,
+66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd., 83rd., 87th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle
+Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACTIONS OF THE PYRENEES.<br> <span class='sc'>28th. July to 2nd. August, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the decisive battle of Vittoria, the British commander
+blockaded the fortress of Pampeluna, besieged St. Sebastian, and
+took up a position with the covering army in the Pyrenees.
+On the 17th. of July the blockade of Pampeluna was entrusted
+to the Spaniards. The whole frontier of the Pyrenees,
+from the pass of Roncesvalles to the mouth of the Bidassoa
+river, was now occupied by the second, seventh, and light
+divisions, with some Portuguese brigades in the front line;
+and by the third, fourth, and sixth divisions as supports,
+covering the blockade of Pampeluna, and the siege of St.
+Sebastian, then going on under Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas
+Graham. The British army, after years of toil and conflict,
+procured liberty for the oppressed inhabitants of the Peninsula,
+had forced the intrusive monarch of Spain from his
+throne, and stood triumphant on the lofty pinnacles of the Pyrenees;
+but another mighty struggle was at hand, in which the
+innate valour and hardihood of British soldiers were about to be
+tested, and the French Army, having been re-organized by Marshal
+Soult, was pushed boldly forward to drive them from the
+mountains.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult having arrived at Bayonne on the 13th. of
+July, to command, as “Lieutenant of the Emperor,” the
+united French army of Spain, on the 25th. of that month
+attacked with about forty thousand men Major-General Byng’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>post at Roncesvalles. Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir
+Lowry Cole moved up to his support with the fourth division,
+and these officers were enabled to maintain their post throughout
+the day; but the enemy having turned it in the afternoon, Sir
+Lowry deemed it advisable to withdraw during the night, and
+marched to the neighbourhood of Zubiri. A detachment of the
+20th. evinced signal gallantry in its attacks on the head of a
+French column, but was forced back by superior numbers. The
+Marquis of Wellington stated in his despatch, that “in the actions
+which took place on this day, the 20th. regiment distinguished
+themselves.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill’s position in the Puerto
+de Maya, at the head of the valley of Bastan, was also attacked
+by two divisions of the centre of the French army in the afternoon
+of the same day. The brunt of the action fell upon Major-Generals
+Pringle’s and Walker’s brigades in the second division,
+under the command of Lieutenant-General the Honourable
+William Stewart. These troops were at first compelled to give
+way, but having been supported by Major-General Barnes’s
+brigade of the seventh division, they regained that part of their
+post, which was the key of the whole, and would have enabled
+them to re-assume it, had circumstances permitted it.<a id='r52'></a><a href='#f52' class='c013'><sup>[52]</sup></a> Sir
+Rowland Hill, having been apprised of the necessity that Sir
+Lowry Cole should retire, considered it advisable to withdraw his
+troops also to Irurita, and the enemy did not advance on the
+following day beyond the Puerto de Maya.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>During the seven hours these brave troops were engaged but
+little advantage was acquired by the French, notwithstanding
+the numerical superiority of the latter. All the regiments
+charged with the bayonet, and the conduct of the 82nd., which
+moved up with the brigade under Major-General Barnes, was
+particularly reported. Lieutenant-General the Honourable
+William Stewart was slightly wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These events were not known to the Marquis of Wellington
+until late in the night of the 25th. and 26th., whereupon his
+lordship adopted immediate measures to concentrate the army to
+the right, at the same time making provision for the siege of
+St. Sebastian, and for the blockade of Pampeluna.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The hill on the right of the fourth division, which was occupied
+on the 27th. of July by one battalion of the 4th. Portuguese regiment,
+and by the Spanish regiment of Pravia, was attacked; but
+these troops defended their ground and drove back the enemy.
+This height being important to the British position, the 40th. was
+ordered to reinforce it, and this corps, with the Spanish regiments
+of El Principe and Pravia, succeeded in holding it, despite the
+repeated efforts made during the 27th. and 28th. by the enemy to
+obtain possession. On the morning of the 28th. the sixth division
+joined, and it was ordered to form across the valley in rear of the
+fourth. Scarcely had they taken their position when they were
+attacked by a very large force; their front was however so well
+defended by the fire of their own light troops from the heights on
+their left, and by that from the heights occupied by the fourth
+division and Brigadier-General Campbell’s Portuguese brigade,
+that the foe was soon driven back with immense slaughter.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>To extricate their troops from the difficulty in which they
+were placed, the enemy attacked the height on which the
+left of the fourth division stood, which was occupied by the
+7th. Caçadores, and succeeding in obtaining a momentary possession.
+They were again attacked by this regiment, supported
+by Major-General Ross, at the head of his brigade of the
+fourth division, and were driven down with great loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Now the battle became general along the whole front of
+the heights occupied by the fourth division, and in every
+part was in favour of the allies, excepting where one battalion
+of the 10th. Portuguese regiment of Major-General Campbell’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>brigade was posted. This battalion having been overpowered,
+and compelled to give way immediately on the right of
+Major-General Ross’s brigade, the French established themselves
+on the British line, and that general was obliged to withdraw
+from his post.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 27th. and 48th. regiments were then ordered to charge,
+first that body which had established a footing on the height,
+and next the portion on the left. Both attacks succeeded,
+and the enemy was forced down with immense loss; and the
+sixth division having moved forward at the same time to a
+situation in the valley of Lanz, nearer to the left of the
+fourth, the attack upon that front entirely ceased, and was
+continued but faintly on other points of the line.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this hard-fought action the following regiments were
+specially noticed by the Marquis of Wellington, who observed
+in his despatch:—“In the course of this contest the
+gallant fourth division, which has so frequently been distinguished
+in this army, surpassed their former good conduct.
+Every regiment charged with the bayonet,—the 40th., 7th.,
+20th., and 23rd., four different times. Their officers set
+them the example; and Major-General Ross had two horses
+killed under him. The Portuguese troops likewise behaved
+admirably, and I had every reason to be satisfied with the
+conduct of the Spanish regiments, El Principe and Pravia.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As soon as it was ascertained that Lieutenant-Generals Sir
+Thomas Picton and Sir Lowry Cole had moved from Zubiri,
+that post not being considered tenable for the time during
+which it would have been necessary to wait therein, Lieutenant-General
+Sir Rowland Hill received orders to march
+by Lanz upon Lizaso, and Lieutenant-General the Earl of
+Dalhousie from San Estevan to the same place, where both
+arrived on the 28th. of July, and the seventh division came
+to Marcalain.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Rowland Hill was followed by the enemy’s force that
+had been in his front, and which ultimately endeavoured to
+turn the left of the allies by an attack on his corps. They
+reinforced with one division the troops that had been opposed
+to him, and during the night of the 29th. and 30th., occupied
+in strength the crest of the mountain on the British
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>left of the Lanz, opposite to the sixth and seventh divisions,
+thus connecting their right in their position with the divisions
+detached for the attack of Sir Rowland Hill’s corps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Wellington had resolved, however, to attack this position.
+The Earl of Dalhousie was ordered to possess himself of the
+top of the mountain in his front, thus turning the enemy’s
+right; and Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton was to
+cross the heights, so as to turn his left by the road to
+Roncesvalles. As soon as the effect of these movements on
+the flanks should become apparent, the front of the position
+was to be attacked. Major-General the Honourable Edward
+Pakenham, who had been sent to take the command of the
+sixth division on Major-General Pack being wounded, turned
+the village of Sorauren as soon as the Earl of Dalhousie had
+driven the foe from the mountain, by which that flank was
+defended. The sixth division and Major-General Byng’s
+brigade, which had relieved the fourth division on the left
+of the position on the road to Ostiz, at once attacked, and
+succeeded in carrying that village.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The front of the main position was likewise attacked by
+Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry Cole, with the 7th. Caçadores,
+supported by the 11th. Portuguese regiment, the 40th., and
+the battalion under Colonel Bingham, consisting of the 2nd.
+and 53rd. regiments. These combined operations compelled the
+enemy to abandon a position pronounced by the British commander
+to have been one of the strongest and most difficult of
+access that he had ever seen occupied by troops. In the
+retreat therefrom the French lost a great number of prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the course of these operations, and as their success
+was observed, troops were detached to the support of Lieutenant-General
+Sir Rowland Hill, before whom the enemy
+appeared in his front late in the morning, and commenced at
+once an extended manœuvre upon his left flank which obliged
+him to withdraw from the height which he occupied behind
+the Lizaso to the next range; there, however, he maintained
+himself, and that general specially praised the 28th., 34th.,
+and 60th. regiments.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At sunset the Marquis of Wellington having continued the
+pursuit of the enemy, after his retreat to Olague, found himself
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>immediately in the rear of their attack upon Sir Rowland
+Hill, from whose front they withdrew in the night, and on
+the 31st. of July took up a strong position, with two divisions,
+to cover their rear in the pass of Donna Maria. This pass
+was attacked and carried by Sir Rowland Hill and the Earl
+of Dalhousie, notwithstanding a vigorous opposition, and the
+strength of the position. On this occasion Lieutenant-General
+the Honourable William Stewart was wounded. A very thick
+fog prevented that advantage being taken of the situation of
+the enemy, which otherwise might have been effected.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Marquis of Wellington moved with Major-General
+Byng’s brigade and the fourth division, under Lieutenant-General
+Sir Lowry Cole, by the Pass of Velate upon
+Irurita, in order to turn the French position on Donna Maria.
+Major-General Byng (afterwards Earl of Strafford) intercepted in
+Elizondo a large convoy and captured several prisoners. The
+pursuit of the enemy was continued in the valley of the Bidassoa,
+and many prisoners and much baggage were taken; the
+latter General possessed himself of the valley of Bastan, and
+of the position on the Puerto de Maya, so that the British
+forces on the night of the 1st. of August, occupied nearly the
+same positions as on the 25th. of July.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The French troops having been considerably reinforced and
+re-equipped after their recent defeat, made a most formidable
+attempt on the 28th. to relieve the blockade of Pampeluna
+with the whole of their forces, excepting the reserve under
+General Villatte, which remained in front of the British corps
+on the great road from Irun. This attempt was however entirely
+frustrated by the operations of a part only of the allied
+army, and the enemy sustained a defeat, and suffered considerably
+both in officers and men. They sent off the guns
+to St. Jean de Pied de Port on the evening of the 28th. of
+July, which alone ensured their safety.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Again the fourth division was most highly spoken of—the
+British commander stating that it is impossible to describe
+its “enthusiastic bravery.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 2nd. of August, the enemy still continued
+posted, with a force of two divisions, on the Puerto de
+Echalar, and nearly the entire army behind the Puerto, when
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>the fourth, seventh, and light divisions advanced by the valley,
+of the Bidassoa to the frontier, it having been determined to
+dislodge them by a combined attack and movement of the
+three divisions. The seventh division having, however, crossed
+the mountains from Sumbilla, had necessarily preceded the
+arrival of the fourth, and Major-General Barnes’s brigade was
+therefore formed for the attack, and advanced, before the fourth
+and light divisions could co-operate, with a regularity and
+gallantry which the British commander “had seldom seen
+equalled, and actually drove the two divisions of the enemy,
+notwithstanding the resistance opposed to them, from those
+formidable heights.” This exploit was the admiration of all
+who witnessed it. Major-General Kempt’s brigade of the light
+division likewise forced a very considerable force from the rock
+forming the left of the Puerto. The enemy were now in their
+own territory, and the British troops awaited in the Pyrenees
+the capture of St. Sebastian and Pampeluna.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In these combats, which have been designated the “Battles
+of the Pyrenees,” the following regiments were engaged, namely:
+2nd., 3rd., 6th., 7th., 11th., 20th, 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st.,
+32nd., 34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th., 51st.,
+53rd., 57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 79th.,
+82nd., 91st., and 92nd. Foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As may be readily conceived, the loss of the allies during
+these protracted encounters was great; they had forty-one
+officers and eight hundred and forty-seven men killed, and
+three hundred and twenty-eight officers and five thousand
+one hundred and seventy-two men wounded; many, however,
+were but slight cases.<a id='r53'></a><a href='#f53' class='c013'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF ST. SEBASTIAN.<br> <span class='sc'>August and September, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The allies having advanced to so great a distance from
+Portugal, that country was no longer used by the British as
+a place of arms, and the establishments there were consequently
+broken up. In conjunction with the ocean, the Western Pyrenees
+offered a fresh base of operations, and the capture of St.
+Sebastian became of primary importance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One of the first objects was the reduction of the convent
+and redoubt of San Bartolomeo, which were battered by the
+artillery, and so far damaged, that on the 17th. of July, it
+was determined to storm these posts. The pickets of the 4th.
+Caçadores, and one hundred and fifty men of the 13th. Portuguese
+regiment, supported by three companies of the 9th.,
+with a reserve of three companies of the Royals, formed on
+the right to attack the redoubt; two hundred men of the 5th.
+Caçadores, and two hundred of the 13th. Portuguese, supported
+by the 9th. regiment, formed on the left to attack the convent.
+At ten o’clock in the forenoon, the troops rushed from
+behind the hill overlooking the convent. Both the convent
+and the houses of the suburb were assaulted, and in the latter
+a fierce struggle ensued, but eventually the French were expelled
+with severe loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The capture of the convent facilitated the progress of the
+siege, and on the 24th. of July the breaches were deemed
+practicable, when the third battalion of the Royals was directed
+to storm the great breach, the 38th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Miles, the lesser breach, and the 9th. under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Cameron, supported the Royals, under Major Peter
+Fraser. At daybreak on the morning of the 25th. of July,
+the troops advanced to the attack with signal intrepidity;
+the cannon of the fortress played upon them in front; the
+ground was difficult to pass; and the volleys of musketry
+were incessant; at the same time showers of hand-grenades,
+shells, and large stones were poured down upon them; yet the
+attack was made with valour; and the defences round the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>breach had not been destroyed, and success was found to
+be impracticable. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Campbell, of the 9th., distinguished themselves on this
+occasion, and the latter (afterwards General Lord Clyde,) who
+led the left wing of the Royals, was severely wounded. The
+loss sustained was severe, especially by the third battalion of the
+Royals, the leading one of Major-General Hay’s brigade, which,
+being on duty in the trenches, formed the column of attack.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the contest in the mountains, before described, the
+siege was turned into a blockade; when the French, however,
+had been repulsed and driven back with severe loss, the siege
+was resumed, and was afterwards prosecuted with vigour. On
+the 26th. of August, the fire against the fort was opened, and
+Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham directed that an establishment
+should be formed on the island of Santa Clara, in
+the bay of St. Sebastian. At three o’clock on the morning of
+the 27th. of August, a hundred soldiers of the 9th. Foot, commanded
+by Captain Hector Cameron, sailed from Passages in
+boats to attack the island. As the boats approached the shore,
+a heavy fire was opened upon them, but a landing was effected,
+and the garrison made prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 27th. of August, the French made
+a sally against the new batteries on the isthmus, but were
+repulsed. St. Sebastian was again attacked by storm on the
+31st. of August, and the heroic perseverance of all the troops
+concerned was at length crowned with success. The column
+of attack was formed of the second brigade of the fifth division,
+commanded by Major-General Robinson, with the following
+detachments as supports:—one hundred and fifty volunteers of
+the light division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hunt, of the 52nd.;
+four hundred of the first division, consisting of two hundred
+of the brigades of guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel Cook; one
+hundred of the light battalion, and one hundred of the line
+battalions of the King’s German Legion, under Major Robertson;
+and two hundred volunteers of the fourth division, under Major
+Rose, of the 20th. Foot. In reserve were the remainder of the
+fifth division, consisting of Major-General Spry’s Portuguese
+brigade, and the first brigade under Major-General Hay, together
+with the fifth battalion of Caçadores of Major-General Bradford’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>brigade, under Major Hill; the whole were under the
+direction of Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith, commanding
+the fifth division. The difficulties to be overcome were so
+formidable, and the resistance of the enemy so determined, that
+the reserve brigade was pushed on by degrees. For five hours
+the conflict raged at the <a id='t160'></a>beaches, when an explosion destroyed
+the enemy’s traverses. The guns were turned against the curtain,
+against which a heavy fire of artillery was directed. This passed
+a few feet only over the heads of the troops on the breach,
+and was kept up with remarkable precision. The advance of the
+first battalion of the 13th. regiment, under Major Snodgrass, over
+the open breach and across the river, and a detachment of the
+24th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Bean, in support,
+was gallantly made under a very severe fire of grape.
+A great effort was next made to gain the high ridge, and
+to storm the hornwork. The second brigade of the fifth
+division, under Colonel the Honourable Charles Greville, moved
+out of the trenches for this purpose, and the third battalion
+of the 1st. foot, under Lieutenant-Colonel Barns, supported by
+the 38th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, opportunely arrived
+to assault the trench of the curtain about the time when the explosion
+had created some confusion amongst the garrison. After
+a severe conflict the narrow pass was gained, and the troops on
+the right of the breach having succeeded in forcing the barricades
+on the top of the narrow line wall, found their way into the
+houses which joined it. After an assault which lasted over two
+hours, a firm footing, under the most trying circumstances,
+was obtained. Nothing could restrain the impetuosity of the
+troops, and in an hour more the enemy were driven from all
+the complications of defences prepared in the streets, and after
+suffering severe loss, they abandoned the town and retreated
+into the castle.<a id='r54'></a><a href='#f54' class='c013'><sup>[54]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Batteries mounting fifty-four pieces of ordnance opened a
+tremendous fire upon the citadel on the 8th. of September,
+and in less than three hours the garrison hoisted the flag of truce,
+and after some discussion surrendered. The loss of the garrison
+was related to have amounted to two-thirds of their
+numbers at the commencement of the siege.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From the 28th. of July to the 31st. of August the British
+had thirty-six officers, thirty-one sergeants, one drummer, and
+five hundred and three men killed; seventy officers, (including
+Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith and Major-Generals Oswald
+and Robinson,) fifty-four sergeants, six drummers, and nine
+hundred and seventy-three rank and file were wounded. The
+Portuguese had eight officers and one hundred and eighty-one
+men killed, and thirty-five officers and five hundred and fifty-nine
+men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>St. Sebastian</span> on the colours of the 1st., 4th., 9th., 38th.,
+47th., and 59th. regiments, commemorates this arduous and
+glorious service.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE GOLD CROSS AND CLASPS.<a id='r55'></a><a href='#f55' class='c013'><sup>[55]</sup></a></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Officers in the course of the war had received so many
+medals, that it became extremely inconvenient to wear them,
+and it was the practice for a short time to engrave the name
+of the second or third action on the medal originally given
+to them.<a id='r56'></a><a href='#f56' class='c013'><sup>[56]</sup></a> It was afterwards determined that only one
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>medal should be worn by any officer; for every other action
+in which he might distinguish himself, a gold clasp, with the
+name of the event, was to be attached to the ribbon, until
+two clasps had been received. On the next occasion whereon
+he might signalize himself, a gold cross, having on each
+compartment the names of each of the four services, was to
+be conferred instead of the medal and clasps originally received.
+For every subsequent action a clasp was to be issued, to be
+attached to the ribbon above the cross. In the centre of
+the cross, which was fastened to the ribbon or swivel by a
+large ring, chased with laurel, is a lion statant; in each compartment,
+surrounded by an edge of laurel, is the name of the
+battle or action. Wreaths of laurel are also round the names
+of the actions on the clasps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>So much reluctance was evinced by officers to relinquish
+the original medals, that the design of having them returned
+was given up. When officers had received both the medals,
+as necessarily happened during the lengthened struggle in the
+Peninsula, the large one was worn, with the clasps of the
+actions for which the small medals had been conferred.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regulations regarding the grant of the Cross
+and clasps were published in the “London Gazette”:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, October 7th., 1813.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>Whereas considerable inconvenience having been found to
+attend the increased number of medals, that have been issued
+in commemoration of the brilliant and distinguished events, in
+which the success of His Majesty’s arms has received the royal
+approbation, the Prince Regent has been pleased to command,
+in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, that the following
+regulations shall be adopted, in the grant and circulation
+of such marks of distinction, namely,—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>1st.—That one medal only shall be borne by each officer,
+recommended for such distinction.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>2nd.—That for the second and third events, which may be
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>subsequently commemorated in like manner, each individual
+recommended to bear the distinction, shall carry a gold clasp
+attached to the ribbon to which the medal is suspended, and
+inscribed with the name of the battle, or siege, to which it
+relates.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>3rd.—That upon a claim being admitted to a fourth mark
+of distinction, a cross<a id='r57'></a><a href='#f57' class='c013'><sup>[57]</sup></a> shall be borne by each officer, with the
+names of the four battles, or sieges, respectively inscribed
+thereupon; and to be worn in substitution of the distinctions
+previously granted to such individuals.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>4th.—Upon each occasion of a similar nature, that may occur
+subsequently to the grant of a cross, the clasp shall again be
+issued to those who have a claim to the additional distinction,
+to be borne on the ribbon to which the cross is suspended, in
+the same manner as described in No. 2, of these regulations.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>His Royal Highness is further pleased to command, in the
+name and on behalf of his Majesty, that the distribution of
+medals, or badges, for military services of distinguished merit,
+shall be regulated as follows, namely,—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>1st.—That no general, or other officer, shall be considered
+entitled to receive them, unless he has been personally, and
+particularly engaged upon those occasions of great importance
+and peculiar brilliancy, in commemoration of which the Prince
+Regent, in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, may
+be graciously pleased to bestow such marks of distinction.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>2nd.—That no officer shall be considered a candidate for the
+medal, or badge, except under the special selection and report
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>of the Commander of the Forces upon the spot, as having
+merited the distinction by conspicuous services.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>3rd.—That the Commander of the Forces shall transmit to
+the Commander-in-Chief, returns signed by himself, specifying
+the names and ranks of those officers whom he shall have
+selected as particularly deserving.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>4th.—The Commander of the Forces, in making the selection,
+will restrict his choice to the undermentioned ranks,<a id='r58'></a><a href='#f58' class='c013'><sup>[58]</sup></a> namely,—General
+officers: Commanding officers of brigades; Commanding
+officers of artillery, or engineers; Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General,
+Deputies of Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General,
+having the rank of field officers; Assistants-Adjutant
+and Quartermaster-General, having the rank of field officers,
+and being at the head of the staff, with a detached
+corps, or distinct division of the army; Military Secretary,
+having the rank of field officer; Commanding officers of battalions,
+or corps equivalent thereto; and officers who may have succeeded
+to the actual command during the engagement, in consequence
+of the death, or removal, of the original commanding officer.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>The Prince Regent is therefore graciously pleased to command,
+in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, that,
+in commemoration of the brilliant victories obtained by His
+Majesty’s arms in the battles of Roleia and Vimiera, Corunna,
+Talavera de la Reyna, Busaco, Barrosa, Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera,
+and Salamanca, and in the assaults and captures of
+Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, the officers of the army, present
+on those occasions, shall enjoy the privilege of bearing badges
+of distinction; and His Royal Highness having approved of the
+crosses, medals, and clasps, which have been prepared, is pleased
+to command that they shall be worn by the general officers,
+suspended by a ribbon the colour of the sash, with a blue edge,
+round the neck; and by the commanding officers of battalions,
+or corps equivalent thereto, and officers who may have succeeded
+to the actual command during the engagement, the
+chiefs of military departments, and their deputies and assistants,
+(having the rank of field officers,) and such other officers as
+may be specially recommended, attached by a ribbon of the
+same description to the button-hole of their uniform.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>The Prince Regent is also pleased to command, in the name
+and on the behalf of His Majesty, that those badges which
+would have been conferred upon the officers who have fallen
+at, or died since, the above-named battles and sieges, shall,
+as a token of respect for their memories, be transmitted to
+their respective families.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in4'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>H. Torrens</span>, Colonel and Military Secretary.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AFFAIR OF CHATEAUGUAY.<br> <span class='sc'>26th. October, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This was one of the actions which occurred during the war
+between Great Britain and the United States. In the autumn
+of 1813, a great effort was made by the Americans for the
+invasion of Canada at different points. The expedition commenced
+with the advance of Major-General Hampton to the
+frontier, whilst Major-General Wilkinson, in co-operation, embarked
+with ten thousand men, on Lake Ontario, and proceeded
+in boats down the river St. Lawrence, with the intention of
+reaching Montreal. On the 8th. of October, Major-General
+Hampton occupied with a considerable force of regulars and
+militia, a position on the Chateauguay river, near the settlement
+of the Four Corners. The American army crossed the
+line of separation between Lower Canada and the United States
+early on the 21st. of that month, surprised a small party
+of Indians, and drove in a picket of militia, posted at
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>the junction of the Ontard and Chateauguay rivers, where it
+encamped, and proceeded in establishing a road of communication
+with its last position, for the purpose of bringing forward
+its artillery. All arrangements having been completed on the
+24th., the American General commenced on the following day
+his operations against the advanced posts of the British; at
+about eleven o’clock in the forenoon of the 26th. of October,
+his cavalry and light infantry were discovered advancing on both
+banks of the Chateauguay, by a detachment covering a working
+party of <i>habitans</i> employed in felling timber, for the purpose
+of constructing <i>abattis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, who had the command of
+the advanced pickets, composed of the light infantry company
+of the Canadian Fencibles, and two companies of Voltigeurs,
+on the north side of the river, made so excellent a disposition of
+his small force, that he checked the advance of the principal
+column, led by Major-General Hampton in person, and accompanied
+by Brigadier-General Izard; whilst the American
+light brigade, under Colonel M‘Carty, was similarly repulsed
+in its progress on the south side of the river, by the spirited
+advance of the right flank company of the third battalion of
+the embodied militia, under Captain Daly, supported by Captain
+Bruyer’s company of Chateauguay Chasseurs. Captains
+Daly and Bruyer being wounded, (the former twice severely,)
+and their companies having sustained some loss, their position
+was immediately taken up by a flank company of the first
+battalion of embodied militia. The American troops rallied
+and repeatedly returned to the attack, but were foiled at all
+points by a handful of men, who by their determined bravery,
+maintained their position, and protected the working parties,
+who were enabled to continue their labours.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Nearly all the British troops having been pushed forward
+for the defence of Upper Canada, that of the lower province
+depended in a great degree on the valour and exertions of its
+incorporated battalions and its sedentary militia. This loyal
+and honourable line of conduct was persevered in by the
+Canadians.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It appeared by report of prisoners taken in the affair
+on the Chateauguay, that the American forces consisted of
+seven thousand infantry and two hundred cavalry, with ten
+field pieces. The British advance force, actually engaged, did
+not exceed three hundred, and the enemy suffered severely,
+not only from the British fire, but also from their own, some
+detached corps in the woods having fired upon each other.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutentant-General Sir George Prevost, Bart., solicited from
+His Royal Highness the Prince Regent five pairs of colours for
+the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth battalions of the embodied
+battalions of the Canadian militia, as a mark of royal
+approbation of their conduct.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A medal was granted for this service, which was similar to
+that authorized for the Peninsula actions, and it was afterwards
+commemorated by a bar, when the general war medal was
+distributed.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>PASSAGE OF THE NIVELLE.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. November, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the fall of St. Sebastian, the hostile armies remained
+for some time inactive, or occupied only in strengthening their
+respective positions, and preparing for the further prosecution
+of the campaign. The troops, however, suffered severely from
+the inclemency of the weather. Exposed on the bleak summits
+of the Pyrenees, they gazed with intense longing on the beautiful
+plains of France, which lay stretched out beneath their
+feet; but the close neighbourhood of a watchful enemy rendered
+the greatest vigilance necessary, and the duties were severe.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Flushed with success the British troops ardently longed for
+further victories. This moment at length arrived. Early on
+the morning of the 7th. of October, the army, under favour
+of a dark and stormy sky, descended from the heights, crossed
+the Bidassoa, and with little opposition established itself on
+the French territory. The continued inclemency of the weather,
+and the badness of the roads, retarded the further advance of
+the army till the 10th. of November, when all preparations
+being completed, the columns moved down the passes of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>Pyrenees in the most perfect silence, and lay down, each at
+its appointed station, to await the dawn of day to make their
+attack. This was commenced by the fourth division, which
+carried a strong redoubt in front of the village of Sarre, drove
+the enemy from that village, and continued its advance against
+the heights in its rear, exposed to the fire of entrenchments
+by which the position was secured. These, however, were
+successively abandoned as the division advanced, the enemy
+flying in great disorder, towards the bridges on the Nivelle;
+the garrison of one redoubt, which alone offered any resistance,
+being made prisoners. The other attacks were all equally successful;
+the enemy driven from the centre of his line, concentrated
+himself on the heights above St. Pé, whence he was
+dislodged by a flank movement of the third and seventh
+divisions on the left, in conjunction with the sixth division,
+which proceeded in the contrary direction. Marshal Soult
+at length withdrew the whole of his army, and resigned his
+position to the allies, who went into cantonments in advance
+of the Nivelle, where they enjoyed another interval of repose.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the Marquis of Wellington’s official report occurred the
+following; after speaking of the handsome attack of the sixth
+division, he continued, “I likewise particularly observed the
+gallant conduct of the 51st. and 68th. regiments, under the
+command of Major Rice and Lieutenant-Colonel Hawkins, in
+Major-General Inglis’s brigade, in the attack of the heights
+above St. Pé, in the afternoon of the 10th.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 43rd. and 52nd. regiments added to their former renown
+on this occasion, especially in the storming of the Petite Rhune,
+and in the completion of the victory.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Considering the strength of the positions attacked, and the
+length of time (from daylight till dark) during which the troops
+were engaged, the loss, although severe, was not so great
+as might have been expected. Major-Generals Kempt and
+Byng were wounded. The enemy lost fifty guns, two thousand
+men, fifteen hundred prisoners, and large quantities of stores
+and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in this service:—the
+2nd., 3rd., 5th., 6th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 32nd.,
+34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., 48th., 51st., 52nd.,
+53rd., 57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 74th., 79th., 82nd.,
+83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT CHRYSTLER’S FARM.<br> <span class='sc'>11th. November, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Major-General James Wilkinson, who had been instructed to
+co-operate with Major-General Hampton in the invasion of
+Lower Canada, and for the avowed purpose of taking up his
+winter quarters in Montreal, quitted Grenadier Island, on
+Lake Ontario, on the 30th October, 1813, with ten thousand
+men, in small craft and batteaux, and proceeded down the
+St. Lawrence. Having, on the 31st., halted a few miles below
+Gravelly Point, on the south side of the river, his position
+was on the following day reconnoitred, and subsequently cannonaded
+by a division of gunboats, under the command of
+Captain Mulcaster, of the Royal Navy. By keeping close to
+his own shore, the enemy arrived, on the 6th. of November,
+within six miles of the port of Prescott, which he endeavoured
+to pass unobserved during the night of the 7th.; but the
+attempt was frustrated by the vigilance of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pearson, who commanded there, and the American Armada
+was compelled to sustain a heavy and destructive cannonade
+during the whole of that operation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost, having anticipated
+the possibility of the American government sending its whole
+concentrated force from Lake Ontario towards this territory,
+had ordered a corps of observation, consisting of the remains
+of the 49th. regiment, the second battalion of the 89th., and
+three companies of the Voltigeurs, with a division of gunboats,
+the whole under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J. W.
+Morrison, of the 89th., to follow the movements of Major-General
+Wilkinson’s army.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attack was made at Chrystler’s Farm, on the 11th. of
+November, 1813, upon the corps of observation, by a portion
+of the American force, under Brigadier-General Boyd, amounting
+to nearly four thousand men, which resulted in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>complete repulse and defeat of the enemy, with considerable
+loss, upwards of one hundred prisoners, with a field-piece,
+being captured; their total loss was estimated at eight
+hundred men. This action commenced about two o’clock in
+the afternoon, when the Americans, having moved forward
+from Chrystler’s point, attacked the advance, which gradually
+fell back to the position selected for the detachment to
+occupy, the right resting on the river, and the left on a
+pine wood, exhibiting a front of about seven hundred yards.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of the ground being open, the troops were
+thus disposed: the flank companies of the 49th. regiment, the
+detachment of the Canadian Fencibles, with one field-piece,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson on the right, a little advanced
+on the road; three companies of the 89th. regiment under
+Captain Barnes, with a gun formed in <i>echellon</i>, with the
+advance on its left supporting it. The 49th. and 89th.
+thrown more to the rear, with a gun, formed the main
+body and reserve, extending to the woods on the left, which
+were occupied by the Voltigeurs under Major Herriot, and the
+Indians under Lieutenant Anderson. At about half-past two
+the action became general, when the enemy endeavoured, by
+moving forward a brigade from his right, to turn the British
+left, but was repulsed by the 89th. forming <i>en potence</i> with
+the 49th., and both corps moving forward, occasionally firing
+by platoons. His efforts were next directed against the right,
+and to repulse this movement, the 49th. took ground in that
+direction, in <i>echellon</i>, followed by the 89th.; when within
+half-musket-shot the line was formed under a heavy, but
+irregular fire from the Americans.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Orders were next given for the 49th. to charge the gun
+posted opposite, but it became necessary when within a
+short distance of it, to check this forward movement, in
+consequence of a charge from the American cavalry on the
+right, lest they should fall upon their rear; but they were
+received in so gallant a manner by the companies of the
+89th., under Captain Barnes, and the well-directed fire from
+the artillery, that they quickly retreated, and by an immediate
+charge from three companies, one gun was captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About half-past four the Americans gave way at all points
+from an exceedingly strong position, endeavouring to cover
+the retreat by their light infantry, which were soon driven
+away by Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson. The detachment for the
+night occupied the ground from which the foe had been
+driven, and afterwards moved forward in pursuit.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This action was also rewarded by the usual medal, and
+consequently a bar, inscribed “<span class='sc'>Chrystler’s Farm</span>,” was authorized
+when the war medal was granted. The force engaged
+consisted of the Royal Artillery, 49th., the second battalion
+of the 89th. regiment; Canadian Fencibles, Canadian Voltigeurs,
+and Militia Artillery and Dragoons, and Indians.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>No distinction has been granted for the colours, on account
+of either Chateauguay or Chrystler’s Farm.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>PASSAGE OF THE NIVE.<br> <span class='sc'>9th. to 13th. December, 1813.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the retreat of the French from the Nivelle, they
+occupied a position in front of Bayonne, which had, since
+the battle of Vittoria, been entrenched with great labour.
+The bad state of the roads, and the swelling of the rivulets
+from the fall of rain, had prevented the Marquis of Wellington
+from at once passing the Nive.<a id='r59'></a><a href='#f59' class='c013'><sup>[59]</sup></a> The state of the weather
+and roads at length enabled the British commander to collect
+the materials, and make preparations for forming the
+necessary bridges. The troops moved out of their cantonments
+on the 8th. of December, and Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland
+Hill, with the right of the army, crossed on the 9th. at,
+and in the neighbourhood of Cambo, Marshal Sir William
+Beresford supporting the operation by passing the sixth division,
+under Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, at Ustaritz;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>both operations succeeded completely. The enemy were
+immediately driven from the right bank of the river, and
+retired towards Bayonne, by the great road of St. Jean Pied
+de Port. Those posted opposite Cambo were nearly intercepted
+by the sixth division, and one regiment, being driven
+from the road, was compelled to march across the country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 10th. of December the enemy moved
+out of the entrenched camp with their whole army, with the
+exception only of that portion which occupied the works
+opposite to Sir Rowland Hill’s position, and drove in the
+pickets of the light division, when an action ensued, the
+brunt of which fell upon the first Portuguese brigade under
+Major-General Arch. Campbell, and upon Major-General
+Robinson’s brigade of the fifth division, which moved up in
+support.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When night closed the French were still in great force in
+front of the British posts, on the ground from which they
+had driven the pickets. During the night they retired from
+Lieutenant-General Sir John Hope’s front, leaving small posts,
+which were immediately driven in. About three in the
+afternoon they again drove in that officer’s pickets, and attacked
+his posts, but were once more repulsed with considerable
+loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 12th. the attack was re-commenced
+by the enemy with the same want of success, the first
+division under Major-General Howard, having relieved the
+fifth division; the enemy discontinued it in the afternoon, and
+retired entirely within the entrenched camp on that night.
+After the 10th. the attack was never renewed on the posts
+of the light division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was not until the 12th. of December that the first
+division, under Major-General Howard, was engaged, when
+the guards conducted themselves with their usual spirit.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having thus failed in all the attacks with their whole
+force upon the British left, the enemy withdrew into their
+entrenchments on the night of the 12th., and passed a large
+force through Bayonne; with which, on the morning of the
+13th. of December, a most desperate attack was made upon
+the troops under Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill. In
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>expectation of this the Marquis of Wellington had requested
+Marshal Sir William Beresford to reinforce the Lieutenant-General
+with the sixth division, which crossed the Nive at
+daylight on that morning; and a further reinforcement of
+the fourth division, with two brigades of the third, received
+orders to join Sir Rowland Hill. The troops under his immediate
+command had defeated the enemy with immense loss,
+before these succours arrived. Two guns and some prisoners
+were taken from the French, who, being beaten at all points,
+and having sustained considerable loss, were compelled to
+withdraw upon their entrenchment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Soult’s objects were to gain the bridge of St. Pierre, to make
+himself master of the road to St. Jean Pied de Port, and to
+break through the position of the allies. For these purposes
+he put forth his whole strength, and was completely vanquished.
+Even before the sixth division arrived, Sir Rowland Hill had
+repulsed him with prodigious loss; and although he skilfully
+availed himself of a high ground in retreating, he could not stand
+against the famous charge of General Byng, and was entirely
+defeated. It was a battle fought and won by the corps of Sir
+Rowland Hill alone and unaided. At the instant of victory
+Lord Wellington came up, and in the ecstacy of the moment
+of triumph, caught him by the hand, and said, “Hill, the day
+is your own.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The late Field-Marshal the Earl of Strafford, and Colonel
+of the Coldstream Guards, (then Major-General Byng,) highly
+distinguished himself in this action, wherein he led his troops,
+under a most galling fire, to the assault of a strong height
+occupied in great force by the enemy, and having himself
+ascended the hill first with the colour of the 31st. regiment
+of foot in his hand, he planted it upon the summit, and
+drove the enemy (far superior in numbers) down the ridge to
+the suburbs of St. Pierre, for which act he received the royal
+authority on the 4th. of July, 1815, to bear the following
+honourable augmentation, namely, “Over the arms of the
+family of Byng, in bend sinister, a representation of the
+colour of the 31st. regiment,” and the following crest, namely,
+“Out of a mural crown an arm embowed, grasping the colour
+of the aforesaid 31st. regiment, and, pendent from the wrist
+by a riband, the Gold Cross presented to him by His Majesty’s
+command, as a mark of his royal approbation of his distinguished
+services,” and in an escroll above, the word “Mouguerre,”
+being the name of a height near the hamlet of St. Pierre.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments took part in this action The 16th.
+Light Dragoons, 1st., 3rd., 4th., 9th., 11th., 28th., 31st., 32nd.,
+34th., 36th., 38th., 39th., 42nd., 43rd., 50th., 52nd., 57th., 59th.,
+60th., 61st., 62nd., 66th., 71st., 76th., 79th., 84th., 85th., 91st.,
+and 92nd. Foot, and Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ORTHES.<br> <span class='sc'>27th. February, 1814.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Little rest was accorded to the Peninsula troops. The
+weather having improved, and the roads become passable, in
+the second week of February the Marquis of Wellington continued
+his victorious career. The sixth and light divisions
+were ordered to break up from the blockade of Bayonne, and
+General Don Manuel Freyre was directed to close up the cantonments
+of his corps towards Iran, and to be prepared to
+move when the left of the army should cross the Adour.
+Immediately after the passage of the Gave d’Oléron, by Sir
+Rowland Hill, at Villenave, on the 24th. of February, that
+general and Sir Henry Clinton moved towards Orthes, near
+which place the French army was assembled on the 25th.,
+having destroyed all the bridges on the Gave de Pau.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this period the third division of the British army was
+at the broken bridge of Berenx, five miles lower down the
+river, having the sixth and seventh divisions (then arrived
+under Marshal Beresford) on its left, while the remainder of
+the force was assembled in front of Orthes. On the 26th.
+the third division forded the river lower down, and a pontoon
+bridge was afterwards laid at Berenx, by which the fourth and
+sixth divisions crossed on the morning of the 27th., at which
+time the third division was already posted with skirmishers
+thrown out close upon the left centre of the French position.
+The sixth division was placed on the right between the third
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>division and the river, and the light division on its left in rear
+as a reserve. During the whole morning there had been occasional
+skirmishing by the third division, but the real attack
+commenced at nine o’clock by the third and sixth divisions on
+the French left centre, and the fourth and seventh divisions on
+their right, which last was intended to be the principal point
+of attack; but it having been found, after three hours’ hard
+fighting, that the enemy were there too strongly posted, the
+Marquis of Wellington ordered an advance of the third and
+sixth divisions, with the 52nd. regiment, from the centre
+upon the left centre of the French position, which they
+carried and secured the victory;<a id='r60'></a><a href='#f60' class='c013'><sup>[60]</sup></a> meanwhile Lieutenant-General
+Sir Rowland Hill, with the second division, had crossed the
+river above Orthes, and nearly cut off the only line of retreat
+open to the enemy, who then retired from the field, but
+without confusion, and constantly resisting the advance. The
+allies followed, keeping up an incessant fire and cannonade,
+but lost many men, particularly of the third division, which
+was the most strongly opposed; this continued until the
+French nearly reached the Luy de Bearn river, when their
+retreat became a flight, and they effected their escape by the
+fords and one bridge, which they destroyed, having lost four
+thousand men and six guns. In this battle the Marquis of
+Wellington was wounded.<a id='r61'></a><a href='#f61' class='c013'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged at Orthes were the 14th. Light
+Dragoons, 5th., 6th., 7th., 11th., 20th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th.,
+31st., 32nd., 34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th.,
+51st., 52nd., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd.,
+83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 92nd., and 94th Foot, and the Rifle
+Brigade.<a id='r62'></a><a href='#f62' class='c013'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF TOULOUSE.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. April, 1814.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This, the last general action of the Peninsula war, was
+fought on Easter Sunday, the 10th. of April, 1814. The
+town of Toulouse is surrounded on three sides by the Canal
+of Languedoc and the Garonne; on the left of that river,
+the suburb, which the enemy had fortified with strong field-works
+in front of the ancient wall, formed a good <i>tête-de-pont</i>.
+The city itself was only accessible from the south,
+and its strong though old-fashioned walls had been rendered
+more defensible by redoubts, and by an exterior line of
+entrenchments on a strong and rugged range of heights, about
+two miles in length beyond the canal. On the 28th. of
+March the enemy’s troops were driven within the suburbs
+of St. Cyprien, and several attempts were made to attack
+them by crossing the Garonne above Toulouse. Operations
+were, however, impeded by the floods and rapidity of the
+river, until the 3rd. of April, when the third, fourth, and
+sixth divisions, with three brigades of cavalry, under Marshal
+Beresford, passed over by a pontoon bridge fifteen miles below
+Toulouse; but the crossing of the remainder of the army
+was again impeded by the rising of the river, which caused
+the removal of the bridges, until the 8th., when the Marquis
+of Wellington crossed, and advanced within five miles of
+Toulouse; Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill, with two
+divisions, remaining on the left bank.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>The Marquis of Wellington then fixed his plan of attack
+on the French position, according to which, on the left of
+the Garonne, Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill was to
+menace the suburb of St. Cyprien, while on the right of the
+river the third and light divisions were to menace the
+northern front, driving the enemy’s outposts within the canal,
+from its junction with the Garonne to the commencement of
+the range of heights at the hill of Pugade. A Spanish
+division was to carry that hill, and the fourth and sixth
+divisions, under Marshal Beresford, to carry the heights beyond
+it. On the 10th. of April, at about six o’clock in the
+morning, the battle commenced, and the different columns
+advanced according to orders. The third division on the right,
+next the Garonne, drove in the outposts of the enemy for
+about three miles, as far as the bridge of Jumeaux on the
+canal; this bridge was defended by a strong palisade <i>tête-de-pont</i>,
+too high to be forced without ladders, and approachable
+only on open flat. Six companies of the 74th., (three under
+Brevet-Major Miller, and three under Captain McQueen,) were
+ordered to attack this work, which they did in the most
+gallant style; but it was commanded from the opposite side
+of the canal, and was impregnable without artillery; the attacking
+party was therefore compelled to retire, after sustaining
+severe loss. The French then occupied the work in
+great force, and the continued efforts of the whole brigade
+could not dispossess them. The attack upon this work was
+unfortunately ordered by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton,
+after the duty assigned to his division of driving in the outposts
+and menacing the enemy had been performed, although
+the impossibility of carrying the work without artillery had
+been represented.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Marshal Sir William Beresford crossed the Ers, formed his
+corps in three columns of lines in the village of Croix d’Orade,
+the fourth division leading, with which he immediately carried
+Mont Blanc. He then moved up the Ers in the same order,
+over most difficult ground, in a direction parallel to the
+enemy’s fortified position, and as soon as he reached the
+point at which he turned it, he formed his lines, and moved
+to the attack. The gallant efforts of Lieutenant-General Don
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>Manuel Freyre upon the Pugade Hill did not meet with
+success, but they were highly applauded by the Marquis of
+Wellington. Meanwhile Marshal Sir William Beresford, with
+the fourth division under the command of Lieutenant-General
+Sir Lowry Cole, and the sixth division under Lieutenant-General
+Sir Henry Clinton, attacked and carried the heights
+on the enemy’s right, and the redoubt which covered and
+protected that flank; and he lodged those troops on the
+same heights with the enemy, who were, however, still in
+possession of four redoubts, and of the entrenchments and
+fortified houses. The badness of the roads had induced the
+Marshal to leave his artillery in the village of Mont Blanc;
+some time elapsed before it could be brought up, and before
+Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Freyre’s corps could be re-formed
+and led again to the attack. As soon as this was
+effected the Marshal continued his movement along the ridge,
+and carried, with Major-General Pack’s brigade of the sixth
+division, the two principal redoubts and fortified houses in
+the French centre. The enemy made a desperate effort from
+the canal to regain these redoubts, but they were repulsed
+with considerable loss; and the sixth division continuing its
+movement along the ridge of the height, and the Spanish
+troops pursuing a corresponding movement upon the front, the
+French were driven from the two redoubts and entrenchments
+on the left, and the whole range of heights were gained by
+the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In his despatch, the Marquis of Wellington added,—“We
+did not gain this advantage, however, without severe loss,
+particularly in the brave sixth division. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Coghlan, of the 61st., an officer of great merit and promise,
+was unfortunately killed in the attack of the heights; Major-General
+Pack was wounded, but was enabled to remain in the
+field; and Colonel Douglas, of the 8th. Portuguese regiment,
+lost his leg, and I am afraid I shall be deprived for a considerable
+time of his assistance.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The 36th., 42nd., 79th., and 61st. regiments lost considerable
+numbers, and were highly distinguished throughout the
+day.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The fourth division, although exposed on their march
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>along the enemy’s front in a galling fire, were not so much
+engaged as the sixth division, and did not suffer so much;
+but they conducted themselves with their usual gallantry.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After these operations the French withdrew behind the
+canal, and thus ended this hard-fought but unnecessary battle.<a id='r63'></a><a href='#f63' class='c013'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 5th. Dragoon Guards, 3rd. and 4th. Light Dragoons,
+2nd., 5th., 7th., 11th., 20th., 23rd., 27th., 36th., 40th., 42nd.,
+43rd., 45th., 48th., 52nd., 53rd., 60th., 61st., 74th., 79th.,
+83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 94th., and Rifle Brigade were engaged
+at <span class='sc'>Toulouse</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night of the 11th. of April, the French troops
+evacuated Toulouse, and a white flag was hoisted. On the
+following day the Marquis of Wellington entered the city,
+amidst the acclamations of the inhabitants. In the course of
+the afternoon of the 12th. of April, intelligence was received
+of the abdication of Napoleon, and had not the express been
+delayed on the journey by the French police, the sacrifice
+of many valuable lives would have been prevented. A disbelief
+in the truth of this intelligence occasioned much unnecessary
+bloodshed at Bayonne, the garrison of which made a desperate
+sortie on the night of the 14th. of April, and Lieutenant-General
+Sir John Hope, (afterwards Earl of Hopetoun,) was taken
+prisoner. Major-General Andrew Hay was killed, and Major-General
+Stopford was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A treaty of peace was signed between Great Britain and
+France; May 30th., 1814, Louis the Eighteenth was restored
+to the throne of France; and Napoleon Bonaparte was permitted
+to reside at Elba, with the title of Emperor, the
+sovereignty of that island having been conceded to him by
+the allied powers.<a id='r64'></a><a href='#f64' class='c013'><sup>[64]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE WATERLOO MEDAL, AND CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS, 1815.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>There was but a brief interval of peace after the battle of
+Toulouse. The triumphs of the Peninsula were not destined
+to give repose to Europe. Napoleon having learnt that at the
+Congress of Vienna it had been debated whether he should not
+be sent to St. Helena, (a measure opposed by the Duke of
+Wellington, and the idea relinquished,) and reckoning on the
+attachment of the French people, escaped from Elba, landed
+at Cannes, in Provence, on the 1st. of March, 1815, with a
+handful of men, and on the 20th. of that month entered Paris
+at the head of an army which had joined him on the road.
+Louis XVIII at once withdrew to Ghent, and Napoleon assumed
+his former dignity of Emperor of the French; the allied powers
+at once refused to acknowledge his sovereignty, and determined
+to effect his dethronement. Preparations for war commenced,
+troops were assembled in the Netherlands, and the regiments
+which had been engaged in America were, on their return,
+immediately forwarded to the seat of war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Britain had no selfish end in view in this great struggle,
+but sent her sons to battle in support of the rights of nations,
+and to secure herself from a military despotism. To those
+readers who would study the events of this short but momentous
+campaign, no better guide can be recommended than Captain
+Siborne’s elaborate account,—the work of a life-time. In this
+last success, Wellington, like a graceful actor, took his leave
+of war, for this terminated his active military career. The
+right wing of the Duke’s army, in and about Ath, was commanded
+by Lord Hill; the left, near Braine le Comte and
+Nivelle, was under the Prince of Orange; the cavalry, under
+the Earl of Uxbridge, was quartered about Grammont, and
+the reserve was in proximity to Brussels and its neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT QUATRE BRAS.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. June, 1815.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Napoleon left Paris on the 12th. of June, and endeavoured
+by one of those rapid marches for which he had been so celebrated,
+to interpose his forces between the British and Prussian
+armies, and then attack them in detail. Information of this
+movement arrived at Brussels during the evening of the 15th.
+of June, and the Duke of Wellington caused the troops to be
+prepared to march. Pursuing their way through the forest of
+Soignies, Genappe, and along the road towards Charleroi, after
+a march of twenty-two miles, they arrived on the 16th. of
+June, at some farm-houses denominated Les Quatre Bras, where
+the main road from Charleroi to Brussels is crossed by another
+from Nivelles to Namur, and which served as the British
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>communication with the Prussians on the left. Here the second
+French corps, under Marshal Ney, was developing a serious
+attack against that position with very superior numbers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The battle commenced by an attack on Perponcher’s Dutch-Belgian
+Brigade, which was commanded by the Prince of
+Orange. As fast as the British regiments arrived on the scene,
+they were formed and led into action. About two o’clock
+Picton’s division came up, with Pack’s brigade, and Best’s
+Hanoverians. Soon after, part of the Black Brunswickers, and
+some of the Nassau troops arrived, and about six in the evening
+the brigade of Sir Colin Halkett, consisting of the 30th., 33rd.,
+69th, and 73rd. regiments, with Kielmansegge’s Hanoverians
+came up.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Considerable loss was sustained, but the repeated charges
+of the enemy were repulsed. About four o’clock His Royal
+Highness the Duke of Brunswick fell bravely fighting at the
+head of his troops, who were seized with a panic, and retired,
+pursued by the French cavalry, who were repulsed in their turn
+by the 92nd. In the Duke of Wellington’s account of this
+action the 28th., 42nd.,<a id='r65'></a><a href='#f65' class='c013'><sup>[65]</sup></a> 79th, and 92nd.<a id='r66'></a><a href='#f66' class='c013'><sup>[66]</sup></a> regiments were
+specially mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Speaking of one of the attacks of the French cavalry, Captain
+W. Siborne, in his “History of the War in France and
+Belgium in 1815,” observes, “If this cavalry attack had fallen
+so unexpectedly upon the 42nd. Highlanders, still less had it
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>been anticipated by the 44th. regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hamerton, perceiving that the lancers were rapidly advancing
+against his rear, and that any attempt to form square would
+be attended with imminent danger, instantly decided upon
+receiving them in line.... Never, perhaps, did British
+infantry display its characteristic coolness and steadiness more
+eminently than on this trying occasion. To have stood in a
+thin two-deep line, awaiting, and prepared to receive, the
+onset of hostile cavalry, would have been looked upon at least
+as a most hazardous experiment; but with its rear so suddenly
+menaced, and its flanks unsupported, to have instantly faced
+only one rank about, to have stood as if rooted to the ground,
+to have repulsed its assailants with so steady and well-directed
+a fire, that numbers of them were destroyed—this was a feat
+of arms which the oldest, or best-disciplined corps in the world
+might have in vain hoped to accomplish; yet most successfully
+and completely was this achieved by the gallant second battalion
+of the 44th. British regiment, under its brave commander’
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hamerton.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“In this attack occurred one of those incidents which, in
+daring, equal any of the feats of ancient chivalry; which make
+the wildest fables of the deeds of the knights of old appear
+almost possible; which cause the bearing of an individual to
+stand out, at it were, in relief amidst the operations of the
+masses; and which, by their characteristic recklessness, almost
+invariably ensure at least a partial success. A French lancer
+gallantly charged at the colours, and severely wounded Ensign
+Christie, who carried one of them, by a thrust of his lance,
+which, entering the left eye, penetrated to the lower jaw. The
+Frenchman then endeavoured to seize the standard, but the
+brave Christie, notwithstanding the agony of his wound, with
+a presence of mind almost unequalled, flung himself upon it,
+not to save himself, but to preserve the honour of his regiment.
+As the colour fluttered in its fall, the Frenchman tore off a
+portion of the silk with the point of his lance; but he was
+not permitted to bear the fragment beyond the ranks. Both
+shot and bayoneted by the nearest of the soldiers of the 44th.,
+he was borne to the earth, paying with his life for his display
+of unavailing bravery.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>Just before seven o’clock, Sir G. Cooke’s brigade of guards,
+came into action, after a forced march of 27 miles, drove
+the enemy back, and repulsed at all points the repeated and
+desperate charges of Kellerman’s cavalry, supported by a preponderance
+of artillery. As the British reinforcements arrived,
+Key’s furious attacks became feeble and fewer, and about
+sunset the conflict ceased, and the French retired upon the
+village of Frasnes. After a long march of nearly forty miles
+the British cavalry, and some artillery arrived, but too late at
+night to take any part in the battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following is a list of the regiments engaged, and of
+their killed and wounded at Quatre Bras, a battle gained by
+the British infantry:—</p>
+
+<table class='table1'>
+  <tr>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c021 bbt' rowspan='2'>Regiments engaged.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>KILLED.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='2'>WOUNDED.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ 
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Non-com. Offi. &#38; Men.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>Non-com. Offi. &#38; Men.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>Royal Artillery</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>9</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>1st. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>23</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>256</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>„ 3rd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>20</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>6</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>235</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>2nd. „ 2nd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>3rd. „ 2nd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>30th. Regiment, 2nd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>5</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>33rd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>3</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>16</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>7</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>69th. „ 2nd. battalion</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>37</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>110</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>73rd. „ 2nd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>44</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>28th. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>11</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>77</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>32nd. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>21</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>21</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>153</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>79th. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>28</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>16</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>258</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>95th. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>8</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>51</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>1st. „ 3rd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>6</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>20</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>180</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>42nd. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>3</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>42</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>15</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>228</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c023'>44th. „ 2nd.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>10</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>15</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>94</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c023'>92nd. „ 1st.       „</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>35</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>21</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>226</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c021'>Total</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>25</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>289</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>137</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>2031</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c008'>Whilst Marshal Ney was attempting to force this position,
+the Emperor defeated the Prussians at St. Amand and Ligny.
+During the night Marshal Blucher, finding himself so weakened
+by the severity of the contest, and the fourth corps not having
+arrived, determined to fall back and concentrate his army
+upon Wavre.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACTION ON THE <span class='fss'>17TH.</span> OF JUNE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This movement of the Prussian commander rendered a corresponding
+one necessary on the part of the British, who retired
+from the farm of Quatre Bras upon Genappe, and thence on
+Waterloo on the morning of the 17th., at ten o’clock. No
+effort was made by the enemy to pursue Marshal Blucher,
+neither was there any attempt to molest the march of the
+British to the rear, although made in the middle of the day,
+excepting by following with a large body of cavalry, brought
+from the French right, the cavalry under the Earl of Uxbridge,
+who had taken up a position to cover the retrograde movement.
+The rear of the infantry and artillery having proceeded
+some miles along the great road from Quatre Bras through
+Genappe, the cavalry were withdrawn by brigades in succession,
+each brigade re-forming as soon as it arrived at a suitable
+position in the rear of the column. The enemy’s cavalry advanced
+in great force; the main body of his army moved on
+Quatre Bras, and his advance guard began to press on the
+rear of the retiring troops. To check this movement, the 7th.
+hussars charged a corps of French lancers in the town of Genappe;
+the lancers, however, having their flanks secure, presented
+an almost impenetrable row of pikes, and they were enabled
+to repel the charge. The attack was repeated by the hussars,
+but without making any impression; the French cavalry pressing
+forward, passed the ground occupied by the 7th., when the
+1st. Life Guards were directed by the Earl of Uxbridge to
+charge the French lancers. Wheeling about, the Life Guards
+advanced to the attack, which proved irresistible, and the
+lancers were pursued through the streets of Genappe. After
+this repulse the retreat was continued with cannonading and
+skirmishing, until the cavalry arrived at the position of Mont.
+St. Jean, in front of the forest of Soignies, and near to the
+village of Waterloo.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About five in the afternoon the allies had taken up their
+prescribed position, and during the wet and disagreeable night,
+violent showers having fallen during the afternoon, and the rain
+continuing throughout the night, accompanied by cold and
+strong gusts of wind, so frequently a prelude to the Duke’s
+victories, awaited the dawn of the memorable 18th. of June.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF WATERLOO.<br> <span class='sc'>18th. June, 1815.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The position which was taken up in front of Waterloo,
+crossed the high-roads from Charleroi and Nivelles, its right
+being thrown back to a ravine near Merke Braine, which
+was occupied; its left extended to a height above the hamlet
+of Ter la Haye, which was also occupied. In front of the
+right centre, and near the Nivelles road, the house and
+garden of Hougomont, which covered the return of that
+flank, was made available for defence, and in front of the
+left centre the farm of La Haye Sainte was put to a similar
+use. By the left a communication was maintained with
+Marshal Prince Blucher, at Wavre, through Ohain, who had
+promised that in case of an attack, he would advance in
+support, not with one or more corps, but with his whole
+army.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On a range of heights in front of the British, were collected
+during the night the whole of Napoleon’s army, with
+the exception of the third corps, under Marshal Grouchy,
+who had been detached to watch the movements of the
+Prussians. At about half-past ten on the morning of the
+18th., a furious attack was made upon the post at Hougomont,
+occupied by a detachment from Major-General Byng’s
+brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear, and
+it was for some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+(afterwards Sir James) Macdonell, and subsequently
+under Colonel Home. It was maintained throughout the day
+with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, although
+repeated efforts of large bodies vainly endeavoured to obtain
+possession of the place.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“About one o’clock a cart of ammunition, which had been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>sent for early in the day, was brought into the farm-yard
+of Hougomont, and proved most seasonable. The men had
+only time to fill their pouches, when a discharge of artillery
+suddenly burst upon them, mingled with the shouts of a
+column rushing on to a fresh attack. A cloud of tirailleurs
+pushed through the wood and cornfields: they were aimed
+at with fatal certainty from the loopholes, windows, and
+summit of the building. But the enemy eventually compelled
+the few men that remained outside to withdraw into the
+chateau by the rear gate. In the meantime the French
+redoubled their efforts against it, and the fire of the immediate
+defenders of that point for a moment ceased. The
+gate was then forced. At this critical moment Macdonell
+rushed to the spot with the officers and men nearest at
+hand, and not only expelled the assailants, but re-closed the
+gate. The enemy, from their overwhelming numbers, again
+entered the yard, when the guards retired to the house, and
+kept up from the windows such a destructive fire, that the
+French were driven out, and the gate once more was closed.”
+Such is the description given by Colonel MacKinnon, in
+his valuable “Record of the Origin and Services of the Coldstream
+Guards.” Captain Siborne thus narrates the circumstances
+“The French, however, succeeded in forcing the
+gate; but the defenders betook themselves to the nearest
+cover, whence they poured a fire upon the intruders, and
+then rushing forward, a struggle ensued, which was distinguished
+by the most intrepid courage on both sides. At
+length Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell, Captain Wyndham,
+Ensigns Gooch and Hervey, and Sergeant Graham, of the
+Coldstream Guards, by dint of great personal strength and
+exertions, combined with extraordinary bravery and perseverance,
+succeeded in closing the gate against their assailants.
+Those of the latter who had entered the courtyard fell a
+sacrifice to their undaunted and conspicuous gallantry.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Alluding to Sergeant Graham, he adds, “This individual
+deserves honourable mention, having greatly distinguished
+himself during the memorable defence of Hougomont. At a
+later period of the day, when in the ranks along the garden
+wall facing the wood, and when the struggle was most severe
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>in that quarter, he asked Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell’s
+permission to fall out. The Colonel, knowing the character
+of the man, expressed his surprise at the request made at
+such a moment. Graham explained that his brother lay
+wounded in one of the buildings then on fire, that he wished
+to remove him to a place of safety, and that he would then
+lose no time in rejoining the ranks. The request was granted:
+Graham succeeded in snatching his brother from the horrible
+fate which menaced him, laid him in a ditch in rear of the
+enclosures, and, true to his word, was again at his post.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Finding Hougomont so stubbornly defended, the French
+artillery opened upon the house, which was quickly in a
+blaze. The Guards however, about 2000 men, with 1100
+German troops, maintained the post to the end of the day,
+against the repeated attacks of nearly 30,000 men. The loss
+of the enemy was fearful, the killed and wounded lying in heaps round the chateau, in the woods, and in every
+avenue leading to it. The division of General Foy alone lost
+3000 men, and the total loss of the French in their attacks
+upon this position, was not far short of 10,000 killed and
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This attack upon the right of the British centre was accompanied
+by a heavy cannonade upon the whole line, which
+was destined to support the repeated attacks of cavalry and
+infantry, occasionally mixed, but sometimes separate, that were
+made upon it. In one of these the French carried the farmhouse
+of La Haye Sainte, as the detachment of the light
+battalion of the German Legion, which held it, had expended
+all its ammunition, and the enemy occupied the only communication
+there was with them. Repeated charges were
+made by the French cavalry upon the infantry, but these
+attacks were uniformly unsuccessful, and they afforded opportunities
+to the British cavalry to charge, in one of which Lord
+Edward Somerset’s brigade, consisting of the Life Guards,
+Royal Horse Guards, and 1st. Dragoon Guards, highly distinguished
+itself, with that of Major-General Sir William
+Ponsonby, having taken many prisoners and an eagle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Soon after four o’clock a grand onslaught was made on the
+British front by the whole of the French cavalry; cuirassiers,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>lancers, and <span lang="fr">chasseurs à cheval</span> of the Imperial Guard, consisting
+of about forty squadrons, supported by a tremendous fire
+of artillery. As they advanced, every discharge of the British
+guns, double shotted, fearfully shattered their ranks; but they
+rushed on, with shouts of “Vive l’Empereur!” to the very
+faces of the infantry squares, inside of which the gunners
+were lying down for shelter, and swept round the flanks, till
+they recoiled in disorder and confusion before the close and
+destructive fire under which men and horses fell in heaps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These attacks continued to be repeated until about seven
+o’clock in the evening, and the Prussians were fast approaching
+Planchenoit, on the right rear of the enemy, with about
+30,000 men and sixty-four guns, when Napoleon made
+a last desperate effort with his Imperial Guard in two
+columns, supported by the fire of artillery, to force the left
+centre, near the farm of La Haye Sainte. Led by Ney, the
+veterans of Jena and Wagram, in spite of a decimating fire
+of case and grape shot, advanced to within fifty yards of
+Halkett’s brigade, and the Foot Guards, who were lying down
+to avoid the cannonade which covered the onset of Napoleon’s
+chosen troops. On the word being given, the Guards in a
+line four deep, sprang to their feet, and poured in such a
+destructive volley that the front of the column of the Imperial
+Guard seemed to melt away. Their officers vainly
+strove to rally them, when the British with a ringing cheer
+charged, and the enemy were driven down the hill in wild
+confusion. The second column of the Imperial Guard, rent
+and torn by close discharges of case shot, and assailed with
+volleys of musketry in front and flank, also broke, turned,
+and fled, only two rear battalions retaining their ranks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having observed that the enemy retired from this attack
+in great confusion, and that the march of General Bulow’s
+corps upon Planchenoit and La Belle Alliance had begun to
+take effect, the fire of his cannon being perceived, and as
+Marshal Prince Blucher had joined in person with a corps
+of his army to the left of the British line by Ohain, the Duke
+immediately advanced the whole line of infantry, supported
+by the cavalry and artillery. The Anglo-allied army formed
+line, and with one impetuous charge decided the fortune of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>the day. The enemy was forced from his position on the
+heights, and fled in the utmost confusion. The pursuit was
+continued until long after dark, and then, in consequence
+of the fatigue of the British troops, which had been engaged
+during twelve hours, Marshal Blucher was left to follow the
+enemy, from whom he captured sixty pieces of cannon, belonging
+to the Imperial Guard, together with several carriages,
+baggage, etc., belonging to Napoleon. About one hundred
+and fifty pieces of cannon, with their ammunition, had been
+taken by the British, together with two eagles.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas Picton,<a id='r67'></a><a href='#f67' class='c013'><sup>[67]</sup></a> the hero of so many Peninsula actions,
+fell, and Major-General the Honourable Sir William Ponsonby.
+The Earl of Uxbridge, after having passed unscathed throughout
+the day, lost his right leg by nearly the last shot fired, and
+His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange was wounded.
+Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Baron Alten, Major-Generals Sir
+Colin Halkett, Sir Edward Barnes, (Adjutant-General,) Fred:
+Adam, Sir James Kempt, and Cooke, and Colonel Sir William
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>De Lancey<a id='r68'></a><a href='#f68' class='c013'><sup>[68]</sup></a> (Deputy-Quartermaster-General,) were wounded.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Fitz Roy Somerset (the late Lord
+Raglan) had his right arm amputated.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Vain would it be to select regiments on this glorious occasion.
+“It gives me the greatest satisfaction (so wrote the
+Duke to Earl Bathurst,) to assure your Lordship, that the
+army, never, upon any occasion, conducted itself better. The
+division of Guards, under Major-General Cooke, who is severely
+wounded; Major-General Maitland, and Major-General Byng,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>set an example which was followed by all; and there is no
+officer nor description of troops, that did not behave well.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At Waterloo the Anglo-allied army consisted of sixty-seven
+thousand six hundred and sixty-one men, and one hundred
+and fifty-six guns;<a id='r69'></a><a href='#f69' class='c013'><sup>[69]</sup></a> and the French had seventy-one thousand
+nine hundred and forty-seven men, and two hundred and forty-six
+guns, composed of fifteen thousand seven hundred and
+sixty-five cavalry, seven thousand two hundred and thirty-two
+artillery, and forty-eight thousand nine hundred and fifty infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the army
+with the greatest enthusiasm, “for its distinguished valour at
+Waterloo;” and the following regiments engaged, also the
+battalions to which they are now linked, but which took no
+part in the battle, bear the word “<span class='sc'>Waterloo</span>” on their colours
+and appointments, in commemoration of their distinguished
+services on the 18th. of June, 1815, namely, 1st. and 2nd. Life
+Guards, Royal Horse Guards, 1st. Dragoon Guards, 1st., 2nd.,
+6th., 7th., 10th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., and 16th. Light
+Dragoons, Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Fusilier
+Guards, 1st., 4th., 14th., 23rd., 27th., 28th., 30th., 32nd., 33rd.,
+40th., 42nd., 44th., 51st., 52nd., 69th., 71st., 73rd., 79th., and
+92nd., Foot, Rifle Brigade, and Royal Artillery. Every subaltern
+officer and soldier present in this battle, or in either of the
+actions immediately preceding it, received permission to count
+two years additional service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The oft-mooted question as to the share taken in this momentous
+contest by the Prussians, and to their presence on the
+field in gaining the victory, must be met by the Duke’s
+opinion, as expressed in his despatch:—“I should not do justice
+to my own feelings, or to Marshal Blucher and the Prussian
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this
+arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received
+from them. The operation of General Bulow upon the enemy’s
+flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found
+myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the
+final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his
+attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him
+from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately
+have succeeded.” There are, however, even now, some prejudiced
+people, who exclaim, like Solomon Probity, in “The
+Chimney Corner,” “Don’t tell me! it was Blucher as won
+Waterloo.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The meeting of the Duke and Blucher at La Belle Alliance
+after the battle is apocryphal. In the concluding volume of
+the Wellington Dispatches, (page 332,) there is a letter to
+Mr. Mudford, in which occurs the following passage in reference
+to this and other mis-statements:—“Of these a remarkable instance
+is to be found in the report of a meeting between
+Marshal Blucher and me at La Belle Alliance; and some have
+gone so far as to have seen the chair on which I sat down
+in that farmhouse. It happens that the meeting took place
+after ten at night, at the village of Genappe; and anybody
+who attempts to describe with truth the operations of the different
+armies will see that it could not be otherwise. In
+truth, I was not off my horse till I returned to Waterloo,
+between eleven and twelve at night.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following anecdote is illustrative of the effect produced
+by the irresistible attack of the Life Guards:<a id='r70'></a><a href='#f70' class='c013'><sup>[70]</sup></a>—Immediately
+after the first charge, while the Life Guards were pursuing
+the French, three of their cuirassiers turned down a narrow
+lane, with a view of escaping that way, and they were
+pursued by Private John Johnson, of the 2nd. regiment.
+There proved to be no thoroughfare at the end of the
+road, when Johnson, though alone, attacked the three, and,
+after a slight resistance, they surrendered themselves prisoners.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>Several instances of distinguished bravery displayed by individuals
+of the Life Guards, have been recorded; amongst
+others, Corporal Shaw and Private Godley, of the 2nd.
+regiment. The former for his great prowess, and the number
+of cuirassiers he slew; and the latter for a distinguished
+act of bravery, namely, when his horse was killed, himself
+wounded, and his helmet knocked off, bareheaded as he was,
+he attacked a cuirassier, slew him, and mounted his horse.
+Shaw was killed in the first charge. Godley lived several
+years after, and a stone was erected to his memory by his
+comrades in the burial ground of St. John’s Wood, London,
+with appropriate devices and inscription. During the engagement
+the Duke of Wellington came to the head of the
+1st. regiment of Life Guards, and thanked the squadrons for
+their gallant behaviour.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Ferrier, of the 1st. Life Guards, before he fell
+had eleven times led his regiment to the charge. Several of
+these charges were made after his head was laid open by a
+sabre cut, and his body had been pierced by a lance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the heat of the conflict Captain Alexander Kennedy
+Clark (now Lieutenant-General A. K. Clark Kennedy, C.B.)
+commanding the centre squadron of the 1st. Royal Dragoons,
+having led his men about two hundred yards beyond the
+second hedge on the British left, perceived, in the midst of
+a crowd of infantry, the eagle of the French 105th. regiment,
+with which the bearer was endeavouring to escape to the
+rear. Against this body of men Captain Clark instantly led
+his squadron at full speed, and, plunging into the midst of
+the crowd, overtook, and slew the French officer who carried
+the eagle. Several men of the Royal Dragoons coming up
+at the moment of its capture, Captain Clark gave the eagle
+to Corporal Stiles, and ordered him to carry it to the rear.
+The corporal was afterwards rewarded with an ensigncy in
+the 6th. West India Regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Another eagle, that of the French 45th. regiment, was
+captured by Sergeant Charles Ewart, of the 2nd. Royal North
+British Dragoons. This gained for the gallant sergeant an
+ensigncy in the 3rd. Royal Veteran Battalion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following is a remarkable instance of preservation:—Lieutenant
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>George Doherty, of the 13th. Light Dragoons,
+besides being severely wounded in the head, was struck by
+a ball, which was stopped and flattened by the interposition
+of his watch. He had taken out his watch to remark
+the time, when the regiment was ordered to advance, and
+not being able to return it, he put it into the breast of
+his jacket, and thus, providentially, his life was saved.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In one of the charges made by the 28th. regiment at
+Waterloo, a flag belonging to the 25th. French regiment was
+taken by Private John O’Brien, of the eighth company, who
+the moment after received a severe wound, which ultimately
+occasioned the loss of his leg. The trophy, however, was
+preserved, and sent to Major-General Sir James Kempt, who
+commanded the division, when the regiment arrived at Paris.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the “Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Simon Frazer,
+K.C.B.,” commanding the Royal Horse Artillery in the army
+under the Duke of Wellington, edited by Major-General Edward
+Sabine, from which the above has been extracted, is this
+allusion to Waterloo:—“Never was there a more bloody
+affair, never so hot a fire. Bonaparte put in practice every
+device of war. He tried us with artillery, with cavalry, and,
+last of all, with infantry. The efforts of each were gigantic,
+but the admirable talents of our Duke, seconded by such
+troops as he commands, baffled every attempt.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>There is some difference of opinion as to the exact time the
+battle commenced. In the “Life of Lord Hill,” by the Rev.
+Edwin Sidney, A.M., occurs the following:—“In reading the
+various accounts of this battle, it is curious to observe the
+discrepancies as to the time it commenced. Lord Hill has,
+however, settled this point. On arriving in London the autumn
+after the conflict, he passed his first evening at the house of
+his friend Lord Teignmouth. ‘Can you tell me,’ said Lord
+Teignmouth, ‘at what time the action commenced?’ Lord Hill
+replied, ‘I took two watches into action with me. On consulting
+my stop-watch after the battle was over, I found that the first
+gun was fired at ten minutes before twelve.’”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Moorsom, in his “History of the 52nd. Light Infantry,”
+gives the following characteristic account of the commencement
+of the action:—“The night was wet and disagreeable,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>as usual before—the Duke of Wellington’s battles. As
+the morning broke, between four and five o’clock, Captain
+Diggle’s company of the 52nd., and two or three companies
+of the 95th. Rifles, were sent into the enclosures of the village
+of Merbe Braine, with their front towards Braine-le-Leud. At
+twenty minutes past eleven a cannon-shot was fired. Diggle,
+a cool old officer of the Peninsula, took out his watch, turned
+to his subaltern Gawler, who was another of the same Peninsula
+mould, and quietly remarked, ‘There it goes.’ The leaders,
+in fact, had then opened the ball.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the “Life of Lord Hill,” before quoted, occurs the following
+account of the final struggle:—“Sir Digby Mackworth,
+who was on the staff of Lord Hill, has kindly communicated
+what he witnessed of his General’s efforts at the grand crisis
+of the day. ‘He placed himself,’ Sir Digby states, ‘at the
+head of his Light Brigade, 52nd., 71st., and 95th., and charged
+the flank of the Imperial Guard, as they were advancing against
+our Guards. The Light Brigade was lying under the brow of
+the hill, and gave and received volleys within half-pistol-shot
+distance. Here Lord Hill’s horse was shot under him, and,
+as he ascertained the next morning, was shot in five places.
+The general was rolled over and severely bruised, but in the
+<i>mêlée</i> this was unknown to us for about half an hour. We
+knew not what was become of him; we feared he had been
+killed; and none can tell you the heart-felt joy which we felt
+when he rejoined us, not seriously hurt.’ When the tremendous
+day was over, Lord Hill and his staff again re-occupied the
+little cottage they left in the morning. His two gallant brothers,
+Sir Robert Hill and Colonel Clement Hill, had been removed
+wounded to Brussels; the party was, nevertheless, nine in
+number. A soup made by Lord Hill’s servant, from two fowls,
+was all their refreshment, after hours of desperate fighting
+without a morsel of food. Lord Hill himself was bruised and
+full of pain. All night long, the groans and shrieks of sufferers
+were the chief sounds that met their ears. It was to
+them all a night of the greatest misery. The men whom the
+nations of Europe were about to welcome with acclamations,
+and to entertain in palaces, could only exchange sigh for sigh
+with each other in a wretched cottage. Such is war even to
+the winners. May a gracious God soon make it to cease in
+all the earth!”</p>
+
+<div id='i197fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_197fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Waterloo Medal</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>The casualties amongst the officers of the British army,
+(including the King’s German Legion,) amounted to one hundred
+and thirty-nine killed, five hundred and eighty-five wounded,
+and fifteen missing. The Hanoverian troops had twenty officers,
+and three hundred and eight men killed, seventy-seven officers
+and one thousand two hundred and forty-four men wounded.
+The Brunswick troops had seven officers and one hundred and
+forty-seven men killed, and twenty-six officers and four hundred
+and thirty men wounded. The Nassau contingent had
+five officers and two hundred and forty-nine men killed, and
+nineteen officers and three hundred and seventy men wounded.
+Numerous as these casualties were, those of the French far
+exceeded them, amounting, according to the most correct calculations,
+to about thirty thousand.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE WATERLOO MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A medal was struck for this victory, which was conferred
+on all present in the three actions of the 16th., 17th., and
+18th. of June, 1815. In a letter from the Duke of Wellington
+to the Duke of York, dated Orville, 28th. June, 1815, His
+Grace wrote, “I would likewise beg leave to suggest to your
+Royal Highness the expediency of giving to the non-commissioned
+officers and soldiers engaged in the Battle of Waterloo a
+medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the
+army; and if that battle should settle our concerns, they will
+well deserve it.” In a letter from His Grace to Earl Bathurst,
+Secretary of State for the War Department, on the 17th. of
+September, this passage occurs:—“I have long intended to
+write to you about the medal for Waterloo. I recommended
+that we should all have the same medal, hung to the same
+ribbon as that now used with the medals.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Waterloo Medal has on the obverse the laureated head
+of the Prince Regent, inscribed <span class='sc'>George P. Regent</span>; on the
+reverse is Victory, seated on a pedestal, holding the palm in
+the right hand, and the olive branch in the left. Above the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>figure of Victory is the name of the illustrious commander
+<span class='sc'>Wellington</span>, and under it the word <span class='sc'>Waterloo</span>, with the date
+of the battle, June 18th., 1815. This figure evidently owes its
+origin to the ancient Greek coin represented in the accompanying
+engraving. A specimen of the coin is preserved in
+the British Museum. The name, rank, and regiment of the
+officer or soldier were engraved round the edge<a id='r71'></a><a href='#f71' class='c013'><sup>[71]</sup></a> of the
+medal, which was to be suspended from the button-hole of
+the uniform to the ribbon authorized for the military medals,
+namely, crimson with blue edges. In the “London Gazette,”
+of the 23rd. of April, 1816, was published the following
+official notification:—</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c025'>
+    <div><span class='sc'>Memorandum.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, March 10th., 1816.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“The Prince Regent has been graciously pleased, in the
+name and on the behalf of His Majesty, to command, that in
+commemoration of the brilliant and decisive victory of Waterloo,
+a medal should be conferred on every officer, non-commissioned
+officer, and soldier of the British Army, present upon that
+memorable occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“His Royal Highness has further been pleased to command,
+that the ribbon issued with the medal, shall never be worn
+but with the medal suspended to it.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent;</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line in16'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>H. Torrens</span>, Major-General and Military Secretary.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_b_198.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Coin of Elis</span>, about 450, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>The distinction for Waterloo became the more valuable, from
+the fact that there was only one ribbon and one medal for all
+ranks of the army, from the Commander of the Forces to the
+youngest drummer.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 35th., 54th., 59th., and 91st. regiments forming the
+brigade of Sir Charles Colville, which was detached, were
+granted the medal, but these regiments do not bear “Waterloo”
+on their colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Prince Regent also ordered that medals should be given
+to the Brunswickers who survived the actions of the 16th.,
+17th., and 18th. of June. This medal, of bronze, was made
+from the captured guns. Obverse, bust of Duke Frederick
+William, who fell at Quatre Bras, with the legend, “Friedrich
+Wilhelm Herzog.” Reverse, the date 1815, within a wreath
+of oak and laurel; legend, “Braunschweig Seinen Kriegern—Quatre
+Bras and Waterloo,” the ribbon yellow, with a light
+blue border.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Hanoverian troops present at Waterloo, received a
+silver medal. Obverse, laureated head of the Prince Regent,
+with the legend, “George Prinz Regent, 1815.” Reverse,
+“Waterloo, June 18th.,” above which is a military trophy,
+below, laurel branches; legend, “Hannoverscher Tapferkeit.”
+Ribbon, red with blue border.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>To the soldiers of the Duchy of Nassau, a small silver
+medal was awarded, worn with a dark blue ribbon, yellow
+edge.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE CAPE OR SOUTH AFRICA MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 22nd. of November, 1854, a general order was
+issued, announcing that the Queen had been pleased to command
+that a medal should be prepared, “to commemorate the
+success of her Majesty’s Forces in the wars in which they were
+engaged against the Kaffirs, in the years 1834–5, 1846–7, and
+in the period between the 24th. of December, 1850, and the
+6th. of February, 1853; one of which was to be conferred on
+every surviving officer, non-commissioned officer, and soldier
+of the regular forces, including the officers of the staff, and
+the officers and men of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>and Sappers and Miners, who actually served in the field
+against the enemy in South Africa, at the periods alluded to,
+excluding those who may have been dismissed for subsequent
+misconduct, or who have deserted and are absent.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The obverse has the Queen’s head, with the inscription
+<span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>. On the reverse is the lion crouching under
+a shrub, above which are the words <span class='sc'>South Africa</span>, and
+beneath the year “1853.” The ribbon is orange, with dark
+blue stripes. No clasp was granted with this medal for any
+of the actions fought during the campaigns between 1834,
+and 1853. The same medal, or rather one similar, with the
+substitution of crossed assegais and a shield in the exergue,
+instead of the date 1853 (ribbon the same), was given for
+the campaigns in Kaffraria, Basutoland, and Zululand;
+against the Galekas and Gaikas 1877–78, the Griquas 1878,
+Basutos 1879, Zulus 1879, and Sekukuni 1878–79. The dates
+of the campaigns are given on the only clasp issued.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_200.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGNS IN SOUTH AFRICA.<br> <span class='c016'>1834–5.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The aggressions of the Kaffir tribes, which were divided
+into three nations, the Amapondas, the Tambookies, and the
+Amakosa, about this time assumed a formidable and an
+atrocious character before unknown. The colonial boundary
+extended, on one side, to the Keiskamma; but a chief named
+Macomo had been permitted to reside within the British
+territory. Owing to some outrages committed by him and his
+followers on the Tambookies, he was deprived of the lands
+he held by sufferance in the British territory. His expulsion,
+however, was not strictly enforced until 1833, when he was
+removed beyond the boundary, and he became violently incensed
+against the government. The predatory habits of the
+Kaffirs also led to disputes when the British were searching
+for stolen property, and the lenity observed towards the aggressors,
+emboldened them to become more violent in their
+attacks. Towards the end of 1834, multitudes of Kaffirs rushed
+into the colony, and commenced the work of murder, rapine,
+and devastation by fire amongst the settlers. The ruins of
+once flourishing farms spoke of savage vengeance. Graham’s
+Town was barricaded, and the houses turned into fortifications.
+Troops were ordered to the frontier, and preparations were
+made to carry hostilities into the heart of Kaffirland, to visit
+with necessary chastisement these aggressions, and to take
+measures to prevent the recurrence of similar outrages.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The forces which were assembled for operations beyond
+the eastern frontier, were distributed into four divisions. The
+first division, (with which were the head-quarters of the Commander-in-Chief,
+Major-General Sir Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,)
+was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Peddie, K.H., of the
+72nd. Highlanders, and consisted of two guns Royal Artillery,
+a detachment of Cape Mounted Riflemen, 72nd. Highlanders,
+first battalion Provisional Infantry, and the Swellendam Burgher
+Force. The second was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Somerset, K.H., and was composed of two guns Royal Artillery,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>Cape Mounted Riflemen, (head-quarter division,) the George,
+Uitenhage, and the Albany Burgher Forces. The third, commanded
+by Major Cox, of the 75th. regiment, consisted of two
+guns Royal Artillery, detachment Cape Mounted Riflemen, second
+battalion Provisional Infantry, detachment Swellendam Burgher
+Force, Beaufort Burgher Force, and the Kat River Legion.
+The fourth, under Field Commandant Van Wyk, consisted of
+the Somerset Burgher Force.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Smith, C.B., (afterwards the celebrated Sir Harry
+Smith, of Aliwal,) was appointed second in command, continuing
+at the same time in the performance of his duties as
+Chief of the Staff to the United Regular and Burgher Forces;
+on the 26th. of March, 1835, he led a well-directed inroad into
+the enemy’s country; the Buffalo Mountains were penetrated,
+and the combined and successive operations in Kaffirland were
+eminently successful, numerous heads of cattle, the great wealth
+of the enemy, being captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 24th. of April, 1835, it was declared that the
+troops were in a state of hostility with the Kaffir tribes of
+the Chief Hintza, but it was decided that no kraals or huts
+should be burnt, and that the gardens and cornfields should
+be foraged in a regular manner.<a id='r72'></a><a href='#f72' class='c013'><sup>[72]</sup></a> The operations of the
+troops were so successful that Hintza sued for peace, which
+was concluded personally with that chief by the end of the
+month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>To give some idea of the difficulties inseparable from these
+campaigns, it may be sufficient to state that in the expedition
+beyond the mouth of the Bashee, Colonel Smith, with his
+force, composed of detachments of the 72nd., Cape Mounted
+Riflemen, and some colonial levies, in seven days marched
+two hundred and eighteen miles, overcame all opposition,
+crossed and re-crossed this large river, of very difficult banks,
+and brought off from its further side three thousand head
+of cattle, which had been plundered from the colony, besides
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>rescuing from destruction a thousand of the Fingo race, who
+would have fallen a sacrifice to the Kaffirs.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The difficult and laborious service of conducting the British
+missionaries and traders, with their families and effects,
+(previously brought in from the Bashee by Captain Warden,)
+the Fingo nation, amounting to more than ten thousand
+souls, from the eastern side of the Kei, into the colonial
+border, was accomplished by Colonel Somerset, with the second
+division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It is a singular fact that the tribes were found to possess
+many guns, but without ammunition, and strenuous exertions
+were used to prevent gunpowder being conveyed beyond the
+boundary of the eastern frontier by importers and retail
+dealers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major William Cox, of the 75th. regiment, made a very
+successful series of operations in the mountains of the Chumie,
+Amatola, and Keiskamma range during the end of July, and
+beginning of August, 1835, which resulted in an interview
+with Macomo and other chiefs, when a provisional cessation
+of hostilities was agreed upon.<a id='r73'></a><a href='#f73' class='c013'><sup>[73]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During September some effectual excursions were made by
+Lieutenants Moultrie and Bingham, of the 75th., which
+caused them to be thanked in orders by the Commander-in-Chief
+at the Cape, (Major-General Sir Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,)
+who also therein praised the cool and soldier-like conduct of
+Private Thomas Quin, of that regiment, on the 15th. of
+that month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Peace was not finally concluded until the following year.
+On the 8th. of August, 1836, a despatch was received at the
+Cape, from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, communicating
+to the troops employed in the Kaffir war, that “It
+affords His Majesty high gratification to observe that in this
+new form of warfare, His Majesty’s forces have exhibited
+their characteristic courage, discipline, and cheerful endurance
+of fatigue and of privations.”—(Signed) <span class='sc'>Glenelg</span>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 27th., 72nd., 75th., and Cape Mounted Riflemen, were
+the regiments employed during this campaign.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Second Kaffir War</span>, 1846–1847.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>From the numerous outrages upon life and property that had
+for some time been perpetrated by the Gaika Kaffirs on the
+settlers located along the frontier, the Government declared
+war against them in the beginning of April, 1846.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The force with which it was proposed to invade Kaffirland
+was organised into two divisions; one was placed under the
+command of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Richardson, (now Major-General
+Richardson-Robertson,) of the 7th. Dragoon Guards,
+and consisted of the following detail:—Three troops of the 7th.
+Dragoon Guards, part of the reserve battalion of the 91st. regiment,
+two guns of the Royal Artillery, and one company of
+the Cape Mounted Riflemen. The second division was placed
+under the command of Colonel H. Somerset, of the Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, and consisted of one troop of the 7th.
+Dragoon Guards, two guns of the Royal Artillery, two companies
+of the 91st., and the head-quarters of the Cape Mounted
+Riflemen. The total strength of the British force, including
+cavalry, infantry, and artillery, did not amount to more than
+seven hundred men; whilst it was to be expected that the
+whole of the Gaika Kaffirs would join in resisting the invasion
+of their country. There were supposed to be upon good
+authority nearly sixty thousand fighting men, a considerable
+portion being armed with muskets.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Bambrick, of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, fell early in
+the operations, namely, on the 16th. of April, 1846. This officer
+in the eager pursuit of the Kaffirs, was decoyed into an almost
+impenetrable jungle, where a shower of balls was discharged
+at his party, and he was killed. Captain Rawstorne and Lieutenant
+H. D. Cochrane, of the 91st. regiment, were wounded,
+the latter dangerously. Of so entangled a nature was the bush,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>that several of the swords of the men were torn out of the
+scabbards by its thorny branches. Captain Sandes, of the Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, was killed three days afterwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Peregrine Maitland arrived from Port Victoria in April,
+and a general order, dated Block Drift, 20th. April, 1846, was
+issued, in which he congratulated Colonel Somerset and the
+officers and troops under his orders, on the chastisement of the
+enemy, which closed the operations of the 18th. of April. The
+movement on Block Drift had been successfully effected by the
+combined force with little loss, in the presence of an enemy
+of many times its numerical amount, through a harassing
+country, and against persevering attempts to impede its march.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Kaffirs were no longer the same foe as on former occasions,
+when they were chiefly armed with native weapons,
+but at this period they had become more formidable, from a
+great increase of numbers, a considerable mounted force, and
+especially through possessing firearms, an acquisition particularly
+adapted to their entangled country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Somerset, with the second division, after a series of
+successful movements, discovered and fell in with the enemy
+in two considerable bodies, on the 8th. of June, in the neighbourhood
+of the Gaika and Gwanga streams, when he attacked
+and routed them, killing two hundred, and capturing one hundred
+firelocks, twenty horses, and large quantities of assagais,
+besides securing two prisoners. This was effected with a loss
+of two men killed, and three officers and sixteen men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It being considered desirable to amalgamate the troops and
+Burgher forces, which were assembling, they were formed into
+two divisions, the first under the orders of Colonel Hare, C.B.,
+and the second under Colonel Somerset, K.H.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Immediately after the troops moving to Block Drift, the
+Kaffirs entered the colonies in large bodies, and committed
+great destruction of life and property. To impede the operations
+of the British, the enemy burnt the grass everywhere
+along the line of march, and from the long and unusual
+drought, it became so dry that they readily effected their
+object. Active operations were however brought to a successful
+termination in October, the Chief Sandilli, together with his
+brother, and eighty of his followers, having surrendered. The
+closing services were rendered the more arduous by the constant
+inclemency of the weather to which the troops were exposed.
+The columns of attack against Sandilli were commanded by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Buller, of the first battalion of the Rifle
+Brigade, and by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the reserve
+battalion of the 91st. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, Bart., G.C.B., who
+had highly distinguished himself in India, and had previously
+seen so much service at the Cape, was appointed Governor,
+High Commissioner, and Commander-in-Chief of the forces in
+the Colony, the duties of which he assumed on the 17th. of
+December, 1847.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this long and protracted desultory warfare great
+fatigue and exertions had been undergone with the characteristic
+heroism of the British soldier, and the humanity and
+forbearance displayed by him towards the fickle, treacherous,
+and revengeful enemy, were as conspicuous as his bravery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following corps shared in this campaign:—7th. Dragoon
+Guards, Royal Artillery, Engineers, and Sappers and Miners,
+6th., 27th., 45th., 73rd., 90th., and 91st. regiments; the Rifle
+Brigade (1st. battalion,) and Cape Mounted Riflemen.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>
+  <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Third Kaffir War</span>, 1850–1853.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c020'>Some years of peace resulted, but the Kaffir tribes stifling
+their resentment for a time, at length determined to venture
+again on hostilities. Sir Harry Smith hearing of their designs,
+immediately summoned a meeting of the chiefs, which was
+attended by several, but Sandilli, who was regarded as their
+king, did not appear, whereupon he was outlawed; this occasioned
+a general rising, and operations for the purpose of
+securing Sandilli were at once commenced in the Keiskamma
+River by Colonel Mackinnon, who left Fort Cox on the 24th.
+of December, 1850, with a force of six hundred men, composed
+of three hundred and twenty-one of the 6th. and 73rd. regiments,
+one hundred and seventy-four of the Cape Mounted
+Riflemen, and about one hundred of the Kaffir Police. The
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>Kaffirs attacked these troops in the Keiskamma defile, and it
+was with difficulty that he succeeded in reaching Fort Cox.
+Sir Harry Smith’s position at Fort Cox, too, had become critical,
+being hemmed in by numbers of the enemy; while Colonel
+Somerset, in his endeavour to succour him from Fort Hare,
+had been driven back on the 29th., after a hard contest, in
+which the small body of regular troops made a gallant but
+unavailing resistance. Lieutenants Melvin and Gordon, (adjutant,)
+of the 91st. regiment, were killed in action on the 29th.
+of December.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Governor at the head of a flying escort, escaped from
+Fort Cox, and arrived at King William’s Town, at which place
+his head-quarters became established. Flushed by the advantages
+which the knowledge of their native fastnesses afforded
+the Kaffirs, and which made them almost a match for disciplined
+troops, they ravaged the country, and committed great
+depredations. It would be wearisome to detail all the skirmishes
+that occurred; the only warfare that could be adopted
+against an enemy who avoided concentration, or to encounter
+his opponents in open fight, was to continually harass them in
+their strongholds; but the force at the Cape was numerically
+insufficient for the contest. In these campaigns the great
+object was to carry on operations rapidly, and at a distant
+point, which made the fatigue excessive.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 3rd. of January, 1851, Fort White
+was attacked in force by the Kaffirs, in four bodies, but
+they were driven back, with great loss, by the garrison under
+Captain Mansergh, of the 6th. Foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sharp action was fought, on the 21st. of January, between
+about six thousand Kaffirs, who hemmed in Fort Hare and
+the adjacent Fingo village of Alice, and the troops which
+garrisoned that post, under Major Somerset. The Fingoes
+were formerly held in subjection by the Kaffirs; but being
+relieved by the war of 1836, they afterwards proved friendly
+to the British, and behaved with great determination.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops, serving upon the frontier and in British Kaffraria,
+were in February, 1851, formed into two divisions designated
+the first and second. The first was under Major-General
+Somerset, and the second under Colonel Mackinnon; and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>combined operations were carried out by these officers, in
+order to clear the Chumie Hoek of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About the end of May an insurrection broke out amongst
+the Hottentots in Lower Albany, and Major-General Somerset
+proceeded from Graham’s Town with a portion of the 74th.
+Highland Regiment, which had recently arrived at the Cape.
+A desperate encounter took place on the 3rd. of June, and two
+days afterwards the stronghold of the insurgents were surrounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Somerset commenced his operations in the
+Amatola Mountains on the 26th. of June, 1851. The gallant
+attack made by the 74th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce,
+upon the enemy’s position on the 28th. of that month, which
+was carried, received special commendation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Mackinnon had proceeded from King William’s
+Town on the 24th. of June, with a force of two thousand
+and fifty-five men, composed of three hundred and thirty-seven
+of the 6th. Foot, four hundred and twenty of the 73rd.,
+forty-seven of the Royal Marines, one hundred and twenty
+of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and the rest consisting of
+colonial levies. During the course of his operations the
+troops under Major-General Somerset were seen scouring the
+ridges between the Amatola and Wolf Valley. These combined
+movements harassed the enemy at all points and were
+fully successful. In September, a force proceeded under Colonel
+Mackinnon to the Fish River Bush. The 2nd. Foot, on the
+9th. of that month, sustained in these fastnesses a severe loss,
+Captain Oldham, four sergeants, and nineteen men being killed
+in action, and four corporals and nineteen privates wounded.
+During the month, this regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Burns, which had just arrived at the seat of war, lost
+five sergeants and thirty-two men killed and died of wounds.<a id='r74'></a><a href='#f74' class='c013'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From the 14th. of October to the 8th. of November, 1851,
+the troops were employed in the operations in the Waterkloof.
+The plan comprised a series of attacks on the mountain
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>fastnesses of the Kromme range, Waterkloof, Fuller’s Hock,
+and other heights, wherein Macomo determined to await the
+approach of the British. The scouring of the various ravines
+was carried out, the inclemency of the weather adding to the
+natural difficulties of the place. During these operations
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, the beloved commanding officer
+of the 74th., was killed on the 6th. of November.<a id='r75'></a><a href='#f75' class='c013'><sup>[75]</sup></a> The regiment
+also lost Lieutenants Carey and Gordon and many men,
+among them some who were taken prisoners, and who were
+subjected by the Kaffirs to the most horrible tortures.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre effected the passage of the Kei
+in December, 1851. Here occurred the first instance during
+the war of the enemy throwing obstacles in fords, and constructing
+breastworks; the Kaffirs ingeniously heaped large
+stones together in the river, and erected a number of stone
+breastworks, one above the other, forming a somewhat formidable
+flank defence against musketry. The troops were six
+weeks in the field without a single blanket, and without
+tents. Lieutenant-Colonel Pole, of the 12th. Lancers, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Napier, Major Somerset, and Captain Bramly,
+of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, were specially noticed in general
+orders. Other operations followed, and the Kaffir chiefs of
+the Gaikas and Seyolo sued for peace, but declining to comply
+with the proffered terms, the troops, in seven columns, were
+directed to penetrate the Amatolas, and the country of Seyolo
+and other chiefs, on the left bank of the Keiskamma.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In March Major-General Somerset conducted operations in
+the Waterkloof, and Lieutenant-Colonel (now Major-General Sir
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>John) Michel carried the Iron Mountain with the bayonet,
+despite a spirited opposition. Lieutenant-Colonel Perceval and
+Major Armstrong, in two divisions, on the 10th., attacked the
+strong position of the Chief Stock in the Fish River Bush, and
+after a sharp conflict, drove the enemy from every point.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Reinforcements had been sent from England to the Cape,
+but, owing to the wreck of the “Birkenhead,” nine officers
+and three hundred and forty-nine men, out of fifteen officers
+and four hundred and seventy-six men (the total number embarked)
+perished.<a id='r76'></a><a href='#f76' class='c013'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Attacks were also carried out by Lieutenant-Colonels Eyre
+and Perceval, (Macomo’s den being carried by the former,)
+the result of which was that the Kaffirs were driven from
+all their strongholds in the Amatolos. Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre’s
+pursuit of the enemy with his herds across the Kei, was pronounced
+by Sir Harry Smith to be one of the most enterprising
+and successful forays of the campaign, in which Major Armstrong,
+of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and Captains Cureton
+and Oakes, of the 12th. Lancers, greatly distinguished themselves.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>relieved Sir Harry Smith in the command at the Cape, in
+April, in which month five hundred Minié muskets were
+placed at the disposal of the troops in South Africa; these
+were equally distributed at six per company; the six best
+marksmen, being men of trust and intelligence, in each company
+were selected, and were termed “marksmen.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General York, (now Lieutenant-General Sir Charles
+Yorke, G.C.B., and recently Military Secretary at the Horse
+Guards,) a Peninsula and Waterloo veteran, commanding the
+second division of the army acting in British Kaffraria, having
+obtained reliable information as to the movements and position
+of the permanent Laager of the rebel Hottentots, who associated
+with the hostile Kaffirs, had committed great outrages,
+made his arrangements at the moment when they were
+all at home, for a combined attack on the Buffalo Mountains,
+with a portion of the 43rd. and 73rd. regiments, and other
+troops of the brigade of Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre. This disposable
+force proceeded from the post occupied by the latter
+in the centre of the Amatolas. A similar movement was
+made by a force consisting of parts of the 6th. and 60th.
+regiments, and certain levies, under Lieutenant-Colonel Michel,
+issuing from King William’s Town. On the morning of the
+20th. of June, the columns, one from the north, and the other
+from the south, approached Murray’s Krantz nearly simultaneously.
+The intricacies and difficulties inseparable from the
+rugged and densely wooded forests were surmounted; and although
+the enemy attempted a stand on several occasions, yet
+they were driven headlong over the Krantz with severe loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Forays still continued. Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart,
+in July, moved with three columns upon the Waterkloof;
+the enemy appeared in considerable numbers, but offered only
+a faint resistance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In August, when Major-General Somerset was placed on
+the staff in India, Colonel (now Major-General) Sir George
+Buller was appointed to the command of the first division,
+and that of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade devolved
+on Major (now Sir Alfred) Horsford.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A force of four guns and three thousand troops were collected
+in September, for the purpose of finally clearing the Waterkloof
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>and adjacent fastnesses. Each night the troops bivouacked on
+the ground of their operations, and the following day pursued
+the arduous task of searching for, and clearing the forests and
+krantzes of, the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This protracted struggle was now drawing to a termination;
+in November the troops marched into the Orange River territory,
+and on the 20th of December were engaged with the
+Basutos, under their chief Moshesh, at the Berea. The contest
+lasted from early in the morning until eight o’clock at night,
+when the enemy, with a force of about six thousand well-armed
+horsemen, under considerable organization, were defeated and
+driven from the field; after repeatedly assailing the troops at
+every point, with such severe loss, as to be compelled to sue
+for peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Hostilities shortly afterwards terminated, peace being proclaimed
+on the 12th. of March, 1853; the result of these exertions
+was the final clearance of the Waterkloof, Fish River, and all
+the other strongholds of the Kaffirs within the colony; the
+surrender of the chiefs Sandilli, Macomo, and the Gaika people,
+who had been expelled from all their former territories, including
+the Amatolas,—that troublesome race being removed to
+the banks of the Kei. The Basutos, Tambookies, and other
+tribes were completely subdued, and the Hottentot rebellion
+was extinguished.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the words of Sir George Cathcart,—“The Field of Glory
+opened to them in a Kaffir war and Hottentot rebellion, is
+possibly not so favourable and exciting as that which regular
+warfare with an open enemy in the field affords, yet the unremitting
+exertions called for in hunting well-armed yet skulking
+savages through the bush, and driving them from their innumerable
+strongholds, are perhaps more arduous than those required
+in regular warfare, and call more constantly for individual
+exertion and intelligence.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable George Cathcart, and
+Major-General Henry Somerset, C.B., were appointed Knights
+Commanders of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath; and
+Lieutenant-Colonels William Eyre, of the 73rd. regiment, John
+Michel, of the 6th. Foot, Charles Cooke Yarborough, 91st.
+regiment, John Maxwell Perceval, of the 12th. Foot, and George
+Thomas Conolly Napier, late Lieutenant-Colonel of the Cape
+Mounted Riflemen, to be Companions of the above Order.
+Colonel Eyre was also appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen,
+with the rank of Colonel in the army.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this campaign the troops employed were the
+12th. Lancers, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and Sappers
+and Miners, 2nd., 6th., 12th., 43rd., 45th., Royal Marines,
+60th., (2nd. battalion,) 73rd., 74th., 91st., Rifle Brigade, (1st.
+battalion,) and the Cape Mounted Riflemen.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GALEKAS AND GAIKAS,<br> <span class='c016'>1877–78.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Kaffraria and Basutoland lie to the eastward of Cape
+Colony. The Fingoes and Gaikas occupy the portion called
+British Kaffraria, or sometimes the Ciskei, and the Galekas,
+Griquas, Pondos, and other tribes, the Transkei, or Kaffraria
+proper. The Fingoes, whose name signifies “dogs,” had always
+been persecuted by the other tribes, and had been since
+1835, under British protection. They are a peaceable race,
+wealthy in cattle, and in time of war are staunch allies, fighting
+always on the British side. The Galekas led by their chief Kreli,
+and the Gaikas under their chief Sandilli, mortal enemies of the
+Fingoes, who were formerly their slaves, and envying their prosperity
+resolved on attacking them, in hope of an easy conquest
+and plenty of plunder. The old Cape Mounted Rifles having
+been disbanded in July, 1877, the only Colonial force was the
+Frontier Mounted Police, little more than three hundred strong,
+with three field pieces, commanded by Charles Griffiths, an old
+British officer. On September 25th., 1877, a body of about five
+thousand Galekas, crossed the frontier, and fiercely attacked
+the Fingoes (about one thousand five hundred strong) and a
+small party of the Mounted Police, at a place called Guadana;
+but after a sharp contest, were repulsed with loss. A few
+days after, about eight thousand Galekas attacked the fortified
+station of Ibeka, held by Commandant Griffiths, with a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>handful of men, three seven-pounders, and about two thousand
+Fingoes. After a series of determined assaults, from ten in
+the morning till five in the afternoon, the enemy disheartened
+by their enormous losses gave up the contest and retreated.
+General Sir Arthur Cunningham, commander-in-chief of the
+forces in South Africa, a Crimean veteran, now assumed
+the chief command. Detachments of the 24th. and 88th.
+regiments were sent to the front, volunteers were enrolled for
+active service, and Commandant Griffiths, with three thousand
+Europeans, and five thousand Fingoes led by European officers,
+were ordered to invade Kreli’s country. Griffiths with two
+guns advanced, and after an action in which the Galekas lost
+one thousand five hundred men, captured and burnt Kreli’s
+kraal, but was compelled to fall back for want of supplies.
+The enemy were well armed with muskets and assagies, and
+fought with much determination. After a smart skirmish
+at Umzintzani, in December, the General resolved to cross
+the river Kei with all available force. The 88th. Connaught
+Rangers were ordered to the front, fifty men of the 24th.
+regiment were mounted as cavalry, and their band were
+utilized as gunners. On December 26th., the column started,
+the centre under Colonel Glynn, the right under Major Hopton,
+the left under Captain Upcher of the 24th. Each column
+had a gun or two, and to each was attached a small
+Naval Brigade, from H. M. S. “Active” and “Florence,” some
+of the Mounted Police, and one thousand Fingoes. Information
+being received that the Galekas now joined by the Gaikas of
+Sandilli, were concentrating in strength near the Kei river,
+Colonel Glynn, joined the Quintana Column, commanded by
+Major Owen of the 88th. at a place called Nynnuxa, and immediately
+advanced against the enemy. Colonel Glynn took
+command, Major Owen leading his column, which was in the first
+line, and Captain Upcher the second. In the centre were the
+guns, under Lieutenant Kell, and a rocket party of blue jackets
+under Lieutenant Maine, R.E. After a very sharp action, the
+enemy terrified by the execution done among them by the
+rockets, and the Martini-Henry rifles, (this being almost the
+first time they were used) broke and fled, leaving four chiefs
+of rank among the slain. The enemy then collected in great
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>numbers in the Chickaba Valley, which is about thirteen miles
+long, and covered with a dense bush, so thick in some places as
+to render any movement all but impossible. On January 14th.,
+1878, two columns, the right under Colonel Lambert, and the
+left under Major Brown, both of the 88th. regiment, left
+Komgha, to attack Chickaba. The enemy for a time showed
+a bold front, but were shelled and driven out of the valley,
+and a vast number of their sheep and cattle taken. Soon
+after, another large body of Galekas and Gaikas, about four
+thousand, under Kreli and Sandilli, were repulsed with great
+loss in an attack upon Quintana, by the column of Colonel
+Glynn. The enemy fought bravely, and withstood and returned
+a heavy fire of rifles, rockets, and case shot for twenty minutes,
+at a distance of five hundred yards, but after this defeat they
+never again appeared in bodies in the field. On the day of
+the victory at Quintana, another was gained by Commandant
+Griffiths over a chief called Gongabele, who occupied the most
+difficult position in the country, and one which the Kaffirs had
+held during the last war, in spite of all efforts made to dispossess
+them. This position was carried, and the enemy routed, with
+the loss of five only of the attacking party. Soon after this, the
+90th. Perthshire regiment with a field battery arrived from
+England, and on February 25th, Sir Arthur Cunningham was
+superseded in the command of the Army by General Thesiger,
+better known as Lord Chelmsford, as he succeeded to the title
+on the death of his father a few months later. Sandilli with
+a large number of his tribe assembled in the Perie Bush on
+the Amatola Mountains, in February, 1878, was defeated by a
+column under the command of Colonel (now Sir Evelyn
+Wood), who also made another successful attack upon the
+enemy at Intaba Indodo, April 30th. In these affairs Major
+Buller of the 60th. Rifles (now General Sir Redvers Buller V.C.),
+much distinguished himself. After a few more skirmishes, the
+war was ended, Sandilli<a id='r77'></a><a href='#f77' class='c013'><sup>[77]</sup></a> was killed, and Kreli had previously
+surrendered. On June 28th., 1878, an amnesty was proclaimed
+for all except the sons of the first-named chief; and the
+Gaikas were removed to new settlements beyond the River Kei.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GRIQUAS, 1878.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>While the war was still raging in Kaffraria, disturbances
+arose in Griqualand West, to the northward of the Orange
+river. The Griquas are a mixed race, descended from the Dutch
+Colonists, and the original Hottentot inhabitants. About seventeen
+years before, they had emigrated from Cape Colony to
+the territory named from them Griqualand, of which Colonel
+Owen Lanyon, of the 2nd. West India Regiment was Governor,
+at the time the revolt against British Authority broke out.
+This insurrection was suppressed by the Colonial forces alone,
+after several sharp engagements, with a hardy foe, armed with
+muskets, and skilled in their use. On June 11th. their stronghold
+was attacked, and carried after a contest of six hours, by
+a force under Inspector Nisbett; and a large number of cattle,
+sheep, and horses were captured. In June and July several
+skirmishes took place, in all but one of which the Griquas
+were worsted, with heavy loss in men, and cattle. On July 20th.,
+1878, they again suffered a severe defeat, soon after which an
+Amnesty was proclaimed, and the war ended.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE BASUTO WAR, 1879–80.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Amnesty had scarcely been proclaimed among the
+Griquas, before a far more formidable conflict began with the
+Basutos, who had been at peace with the British since the
+action at Berea 1852. In 1868, Basutoland was declared to be
+a portion of Cape Colony, and this was confirmed by an Act
+of the local Parliament in 1871. The Basutos are divided into
+tribes, and at this time were supposed to number about one
+hundred and fifty thousand. The troubles began with an old
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>warrior called Moirosi, and his son Dodo, chief of a tribe
+known as the Baphutis; who resisted the payment of a hut
+tax, which they had agreed to pay, in return for the protection
+of the Government. After a trifling skirmish with the Cape
+Mounted Rifles, Moirosi and his people retired to an almost
+inaccessible mountain near the Orange River, which some time
+before he had strongly fortified and provisioned, and now
+believed to be impregnable. Three sides of this mountain
+were perpendicular, and the fourth was protected by a series
+of walls, and traverses from eight to ten feet high, loopholed
+for musketry. The Baphutis were excellent marksmen, artillery
+proved useless against their traverses, and Moirosi for nine
+months defied the whole forces of the Colony. Several gallant
+attacks in this stronghold were repulsed, but at length an old
+brass mortar obtained from the Cape Town Museum, made
+such havoc among the defenders, by the shells thrown from
+it over their walls, and exploding behind them, that the place
+was stormed with but little loss, and Moirosi was among the
+slain. Dodo escaped, but the Baphutis were decimated; the
+fortifications were blown up, and the mountain abandoned to
+its pristine solitude.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An Act for the disarming of the native tribes, kindled the
+flames of war fiercer than ever. The musket of a Basuto is
+dearer to him than wealth, wife, or child, and he will consent
+to part with it, only when reduced to the last extremity. The
+Colonial Government had made a great error in allowing
+firearms to be sold to the natives, “but blinded by a desire
+to secure cheap labour,” about four hundred thousand muskets
+and rifles, many of them breechloaders, had been conveyed into
+the country. The Basutos proved themselves to be admirable
+horsemen; very skilful in the construction of stone defences,
+and fought with much more courage and daring than had
+been expected. The Imperial troops in the Colony in 1879,
+were the 3rd. Buffs 2nd. battalion, 1st. battalion of the 13th.
+(Somersetshire Light Infantry), 1st. battalion 24th. (Warwickshire
+Regt.), and some Artillery, but other regiments soon arrived from
+England, and before the war was ended, the Imperial and
+Colonial forces in the field amounted to fifteen thousand men.
+Early in the contest, the Basutos till that time considered loyal,
+joined their countrymen, and the Tambookies, a tribe numbering
+over ninety thousand, also helped to swell the ranks of the rebels.
+In fact, the whole of the native tribes were in a state of
+dissatisfaction and ferment, and a racial war seemed to be
+imminent. The Frontier Armed Police, which had been changed
+into the Cape Mounted Rifles, about six hundred and fifty
+strong, under Colonels Carrington and Bayley, were the first
+in the field, but their numbers were too few to act with effect
+against the overwhelming force of the enemy. The first
+skirmish was with the followers of a rebel chief named
+Letherodi. The Rifles routed the enemy, but the latter being
+strongly reinforced, surrounded and besieged the Colonial troops
+at a place called Matafeng, which they made desperate attempts
+to carry by storm. Their attacks failed, and Matafeng was
+relieved by a force under Colonel Clarke. Colonel Bayley was
+surrounded at Maseru, in October, but after several hours
+fighting, the Basutos retreated. On November 10th. Colonel
+Carrington severely defeated the enemy at Golah Mountain,
+and the war afterwards was little more than a succession of
+skirmishes; in which a few hundreds of white men with native
+allies more or less doubtful, withstood the onset of thousands
+of Kaffirs, repelling their attempts to beleaguer them, and
+routing them in the open field, generally with great loss, with
+wonderfully few casualties among themselves. Some of the rebel
+chiefs were slain, others fled, and Letherodi who was one of
+the principal instigators of the revolt, was anxious to submit to
+the Government. In April 1881, a treaty of peace, and general
+amnesty was proclaimed, by which the Basutos gained nearly
+all they demanded before the commencement of the war.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE ZULU WAR, 1879.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Zululand lies to the north-east of Natal, and its inhabitants
+are the most warlike of all the Kaffir tribes. Chaka, who became
+chief of the Zulus in 1810, established a military despotism,
+which converted the whole manhood of the tribe into a disciplined
+army, obedient to the will of one man. These warriors
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>in battle fought with desperation, as on their return from an expedition,
+all cowards were ruthlessly massacred. Chaka found
+the Zulus a pastoral unimportant clan, and left them the most
+martial native race in South Africa. In 1828 this ferocious chief
+was assassinated by his brother Dingaan, who succeeded him.
+Dingaan, who did not possess the military ability of his brother,
+waged an exterminating war against the Boers; but at length
+being utterly defeated by them under Andreas Pretorius, in 1840
+he fled for refuge among the Swazies, who received and murdered
+him. His brother Panda, who had revolted against Dingaan
+with a portion of the tribe and joined the Dutch, was then proclaimed
+King of the Zulus, and wisely preferring trading to
+warfare, continued on friendly terms with the Boers and the
+English till his death in 1872. Panda was succeeded by his son
+Cetewayo, and at the request of the Zulu nation, Sir Theophilus
+Shepston was present at his installation as King, representing
+the British Government. But Cetewayo was ambitious, and soon
+abandoned the pacific policy of his father, to follow the militant
+example of his predecessor Chaka. He re-organised the old
+regiments, and formed new ones, trained and disciplined by
+means of torture and death. He armed his men with guns, instead
+of only shield and assagai, and perfected the peculiar Zulu
+formation for attack in three divisions; two “horns” to assail
+the flanks and rear of an enemy, and a main body to advance
+and complete the victory. In 1878 this army numbered over
+fifty thousand men, eager for battle, commanded by an ambitious
+and savage chief, a menace and cause of apprehension to all its
+neighbours. Another savage chieftain, and an ally of Cetewayo,
+named Sekukuni (of whom more, presently) who defied the Colonial
+Government, and had in 1876 repulsed an attack of the Boers
+on his stronghold, gave rise to a common saying among the
+natives, “If the bull-calf (Sekukuni) has to be left alone, what
+will happen when the elephant (Cetewayo) attacks the white
+man?” In August, 1878, two sons of Sirayo, a favourite chief
+of Cetewayo, with a party of Zulus, made an incursion into
+British territory, and seized two women whom they claimed as
+runaway wives of their father Sirayo. Resistance was useless,
+and the women were carried across the river Buffalo and slain.
+The surrender of the offenders was demanded by the Colonial
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>Government, and a fine of five hundred cattle as a reparation
+for the violation of the Natal territory. Neither being forthcoming,
+Sir Bartle Frere sent an ultimatum to the Zulu King,
+requiring among other things, the disbandment of his army,
+and freedom of marriage among his people; also informing him
+that unless he complied with the terms on, or before December
+31st., he would be invaded by a British army to enforce these
+demands. The time allowed by the ultimatum being expired,
+and Cetewayo making no sign, on January 11th., 1879, the
+British forces under the command of Lord Chelmsford, crossed
+the Buffalo and Tugela rivers, and the war began. The army
+was divided into three columns, with two smaller bodies of
+troops under Colonel Durnford, R.E., and Colonel Rowlands,
+V.C., the whole being intended to effect a junction near Ulundi.
+The first column commanded by Colonel Pearson of the 3rd.
+Buffs, was composed of the 2nd. battalion 3rd. Buffs, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Parnell, and afterwards six companies of the 99th.
+Regiment; a detachment of Royal Artillery with four guns,
+one gatling and a rocket battery, under Lieutenant Lloyd, R.A.;
+a Naval Brigade of one hundred and seventy seamen and
+marines from H.M.S. Active, under Captain Campbell, R.N.,
+one hundred mounted Infantry under Captain Barrow, 19th.
+Hussars, some mounted Volunteers, and one thousand natives
+under Major Graves, 3rd. Buffs. Second column, Colonel Glyn,
+24th. Regiment, commanding. Seven companies 1st. battalion
+24th. Regiment, and 2nd. battalion of the 24th., under Colonel
+Degacher, a detachment of Royal Artillery with two seven-pounders
+ under Major Harness, a body of Natal Mounted Police
+under Major Dartnell, and Mounted Volunteers, with a native
+contingent of one thousand men under Commandant Lonsdale,
+formerly of the 74th. Highlanders. Third column, Colonel
+Evelyn Wood, V.C., commanding; comprising the 90th. Regiment
+and 1st. battalion 13th. Regiment, Royal Artillery with four seven-pounders
+ and two rocket tubes, under Major Tremlett, one
+hundred mounted Infantry under Major Russell, Frontier Light
+Horse, two hundred strong, under Major Redvers Buller, one
+hundred volunteers, and a body of five thousand Swazies.
+There was also a contingent of Boers, all crack shots, under
+Commandant Piet Uys.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>The total strength of the army, including the garrisons,
+was about sixteen thousand men, with twenty guns; the European
+portion of which, much under one half, being the only
+reliable, as the Native Contingent was not equal to the enemy
+in bravery, and after the disaster at Isandhlwana almost useless.
+Colonel Pearson’s column on the 18th. of January began its
+march into the interior, and on the 22nd., near the Myezane
+river, attacked and defeated a body of Zulus, estimated at
+from five to seven thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following day the column arrived at the deserted
+mission station of Ekowe, when it received news of the terrible
+disaster at Isandhlwana, on the day previous. Pearson decided
+on holding the position with the British portion of his force;
+the Native Contingent, and the Mounted Corps, being sent
+back to the Lower Tugela. Lord Chelmsford sent him instructions
+to do the best he could with the troops under his
+command; and under the direction of Captain Wynne, R.E.,
+the post was fortified and rendered impregnable to the attacks
+of any force without artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On January 10th., Colonel Glyn’s column, with whom was
+Lord Chelmsford, encamped at Rorke’s Drift. On the 12th.
+a portion of the force, after a smart skirmish, burnt Sirayo’s
+kraal, and captured a large number of cattle. On the 20th.
+the column encamped near the isolated hill known as Isandhlwana,
+and on the 22nd., Lord Chelmsford and Colonel Glyn,
+with the second battalion of the 24th. Regiment, the mounted
+men, and four guns, set out in search of a large body of
+Zulus, reported to be near a place called Matyan’s kraal;
+leaving in camp five companies of the 1st. battalion 24th.,
+one company of the 2nd. battalion 24th., about seventy
+artillerymen with two guns, and part of the Native Contingent,
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pulleine.
+Colonel Durnford, who had been left at Rorke’s Drift with
+five hundred natives and a rocket battery, was ordered up
+to take command of the camp. The commander-in-chief who
+had neglected to fortify his camp at Isandhlwana, either by
+throwing up entrenchments or “laagering” his waggons, proceeded
+to encounter the enemy, who retired as he advanced.
+Meanwhile a force of from fourteen to twenty thousand Zulus,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>including some of their best regiments, led by Dabulamanzi,
+the king’s half-brother, were preparing for an attack upon
+the camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About nine o’clock on the morning of the 22nd., Colonel
+Durnford arrived, and took over the command from Colonel
+Pulleine. The mounted men, with the rocket battery, under
+Colonel Durnford in person, advanced some four miles from
+the camp, and began to skirmish with the enemy, being
+unaware of their vast superiority in force. The rocket battery
+was suddenly surrounded and destroyed to a man; the mounted
+men fled towards the camp, pursued by thousands of Zulus,
+who came on in regular order in battalions eight deep, and
+all the troops in the camp rushed to their arms. For a
+time the enemy were checked by the tremendous fire with which
+they were received, and their ranks showed signs of wavering,
+when the Native Contingent broke and fled, making a fatal
+gap in the lines, through which the Zulus poured like a torrent;
+and about the same time the right “horn” of their attack
+having swiftly worked round to the rear of the hill beneath
+which the camp was pitched, took the position in reverse,
+and launched about four thousand bounding and leaping
+warriors on the flank of the devoted British force. In an
+instant all was confusion, two companies of the 24th. not
+having time to form rallying squares were annihilated, the
+gunners of the Mountain Battery were assegaied; Major Smith,
+R.A., being killed while endeavouring to spike one of the
+guns. Some of the mounted natives managed to escape, but
+the soldiers of the 24th., the Mounted Police, and Volunteers,
+in groups, or back to back, kept their foes at bay while
+their ammunition lasted, and then fought hand to hand till
+the last man fell where he stood.<a id='r78'></a><a href='#f78' class='c013'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the midst of the carnage, Lieutenants Coghill and Melville
+made a desperate but unsuccessful attempt to save the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>colours. They escaped from the field, but in swimming across
+the Buffalo, Melville’s horse was killed, and Coghill returning
+to assist his comrade, who was clinging to a rock, his horse
+was also shot, and the colours fell into the river. The two
+officers reached the Natal side safely, but were overtaken and
+slain about three hundred yards from the river’s bank. Their
+bodies were found lying side by side, and the colours which
+they had died to save, were found ten days afterwards in
+the rocky bed of the river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The victory of the Zulus cost them dear, between two
+and three thousand of them being killed in the battle, or
+died afterwards of their wounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was terrible, fifty imperial and colonial
+officers, and over eight hundred non-commissioned officers
+and men having perished around that fatal hill. Five entire
+companies of the 1st. battalion of the 24th. fell, with ninety
+men of the 2nd. battalion, and hundreds of natives. Upwards
+of one hundred waggons, fourteen hundred oxen, two seven-pounders
+(afterwards retaken), eight hundred Martini-Henry
+rifles, and a vast quantity of stores of all kinds, fell into the
+hands of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the column under Lord Chelmsford, after a
+slight skirmish, was returning towards the camp, and about
+four miles from it met with the Natal Native Contingent,
+which had halted in a state of dismay at the turn affairs
+had taken. Half an hour afterwards a solitary horseman came
+up. It was Commandant Lonsdale, who had unsuspiciously
+ridden into the captured camp, and escaping a shower of
+bullets, brought the almost incredible news that the camp
+was in possession of a Zulu army. The General immediately
+sent an order for Colonel Glyn’s troops to join, and on their
+arrival marched at once towards Isandhlwana hill.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The daylight was fading, and darkness had set in before
+the column, unopposed, reached the fatal camp, which they
+found silent, and deserted by all but the dead. The tents
+were upset, the waggons destroyed, and the whole place
+strewn with the dead bodies of men and horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a sad bivouac, Lord Chelmsford marched at dawn
+for Rorke’s Drift, expecting to find it in the hands of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>enemy, but to his surprise and gratification found it still
+in the possession of an heroic handful of the 24th.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the advance of the centre column, a company of the
+24th., and a small body of natives, under the command of
+Lieutenant Bromhead, had been left to guard some sick men
+and stores at Rorke’s Drift. “A worse position,” says one
+present, “could hardly be imagined. Two small thatched
+buildings, about thirty yards apart, with thin walls, commanded
+by rising ground in the south and west, completely
+overlooked on the south by a high wall. On the north side
+an orchard and garden gave good cover to an enemy up to
+within a few yards of the houses.” The place had formerly
+been a Swedish Mission Station. One of the buildings was
+filled with stores, and the other had been converted into a
+military hospital. Some fugitives bringing tidings of what had
+happened at the camp, Lieutenant Bromhead and Lieutenant
+Chard, R.E., who was with him, at once set to work to
+strengthen the position. The buildings were loopholed and
+barricaded, and connected by defences formed by a few waggons
+sacks of “mealies,” and Indian corn, and biscuit boxes.
+The natives, terror-stricken, fled, and the garrison was reduced
+to the company of the 24th., consisting of about eighty men;
+the total number within the defences—including thirty-five
+sick in the hospital—being one hundred and thirty-nine all
+told. The place was soon surrounded by three or four thousand
+Zulus, who commenced a series of desperate attacks. They
+set fire to the hospital, which the garrison defended room by
+room, but five sick soldiers perished in the flames. Such
+was the fury of the assault, that the garrison were forced
+to retire to an inner line of defence. Six times the Zulus
+got inside the barricades, but each time they were hurled
+back with loss. At length, after a conflict which lasted
+from five p.m. on January 22nd. till four a.m. on the following
+morning, the Zulus retired defeated and disheartened,
+leaving three hundred and seventy dead around the post.
+Their whole loss was probably about five hundred, while the
+heroic defenders had but seventeen killed and ten wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The left column, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, after the
+Isandhlwana disaster, by order of Lord Chelmsford, fell back
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>to a strong position at Kambula Kop, about twenty miles
+from the Blood river, where was formed an entrenched camp.
+From this position a series of dashing raids upon the Zulu
+kraals and stores was made by the Frontier Horse, under
+Colonel Redvers Buller, and the Dutch Burgher troop of Piet
+Uys, which inflicted great damage on the enemy, who were
+astonished by the daring and range of these expeditions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About the end of March, Colonel Wood received a letter
+from Lord Chelmsford, to the effect that he was taking steps
+for the relief of Colonel Pearson, at Ekowe, and directing
+Wood to make a diversion in the direction of the Zlobani to
+distract the enemy. His force had been strengthened by a
+body of Mounted Infantry, and some Border Horse, commanded
+by Colonel Weatherley, formerly of the 4th. Dragoons. About
+twelve miles from the camp was a precipitous, thickly-wooded,
+and almost inaccessible stronghold of the Zulus, known as
+the Zlobani, or Inhlobani mountain, at which place they had
+gathered together great herds of cattle—their chief wealth—thinking
+it impregnable. This fastness Colonel Wood resolved
+to attack, with his mounted men and natives, operating
+simultaneously against the mountain on both sides. His
+force was divided into two columns, under Colonels Buller
+and Russell.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Buller’s force, with whom was Colonel Wood, attacked the
+mountain at dawn on March 28th., and under cover of the
+mist gained the summit with trifling loss; the Zulus retreating
+into caves, with which the place abounded. Colonel Russell’s
+column had scarcely reached the westward side of the
+mountain, when he was aware of a Zulu army of twenty thousand,
+marching rapidly, with the object of cutting off Buller’s
+retreat. Russell abandoned some cattle he had taken; sent his
+native troops back to Kambula, and formed up his mounted
+men at the foot of the mountain, to cover the retreat of Buller.
+The Zulus on the mountain seeing the advance of their warriors,
+came out of their hiding places, and harassed the movements
+of Buller’s men, who had no alternative but to descend the
+rugged side of the mountain by paths “utterly impracticable
+for even led horses.” The retreat soon became a rout, for the
+Zulus occupied the rocks; pouring a hot fire at point blank
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>range into the struggling mass of men and horses, and using
+their assegais with fatal effect. But for the heroic efforts of
+Colonel Buller, Major Leet, and Commandant Darcy, the force
+would have been exterminated. How Buller escaped was almost
+miraculous, he saved the lives of six of his men at least, personally,
+and was one of the last down the rocks, where only
+one horseman could pass abreast, called the “Devil’s Pass.”
+Once clear of this precipitous path, the worst was over;
+the retreat being covered by Colonel Russell, and the remainder
+of the force reached Kambula, with a loss of over one
+hundred killed and wounded, including thirteen officers. Colonel
+Weatherley and his son, a lad of fifteen, and the whole of
+his Border Horse, except eight, were slain. Captain Barton,
+of the Coldstream Guards, who lost his life in endeavouring
+to rescue a wounded trooper, and eighteen of his men perished;
+also the gallant old Boer leader, Piet Uys,<a id='r79'></a><a href='#f79' class='c013'><sup>[79]</sup></a> whose father and
+uncles had fallen in the wars against Dingaan.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Encouraged by this success, next day the Zulu army, numbering
+twenty-five thousand men, made a most determined
+attack upon the entrenched camp at Kambula, which was
+manned by detachments of the 18th., 80th., and 90th. Regiments,
+with a battery of Royal Artillery, under Major Tremlett,
+and some Volunteers. For more than four hours raged a
+desperate conflict, during which the enemy, in spite of enormous
+losses, madly rushed on with deafening yells, till their
+assegais clashed against the British bayonets; but finding all
+their efforts of no avail, and mowed down by the deadly fire,
+lost heart, and began to retire in confusion. A ringing cheer
+arose from the camp, the mounted men sprang into their
+saddles, and led by Buller and Russell, pursued the enemy for
+seven miles, strewing their way with the bodies of hundreds
+of Zulus, and amply avenging the disaster of the previous
+day. General Wood on seeing the panic-stricken flight of
+the enemy, exclaimed, “Oh, for two regiments of British
+cavalry!”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was variously
+estimated from three to four thousand; fifteen hundred dead
+bodies were lying around the camp at nightfall, of which
+many were carried away before morning, but the victors were
+occupied for two days in burying their dead foemen. The
+wounded that were captured, were kindly treated, and their
+wounds dressed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was two officers<a id='r80'></a><a href='#f80' class='c013'><sup>[80]</sup></a> and twenty-three men
+killed, and eight officers and fifty-seven men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A week or two before this, another disaster, similar to the affair
+at Isandhlwana, but fortunately of lesser magnitude, befel Captain
+Moriarty and a company of the 80th. Regiment, encamped on
+the bank of the Intombe River; who were surprised in the
+early dawn, by an overwhelming body of Zulus, and two-thirds
+of the party slain on the spot. Lieutenant Harvard,
+the only surviving officer, leaving the remnant of his men
+to shift for themselves, galloped off to Luneberg for help;
+and it was only by the exertions and bravery of Colour-Sergeant
+Anthony Booth, that a man escaped. For this service,
+Sergeant Booth well won, and obtained, the Victoria
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>All this time the force under Colonel Pearson remained
+blockaded at Ekowe. Pearson had made some successful raids
+on the enemy; but his stock of provisions was rapidly diminishing,
+and he was anxiously expecting relief.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On March 29th., Lord Chelmsford, with a force of three
+thousand three hundred English soldiers and seamen, from
+the “Shah,” “Tenedos,” and “Boadicea,” with gatling guns
+and a rocket battery, and about two thousand two hundred
+Natives, set out from Fort Tenedos for Ekowe. On the 2nd.
+of April he was attacked by the Zulu army, under Dabulamanzi,
+at Ginghilovo. The enemy fought with desperation, but their
+frantic attacks were repulsed with enormous loss, and after
+a very sharp action of about one and a half hours, they fled
+in disorder, hotly pursued by the mounted men, under Captain
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>Barrow. Eight hundred Zulus were buried on the field, and
+their total loss must have been over a thousand men. The
+British casualties were trifling.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Ekowe was relieved two days after, the works destroyed and
+the post abandoned; the whole force returning to the Lower
+Tugela.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the meanwhile large reinforcements arrived from England,
+including the 1st. Dragoon Guards, the 17th. Lancers, the Royal
+Scots Fusiliers, the 58th., 91st., and 94th. Regiments, and
+drafts for other corps in the Colony, the whole amounting to
+over ten thousand officers and men. Among the new arrivals
+was the unfortunate Prince Imperial, who reached Durban two
+days after the conflict at Kambula, and was appointed an extra
+A.D.C. on the head-quarter staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An immediate advance into Zululand was decided on, and
+organised in three divisions. The first under General Crealock,
+C.B.; the second under Major-General Newdigate; and
+the third—a flying column—under General Wood; with whom
+was Lord Chelmsford, acting in advance of the second division;
+Ulundi being the object of the combined operations.
+For a time the invaders were almost unopposed, the enemy
+seeming to realise the uselessness of attacking, with assegai
+and shield; entrenchments, and squares of men armed with
+breechloaders, gatlings, and rockets; but they had gained
+wisdom by experience, and avoiding fighting, overran defenceless
+territory and carried off cattle, at the same time as a <i>ruse</i>,
+sending messengers with proposals of peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At the commencement of this final stage of the war, occurred
+another untoward accident, which cast a gloom over the
+whole campaign, and thrilled the heart of England with shame
+and indignation. On June 1st., the Prince Imperial of France,
+Louis Napoleon, while out on a reconnoitring expedition with
+Lieutenant Carey of the 98th. Regiment, and six troopers of
+Bettington’s Horse, was surprised and killed by a party of
+Zulus. As an officer in the camp wrote:—“The news of his
+death fell like a thunderbolt on all.” His body was next day
+recovered and sent to England.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On June 5th. was a smart cavalry skirmish, in which Lieutenant
+Firth, of the 17th. Lancers, was killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>Lord Chelmsford, with General Newdigate’s division and
+Wood’s flying column, kept steadily advancing; establishing
+posts, and securing his communication as he moved forward.
+On July the 3rd., Colonel Buller, with five hundred cavalry,
+pushed forward to the Umvalosi River, on the road to Ulundi, to
+reconnoitre the country. He crossed the river, but had advanced
+but little beyond it, when he was suddenly assailed in
+front and flank by five thousand Zulus, who attempted to surround
+him and cut off his retreat. Buller retired, not without
+loss, hotly pursued, and would have suffered much, but for
+the fire of the nine-pounder guns of Major Tremlett, which
+checked the enemy. In this affair, Lord William Beresford,
+of the 9th. Lancers, who had obtained six months’ leave from
+India, and had come to Africa from sheer love of fighting,
+gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in rescuing from
+the pursuing Zulus a dismounted trooper of the Frontier
+Light Horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next day, in the early morning,<a id='r81'></a><a href='#f81' class='c013'><sup>[81]</sup></a> Lord Chelmsford crossed
+the Umvalosi, with a total strength of four thousand Europeans,
+and about eleven hundred natives, with two gatlings, and
+twelve guns. In the front were the 80th., 90th., and 13th.
+Regiments, with four seven-pounders, two nine-pounders, and
+two gatlings; the 58th. and 94th. Regiments, with two seven-
+and four nine-pounders; and in the rear the Scots Fusiliers,
+with three squadrons of the 17th. Lancers. About eight
+o’clock he reached the King’s kraal at Ulundi, and was attacked
+by the Zulu army, variously estimated at from fifteen to twenty
+thousand men. The troops were formed in a hollow square
+four deep, which the furious and repeated charges of the enemy,
+who advanced with the utmost bravery, in spite of a murderous
+shell and rifle fire, utterly failed to break, and at no point
+did they succeed in approaching nearer than thirty yards. In
+forty minutes the Zulus were in full flight, pursued by Colonel
+Drury Lowe, and the 17th. Lancers, who did terrible execution,
+literally cutting them up with lance and sabre.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss in this battle, which virtually ended the
+war, was Captain Wyatt-Edgell (17th. Lancers) and ten men
+killed, and about seventy officers and men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was upwards of fifteen hundred
+killed, there being no wounded on the field, as the native contingent
+despatched all they could find with their assegais.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had arrived at the Cape at the
+end of June from London, now superseded Lord Chelmsford
+in the command, who with Generals Newdigate and Crealock,
+Sir E. Wood, Colonel Buller, and the principal officers, returned
+to England. Sir Garnet despatched two columns in pursuit of
+Cetewayo, under Colonel Clark of the 57th. Regiment, and
+Colonel Baker Russell, C.B., of the 13th. Hussars. For sixteen
+days the fugitive king baffled his pursuers, but on August
+28th. he was captured in a kraal in the almost impenetrable
+Ngome Forest, by Major Marter of the 1st. Dragoon Guards.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of September, 1879, the sixth anniversary of the
+day when Cetewayo was installed King of the Zulus, by Sir
+Theophilus Shepstone, and on the same spot, was held a meeting
+of chiefs; who in the presence of Sir Garnet Wolseley, acknowledged
+the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, abolished the military
+system, and gave up the importation of arms into Zululand.
+They also agreed to condemn none of their subjects to death
+without a trial, and their men were also to be free to marry when
+they pleased. Fugitives from justice were to be given up,
+and in all disputes the decision of the British Resident was
+to be final.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The cost of this war was estimated to be about £5,230,000.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>OPERATIONS AGAINST SEKUKUNI,<br> <span class='c016'>1878–79.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sekukuni was a chief of the Basutos, who in his fastness
+in the Lulu mountains, between the Oliphant and Steel Poort
+Rivers, had defied the Colonial Government, successfully resisted
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>the Boers, and allied himself with Cetewayo. Occupying
+a mountain range of fifty miles in length, he was surrounded
+by all the lawless and warlike spirits in the district, attracted
+by the hope of plunder; and like one of the robber barons of
+the Middle Ages, he despatched them in all directions to
+ravage and lay waste the surrounding country. In February,
+1878, some of his men made a raid on a chief under the
+protection of the English; and Sekukuni, encouraged by Cetewayo,
+in reply to the complaint of the British Commissioner,
+answered that “the English were afraid to fight—that the
+country was his, not theirs, and that he was quite ready for
+war.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In October a small body of one hundred and thirty men of
+the 13th. Regiment, some Frontier Horse, and Mounted Infantry,
+commanded by Colonel Rowlands, V.C., advanced to
+attack Sekukuni, but through the roughness of the country,
+want of water, and the smallness of his force, he could effect
+nothing, and was obliged to retreat. War in Zululand now
+being imminent, operations against this formidable chieftain
+were for a time suspended, but after the capture of Cetewayo,
+a new expedition against him was organised by Sir
+Garnet Wolseley.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sekukuni’s chief stronghold, called his “Fighting Koppie,”
+and deemed impregnable by the Basutos, was a tremendous
+natural fortress rising from the plain several hundred feet.
+Boulders and vast rocks piled one over another formed the
+sides, the interior was honeycombed by caverns and crannies
+innumerable, and the base of the hill was covered with trees
+and jungly brushwood. It was occupied by a population
+of about twelve thousand, but only five thousand were
+fighting men. The British force consisted of two thousand
+two hundred Europeans, of whom fourteen hundred were
+detachments of the 21st., 94th., and 80th. Regiments, and about
+ten thousand Swazies, under Major Bushman (9th. Lancers)
+and Captain Macleod, the whole being commanded by Colonel
+Baker Russell.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Garnet Wolseley having completed his arrangements, the
+attack on the stronghold was made November 28th., 1879, at
+four a.m., in three divisions. Commandant Ferreira, with his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>colonial troops, carried the heights on the south; Major Carrington,
+of the 24th. Regiment, commanding the left attack,
+occupied the heights to the north; and Major Bushman, with
+his Swazies, gained the top of the ridge commanding the “town,”
+and combining with Carrington’s attack, poured down on the
+central kraal, which was soon wrapped in flames. The “Fighting
+Koppie” now being completely surrounded, was shelled
+by two Krupp guns, and two seven-pounders, directed by
+Captain Knox, R.A., and at ten a.m., was stormed by the centre
+column, consisting of the English infantry under Colonel
+Murray. The kraals below were burning fiercely; Ferreira’s
+men rushed up on the right, and with the Volunteers and
+Swazies, raced with the red-coats to be first in the Koppie,
+but after an obstinate struggle, the men of the 21st. and 80th.
+gained the summit of the hill, and the place was taken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The position was captured, but the resistance of the defenders
+was not at an end. Hundreds of them sought refuge in
+the caverns with which the hill abounded, and from them
+kept up an intermittent fire till they were hunted out and slain.
+Sekukuni for some days escaped capture, but being surrounded
+on all sides, his supply of water cut off, and his caverns blown
+up, he surrendered on December 2nd. to Major Clark, and
+was conveyed a prisoner to Pretoria.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this brilliant affair the British loss was three officers
+and seven men killed, and six officers and forty-three men
+wounded. The Swazies had nearly a thousand killed and
+wounded, and the five thousand defenders of the Koppie were
+nearly all slain, as our native allies gave no quarter.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Among the officers who distinguished themselves was Major
+Herbert Stewart, who shewed great energy and tact in dealing
+with the Native Contingent, and who in January, 1885, as General
+Sir H. Stewart, in command of the Gordon Relief Expedition,
+was mortally wounded, near Metammeh, on the Nile.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in these harassing operations were:
+the 1st. Dragoon Guards, 1879; the 17th. Lancers, 1879; the
+3rd. and 4th. Foot, 1879; the 13th., 1878–9; 21st, 1879; 24th.,
+1877, 1878, and 1879; 57th., 1879; 58th., 1879; 60th., 1879;
+80th., 1878–79; 88th. and 90th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; 91st.,
+1879; 94th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; and the 97th., 99th., 1879.</p>
+
+<div id='i233fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_233fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Afghanistan Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>Every incident in these campaigns, which greatly consisted
+in patrolling and skirmishing in all directions, has not been
+narrated in detail; yet enough has been stated to show that
+the military power of Great Britain has seldom contended
+with more obstinate and braver enemies than the half-civilised
+Kaffirs and Zulus; and no medal has been more hardly earned
+than that granted for services in South Africa.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE AFGHANISTAN MEDALS, 1839–1880.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>For services in Afghanistan from the year 1839 to 1880 ten
+medals altogether have been granted, including those given for
+the storming of Ghuznee, and the defence of Jellalabad and
+Kelat-i-Ghilzie. The Ghuznee medal<a id='r82'></a><a href='#f82' class='c013'><sup>[82]</sup></a> was given by Shah Soojah,
+the restored King of Afghanistan, to the British troops present
+at the storming of that place, under Sir John Keane, July 22nd.
+and 23rd., 1839. This medal is silver, having on the obverse
+a view of the fortress, with the name “Ghuznee” underneath.
+Reverse: A laurel wreath, encircling a mural crown, with the
+date, “23rd. July,” above, and “1839” below. Ribbon, half
+crimson and half green; no clasp. Permission was granted by
+the Queen in 1841 to wear this medal. For the successful
+defence of Jellalabad two medals were given. The first was
+granted by Lord Ellenborough, Governor-General of India—silver.
+Obverse: A mural crown, with “Jellalabad” inscribed
+above, on the reverse the date of the victorious sortie, “<span class='fss'>VII.</span>
+April, 1842.” The second Jellalabad medal, designed by Wyon,
+was issued by the English Government, and was intended to
+be worn in place of the first<a id='r83'></a><a href='#f83' class='c013'><sup>[83]</sup></a>, but from its rarity it seems that
+but few men took advantage of the offered exchange. Obverse:
+Head of the Queen, crowned, with the inscription, “Victoria
+Vindex.” Reverse: Victory, with the Union Jack in her left
+hand, and laurel wreaths in her right, flying over the fortress of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>Jellalabad; above the figure are the words, “Jellalabad, <span class='fss'>VII.</span>
+April,” and in the exergue, “<span class='fss'>MDCCCXLII.</span>” Ribbon: Rainbow
+pattern for both medals; no clasp. The Kelat-i-Ghilzie medal
+was also granted by Lord Ellenborough to the defenders of that
+place—silver. Obverse: A laurel wreath, encircling a shield,
+inscribed, “Kelat-i-Ghilzie,” surmounted by a mural crown.
+Reverse: A trophy of arms, inscribed “Invicta,” with the date
+<span class='fss'>MDCCCXLII.</span> underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. For services
+at Ghuznee, Cabul, and Candahar, five distinct medals were
+distributed, all having on the obverse the head of the Queen,
+with the legend, “Victoria Vindex,” but the inscription on the
+reverse varying as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>(1.) “Candahar,” “Ghuznee,” and “Cabul,” 1842, under each
+other, given to those men who served during the whole
+campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>(2.) “Candahar,” 1842, given to men who were engaged with
+the enemy from January 1st. to August 10th., 1842.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>(3.) <a id='t234'></a>“Candahar” and “Ghuznee,” given to men present at both
+places only.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>(4.) “Ghuznee” and “Cabul,” given to the troops who went
+with General Nott from Ghuznee to Cabul, 6th to 17th of
+September, 1842.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>(5.) “Cabul,” given to those who reached Cabul after
+September 16th, 1842; no clasps; ribbon, rainbow pattern.
+The reverse of these medals, excepting that for Ghuznee and
+Cabul, are alike in design, the names “Candahar,” &#38;c., being
+inscribed within a laurel wreath, surmounted by a crown, with
+the date 1842 below. The medal for Ghuznee and Cabul has
+the names inscribed within a double wreath of laurel, with the
+crown over, and in the exergue “1842.” The obverse of this
+medal, and of that given for Cabul, has a laurel wreath surrounding
+the Queen’s head. The authority for these medals
+to be worn by the Queen’s troops was notified to the army in
+India, January 25th, 1843. The medal given for the campaigns
+of 1878, 1879, and 1880 is of silver. Obverse: Head of the
+Queen, veiled and crowned, with the inscription, “Victoria
+Regina et Imperatrix.” Reverse: An elephant bearing a
+mountain gun; in foreground a mounted British officer, cavalry
+with lances, following on the march; in the background,
+mountains; above, the word, “Afghanistan,” and the dates
+1878, 1879, and 1880 in the exergue. Clasps inscribed “Ali
+Musjid,” “Peiwar Kotal,” “Charasia,” “Kabul,” “Ahmed Khel,”
+and “Kandahar,” were also granted, the greatest number worn
+with the medal being four. Ribbon, green centre with crimson
+borders.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For the march of General Roberts from Kabul to Candahar
+a bronze star was given, made from guns captured at Cabul.
+The star is of five points, suspended from an Imperial crown;
+in the centre a monogram, composed of the letters “V. R. I.,”
+surrounded by the words “Kabul to Kandahar,” with the
+date 1880 underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. On the
+reverse of the star is engraved the rank, name, and corps of the
+recipient.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1839.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk had been driven from the throne
+of Afghanistan, and his kingdom divided among several
+chiefs. A Persian army besieged Herat, on the Afghan
+frontier, and the court of Persia claimed an extensive portion
+of territory, which, lying between India and Persia, appeared
+to menace the safety of the British dominions in the East
+Indies. These circumstances, and the unprovoked attack made
+on a British ally, Runjeet Singh, by Dost Mahomed Khan,
+occasioned a tripartite treaty to be concluded between the
+British, Runjeet Singh, and Shah Soojah, for the purpose
+of effecting the restoration of the dethroned monarch, and a
+British force designated the “<span class='sc'>Army of the Indus</span>,” was assembled
+to effect this object. In addition to the native corps,
+it comprised the 4th. and 16th. Dragoons, (the cavalry
+being commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph Thackwell,
+G.C.B., then Major-General,) and the 2nd., 13th.,
+and 17th. regiments of the regular army. The Bengal column
+was placed under Major-General Sir Willoughby Cotton, K.C.B.,
+and the Bombay one under Major-General Willshire. General
+Sir Henry Fane was to have commanded the whole, but on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>information being received in October, 1838, that the siege of
+Herat had been raised by the Persian monarch, who had
+marched therefrom towards his capital, the force was reduced,
+and the second Bengal division was left at Ferozepore. Lieutenant-General
+Sir John (afterwards Lord) Keane, was consequently
+appointed to the command.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The plan of operations was thus arranged:—Major-General
+Sir Willoughby Cotton was to march near Scinde, through
+the Bolan Pass to Candahar, and proceed thence to Ghuznee
+and Cabool. The Bombay division of the army commenced
+its march from the mouth of the Indus, through the country
+occupied by the Ameers of Scinde, who, refusing permission
+for the troops to pass through their territory, a passage had to
+be effected by force. Hyderabad, the capital, was captured;
+Kurrachee was occupied; and the Ameers were brought to
+submission early in February, 1839. The army then continued
+its march, passed the Indus on a bridge of boats near the
+fortress of Bukkur, which had been delivered up as a place
+of arms during the war in Afghanistan, and entered upon
+regions never before traversed by British troops, but which
+are interesting from their association with the operations and
+reverses of Alexander the Great.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Advancing from Shikarpore the troops arrived in the middle
+of March, at Dadur, situated a few miles from the Bolan
+Pass, through which they marched between mountains covered
+with snow. In these wild regions bands of Beloochees lurked
+to avail themselves of every opportunity to follow their predatory
+habits, and they murdered several camp followers, and
+plundered some baggage. Issuing from this gloomy defile of
+more than fifty miles in length, the army entered the Dushi-be-doulut,
+or the unhappy desert, and halted a short time
+at Quettah, situated in the centre of the valley of Shawl, of
+which it is the capital. Supplies of provisions could not be
+procured in these sterile regions; the issue of grain for the
+horses ceased, the soldiers were placed upon half rations,
+the native followers upon quarter, and several men, who
+were searching for forage at a distance from the camp, were
+sacrificed by the natives, who availed themselves of every
+opportunity of destroying small parties.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>All these hardships were borne with fortitude, and in the
+early part of April the army commenced its march through the
+vale of Shawl; it descended the picturesque height of Kotul
+into the valley of Koochlak; forded rivers; and passed
+the height of Kozak, where the men had to drag the artillery
+over the precipice with ropes. Surmounting every obstacle
+with patient perseverance, the troops continued to press forward;
+the rulers of Afghanistan, struck with dismay, fled
+from the capital, leaving the country to the Sovereign whom
+the British were advancing to restore. As the army proceeded
+on its way, various classes of individuals tendered their
+submission, and on the 27th. of April it arrived at Candahar,
+the capital of western Afghanistan, where provisions and repose
+were obtained. The tents were pitched in the grassy
+meadows, among enclosures covered with crops of grain. The
+watery exhalations from the low grounds however proved injurious
+to the health of the men, and the great heat experienced
+in the tents, with a saline impregnation in the water,
+augmented the number of the sick.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. July, 1839.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Breaking up from Candahar on the 27th. of June, to reduce
+the remainder of the Shah’s dominions to obedience, the army
+advanced along a valley of dismal sterility to the Turnuk
+river; then proceeding up the right bank, traversed the country
+of the Western Ghilzees, and arrived on the 21st. of July
+before Ghuznee, a strong fortress garrisoned by three thousand
+Afghans under Prince Mahomed Hyder Khan, who were well
+provided with stores and had determined on a desperate defence,
+having blocked up every gate with masonry excepting one.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Not having a battering train of sufficient power to proceed
+by the regular method of breaching the walls, Lieutenant-General
+Sir John Keane resolved to storm the place without
+delay, and a reconnoissance was made on the 21st. of July,
+when it was determined to blow open the gate, and accordingly
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>during the night of the 22nd. of July a quantity of gunpowder
+was secretly brought to the one not blocked up with masonry,
+which was to be destroyed by an explosion before daylight on
+the following morning.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>To the 13th. Foot was assigned the duty of covering the
+operations, in blowing open the gate, and they paraded at
+two o’clock, a.m. Three hundred pounds of gunpowder (in
+twelve sandbags) were used for this purpose. The regiment
+proceeded in advance of the storming party to the causeway
+of the gate under cover of the darkness of the night, and
+the fire of the batteries of the assailants, six men of the
+leading company being told off to assist in carrying the
+powder-bags. On reaching the causeway, the 13th. extended
+in light order along the ditch, and by their fire distracted
+the enemy’s attention from the gate. After the explosion a
+company of the regiment, under Lieutenant Jennings, moved
+up with the engineer officer to ascertain if the operation had
+been attended with success; on which the light company of
+the 2nd. (or Queen’s Royal,) No. 9 company of the 13th.,
+under Captain Vigors, the light companies of the 17th., and
+of the Bengal European Regiment, which had been named to
+form the advance of the storming column, immediately pressed
+forward under the command of Brigadier Dennie, and despite
+a heavy fire gained an entrance into the fort. These were
+quickly followed by the main storming column under Brigadier
+Sale, (who was severely wounded on this occasion,) which
+consisted of the 2nd. Queens, under Major Carruthers, and
+the Bengal European Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Orchard; to these succeeded the 13th. Light Infantry, under
+Major Fraser, as they collected from the duty of skirmishing,
+with which they were directed to commence, and the 17th.,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Croker. The whole were soon established
+in possession of the fort.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this the garrison rushed some to the citadel and
+others to the houses, from which they kept up an annoying
+fire, when the 13th. and 17th. regiments were directed against
+the former, which unexpectedly was found evacuated. Large
+supplies of grain, ammunition of all kinds, and several guns
+with about two thousand horses, fell into the hands of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>victors. A company of the 13th., under Lieutenant Arthur
+Wilkinson, succeeded in capturing the redoubt, (or outwork,)
+and took two standards and about sixty prisoners. A standard
+was captured by the 17th., but was afterwards lost by the
+wreck of a transport, in which a part of the regiment was
+embarked.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss sustained in the assault of Ghuznee by the Queen’s
+regiments, (the 2nd., 13th., and 17th. Foot,) was limited
+to five men killed, and six officers and sixty-three men
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the Afghan horsemen, who had assembled in the
+neighbourhood, learnt the fate of the fortress, they abandoned
+their camp equipage and baggage, and fled towards Cabool, the
+capital of Eastern Afghanistan, in the direction of which city
+the British forces immediately advanced.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Dost Mahomed Khan, the ruler of the country, assembled a
+formidable host in position near Ughundee; but ascertaining
+that his soldiers had resolved to abandon him, he fled with a
+body of select cavalry, leaving his artillery in position; and
+the British army advancing to the capital, replaced Shah
+Soojah-ool-Moolk, on the 7th. of August, in the possession of
+the palace of his forefathers, from which he had been an exile
+many years. The conquest of a kingdom was thus achieved
+with trifling loss, and the troops pitched their tents in a rich
+valley near Cabool.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An order of merit was instituted by the Shah, called the
+Order of the Dooranée Empire, the decorations<a id='r84'></a><a href='#f84' class='c013'><sup>[84]</sup></a> of which were
+conferred on the general and field officers. The following
+regiments of the Queen’s army were engaged in this service:—the
+2nd. Queen’s, the 13th. and 17th. Foot, and the Bengal
+European Regiment, (now the 101st.,) the 4th. Light Dragoons,
+and the 16th. Lancers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shah Soojah’s government became so unpopular, that the
+Afghans determined to expel the British, by whose aid he had
+been reinstated, and whose presence in Cabool was rendered
+necessary to support him on the throne. The crisis arrived in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>1841. In October the Afghans broke out into open insurrection;
+the British envoy, Sir William Macnaughten, and Sir Alexander
+Burnes, were treacherously murdered, and the troops, including
+the 44th. regiment,<a id='r85'></a><a href='#f85' class='c013'><sup>[85]</sup></a> which occupied Cabool, being compelled
+to evacuate that place, and retreat towards Jellalabad, were
+cut to pieces on the march, Dr. Brydon of the Shah’s forces,
+being the only officer who succeeded in reaching that place.
+It is remarkable that this officer was one of the heroes of
+Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 13th. regiment was more fortunate; under its gallant
+Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir Robert Sale, (serving with the local
+rank of Major-General), it reached Jellalabad, having at the
+breaking out of the insurrection been detached from Cabool
+with a force in order to reduce the insurgents, and after
+much hard fighting in the passes, had taken possession of
+Jellalabad, the successful defence of which by his small garrison,
+forms so bright a feature in this terrible and gloomy
+history. Before describing this heroic defence, only equalled
+by that of Lucknow, it is necessary to show the manner in
+which the gallant band reached the place of safety. The 13th.
+and other troops left Cabool on the 11th. of October, in consequence
+of a body of insurgents having possessed themselves
+of the Khoord Cabool pass,<a id='r86'></a><a href='#f86' class='c013'><sup>[86]</sup></a> about ten miles from the capital,
+with a view to expel the rebels, and re-open the communication
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>with India. On the 12th. of October the pass was
+forced, the troops under Sir Robert penetrating to Khoord
+(Little) Cabool.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Robert Sale, Captain Hamlet C. Wade,
+(Major of Brigade,) Lieutenant George Mein, and Ensign Oakes
+were wounded. Lieutenant Mein being dangerously wounded,
+was obliged to be sent back in a litter to Cabool. Upon
+Sir Robert Sale being compelled to quit the field from the
+severity of his wound, the command of the troops devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Dennie, C.B., also of the 13th. The
+regiment then faced about, to return through the pass according
+to the plan for executing the operation, leaving the
+other corps at Khoord Cabool. Possession was then taken of
+Bootkhak, where the regiment was stationed until the 18th. of
+October. During this delay, incessant night attacks were made
+by the enemy, called by them Shub Khoon, (night slaughter;)
+Sir Robert Sale’s precaution in ordering the men to lie down
+on their alarm posts, as soon as the fire was opened on the
+camp, prevented much loss: his orders prohibiting any return-fire
+likewise saved many, and all the enemy’s attempts to force
+an entrance therein were successfully resisted by the bayonet
+alone. Meanwhile the rebellion continued of a formidable
+character, and the 13th. were ordered to march to Tezeen,
+where they arrived on the 22nd. of October, and were engaged
+with a body of insurgents, whom they drove from some heights
+and strong positions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of orders from Cabool, the force under Major-General
+Sir Robert Sale marched for Gundamuck, and were
+continually pressed day and night, by insurgent bands hovering
+on their flanks and rear, which occasioned the fatigues and
+duties of the troops to be particularly harassing; the way led
+along defiles and over mountains, and when the soldiers halted,
+breastworks had to be thrown up to defend the bivouac ground
+from sudden attacks of the Afghan cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 29th. of October the rebels were found in force at
+the Jugdulluck Pass, and for some time they checked the
+advance of the column; but the skirmishers of the 13th. sprang
+forward, and driving the Afghans from almost inaccessible
+heights protected by breastworks, enabled the British force to
+surmount every obstacle in the defile, and to arrive at Gundamuck
+on the following day.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Robert Sale remained at Gundamuck with his troops
+until the 5th. of November, when they proceeded and captured
+the fort of Mamoo Khail in the neighbourhood, and returned
+on the 6th. to Gundamuck. There intelligence was received
+of the breaking out of a violent insurrection at Cabool, on
+the 2nd. of November, and of the probability that the rebellion
+would become general. Under these circumstances, two forced
+marches on Jellalabad were made, with a numerous enemy
+pressing on the flanks and rear; a body of insurgents were
+beaten at Futtehabad by the rear-guard under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Dennie; and Jellalabad, the chief town in the valley
+of Ningrahar, was seized by the British troops on the 12th.
+of November, to establish a post upon which the corps at
+Cabool might retire, if necessary, and thus restore a link in
+the chain of communication with India.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_242.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>MEDAL FOR THE CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF JELLALABAD.<br> <span class='sc'>12th. November, 1841, to 7th. April, 1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The fortress of Jellalabad was found to be in a very dilapidated
+state, and the inhabitants disaffected to the government
+of the Shah. The Afghans collected to about ten thousand,
+and the walls of the fort being without parapets, and the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>garrison having only one day and a half supplies, on half
+rations, a sally was made on the 14th. of November, which
+routed the enemy, and enabled the troops to collect provisions,
+and erect works for the defence of the fortress, which called
+forth the efforts of all. While thus employed, the Afghans
+in great force again invested the place on the 27th. of November,
+but they were completely routed and dispersed by a sally of
+the garrison on the 1st. of December.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 9th. of January, 1842, the garrison was summoned
+to give up the fortress by the leader of the Afghan rebellion,
+in fulfilment of a convention entered into at Cabool with
+Major-General Elphinstone, who was taken prisoner at a conference,
+and died shortly afterwards; but Sir Robert Sale being
+fully assured of the bad faith of the insurgents, refused.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Broadfoot, garrison engineer, and Captain Abbott,
+commissary of ordnance, aided by the indefatigable exertions
+of the troops, put the works into a state of defence to
+resist any Asiatic enemy not provided with siege-artillery;
+but the place was kept in a continual state of alarm by the
+occurrence of one hundred shocks of an earthquake in the
+course of a month, one of which, on the 19th. of February,
+occasioned the parapets to fall, injured the bastions, made a
+breach in the rampart, destroyed the guard-houses, reduced
+other portions of the works to ruins, and demolished one
+third of the town. With that unconquerable spirit of perseverance
+for which the troops had already been distinguished,
+they instantly turned to the repair of the works. Sirdar
+Mahomed Akbar Khan, Barukzye, the assassin of the late
+Envoy, and the treacherous destroyer of the Cabool force, flushed
+with success, approached with a numerous army to overwhelm
+the little garrison; he attacked the foraging parties on the
+21st. and 22nd. of February; but was astonished at finding
+the works in a state of defence, whereupon he established a
+rigorous blockade. From that time to the 7th. of April, the
+reduced garrison was engaged in a succession of skirmishes, in
+which the 13th. had opportunities of distinguishing themselves;
+particularly detachments under Captains Pattisson and Fenwick,
+Lieutenants George Wade and W. Cox.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Information was received on the 5th. of April, that the force
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>under Major-General, now General Sir George Pollock, G.C.B.,
+had experienced reverses in the Khyber, and had retraced its
+steps towards Peshawur; and on the 6th. a <i>feu-de-joie</i> and
+salute of artillery were fired by Mahomed Akbar, in honour of
+the event. It was also reported that the Ghazees had been
+defeated, and that the Sirdar had retreated into Lughman.
+Sir Robert Sale resolved to anticipate the last-mentioned
+event, by a general attack on the Afghan camp, with the
+hope of relieving Jellalabad from blockade, and facilitating
+Major-General Pollock’s advance. Directions were accordingly
+given to form three columns of infantry, the central one consisting
+of the 13th., (mustering five hundred bayonets,) under
+Colonel Dennie, C.B.; the left comprising a similar number
+of the 35th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Monteath,
+C.B.; and the right composed of one company of
+the 13th., one of the 35th. Native Infantry, and the detachment
+of Sappers, under the command of Lieutenant Orr,
+amounting to three hundred and sixty men, was commanded
+by Captain (afterwards the celebrated Sir Henry) Havelock,
+of the 13th.: these were supported by the fire of the guns
+of No. 6 field battery under Captain Abbott, the whole of
+the small cavalry force being under Captain Oldfield and
+Lieutenant Mayne.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At daylight on the morning of the 7th. of April, the troops
+issued from the Cabool and Peshawur gates. Mahomed
+Akbar Khan, had formed his force of about six thousand
+men in order of battle for the defence of his camp; its
+right resting on a fort, and its left on the Cabool river. The
+attack was led by the skirmishers and column under Captain
+Havelock; this drove the enemy from the extreme left of
+his advanced line of works, which it pierced at once, and
+proceeded to advance into the plain; the central column at
+the same time directed its efforts against a square fort, upon
+the same base, the defence of which was obstinately maintained.
+Colonel Dennie, while nobly leading his regiment to
+the assault, received a shot through his body, which, to the
+deep regret of officers and men, shortly after proved fatal.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The rear of the work having been finally gained by passing
+to its left, orders were given for a combined attack upon the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>enemy’s camp; this was brilliant and successful. The artillery,
+advanced at the gallop, and directed a heavy fire upon the
+Afghan centre, while two columns of infantry penetrated his
+line near the same point, and the third forced back his left
+from its support on the river, into which some of his horse
+and foot were driven. The Afghans repeatedly attempted to
+check the advance by a smart fire of musketry—by throwing
+forward heavy bodies of horse, which twice threatened in force
+the detachments of infantry under Captain Havelock, and by
+opening three guns, screened by a garden wall; but in a
+short time they were dislodged from every point of their
+positions, their cannon taken, and their camp involved in a
+general conflagration.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By about seven o’clock in the morning the battle was over
+and the enemy in full retreat in the direction of Lughman.
+Two Afghan cavalry standards were taken, besides four guns
+which had been lost by the Cabool army and Gundamuck
+forces. Great quantities of <i>matériel</i> and stores were, together
+with the enemy’s tents, destroyed, and the defeat of Mahomed
+Akbar, in open field, by the troops he had boasted of blockading,
+was complete.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Armourer Sergeant Henry Uylett, of the 13th., captured
+Mahomed Akbar’s standard, which he took from a cavalry
+soldier, whom he killed. The standard is of scarlet cloth,
+with a green border, and crimson and yellow fringe. It is
+triangular in shape and swallow-tailed. About the centre a
+patch of light blue cloth is introduced, on which are neatly
+sewn some characters in yellow cloth, being an extract from
+the Koran, signifying “The Omnipotent God! In the name of
+God, the clement and the merciful! With God as a helper,
+victory is nigh.” This and two other flags, captured by the 13th.
+on the same day, were deposited in Chelsea Hospital.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy’s loss was very severe; the field of battle was
+strewed with the bodies of men and horses, and the richness
+of the trappings of some of the latter denoted that chiefs of
+rank (several being present and taking part in the action) had
+fallen.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In February following, the thanks of Parliament were accorded
+to the Governor-General of India, and to the officers
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>and troops employed in Afghanistan, the resolutions being
+moved in the House of Lords by the Duke of Wellington, and
+in the House of Commons by Sir Robert Peel, who, after
+eulogizing the gallant conduct of Sir Robert Sale and the
+garrison of Jellalabad, (appropriately designated “<span class='sc'>Illustrious</span>,”)
+specially deplored the death of Colonel Dennie, justly described
+as “one of the most noble and gallant spirits, whose
+actions have ever added brilliance to their country’s military
+renown.”</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_246.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>FIRST JELLALABAD MEDAL.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 26th. of August, 1842, it was officially announced
+in the “London Gazette,” that “In consideration of the distinguished
+gallantry displayed by the 13th. Light Infantry,
+during the campaigns in the Burmese empire and in Afghanistan,
+Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of
+that regiment assuming the title of the ‘13th., or Prince
+Albert’s Light Infantry;’ and of its facings being changed
+from yellow to blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Her Majesty has also been pleased to authorize the 13th.
+Regiment of Light Infantry to bear on its colours and appointments
+a ‘Mural Crown,’ superscribed ‘Jellalabad,’ as a memorial
+of the fortitude, perseverance, and enterprise, evinced by that
+regiment, and the several corps which served during the blockade
+of Jellalabad.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SECOND AFGHAN CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>When the news of the Afghan tragedy reached India, it
+was resolved to rescue the gallant garrison, and to restore
+British Supremacy beyond the Indus. Accordingly a force was
+collected at Peshawur, in the north of the Punjaub, under
+Major-General Pollock, early in 1842. Of this army, the
+Queen’s regiments consisted of the 3rd. Light Dragoons, and
+the 9th. and 31st. Foot. On the 5th. of April the Khyber
+Pass was forced, although strongly occupied, and its mouth
+having a breastwork of stones and bushes.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Precipitous and rocky hills, on the right and left, presented
+great natural obstacles to the ascent of troops, and it was an
+undertaking of no ordinary difficulty to gain the summit of
+such heights, defended as they were by a numerous body of
+the enemy; the columns destined to accomplish this most important
+object, moved off simultaneously with the main one
+intended to assault the entrance, but were compelled to make
+a considerable detour to the right and left, to enable them to
+commence the ascent. The right column, consisting of four
+companies of the 9th. Foot, and the same number of companies
+of the 26th. and 64th. Native Infantry, were under the command
+of Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, of the 9th. regiment,
+and Major Anderson, of the 64th. Native Infantry. The left
+column, consisting of four companies of the 9th. Foot, a similar
+number of companies of the 26th. and 64th. Native Infantry,
+together with four hundred Jezailchees, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Moseley and Major Huish, commenced the ascent,
+led by Captain Ferris, of the regiment of Jezailchees.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Both columns, after considerable opposition, succeeded in
+routing the enemy, and gaining possession of the crest of the
+hills on either side. While the flanking columns were in
+progress on the heights, Captain Alexander, in command of
+the artillery, placed the guns in position, and threw shrapnel
+among the enemy when opportunity offered, which assisted
+much in their discomfiture. Upon the heights being gained,
+the main column was advanced to the mouth of the Pass,
+and commenced destroying the barrier, which the enemy had
+evacuated on perceiving their position was turned; portions
+of the right and left columns were left to keep the heights,
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Moseley and Major
+Anderson, and Major Huish and Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor
+continued their advance to crown the hills in front, and on
+each side, which were covered with the foe, who appeared
+determined to contest every inch of ground; but the gallantry
+of the troops carried everything before them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus was accomplished without the payment of any tribute,
+the passage of the Khyber Pass,<a id='r87'></a><a href='#f87' class='c013'><sup>[87]</sup></a> and the road to Jellalabad
+was gained. The siege of that place (as already shewn) had
+been abandoned, when Major-General Pollock arrived on the
+16th. of April, and found the garrison, after a siege which
+had lasted upwards of five months, in excellent health, with
+a plentiful supply of ammunition, and all most anxious to
+march on Cabool.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ADVANCE ON CABOOL.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Major-General Pollock urged upon Lord Ellenborough, the
+new Governor-General of India, the advance upon Cabool; the
+31st. regiment, which had followed by forced marches, joined
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>at Jellalabad on the 5th. of May, having undergone much privation
+on the way, and the loss of several men from famine
+and fatigue; while at Jellalabad the army was halted in
+wretched tents, the climate being so unhealthy during the
+summer, that the natives use it only as a winter residence.
+Soon the effect of this displayed itself; the days became so
+oppressive, that both officers and men were obliged to dig
+deep holes underground in which to shield themselves, in
+some slight measure, from the burning heat of the sun, the
+thermometer rising in the tents as high as 126°.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of the extreme heat the troops suffered a
+loss which the most sanguinary encounter with the enemy
+could not have exceeded. Neither was it in men alone that
+the army was daily losing its efficiency. From the valley
+of Jellalabad having been so long the seat of war, the fertile
+land had become a desert,—the wretched half-starved camels
+could find no forage on the bare face on the sand, and they
+died by hundreds; their dead bodies lying about in all directions,
+swollen with the sun, and emitting the most pestilential
+exhalations, together with the filth and dirt of a standing
+camp of fifty thousand men, added to the disease which raged
+among the troops.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Eventually it was found necessary to divide the force, and
+the fourth brigade, in which was the 31st. regiment, was
+ordered to march under Brigadier Monteath into the Shinwaree
+country, to punish some refractory tribes, who had attacked
+several convoys, and been guilty of many acts of murder and
+plunder. The warlike and turbulent Shinwaree tribes sheltered
+themselves in their strongholds, which were formed in a narrow
+valley, strengthened by many forts and stockaded enclosures,
+while the heights on either side were defended by numerous
+sunghas, or breastworks of large stones, which were so constructed
+as to enable them to dispute every inch of ground
+with an advancing force.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 26th. of July, Brigadier Monteath prepared to attack
+the enemy near Mazeena with his whole force; and accordingly,
+leaving his camp standing under an efficient guard, he moved
+towards the position occupied by the Afghans, who were prepared,
+and nothing loath to meet him. The engagement was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>commenced by the 31st. regiment, seconded by the 33rd. and
+53rd. Native Infantry, ascending the heights, and driving the
+Shinwarees from their breastworks, and along the ridges of the
+hills, while the 10th. Light Cavalry, in the valley below, charged
+them whenever they showed front on level ground. The camp
+followers and pioneers had been furnished with combustibles
+to burn the forts, as the Shinwarees were driven out of them,
+which service was very efficiently performed. Meanwhile, on
+the heights, the enemy disputed every foot of ground until
+taken at the point of the bayonet, and Lieutenant M‘Ilween,
+of the 31st., was killed in leading one of the attacks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Afghans being driven from their defences, the artillery,
+under the command of Captain Abbott, played upon them with
+great effect; and after contesting the day until every fort and
+place of defence had been taken and destroyed, they fled, dispersing
+themselves among the neighbouring hills, where it was
+impossible to pursue them. Their loss was very great, including
+most of their leaders.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this action the brigade returned to Jellalabad, and on
+the 20th. of August the army marched in two divisions <i>en route</i>
+to Cabool. Three days afterwards the troops arrived at Gundamuck,
+when information was received that the enemy, under
+the Chiefs Hadji Ali and Khyroolah Khan, occupied the village
+and fort of Mammoo Khail, about two miles distant, and it
+was determined to attack them there on the following morning.
+Accordingly on the 24th. of August, at four o’clock, a.m., the
+troops advanced, and the attack on Mammoo Khail was attended
+with complete success.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Pollock left Gundamuck on the 7th. of September,
+and on the day after the troops were engaged with
+the forces of Mahomed Khan and the Ghilzie chiefs at the
+Pass of Jugdulluck; in the valley were seen the blackened remains
+of the unfortunate Cabool force. No further opposition
+was shewn to the advance of the army until nearing the valley
+of Tezeen;—the road from this place to Khoord Cabool was
+through a succession of lofty hills, called the Huft Kotul, or
+Eight Hills.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of September, it having been ascertained that
+Akbar Khan, with twenty thousand men, had established himself
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>in the Khoord Cabool Pass, in order to cover the capital and
+fight a pitched battle with the British, the second division was
+ordered to join the first by a forced march to Tezeen, where
+Major-General Pollock was encamped. This junction was effected
+on the 11th. of September, with little loss, although a running
+fight was kept up the greater part of the way.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly after daybreak on the 13th. of September, the army
+moved off its ground towards the Tezeen Pass, the advanced
+guard being commanded by Sir Robert Sale. After moving
+carefully along the Pass for about two miles, the Afghans
+were discovered, in great force, occupying strong positions on
+the heights on either side, while their artillery and cavalry
+were formed some distance farther on in the Pass itself. The
+action commenced by a heavy fire on the advanced guard of
+the British; and the distance being too great for musketry,
+from the effect of which also the Afghans were covered by
+extensive sunghas, for the whole length of their position, it
+was judged necessary for the troops to ascend the heights and
+drive them from their posts at the point of the bayonet. This
+service was most effectively performed on the left heights by
+the 9th. and 31st. regiments, and on the right by the 13th.
+Light Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The companies ascended the face of the mountain under a
+most galling fire, from the effects of which many casualties
+occurred, and not returning a shot until the ledge was gained:
+a combined volley within ten yards of the enemy, followed
+by an immediate charge of bayonets, drove him from his
+defences with great slaughter, and the heights were gained.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Being reinforced by fresh troops, the British pushed on, and
+storming one entrenchment after another, threw the Afghans
+into great confusion. The artillery was now brought up, and
+played upon them with terrific effect, while the British cavalry,
+having charged and overthrown their horse, posted in the
+Pass, and taken their guns, together with the state tent of
+their commander, Mahomed Akbar Khan, victory, even at this
+early period was in favour of the British arms; but the warlike
+mountaineers continued the struggle with desperate valour.
+Attack after attack was made upon the troops occupying the
+posts from which the enemy had first been driven. Reckless
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>of life, the stern fanatics came on to be shot down from the
+defences which they had themselves thrown up. In a series of
+desultory attacks the day declined, and the British having obtained
+possession of every height commanding the Pass, the
+remains of the Afghan army made a <i><span lang="fr">détour</span></i> among the hills,
+and attacked the British rear-guard, commanded by Colonel
+Richmond, but they were warmly received, and entirely discomfited.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>So complete was the defeat of the Afghan army on the
+13th. of September, that Akbar Khan escaped from the field
+accompanied only by a solitary horseman. The enemy acknowledged
+to have lost fifty-three chiefs and persons of consequence
+and seven hundred men. The casualties on the part of the
+British amounted to one hundred and eighty-five.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>No impediments now existed to the advance of the British
+on Cabool, at which city the army arrived on the 15th. of
+September, and encamped on the race-course. On the following
+morning the British colours were hoisted on the highest pinnacles
+of the battlements of the Bala Hissar, (upper fort,) on
+the spot most conspicuous from the city; the National Anthem
+was played, and a royal salute fired from the guns of the horse
+artillery, the whole of the troops present giving three cheers.
+The colours were left in the Bala Hissar to be hoisted daily
+as long as the troops should continue at Cabool.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>All the objects of the campaign were thus gained, and the
+rescue of the prisoners effected, amongst whom were several
+officers<a id='r88'></a><a href='#f88' class='c013'><sup>[88]</sup></a> and ladies, (Lady Sale being of the number,) together
+with thirty-six non-commissioned officers and men of the 44th.
+regiment—one hundred and five in all.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CANDAHAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>As the 13th. Light Infantry are so intimately connected with
+the defence of Jellalabad, in like manner the 40th. regiment
+is associated with Candahar. Major-General Sir William Nott,
+like Sir Robert Sale, refused to obey the order from Major-General
+Elphinstone to surrender. After the insurrection at
+Cabool, a general rising took place throughout Afghanistan,
+and the insurgents in the neighbourhood of Candahar being
+headed by Prince Sufter Jung, the son of Shah Soojah, and
+brother of Prince Timour, (Governor of Candahar,) who had
+left on the 29th. of November, 1841, to place himself at the
+head of those whom Mahomed Atta Khan was assembling on
+the eastern frontier. The insurgents under these two chiefs
+having approached within eight miles, Major-General Sir William
+Nott, G.C.B., moved out to attack them on the morning of
+the 12th. of January, 1842, the 40th. forming the advance.
+This regiment, during the previous year, had suffered severely
+from sickness, the number of deaths amounting to one hundred
+and fifty-nine. A strong position, with a morass in their front,
+had been taken up by the enemy, which rendered the approach
+of the troops difficult. The Afghans were, however, quickly
+routed. At this period, and until the 7th. of May, the soldiers
+remained accoutred every night.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the month of February considerable numbers of Afghans,
+under the command of Prince Sufter Jung and other
+chiefs assembled in the vicinity of Candahar, plundering the
+villages, and by every possible means urging the inhabitants
+to join in an attack upon the British troops, especially those
+occupying the cantonments; but owing to the severity of the
+weather the Major-General was unable to move, and such a
+measure became impracticable till the 7th. of March, when,
+the enemy having approached closer, Sir William Nott marched
+with the remainder of his army against them; they were
+followed, and dispersed in every direction. While the force
+were thus absent, a strong detachment of the enemy made an
+attack on the city, and succeeded in burning the Herat gate,
+but were repulsed with great loss by the troops in garrison.
+On the 25th. of March, Sir William moved out with a force
+(of which the 40th. formed a part,) to the support of a brigade
+detached under the command of Colonel Wymer, C.B., of the
+Bengal army, to forage and to afford protection to the numerous
+villages, when the Afghans were driven across the Urghundaub
+in the greatest confusion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General (now Lieutenant-General Sir Richard) England,
+who had at first been unsuccessful in conveying stores to
+Candahar from Scinde, having been reinforced at Quetta,
+again advanced, and accomplished his object. On the 28th.
+of April he attacked the enemy’s strong position in front of
+the village of Hykulzie. The 41st., which formed part of
+his force, was the only Queen’s regiment that shared in this
+action; two out of the three columns of attack were led by
+Majors Simmons and Cochran, the reserve being under Major
+Browne, all of the 41st. Foot.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>KELAT-I-GHILZIE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 19th. of May, a force, composed of the 40th. and
+other corps, under Colonel Wymer, marched for the purpose
+of drawing off the garrison of Kelat-i-Ghilzie, a hill fort eighty-four
+miles from Candahar, on the road to Ghuznee, which had
+been held with difficulty throughout the winter, and had for some
+months been closely blockaded. It arrived there on the 26th.,
+but on the 21st. the fort had been attacked by four thousand
+Ghilzees, at four in the morning, whom the defenders had
+gallantly defeated. The troops consequently were only occupied
+in destroying the defences, etc., till the 1st. of June, when
+they returned to Candahar.<a id='r89'></a><a href='#f89' class='c013'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Nott moved with his army on the 10th. of
+August, upon Cabool. The 40th. and 41st. regiments formed
+a portion of his force, the wounded, sick, and weakly men
+being sent to India <i>viâ</i> the Kojuck Pass, with the troops
+under Major-General England. Captain White, of the light
+company of the 40th., was appointed to command the advance,
+composed of the light companies of the 40th. and 41st., and
+the 2nd., 16th., 38th., 42nd., and 43rd. regiments of Bengal
+Native Infantry, and the regiment of Kelat-i-Ghilzie.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF GONINE.<br> <span class='sc'>30th. August, 1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Shumshoodeen, the Afghan governor of Ghuznee, about three
+o’clock in the afternoon, on the 30th. of August, brought nearly
+the whole of his army, amounting to about twelve thousand
+men, into the vicinity of the camp at Gonine, distant thirty-eight
+miles south-west of Ghuznee, where Major-General Nott
+moved out with one half of his force, and after a short but
+spirited contest, defeated the Afghans, capturing their guns,
+tents, ammunition, etc., and dispersing them in every direction.
+One hour more of daylight, and the whole of their infantry
+would have been destroyed. Shumshoodeen fled towards Ghuznee,
+accompanied by about thirty horsemen. Major Hibbert, of
+the 40th., was especially noticed in the despatches. Two officers
+were killed and four wounded; thirty-six non-commissioned
+officers and men were killed and sixty-two wounded.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>RE-CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.<br> <span class='sc'>6th. September, 1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Major-General Sir William Nott, on the morning of the
+5th. of September, moved upon Ghuznee. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Palmer, Political Agent, commanding at Ghuznee, upon promise
+of honourable treatment and safety on the march to Cabool,
+and by the orders of Major Pottinger and Major-General Elphinstone,
+had, in March, 1842, capitulated. The garrison, which
+only occupied the citadel, was exhausted by fatigue and want
+of water, and the men had suffered greatly from cold, the
+thermometer having been fourteen degrees below zero. Upon
+Shumshoodeen, Nephew of Dost Mahomed Khan, swearing on
+the Koran that he would give the Sepoys a safe escort to
+Hindoostan, they consented to deliver up their arms; but had
+scarcely marched out of the citadel, when they were attacked
+by the fanatical Ghazees. An English officer, his wife, and
+their servants, were massacred on the spot, and native women,
+children, and Sepoys were butchered in heaps. Colonel Palmer
+was put to the torture, after which, he and nine only surviving
+officers were thrown into a dungeon. The city was found
+to be full of men, and a range of mountains running north-east
+of the fortress was covered by heavy bodies of cavalry and
+infantry; the gardens and ravines in the vicinity being likewise
+occupied. Major Sanders, of the Bengal Engineers, was directed
+to reconnoitre the works; this brought on some smart skirmishing,
+and Captain White, of the 40th., commanding the light
+companies, was pushed forward, when the Major-General determined
+to carry the enemy’s mountain positions before encamping
+his force. This was effectively performed by the troops,
+and the Afghans were driven before them until every point
+was gained. Two regiments and some guns were sent from
+the camp, (which had been pitched,) to occupy the village of
+Bullool, about six hundred yards from the walls of Ghuznee,
+upon the spur of the mountain to the north-east, as this appeared
+to be a desirable spot for preparing a heavy battery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night of the 5th. of September, the engineers
+sappers, and miners, and infantry working parties were employed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>in erecting breaching batteries; before the guns, however, had
+reached the position on the morning of the 6th., it was ascertained
+that the fortress had been evacuated, and at daybreak
+the British colours were flying from the citadel. The 40th.
+had one private killed and three privates wounded; the 41st
+had the same number wounded. In these operations the loss
+was much less than might have been expected, from the numbers
+and positions of the enemy, and from the fact of the
+troops being obliged to move under the range of the guns of
+the fortress. Three hundred and twenty-seven Sepoys of the
+27th. Native Infantry were here released from the state of
+slavery to which they had been reduced by the Afghans. A
+party was detained, under Lieutenant G. White, to take down
+the celebrated gates of Somnauth, concerning which so much
+discussion afterwards arose.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of September the troops continued their march
+on Cabool, when Shumshoodeen, Sultan Jan, and other chiefs
+having assembled about twelve thousand men, occupied, on
+the 14th. and 15th. of September, a succession of strong
+mountains, intercepting the advance at Beenee Badam, and
+Mydan, but they were dislodged, and driven from their position.
+No further opposition was encountered, and on the 17th. the
+troops, under Major-General Nott, reached Cabool, and joined
+the force under Major-General Pollock.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After the strong town of Istalif had been captured by the
+troops under Major-General McCaskill, on the 29th. of September,
+in which the 9th. Foot and the light companies of the
+41st. bore a gallant part, the army broke ground on its return
+to India on the 12th. of October, the grand bazaar at Cabool,
+named the Chahar Chuttah, where the remains of the British
+envoy had been exposed to public insult, having been first
+destroyed. On arriving at Jellalabad, the fortress was destroyed.<a id='r90'></a><a href='#f90' class='c013'><sup>[90]</sup></a>
+During the march through the Passes several attacks
+of the Afghans were repulsed. According to the wish of Lord
+Ellenborough, the Governor-General, the garrison of Jellalabad
+proceeded in advance of the rest of the troops, in order to
+make a triumphant entry. The medals (mural crown pattern)
+granted to the garrison for the defence and battle near Jellalabad
+had been forwarded a few days previously, in order
+that they might be worn on its entrance into Ferozepore, which
+took place on the 17th. of December.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following Queen’s regiments took part in these campaigns:—<i>Cabool</i>,
+1842.—3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 13th., 31st.,
+40th., and 41st. regiments. <i>Candahar</i> and <i>Ghuznee</i>.—40th. and
+41st. regiments. <i>Jellalabad</i>.—13th. Light Infantry.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_258.jpg' alt='A line drawing of a circular military medal with a crown at the top and the inscriptions GHUZNEE and CABUL inside a laurel wreath, dated 1842.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1878, 1879, 1880.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Dost Mohammed, our antagonist in the war of 1842, died
+Ameer of Afghanistan in 1863, and was succeeded by his third
+son, Shere Ali. His authority was disputed by his brother, but,
+after a series of bloody conflicts, he, being aided by Sir John
+Lawrence with arms and money, overcame his rivals, and in 1869
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>was sole ruler of Afghanistan. In March of the same year he had
+an interview at Umballa with Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India, and
+was granted another subsidy; but not meeting with the succour
+he desired, Shere Ali returned home in a very suspicious and
+dissatisfied state of mind. Lord Northbrook, during his Vice-royalty,
+met the prime minister of Shere Ali at Simla in 1873,
+who, failing to obtain any positive assurance of support in case
+of an attack by Russia, his master concluded that his best policy
+would be to make friends with that power, and he accordingly
+entered into correspondence with General Kauffman, the Russian
+commander in Central Asia. In 1877 he refused to allow a
+British Resident at Cabul, and broke off all communications with
+the Indian Government, the result being that his annual subsidy
+was withheld. In June, 1878, a Russian envoy, Stoletoff, with a
+military escort, was received with honour at Cabul, and a treaty
+signed, constituting Russia the guardian of the Ameer. Upon
+this, Lord Lytton sent as envoy to Cabul, Gholam Hussein Khan,
+with letters to the Ameer informing him of the intention of the
+Indian Government to send to Cabul an English mission, but the
+envoy was dismissed with presents, and intercourse with the
+English declined. A special mission was despatched from
+Peshawur under Sir Neville B. Chamberlain, commander of the
+Madras Army, with whom was Major Cavagnari, which proceeded
+to the fort of Ali Musjid at the entrance of the Khyber Pass, but
+was there stopped, and threatened with attack if it proceeded
+further, September 22nd. As the escort with the mission was not
+strong enough to force a passage, Sir Neville returned to Peshawur.
+As it was impossible that the Indian Government could submit
+to see a Russian Envoy received with honour at Cabul, and its
+own officers refused admission into the country, an ultimatum
+was sent to Shere Ali, to the effect that if a British Resident was
+not received at Cabul war would be declared. No answer to this
+having been received within the time prescribed, November 20th,
+on the next day war was formally proclaimed. It was decided to
+invade Afghanistan in three columns, operating by the Khyber
+and Bolan Passes, and the Kuram Valley. A fourth column,
+called the Thal-Chotiali Field Force, was placed under the orders
+of General Donald Stewart in Southern Afghanistan, and a
+reserve column was formed at Jumrood. The column commanded
+by General Sir S. Browne, V.C., known as the First
+Division of the Peshawur Field Force, crossed the frontier the
+day war was proclaimed, and marched direct upon</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ALI MUSJID,<br> <span class='sc'>November 21st., 1878.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Ali Musjid is a strong fort on a steep detached hill, about
+six miles from the frontier, commanding the deep gorge of the
+Khyber Pass, and flanked by batteries on the hill sides. The
+fort was armed with fifteen guns, and the spurs of the hills
+were occupied by the enemy, their right resting on a ridge covered
+with a line of breastworks, forming a position of great strength.
+General Browne’s force was divided into four brigades. The
+first, under General Macpherson, consisting of the 4th. Battalion
+Rifle Brigade, the 20th. Bengal Infantry, and the 4th. Ghoorkas,
+with a mountain battery, was directed to make a long detour,
+and occupy the Pass a mile or two beyond the fort. The
+second brigade under Col. Tytler, composed of the 1st. Battalion
+17th. Foot, the 1st. Sikhs, the Guides, and a mountain battery,
+was ordered to take a hill opposite the fort, on which were
+some batteries, and to turn the enemy’s position; and the
+third and fourth brigades, under General Appleyard, C.B.,
+comprising the 51st. and 81st. regiments, the 14th. and 45th.
+Sikhs, and the 6th. and 24th. Native Infantry, with a mountain
+battery, and a battery of Horse Artillery were to march up
+the valley. As the troops advanced the fort opened fire on
+them, and the fire being returned by a battery of forty-pounders,
+the effect on the fortification was soon visible. The 81st. and the
+14th. Sikhs threw out lines of skirmishers to clear the advanced
+defences of the Afghans; a battery of nine-pounders was got
+into position, and the forty-pounders poured a destructive fire
+into Ali Musjid, and soon reduced its guns to silence. A general
+advance was ordered, the 51st. and the Sikhs threatened the
+enemy’s left, and both sides of the steep hill slopes were covered
+with infantry in skirmishing order, keeping up a heavy musketry
+fire on the Afghan defences. The skirmishers pushed forward
+till they came nearly abreast of the fort, and some gallant but
+unsuccessful attacks were made upon the enemy’s entrenchments,
+but it was evident that the fort and batteries could not be
+carried by a direct attack but with immense loss, and as night was
+coming on, a halt was ordered. Nothing was yet known how
+Macpherson and Tytler had succeeded in their part of the
+operations; both brigades had met with enormous obstacles on
+their march, and the first failed to reach the point assigned
+to it in the plan of the attack; but these movements, and the
+arrival of Tytler’s brigade in the night at its destined position,
+struck the Afghans with terror. The defenders of Ali Musjid
+on hearing that a force was in their rear which would cut off
+their retreat, abandoned their post with precipitation and fled,
+leaving their fires burning, and their guns loaded. In their
+rapid flight towards Jellalabad, they were intercepted by Tytler’s
+brigade, which captured a large number of prisoners, among
+them being the Ameer’s Master of the Horse. In the
+morning Ali Musjid was occupied by the troops without
+further resistance. Twenty-two guns were taken in the fort,
+and seven more in a battery on the ridge, with large stores of
+ammunition, food, and clothing. The Afghans were so cowed
+by the capture of a fort they believed to be impregnable, that
+Sir S. Browne pushing rapidly onwards, reached and established
+himself at Jellalabad, with scarcely a shot being fired. The
+British loss was Major Birch, Lieut. Fitzgerald and thirty-five
+men killed. The regiments engaged were the 10th. Hussars,
+11th. Bengal Lancers, the 17th., 51st., 81st. Regiment, and Rifle
+Brigade, the 6th., 14th., 20th., 27th., and 45th. Bengal Infantry;
+1st. Sikh Infantry, 4th. Ghoorkas, Bengal Sappers and Miners,
+and four Batteries of Artillery.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>PEIWAR KOTUL.<br> <span class='sc'>December 2nd., 1878.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Major-General Roberts, V.C. (now General Sir F. Roberts, V.C.),
+at the outbreak of the second Afghan war was Quartermaster-General
+of the Bombay Army, and was appointed by the Viceroy,
+Lord Lytton, to the command of the force which was to invade
+Afghanistan by the Kuram Valley. The Kuram Field Force was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>not numerically strong, but it included some of the finest regiments
+in the Indian Army, with two seasoned British regiments;
+and most of the officers were men of much experience in
+campaigning. The cavalry, consisting of one squadron of the
+10th. Hussars and the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, was under Colonel
+Hugh Gough, C.B., V.C., and the infantry, in two brigades, were
+commanded by Brigadier-General Cobbe, of the 17th. Regiment,
+and Brigadier-General Thelwell, C.B. At dawn on November
+21st., the same day that the column under Sir S. Browne commenced
+its advance, General Roberts crossed the river at Thall,
+and a few days later occupied the Kuram fort, which the enemy
+abandoned on his approach. The Afghans then took up a very
+strong position on the Peiwar Kotul, about twelve miles off, where
+they determined to make a stand. On November 30th. the
+British force approached the enemy’s position, and a heavy fire
+was opened upon them from the ridge occupied by the Afghans.
+For a time a sharp exchange of shots took place, but the British
+were gradually withdrawn from under fire, and encamped beyond
+the range of the guns of the enemy. The snow was falling thickly
+in the Peiwar Kotul, the cold was intense, and supplies were
+difficult to keep up, but three days elapsed while General Roberts
+reconnoitered the almost impregnable post of the Afghan army,
+and matured his plans. It was found that the position of the enemy
+was too strong to be successfully attacked in front, so the General
+determined, while making a feigned frontal attack, to become
+a real attack in time, to turn the Afghan position by a long and
+difficult night march of nearly ten miles, to the summit of the
+hills on the right of the Kotul. This march, one of the most
+hazardous ever undertaken, he directed in person, and failure
+meant ruin, if not utter annihilation; as the entire force at his
+disposal was little more than 3,300 men, of whom only 900 were
+Europeans, against an army of 3,500 regular Afghan troops, with
+eighteen guns, besides hundreds of tribesmen. The attention of
+the enemy was occupied in their front by the pioneers constructing
+a battery, and a demonstration made by some artillery and
+cavalry; when at 10 p.m., December 2nd., the troops detailed for
+the turning force, consisting of the 29th Native Infantry and 5th.
+Ghoorkas, a wing of the 72nd. Highlanders, the 2nd. Punjaub
+Infantry, and 23rd. Pioneers, under Brigadier Thelwell, with a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>four gun elephant battery, fell silently into their ranks without
+sound of drum or bugle, and the march commenced. The encampment
+they left was 8,000 feet above the sea level, and as the
+column ascended the cold became intense, a cutting wind
+blowing; the ground also for the first half of the distance
+traversed was very rough and broken, intersected by ravines and
+watercourses. The men tramped on in silence, when an act of
+treachery nearly proved fatal to the whole force. Two shots were
+fired in rapid succession in the ranks of the 29th. Native
+Infantry, which startled all, and a halt was immediately made.
+The offenders could not then be discovered, but the general ordered
+the 5th. Ghoorkas, and two companies of the 72nd. to head the
+column, and the march was resumed.<a id='r91'></a><a href='#f91' class='c013'><sup>[91]</sup></a> Shortly before daybreak
+the van of the column found itself in contact with the first
+Afghan outpost, and its way barred by an abattis of felled trees,
+eight feet in height. The enemy lining this defence fired upon
+the men of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who, gallantly led by Major
+Fitzhugh and Captain Cook, sprang over the breastwork and
+engaged the Afghans hand to hand. Driven from this defence,
+the enemy fell back upon another, eighty yards in the rear, and
+made another stand; but the Ghoorkas, supported by the 72nd.,
+and aided by the fire of two guns, under Captain Kelso, who was
+shot through the head while advancing, carried stockade after
+stockade in the grey light of the dawn; and within half an hour
+of the firing of the first shot, all were in the possession of the
+British, and the line of the Afghan defence turned. General
+Roberts flashed the news of his success to Brigadier-General
+Cobbe, who had commenced to carry out the front attack on the
+Khotul, and had been heavily engaged with the batteries at the
+head of the Pass since daybreak. For some hours he made no
+great progress, as the enemy resisted desperately, but he kept a
+large number of the enemy within their entrenchments, and
+prevented them from going to the assistance of their defeated
+comrades on the left. Roberts now advanced against the Afghan
+main body, which had been strengthened with fresh troops,
+and taken up a strong position in the dense woods surrounding
+the plateau. The Punjaubees were met with such a heavy fire
+that they fell back, being unsupported by the Ghoorkas and
+Highlanders, in spite of the general’s efforts in person to rally
+them. The 23rd. Pioneers and an elephant battery now came up,
+and the Ghoorkas and 72nd. followed; and, after a hot contest of
+some hours, the Afghans finding their retreat threatened, and
+General Cobbe’s brigade in possession of their defences in front,
+fled in such haste that they left their tents standing, their
+baggage, and everything they had. By this time the short winter
+day was drawing to a close, and that night the British troops
+encamped at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet, but luckily with
+good fires, as the thermometer registered over twenty degrees of
+frost. In this brilliant action the total British loss was—Major
+Anderson, of the 23rd. Pioneers, and Captain Kelso killed, and
+General Cobbe wounded; and ninety Europeans and natives
+killed and wounded. The Afghan loss was severe, and six field
+pieces and eleven mountain guns were captured. A few days
+after this defeat, Shere Ali fled from Cabul to Balkh, with the
+intention of seeking refuge in Russia; but, while waiting for permission
+from the Russian Government to take this step, fell ill of
+a fever and died, in February, 1879. The British troops engaged
+at Peiwar Kotul were the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, the 8th. and 72nd.
+Regiments, the 23rd. and the 29th. Bengal Infantry, the 5th
+Ghoorkas, and the 2nd. and 5th. Punjaub Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CHARASIA.<br> <span class='sc'>October 6th., 1879.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the death of Shere Ali, his son Yacoub Khan, who had
+rebelled against, and had been imprisoned by his father, succeeded
+him as Ameer of Afghanistan. Negociations for peace were
+opened with him, and he visited the British camp at Gundamuck,
+where he was received with honour by General Sir S. Browne and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>his staff. After some preliminaries a treaty was signed and ratified
+on May 30th., 1879; by which the Ameer agreed—to place the
+Foreign relations of Afghanistan under British control, to have
+a British resident at Cabul, and to allow the occupation of the
+Khyber Pass, and the Kuram and Pisheen Valleys, by the
+British; who were to pay him an annual subsidy of six lakhs
+of rupees, while he adhered to his engagements. A lasting
+peace seemed now to be assured, and in accordance with the
+terms of the treaty; Sir Louis Cavagnari, with Mr. Jenkins as
+his Secretary, Dr. Kelly as Medical Officer, and an escort of
+twenty-five Cavalry and fifty Infantry of the Guides, under
+Lieut. Hamilton, were despatched to Cabul, arriving there on
+July 24th. For a time all went well. Daily supplies of fruit,
+milk, and vegetables, were sent from the Ameer to the Envoy,
+who rode out continually with his staff and a small escort, to
+the various places of interest in the neighbourhood of the city.
+But on August 5th. some regiments from Herat arrived at Cabul,
+who used insulting language to the Resident, and quarrels and
+outbreaks arose between them and the men of his escort. These
+regiments had never been defeated by the British, and they
+taunted the Cabulese with being cowards. On the night of
+September 2nd., the Herat regiments aided by the populace,
+attacked the Residency, and after an heroic resistance lasting
+for hours, the Envoy, the three English Officers, and almost
+all the escort were slaughtered; a few natives only escaping.
+Twenty-four hours after, the news of the massacre reached the
+Kuram Valley, and from thence was telegraphed to Lord Lytton
+at Simla. No time was lost in endeavouring to avenge the
+outrage. General Sir F. Roberts, who was then at Simla, started
+the next day for Ali Kheyl, with orders to advance as rapidly
+as possible on Cabul; General Sir Donald Stewart who had
+but just evacuated Candahar, was ordered to return and reoccupy
+that place, and a reserve of 5000 men was assembled between
+Rawul Pindee, and Peshawur. On September 13th., General
+Baker took command of the troops at the Shutargardan Pass,
+the 23rd. Pioneers, the 5th. Ghoorkas, and the 72nd., and occupied
+a position at Kushi. Want of transport animals was the
+greatest obstacle to a rapid advance. When the previous
+campaign was ended, as usual with mistaken economy, everything
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>was sold and scattered, and now everything had to be
+replaced at any expense. All the available animals near the
+frontier were secured, and with the utmost exertions Sir F.
+Roberts managed to collect sufficient cattle to make an advance,
+with three or four months supplies for about 6000 troops, and
+3,500 camp followers. On September 27th. he started from Ali
+Kheyl, and the advance commenced. On the route to the
+Shutargardan, some attacks were made on the baggage convoys
+by the Mangals, who were repulsed, and on the 29th. the General
+arrived at Kushi, where he met with the Ameer, Yakoub Khan,
+who had ridden into the camp the preceding day and surrendered
+himself, with his eldest son and ministers. The Ameer stated
+that his power was gone, and that he had been dethroned by
+his rebellious troops. An Officer present wrote—“What his true
+reasons for this step may have been, we never knew; certainly
+not the one he gave, for no Afghan ever told the truth intentionally.”
+Ultimately the complicity of the Ameer with the Massacre
+of the British Mission was proved, and he was sent to India, where
+he was detained as a state prisoner.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Sir F. Roberts pushed on towards Cabul, and on
+October 6th. encountered the Afghan Army, who had taken up
+an almost impregnable position at Charasia, about eleven miles
+from that city. The valley here is narrowed to a mere defile,
+on both sides of which the enemy had placed guns in position,
+and had lined the steep and barren heights with troops. Only
+one brigade of Infantry, that of Brigadier Baker, with the
+addition of the 92nd. Regiment was to the front, the remainder
+of the force with the cavalry, under Brigadier-General Macpherson,
+being on march in the rear, in charge of the commissariat
+and reserve ammunition, and did not come up till the battle
+was over. The General convinced that any delay before the
+enemy would lead to a general rising of the tribes, determined
+to attack at once; and as their front position was of great
+strength, made his real attack by a flanking movement on
+their right, while he occupied their left by a feint. He divided
+his force into two columns; one, under General Baker, was
+to storm the heights of the Chardeh Valley which formed the
+Afghan right; and the other under Major White, of the 92nd.,
+was directed to attack the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile; and as
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>General Macpherson’s brigade was advancing, a small reserve
+only was left in defence of the camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Baker’s column advanced over the bare hills, flanked by steep
+rocky crags, easily defensible against any force, more than 1,500
+feet in height; and carried the first position, though the Afghans,
+armed with Sniders and Enfields, kept up a continuous fire,
+and it was nearly two hours before they retreated to a second
+ridge, about six hundred yards in the rear. This position too
+was carried by the troops in successive rushes, supported by the
+fire of the mountain guns; and by 3.45 the enemy’s defences
+were captured, or taken in reverse.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the meantime Major White had turned his feigned, into
+a real attack on the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile, though there the
+enemy was strongly posted, and outnumbered his men ten to
+one. Finding that his artillery was powerless, he led his men
+in person from one steep ledge to another, till at length being
+opposed face to face by an overwhelming number of Afghans,
+he took a rifle, and shooting their leader dead, his followers
+fled, leaving four mountain guns behind them. He pursued
+them through the Pass, and effected a junction with General
+Baker in the rear of the enemy’s position. By four o’clock,
+the Afghans were in complete rout, flying towards Cabul, with
+the loss of two standards, and all their guns (twenty pieces),
+three hundred killed and a vast number wounded. The British
+loss was twenty killed, and less than seventy wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Macpherson having arrived in the camp, Sir F.
+Roberts marched the next morning towards Cabul, and on
+October 8th. established himself in the cantonments of Sherpur,
+where seventy-three guns were taken,<a id='r92'></a><a href='#f92' class='c013'><sup>[92]</sup></a> and occupied the Bala
+Hissar, or citadel of Cabul.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged in this affair, were the 9th. Lancers,
+12th. Bengal Cavalry, 14th. Bengal Lancers, 5th. Punjaub
+Cavalry, the 67th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot, Bengal Sappers and
+Miners, 23rd. and 28th. Bengal Infantry, 5th. Ghoorkas, 5th.
+Punjaub Infantry, one Battery R. H. A., and two Mountain
+Batteries.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CABUL.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1879.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Though the whole country was bitterly hostile to the British,
+for some weeks, with the exception of a skirmish or two, and
+an explosion of gunpowder in the Bala Hissar, by which Capt.
+Shafto, and several Ghoorkas were killed; the occupation of
+Cabul by Sir F. Roberts and his army remained undisturbed.
+In the beginning of December, a change took place. Instigated
+by an aged and fanatic Moollah, a chief called Mohammed Jan,
+and other leaders, the Afghans of the Maidan and Ghuznee
+districts, and of the Kohistan country to the north of Cabul,
+began to collect in thousands, with the intention of expelling
+or massacring the invaders of their country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts at first was not aware of the strength of this
+combination, but knowing of their advance, and the importance
+of dispersing the tribes before they could effect a junction,
+two columns were formed to march out and attack the enemy,
+December 8th. One under General Macpherson, went towards
+Urghandeh, to meet the enemy coming from Maidan, and the
+other under General Baker, was dispatched <i>viâ</i> Charasia, but
+also towards Maidan, with the object of intercepting the enemy
+in their anticipated retreat.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Macpherson first met with the Kohistanees, who were
+marching to join Mohammed Jan, near Chardeh, and a sharp
+fight ensued. The guns did some execution, but the nature
+of the ground prevented the cavalry from being of any service.
+Mohammed Jan was now at the head of about ten thousand
+men, and succeeded in placing himself between General Macpherson
+and Cabul, and also, as it turned out, between his
+infantry, and the cavalry and guns moving to join him on the
+morning of December 11th. The four guns, escorted by a
+squadron of the 9th. Lancers, and forty-four men of the 14th.
+Bengal Lancers, under General Massey, after a four-mile march,
+fell in with the enemy, but as only about two thousand showed
+themselves, they were supposed to be a body of fugitives flying
+from either Macpherson or Baker.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>Massey, without the orders of General Macpherson, at once
+attacked, but the fire from his guns had no effect in checking
+the advance of the enemy’s masses, and the handful of cavalry,
+after two desperate charges, were compelled to retreat with
+the loss of twenty-seven killed, including four officers, and
+twenty-five wounded.<a id='r93'></a><a href='#f93' class='c013'><sup>[93]</sup></a> The guns being stuck in a water-course,
+were spiked and abandoned; but were afterwards retaken by
+Colonel Macgregor, on the arrival of Macpherson’s column.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On seeing the advance of Macpherson’s infantry, the Afghans
+ceased following the retreating cavalry, and rushed away
+direct for Cabul. Sir F. Roberts on this, started from Sherpur
+with the 72nd. regiment, to secure the defile barring the road
+to the city, and was but just in time to prevent its being taken.
+The steady fire of the Highlanders checked the advance of
+the enemy, and after half an hour’s contest they retired, and
+occupied the heights to the south of the Bala Hissar.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next day, General Macpherson dispatched Colonel Money
+with a detachment of the 67th., 72nd., the 3rd. Sikhs, and 5th.
+Ghoorkas, to drive the enemy from the heights to the south
+of Cabul, who had hidden from view five or six thousand men,
+and awaited the attack with confidence. After several hours
+of fighting the troops dislodged the Afghans from the low
+hill, but were too few to carry the position above.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On December 13th., General Baker, who had returned to
+Sherpur, acted in concert with Macpherson, and at eight in
+the morning left the cantonments and again attacked the
+enemy. After some hard fighting the ridge was carried by
+the 92nd. and Guides led by Major White, and the 72nd., 3rd.
+Sikhs, and 5th. Ghoorkas under Major Sym. While this
+was going on a large body of Afghans moved round towards
+Beni Hissar, so as to threaten the road to Sherpur, but they
+were dispersed by some dashing charges made by the Guides,
+Punjaub Cavalry, and 9th. Lancers, with the loss of Captain
+Butson and four men killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>The position of the British, though victorious in the field,
+was becoming serious, as the enemy was continually reinforced
+by large numbers of men, and nothing daunted by their defeats,
+occupied the Asmai heights in force. On December 14th. this
+position was attacked by General Baker with a force of about
+sixteen hundred men of all arms, and four guns. After a
+desperate contest the enemy were driven from their first position,
+and the Asmai heights were carried. Scarcely had this been
+done, when a body of Afghans, from fifteen to twenty thousand
+strong, appeared on the plain, rushing onwards with frantic
+shouts and gesticulations, with the object of retaking the
+position just captured by General Baker, headed by a chosen
+leader, and Moollahs, in white raiment, shouting the war-cry
+of Islam:—“<i>Allah! Yâ Allah!</i>” On they came, regardless
+of the shells which were pitched with great execution into them,
+and the volleys poured down from the hills just gained, with
+deadly effect.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 5th. Punjaubees recoiled at their onset, and after an
+heroic resistance, in which Captain Spens of the 72nd. was
+killed in a hand to hand conflict, the column of Colonel Jenkins
+was compelled to retreat with the loss of two guns, but
+the rest of the position was held. Reinforcements presently
+arrived from Sherpur, the guns were recovered, and in a brilliant
+charge, made with twelve men, Captain Vousdon, of the
+Bengal Staff Corps, cut down five Afghans with his own
+hand, and gained the Victoria Cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It being signalled from the Bala Hissar, that bodies of the
+enemy were advancing from the north, south, and west, in overwhelming
+numbers, General Macpherson was ordered to fall back
+at once to Sherpur, and General Baker was directed to hold the
+position he had occupied since the morning, until all the troops
+from the heights were withdrawn. These movements were
+well executed with but little loss, and on the night of December
+14th., all the British forces were concentrated in the cantonments
+of Sherpur, while the exultant Afghans re-occupied the
+Bala Hissar and the city of Cabul. The Sherpur cantonments
+had been built by Shere Ali for his own troops, but never
+occupied by them. The front towards Cabul was fortified by a
+loopholed wall, sixteen feet high, and about two thousand yards
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>long, with small semi-circular bastions at intervals, and a ditch;
+enclosing a range of barracks capable of accommodating five
+thousand men. In the rear were the steep Behmaru Hills,
+within the line of defence, and also fortified.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts, with admirable foresight, had before collected
+stores calculated to last for some months, emptying the granaries
+and stores of Cabul; so his force of seven thousand men
+of all arms, with twenty-three guns, including two gatlings, were
+not likely to feel the absolute want of the necessaries of life
+till reinforcements could arrive from India. The enemy occupied
+themselves for some days with plundering Cabul, and in preparing
+for a general attack; during which time Sir F. Roberts
+employed all his men in strengthening and perfecting the
+defences of Sherpur. There was skirmishing daily, till on
+December 23rd., the anniversary of the murder of Sir William
+Macnaghten, at the same spot in 1841, the long-prepared assault
+on Sherpur took place. Brigadier-General Gough was now
+rapidly advancing from Gundamuck with reinforcements, and
+the enemy felt that there was no time to be lost, if they meant
+to repeat the massacre of Elphinstone’s army of 1842. On
+the preceding evening, some native scouts had informed the
+General, that the Afghans had provided themselves with scaling
+ladders capable of carrying two men abreast, and that at the
+break of day he would be attacked on all sides, the signal
+being the lighting of a great beacon on the Asmai heights above
+Cabul. At four in the morning the troops were on the alert,
+at six, a brilliant flame arose on the Asmai ridge, and with
+the hoarse shouts of many thousand voices, and the deafening
+rattle of innumerable drums, the attack commenced. Day
+had not yet broken, but the stars, and the snow lying around,
+gave light enough for the defenders to direct a most deadly
+fire on their frantic assailants, not one of whom came near
+enough to scale the wall. Till one p.m. the assaults lasted,
+when the cavalry sallied out, and did great execution on the
+enemy, who fled on all sides, and dispersed so rapidly that
+by nightfall not a man of them could be seen.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The strength of the Afghans was estimated at about thirty
+thousand, and their losses “at not less than three thousand
+killed and wounded.” The British casualties were exceedingly
+small: two officers and eight men killed, and five officers,
+including General Gough, and forty-one men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next morning the welcome news arrived that General Gough
+was approaching, and a force was sent out to occupy the Siah
+Sang range to prevent any resistance being made to his advance;
+but no enemy appeared, the whole force of the Afghans having
+fled during the night. On Christmas Day the reinforcements
+arrived, Cabul was re-occupied without any opposition, and
+the British were again masters of the country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The whole of the British casualties from the 10th. to the
+24th. of December, were one hundred and three officers and
+men killed, and two hundred and sixty-three officers and men
+wounded. Many of the wounded died, among them Colonel
+Cleland, of the 9th. Lancers; Lieutenant Montanaro, R.A.; and
+Major Cooke, of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who had gained the V.C.
+at the Peiwar Kotul. Sir F. Roberts wrote: “Had Major
+Cooke survived, he would have risen to the highest honours
+of his profession.” The regiments engaged in the actions around
+Cabul were the 9th. Lancers, 12th. Bengal Cavalry, 14th. Bengal
+Lancers, 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; the 67th., 72nd., and 92nd.
+Foot; 23rd. and 28th. Bengal Infantry; 2nd., 4th., and 5th.
+Ghoorkas; 5th. Punjaub Infantry, two Punjaub Mounted Batteries,
+and Bengal Sappers and Miners.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AHMED KHEL.<br> <span class='sc'>April 19th., 1880.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In the spring of 1880, rumours began to be circulated of
+preparation made for another attack on Cabul by the Afghans,
+and as Ghuznee was the stronghold of Mohammed Jan, and
+the centre of a gathering of hostile tribes; in April, General
+Donald Stewart marched from Candahar, with a force of about
+seven thousand men, with orders to occupy Ghuznee, and open
+communications with Sir F. Roberts at Cabul. As the troops
+approached Ghuznee, bodies of the enemy were observed hovering
+about, and the villages were deserted, the Moollahs having
+stirred up a holy war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>On April 19th. the Afghans were found in strength at Ahmed
+Khel, twenty-three miles south of Ghuznee, occupying a ridge
+directly in front, with a force estimated at about fifteen thousand
+horse and foot, chiefly tribesmen. The British column covered
+nearly six miles in marching order, the baggage being far in
+the rear. The advance was ordered at eight o’clock, and when
+about one and a half miles from the enemy’s position, the
+artillery, under Waters and Campbell, moved to the front and
+opened fire. Scarcely had the attack commenced, and before
+the infantry were in proper formation, a dense body of men
+with standards appeared on the crest of the ridge, with a body
+of horsemen outflanking the British left, with the intention of
+getting into the rear and attacking the baggage. At a signal,
+the mass of Afghans in the front, poured headlong down from
+their position, stretching out to the right and left, and charged
+and almost enveloped Stewart’s army. This charge was made
+by about four thousand fanatical Ghazis, men who cared nothing
+for their own lives, if they could only exterminate the hated
+infidels. So rapid and unexpected was their attack, that the
+range of the guns had to be altered to case-shot distance, and
+when all the case was expended, the guns were loaded with
+shrapnel, the heads towards the charge, to explode on leaving
+the muzzle, which covered the ground with heaps of fearfully
+mutilated dead and wounded. A squadron of the Bengal
+Lancers was swept away and lost to sight in clouds of dust
+and smoke, and the situation was critical, as the cavalry could
+not be rallied till they had passed to the right of the infantry,
+then so hotly pressed that many of the men had not even
+time to fix their bayonets. So furious was the onslaught,
+that some of the enemy swept round to the rear of the infantry,
+and a desperate conflict hand to hand ensued. The
+whole of the reserve, including the General’s escort, was ordered
+up to support the guns and reinforce the fighting line; and
+according to the correspondent of the <i>Standard</i>—“At this
+crisis our line was penetrated, and both flanks turned, the
+artillery having fired away all their case-shot.” But the infantry
+stood firm, and Colonel Gyster, forming the 3rd Ghoorkas
+in rallying squares, left spaces through which friends and foes
+passed together. As the Ghazi horsemen with fierce yells
+rushed onward, the Ghoorkas, the 59th., the 2nd. Sikhs, and
+19th. Punjaub Infantry poured a terrific fire point blank into
+their ranks, which checked their advance and mowed them
+down in heaps. Their attack had spent itself, and as the
+cavalry now rallied and fell upon the shattered ranks with
+lance and sword, their retreat soon became a disorderly flight.
+The battle was won, and though a body of the enemy made
+a last stand on an eminence in their rear, the 1st. Punjaub
+Cavalry, under Colonel Maclean, coming up, with one charge
+dispersed them, and the rout was complete.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>More reckless bravery than that of the Ghazis was never
+seen, about one thousand of them lay dead on the ground, with
+double that number of wounded, though the conflict lasted but
+little more than an hour. The loss of the victors was seventeen
+killed and one hundred and twenty-six wounded, including
+nine officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a halt of two hours the army continued its march to
+Nani, about fourteen miles from Ghuznee, and encamped for
+the night. Next day Ghuznee was entered without opposition,
+Mohammed Jan having fled. On May 2nd. General Stewart
+arrived at Cabul, and as senior officer to Sir F. Roberts, took
+the chief command.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Ahmed Khel were the 19th. Bengal
+Lancers, 1st. Punjaub Cavalry, three Batteries of Artillery, the
+59th. Foot, 60th. Rifles, 2nd. Sikh Infantry, and the 15th.,
+19th., and 25th. Bengal Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE MARCH TO KANDAHAR.<br> <span class='sc'>August, 1880.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>For some time after the arrival of General Stewart at Cabul
+things remained quiet. Negociations were going on with Abdur
+Rahman Khan, a nephew of Shere Ali, and grandson of Dost
+Mahommed, who for several years had been living in Russian
+Turkestan, and receiving a pension from the Czar. Abdur
+Rahman seeming to have the best and strongest claims to the
+Ameership of Afghanistan, he was recognised by the British
+government, and on his approach to Cabul the troops were
+ordered to return to India. But their work was not yet finished.
+On learning of the recognition of Abdul Rahman, Ayoub Khan,
+a younger brother of Yakoob Khan, resolved to strike a blow
+for the Ameership, and started from Herat, of which place he
+was the Governor, with a strong force, thirty-six guns, and a
+large body of irregulars, the most fierce and warlike of the
+western Afghan tribes, with the intention of seizing Kandahar.
+When General Stewart marched from Kandahar to Cabul, a
+British force was left at the former place under General Primrose.</p>
+
+<div id='i275fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_275fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Star for General Roberts’ March.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>To check the advance of Ayoub Khan, a British brigade of
+about two thousand men and six guns moved from Kandahar,
+under Brigadier-General Burrows, and on July 27th. encountered
+the vastly superior army of the enemy at Maiwand. Instead
+of vigorously attacking, Burrows remained on the defensive
+for some hours, and the Ghazis rushing on in overwhelming
+numbers, regardless of their losses, rolled up the British troops
+from left to right, and drove them from the field; with a loss
+of half their number and two guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The remainder of the Brigade reached Kandahar after a
+terrible retreat, no water being obtainable on the route, and
+the fugitives being fired on from every village they passed.
+General Primrose immediately evacuated the cantonments and
+concentrated his troops in the citadel of Kandahar, in which
+from August 11th. he was beleaguered by the Afghans.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On August 16th. a sortie was made on the besiegers, but
+the affair was mismanaged, Brigadier-General Brooke, who
+commanded, and many officers and men of the 7th. Fusiliers
+and Native Infantry being killed and wounded. After this,
+the garrison remained on the defensive till relieved, Ayoub
+making no serious attack, but endeavouring to starve the defenders
+into submission.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The news of the disaster at Maiwand came upon the Governor
+of India like a thunderbolt, and measures were at once
+taken for the relief of Kandahar.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts who was at the time with Sir D. Stewart
+at Cabul, arranging for the withdrawal of the British troops
+to India, immediately offered to march to Kandahar in command
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>of a force of ten thousand men, and his offer was accepted by
+the government. General Phayre was to advance with another
+force from Quettah, but being delayed by want of a commissariat
+train, did not reach Kandahar till after the force from Cabul
+had arrived there, though Roberts had a very much greater
+distance to march. The army of General Roberts was composed
+of three Batteries of Artillery, the 9th. Lancers, 3rd.
+Bengal Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry, Central India Horse,
+under Brigadier-General Gough; 2nd. Battalion 60th. Rifles,
+72nd. and 92nd. Highlanders, 23rd. Pioneers, 24th. and 25th.
+Punjaub Infantry, the 15th. Sikhs; 2nd., 4th., and 5th.
+Ghoorkas; 2nd. and 3rd. Sikh Infantry; forming three brigades,
+under Brigadiers Baker, Macpherson, and Macgregor;
+and about eight thousand camp followers. Three days only
+were occupied in preparations, and on August 8th. the march
+began, a distance of more than three hundred miles, through
+a mountainous and difficult country, peopled with fierce and
+warlike tribes, for the most part hostile.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On August 15th. Ghuznee was reached, and the next day
+the army passed over the battle-field of Ahmed Khel, the
+scene of General Stewart’s victory in the preceding April. On
+August 23rd. Sir F. Roberts arrived at, and relieved the strong
+fort of Khelat-i-Ghilzie, held by a small garrison, under Colonel
+Tanner, one hundred and thirty-six miles from Cabul. A halt
+was here made for a day or so, and then taking the garrison
+with him, the General pushed on for Kandahar, and on
+August 27th opened communications with General Primrose
+by his cavalry. As the relieving force advanced, Ayoub withdrew
+from before Kandahar, and took up a position on some
+hills near the city, his head-quarters being at a place called
+Mazra.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On August 31st., Sir F. Roberts entered Kandahar, and the
+same day made a reconnaissance in force, in which Generals
+Gough and Macpherson, after some sharp fighting, carried
+several of the enemy’s defences at the point of the bayonet,
+and fully discovered the positions and strength of the Afghan
+army. At half-past five on the morning of September 1st.,
+all officers commanding brigades were summoned to the tent
+of the General, and received his final orders and directions.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>He informed them that he meant to attack the south-west
+part of the ridge occupied by the enemy, with three brigades
+of infantry massed in rear of the Piquet Hill, while his forty-pounders
+on the right, supported by the 7th. Fusiliers and Rifles,
+engaged and silenced Ayoub’s guns posted on the Baba Wali.
+The Kandahar garrison were to hold the city and threaten
+the Murcha Pass, while Gough’s cavalry were to act on the
+left and cut off the retreat of the enemy to Giriskh. The real
+attack was to be made by storming the village of Gundi Moollah
+Sahibdab, turning the Paimal Hill, and finally taking the
+Baba Wali in reverse. The General concluded by saying: “If
+the ridge of Pie Paimal can be turned then the Baba Wali
+Kotal will be untenable. I look, gentlemen, to you to carry
+out my instructions, and I leave the details to you.” At nine
+o’clock, all was ready for the advance. The village of Gundi
+Moollah was stormed by the 92nd. and the 2nd. Ghoorkas, in
+spite of a hot fire from garden walls and windows of houses;
+while the 72nd., the 2nd. Sikhs, supported by the 3rd. Sikhs
+and the 5th. Ghoorkas, worked round the end of the Pie Paimal
+and carried village after village. The fighting among the enclosures
+with loopholed walls was desperate in the extreme, as
+the Ghazis, reckless of death, fought with the ferocity of tigers,
+hurling themselves upon the British rank till their shields
+clashed with the bayonets, in spite of the withering volleys
+poured into them at the distance often of a few yards. After
+a very severe contest, the 1st. and 2nd. brigades swept the
+enemy through the closely wooded gardens and orchards on
+the west of the hill, and the village of Pie Paimal was taken soon
+after noon. Behind the northern hill the country is cut up
+by canals and watercourses, and here between a river and the
+slopes, in an entrenched camp the Afghans made their final
+stand. This position was taken by a rush of the 92nd., under
+Major White,<a id='r94'></a><a href='#f94' class='c013'><sup>[94]</sup></a> supported by the Ghoorkas and 23rd. Pioneers. Of
+this advance, General Roberts said: “Nothing could be finer
+than the rush made by the Ghoorkas and the Highlanders, and
+how well the 23rd. and 24th. worked up in support.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In four hours from the time the battle began, the enemy
+were totally defeated and in full flight; their camp and all
+their artillery (thirty-two guns), including the two taken at
+Maiwand, being abandoned to the victors. Their tents, including
+Ayoub’s, were left standing, and in front of one of
+them was found the still bleeding body of Lieutenant Maclaine,
+R.H.A., who had been taken prisoner at Maiwand. His
+ruffianly captors finding the battle going against them, and their
+camp taken, had deliberately cut his throat and fled. Ayoub,
+leaving about twelve hundred of his army of thirteen thousand
+in killed alone behind, fled towards Herat with a handful
+of men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was three officers killed, among them Colonel
+Brownlow, commanding the 72nd., and eleven wounded; and
+forty-six men killed and about two hundred wounded, the
+72nd. suffering most severely. After the battle was over, the
+General rode up to the head of every battalion, and personally
+thanked it for its share in gaining the victory, which concluded
+the campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The relieving force was broken up in September, but before
+returning to India, Sir F. Roberts distributed medals for distinguished
+service to the men of the 72nd., the 82nd., and the
+5th. Ghoorkas. Kandahar, in accordance with the promise of
+the Indian Government, was evacuated, and the Afghan war
+was ended. The entire force engaged at Kandahar on September
+1st., 1889, was composed of the 9th. Lancers, 3rd. Bengal Cavalry,
+3rd. Bombay Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry, 3rd. Scinde Horse,
+Central India Horse, the Poona Horse; the 7th. Fusiliers, 60th.
+Rifles, the 66th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot; 15th., 23rd., 24th.
+and 25th. Bengal Infantry; the 1st., 4th., 19th., 28th. and 29th.
+Bombay Infantry; the 2nd., 4th., and 5th. Ghoorkas; the 2nd.
+and 3rd. Sikh Infantry, and three Batteries of Artillery.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE CHINA MEDALS,<br> <span class='c016'>1840, 1842, 1856, 1860.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The first China medal granted for the war 1840–42, by the
+Indian Government, and authorised by the Queen, was designed
+by Wyon, and has on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the
+inscription, “Victoria Regina.” Reverse: A shield bearing the
+arms of Great Britain, with cannon, flags, anchor, &#38;c., resting
+against a palm-tree, with the motto, “Armis Exposcere Pacem.”
+In the exergue, “China,” with the date 1842 underneath.<a id='r95'></a><a href='#f95' class='c013'><sup>[95]</sup></a> No
+clasp issued. Ribbon, crimson with yellow edges; given to both
+services.</p>
+
+<div id='i279fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_279fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Medal for First Chinese War.<br>  <br>  Medal for Second Burmese War.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>The medal for the second Chinese war, 1856–60, was granted
+by a warrant, dated March 6th., 1861, and is similar to that given
+for the first war, except that the date 1842 on the reverse is
+omitted. The ribbon is the same; given to both services.
+Clasps: “Fatshan, 1857”; “Canton, 1857”; “Taku Forts,
+1858”; “Taku Forts, 1860”; “Pekin, 1860.” An additional
+clasp—inscribed “China, 1842”—was issued to those in possession
+of the first medal. The clasp for “Fatshan, 1857” was
+given to the navy and Marines only.<a id='r96'></a><a href='#f96' class='c013'><sup>[96]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FIRST CHINESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1840–1842.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In consequence of the Chinese government having commenced
+summary measures without sufficient previous notice, the British
+superintendents of trade applied to the Governor-General of
+India for a number of ships of war and armed vessels for the
+protection of life and property. Although the introduction of
+opium into China was prohibited, the local authorities did not
+enforce the law. Ultimately Captain Elliot and the merchants
+at Canton were confined to the factories as prisoners, and in
+June the Chinese High Commissioner, and other officers proceeded
+to Chunhow, near the Bocca Tigris, and commenced
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>destroying vast quantities of the prohibited drug, besides offering
+insult to Captain Elliot, R.N., the Queen’s representative.
+Hostilities became unavoidable, and the 18th., 26th., and 49th.
+regiments, a native corps of Bengal volunteers, and detachments
+of artillery and sappers from the presidency of Madras, were
+embarked under Brigadier-General George Burrell, of the Royal
+Irish. It became important to gain possession of a portion
+of the Chinese territory as a <i>point d’appui</i> for subsequent
+operations; and the governor of Chusan, an island lying off
+the coast, was summoned to surrender in the beginning of
+July. He, however, made dispositions to defend the place,
+and on the morning of the 5th. of July the shore, landing-place,
+wharf, and adjoining hill were crowded with Chinese
+troops. The British shipping silenced the war-junks and
+batteries; and the right wing of the 18th. regiment, commanded
+by Major Henry William Adams, with the Royal
+Marines of the fleet, forming the advance, landed. They were
+followed by other corps, and the British troops, commanded
+by Brigadier-General George Burrell, Lieutenant-Colonel of
+the 18th., took up a position in front of the fortified city
+of Ting-hae-hien, whence a sharp fire was sustained for some
+time; but before the following day the Chinese soldiers fled
+in a panic, and the city was taken possession of, but the
+climate proved injurious to the health of the troops.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This success was followed by negotiations; the tardy councils
+of the Chinese being expedited by the activity of the British
+naval force, and in the early part of 1841 they agreed to give
+up the island of Hong Kong, pay an indemnity of six million
+dollars, and open a direct intercourse for trading upon an equal
+footing. Accordingly the island was occupied; but the
+authorities appeared to have had no intention of fulfilling the
+other stipulations of the treaty. Hostilities were in consequence
+resumed, and the force embarked in February with
+the expedition up the Canton river. In less than an hour
+the fleet silenced the batteries of Wantong, and a body of
+troops, consisting of detachments of the 26th. and 49th. regiments,
+Royal Marines, and the 37th. Madras Native Infantry,
+and Bengal volunteers, commanded by Major Pratt, of the 26th.,
+landing, the island was captured without the loss of a man,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>thirteen hundred Chinese soldiers surrendering prisoners of war.
+Continuing the voyage, the fleet arrived at the bar, destroying
+the war-junks, the works being stormed and captured by the
+marines and seamen. As the expedition pursued its way up the
+river, the Chinese abandoned several batteries and armed rafts,
+and solicited terms of peace; but procrastination seemed to be
+their only object, and the British fleet advanced. The forts
+in front of Canton soon fell under the fire of the artillery,
+the Chinese flotilla was destroyed, and peace was again
+requested. While negotiations were pending, bodies of Tartar
+troops were arriving at Canton, which shewed the object of
+the enemy; and on the 24th. of May the troops landed, and
+on the following day they advanced against the fortified heights
+on the north of the city, when dispositions were made for
+the attack. About half-past nine o’clock the advance was
+sounded, and by a spirited effort the heights were carried—the
+18th. and 49th. being emulous which should first reach their
+appointed goals—and the British colours waved triumphantly
+on the captured forts.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A fortified Chinese camp had been established on the high
+ground on the north-east of Canton, and from this bodies
+of the enemy advanced against the British troops. The 18th.,
+49th., and a company of marines, met and repulsed the principal
+attack, and, following the fugitives along a causeway, stormed
+and captured the entrenched camp in gallant style. It was
+afterwards burnt, and the magazines destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following morning (26th. of May) a flag of truce
+was seen on the walls, and hostilities were suspended; but
+delay still appearing to be the object of the Chinese, preparations
+were made to attack the city by storm, when six
+millions of dollars were agreed to be paid for the redemption
+of Canton, and opening the port for trade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Disregarding the stipulations of treaties, the Emperor of China
+issued a mandate for the extermination of the British who
+dared thus to insult his coasts and capture his towns, offering
+at the same time, immense rewards for the heads of the
+commanders, and even a large sum for that of a private
+soldier. His decrees were responded to by depriving him of
+a further extent of territory; and on the 22nd. of August an
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>expedition proceeded against the island and city of Amoy,
+situated in a fine gulf in the province of Fokein, the great tea
+district of China. On the 25th. of August the fleet arrived
+before Amoy, which was defended by five hundred pieces of
+cannon and a numerous force; but nothing could withstand the
+combined efforts of the British naval and land forces. On the
+following day the works were bombarded for two hours, and a
+landing was effected about three o’clock, when the Chinese
+and Tartar soldiers fled in dismay, after firing a few shots.
+The small island of Koolangsoo was captured on the preceding
+day.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 5th. of September the expedition sailed for the recapture
+of Chusan, which island had been given up in consequence
+of the stipulations of the first treaty. The place was
+found more strongly fortified than before, and a resolute but
+unavailing stand was made by the Chinese. A landing in two
+columns was effected on the 1st. of October; the first, about
+fifteen hundred strong, was accompanied by Major-General Sir
+Hugh Gough, and was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Craigie, of the 55th. foot. The second, about one
+thousand strong, was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Morris,
+of the 49th. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The expedition proceeded on the 6th. against the city of
+Chinhae, the military depôt of the province, situated on the
+mainland opposite Chusan, and surrounded by a wall of extraordinary
+height and thickness. The troops landed on the 10th.
+of October, advanced through a difficult country towards the
+city, and stormed the works covering the approach to the
+place. In this city an extensive arsenal, and cannon foundry,
+with military stores, fell into the hands of the captors. The
+force employed consisted of detachments of the 18th., 49th.,
+and 55th. regiments, and of the Royal and the Madras Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From Chinhae the expedition proceeded up the river on the
+13th. of October, against the fortified city of Ningpo, where
+no resistance was encountered. The troops landed, and formed
+on the ramparts, and possession was taken of the second city
+in the province of Che-Keang, containing three hundred thousand
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of March, 1842, a large army of Tartars and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>Chinese made a sudden attack upon Ningpo, escalading the
+walls, and forcing some of the gates, with great spirit, when
+the few British in garrison, triumphed over their numerous
+opponents. A guard of the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, consisting
+of Lieutenant Anthony Armstrong, one sergeant,
+and twenty-three rank and file, stationed at the West-gate,
+being attacked by large numbers, behaved steadily, and gallantly
+drove them back, capturing two banners, the bearers of
+which had been shot at the gate: the spirited behaviour of
+this officer was commended in the public despatches.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Five days afterwards the troops embarked from Ningpo, and
+sailed up the river to attack the enemy’s posts. On the 15th.
+of March they were engaged at Tsekee, and the heights of
+Segaon, which were captured; the Chankee-pass was also forced,
+and the expedition, of which the 18th., 26th., and 49th. formed
+a portion, returned to Ningpo on the 17th. of March. This
+place was evacuated by the British in May, and an expedition
+proceeded against the fortified city of Chapoo, where a landing
+was effected on the 18th. of May. The 18th. and 49th.
+regiments composed the right column, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Morris; and the 26th. and 55th. regiments were in the left,
+under Colonel Schoedde; the centre column under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Montgomerie, comprised detachments of the Royal and
+Madras Artillery, and the 36th. Madras Native Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Tomlinson met a soldier’s death at the head of
+his regiment, the 18th. Royal Irish.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In June an expedition sailed up the Yangtse-Keang river,
+and the fortified posts of Woosung and Poonshau were captured.
+The city of Shanghae was afterwards taken possession
+of without opposition. Reinforcements arrived, including the
+98th. regiment from England, and the expedition proceeded
+against Chin-Keang-foo, one of the strongest and most important
+cities of China. The fleet left Woosung on the 6th.
+of July, the Chinese troops were driven from Suyshan, and on
+the 20th. of July the armament approached Chin-Keang-foo.
+On the following day, after the reconnaissance had been completed,
+and the ships were in position, the landing commenced.
+The first brigade, consisting of the 26th., the Bengal Volunteers,
+flank companies of the 41st. Madras Native Infantry,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>and the 98th., was under the command of Major-General
+Lord Saltoun; the second (centre) brigade consisting of a
+detachment of the Royal Artillery, 55th., 6th. Madras Native
+Infantry, 36th. Madras Rifles, 2nd. Madras Native Infantry, and
+a detachment of Sappers, was commanded by Colonel, afterwards
+Lieutenant-General Sir James Holmes Schoedde, K.C.B., (55th.
+Foot;) the third brigade comprised the 18th. and 49th., and
+the 14th. Madras Native Infantry, and was commanded by
+Colonel, afterwards Sir Robert Bartley, K.C.B., (49th. regiment,)
+both these officers having the local rank of Major-General.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-Generals Lord Saltoun and Schoedde commenced
+landing the troops before daylight, but considerable delay occurred
+from the rapidity of the current and the scattered state
+of the ships. The guns were next landed, followed by Major-General
+Bartley’s brigade. Lord Saltoun moved forward
+with the troops of his brigade first landed, the 98th. under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, (afterwards Lord Clyde), and
+some companies of the native regiments, to destroy the encampments,
+and cut off the enemy’s communication with the city,
+between twelve and fifteen hundred of whom had shewn
+themselves. The soldiers drove them over the hills and destroyed
+the encampments. Major-General Schoedde escaladed
+the city walls at the north angle and carried the inner
+gateway, which was obstinately defended.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 55th. highly distinguished itself on this occasion.<a id='r97'></a><a href='#f97' class='c013'><sup>[97]</sup></a>
+Lieutenant Cuddy, of that regiment, was the first to mount
+the walls, and was shortly afterwards severely wounded. Major
+(afterwards Major-General Charles Warren, C.B.,) commanding
+the 55th., after he was himself wounded, cut down two
+of the enemy, and was personally engaged with a third.
+Every angle and embrasure had to be carried at the point of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>the bayonet. Brevet-Major Maclean commanded the storming
+party, and Captain Greenward the Royal Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the west gate had been blown in by Captain
+Pears, the commanding engineer. A body of Tartars having
+been driven into one division of the western outwork, refused
+to surrender, when most of them were either shot or destroyed
+in the burning houses, several of which had been set on fire
+by the enemy, or by the British guns. Major-General Bartley
+subsequently proceeded with a body of troops, consisting of the
+18th. and part of the 49th. regiment, when a hot engagement
+ensued with about one thousand Tartars, who, under cover of
+some enclosures, opened a destructive fire on the soldiers as they
+were filing round the walls. The leading division of the
+49th. dashing down the ramparts on their left, while the 18th.
+pushed on to turn their right, they were soon dispersed,
+although some fought with great desperation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From the sun becoming so overpowering, it was found impossible
+to move with men already fatigued by their exertions,
+many of whom died from the intense heat. The troops
+therefore remained in occupation of the gates until six o’clock,
+when several parties were pushed into the Tartar city and
+to the public offices. On passing through the city and suburbs
+the painful spectacle presented itself of hundreds of the dead
+bodies of men, women, and children, lying in the houses,
+numerous families having destroyed themselves sooner than outlive
+the disgrace of their city being captured by foreigners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Royal Artillery, 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th., and 98th.
+regiments shared in this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Hugh Gough proceeded to carry his victorious troops
+into the heart of the empire, and attack Nankin, the ancient
+capital of China, wherein the fugitives from Chin-Keang-foo
+had sought refuge. By the 9th. of August the British naval
+and land forces environed Nankin, and a great portion of the
+troops landed. This decisive step produced the desired results,
+and conditions of peace were acceded to; the Chinese paying
+an indemnity, and ceding a portion of territory to the British
+crown.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consideration of the gallantry displayed by the troops
+employed on the coasts and rivers of China, Her Majesty was
+graciously pleased to permit the 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th.,
+and 98th. regiments, and their linked battalions, to bear on their
+colours and appointments the word “China,” and the device of
+the Dragon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Navy took an important part in the first Chinese war,
+under Commodore Sir Gordon Brewer, at the capture of Chusan,
+and the Bogue Forts, and in the operations against Canton, in
+1840–41. Under Admiral Sir William Parker, the fleet took
+the principal share in the capture of Amoy and Chinhae, in
+1841, and in the attack on Woosung in 1842. The principal
+ships engaged were—the two-deckers, “Wellesley,” “Blenheim,”
+and “Melville”; the “Calliope,” “Samarang,” “Alligator,” “Druid,”
+and “Blonde,” frigates; and the steamers, “Queen,” “Sesostris,”
+“Phlegethon,” and above all the “Nemesis,” commanded by
+Master W. H. Hall. Several other sloops and small craft also
+were engaged in the operations.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SECOND CHINESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1856–1860.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The second war against the Chinese arose from various acts
+of aggression; amongst which the seizure of the crew of the
+memorable lorcha named the “Arrow,” sailing under British
+colours, was the most prominent. The operations were at first
+confined to the navy and Marines. Admiral Sir Michael
+Seymour pursued vigorous measures; he opened fire upon
+Canton in October, destroyed several Chinese junks on the 5th.
+of November, 1856, and the Bogue Forts, mounting upwards
+of four hundred guns, were captured on the 12th. and 13th.
+of that month. The Chinese made repeated but abortive
+attempts to destroy the fleet with fire-rafts and infernal
+machines, some of which were charged with three thousand
+pounds of gunpowder. On December 3rd., a strong fort called
+the French Folly, was bombarded by the “Encounter” and
+“Barracouta,” and Captains Wilson and Cochrane, at the head
+of eight hundred and fifty sailors and marines, attacked and
+stormed it on the land side. Thirty guns, some of them sixty-eight
+pounders, were captured and destroyed, and the fort
+blown up. This gave the Admiral command over the whole
+river, and his blockade annihilated the trade of Canton.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An attack was made on the suburbs of the city of Canton
+on the 12th. of January, 1857, when a detachment of the 59th.,
+employed in conjunction with the naval forces, sustained a
+few casualties.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FATSHAN CREEK.<br> <span class='sc'>June 1st., 1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Admiral Sir Michael Seymour having determined on attacking
+the Chinese main fleet in Fatshan Creek, consisting
+of upwards of eighty junks, manned by six thousand picked
+warriors, and armed with above eight hundred guns, many
+of them being forty-two pounders of European manufacture; on
+June 1st., led in person in the little “Coromandel” tender, a
+force of eleven gunboats, and between fifty and sixty boats of
+the fleet, carrying nearly two thousand men, against the enemy,
+at half-past three in the morning. The Chinese had constructed
+heavy batteries on both sides of the creek, and believed
+their position to be impregnable. The first point of attack was
+the battery on the right, which was stormed and taken by a
+body of seamen and marines, under Commodore Elliot, with
+trifling loss. Owing to the receding tide, most of the gunboats
+grounded, and the ships’ boats pushed on by themselves, in
+face of a well-directed and heavy cannonade, boarded the junks,
+and in a short time they were in flames. In the meantime,
+Commodore Hon. H. Keppel (now Admiral of the Fleet, Sir
+H. Keppel), in the “Hong Kong,” at the head of another
+division, had attacked the battery on the left side of the
+creek. His gunboats taking the ground, he quitted them, and
+in his galley led the boats against the junks and boarded the
+largest himself. The whole fleet was soon captured, the crews
+escaping to the land. Leaving some of his boats in the
+rear to burn the junks, he pushed on with the remainder towards
+another squadron visible in the distance. After a
+long pull he came directly upon twenty junks of the largest
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>size, most of which were aground, but so compactly moored
+that their bow guns appeared like the broadside of a heavy
+frigate, which received him with a fire, the precision of which
+exceeded anything yet experienced in China. Almost every
+boat was struck, the gig of Captain Cochrane was disabled,
+and Keppel’s own boat and the launch of the “Calcutta”
+sunk. So great was the confusion, that the flotilla retired a
+little to re-form, while the Chinese beat their gongs and
+uttered loud yells of triumph. But the tide was now fast
+flowing, the Admiral sent up a reinforcement, and Keppel returned
+to the attack with such vigour, that in a quarter of
+an hour the junks slipped from their cables and fled up the
+river. They were pursued, gradually disabled and taken; and
+of the whole proud Chinese fleet, but three junks escaped.
+Eighty-nine junks were destroyed, and the loss of the enemy
+must have been heavy; that of the victors was thirteen
+men killed, and forty wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An exceedingly graphic and stirring account of the action
+was written by the gallant Commodore himself, in a letter
+to his friends in England, which proceeds thus:—“When the ‘Hong Kong’ grounded, I led on the boats in my gig,
+but as the tide was rising, she kept following us as fast as
+she could. The first division of the Chinese fleet was attacked
+by about nineteen hundred men, and soon gave way. I did
+not take up more than a quarter of that number to attack the
+second division, which was three miles higher up the river,
+in a well-selected place, and evidently the <i>élite</i> of their
+fleet. They numbered exactly twenty, in one compact row,
+mounting from ten to fourteen guns each, two of them on
+stern and bow being heavy 32-pounders. I saw I had all
+the ‘Raleigh’s’ boats well up, and determined to push on.
+They fired occasional shots, as if to ascertain our exact distance,
+but did not open their heaviest fire until we were
+within six hundred yards, and then I soon saw how impossible
+it would be to force our way until I had reinforcements.
+We cheered, and I tried to get on, when a shot struck my
+boat quite amidships, cut one man in two, and took off the
+arm of another. Prince Victor (of Hohenlohe) who was
+with me, jumped forward to bind the man’s arm with his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>neckcloth. While he was doing so, another round shot passed
+through both sides of the boat, wounding two others of the
+crew. The boat was filling with water, and I got on one of
+the seats to keep my legs out of it; just as I stepped up,
+a third round shot went through both sides of the boat, not
+more than an inch below the seat on which I was standing.
+Many of our boats had now got huddled together, the oars
+of most being shot away. A boat of the ‘Calcutta’ being
+nearest, we got in, pulling our wounded men with us. My
+dog ‘Mike’ refusing to leave the body of the seaman who
+had been his favourite, we were obliged to leave him. I
+then gave the order to retire on the ‘Hong Kong,’ and re-form
+abreast of her. While we were going down a shot cut
+away all the oars on one side. I called to Lieutenant Graham
+to get his boat ready, as I would hoist my broad pennant, and
+lead the next attack in his boat. I had no sooner spoken
+than a shot disabled his boat, wounding him, and killing
+and wounding four others. I saw Graham one mass of blood,
+but it was from a marine who stood next to him, and part of
+whose skull was forced three inches into another man’s
+shoulder. When I reached the ‘Hong Kong’ the whole of
+the enemy’s fire seemed to be centred upon her. She was
+‘hulled’ twelve times in a few minutes; her deck was covered
+with the wounded who had been taken on board from the
+boats. I was looking at them, when a round shot cut down a
+marine, and he fell among them. From our paddle-box I saw
+that our heavy firing was bringing up strong reinforcements.
+The account of my having been obliged to retire had reached
+them, and they were pulling up like mad. I ordered a bit of
+blue bunting to be got ready to represent my broad pennant;
+I called out: ‘Let us try the row-boats once more, boys!’ and
+went over the side into our cutter. At this moment there
+arose from the boats, as if every man took it up at the same
+instant, one of those British cheers so full of meaning, that
+I knew at once that it was all up with John Chinaman.
+They might sink twenty boats, but there were thirty others
+which would go ahead all the faster! On we went. Three
+more cheers, and then began an exciting chase for seven miles.
+As our shot told on them, they ran ashore, and their crews
+forsook them. Seventeen were come up with, and captured
+in this way; three only escaped.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Soon afterwards the Earl of Elgin arrived at Hong Kong
+as the British Plenipotentiary, to negotiate with the Emperor,
+and if satisfactory terms were not conceded, to carry on the
+war with vigour. His lordship arrived at Hong Kong early
+in July, 1857, and the news of the terrible Indian Mutiny
+having reached him at Singapore, a portion of the force selected
+for operations in China was, with a noble patriotism,
+at once despatched to Calcutta, the Earl following them soon
+after with additional troops from Hong Kong.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Thomas Ashburnham,
+C.B., who had been appointed to the military command of
+the force destined for China, having left for Calcutta, was
+succeeded by Major-General (afterwards Sir Charles) Van
+Straubenzee. Lord Elgin was not able to act effectively until
+December, in which month Commissioner Yeh was informed
+that the British and French governments were united in their
+determination to proceed against Canton until the demands
+required were conceded. Operations were eventually prosecuted
+with increased vigour, in consequence of the evasive
+replies of the Chinese Commissioners, which resulted in the</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF CANTON.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. December, 1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A reconnaissance was made on the 22nd. of December,
+1857, by a body of British and French troops, to ascertain
+the exact position and strength of the forts to the north of
+Canton. A similar step was taken in the course of a day or
+two, to gain information regarding the eastern side of the
+city, and a proclamation was subsequently issued, notifying
+that the place, if not surrendered, would be bombarded and
+stormed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a cannonade, which commenced on the 28th. of
+December, 1857, the troops were embarked for Kupar Creek
+at the south-east of the town, which was deemed the most
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>convenient for landing the attacking force.<a id='r98'></a><a href='#f98' class='c013'><sup>[98]</sup></a> This was composed
+of British and French troops; the former had been formed
+into two brigades; the first, consisting of the first and second
+battalions of Royal Marine Light Infantry, was under Colonel
+Holloway, of that corps; the second, composed of Royal
+Engineers and Volunteer Company of Sappers, Royal Artillery,
+and Royal Marine Artillery, Provisional Battalion Royal Marines,
+the 59th. regiment, and the 38th. Madras Native Infantry,
+was commanded by Colonel Hope Graham, of the 59th. The
+artillery was under Colonel Dunlop.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The landing having been effected, the enemy was immediately
+attacked. The East or Linn Fort was soon gained, the Chinese,
+after a vigorous fire, having abandoned it and retreated to
+Gough’s Fort. The cannonade continued all day, and throughout
+the following night, the firing from the ships being also continued.
+On the 29th. the east wall of the city was escaladed
+by the British and French, and after a considerable resistance,
+the enemy was driven along it and out of the eastern gate
+of the city, of which possession was at once taken. On
+this occasion the 59th., under Major Burmester, advanced as
+the covering party to the French Naval Brigade and Royal
+Marines. Major Luard, Brigade-Major to the second brigade,
+is stated to have been the first on the walls of Canton. The
+casualties were small.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For a week the allies occupied the walls between Magazine
+Hill and the south-east corner of the city, no descent being
+made into the streets. All this time everything appeared to
+be proceeding as usual, the inhabitants pursuing their avocations
+with the greatest unconcern, no offer of submission being made.
+This was soon changed; on the morning of the 5th. of January,
+the troops descended into the streets, when the governor of the
+city, the Tartar General, and the celebrated Commissioner Yeh
+were soon captured.<a id='r99'></a><a href='#f99' class='c013'><sup>[99]</sup></a> The latter was subsequently sent to
+Calcutta.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF THE PEIHO, OR TAKU FORTS.<br> <span class='sc'>May 20th, 1858.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the capture of Canton, Lord Elgin and the French
+Ministers finding all their proposals treated with evasion and
+delay by the Chinese, resolved to transfer the scene of operations
+to the mouth of the Peiho river, on which stands Pekin
+the capital of China. They accordingly placed the conduct
+of affairs in the hands of the English and French Admirals
+(Sir M. Seymour and Admiral de Genouilly), with directions
+to use their efforts to bring about a satisfactory settlement.
+Sir Michael and his colleague, with the Ambassadors, arrived
+off the mouth of the Peiho at the end of April, and some
+time was lost in fruitless negotiations, which the Chinese
+employed in strengthening their forts and defences, till they
+considered them to be impregnable. A final demand being
+sent for the surrender of the forts, to be held as a surety
+till the conclusion of a treaty, to which no answer was returned,
+the Admiral determined on an immediate attack.
+The works were very formidable. For nearly a mile earthworks
+and batteries had been thrown up on both sides of the
+river, commanding every part of the Channel, mounting
+upwards of 150 heavy guns, besides gingalls; a strong boom
+was placed across the river in front, and the sides were staked
+to prevent any attempts at landing. In the rear were several
+camps strongly entrenched, and filled with picked troops. On
+the morning of May 20th., the two Admirals hoisted their
+flags together on the “Slaney” gunboat, and at 10 a.m. the
+signal was made for the attack. Captain Saumarez in the
+“Cormorant” led the way, and at full speed went for the
+boom, which was composed of five seven-inch bamboo cables.
+Her men were lying flat on the deck, no one being visible
+but her commander and an officer or two, the three forts opened
+upon her at once; when with a crash she shivered the boom,
+passed through, and directed her fire on the northern forts.
+The “Nimrod” followed her, and concentrated her fire on
+the southern defences, diverting their attention from the “Cormorant.”
+Four French gunboats quickly followed, and for
+more than an hour the contest raged, for the Chinese stood
+well to their guns. Some of their batteries being silenced,
+and the fire from all slackening, the landing parties, which
+the smaller gunboats had in tow, pushed ashore, and having
+but a few yards to traverse, were in the embrasures at once,
+taking the enemy entirely by surprise. On seeing the capture
+of the southern forts, the defenders of the northern forts fled,
+and the landing parties entered them without any opposition.
+In about two hours from the commencement of the attack,
+the whole of the defences at the mouth of the river were in
+the possession of the allies, and the Chinese army in full
+retreat. The forts were destroyed, the camps taken, and the
+road to Pekin open to the conquerors.<a id='r100'></a><a href='#f100' class='c013'><sup>[100]</sup></a> The arrogance of the
+enemy was at last subdued, and convinced of the uselessness
+of further resistance, a treaty was signed by their Ministers
+at Tientsin on the 26th. of June following, in conformity
+with the terms proposed by the allies, containing concessions
+never before thought possible by a Chinese, nor proposed by a
+European.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF THE TAKU FORTS.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. August, 1860.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This treaty the Chinese Government refused to ratify, and
+the British and French were resolved to obtain that result.
+In the first instance persuasion and diplomatic efforts were
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>resorted to, but without success. Every attempt at negotiation
+having proved fruitless, recourse was again had to arms,
+Major-General Sir James Hope Grant, K.C.B., so distinguished
+during the Indian Mutiny, being appointed to the command,
+with the local rank of Lieutenant-General. On the 1st. of
+August the troops landed at Pehtang, which they quitted on
+the 12th., and on that morning Major-General Sir Robert
+Napier commanding the second division, encountered the enemy
+at Sin-ho. In this action the Armstrong guns were first used
+in war. The attack of the entrenched fortified camp of Tangku
+occurred on the 14th. of August, and on the 20th. orders
+were issued for the attack of the North Taku Forts, by a force
+composed of British and French troops, about fifteen hundred
+of each. The 44th., 67th., and Royal Marines, under Sir
+Robert Napier represented the British quota; there was however
+a heavy train of field artillery, comprising several eight-inch
+mortars and two Armstrong batteries. In the evening the
+gunboats took up their positions, and the troops having crossed
+a flat and muddy plain, the night was employed in throwing
+up trenches and batteries. Such alacrity was shewn by the
+Chinese for the fight, that early in the morning of the 21st.
+of August they opened fire upon the troops an hour before
+the time fixed upon by the Allies; this was followed by a
+tremendous bombardment in reply, aided by the gunboats,
+which pitched shell and rockets into the North Fort. The
+assault then took place.<a id='r101'></a><a href='#f101' class='c013'><sup>[101]</sup></a> The place was defended with great
+determination, although the grand magazine had exploded from
+the fire of the British artillery. At length the regiments
+before named, in conjunction with the French, gained a footing
+on the walls. Even then the Tartars fought with noble
+intrepidity, but eventually they endeavoured to take refuge in
+the next fort about half a mile distant, although few succeeded
+in the attempt. Their loss was at least three thousand;
+the British casualties were seventeen killed, and one hundred
+and fifty-eight wounded; their allies had about thirty killed
+and upwards of one hundred wounded. Four hundred guns were
+taken, and the capture of this strong fort caused the Chinese
+the same afternoon to surrender the others, together with the
+province of Pecheli, upon a cessation of hostilities being granted.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>OCCUPATION OF PEKIN.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. October, 1860.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Tientsin was reached by the allies on the 6th. of September,
+when the Chinese authorities as usual endeavoured to
+gain time by negociation. On arrival at the encamping ground,
+it was found occupied by a large Chinese army, while batteries
+had been hastily thrown up; Mr. Parkes, (accompanied by
+Lieutenant Anderson, of Fane’s Irregular Horse, Mr. De
+Norman, and Mr. Bowlby, the special correspondent of “The
+Times,” whose vigorous reports were of such universal interest),
+proceeded to Tang-chow to ascertain the reason of this threatening
+attitude.<a id='r102'></a><a href='#f102' class='c013'><sup>[102]</sup></a> Mr. Loch, accompanied by Captain Brabazon, Deputy-Assistant
+Quartermaster-General, were afterwards despatched
+under a flag of truce to order them to return. Meanwhile
+the Chinese line opened fire, and an action ensued, when their
+troops, far superior in numbers were dispersed, the enemy
+losing six hundred men, and seventy-five guns. This action
+was fought on the Chow-Ho on the 18th. of September,
+and another occurred on the 21st. of September, on which
+day the 1st. or King’s Dragoon Guards performed “very
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>excellent service.”<a id='r103'></a><a href='#f103' class='c013'><sup>[103]</sup></a> The Chinese entrenched camp was taken,
+and they were driven back upon Pekin. Nearly six hundred
+pieces of cannon were captured by the allies during these
+operations. Continuing the advance on that city, a portion
+of the French army occupied the famed Summer Palace of
+the Emperor. On the 7th. of October the Chinese were
+informed, that if the prisoners were not restored, and one of
+the gates of Pekin delivered up, the city would be stormed.
+This was agreed to, and a force of two hundred French and
+British took peaceable possession of the gate at noon on the
+13th. of October. This operation concluded the campaign.<a id='r104'></a><a href='#f104' class='c013'><sup>[104]</sup></a>
+The crowning result was that the former treaty was ratified,
+a large sum of money was paid by the Chinese, and such
+prisoners as survived were released. Some of them, however,
+died from the savage treatment they experienced, and amongst
+them were Mr. De Norman, Lieutenant Anderson, Mr. Bowlby,
+and Captain Brabazon. £100,000 were paid by the Chinese
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>as a compensation to the relatives of the murdered prisoners;
+and Kowloon, a district at the mouth of the Canton river,
+opposite Hong Kong, was ceded to the British Government.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SCINDE MEDALS, 1843.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>These medals were granted by the Government of India,
+to those who served in the Scinde campaign of 1843, and were
+present at the battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad, under Sir
+Charles Napier. There are three varieties of this medal, the
+obverse of all being the same; the head of the Queen with
+the legend “Victoria Regina,” reverse, No. 1 has the word
+“Meeanee” inscribed within a circle of laurel leaves, surmounted
+by a crown, and below is the date 1843, awarded to those
+present at the battle of Meeanee only. No 2, has on the
+reverse “Meeanee” and “Hyderabad,” with the date; given
+to those who were engaged in both battles. No. 3 has on the
+reverse the word “Hyderabad,” with the date; given to those
+who were present at Hyderabad only. No clasp. Ribbon—rainbow
+pattern. These medals are similar to that granted
+for meritorious service, of which an illustration is given in
+this work; the names of the battles being inscribed within
+the wreath, instead of the words “For Meritorious Service.”
+Four ships of the Indian navy took part in this campaign, and
+their officers and crews received the medal. The 22nd. was
+the only English regiment to which this medal was granted.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE CAMPAIGN IN SCINDE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The withdrawal of the troops from Afghanistan was regarded
+by the Ameer of Scinde as a sign of weakness, and they
+consulted how they might destroy the British power. Being
+feudatories of the Dooranée empire, they had been persuaded
+to take a bold part in what they considered the common
+cause. A force was consequently assembled under Major-General
+Sir Charles Napier, and its first employment was the destruction
+of the Fort of Emaun Ghur, in the desert, on the 14th.
+and 15th. of January, 1843.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This service was described by the Duke of Wellington in the
+House of Lords, “as one of the most curious military feats
+he had ever known to be performed, or had ever perused an
+account of in his life. Sir Charles Napier (added his Grace)
+moved his troops through the desert against hostile forces;
+he had his guns transported under circumstances of extreme
+difficulty, and in a manner the most extraordinary; and he
+cut off a retreat of the enemy which rendered it impossible
+for them ever to regain their positions.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As Emaun Ghur could only serve as a stronghold in which
+the Beloochees might be able to resist British supremacy,
+Major-General Sir Charles Napier determined upon destroying
+the fortress. It was a place of great strength, and was constructed
+of unburnt bricks, into which the shot easily penetrates,
+but brings nothing down, so that recourse was had to mining.
+The place was full of gunpowder and grain, and the former
+was employed in blowing up the fortress, which was effected
+on the 15th. of January. The 22nd. was the only Queen’s
+regiment employed in this service, three hundred and fifty
+of that corps having been carried on camels.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this difficult and harassing service, the troops returned
+on the 23rd. of January to Peer-Abu-Bekr, without the loss
+of a man, or without even a sick soldier, and the Ameer’s
+plan of campaign was frustrated.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 14th. of February a treaty of peace was signed by
+these chiefs, and directions were sent by them to the British
+political resident, Major Outram, to quit Hyderabad, the capital;
+but before this was complied with, eight thousand Beloochees,
+commanded by several Ameers in person, attempted to force
+an entrance into the enclosure of the British residency. After
+a sharp contest of four hours, the assailants were repulsed
+by a small force under Captain Conway, aided by the fire of
+a British steamer lying in the river; but the position being
+untenable was abandoned, and the resident with his escort
+arrived safely in the camp of Sir Charles Napier.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MEEANEE.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. February, 1843.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Having thus commenced hostilities, the Ameers assembled
+a numerous force to destroy the few British troops in the
+country. Sir Charles Napier, trusting to the valour of the
+force under his orders, advanced to meet the enemy. On the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>17th. of February, twenty-two thousand Scindian troops were
+discovered encamped at Meeanee. The position of the enemy
+had been chosen with great skill, and they were immensely
+superior in numbers. Both their flanks were covered by
+thick woods, and their front was protected by the dry bed
+and steep banks of the Fulailee river. The British, mustering
+two thousand eight hundred men, advanced in echelon of
+regiments to attack their numerous opponents, and the 22nd.,
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel (now Lieutenant-General
+Sir John) Pennefather, led the attack. As soon as the British
+forces came within range, a battery of fifteen guns opened
+upon them, a numerous body of Beloochees discharged their
+matchlocks and pistols at the 22nd., and then rushed forward
+sword in hand to close upon the British line; but these
+bold and skilful swordsmen went down under the superior
+power of the musket and bayonet.<a id='r109'></a><a href='#f109' class='c013'><sup>[109]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the stirring words of General W. F. P. Napier—the
+Beloochees—“Guarding their heads with their large dark shields,
+they shook their sharp swords beaming in the sun, their shouts
+rolling like a peal of thunder, as with frantic gestures, they
+dashed forward with demoniac strength and ferocity, full against
+the front of the 22nd. But with shouts as loud, and shrieks
+as wild and fierce as theirs, and hearts as big, and arms as
+strong, the Irish soldiers met them with the queen of weapons—the
+musket, and sent their foremost masses rolling back in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>blood. These wild warriors continually advanced, sword and
+shield in hand, striving in all the fierceness of their valour, to
+break into the opposing ranks; no fire of small arms, no thrusts
+of bayonets, no sweeping discharges of grape from the guns—could
+drive the gallant soldiers back. They gave their breasts
+to the shot, they leaped upon the guns by twenties at a time;
+their dead went down the steep slope by hundreds; but the
+gaps in their masses were continually filled up from the rear;
+the survivors of the front rank still pressed forward with
+unabated fury, and the bayonet and the sword clashed in full
+and frequent conflict.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After a severe contest of three hours the Scindian army
+was defeated, and, on the day following the victory, six of the
+Ameers delivered their swords to the British General upon
+the field of battle. The Beloochees lost five thousand men,
+and all their guns, ammunition, and treasure were taken,
+together with their camp and standards.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the Notification of the Right Honourable Lord Ellenborough,
+the Governor-General of India, it was directed, “That
+the unserviceable guns, taken at Hyderabad, shall be sent to
+Bombay, and there cast into a triumphal column, whereon shall
+be inscribed in the English, and two native languages, the
+names of Major-General Sir Charles Napier, K.C.B., and of
+the several officers mentioned by His Excellency in his despatch,
+and likewise the names of the several officers, non-commissioned
+officers, and privates mentioned in the reports, that
+thus the names may be for ever recorded of those who, at
+Meeanee, obtained for themselves that glory in the field, which
+is the reward dearest to a true soldier.” Sir Charles Napier
+set the example, which has since been more or less followed,
+in naming the non-commissioned officers and men who had
+specially distinguished themselves.<a id='r110'></a><a href='#f110' class='c013'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the 22nd. regiment was Captain J. Mc Leod
+Tew, one sergeant, and twenty-two rank and file killed;
+Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather, Captain T. S. Conway, Lieutenants
+W. M. G. Mc Murdo and F. P. Harding, Ensigns R.
+Pennefather and H. Bowden, one sergeant, one corporal, and
+fifty privates wounded.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF HYDERABAD.<br> <span class='sc'>24th. March, 1843.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The whole of the Ameers did not submit, and the chiefs
+who continued to resist assembled an army, which was commanded
+by Meer Shere Mahomed. The British advanced from
+Hyderabad at daybreak on the morning of the 24th. of March,
+and about half-past eight o’clock twenty thousand Scindian
+troops were discovered in order of battle behind a nullah.
+Arrangements were immediately made for commencing the
+action, and the 22nd. regiment led the attack. Major Poole
+commanded the brigade, and Captain F. D. George the regiment,
+which advanced steadily against the enemy’s left, exposed to
+a heavy fire of matchlocks, without returning a shot until
+arriving within forty paces of the entrenchment, when it stormed
+the position occupied by the Beloochees. Lieutenant Coote
+first mounted the rampart, seized one of the enemy’s standards,
+and was severely wounded while in the act of waving it and
+cheering on his men; Lieutenant Powell seized another, and
+the gallant example of the officers stimulated the men to similar
+deeds. Privates J. Doherty, C. Lynar, E. Jobin, J. Mc Cartin,
+J. Walmsley, G. Roberts, E. Watson, and J. Oakley shot the
+defenders, and then captured fourteen standards, making five
+of their opponents prisoners. Privates S. Cowen, S. Alder, and
+G. Banbury also captured colours; and Corporal Tim. Kelly
+shot one of the Scindians, taking from him a silver-knobbed
+standard. The Beloochee infantry and artillery fought well,
+but were unable, although greatly superior in numbers, to
+resist the determined attack of disciplined soldiers.</p>
+
+<div id='i303fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_303fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Second Jellalabad Medal.<br>  <br>  The Maharajpoor Star.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Charles Napier stated in his public despatch,
+“The battle was decided by the troop of Horse Artillery, and
+Her Majesty’s 22nd. regiment.”<a id='r111'></a><a href='#f111' class='c013'><sup>[111]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was very great, and eleven pieces of
+cannon were taken in position on the nullah, together with
+seventeen standards. The Beloochee force was completely defeated,
+and their commander, Meer Shere Mahomed, fled to the
+desert.<a id='r112'></a><a href='#f112' class='c013'><sup>[112]</sup></a> Among the killed was the great promoter of the war,
+Hoche Mahomed Seedee. Twenty-three rank and file of the
+22nd. regiment were killed on this occasion; Lieutenants Chute,
+Coote, Evans, and Brennan, Ensign Richard Pennefather, six
+sergeants, one drummer, four corporals, and one hundred and
+twenty-three privates were wounded. At the battle of Hyderabad
+the regiment mustered only five hundred and sixty-two
+rank and file; the remainder, being sick and convalescent,
+having been left at Sukkur, in Upper Scinde.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These successes gained for the troops the high honour of the
+thanks of Parliament, and the Order of the Bath for several
+of the officers.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE STAR FOR MAHARJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1843.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Government of India, as a mark of their distinguished
+merit, presented to every officer and soldier engaged in these
+battles, a bronze star of six points, made from the captured
+guns, faced with a smaller star of silver. Both stars are similar,
+the only difference being that one has “Maharajpoor” on the
+silver face, the other “Punniar,” the date being the same—“December
+29th., 1843.” They were permitted to be worn by
+the Queen’s regiments. The star was originally issued with a
+brass hook to fasten it to the breast of the wearer’s coat, but
+eventually it was worn with the “rainbow ribbon.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLES OF MAHARAJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. December, 1843.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A force named the “Army of Exercise” was assembled at
+Agra, in November, 1843, in consequence of affairs in the
+state of Gwalior, which had for some time required the attention
+of the Indian Government, although it was not anticipated
+that actual hostilities would take place. The events
+which led to the collision between the Anglo-Indian troops
+and those of the once powerful Mahratta kingdom, are as
+follow:—Upon the decease of Maharajah Thunkojee Rao Scindiah,
+the British Government promptly acknowledged as his
+successor the Maharajah Tyajee Rao Scindiah, who was nearest
+in blood to the late sovereign of Gwalior, and whose adoption
+by the Maharanee, his Highness’s widow, was approved by the
+chiefs. During the minority of the Maharajah, the office of
+regent was to be held by Mama Sahib. In a short time the
+regent was compelled by force to quit the Gwalior state, and
+the Dada Khasgee Walla succeeded to the confidence of the
+Maharanee without possessing generally that of the chiefs, and
+by his influence various acts were committed insulting and injurious
+to the British Government. The delivery of the Dada
+being peremptorily insisted upon as a necessary preliminary to
+the re-establishment of the customary relations with the Gwalior
+state, the Maharanee at length complied with the request, and
+the Governor-General, in order to give friendly support to the
+youthful Maharajah, directed the immediate advance of forces
+sufficient for the purpose. The Anglo-Indian troops entered
+the dominions of Scindiah, and a strong government having
+been established at Gwalior, they received orders to withdraw;
+but were not destined to return to their own territory without
+a severe conflict. Negotiations appeared proceeding to an
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>amicable issue, but the design of the enemy to gain time
+to concentrate his forces became at length so evident, that
+active measures of hostility were determined upon. The British
+army left Agra, between the 12th. and 18th. of December, under
+the command of Major-General Sir Hugh Gough, who was
+accompanied by the Governor-General, Lord Ellenborough, in
+person.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The main division crossed the Koharee river early in the
+morning of the 29th. of December, and found the Mahratta
+forces drawn up in front of the village of Maharajpoor, in
+a very strong position, which they had occupied during the
+night, and which they had carefully entrenched. The British
+were about fourteen thousand strong, with forty pieces of
+artillery, while the enemy mustered eighteen thousand men,
+including three thousand cavalry, with a hundred guns. Notwithstanding
+the extreme difficulty of the country, intersected
+by deep and almost impassable ravines, the whole of the
+Anglo-Indian troops were in their appointed positions by eight
+o’clock in the morning of the 29th. of December. The action
+commenced by the advance of Major-General Littler’s column,
+which was exactly in front of Maharajpoor; whilst Major-General
+Valiant’s brigade took it in reverse, both being supported
+by Major-General Dennis’s column, and the two light
+field batteries.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 16th. Lancers, and the 39th. and 40th.
+regiments highly distinguished themselves. The 30th., forming
+part of Brigadier Wright’s brigade with the 56th. Native Infantry
+attacked with such vigour that they stormed the enemy’s
+batteries and bayoneted the gunners at their posts. But the
+Mahrattas rallied in the village, and after firing their Matchlocks
+threw them away, and fought sword in hand with the most
+determined bravery. In the meantime General Valiant’s brigade
+had taken Maharajpoor in reverse, and by this combined movement
+twenty-eight guns were captured, but the Mahratta position
+was not taken till nearly all its defenders had been slain on the
+spot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A small work of four guns on the left of the entrenched main
+position of Chonda was long and obstinately defended, but
+subsequently carried; and the guns captured by the grenadiers
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>of the 39th., under Captain Campbell, admirably supported
+by a wing of the 56th. Native Infantry, under Major Philips.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Not less distinguished was the conduct of the 40th.; this
+regiment in the attack on the enemy’s entrenched positions,
+had two successive commanding officers, Major Stopford<a id='r113'></a><a href='#f113' class='c013'><sup>[113]</sup></a> and
+Captain Coddington, wounded at the very muzzles of the guns.
+Two regimental standards were captured by the 39th., and
+four by the 40th. regiment. Major-General Valiant was also
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Churchill, C.B., Quarter-Master General of
+Her Majesty’s forces in India, and Captain Somerset of the
+Grenadier Guards, Military Secretary to Lord Ellenborough,
+both received several wounds in personal rencontres. The
+former died after amputation of the leg. Major Henry Havelock,
+C.B., of the 13th. Light Infantry, Persian interpreter, served
+on Sir Hugh Gough’s personal staff.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier Cureton’s brigade of cavalry, of which the 16th.
+Lancers (under Lieutenant-Colonel Macdowell) formed part,
+took advantage of every opportunity, manœuvring most
+judiciously on the right, and had it not been for an impassable
+ravine, would have cut off the retreat of the whole,.
+The cavalry division was under the orders of Major-General
+Sir Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this action fifty-six guns, and the whole of the enemy’s
+ammunition waggons were captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Grey, who had been directed to push on
+with the left wing as rapidly as practicable to Punniar, twelve
+miles south-west of Gwalior, gained also a complete victory
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>on the same day as the battle of Maharajpoor was fought,
+namely, the 29th. of December.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About four o’clock in the afternoon the enemy was observed
+to have taken up a strong position on a chain of lofty
+hills, four miles eastward of the camp. The Major-General
+determined immediately to attack him, and the 3rd. Buffs,
+with a company of sappers and miners, were detached to occupy
+a position on an opposite ridge, followed afterwards to
+the right by five companies of the 39th. Native Infantry,
+until the troops, amounting to two thousand and seven men,
+could be brought up, and an attack made upon the enemy’s
+left flank and centre. Owing to the lateness of the day, it
+was some time before this force could be supported. The
+Buffs, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clunie, and the sappers attacked
+the centre, exposed to a galling fire from the guns, and gallantly
+carried every position, driving the enemy from height to
+height, and capturing eleven of his guns, with a standard. The
+second infantry brigade under Acting-Brigadier Anderson, of
+the 50th., arrived in time to put a finish to the action;
+forming on the crest of the hill, he, by a gallant and judicious
+movement, attacked the enemy’s left, and completely defeated
+him, taking the remainder of his guns. Major Petit commanded
+the 50th., and distinguished himself by the charge he made
+down the hill at the head of that regiment. The 50th.
+Native Infantry shared in the above movement. Major White
+commanded the latter, and took the second infantry brigade
+out of action upon Brigadier Anderson being wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A portion of the first cavalry brigade, under Brigadier
+Campbell of the 9th. Lancers, accompanied the force as far
+as the ground would admit, but no opportunity was afforded
+for actively employing them. General Grey at once affected
+a junction with Sir H. Gough under the walls of Givalin,
+which capital they occupied unopposed, and the Maharatta
+army was disbanded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These victories were not gained without severe loss,<a id='r114'></a><a href='#f114' class='c013'><sup>[114]</sup></a> owing
+to the enemy’s force greatly exceeding the British, particularly
+in artillery, and to the commanding position of his guns,
+which were well served and resolutely defended both by
+gunners and infantry; the peculiar difficulties of the country
+gave also additional advantages to the gallantry of the
+Mahratta troops, whose casualties were exceedingly heavy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged at Maharajpoor, were the 16th. Lancers,
+39th. and 40th. Foot. Bengal Artillery and Sappers, 1st., 4th.,
+and 10th. Native Cavalry, 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, and the 14th.,
+16th., 31st., 43rd., and 56th. Native Infantry. At Punniar;
+the troops engaged were the 9th. Lancers; the 3rd. and 50th.
+Foot; the 8th. Bengal Irregular Cavalry, a company of Sappers,
+and five companies of the 39th. and 50th. Native Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SUTLEJ AND PUNJAUB MEDALS, FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND SIKH WARS. <span class='fss'>1845–6 AND 1848–9.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>For the first Sikh War, or Sutlej Campaign, four Silver
+Medals were issued, for the four battles of “Moodkee, 1845;”
+“Ferozeshuhur, 1845;” “Aliwal, 1846;” “Sobraon, 1846.” By
+a general order, if a soldier was present at only one of these
+battles of the Campaign, he received the medal with the name
+of the battle inscribed on the reverse; but if he had been
+engaged in more battles than one, he received for each battle
+an additional clasp. The medal was designed by W. Wyon,
+and is considered a beautiful example of art. Obverse: The
+diademed head of the Queen, with the legend “Victoria Regina.”
+Reverse: A figure of Victory standing, with a laurel wreath
+in her right hand, and a palm branch in her left, at her feet
+a trophy of Sikh arms. Above is the inscription “Army of
+the Sutlej”; and in the exergue, the name and date of the
+battle for which the medal was given. Clasps for “Ferozeshuhur,”
+“Aliwal,” “Sobraon.” The 31st. and 50th. were the
+only European regiments that received the medal with <i>three
+clasps</i> for the four battles. Ribbon—dark blue with crimson
+edges.</p>
+
+<div id='i308fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_308fpa.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Sutlej Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_308fpb.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Punjaub Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a general order, dated Ferozepore, April 2nd., 1849, a
+medal (silver) was granted for the Punjaub Campaign, second
+Sikh War, 1848–9. Obverse: same as the Sutlej Medal.
+Reverse: Lord Gough on horseback, the Sikh army laying
+down their arms before him, the British army in line with
+colours flying, in the background palm-trees. The superscription
+is “To the army of the Punjaub,” and in the exergue
+the date, <span class='fss'>MDCCCXLIX.</span> Three clasps were issued for “Mooltan,”
+“Chillianwala,” and “Goojerat.” Ribbon—dark blue, with
+narrow stripes of yellow at the edges. The medal, without a
+clasp, was given to the officers and men of the Indus Flotilla
+who took part in the Campaign, and a Naval Brigade of about
+one hundred men, received the medal, with a clasp, for Mooltan.
+Two clasps were the greatest number worn with any medal.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SUTLEJ CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1845–1846.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Sikh army which had been formed by Runjeet Singh,
+and trained by French and Italian refugees in his service,
+according to European tactics, had, since the decease of that
+politic ruler in 1839, become the dominant power, and finally
+coerced, or induced the Lahore authorities to commence hostilities.
+The Maharajah was an infant, his advisers powerless;
+but the soldiers, who styled themselves the “Punth Khalsajee,”
+or true believers, accustomed to conquest, and elated by success,
+were eager for a contest with the English, whom they were
+confident of expelling from Hindostan. Accordingly the Sikh
+army, having crossed the Sutlej on the 11th. December, 1845,
+invested Ferozepore on one side, and took up an entrenched
+position at the village of Ferozeshah, about ten miles in advance
+of Ferozepore, and nearly the same distance from Moodkee,
+the enemy placing in this camp one hundred and eight pieces
+of cannon, with a force exceeding fifty thousand men. Sir
+Henry Hardinge, the Governor-General of India, had for some
+time been aware of the intentions of the Sikhs, and so far from
+being unprepared to meet and repel an invasion, before he had
+been three months in India, large bodies of troops were marching
+from different points towards the North West Frontier, to reinforce
+the army of observation on the Sutlej. At the beginning
+of December, 1845, there were 10,472 men and 24 guns at
+Ferozepore, 7235 men with 12 guns at Loodiana, and nearly
+13,000 men with 70 guns at Umballa; in all, nearly 31,000
+men and 70 guns, under the command of Sir Hugh Gough.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Sikhs remained inactive in the vicinity of Ferozepore
+for some days, which may be regarded as a providential circumstance,
+as instead of annihilating Major-General Sir John
+Littler’s weak divisions, they contented themselves with stopping
+the dâks, and plundering the country, until the 17th. of December,
+when they marched to intercept the approach of the “Army
+of the Sutlej,” then advancing to the relief of Ferozepore from
+Umballa, under Sir Hugh Gough, with whom was the Governor-General.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MOODKEE.<br> <span class='sc'>18th. December, 1845.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After a harassing march of one hundred and fifty miles,
+along roads of heavy sand, the troops arrived at Moodkee, on
+the 18th. of December, having endured every kind of privation;
+the incessant labour required of them admitting scarcely an
+hour’s uninterrupted repose before being called upon for renewed
+exertions. About three o’clock in the afternoon, the army,
+suffering severely from the want of water, and in a state of
+great exhaustion, received intelligence of the advance of the
+Sikhs on Moodkee, and the troops had scarcely time to get
+under arms, and to move to their positions, before the information
+was confirmed. The horse artillery and cavalry were
+immediately pushed forward, the infantry and field batteries
+moving in support. Two miles were scarcely passed, when
+the enemy, consisting of about twenty thousand infantry, and
+an equal number of cavalry, with forty guns, under Lal Singh,
+were discovered in position, which they had either just taken
+up, or were advancing in order of battle. The country at this
+spot was a dead flat, dotted with sandy hillocks, and covered
+at short intervals with a low thick jungle, forming an excellent
+screen for the infantry and guns of the enemy, from which they
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>opened a severe cannonade upon the advancing troops, which
+was vigorously replied to by the horse artillery under Brigadier
+Brooke. After the manœuvres of the cavalry on the left
+and right flanks of their opponents, the infantry commenced
+their participation in the fight, and advancing under Major-Generals
+Sir Harry Smith, Walter Gilbert, and Sir John Mc
+Caskill, attacked in <i>echelon</i> of lines the Sikh infantry, the
+wood and approaching darkness of night rendering them almost
+invisible. The great superiority of numbers of the enemy
+necessarily caused their extended line to outflank the British,
+but the movements of the cavalry counteracted this advantage.
+Desperate was the opposition experienced, but the roll of fire
+from the infantry soon convinced the Sikhs of the inutility
+of resistance; their whole force was driven from position to
+position with great slaughter at the point of the bayonet; night
+only saved them from further disaster, this stout conflict being
+maintained for an hour and a half of dim starlight, objects
+being rendered still more obscure from the clouds of dust which
+arose from the sandy plain. Lal Singh, the Sikh commander,
+was wounded, and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner.
+Darkness alone prevented the pursuit of the foe; and the
+force bivouacked on the field for some hours; returning to
+their encampment, when it was ascertained that they had no foe
+before them, as the enemy fled to their camp at Ferozeshuhur.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this manner was achieved the first of a series of victories
+over the Sikh troops; troops that had fought with the British
+army only three years previously, in the advance on Cabool,
+and had been thanked in general orders for their services,
+sustaining as they did, at the forcing of the Khyber Pass, a
+loss equal to that of the Anglo-Indian force; it appears therefore
+but reasonable to infer, that much of the skill evinced by them
+in the disposition and arrangement of their army may be in some
+degree attributed to the experience they gained by their co-operation
+in the Afghan campaign; proving themselves unquestionably
+at Moodkee, and in the succeeding conflicts, one
+of the best disciplined and most powerful antagonists the British
+had ever encountered in India.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This victory was not gained without considerable loss; several
+gallant officers fell and two hundred men, amongst them the
+hero of Afghanistan, Major-General Sir Robert Sale, who, towards
+the conclusion of the action, had his thigh shattered with a
+grape shot, from the effects of which he died. Major-General
+Sir John McCaskill, K.C.B., who had served with the 9th. Foot
+in that country, was also amongst the slain.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Moodkee were the 3rd. Light Dragoons,
+9th., 31st., 50th., and 80th. Foot, Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal
+Irregular Cavalry, and the 5th., 7th., and 26th. Bengal Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF FEROZESHAH OR FEROZESHUHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. and 22nd. December, 1845.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 19th. of December the army was concentrated at
+Moodkee, no further operations taking place until the 21st.,
+when it moved by its left on Ferozepore; and having on the
+march been reinforced by Major-General Sir John Littler’s
+division of five thousand men from that place, General Sir
+Hugh Gough formed his forces in order of battle. It was then
+resolved to attack the enemy’s entrenched camp at Ferozeshah,
+or Ferozeshuhur, where they were posted in great force, and
+had a most formidable artillery; their camp was a parallelogram,
+about a mile in length, and half that distance in breadth,
+including within its area the village of Ferozeshuhur, the shorter
+sides looking towards the Sutlej and Moodkee, and the longer
+towards Ferozepore, and the open country. The plains, as at
+Moodkee, were covered with low jhow jungle; this added to
+the difficulty of the advance, which was made in four divisions;
+the left wing under the direction of the Governor-General,
+(Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Hardinge,) who had volunteered
+his services as second in command. The force of the Sikhs
+was about 35,000 men, two-thirds of whom were regular troops,
+with ninety-eight guns, and another army of 23,000 regulars and
+sixty-seven guns, under Tej Singh, was only ten miles distant.
+Upwards of one hundred guns of the enemy, nearly one half of
+battering calibre, opened a heavy cannonade, which was checked,
+but not silenced, by the far less numerous artillery of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>assailants.<a id='r115'></a><a href='#f115' class='c013'><sup>[115]</sup></a> In spite of this storm of shot and shell, the infantry
+gallantly advanced, and boldly carried the formidable entrenchments,
+throwing themselves upon the guns, and wresting them
+from the enemy. These exertions, however, only partially gained
+the batteries, and the soldiery had to face so hot a fire from the
+Sikhs from behind their guns, that the most heroic efforts could
+only succeed in carrying a portion of the entrenchment. Darkness
+did not bring a total cessation of hostilities, for about the
+middle of the night the Sikhs caused one of their heavy guns
+to bear upon that part of the field gained, and on which the
+troops had bivouacked. The gun was soon captured by the
+80th. regiment;<a id='r116'></a><a href='#f116' class='c013'><sup>[116]</sup></a> but the enemy, whenever moonlight revealed
+the position, still continued to harass the troops by the fire of
+their artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At length the long night wore away, and with daylight of
+the 22nd. of December came retribution. The infantry formed
+into line, supported on both flanks by horse artillery, whilst
+a fire was opened from the centre, aided by a flight of rockets.
+Here a masked battery played with great effect, dismounting
+the pieces and blowing up the tumbrils of the British, but at
+this juncture Sir Henry Hardinge placed himself at the head
+of the left wing, the right being led by Sir Hugh Gough.
+Unchecked by the opposing fire, the line advanced, and drove
+the foe rapidly out of the village of Ferozeshah, and the encampment;
+then changing front to the left, continued to sweep
+the camp, bearing down all opposition. Eventually the Sikhs
+were dislodged from their whole position. The line now halted,
+and the two brave leaders rode along its front, amid the cheering
+of the soldiers and the waving of the captured standards of
+the Khalsa army. Seventy-three pieces of cannon were also
+captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>The British, masters of the entire field, now assumed a
+position on the ground they had so nobly won; but their
+labours were not ended, for in less than two hours Sirdar Tej
+Singh brought up from the vicinity of Ferozepore fresh battalions,
+and a large field of artillery, supported by thirty
+thousand Ghorechurras, previously encamped near the river.
+Driving in the cavalry parties, he made strenuous efforts to
+regain the position at Ferozeshah; this attempt was defeated;
+but the Sirdar renewing the contest with fresh troops, and a
+large artillery, commenced the attack by a combination against
+the left flank; and after being frustrated in this attempt, essayed
+such a demonstration against the captured village, as
+compelled the British to change the whole front to the right.
+Meanwhile an incessant fire was maintained by the foe without
+being answered by a single shot, the artillery ammunition being
+completely expended in these protracted encounters. The almost
+exhausted cavalry were now directed to threaten both flanks
+at once, the infantry preparing to advance in support; this
+soon caused the Sikhs to discontinue firing, and to abandon the
+field, precipitately retreating towards the Sutlej, large stores of
+grain and <i>matériel</i> of war being abandoned by the enemy.<a id='r117'></a><a href='#f117' class='c013'><sup>[117]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It is not surprising that the British casualties were numerous;
+the total loss being six hundred and ninety-four killed,
+and one thousand seven hundred and twenty-one wounded.
+The entire staff of the Governor-General was killed or wounded,
+except his son, Captain Hardinge, who had his horse shot under
+him. Within thirty hours an entrenched camp had been stormed,
+a general action fought, and two considerable conflicts sustained
+with the enemy. Thus in less than four days, sixty thousand
+Sikh soldiers, supported by upwards of one hundred and fifty
+pieces of cannon, were dislodged from their position, and received
+a just retribution for their treacherous proceedings, without
+provocation or declaration of hostilities.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 29th., 31st., 50th., 62nd.,
+and 80th. Foot; the 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal Irregular
+Cavalry, Bengal Sappers and Miners, Royal Bengal Fusiliers;
+4th., 5th., and 7th. Bengal Infantry, took part in the battle
+of Ferozeshuhur. In the official despatch there were no
+regiments particularized, for all were equally exposed during
+this protracted conflict.<a id='r118'></a><a href='#f118' class='c013'><sup>[118]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALIWAL.<br> <span class='sc'>28th. January, 1846.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 16th. of January, 1846, the first brigade, with a
+few guns and some native cavalry, received sudden orders to
+march on the following morning in the direction of Loodiana,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>under the command of Major-General Sir Harry Smith. By
+a forced, march on the 17th., the fort of Dhurrumkote was
+surprised, and the garrison, consisting of about three hundred
+men, laid down their arms, and were sent prisoners to head-quarters.
+On the 20th. of the same month this division was
+reinforced near the fort of Jugraon by the 16th. Lancers,
+the 53rd. Foot, a detachment of recruits of the Queen’s
+regiments, and a troop of horse artillery. The Major-General
+decided on attempting the relief of Loodiana, which was but
+slightly garrisoned, and was threatened by a large body of
+the enemy. The troops commenced their march about one
+o’clock in the morning of the 21st.; about eleven the enemy
+was observed to be drawn up, parallel with the British line
+of march, in a strong position at Buddiwal, his front covered
+by a ridge of low sand-hills, bristling with forty pieces of
+artillery, which were so placed that it was necessary, in
+order to gain Loodiana, either to risk a battle to dislodge
+him from a strong position,—which, with troops fatigued by
+a long march, under a burning sun, and greatly inferior in
+numbers, would have been a hazardous proceeding,—or to
+proceed along the entire front of his position under a galling
+fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having a just confidence in the steadiness of his troops,
+Sir Harry Smith chose the latter course. The infantry, formed
+in open column of companies right in front (the grenadier
+company of the 31st. leading,) and ready at any moment to
+form line, preceded by the artillery, and covered by the
+cavalry, marched at a distance of five hundred yards, along
+the front of this formidable line, receiving the fire of each
+battery as it bore upon them. The Sikh position being
+passed, and the enemy declining to follow, by three o’clock
+in the afternoon the troops arrived at Loodiana, thus effecting
+the desired object.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 22nd. and 23rd. the soldiers were permitted to rest
+themselves after their late fatigue, and on the 24th. the
+enemy retired to Aliwal, a village on the Sutlej. The British
+moved to the ground lately occupied by them at Buddiwal,
+where they were reinforced by the second brigade of Sir
+Harry Smith’s division, consisting of the 50th. Foot and 48th.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>Native Infantry, with some cavalry and infantry from Loodiana.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At daylight on the 28th. Sir Harry Smith marched with
+his whole force to attack the Sirdar Runjoor Singh and the
+Rajah of Ladwa in their camps at Aliwal, the enemy being
+drawn up in line of battle with his left resting on the village,
+numbering about fifteen thousand men, with fifty-six guns.
+From information afterwards received, it appeared that the
+Sikhs were about to march upon Jugraon that very morning,
+for the purpose of getting between Sir Harry Smith’s force
+and the heavy guns coming up from Delhi under a very
+slender escort. The march having been previously conducted
+in columns of brigades at deploying distance, each brigade
+deployed on its leading company, and thus formed one long
+line. Abour ten o’clock in the morning the action commenced
+by a heavy cannonade from the Sikh artillery, which was
+principally directed on the British centre. The village of
+Aliwal was filled with infantry, supported by cavalry in the
+rear, and further defended by two guns on its left.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The enemy,” says Sir Harry Smith, “fought with much
+resolution, and maintained frequent encounters with our
+cavalry hand to hand. In one charge of infantry upon the
+16th. Lancers, they threw away their muskets, and came on
+with their swords and targets against the lance.” But all
+their bravery was fruitless. The village was carried, and the
+two guns were captured,<a id='r119'></a><a href='#f119' class='c013'><sup>[119]</sup></a> but the line being in consequence
+somewhat disarranged, it was quickly re-formed, and advanced
+in excellent order, overcoming all opposition. The attack of
+the enemy by the left wing was equally successful; the line
+advanced, making a steady and successful charge, and the
+Sikhs, being beaten in every quarter, fled towards the river
+in the utmost confusion, leaving their camp, baggage, and
+stores, with fifty-two pieces of artillery, as trophies in the
+hands of the victors.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in this battle were the 16th. Lancers,
+31st., 50th., and 53rd. Foot, 3rd. Skinner’s Horse, 1st. and
+2nd. Ghoorkas, and 7th. and 13th. Bengal Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SOBRAON.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. February, 1846.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Although the intelligence of the victory of Aliwal, and
+the sight of the numerous bodies which floated from the
+vicinity of that battle-field to the bridge of boats at Sobraon,
+apparently disheartened the enemy, and caused many of them
+to return to their homes, yet in a few days they appeared as
+confident as ever of being able in their entrenched position, to
+defy the Anglo-Indian army, and to prevent the passage of
+the Sutlej.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The heavy ordnance having arrived on the 8th. of February,
+the day on which the forces under Major-General Sir Harry
+Smith rejoined the main body of the army, it was determined
+at once to storm their entrenchments, and finally drive them
+out of Hindoostan. This was no ordinary undertaking, as,
+from observations made during the time the head-quarters of
+the army were stationed at the village of Nihalkee, it was
+ascertained that the position at Sobraon was covered with formidable
+entrenchments, and defended by thirty thousand of
+the <i>élite</i> of the Khalsa troops; besides being united by a good
+bridge to a reserve on the opposite bank of the river, on which
+was stationed a considerable camp, with artillery, which commanded
+and flanked the Sikh field-works on the British side
+of the Sutlej.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About daybreak on the 10th. of February, the mortars,
+battering guns, and field artillery were disposed on the alluvial
+land, embracing within their fire the enemy’s works. As
+soon as the sun’s rays cleared the heavy mist which hung
+over the plain, the cannonade commenced; but notwithstanding
+the admirable manner in which the guns were served, it
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>would have been visionary to expect that they could, within
+any limited time, silence the fire of seventy pieces of artillery
+behind well-constructed batteries, or dislodge troops so strongly
+entrenched. It soon therefore became evident that musketry
+and the bayonet must ultimately decide the contest.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British infantry, formed on the extreme left of the
+line, then advanced to the assault, and in spite of every impediment,
+cleared the entrenchments, and entered the enemy’s
+camp. Her Majesty’s 10th., 53rd., and 80th. regiments, with
+the 33rd., 43rd., 59th., and 63rd. Native Infantry, moving
+at a firm and steady pace, never fired a shot till they had
+passed the barriers opposed to them, to which was attributed
+the success of their first effort, and the small loss sustained
+by them. When checked by the formidable obstacles and
+superior numbers to which the attacking division was exposed,
+the second division, under Major-General Gilbert,
+afforded the most opportune assistance by advancing to the
+attack of the Sikh batteries, entering the fortified position
+after a severe struggle, and sweeping through the interior of
+the camp. A very severe loss was inflicted by this division
+upon the retreating enemy. The same gallant efforts, attended
+by similar results, distinguished the attack of the enemy’s
+left by the first division, under Major-General Sir Harry
+Smith, in which the troops nobly sustained their former
+reputation.<a id='r120'></a><a href='#f120' class='c013'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Fighting with the energy of desperation, the Sikhs even
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>when some of their entrenchments were mastered with the
+bayonet, endeavoured to recover with the sword the positions
+they had lost. The cavalry under General Sir Joseph Thackwell,
+rode through the openings made by the sappers, in single file,
+and re-forming as they passed them, galloped on and cut down
+the Sikh artillerymen at their guns. But it was not until the
+weight of all three divisions of infantry, in addition to several
+regiments of cavalry, and the fire of every piece of field artillery
+that could be sent to their aid, had been felt, that the enemy
+gave way. The Sikh regiments retreated at first in tolerable
+order, but the incessant volleys soon caused them to seek
+safety in a rapid flight. Masses of them precipitated themselves
+on their bridge, which, being broken by the heavy fire,
+was incapable to sustain the multitudes pressing forward; the
+sudden rise too of the Sutlej rendered the ford almost
+impassable, adding another obstacle to their escape. A
+dreadful carnage ensued. The stream was red with the
+blood of men and horses, the bridge in many places had
+given way, and it is considered that at least a third of
+the Sikh army perished in this battle; sixty-seven of their
+guns were captured, together with two hundred camel-swivels
+(zumbroorucks,)<a id='r121'></a><a href='#f121' class='c013'><sup>[121]</sup></a> numerous standards, and vast munitions of
+war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this manner ended the battle of Sobraon; at six in
+the morning it commenced; at nine it became a hand to
+hand conflict; and by eleven it was gained. Major-General
+Sir Robert Dick, K.C.B., the former leader of the 42nd.
+Royal Highlanders in Spain, fell at the moment of victory;
+Brigadier Taylor, C.B., the beloved commanding officer of the
+second division, was also killed. In these several battles the
+British loss amounted to six thousand two hundred and
+seventy-two officers and men killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Of the Queen’s regiments, besides those already mentioned,
+the 31st. and 50th. were described in orders as having
+greatly distinguished themselves. The gallant conduct of the
+9th., 29th., and 62nd. regiments, was also specially noticed,
+and the cavalry were not forgotten.<a id='r122'></a><a href='#f122' class='c013'><sup>[122]</sup></a> The 3rd. Light
+Dragoons and the 10th. especially distinguished themselves.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments were present at this decisive
+victory, namely,—3rd. Light Dragoons; 9th., and 16th.
+Lancers, 9th., 10th., 29th., 31st., 50th., 53rd., 62nd., and
+80th. Foot; their conduct and that of the officers received
+the thanks of Parliament, the 1st. Bengal Europeans; 4th.
+5th., 6th., 7th., 8th., 9th., and 26th. Bengal Native Infantry,
+and 1st., and 2nd. Goorkhas.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Ten days after the battle of Sobraon the British arrived
+before Lahore. So complete was the discomfiture of the
+Sikhs, that no further opposition was experienced: and on
+the 22nd. of February a brigade of troops took formal possession
+of the palace and citadel of Lahore. A treaty was signed
+on the 7th. of March, which, while it evinced the moderation
+and justice of the paramount power of India, appeared
+calculated to secure the frontier against similar acts of
+aggression.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE PUNJAB CAMPAIGN. SIEGE OF MOOLTAN.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'><span class='sc'>7th. September, 1848, to 2nd. January, 1849.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir John Littler had been selected to
+command the garrison of about ten thousand men which
+had been left at Lahore, to protect the chief sirdars from
+their own turbulent countrymen, while re-constructing the
+government, with Sir Henry Lawrence as political Resident,
+and everything appeared to be progressing in a satisfactory
+manner, when, in 1848, Moolraj, the Dewan of Mooltan,
+having apparently agreed to the arrangement for appointing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>Sirdar Khan Singh his successor as governor of that town,
+Mr. Vans Agnew, of the Civil Service, and Lieutenant
+Anderson, of the Bombay Army, who had been sent to
+Mooltan to install Khan Singh were treacherously attacked
+and murdered. This was followed by a general outbreak
+at Lahore, and endeavours were made to expel the British
+from the Punjab. In this capital Maharaj Singh, a Gooroo
+or priest, raising the standard of rebellion, soon collected
+a numerous body of the disbanded Sikhs, and thus prevented
+the British troops at Lahore from marching against Mooltan,
+which was occupied by the enemy at the commencement of
+hostilities.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was at this juncture that Lieutenant Edwardes<a id='r123'></a><a href='#f123' class='c013'><sup>[123]</sup></a> accomplished
+that for which he gained such just renown. By his
+gallantry and judicious skill he not only raised forces, but
+exerted so strong an influence that he succeeded in holding
+Moolraj in check until succours could be afforded; and having
+united his troops with those of Colonel Cortlandt, several
+successful encounters took place with the insurgents. On
+June 18th., Edwardes and Cortlandt with troops consisting
+chiefly of Sikhs and Mohammedans, after an action of 9 hours
+defeated the army of Moolraj at Kineyree, with great loss
+of men and baggage; six guns also were taken. In July
+they again attacked Moolraj, who with an army of eleven
+thousand men had taken up a strong position at the village
+of Suddoosam, and after a fierce fight of six hours drove
+him to seek shelter within the walls of Mooltan. Major-General
+Whish arrived from Lahore on the 18th. of August,
+1848, with a force of which Her Majesty’s 10th. Foot
+formed part, and on the next day was joined by a column
+from Ferozepore, with which was the Queen’s 32nd. regiment.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>The village of Ramteerut was taken possession of on
+the 7th. of September, and the working parties having
+made good progress, it was resolved to attack the outworks
+on the 12th. of that month, when Shere Singh deserted with
+five thousand Sikhs to the enemy. This defection made it
+necessary to raise the siege on the 15th. of that month,
+and a position was taken up some miles distant.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Lord Gough was marching into the Punjab, and
+the advance force, under Brigadier-General Campbell, C.B.,
+(afterwards Lord Clyde,) was engaged at Ramnuggur on the
+22nd. of November, 1848. Here the gallant Brigadier-General Cureton,
+C.B., commanding the cavalry division, (the flaxen
+haired boy of the Peninsula,) and Lieutenant-Colonel William
+Havelock, K.H., were killed. The brilliant charges of the
+3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, and of the 5th. and 8th.
+regiments of Light Cavalry, against the enemy’s horsemen,
+numbering between three and four thousand men, was specially
+noticed in general orders.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This engagement was followed by the action of Sadoolapoor,
+on Sunday, the 3rd. of December, 1848, by the troops under
+Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B., in which the
+3rd. Light Dragoons, and the 24th. and 61st. regiments
+shared. The enemy’s loss was severe, but the British casualties
+were comparatively small, amounting to only seventy-three
+killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A gallant and successful attack was made with little loss,
+on a strong position of the enemy on the eastern side of
+the Grand Canal, by the troops under Brigadier-General F.
+Markham, on the morning of the 7th. of November.<a id='r124'></a><a href='#f124' class='c013'><sup>[124]</sup></a> This
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>is known as the action of Sooroojkhund, in which the 10th.
+and 32nd. regiments shared, (the latter being commanded by
+Major Inglis, afterwards the heroic defender of Lucknow,)
+when the enemy’s strongly entrenched position was carried,
+and four of his guns captured without firing a shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While these events were occurring Major-General Whish
+renewed the siege of Mooltan; and having been joined on the
+26th. of December by Brigadier the Honourable H. Dundas,
+C.B., of the 60th. Rifles, with the Bombay column, which,
+in addition to native corps, comprised the 60th. Royal Rifles,
+an attack was made on the entrenchments on the 27th. of
+December; and the enemy being driven from the suburbs, a
+position was taken up by the British within four hundred
+yards of the walls. The gallantry and discipline of the 60th.
+Rifles were specially noticed; they had Major Gordon killed,
+and Major Dennis wounded. Three companies of the 32nd.
+shared in the re-occupation of the suburbs on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a shell from one of the mortars on the 30th. the
+principal magazine, containing 400,000 lbs. of powder, in the
+citadel was blown up, destroying the grand musjid and several
+houses, and costing the lives of about eight hundred of the
+garrison. Nowise dismayed by this misfortune, Moolraj refused
+to surrender, and continued the defence, saying he had powder
+enough left to last him for twelvemonths; but breaches were
+effected during the nights of the 30th. and 31st., one near
+the Delhi gate, and the other near the Bohur gate. A
+sortie was made by the garrison on the last day of the year,
+but this was repulsed by Major Edwardes and Lieutenant
+Lake, the enemy being driven back with severe loss. The
+place was eventually stormed in the afternoon of the 2nd. of
+January, 1849.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colour-Sergeant John Bennett, of the 1st. Bombay Fusiliers,
+performed a most gallant act. He planted the Union Jack in
+the crest of the breach, standing beside it until the troops had
+passed. Both colour and staff were riddled with balls. The
+suburbs between the Delhi gate and the left breach were
+occupied by pickets from the first brigade, under Major Dennin
+of the 60th. Rifles, a company of that regiment, under Captain
+Douglas, being stationed in the houses opposite the breach is,
+the Khoonee Boorj, to cover the advance of the storming party,
+and two companies, under Captains Young and Sibthorp, to
+perform the same office for the Bengal column.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two practicable breaches having been made, orders were
+issued to storm the citadel (into which Moolraj had retired)
+on the 22nd.; and when the British troops were about to
+commence, the Sikh chief, with the whole of the garrison,
+surrendered.<a id='r125'></a><a href='#f125' class='c013'><sup>[125]</sup></a> Moolraj was subsequently tried for the murder
+of Mr. Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson, but the capital
+sentence was changed into imprisonment for life. This siege
+cost the British a loss of nearly one thousand two hundred
+killed and wounded. After this brilliant success, Major-General
+Whish proceeded with a considerable portion of his troops,
+to join the army immediately under the command of Lord
+Gough.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 10th., 32nd., and 60th. regiments took part in these
+operations. These three regiments, after the fall of the place,
+proceeded to join the army under Lord Gough, and by forced
+marches succeeded in being in time to share in the final
+struggle at Goojerat. The Native regiments present were—the
+Royal Bombay Fusiliers, 5th. Bengal Cavalry, 1st. and 2nd.
+Scinde Horse; 3rd., 7th., 9th., and 19th. Bombay Infantry; and
+Bengal and Bombay Sappers and Miners.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF CHILIANWALA.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. January, 1849.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Lord Gough having received information on the 10th. of
+January of the fall of the fortress of Attock, which had been
+defended for a lengthened period, by Major Herbert, and of
+the advance of Chuttur Singh, in order to unite his forces
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>with those under his son, Shere Singh, resolved to attempt
+the overthrow of the Sikh army in his front; and, accordingly,
+at daylight on the morning of the 12th., moved on
+the Dingee from Loah Tibba, and thence on the following
+morning towards the village of Chilianwala, the army making
+a considerable detour to the right, partly to distract the
+enemy’s attention, but chiefly with the view of keeping as
+clear of the jungle as possible. The village was reached
+about noon, when a strong picket of the enemy’s cavalry and
+infantry was discovered on a mound close to it. This was at
+once dispersed, and from the elevation was obtained a very
+extended view of the country and of the enemy drawn out
+in order of battle.<a id='r126'></a><a href='#f126' class='c013'><sup>[126]</sup></a> The ground in front although not a dense
+was still a difficult jungle; and as the day was so far advanced,
+Lord Gough decided to take up a position in rear of
+the village.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While ground was being selected for the encampment the
+enemy advanced some horse artillery, and opened a fire on
+the skirmishers in front of the village. Orders were given
+for this fire to be silenced by a few rounds from the heavy
+guns, which was instantly returned by that of nearly the
+whole of the enemy’s field artillery, thus exposing the position
+of his guns, which had hitherto been concealed by the jungle.
+As it was evident that the Sikhs intended to fight, and
+would probably advance their guns so as to reach the encampment
+during the night, the British were at once drawn
+up in order of battle. After about an hour’s fire that of the
+enemy appeared to be, if not actually silenced, at least
+sufficiently disabled to justify an advance upon his position
+and guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The left division, under Brigadier-General Colin Campbell
+(afterwards Lord Clyde), was then ordered to advance. This
+had to move over a greater extent of ground, in front of which
+the foe appeared not to have many guns. Shortly afterwards
+Sir Walter Gilbert was directed to advance, Brigadier Pope
+being instructed to connect the flank and support the movement.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>Brigadier Penny’s brigade was held in reserve, while
+the Irregular Cavalry, under Brigadier Hearsey, with the
+20th. Native Infantry, was ordered to protect the provisions
+and baggage.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier Pennycuick’s brigade having failed in maintaining
+the position it had carried, Brigadier Penny’s reserve was
+ordered to support; but Brigadier-General Colin Campbell,
+(to use Lord Gough’s own words,) “with that steady coolness
+and military decision for which he is so remarkable, having
+pushed on his left brigade and formed line to his right,
+carried everything before him, and soon overthrew that portion
+of the enemy which had obtained a temporary advantage
+over his right brigade.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This last brigade mistook for the signal to move in double
+time the action of their brave leaders, Brigadier Pennycuick
+and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, who waved their swords over
+their heads as they cheered on their gallant troops. This unfortunate
+mistake caused the Europeans to outstrip the native
+corps, which were unable to keep pace, and arriving, completely
+blown, at a belt of very thick jungle, got into some
+confusion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, heading the 24th.,
+was killed between the Sikh guns. At this moment a numerous
+body of infantry, which supported their guns, opened so
+destructive a fire that the brigade was compelled to retire,
+but not before having lost their gallant leader, Brigadier
+Pennycuick,<a id='r127'></a><a href='#f127' class='c013'><sup>[127]</sup></a> and the three other field officers of the 24th.,
+together with nearly half the regiment;<a id='r128'></a><a href='#f128' class='c013'><sup>[128]</sup></a> the native corps
+also suffered severely.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>In the height of the conflict, from causes never satisfactorily
+explained, the cavalry of Brigadier Pope’s brigade,
+suddenly retreated, bursting through their own artillery in
+their course. They were pursued by the Sikh horse, who
+charged the artillery, unable to fire without killing their own
+cavalry, as friends and foes in the <i>mêlée</i> were intermixed.
+Seventy-five of the gunners were cut down, and six guns
+captured by the enemy. But the reserve artillery came up,
+the cavalry rallied, and the infantry standing firm, the Sikh
+horsemen were repulsed with loss, and two of the guns
+captured retaken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, on the extreme left
+and rear, charged the enemy’s cavalry wherever they shewed
+themselves, and the right attack of infantry, under Major-General
+Sir Walter Gilbert, was most successful, whilst the
+left brigade, under Brigadier Mountain, was highly distinguished.
+Brigadier Godby ably supported the advance with the right
+brigade.<a id='r129'></a><a href='#f129' class='c013'><sup>[129]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Gough remained with Brigadier-General Campbell’s
+division, which had been reinforced by Brigadier Mountain’s
+brigade, until nearly eight o’clock, in order to effect the bringing
+in of the captured ordnance,<a id='r130'></a><a href='#f130' class='c013'><sup>[130]</sup></a> and of the wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At the close of this battle, which Havelock states:—“was
+the most sanguinary, and the nearest approximation to a defeat
+of any of the great conflicts of the British power in India,”—Lord
+Gough, for want of water, fell back for about a mile,
+and took up a new position clear of the jungle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the Sikhs, principally among their old and tried
+soldiers, was computed at three thousand killed, and four
+thousand wounded. With the exception of Sobraon, it was
+remarked by Lord Gough that he never remembered seeing
+so many of an enemy’s slain upon the same space. The British
+casualties were likewise heavy.<a id='r131'></a><a href='#f131' class='c013'><sup>[131]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this battle the “undaunted bravery” of Her Majesty’s
+29th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Congreve, was specially
+noticed, and the conduct of the 61st. was equally
+distinguished. The regiments engaged at Chillianwala were
+the 3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, 9th. Lancers, 24th., 29th.,
+and 61st. Foot; Bengal Fusiliers, and 2nd. and 11th. Bengal
+Native Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF GOOJERAT.<br> <span class='sc'>21st February, 1849.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After the battle of Chilianwala, the enemy occupied their
+position for nearly a month, with the British encamped on their
+left flank, but on February 12th. they quitted their entrenchments,
+and took up a position between Goojerat and the Chenab,
+with about 61,500 men and fifty-nine guns, under Shere Singh.
+It appears to have been their intention to cross this river, and,
+after plundering the Rechna Doab, to have marched to Lahore;
+but this was prevented by Major-General Whish, who had
+detached a brigade to guard the fords above and below
+Wuzeerabad, in which direction Lord Gough had moved.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At half-past seven o’clock in the morning of the 21st. of
+February, the army advanced with the precision of a parade
+movement. The Sikhs opened their fire at a very long distance,
+which exposed to the artillery both the position and
+range of their guns. For the first time the English commander
+was superior in artillery to the enemy, having ninety-seven
+guns, some of heavy calibre, but only 24,000 infantry. The
+infantry was halted just out of fire, and the whole of the
+artillery were advanced, covered by skirmishers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Sikh guns were served with their accustomed rapidity,
+and the enemy well and resolutely maintained his position,
+but the terrific force of the British fire obliged him, after
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>an obstinate resistance, to fall back. The infantry were then
+deployed, and a general advance was directed, the movement
+being covered, as before, by artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Burra Kalra, the left village of those of that name, wherein
+the enemy had concealed a large body of infantry, and which
+was apparently the key of their position, lay immediately in
+the line of Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert’s advance, and
+was carried in the most brilliant style by a spirited attack
+of the third brigade, under Brigadier Penny, consisting of
+the 2nd. Europeans, and 31st. and 70th. regiments of Native
+Infantry, which drove the enemy from their cover with great
+slaughter. A very spirited and successful movement was also
+made about the same time against a heavy body of troops in
+and about the second or Chotah Kalra, by part of Brigadier
+Hervey’s brigade, most gallantly led by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Franks, of the 10th. Foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The heavy artillery continued to advance, taking up successive
+forward positions, driving the enemy from those he
+had retired to, whilst the rapid advance and beautiful fire
+of the horse artillery and light field batteries, which were
+strengthened by bringing to the front the two reserved troops
+of horse artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind, Brigadier
+Brook having the general superintendence of the whole of the
+horse artillery, broke the enemy’s ranks at all points. The
+whole infantry line then rapidly advanced, and drove their
+opponents before it. The nullah was cleared, several villages
+stormed, the guns that were in position carried, the camp
+captured, and the whole army of Shere Singh routed in every
+direction; the right wing and Brigadier-General Campbell’s
+division passing in pursuit to the eastward, and the Bombay
+column to the westward of the town.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus hotly pursued, the retreat of the Sikhs soon became
+a perfect flight, all arms dispersing over the country,
+rapidly followed by the troops for a distance of twelve miles,
+their track strewed with their wounded, their weapons, and
+military equipments, which they threw away to conceal that
+they were soldiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the left a most successful and gallant charge was made
+upon the Afghan cavalry, and a large body of Goorchurras,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>by the Scinde horse, and a party of the 9th. Lancers, when
+several standards were captured. The 14th. Light Dragoons and
+the other cavalry regiments on the right, regular and irregular,
+by their bold front and gallant conduct, contributed much to the
+success of the day, while their conduct in following the fugitives
+received high commendation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus were defeated the forces brought by the Sikhs into the
+field, amongst whom were the <i>élite</i> of the old Khalsa army. Their
+numbers were estimated at sixty thousand men of all arms, and
+fifty-nine pieces of artillery; under the command of Sirdar
+Chuttur Singh, and Rajah Shere Singh, with a body of one
+thousand five hundred Afghan horse, led by Akram Khan, son of
+the Ameer, Dost Mahomed Khan. For the first time had the
+Sikhs and Afghans combined together, but the complete victory
+of Goojerat showed the futility of the compact.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Among the fifty-three guns captured were recovered those lost
+at Ramnuggur and Chillianwala; and it was also a gratifying fact
+that the casualties of the British were less than could be expected.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For twelve miles did the exulting horsemen pursue the flying
+foe, and the shades of evening were falling when they returned
+weary to camp. The following morning Major-General Gilbert
+resumed the pursuit towards the Jhelum, with the view of cutting
+off the enemy from the only practicable gun-road to that river.
+Another division of infantry, under Brigadier-General Colin
+Campbell, advanced on the road to Bimber, scouring the country
+in that direction to prevent their carrying off their guns by that
+route; and a body of cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel Bradford,
+successfully pushed on several miles into the hills, accompanied
+by Captain Nicholson, a most energetic political officer, with the
+same object; while Lord Gough remained in possession of the
+field for the purpose of supporting these operations, covering the
+fords of the Chenab, and destroying the vast magazines of ammunition
+left scattered in all directions. These combinations
+were entirely successful, and by them the power of the Sikhs was
+completely broken. The regiments which took part in this
+decisive victory were, the 3rd., 9th., and 14th. Light Dragoons;
+the 10th., 24th., 29th., 32nd., 53rd., 60th., and 61st. Foot; the
+1st. and 2nd. Bengal European, 1st. Bombay European; 1st., 5th.,
+6th., and 8th. Bengal Light Cavalry; 3rd., 9th., 11th., and 14th.
+Irregular Cavalry; Scinde Horse; nine troops Horse Artillery,
+four batteries Bombay Artillery; 2nd. and 11th. Bengal Infantry,
+and 19th. Bombay Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert, K.C.B., crossing the
+Jhelum on the 3rd. of March, came up with a portion of the
+retreating army, under Shere Singh and Chuttur Singh, at
+Hoormuck, where they surrendered on the 11th. of March;
+the sirdars and the remainder of his troops, amounting to
+sixteen thousand men, laid down their arms at Rawul Pindee
+three days afterwards. Forty-one pieces of artillery were
+given up, and the Sikhs remaining, after so many fields of
+slaughter, being given each a rupee, dispersed to their homes.
+The Afghans were energetically pursued through Attock and
+Peshawur, as far as the Khyber Pass, losing half their number
+in the field, and many of the remainder in their retreat. Dost
+Mahomed then sued for peace, which was granted to him.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Duke of Wellington, then Commander-in-Chief, being dissatisfied
+with the conduct of Lord Gough for incurring such
+heavy losses, superseded him in his command by Sir Charles
+Napier, who, selected at a moment’s notice, had proceeded to
+India, but found on his arrival that the British arms had gained
+the ascendancy in that country, and the consequence of Lord
+Gough’s crowning victory was the annexation of the Punjab. A
+pension was granted to the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh; and the
+celebrated diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light,
+taken from Shah Sooja by Runjeet Singh, was presented to Her
+Majesty.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE NEW ZEALAND MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal was granted by a general order, March 1st.,
+1869, to the troops who had been engaged in the two wars
+in New Zealand, during the years 1845–47, and 1860–66. Obverse:
+Queen’s head, crowned and veiled; with the inscription,
+“Victoria, <span class='fss'>D.G.</span> Britt. Reg. <span class='fss'>F.D.</span>”; reverse: a laurel wreath,
+within which is engraved the years during which the recipient
+served, with the words “New Zealand” above and “Virtutis
+Honor” below. No clasp issued. Ribbon: dark blue, with
+broad red stripe in the centre. Given to both services. Some
+of the medals were issued without dates on the reverse, but
+most with dates varying from 1845 to 1847, and from 1860
+to 1866.</p>
+
+<div id='i332fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_332fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The New Zealand Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE FIRST NEW ZEALAND WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1845–7.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The first actual British settlement in New Zealand was
+made in 1839, and in the following year the first Governor,
+Captain Hobson, concluded the Treaty of Waitangi with the
+native chiefs, by which the sovereignty of the Islands was
+ceded to Great Britain. Until 1841 all the settlements in New
+Zealand were under the Sydney Government, but in that year
+the three Islands were constituted an independent colony, with
+Auckland for the capital. As the settlers increased, disputes
+arose between them and the natives, about the possession of
+lands; which the settlers asserted they had purchased, but to
+which the natives held they had no claim whatever. These
+contentions and quarrels were intensified by the ignorance of
+both races of the customs and modes of procedure of each
+other, as well as by the irregular manner land was bought
+and sold. In June, 1843, these disputes culminated in a conflict
+in the Wairau Valley, in the province of Nelson; where
+two chiefs, who had resisted the survey of their lands, defeated
+a party sent to arrest them, headed by the Police Magistrate,
+killing him and twenty-one settlers in the fray, or in the general
+massacre of prisoners which followed it. This disastrous repulse
+destroyed the prestige of the English, and the natives
+began to boast that they had the settlers at their mercy.
+Troops, however, arrived from Australia, the affair was smoothed
+over, and for some months peace was undisturbed. Trouble
+then arose in the northern Island; a powerful chief, called
+Hone Heke, who had been educated by the missionaries, with
+many of his countrymen, grew discontented with the customs
+duties, the high price of tobacco and blankets, and the absence
+of the usual whale ships at the town of Kororareka (now
+Russell), near which he was residing. Considering that the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>British flag, which waved on the hill above the town, represented
+the power which fettered the trade and kept away the whalers,
+and having a grudge against some of the inhabitants, Heke,
+on July 8th., 1844, assembled his men, danced the war-dance
+at Kororareka, cut down and burned the flag-staff, plundered
+several stores, and took possession of the town for several days.
+A proclamation was issued by the Governor, offering £100 for
+the capture of Heke, who replied by offering a similar reward
+for the Governor’s (Captain Fitzroy) head. H.M.S. “Hazard,”
+with a detachment of the 96th regiment was sent to Kororareka,
+the flag-staff was re-erected, and troops stationed to guard it.
+As Heke threatened the flag-staff should not remain, Captain
+Robertson landed from the “Hazard” with a gun, a blockhouse
+was constructed, the inhabitants aroused, and the town put
+in a state of defence. At daybreak on March 11th., 1845, the
+handful of men guarding the flag-staff were surprised by Heke,
+and the staff again cut down. At the same time Captain
+Robertson was attacked by two hundred natives, under a chief
+called Kawiti, and after a sharp skirmish was compelled to
+spike his gun and fall back to a fortified house near the beach.
+Aided by the guns of the “Hazard,” the soldiers and inhabitants
+defended themselves for three hours against the attacks
+of the natives, till their magazine exploded. During a truce,
+asked by the enemy to carry off their killed and wounded,
+it was resolved to abandon the settlement, and the soldiers,
+with the whole of the inhabitants, embarking on board the
+“Hazard,” and other ships which were lying in the Bay, sailed
+for Auckland. The town was then plundered and burnt.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Reinforcements arriving from Sydney, an expedition, under
+Colonel Hulme, 96th. Regiment, was despatched to Kororareka,
+which landed without opposition, re-hoisted the British
+flag, and proclaimed martial law. Heke having taken up a
+fortified position at Okaihau, a place about eighteen miles
+inland, a force, consisting of the 58th Regiment, under
+Major Bridge, a detachment of the 96th., some seamen and
+marines from H.M. Ships “North Star” and “Hazard,” in all
+about four hundred men, under Colonel Hulme, with about
+the same number of native allies, set out to attack him.
+Most of the road lay through a forest; it took four days
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>to reach the fortification, or “pa,” during which time the
+rain fell in torrents. Each soldier carried five days’ biscuit
+and thirty rounds of ammunition, and, being without tents,
+two-thirds of the ammunition and all the biscuits were unfit
+for use on arriving at Okaihau. The “pa” was found to
+be too strong to be taken without artillery, and after a
+fruitless assault, and repulse of a sally made by the natives,
+the troops returned to the ships, with a loss of fourteen
+killed and thirty-nine wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>More troops having arrived from Australia, another expedition
+was formed against Heke, who now occupied a stronghold
+at Oheawai, a place nineteen miles inland from the
+Bay of Islands. It was composed of the 58th. Regiment,
+under Major Bridge, detachments of the 96th. and 99th.
+Regiments, thirty men from H.M.S. “Hazard” and eighty
+volunteers from Auckland, the whole numbering six hundred
+and thirty men, with four guns, and about two hundred
+and fifty natives, commanded by Colonel Despard, of the
+99th. On June 23rd. the force was before Oheawai, a pa
+ninety yards by fifty, with projecting flanks, surrounded by
+three rows of palisades, between which was a ditch five feet
+deep, with traverses and loopholes. On each side of the
+pa was a ravine with woody hills, and the adjacent country
+was thickly covered with trees. Next day the guns proved
+to be useless against the stockades, though at last fired at
+a range of eighty yards, but Commander Johnstone, of
+H.M.S. “Hazard,” bringing up a thirty-two pounder, two
+breaches were made, and Colonel Despard ordered an assault.
+The assault was made on July 1st., by one hundred and
+sixty soldiers, under Major Bridge, and forty seamen and
+volunteers, under Lieutenant Philpotts, R.N., who bravely
+strove to enter the place under a heavy fire, but the
+inner palisade being unbroken, the party was forced to
+retire, with two officers and half their number killed and
+wounded. Among the killed were Captain Grant of the
+58th., and Lieutenant Philpotts,<a id='r132'></a><a href='#f132' class='c013'><sup>[132]</sup></a> R.N., son of the Bishop of
+Exeter.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>The troops remained in front of the pa for some days,
+and were preparing for another assault, but in the night of
+July 10th. the enemy abandoned their position, which was
+then taken by the British, and the palisades destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this the war languished for some months, till Capt.
+(afterwards Sir George) Grey, replaced Captain Fitzroy as
+Governor, in November, when more active measures were
+taken. The new Governor gave the two chiefs, Heke and
+Kawiti, a fixed time to decide for peace or war, and this
+expiring without any satisfactory answer from either of them,
+Colonel Despard was ordered to renew hostilities. The
+enemy being in want of food, divided their forces, Heke
+remaining at a position he had fortified at Ikorangi, ten
+miles from Oheawai, while Kawiti fortified and garrisoned
+a place called Ruapekapeka, on the side of a hill in a
+forest. The English troops comprised the 58th. Regiment,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, with detachments of
+the 99th., Royal Artillery, East India Company’s Artillery,
+Royal Marines, and volunteers, under Captain Atkins with a
+brigade of three hundred and sixteen seamen from H.M.S.
+“Castor,” “North Star,” and “Racehorse,” and the E.I.C.’s ship
+“Elphinstone”; and a body of natives, with their chiefs, Walker,
+Nene, Repa, and Macquarrie. The whole force amounted to
+one thousand one hundred and seventy-three Europeans,
+and four hundred and fifty natives, with three thirty-two
+pounders, one eighteen-pounder, and seven brass guns and
+rocket tubes. The enemy had improved in the art of fortification,
+and Ruapekapeka was found a much stronger
+place than Oheawai. The “pa” measured about one hundred
+and seventy yards by seventy, well flanked at the sides and
+angles, surrounded by two rows of palisades with a ditch
+between them, with the earth thrown up behind to form an
+inner parapet, and inside were huts with underground excavations.
+On December 31st. the British opened fire from
+all their guns in position and continued it till January 2nd.,
+when the enemy made a sally which was repulsed. On the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>10th. two breaches were made in the stockade, and the defenders
+losing heart began to retire. Next day some of
+the native allies finding the “pa” almost deserted, crept up
+to the palisades, and supported by a detachment of the
+58th. Regiment, under Captain Denny, rushed through the
+breaches, and the place was taken and destroyed, with a
+loss to the victors of thirteen men killed and thirty wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This virtually finished the war. Heke was occupied at
+Ikorangi by a feigned attack made by Macquarrie, and
+after the capture of Ruapekapeka, his followers, and those of
+Kawiti, began to disperse, and both chiefs were anxious for
+pardon and peace. This was granted to them by the
+Governor, in January, 1846, and the war in the North
+Island was at an end.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While these events were occurring in the North Island, a
+harassing series of surprises and skirmishes was carried on
+in the southern. On May 16th., 1847, a party of the 58th.
+Regiment, under Lieutenant Page, stationed at Boulcott’s
+Farm, were surprised an hour before daylight, and six men
+killed and four wounded.<a id='r133'></a><a href='#f133' class='c013'><sup>[133]</sup></a> After a skirmish or two, Major
+Last, with a detachment of the 99th. Regiment, attacked a
+stockade held by Rangihaeata, the chief of the insurgents in
+the Southern Island, and was so far successful that the natives
+abandoned the position, and were pursued and dispersed by
+parties of soldiers, militia, and police. A determined attack
+was made on May 19th., on the settlement of Wanganui by
+six hundred of the enemy, which was defended by one
+hundred and seventy men of the 58th. Regiment, in three
+block houses, aided by a gunboat on the river. The attack
+lasted five hours, in spite of a constant fire of shot and
+shell, but in the night the enemy decamped, dispirited by
+their losses.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the beginning of June they again appeared in force, attacked
+a party of the 65th. Regiment, and a day or two after
+approaching near the block houses, challenged the soldiers to
+come out and fight. On the 19th. the troops made a sally,
+and drove the enemy into the bush, and on the 23rd. they
+sent in a flag of truce and stated their wish for peace.
+While the war lasted they were deprived of their usual supplies
+of tobacco, blankets, tea, and other things which had
+become necessary to them, and their privations disgusted
+them with a contest by which nothing could be gained.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 21st. of February, 1848, the principal chiefs met
+Governor Grey, at Wanganui; stolen cattle were restored,
+the natives paid for the lands in dispute by the Government,
+a general pardon granted, and peace concluded. For
+their services in this war, Captain Sir E. Home, R.N., Captain
+Graham, R.N., Colonel Despard, 99th. Regiment, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Wynyard, 58th. Regiment, were made Commanders
+of the Order of the Bath.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SECOND NEW ZEALAND WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1860–66.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The long and desultory second war in New Zealand, lasting
+with an interval of peace for some months, from 1860 to 1866,
+arose like the first, from disputes with the natives concerning
+the sale and possession of land. All the members of
+each tribe looked upon the land they occupied as their
+hereditary property, and if the consent of the whole tribe
+was not given to the sale and transfer, they considered the
+proceeding invalid and worthless. In the year 1861, the
+sale of land to the settlers provoked the natives of Taranaki
+to take up arms in defence of what they imagined to be
+their rights, and the conflict eventually spread over the
+greater part of the North Island. The Maoris proved themselves
+to be no despicable antagonists; they were well-armed
+with double-barrelled guns and rifles, and skilled in their
+use, and in bush-fighting; so that the heavily equipped
+British soldiers found it no easy task to subdue such wily
+and active enemies. They were also extremely skilful in the
+construction of rifle-pits and fortified “pas,” which were often
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>so strongly palisaded and entrenched as to be almost impregnable,
+even to artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At the beginning of the struggle the British troops in New
+Zealand were but very few in number, and till reinforcements
+arrived it was as much as they could do to maintain their
+ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After some skirmishes, an attack on the Maories at Taranaki,
+June 13th., 1860, was repulsed with heavy loss to
+the assailants, but reinforcements were despatched from Australia,
+under Major-General Pratt, who defeated the enemy
+at Mahoetaki, on November 6th. A chain of redoubts was
+thrown up to keep the natives in check, and to protect the
+town of New Plymouth, and these being occupied by detachments
+of different regiments, almost daily skirmishes
+took place with the enemy. A detachment of the 40th.
+Regiment was stationed in Redoubt No. 7, on the river
+Waitara, and on March 18th. a party, under Capt. Richards,
+was sent out to discover the Maories, who were known to
+be lurking in the bush, which about a thousand yards from
+the redoubt was in its primitive condition. The open space
+was crossed without opposition, but as soon as the detachment
+entered the bush, they were received with a heavy
+fire from unseen foes. Captain Richards ordered his men
+to extend in skirmishing order, and return the fire, which
+had little effect on their concealed opponents, by whose
+deliberate aim several of the soldiers fell killed and wounded.
+Lieutenant Rees, the second in command, seized the rifle of
+one of the fallen men, and encouraged his men by his example
+to keep up a steady fire. In a few minutes the
+lieutenant fell wounded, but Sergeant Lucas came to his
+assistance and sent him to the rear, while he himself with
+two men only that remained unwounded in that part of the
+field, took shelter behind a tree, and by the spirited fire
+they maintained, kept the enemy at bay, amid showers of
+bullets which flew on every side of them, till they were
+rescued by a party from the redoubt, under Lieutenants
+Gibson and Whelan, at whose approach the Maories fled.
+For his gallant behaviour on this occasion Sergeant Lucas
+obtained the Victoria Cross. The natives having previously
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>experienced several defeats, were convinced of the futility of
+further resistance, and this was the last affair in the Taranaki
+war. Next day, March 19th., 1861, witnessed a general surrender,
+and the establishment of peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Unfortunately the embers of discord still smouldered, and
+the hoped-for peace proved to be but a lengthened truce. On
+May 4th., 1863, hostilities were resumed by an attack made
+by the natives on a military escort, who were fired upon
+from the bush, and eight of their number killed. In consequence
+of this, an encounter took place at Kuitkara, in
+which twenty-four Maories were slain, and the province of
+Auckland became again the scene of war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Maories having chosen one of their chiefs to be king,
+prior to the beginning of the war, now asserted their intention
+of driving the settlers out of the North Island;
+while General Duncan Cameron, Commander-in-Chief, by a
+proclamation declared all natives in arms, rebels, if they did
+not surrender in a week. The result of this was, that they
+retired with their goods to a place called Kohewa, and taking
+up a strongly fortified position at Roherea, a mountainous
+ridge, two miles from Kohewa, and near the Waikato river,
+set the General at defiance. Here Cameron attacked them;
+and under a hot fire carried their rifle-pits, and drove the
+Maories into the adjacent swamps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Previous to this, Volunteers, or Militia, had been raised
+among the colonists, four thousand of whom took up arms
+in defence of their homes, and redoubts had been erected
+for the defence of Auckland and other towns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In September, a detachment of the 65th. Regiment was
+stationed at Fort Alexandra, in the neighbourhood of Cameron
+Town, when news reached the fort, that Mr. Armitage, a
+magistrate living near, and a number of friendly natives had
+been massacred by the enemy. Captain Swift, in command
+of the detachment, with Lieutenant Butler, Sergt. McKenna,
+and a party of about fifty men, started into the bush in
+pursuit of the foe. They crossed swamps and forded rivers,
+till they suddenly found themselves exposed in the bush to
+a heavy fire on both sides. Captain Swift and Lieutenant
+Butler were mortally wounded, and the command of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>party devolved on Sergeant McKenna, to whose coolness and
+intrepidity the party owed its safety. The skirmish was
+kept up till nightfall, when the little band—several of them
+wounded—began their retreat, through ten miles of swamp
+and bush, in the face of three hundred savages, thirsting
+for their blood. After a harassed night march, and more than
+once losing their path, about eight in the morning they met
+a party of their comrades, under Colonel Murray, coming to
+their assistance, and were in safety.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For his intrepid behaviour, Sergeant McKenna received the
+Victoria Cross and a Commission. Corporal Ryan, who with
+four privates had remained with the wounded officers till
+they died, and fortunately escaped in safety at the break of
+day, also received the Cross, and the four privates the medal
+for distinguished conduct in the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This affair was followed by some unimportant skirmishes,
+in one of which, at Pontoko, October 2nd., Ensign Down and
+Drummer Stagpoole, of the 57th. Regiment, gained the Victoria
+Cross, for bringing in a wounded man, under a heavy
+fire at close range.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy having retired to a strong “pa” they had erected
+on an eminence at Rangariri, midway between the Waikato
+and a lake, on November 20th, after a bombardment lasting
+an hour and a half, the position was attacked by a force
+of regular troops—artillerymen, seamen, and militia—about
+one thousand in all, commanded by General Cameron. The
+outer works and rifle-pits were soon carried, but the stormers
+on finding stronger defences still in front of them, hesitated,
+and fell back before the fire of the enemy. The militia,
+though encouraged by their officers, who placed themselves
+in the front, remained immoveable, but the small body of
+Royal Artillery—about fifty all told—armed with swords and
+revolvers, at a word from the General, headed by their
+Colonel—Mercer—rushed forward, and gained the parapet of
+the “pa,” when their gallant leader fell mortally wounded, and
+his brave handful of gunners were repulsed. Two or three
+of his men in the attempt to rescue him were shot down,
+when Surgeon W. Temple, R.A., went to his assistance and
+dressed his wound, under showers of bullets, at the risk of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>his own life. His noble conduct was witnessed by General
+Cameron, who recommended him for the Victoria Cross, which
+he obtained.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A body of seamen, commanded by Commander Mayne, of
+H.M.S. “Eclipse,” next endeavoured to carry the position, but
+were also repulsed, and an attempt made to dislodge the enemy
+with hand-grenades failed. Luckily the Maories felt that they
+had had enough, and at dawn next day they hoisted a white
+flag and surrendered. One hundred and eighty Maories were
+taken in the “pa,” and forty-five were found there dead. The
+loss of the assailants were six officers killed and nine wounded,
+and one hundred and twenty men killed and wounded, made
+up the roll of casualties. This affair however produced the
+surrender of the Maori King, on December 9th., but the war
+still continued.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A native stronghold at Rangiawhia was attacked and captured
+February 21st., 1864. On the 2nd. of April another
+fortified “pa” at Orakau was taken by assault, by a force commanded
+by Major-General Carey, after three days’ investment;
+and then for several weeks the Maories, without interruption
+by the military, occupied themselves in the erection of a most
+formidable “pa” at Tauranga. It was built on the highest part
+of a narrow neck of land, well palisaded, and further defended
+by an entrenched line of rifle-pits. On both sides were swamps
+extending to the water, so that it was secure from a flank
+attack, and was named the Gate Pa. On the 28th. of April,
+General Cameron, after a reconnaissance of the entrenchments,
+made preparations for an attack. The forces at his disposal
+were the 43rd. and 68th. Regiments, detachments of the 14th.,
+65th., and 70th., Regiments, a Naval Brigade of over three
+hundred men from the squadron of Commodore Sir W. Wiseman,
+and a detachment of Royal Artillery, amounting to nearly
+one thousand seven hundred men of all ranks, with six Armstrong
+guns, two howitzers, and eight mortars. The intention
+of the General being to cut off the retreat of the enemy, after
+dark a feigned attack was made on the front of his position,
+while the 68th. Regiment, with some seamen, picked their way
+through the swamp, and before morning were posted in the
+rear of the “pa.” The Artillery opened fire soon after daybreak
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>on the 29th., and continued with little intermission till about
+four p.m., when, the pallisades being almost destroyed and a
+practicable breach made, the assault was ordered. One hundred
+and fifty of the 43rd., with the same number of seamen and
+Marines, led by Commander Hay, of H.M.S. “Harrier” formed
+the assaulting column under the command of Lieut.-Colonel
+Booth, of the 43rd. The remainder of the 43rd., with a body
+of seamen and Marines, formed the reserve. Commander Hay
+led the stormers, who, with a ringing cheer, crossed the ditch,
+mounted the embankment, and rushed through the breach
+into the “pa,” and, as only a few straggling shots were heard,
+the troops outside thought the place was won and the enemy
+beaten; when all at once a tremendous fire of musketry accompanied
+with savage yells, broke out in the interior of the
+entrenchment, and after a fierce conflict of a few minutes,
+during which Colonel Booth, Commander Hay, and Captain
+Glover fell mortally wounded, and almost every officer of the
+column was killed or disabled; the storming party was seen
+pouring out through the breach in utter confusion. Captain
+Hamilton at once led on the supports, but fell shot through
+the head, the supports became mixed with the fugitives, and
+in spite of the exertions of the officers, the whole body hotly
+fired on by the enemy, fell back to the nearest cover.<a id='r134'></a><a href='#f134' class='c013'><sup>[134]</sup></a> Darkness
+had now set in, but the troops lay on their arms in their
+entrenchment, within a hundred yards of the enemy, furious
+at their repulse and fully determined to conquer or die on the
+morrow. During the night, which was wet and dark, the enemy
+evacuated the “pa,” and stealing in small parties through the
+swamps eluded the vigilance of the 68th.; and in the early
+morning Major Greaves, of the 70th., creeping up to the breach
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>found the stronghold silent and deserted. Colonel North<a id='r135'></a><a href='#f135' class='c013'><sup>[135]</sup></a> and
+a few privates were found still alive, and to the credit of
+the enemy they had not been ill treated during the night, nor
+had the bodies of the slain been mutilated. In this sad affair
+seven officers of the 43rd. Regiment were killed, or died of
+their wounds, and the Naval Brigade had four officers and
+forty seamen and Marines killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When Commander Hay fell, mortally wounded, Samuel
+Mitchell, captain of the foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier,” refused
+to leave his dying officer, though ordered by him to leave
+him and look after his own safety. He raised the commander
+in his arms, and carried him outside the “pa”
+amidst a shower of bullets, and for his gallant conduct
+deservedly obtained the Victoria Cross. Surgeon Manly, R.A.,
+also gained the same distinction for attending to the wounded
+under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The day after the affair at Gate “pa,” a redoubt at Sentry
+Hill, Taranaki, held by a detachment under the command of
+Major Shortt, of the 57th. Regiment, was attacked by a
+strong body of Maories, who were repulsed with heavy loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Some weeks later, it being known that the natives were
+gathering in force, and engaged in the construction of another
+stronghold at Te Ranga, a place about four miles from Gate
+“pa,” Colonel Green, commanding the troops at Tauranga,
+marched with the 43rd. and part of the 68th. Regiment,
+against the enemy, whom he found strongly posted in a
+chain of rifle-pits, the commencement of a formidable “pa.”
+After a smart skirmish for about two hours, being reinforced
+by the Waikato Militia, the advance was sounded, and the
+pits carried by storm in the most dashing manner.<a id='r136'></a><a href='#f136' class='c013'><sup>[136]</sup></a> For a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>few minutes the Maories fought desperately, but were utterly
+routed, and pursued for several miles. As usual, their situation
+was favourable for their retreat, otherwise few would
+have escaped. On the following day the bodies of one hundred
+and eight of the enemy were found and buried in their own
+rifle-pits, but many more were killed and remained in the
+ravines. Among the slain were several powerful chiefs, one
+of whom, Rawhiri, was the leader at Gate “pa.” The British
+loss was small, ten men killed and thirty-three wounded,
+considering the heavy fire they were exposed to in advancing
+to the attack.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the following month, many of the natives laid down
+their arms and surrendered; and on August 6th., 1864, most
+of the chiefs proffered their unconditional submission to the
+government: yet the war still lingered on. In January, 1865,
+the natives made a daring attack on the British camp at
+Nukumaru, and suffered a severe repulse; and in the month
+of July following, a force under the command of Lieut.-Colonel
+Trevor, consisting of detachments of the 14th. and
+18th. regiments, some colonial troops, and a body of friendly
+natives, captured the Wereroa “pa,”—an exceedingly strong
+position occupied by the Maories, about three hundred feet
+above the wooded banks of the Waitotara river, surrounded
+by precipices and swamps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the years 1865–66, the war was mostly confined to
+the West Coast. In January of the latter year a strong “pa”
+at Pretahi was captured, and the Otapawa “pa” was stormed
+by the 57th. regiment, with the loss of Lieut.-Colonel Hassard
+and many brave men; but the contest dwindled to a fitful
+series of unimportant skirmishes, and the capture and destruction
+of “pas” and villages. After the year 1866, the struggle
+was carried on by the colonial forces, commanded by Colonel
+Whitmore, who had been military secretary to General Cameron
+(afterwards General Sir George Whitmore, K.C.M.G.), who in
+January, 1869, finally crushed the last Maori outbreak.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At the end of the year 1864, the colonial ministry had requested
+the home government to withdraw the imperial troops,
+and to allow them complete responsibility, but it was not till
+January, 1870, that the last British regiment, the 18th., left
+the colony. The same year the long and harassing war was
+brought to a close, and a durable peace established.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in the New Zealand War of 1845–47
+were the 58th., 65th., 96th., and 99th. Foot; and in the war of
+1860–66 the 1st. Battalion, 12th. Regiment; 2nd. Battalion, 14th.
+Regiment; 2nd. Battalion, 18th. Regiment; and the 40th.,
+43rd., 50th., 57th., 65th., 68th., and 70th. Regiments.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Since the publication of the first edition of this work, the
+medal granted for the “Second Burmese War, 1852–3,” and
+the war with Persia, 1856–7, has been designated the “Indian
+General Service Medal,” and is now always given as a reward
+for the almost perpetual expeditions<a id='r137'></a><a href='#f137' class='c013'><sup>[137]</sup></a> against the native
+tribes on the frontiers of India, and in adjoining territories.
+The medal, designed by L. C. Wyon, was first issued in
+1854, with a clasp “Pegu,” to commemorate the services
+against the Burmese in 1852–3; and was also given for the
+Persian campaign, 1856–57, with clasp “Persia.” By a general
+order, July 1, 1869, the medal with a clasp inscribed “North
+West Frontier,” was granted for services on the North West
+Frontier of India, dating from 1849 to 1863. On the
+obverse of this medal is the diademed head of the Queen,
+with the legend “Victoria Regina.” On the reverse is a
+figure of Victory crowning a seated classic warrior with a
+laurel wreath. In the exergue is the lotus flower, but neither
+legend nor date. Ribbon: alternate stripes of crimson and
+blue. The name and regiment, or ship, are indented on the
+edge of the medal.</p>
+
+<div id='i346fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_346fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Indian General Service Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>Generally, but not invariably, where the recipient had served
+in two or more expeditions, and had previously gained the
+medal, a bar or clasp only was added to those already worn,
+instead of giving another medal; but subsequent to 1876 instances
+occur of men having two medals, with bars for different
+campaigns. Since 1869, by a series of general orders,
+twelve bars have been issued with this medal, inscribed—“Umbeyla,”—“Bhootan,”—“Looshai,”—“Perak,”—“Jowaki,
+1877–8”—“Naga,”—“Burma, 1885–7”—“Sikkim, 1888”—“Hazara,
+1888”—“Burma, 1887–89”—“Chin-Lushai, 1889–90”—“Samana,
+1891”—the medal in all cases being the same.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SECOND BURMESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1852–53.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The King of Ava having refused redress for injuries inflicted
+on British subjects at Rangoon, in violation of the
+treaty of Yandaboo, concluded at the termination of the first
+Burmese war, after an ineffectual attempt at negociation, hostilities
+commenced. Troops were collected from Bengal and
+Madras, and placed under the command of Major-General
+Godwin, who had borne a prominent part in the first war
+with Ava. The Queen’s regiments which formed part of
+the force were the 18th., 51st., and 80th.,<a id='r138'></a><a href='#f138' class='c013'><sup>[138]</sup></a> and a naval
+squadron, under the command of Commodore Lambert, consisting
+of H.M.S. “Fox” (40), “Serpent” (16), “Rattler” (11),
+“Hermes” (6), “Salamander” (6), and a gunboat, with
+thirteen vessels of the East Indian Company and Uncovenanted
+Service, took a very active part in the operations, afloat and
+ashore.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Godwin embarked with the force under his
+command on the 28th. of March, 1852, and three days afterwards
+the destruction of the stockades on the banks of the
+river Irrawaddy was effected. The next service was the
+attack and capture of Martaban, on the 5th. of April, in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>which portions of the 18th. and 80th. shared. Captain Campbell
+commanded the wing of the 18th., and Major Lockhart
+that of the 80th. Captain Gillespie, in command of the
+grenadiers of the former regiment was first on the walls,
+and the soldier following him received three wounds. About
+seven o’clock in the morning the troops landed, and the
+storming party was soon under the walls and over them,
+when Lieutenant-Colonel Reignolds at once took possession,
+after some skirmishing, of the pagoda on the height, and
+by eight o’clock a.m. Martaban was won. The storming party
+from the 80th. was commanded by Captain Christie of that
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this period the Madras division (comprising the 51st.
+regiment) had not arrived at Rangoon, but by the 7th. of
+April it reached the rendezvous at the mouth of the Rangoon
+river, and on the 11th. (Sunday) Rangoon was bombarded.
+The ships silenced and destroyed the stockades at the mouth
+of the river, and Commander Tarleton of the “Fox” landed with
+a party of seamen and marines, spiked the guns and destroyed
+their ammunition. At daybreak on the following morning the
+troops commenced landing. They had not proceeded far when
+some guns were opened on the British, and shortly afterwards
+skirmishers showed themselves in the jungle. This was a new
+mode of fighting with the Burmese, as no instance occurred
+in the former war of their attacking the flanks or quitting
+their stockades. Now they were not only good shots, but bold
+in their operations, and clever in selecting their ground and
+covering themselves. A strong outwork named the White
+House Redoubt was assaulted; the storming party, of which
+four companies of the 51st. Light Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+St. Maur, formed part, carried the stockade, but in
+consequence of the intense heat of the sun, which occasioned
+the death of two officers, it was not until the 14th. of April
+that the fortified town and pagoda of Rangoon were stormed
+and captured. A Naval Brigade of one hundred and twenty
+men, under Lieutenant Dorville of the “Fox,” served on shore
+with the troops, and worked a battery of heavy guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 80th. and 18th. formed the advance, and the 51st., under
+Major Errington, Colonel St. Maur having been compelled to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>quit the field from a stroke of the sun, were in reserve. After
+an advance for about a mile the ground became very difficult,
+barely admitting of the 80th. and 18th. occupying it in close
+order. The troops also suffered from a heavy fire, when an
+immediate assault was determined upon. The storming party
+was formed of a wing of the 80th., under Major Lockhart,
+two companies of the 18th., under Lieutenant Hewitt, and
+two companies of the 40th. Bengal Native Infantry, under
+Lieutenant White, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Coote, of the Royal Irish; Captain Latter, accompanying the
+party to show the road. Captain J. Wood, who was specially
+mentioned, commanded the 18th. regiment. The golden
+pagoda—a most sacred temple—was soon carried, and all the
+country fell with it, the once strong post of Kemmendine
+having been abandoned and destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the attack and storming of Rangoon, on the 11th.,
+12th., and 14th. of April, the British had two officers and
+fifteen men killed, and fourteen officers and one hundred and
+eighteen men wounded. The casualties in the fleet were
+seventeen.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Godwin and Commodore Lambert in May planned
+an attack on Bassein, one of the three chief ports of Burmah;
+and the two commanders, with four steamers of the East
+India Company, having on board about eight hundred men,
+proceeded to carry their design into execution. On May 18th.
+the squadron anchored in front of the town, and the troops
+landed under cover of the guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major Errington with his force, of which four hundred of
+the 51st. formed a portion, advanced on the chief pagoda and
+carried it in grand style: the citadel, a strong mud fort, was
+next assaulted by a company of the 51st. and two of the
+Madras Native Infantry, under Captains Rice and Borthwick.
+Captain Rice, whilst gallantly leading his company, was shot
+through the lower part of the neck, when his place was taken
+by Lieutenant Carter, who, followed by his men, was the first
+on the parapet; here he was struck down by a musket-ball,
+and rolled over the exterior slope, but still insisted upon being
+carried into the work. Although the defence was obstinate,
+yet in forty minutes after the landing, the whole of the works
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>were in possession of the British. Eighty cannon and wall
+pieces were captured, and the stockades burnt. This dashing
+operation occasioned the officers and men of Captain Rice’s
+company to be specially thanked in orders. Major Errington,
+who commanded the troops, was wounded. After leaving a
+garrison in Bassein the remainder of the troops returned to
+Rangoon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Martaban was attacked by a Burmese force of upwards
+of one thousand men on the 26th. of May, but they were
+gallantly repulsed by the garrison, consisting of the 49th.
+Madras Native Infantry, under Major Hall. The 51st. regiment,
+which had been sent to reinforce the garrison, assisted
+in driving back the enemy from the stockade, and pursued
+him some distance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the middle of September, the 18th. and 80th. regiments
+embarked at Rangoon for Prome, and arrived there on
+the morning of the 9th. of October. The troops were landed
+in the evening in a suburb to the north of and beyond the
+town. As they advanced towards the position selected for
+the night, a very smart fire of musketry and jingalls was
+simultaneously opened from some jungle and houses on the
+British left, and a small pagoda in the front. The grenadiers
+of the 80th. under Captain Christie, and two companies of
+the same regiment under Captain Welsh, accompanied by
+Brigadier Reignolds, Lieutenant-Colonel of the 18th. regiment,
+in a short time most gallantly drove the enemy from their
+position. The remainder of the troops were landed on the
+following morning, when the place was found evacuated by
+the Burmese. Thus the important city of Prome was gained,
+with the small loss of one killed and eight wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Loch, H.M.S. “Winchester,” subsequently destroyed
+several strong fortifications in the neighbourhood of Prome.
+One at Akouktoung, armed with five guns and garrisoned by
+four hundred men, completely commanded the river, being
+situated on a hill three hundred feet high. Captain Loch
+with eighty men scaled the hill overgrown with jungle, the
+enemy fled, and the battery was taken and demolished.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On Sunday, the 21st. of November, Pegu was attacked by
+a force under Brigadier Mc.Neill, of the Madras Army, composed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>of the 1st. Bengal Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Tudor, three hundred; 1st. Madras Fusiliers, Major Hill, three
+hundred; 5th. Madras Native Infantry, Major Shubrick, four
+hundred; seventy Sappers; and thirty-two Artillery. The
+morning was foggy, and the Burmese were taken by surprise.
+They retreated to the pagoda, but after some sharp fighting
+were driven out, and the city captured. It had been taken
+by a handful of soldiers and seamen under Commander Tarleton
+three months before, but the force being too small to
+occupy the place returned to Rangoon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the news of the capture of this city was received
+at Calcutta, a proclamation was issued annexing the whole
+province of Pegu to the British territories.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 8th. of December the enemy attacked Prome in
+force, but were repulsed with loss; the engagement lasted
+from midnight until four o’clock in the morning of the 9th.
+The 51st. shared in this action.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The small garrison left in Pegu was constantly harassed
+by the attacks of the Burmese army, encamped at a short
+distance, which were gallantly repulsed by Major Hill, of the
+Madras Fusiliers. A reinforcement of twelve hundred men
+left Rangoon on the 11th. of December, and arrived at Pegu
+on the 14th; when, after a toilsome march through a close
+country without a road, and an attack from a large body
+of skirmishers, the relief was effected. A further advance into
+the country, with a view to bring on a general action, was
+made on the 17th., and an attack subsequently ensued, when
+the Burmese rapidly abandoned their entrenched position and
+took to flight; after a further march of two days, the enemy
+avoiding a general engagement, the state of the commissariat
+forced the British general to return to Pegu, and subsequently
+to Prome.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An expedition proceeded under Brigadier-General Sir John
+Cheape, K.C.B., to the Donabew district of Pegu, in order
+to reduce the stronghold of Myat-toon, a robber-chief. The
+force was actively engaged on the 17th., 18th., and 19th. of
+March, 1853; after a severe struggle of four hours’ duration
+the place was stormed and destroyed. The left wing was
+commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Sturt, of the 67th. Bengal
+Native Infantry, and the right wing by Major Wigstone, of
+the 18th. Royal Irish, who was severely wounded. The total
+loss amounted to twenty-two killed, and one hundred and
+eight wounded, fourteen being officers. The casualties sustained
+by the 18th., 51st., and 80th. regiments, amounted to
+thirteen killed and sixty-five wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A short time before, a combined naval and military force,
+commanded by Captain Loch, of about five hundred men with
+three guns, had been repulsed with loss, in an attempt to dislodge
+this freebooter. In this affair, Lieutenant Kennedy,
+H.M.S. “Fox,” and Captain Price of the 67th. Bengal Infantry
+were killed, and Captain Loch mortally wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of June, 1853, the termination of the war
+was officially announced, and although the king of Ava
+refused to sign a formal treaty of peace, yet as all the
+concessions demanded were agreed to, the Governor-General
+proclaimed that hostilities would not be resumed so long as
+the British possession of Pegu remained undisputed. All the
+captives in Ava were released, and the navigation of the
+Irrawaddy was declared to be free for the purposes of trade
+between the two countries.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British regiments that took part in this war were the
+18th., 51st., and 80th. Foot, also the men of the Naval
+Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1856–1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A rupture occurred with Persia, in consequence of that
+power having taken possession of Herat on the 25th. of October,
+and war was declared on the 1st. November following.
+An expedition accordingly proceeded to the Persian Gulf,
+under Major-General Stalker, C.B., and the Island of Karrack
+was taken formal possession of on the 3rd. of December without
+opposition. The troops landed on the 7th. at Ras Halala,
+about fifteen miles below Bushire, and two days afterwards
+stormed the position at the old Dutch fort of Reshire, which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>was taken, the place being carried at the point of the bayonet.<a id='r139'></a><a href='#f139' class='c013'><sup>[139]</sup></a>
+The casualties were principally confined to the officers, amongst
+whom was Brigadier James Stopford, C.B., of the 64th., killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 10th. the British marched on Bushire,
+a walled town, which surrendered unconditionally, after a bombardment
+of upward of four hours. No loss was sustained;
+sixty-five guns, with large quantities of ammunition and warlike
+stores, were here captured. The garrison, consisting of
+about two thousand, (a large number having previously effected
+their escape, and several drowned in the attempt), grounded
+their arms in front of the British line, and were on the following
+morning escorted by the cavalry some distance into the
+country, and then set at liberty. Her Majesty’s 64th., under
+Major Stirling, shared in this success.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A stronger expedition subsequently proceeded from Bombay,
+commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram; this
+was composed of two divisions, one of which was under
+Brigadier-General Havelock, and the other under Major-General
+Stalker; the 78th. Highlanders were added to this force. On
+the evening of the 3rd. of February, 1857, Sir James Outram
+marched against Sooja-ool-Moolk, strongly posted in an entrenched
+camp at Borazgoon. Each man carried his great
+coat, blanket, and two days’ provisions, but without any tents
+or other equipage; the rain fell heavily, and the nights were
+bitterly cold. The position was reached in the afternoon of
+the 5th. of February, when the Persians rapidly retreated, leaving
+their camp, ammunition and equipage in the hands of the
+British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>On the return march during the night of the 7th., the rear-guard
+was attacked by the Persians, who were kept in check
+until daybreak, when the enemy, amounting to between six
+and seven thousand men, were perceived drawn up near
+Koosh-ab. Two mounds in their centre, on which they placed
+their guns, served as redoubts, and some deep nullahs on
+their flank were lined with skirmishers. In the action that
+followed, the enemy’s guns were silenced by the British artillery;
+the cavalry drove his horse from the field; and on the
+advance of the infantry, the Persians broke and fled, throwing
+away their arms and accoutrements in their flight. By ten
+o’clock the defeat of the Persian troops was complete.<a id='r140'></a><a href='#f140' class='c013'><sup>[140]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this victory the British bivouacked for the day close
+to the battle-field, and at night, by another route, accomplished
+a march of twenty miles, over a country rendered
+almost impassable by the incessant heavy rains. After a rest
+of six hours, the greater portion of the infantry continued
+their march to Bushire, which was reached before midnight,
+thus performing another most arduous march of forty-four
+miles under incessant rain, besides fighting and defeating the
+enemy during its progress, within the short period of fifty
+hours. On the morning of the 10th. the cavalry and artillery
+arrived in camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss in the action of Koosh-ab on the 8th. of February
+was limited to sixteen killed and sixty-two wounded. Lieutenant
+Frankland, of the 2nd. European regiment, was the only
+officer killed.<a id='r141'></a><a href='#f141' class='c013'><sup>[141]</sup></a> This officer, together with Captain Forbes, commanding
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>the 3rd. regiment of Light Cavalry, and Lieutenant
+Doveton Downes Greentree, of the 64th. regiment, both severely
+wounded (the latter losing his leg), received special mention
+in the Governor-General’s Notification.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For some months the Persians had been engaged in fortifying
+their position at Mohammerah, a place at the confluence
+of the Karun and Euphrates rivers. Batteries had
+been erected of solid earth, twenty feet thick, and eighteen
+feet high, with casemated embrasures, armed with heavy guns,
+commanding both sides of the river, but Lieutenant-General
+Outram resolved to attack them. Their army estimated at
+thirteen thousand men, with thirty guns, was commanded by
+the Shazada, Prince Khauler Mirza, in person; whilst the
+Anglo-Indian troops consisted of about five thousand. This
+place was bombarded on the 26th. of March by five steamers
+and two sloops of war of the Indian navy, under the command
+of Commodore Young. The action commenced soon
+after daybreak, and the Persians stood to their guns well
+till 10 a.m., when the magazine in the north battery blew
+up. Three more explosions followed; the enemy’s fire slackened,
+and by one o’clock was completely silenced. A fire of musketry
+was then opened from the batteries, until storming parties were
+landed from the ships, who drove out the Persians, and took
+possession of their works and guns. Brigadier-General Havelock
+landed the troops, but no portion of the military force
+was actively engaged, except some European riflemen sent on
+board the war vessels, as the Persians fled from their entrenched
+camp without waiting an attack. Meanwhile a treaty
+of peace had been in progress, the ratifications of which were
+exchanged at Bagdad on the 2nd. of May, whereby Herat
+was agreed to be evacuated, and all interference with the
+internal affairs of Afghanistan was to be avoided.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments employed in this expedition, were the 14th.
+Light Dragoons, the 64th. and 78th. regiments, 3rd. Bombay
+Cavalry, Poonah Horse, 1st. Scinde Horse, 2nd. Bombay Europeans,
+Bombay and Madras Sappers and Miners, and 2nd.,
+3rd., 4th., 5th., 8th., 11th., 15th., 20th., 22nd., 23rd., 25th.,
+26th., 28th., and 29th. regiments of Bombay Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>NORTH WEST FRONTIER.<br> <span class='c016'>1849–1863.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The first of the principal of the expeditions during this
+period was into the Eusufzye country, north of Peshawur,
+December, 1849. This expedition, under the command of
+Brigadier Bradshaw, 60th. Rifles, was despatched to chastise
+the Hill tribes on the Swat Border, and several of their
+villages were captured and destroyed. The British troops
+engaged in this affair were the 60th. Rifles and the 61st.
+Foot.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE AFRIDIS.<br> <span class='sc'>February, 1850.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Afridis are a fierce and warlike tribe inhabiting a
+series of steep and rugged hills lying between the Kohat and
+Peshawur districts. They are good shots, and if combined,
+could muster 15,000 to 20,000 fighting men. The Punjab
+Government paid them an annual subsidy of 5,700 rupees
+in return for their protecting the pass from Peshawur to
+Kohat. But in spite of this arrangement, on February 2nd,
+1850, a body of Afridis attacked a body of Sappers making
+a road in the Kohat pass, killed twelve of them, and put
+the rest to flight. To punish them for their treachery,
+a column, under the command of Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards
+Lord Clyde), who was accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief,
+Sir Charles Napier, forced the pass, in spite
+of the efforts of the Afridis, routed them, and burnt their
+villages. As usual in hill campaigns the heaviest of the fighting
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>fell on the rear of the retiring force in its march to Peshawur.<a id='r142'></a><a href='#f142' class='c013'><sup>[142]</sup></a>
+The regiments that took part in this expedition were the 60th.
+Rifles, 61st., and 98th. Foot, besides Native troops. In the
+latter part of the year 1851, the Mohmunds, a tribe inhabiting
+the Khyber Pass, committed a series of depredations on villages
+under British rule, and made an attack on a fort at Shubkuddur.
+To chastise them, on October 25th, Sir Colin Campbell left
+Peshawur with a force of about 2000 men, including two companies
+each of the 61st. and 98th. Foot, and destroyed several
+of their villages with their stores of grain. After some skirmishes
+Sir Colin, leaving garrisons at Shubkuddur and Dubb, returned
+to Peshawur in February, 1852. In the same month the Mohmunds
+made another inroad, and in March Sir Colin again took
+the field against them, with a column of 2500 men, consisting
+of a troop of Horse Artillery, the 32nd. Foot, and several Native
+regiments. On March 20th. the Mohmunds attacked him in
+force at Pung Rao, but after a hot action of three hours were
+repulsed with considerable loss. Another skirmish took place
+in April, near Shubkuddur, and on the retreat of the Mohmunds,
+Sir Colin, with the Europeans, returned to Peshawur. But
+the disturbances on the North West frontier were far from
+being over. The Ootman Khail,<a id='r143'></a><a href='#f143' class='c013'><sup>[143]</sup></a> or tribe, of Afridis, began
+to make incursions into British territory, and on the 7th. of
+May, Sir Colin, with the 32nd. Foot, a wing of the 53rd.
+regiment, the Guide Corps, and some regiments of Punjaubees
+and Goorkhas, marched against them, and after a few skirmishes
+captured and destroyed, with small loss, the strongly
+fortified hill village of Praunghur.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On May 17th Sir Colin attacked about 8000 of the enemy
+at a village called Istakote, at the entrance of the Ranize Valley,
+and a smart action followed, in which Sir Colin himself headed
+the cavalry of the Guides in a charge, with the result that
+the hill men were driven back in confusion. They suffered
+severely, but were not subdued, though checked for a time.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE HUSSUNZIES AND BOREE AFRIDIS.<br> <span class='c016'>1852–53.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A party of Hussunzies having murdered two British officials,
+and the tribe refusing to surrender the murderers, an expedition
+was dispatched to chastise them. The Hussunzies
+occupied the western slopes of the Black Mountains, a height
+of about 10,000 feet above the sea level, and trusted to the
+inaccessibility of their stronghold, which had hitherto defied
+every assailant. In December, 1852, two Brigades took up a
+position at the foot of the Black Mountain, and three columns
+commanded by Colonel Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of
+Magdala), Colonel Mackeson, and Major Abbot, were formed
+for the assault. After an obstinate resistance all three columns
+won their way up the steep ascent, and bivouacked for three
+nights on the summit of the so-called impregnable Black
+Mountain. The villages of the enemy were burnt in the sight
+of their owners, and the columns, with little loss, descended
+the mountain and were broken up. No British regiment seems
+to have been engaged in this affair.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the latter part of the year 1853, the Boree Afridis inhabiting
+the country near the Kohat Pass, began to commit depredations,
+and refusing any reparation or promise to abstain
+from similar acts in the future, a force under the command of
+Colonel Boileau, with Colonel Napier, was sent against them
+in November. The troops comprised the 22nd. Foot, the
+Guides, 66th. Goorkhas, and Native Infantry. The expedition
+was ably planned and successfully executed; the principal
+villages of the enemy were destroyed, and the Afridis taught
+a lesson which they long remembered.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE LURRUCKZAI MOHMUNDS AND MEERANZIES.<br> <span class='c016'>1854–55.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>To punish the Mohmunds for their raids into British territory,
+in August, 1854, an expedition commanded by Sir Sydney
+Cotton was despatched against them. After an unimportant
+skirmish or two the principal villages of the Mohmunds were
+taken and destroyed, and the troops returned. The 22nd. Foot
+was the only British regiment which took part in this affair.
+The Meeranzies, a Pathan tribe, occupying the hilly country
+near Thull, for a long time had made incursions into British
+territory, sacking the villages, and carrying off the inhabitants
+for ransom. At length the Punjaub Government resolved to
+chastise them, and in April, 1855, a strong force of 3500 men
+under the command of Brigadier (afterwards Sir Neville)
+Chamberlain, marched towards Meeranzie. On April 30th. he
+was attacked by the enemy in Upper Meeranzie, but after a
+brief action drove them back in confusion. The hill men were
+pursued, their villages and stores of grain destroyed, and a
+severe retribution dealt them for their long continuous acts of
+hostility against the defenceless inhabitants of the British
+border. None but Native troops were employed in this
+expedition.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE AFRIDIS AND BOZDARS ON THE DEJERAT FRONTIER.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The expedition against these tribes in March, 1857, is generally
+known as the Bozdar Hill Expedition. In it Native troops
+only were employed, under the command of Brigadier Neville
+Chamberlain, and Colonels Green and S. Browne. The principal
+affair in this campaign was the forcing of the Khanbund
+defile.<a id='r144'></a><a href='#f144' class='c013'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE CABUL KHAIL WUZEREES, 1859, AND THE MAHSOOD WUZEREES, 1860.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>During the year 1859 the Cabul Khail Wuzerees began to
+grow troublesome, they made plundering incursions over our
+border, and in one of them murdered Captain Mecham. It
+being determined to send a force into their country, Brigadier-General
+Chamberlain marched from Kohat with nearly 4000
+native troops of all ranks, in December, and found the enemy
+posted in a range of hills near the Kurum river. Here they
+had removed their families, flocks, and stores of grain, and had
+strongly fortified their position with breastworks. On December
+22nd. the attack was made in two columns, and after two hours
+hard fighting the Wuzerees were driven from ridge to ridge,
+leaving their tents, and as much of their cattle as they could
+not remove, in the possession of the assailants. A few days
+afterwards their chiefs submitted, and agreed to terms for
+peace. Three months had scarcely passed, when the Mahsood
+Wuzerees, a far more powerful tribe, who had made forays on
+British villages for years, poured down from their hills upon
+the lands of the Nawaub of Tonk, which were under British
+protection, and plundered and burnt in their customary manner.
+On hearing of this act of aggression the Indian Government
+resolved to teach these freebooters a lesson once for all. Brigadier-General
+Chamberlain took the field at the head of about
+5000 Native troops, with Lieut.-Colonel Lumsden as second
+in command; and on April 17th., 1860, entered the hills, carrying
+sixteen days’ provisions. After traversing a difficult and unknown
+country, the Brigadier encamped at Paloseen, and
+hearing that the enemy was in force near, marched in search
+of them, leaving Colonel Lumsden with about 1300 men in
+charge of the camp and baggage. The Mahsoods saw their
+opportunity. On the night of April 22nd., 3000 of them silently
+gathered in a depression to the rear of the British, and early
+on the following morning drove in the pickets and furiously
+assailed the camp. Luckily Colonel Lumsden was on his
+guard. Two chieftains of the enemy fell by his hand, and
+his men, cheered by their leader’s example, checked the rush
+of the Wuzerees, and in ten minutes utterly routed them
+with heavy loss. General Chamberlain, finding his information
+false, returned to Paloseen, and a few days later forced the
+Burara Pass, after some severe fighting. He next assaulted
+and captured the town of Kaneegoum, situated about 7,000
+feet above the sea level, with trifling loss. On May 11th. he
+captured Mukeem, the principal town of the Mahsoods, who
+suffered heavily. The place was burnt, the towers blown up,
+and the troops returned to Bunnoo; having defeated a tribe
+which had never before been worsted, and penetrated a hostile
+region previously almost unknown. The expedition was a complete
+success, and added much to the prestige of the British
+in the eyes of the neighbouring clans. For their distinguished
+bravery in this campaign six native soldiers were decorated
+with the Order of Merit. The operations in the Eusufyze
+country, in the latter part of the year 1863, formed part of
+what is known as—</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE UMBEYLA CAMPAIGN.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The cause of this war was the predatory incursions of a
+body of Mussulman fanatics, and rebels, driven from Bengal
+at the time of the Mutiny, who occupied the town of Mulkah,
+on one of the lower spurs of the Mahabun, a ridge situated
+on the right bank of the Indus, about forty miles from Attock.
+A force of about 5600 men of all arms was assembled in the
+Eusufyze country on October, 1863, under the command of
+General Chamberlain. On October 19th., with little opposition,
+he took possession of the Umbeyla Pass, and established
+outposts on his flanks in the mountains on both
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>sides, strengthened with breastworks as far as possible.
+The most advanced post on the left flank was called the
+“Eagle’s Nest,” and that on the right the “Crag Picket,” and
+both posts were invisible from the camp. On October 25th.
+the enemy made an attack on the right, but were driven
+back by Colonel Keyes, and lost one of their standards. The
+next day a fierce assault was made upon the “Eagle’s Nest”
+post, and after four hours hard fighting the Hill-men were
+repulsed with severe loss, but nearly half of the defenders
+were killed or wounded. In the early morning of the 30th.,
+the “Crag Picket” being held by only twelve men, was surprised
+and taken by the enemy, but it was splendidly recaptured,
+after a desperate hand to hand conflict, by a small party of
+Pathans, led by Colonel Keyes (who was wounded), and Lieut.
+Fosbery, who, for his gallant conduct, received the Victoria
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the meantime an attack had been made on the front of
+the camp, which was defeated, the assailants suffering heavily.
+The bodies of the British slain were found shockingly mutilated
+by the enemy, and from that time no quarter was given on
+either side.<a id='r145'></a><a href='#f145' class='c013'><sup>[145]</sup></a> On the night of November 12th., the “Crag
+Picket,” held by 160 men, under Colonel Brownlow, the successful
+defender of the “Eagle’s Nest,” was again furiously
+assailed by about 3000 of the enemy, who made repeated
+attempts to storm the works. In spite of heavy loss they
+made a determined attack on both sides of the weakest angle
+of the post, pulled down the wall, hurling the stones on the
+defenders, and gained possession of part of the defences.
+Colonel Brownlow called for volunteers, drove the enemy out,
+rebuilt the wall, and held the post till morning. Shortly after
+daybreak the garrison was relieved by a party of Punjaubees
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>under Captain Davidson. Before they were properly in position
+the Hill-men made another assault, killed Davidson and many
+of his men, and captured the post, but it was retaken shortly
+afterwards by the 101st. Bengal Fusiliers led by Colonel Salusbury.
+On November 18th. there was more severe fighting, and
+on the next day, the enemy, reinforced by tribesmen from
+Swat, Bonair, and other places, made repeated and desperate
+attempts to recapture the “Crag Picket,” which was held by
+200 men of the 101st. Fusiliers and 20th. Punjaub Infantry.
+After a hard struggle for four hours the defenders were driven
+out, and for the third time the “Crag Picket” fell into the
+hands of the enemy. In this affair two officers and a large
+number of men were killed. General Chamberlain ordered
+the 71st. Highlanders to the front, which regiment, led by
+himself and Colonel Hope, without a check, carried the position
+at the point of the bayonet, and held it; but both the leaders
+were severely wounded in the conflict. General Chamberlain
+being thus disabled, General Garvock took the command,
+advanced against the enemy, captured and burnt the village
+of Laloo, and drove the tribesmen back into their valleys.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On December 16th. the troops descended from the hills,
+destroyed the village of Umbeyla, and offered battle to their
+opponents on level ground. Most of them declined the encounter,
+but a body of 250 Ghazees made a frantic charge
+on the column, and were slain to a man, and with this action
+the Umbeyla expedition came to an end.<a id='r146'></a><a href='#f146' class='c013'><sup>[146]</sup></a> In this brief but
+sharp campaign of two months, 19 officers and 238 men were
+killed, and 47 officers, and 670 men wounded. For his services
+General Chamberlain was created a K.C.B. The British
+regiments employed in these operations were the 1st. Battalion
+7th. Fusiliers, 71st., 93rd., and 101st. Fusiliers.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BHOOTAN.<br> <span class='c016'>1864–65–66.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Bhootan is situated in the north-east of India, and comprises
+the almost unknown and mountainous region lying
+between the Himalayas and the British Provinces. The inhabitants
+are a different race from all others in Hindostan, and
+apparently of Mongolian origin. They profess Buddhism,
+and are ruled by a temporal and spiritual Governor, known
+as the Deb and Dhurma Rajahs. The Dhurma Rajah has
+the most extensive power, and is always a member of the
+priesthood. The Bhootanese had made raids into British
+territory for years, and refusing to release their captives or
+to agree to any terms of pacification, the Indian Government
+determined to annex a portion of their frontier and to put an
+end to their outrages for the future. In November, 1864, a field
+force was organised in three columns, under the command
+of Brigadier Mulcaster, who operated on the right from the
+Assam frontier, and Brigadier Dunsford, C.B., who crossed
+the Teesta river and advanced on the left. On December 3rd.
+General Dunsford pushed up the Ambiok Valley and captured
+the post of Dhalimcote, with trifling loss. Another
+place called Chamoorchee, containing a monastery full of sacred
+books, was assaulted and taken on the 1st. of January, 1865.
+In the meantime a column under Colonel Watson had marched
+across the Dooar and taken possession of a fort called Buxa,
+and General Dunsford having established posts at the foot of
+the hills, and completed his arrangements for the annexation
+of the country lying between Dhalimcote and the frontier
+near Darjeeling, returned to his camp in the plains. The force
+under General Mulcaster, crossed the Brahmapootra, advanced
+up the Darungah Pass and captured the important hill post of
+Dewangiri at its summit. This place contained three great
+temples, situated on a ridge nearly 2000 feet above the level
+of the plains below. A small garrison was left in possession
+and the annexation of the Dooars was erroneously supposed
+to be completed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Government had issued orders for the breaking up of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>the Dooar Field Force early in February, and arrangements
+were made for the civil rule of the newly annexed territory,
+in districts, by deputy-commissioners. But all this time the
+Bhootanese had been actively preparing for a general attack
+upon the whole line of posts from Chamoorchee to Dewangiri.
+Before daybreak on the morning of January 30th a furious
+attack was made on the garrison of the latter place; but Colonel
+Campbell, in command, as soon as the enemy could be seen,
+charged upon and routed them. The Bhootanese though repulsed,
+harassed the garrison by destroying their supply of
+water, and at length established themselves at the mouth
+of the Darungah Pass, cutting off Campbell’s communication
+with Assam. The garrison, not being strong enough to dislodge
+the enemy, and being also short of ammunition, Colonel
+Campbell evacuated his post in the night,<a id='r147'></a><a href='#f147' class='c013'><sup>[147]</sup></a> and after many
+difficulties and dangers reached head-quarters. Buxa, and the
+other posts were attacked in a similar manner, but in most cases
+the Bhootanese were beaten off, and the garrisons as far as
+possible strengthened. The 55th. regiment, with some companies
+of the 80th., and two batteries of Royal Artillery were
+ordered to the front, and with some regiments of Punjaub
+Infantry marched for the north-east frontier, under the command
+of Brigadier-General Tombs, V.C., and Brigadier Fraser
+Tytler. On March 15th., the latter officer with his brigade
+recaptured Balla, and Buxa and Chamoorchee a few days
+afterwards, with small loss. The brigade under General Tombs
+marched to recapture Dewangiri, fighting their way through
+passes which the enemy had fortified with stockades. The
+troops arrived before the place on April 1st., and Dewangiri
+was carried by storm the next morning. Being untenable
+during the rainy season, the buildings were destroyed, and on
+April 7th. the force began its return to India. General Tytler
+fixed his head-quarters at Gowhatti, and a series of posts were
+established from Lower Assam to Darjeeling, which for the
+time effectually curbed the Bhootanese. But though defeated
+they were not subdued, and in 1866 the Indian Government
+assembled a force of about 7000 men, to enter Bhootan in two
+columns, and to thoroughly reduce the inhabitants to submission.
+The troops had scarcely commenced their march, when the
+Deb Rajah of Bhootan, overawed by these preparations, granted
+all that was demanded of him, and concluded a treaty with
+Colonel Bruce, the civil commissioner. The British troops that
+took part in these operations were Royal Artillery, the 55th.
+and 80th. Regiments.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>LOOSHAI.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1871–February, 1872.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Looshais, a predatory tribe inhabiting the hilly country
+to the north-east of Chittagong, had long been a trouble to the
+Indian Government. Their constant raids on villages under
+British protection,<a id='r148'></a><a href='#f148' class='c013'><sup>[148]</sup></a> which they plundered and destroyed, was
+the cause of an expedition being sent against them in December,
+1871. A force of three regiments, with Artillery and Sappers,
+and a Coolie Corps, under the command of General Bourchier,
+operated from Cachar, and a smaller column, under General
+Brownlow, from Chittagong. The enemy, armed with old muskets,
+bows and arrows, spears, and knives, showed a bold front,
+and their mode of fighting in their dense jungles and trackless
+hills was much in their favour.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>But General Bourchier steadily advanced among steep and
+wooded hills, by rugged paths winding along the face of precipices,
+capturing village after village by storm, and destroying
+them with the stores of grain they contained, till the
+Looshais begged for a cessation of hostilities. This was granted,
+but the enemy suddenly resumed the offensive, and after a
+few more skirmishes, in one of which the General was wounded,
+the stronghold of Poiboi, the Looshai leader, situated on a hill
+8,500 feet in height, was taken and burnt; and the head men
+of the tribe agreed unconditionally to the terms of peace dictated
+to them by General Bourchier.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The column returned to Cachar in March, 1872, and was
+broken up.<a id='r149'></a><a href='#f149' class='c013'><sup>[149]</sup></a> No British troops were engaged in this affair,
+but the medal and clasp were given to the Native regiments
+and their European officers.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>PERAK.<br> <span class='sc'>November, 1875–March, 1876.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Perak is situated on the west side of the Malay peninsula,
+to the south of the Wellesley Province. Being the scene of
+almost constant strife between the Chinese and Malays, which
+often disturbed the peace of the adjoining British territory,
+culminating in a civil war between claimants to the succession
+as Sultan, Col. Sir W. D. Jervois, Governor of the Straits
+Settlements, in 1875, accepted a surrender of the sovereignty
+from Ismail, one of the claimants, and appointed Mr. W. J.
+Birch, as British Resident in Perak. For some time all went
+on well, but in November, Ismail, weary of the restraint of the
+Resident, and intending to seize the throne for himself, attacked
+the Residency at the head of a band of maurauders, tore down
+the British flag, and murdered Mr. Birch in his bath, afterwards
+shamefully mutilating his body. Most of the native rajahs
+joined Ismail, and an attack on a stockade held by one of them,
+by Captain Innes, R.E., with a handful of the 10th. regiment
+and some Sepoys, was repulsed, and Innes himself killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The news of this disaster reaching Singapore, General Colborne,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>with about three hundred men of the 80th. regiment,
+set out at once for Perak; artillery was sent from Calcutta,
+and a squadron consisting of the “Modeste” corvette, and the
+gunboats “Thistle,” “Fly,” and “Ringdove,” came from Hong
+Kong. An advance was made up the Perak river by a small
+party of troops, and a Naval Brigade under Captain Whitlaw of
+the 10th. regiment, and Commander Stirling, of H.M.S. “Thistle,”
+which captured and destroyed the fortified village of Passir
+Sala, the hold of the Maharajah Lela, and with other things
+gained possession of six guns, a quantity of small arms, and
+Mr. Birch’s books and papers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Colborne, commanding in Perak, on hearing that
+Ismail and Lela were at a town called Kinta, marched through
+the dense jungle against them, storming stockades in his route,
+and capturing Kinta, which he occupied with his troops. Ismail
+and the Maharajah fled into the jungle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On January 4th, 1876, Brigadier-General Ross, with a
+column composed chiefly of a detachment of the 3rd. Buffs
+and Goorkhas, attacked and stormed Kotah Lama, the stronghold
+of the Malays, but in the affair Major Hawkins was killed.
+Kotah Lama, which contained large stores of rice, was burned,
+and the troops returned to Qualla Kangsa. On the 19th.
+Ismail was attacked and routed with loss, seventeen elephants
+with all his baggage being taken; and after much wandering
+in the jungle, on March 22nd. he himself was captured and
+sent to Singapore.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The war was ended, and Perak has since remained under
+British protection. The success of these operations were greatly
+due “to the aid given by the Naval Brigades<a id='r150'></a><a href='#f150' class='c013'><sup>[150]</sup></a> as rocket and
+gun parties, and in managing the country boats, which alone
+could be used.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British troops engaged were: Royal Artillery, 1st. Battalion
+of the 3rd. Buffs, and detachments of the 10th. and 80th.
+regiments.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>JOWAKI.<br> <span class='c016'>1877–78.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The disturbances in the Malay Peninsular were scarcely
+settled when the Indian Government was compelled to despatch
+an expedition against the Jowakis, a ferocious tribe of the
+Afridis, occupying the hills on the Afghan border to the west
+of the Indus. During the months of October and November,
+1877, they swept down from their mountains on the plains
+below, slaughtered the inhabitants, burnt their villages, and
+carried away their cattle and property. In one of these raids
+they had the daring to attack a detachment of troops guarding
+stores near the frontier, though a few months previously they
+had been severely chastised by a small force sent against them
+under Sir R. Pollock. To put an end to these continued incursions,
+and to reduce these freebooters to submission, a regular
+force was organised under the command of Generals Keyes and
+Ross, the former being Brigadier. General Keyes with the
+main body advanced through the defiles, attacked the Jowakis,
+destroyed their crops and walled villages, and blew up many
+of their fortified towers. On the 1st of December he reached
+Jummoo, the principal stronghold of the tribe; a town situated
+in a fertile and cultivated valley, watered by a fine stream.
+The town was captured with trifling loss, the Jowakis being
+taken by surprise, abandoned their goods and dwellings and
+fled to the mountains. Here General Keyes for a while halted,
+while the troops scoured the adjacent valleys, taking away the
+cattle and burning the villages.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About the end of January, 1878, the head men of the Jowakis
+came into the camp and made overtures for peace; but on
+learning the terms on which it would be granted, declined
+to accept them, and withdrew. Hostilities were resumed, and
+on February 15th., a body of troops, consisting almost entirely
+of cavalry, inflicted a crushing defeat on the tribesmen, which
+effectually dispersed them, and resulted in their unconditional
+surrender. The British regiments employed in this expedition
+were the 9th. and 51st. Foot, and 4th. Battalion Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>NAGA.<br> <span class='c016'>1875–1880.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In January, 1875, a party of about seventy Sepoys and Coolies,
+under the command of Lieutenant Holcombe, were sent by the
+Indian Government to survey a wild tract of country in the
+north-east part of Assam, inhabited by the Nagas, an uncivilized
+race, whose name is derived from <i>Nag</i>, the Hindustani word
+for a snake. As their name implies, these people are very
+treacherous, and regardless of human life; but theft they regard
+with detestation. Clothing they entirely dispense with, but
+fantastically tattoo their totally naked bodies. A premeditated
+and sudden attack was made by them on the surveying party,
+and Lieutenant Holcombe, and the whole of his men were
+killed on the spot, or severely wounded. A force, under Colonel
+Nuthall, was at once dispatched to punish the tribe for this
+massacre, and after seven days’ march the troops reached the
+jungle-covered hills of the Nagas. There was very little fighting,
+and with the loss of one man, the villages and stores of
+grain of the enemy were destroyed, and their flocks and cattle
+captured. The effects of this lesson lasted for a long time,
+but about the close of the year 1879, the Nagas, of Konoma,
+renewed their outrages, and murdered Mr. Damant, the political
+agent in charge of the Naga Hills, and were again severely
+chastised in January, 1880, by a column commanded by Brigadier-General Nation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>No European troops were engaged in either of these expeditions,
+but the medal and clasp were given to the Native
+regiments employed, and their British officers.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BURMA.<br> <span class='fss'>1885–87, AND 1887–89.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The relations between the Indian Government and Burma
+had for some time been unsatisfactory, but in 1885, Thebaw,
+the despotic and extravagant King of Burma, finding his
+treasury exhausted, in an endeavour to replenish it, entered
+into fruitless negotiations with the French. He then began
+to extort money on different pretexts from the “Bombay and
+Burma Trading Company,” and on the agents of the Company
+refusing to pay the blackmail demanded from them, they were
+harassed and plundered, and at last fired upon by some of
+the King’s troops. Remonstrances having proved to be useless,
+the British representative was instructed to break off the negotiations,
+and an ultimatum was presented to the King, which
+embodied the British demands, one of them being that a British
+agent should be received at Mandalay. Thebaw replied by a
+proclamation, in which he stated that the British had made
+ridiculous proposals which he could not accept, and called on
+his subjects to fight in defence of their country and religion.
+He further declared his intention to conquer and annex the
+country of the “barbarians.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An expeditionary force was dispatched to Burma under the
+command of General Prendergast, who arrived at Thayetmyo
+November 14th. A British proclamation declaring the dethronement
+of King Thebaw was issued to the Burmese people,
+and the first hostile act was the capture of one of the King’s
+war vessels by two armed launches from H.M.S. “Turquoise,”
+after a smart encounter. General Prendergast advanced up
+the Irrawaddy, and on November 16th. shelled a position which
+the Burmese had fortified on the left bank of the river, and
+which they abandoned on the landing of the troops. Next
+day, another position at Minhla, was attacked and carried by
+storm, after a contest of three hours, by three regiments of
+Native Infantry, with small loss, and General Prendergast
+marched for Mandalay.<a id='r151'></a><a href='#f151' class='c013'><sup>[151]</sup></a> On November 26th. he reached Ava
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>when he was met by an envoy from Thebaw, requesting an
+armistice, and terms of peace. The General replied that the
+only terms he could offer were the surrender of the King,
+his army, and Mandalay.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following day the messenger returned with orders from
+Thebaw to accede to all demands. Ava at once surrendered,
+the garrison laid down their arms, and on November 28th.
+Mandalay was occupied by the British troops without opposition.
+The day after, the King surrendered to General Prendergast at
+Mandalay, and with his queen, and about seventy members of
+his court, was put on board a steamer and sent to Rangoon.
+Soon after he was removed to a place of security in British
+India, and on January 1st., 1886, Lord Dufferin, Viceroy of
+India, announced the annexation of Upper Burma to the British
+Empire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>But Burma for a long time continued in a very unsettled
+state. The regular Burmese army for the most part had been
+disarmed, but swarms of “dacoits,” or native insurgents, spread
+over the country, and encounters between them and the British
+troops were of constant occurrence. A few weeks after the
+annexation there were skirmishes with dacoits at Sagaing and
+Kaddoo; and in April a daring attempt was made to burn
+Mandalay, the town being fired in four places, and the walled
+city in two. Hundreds of houses were destroyed, and the incendiaries
+escaped with little loss. The same month, a small
+force of two hundred men, under Captain Wace, had a sharp
+encounter with dacoits, near Bhamo, and was obliged to retreat;
+and on June 12th. in an affair at Salen, Captain Durnford of the
+8th. King’s regiment, was killed. On the 26th. of the same
+month, in an engagement near Mingyan, Lieutenant Shubrick
+was slain; and on July 19th., Lieutenant King, with a detachment
+of the Welsh Fusiliers, at Shwebo, attacked and defeated
+a body of eight hundred insurgents with loss, taking one hundred
+and eighteen prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Sir Herbert Macpherson, V.C., who had succeeded
+General Prendergast in the chief command in Burma, died of
+fever at Prome, October 20th., and General Sir F. Roberts
+proceeded from India and took the command.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the month of November there was some sharp fighting.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>Colonel Lockhart assaulted and captured the camp of an
+insurgent chief, called the Kemendine Prince, who escaped;
+and on the 22nd., Colonel Holt of the 2nd. Queen’s regiment,
+attacked and carried the strong Burmese position of Puzan
+Myang, at the point of the bayonet, the Burmese leader being
+among the slain.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On New Year’s day, 1887, a party commanded by Major
+Jeffreys, Connaught Rangers, attacked the Kemendine Prince
+at Meiktela, killing him and forty of his followers, but the
+desultory warfare still continued. Another dacoit leader, called
+Boshway, gave considerable trouble. His camp was attacked
+and captured by a party under Captain Golightly, 60th. Rifles
+on January 30th., but Boshway and most of his men escaped.
+His good fortune at length deserted him.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the month of October following, Major Harvey, 24th.
+regiment, with a party of Mounted Infantry, after a forced
+march of fifty miles, made a sudden dash on his camp, killed
+Boshway and dispersed his band. The same month, Major
+Kennedy, Hyderabad Contingent, and Captain Beville, Assistant
+Commissioner, were killed while leading an attack upon a village
+occupied by dacoits. During the whole of the succeeding year,
+1888, this guerrilla warfare was carried on, and the British
+troops were worn out by incessant skirmishing, and the privations
+they endured in scouring fever-haunted jungles in pursuit
+of dacoits, often with but little success. At the end of the year
+a small force of one hundred Mounted Infantry, one hundred
+of the Rifle Brigade, and about three hundred Native Infantry
+and Sappers, commanded by Brigadier-General Collett, was
+sent against a tribe called the Red Karens, who with their
+chief Sawlapaw had given much trouble. On January 9th.,
+1889, Sawlon, the chief town of the Karens, was captured, and
+Sawlapaw fled. In the same month, Lieutenant W. H. Nugent
+in a daring attempt to carry a dacoit stockade, with but sixteen
+men of the 17th. Regiment, was killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About the end of January, a column composed of a company
+of the 37th. regiment, and three hundred Sikhs and
+Goorkhas with two guns, was despatched against the Kachyins
+and Lepu tribes, in the north-east of Upper Burma. After some
+weeks of toilsome marching and skirmishing, Khama, the chief
+town of the Lepu tribe was captured and destroyed, and the
+troops returned.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upper Burma is still far from being in a quiescent state,
+and affairs with dacoits and hill tribes seem to be almost
+perpetual.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The European regiments which served in Burma<a id='r152'></a><a href='#f152' class='c013'><sup>[152]</sup></a> in 1885–87
+were Royal Artillery, 2nd. Queen’s, 8th. King’s, 13th. Somersetshire,
+21st. Fusiliers, 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, 24th. South Wales
+Borderers, 51st. Yorkshire, 67th. Hampshire, 104th. Munster
+Fusiliers and Rifle Brigade. In 1887–89—Royal Artillery, 9th.
+Norfolk, 17th. Leicester, 37th. Hampshire and Rifle Brigade.
+The Native troops in the Expedition were—4th. Punjaub, 81st.
+Bombay Mountain Batteries, 7th. Bengal Cavalry, 1st. Madras
+and 1st. Bombay Lancers, 3rd. Hyderabad and 2nd. Madras
+Cavalry, eight companies Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Sappers
+and Miners, 1st., 2nd., 5th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 18th.,
+26th., 27th., and 43rd. Bengal Infantry, 3rd. Goorkhas, 1st. Madras
+Pioneers; 3rd., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 17th., 21st., 23rd., 25th.,
+and 27th. Madras Infantry, 2nd. and 3rd. Hyderabad Infantry,
+1st., 5th., 7th., 23rd., 25th., and 27th. Bombay Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIKKIM.<br> <span class='c016'>1888.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Thibetians having been for some time endeavouring to
+annex Sikkim, a state lying between Nepaul and Bhootan, on
+the south-eastern slope of the Himalayas; and treating the
+remonstrances of the Indian Government as evidences of want
+of courage and ability to encounter them; in March, 1888, a
+field force was organised to expel them from the state, and
+bring the dispute to a conclusion. The force consisted of two
+companies of the 95th., 2nd. Derbyshire, 32nd. Bengal Pioneers,
+Goorkhas, etc.; in all about 2000 men, commanded by Colonel
+T. Graham, R.A. The operations lasted from March, with
+but little result, to September 24th, when Colonel Graham
+attacked the Thibetan army of nearly 10,000 men, posted on
+the Tukola Ridge, and completely routed it. Colonel Sir B.
+Bromhead was wounded, and the total loss of the victors was
+very small. This engagement practically ended the Thibetan
+campaign. A bronze medal and clasp, similar to that in silver
+issued to the troops, was given to all recognised followers who
+accompanied them.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>HAZARA.<br> <span class='c016'>1888.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The operations against the Thibetans were not finished, when
+an expedition was despatched against the fierce and warlike
+tribe of the Azokais, inhabiting the Black Mountain, a range
+lying to the north of Hazara, between the Indus and Cashmere.
+The tribesmen had been severely punished for their raids, and
+their villages burnt, by a force commanded by General Sir
+Thomas Wilde, in October, 1868,<a id='r153'></a><a href='#f153' class='c013'><sup>[153]</sup></a> which reduced them to sue
+for peace, and to give hostages for their good behaviour in the
+future. For many years they remained quiet, but on June
+18th., 1888, a body of them attacked a surveying party under
+Major Battye and Captain Urmston, and massacred the two
+officers with several of their followers. To chastise the tribe
+for this outrage, the Hazara, or Black Mountain Field Force,
+comprising the 15th. Bengal Cavalry, a detachment of Royal
+Artillery, and a Hazara Mountain Battery, 5th. Northumberland
+Fusiliers, 18th. Royal Irish, 12th. Suffolk, 107th. Sussex, 78th.
+Highlanders, 2nd., 3rd., 14th., and 45th. Sikhs, 5th. Goorkhas,
+4th., 24th., and 29th. Punjaub Infantry, 34th. Pioneers, and
+40th. Bengal Native Infantry, about 8000 men, all told, commanded
+by Major-General McQueen, and Brigadier-Generals
+Channer, V.C., and Galbraith, made an entrance into the
+enemy’s country on October 3rd. Two days afterwards General
+McQueen encountered and defeated the mountaineers near
+Surmulbutspur, with the loss of Captain Beley, killed, and
+Colonel Crookshank, who died of wounds received in the action.
+On November 2nd., a column under General Channer, principally
+composed of the Northumberland Fusiliers and Khyberees,
+assaulted and carried the Gorapher Peak, 9,500 feet above the
+level of the sea, the most elevated position ever carried by
+British troops, with the loss of one man killed and one wounded.
+Convinced of the uselessness of further resistance, on November
+5th., the tribesmen unconditionally submitted, and the troops
+commenced their return march to Oghi.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CHIN-LUSHAI.<br> <span class='c016'>1889–90.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The tribes inhabiting the Chin Hills and the Lushai country
+situated between our Indian and Burmese frontier, had for
+some years occasionally made incursions into British territory,
+culminating, on February 3rd., 1888, in an attack on a surveying
+party under Lieutenant Stewart, 100th. Leinster, in which
+that officer and two of his men were killed, after a gallant
+resistance. A punitive expedition was formed, which was
+divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah <a id='t376'></a>against
+the Chin tribes, under Brigadier-General Symons, in chief command;
+and the other, commanded by Brigadier Tregear, advanced
+from Chittagong against the Lushais in November, 1889.
+The tribesmen made feeble opposition, but as the troops were
+unprovided with tents, owing to the difficulty of transport, they
+suffered very severely from sickness, both Europeans and Natives;
+the Punjaub Coolies suffering most of all. The jungle, through
+which the troops had to make roads, was very unhealthy; a
+dense greenish mist being almost always prevalent, and the
+vegetation soaking wet. During the month of February some
+skirmishes took place, and a stockade or two was captured,
+but the natural difficulties of the country, and the climate,
+were the greatest obstacles to the expedition. The villages and
+crops of the tribes being destroyed, and they, finding the troops
+gradually closing in around them on all sides, and roads made
+through places they had regarded as impassable, grew disheartened
+and anxious for peace. Their chiefs hastened to tender
+their submission, and two of them who had been implicated
+in the attack on the party of Lieutenant Stewart, surrendered
+(on the assurance that their lives would be spared), and restored
+the head of that unfortunate officer, with the guns and instruments
+they had taken in their raid.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A strong fort was erected in a position which commanded
+the adjacent country, and being connected with posts garrisoned
+by the Frontier Police, would render hostile incursions by the
+tribes almost impossible in the future. On April 30th., 1890,
+the expeditionary force was broken up, having been completely
+successful. The only European troops employed were: 1st.
+Battalion 22nd. Cheshire, and 1st. Battalion 25th. Scottish
+Borderers, in the Burma column.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The officers and men who had already gained the Indian
+Medal, received the clasp only, inscribed “Chin-Lushai, 1889–90,”
+and a bronze medal and clasp was given to the authorised
+Government followers who accompanied the troops.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SAMANA.<br> <span class='c016'>1891.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Another expedition against the Meeranzies, who were severely
+chastised by Sir Neville Chamberlain in 1855, was dispatched
+from Kohat, April 5th., 1891, under the command of Sir W.
+Lockhart. The tribesmen were defeated with severe loss at
+Mastaon, and reduced to submission. The operations were
+perfectly successful, but the British loss was greater than
+usual in these frontier expeditions, upwards of one hundred men,
+including five European and three Native officers, being killed
+and wounded. Some Native regiments were left to garrison
+Samana, and the tribes who had recently been fighting against
+us, readily brought in grass and supplies.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles, and 96th. Manchester regiment
+were the only European troops engaged in this expedition, which
+was ended May 25th., 1891. A bronze medal, as usual, was
+given to all authorised Government followers of the troops.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE CRIMEAN MEDAL AND CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1854–56.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In December, 1854, the Queen was pleased to command
+that a medal, bearing the word “Crimea,” with an appropriate
+device, should be conferred on all the officers, non-commissioned
+officers, and private soldiers of Her Majesty’s Army,
+who had been engaged in the arduous and brilliant campaign
+in the Crimea; and that clasps, with the words “Alma” or
+“Inkermann” thereon, were to be also awarded to such as
+were present in either of those battles. In February, 1855,
+Her Majesty granted a clasp for the action at Balaklava,
+and in October following, a clasp inscribed “Sebastopol” was
+added to the Crimean medal, and was awarded to all present
+between the 1st. of October, 1854, the day on which the
+Army sat down before the place, and the 9th. of September,
+1855, when the town was taken. Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann,
+and Sebastopol, are, therefore, the services to be most prominently
+described, as they are commemorated not only by the
+clasps above referred to, but likewise by inscriptions authorized
+by Royal Authority to be borne on the Regimental Colours of
+the corps entitled thereto; those having no standards or colours
+bearing these distinctions on their cap or helmet-plates, and
+Rifle Regiments on their breast-plates and cap-plates. The
+following are the Regiments in question:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Alma.</span>—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light Dragoons;
+17 Lancers; Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards;
+1, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50,
+55, 63, 68, 77, 79, 88, 93, and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div id='i378fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_378fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Crimean Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span><span class='sc'>Balaklava.</span>—4, 5 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13,
+17 Dragoons; 93 Foot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Inkermann.</span>—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light
+Dragoons; 17 Lancers; Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier
+Guards; 1, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 44, 47,
+49, 50, 55, 57, 63, 68, 77, 88, and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Sebastopol.</span>—1, 4, 5, 6 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6 Dragoons;
+8, 10, 11 Hussars; 12 Lancers; 13 Light Dragoons; 17 Lancers;
+Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; 1, 3, 4,
+7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39,
+41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 68, 71, 72,
+77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, and 97 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two companies of the 46th., which preceded the Regiment,
+were present at Alma and Inkermann, and obtained medals
+for those victories, but the head-quarters and remainder of
+the corps did not arrive until the day following the last-named
+battle, and therefore did not receive these inscriptions
+for the colours. Six officers and two hundred and twenty-five
+men were granted the medal for the first-named battle, and
+six officers and two hundred and one men obtained the clasp
+for Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Crimean medal, designed by W. Wyon, has on its
+obverse the effigy of Her Majesty, from the die of the Peninsular
+medal, with the legend “Victoria Regina,” and in the exergue,
+the date 1854; the reverse has a figure of Fame about to place
+a wreath upon the brows of a stalwart hero, in classic military
+costume, bearing a round shield on his left arm, on which is
+shown the British Lion, with the word “Crimea” on the right
+of the figure. The ribbon is of pale blue with yellow edges.
+The clasps are of silver, with acorn ornaments, and severally
+inscribed “Alma,” “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and “Sebastopol.”
+The name and regiment of recipient are indented or engraved
+on the edge of the medal. A special clasp for “Azoff” was
+issued to the Navy, and the Marines received medals with
+clasps for “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and “Sebastopol.” The
+medal was also given to a selection of the French, Sardinian,
+and Turkish troops engaged in the campaign.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE BATTLE OF THE ALMA.<br> <span class='sc'>20th. September, 1854.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Lord John Russell’s memorable words in the House of
+Commons, on the 17th. of February, 1854, “May God defend
+the right,” like those of Nelson, “England expects every man
+this day will do his duty,” had an electrical effect, and made
+the country nerve itself for the approaching contest, which, for
+some time threatening, shortly afterwards commenced. The
+nation sympathized with the efforts of the Turks, under their
+distinguished commander, Omar Pasha, and after the terrible
+massacre at Sinope, hostilities became inevitable.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Before the end of February the Guards and other regiments
+had embarked for the East, the Queen, from the Balcony of
+Buckingham Palace, bidding the former farewell. Each regiment
+as it marched for the port of embarkation, was greeted with
+hearty and sympathetic cheers, which showed the popular opinion
+in favour of the coming struggle. Lord Raglan, so long the
+Military Secretary of the great Duke of Wellington, and afterwards
+the Master General of the Ordnance, was appointed to
+the command of the British Forces destined for the East.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The official declaration of war appeared in the London
+Gazette, on the 28th. of March, and that of the Emperor of
+the French, the ally of England, was published simultaneously.
+The first place of rendezvous was Malta, and thence the troops
+proceeded to Gallipoli and Scutari, and subsequently to Varna,
+which was reached towards the end of June. After the gallant
+defence of Silistria, and the repulse of the Russians, in which
+Captain James Armar Butler, Ceylon Rifle Regiment, and
+Lieutenant Charles Nasmyth, Bombay Artillery, as volunteers,
+so highly distinguished themselves, and where the former, with
+the brave Turkish commander, Mousso Pasha, met a soldier’s
+death, Turkey became no longer in danger of invasion, and
+the allied armies, being released from supporting by their
+presence the valour of the Ottoman troops;—the expedition
+to the Crimea was determined upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>On Thursday, the 7th. of September, 1854, the fleet conveying
+the allied army, sailed from Baldjick Bay, whither the
+troops had proceeded from Varna, for the Crimea. Cholera
+still prevailed, but the voyage materially improved the health
+of the soldiers. The British troops consisted of one thousand
+one hundred cavalry, three thousand one hundred artillery, and
+twenty-two thousand five hundred and ninety infantry; making
+a total, of all arms, of twenty-six thousand eight hundred men.
+The French troops, under the command of Marshal St. Arnaud,
+amounted to nearly the same numbers, namely, twenty-six
+thousand five hundred and twenty-six, which, with seven thousand
+Turks, under Selim Pasha, attached thereto, made an
+aggregate force of sixty thousand three hundred men, with
+one hundred and thirty-two guns, of which sixty-five pieces of
+ordnance belonged to the British Siege Train. The general
+rendezvous was the Isle of Serpents, whence, on the 11th. of
+September, the expedition proceeded direct to its destination,
+and two days afterwards the fleets halted in the Bay of Eupatoria.
+The occupation of Eupatoria was gained without resistance,
+and the same night the fleet sailed for Kalamita Bay,
+and anchored at 8 a.m. on the 14th., at the position near Old
+Fort, distant about eighteen miles south of Eupatoria, which
+had been ultimately selected as the point of debarkation.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The soldiers of No. 1 company of the 23rd. Royal Welsh
+Fusiliers, under Major Lysons and Lieutenant Drewe, were the
+first British troops that landed in the Crimea. Some arabas
+having been seen in the distance, this party was at once dispatched
+by Brigadier-General Airey, Quartermaster-General, in
+pursuit of them; after marching some distance they got within
+reach of the waggons, and fired a few shots at the Cossack
+escort who were endeavouring to save them. These horsemen
+forthwith galloped off, leaving fourteen arabas full of fire-wood
+and fruit, with their drivers and bullocks; this was the commencement
+of the Land Transport of the Army.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>No opposition was offered to the landing, which was effected
+without any casualties or accidents, save a few horses drowned.
+The weather, which had been fine, changed; in the afternoon
+it rained, and at night the troops on shore were deluged, rain
+coming down in such torrents as could scarcely be surpassed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>even in India. With morning the clouds cleared away, and
+a bright sunshine made amends for the past night, and the
+trials of the first bivouac in the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The morning of the 19th. of September witnessed the
+commencement of the march of the allied forces towards
+Sebastopol, and in the evening occurred the first actual encounter
+with the enemy. This took place between the advanced
+cavalry of the British, supported by the first brigade of the
+light division, and a strong body of Dragoons and Cossacks
+with artillery. The Earl of Cardigan’s brigade of Light Cavalry
+exhibited most praiseworthy steadiness, his lordship’s coolness
+and spirit being specially mentioned in the official despatch,
+and the enemy’s artillery was soon silenced by the batteries
+which Lord Raglan ordered to be brought into action. Four
+men only were wounded in this affair, and the allies bivouacked
+on the left bank of the Bulganak. This insignificant stream
+was most welcome after the wearisome day’s march, made under
+a burning sun, and an absence of water. On the morning of
+the 20th. of September both armies moved towards the Alma.
+It was arranged that Marshal St. Arnaud should attack the
+enemy’s left, by crossing this river at its junction with the
+sea, and immediately above it; the rest of the French divisions
+were to move up the heights in their front, whilst the right
+and centre of the Russian position were to be attacked by
+the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By nature the position taken up by the Russians, which
+crossed the great road about two miles and a half from the
+sea, was very strong. The bold and almost precipitous range
+of heights, varying from three hundred and fifty to four hundred
+feet, that from the sea closely bordered the left bank of the
+river, here terminated and formed their left; and turning thence
+round a spacious amphitheatre, or wide valley, ended at a
+salient pinnacle, where their right rested, and whence the
+descent to the plain was more gradual. The front was about
+two miles in extent. Across the mouth of this great opening
+occurred a low ridge of different heights, from sixty to one
+hundred feet, distant about six hundred to eight hundred yards
+from the river, to which it was parallel. The river, although
+generally fordable, had extremely rugged banks, which were
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>in most parts steep;—the willows along it had been felled
+to prevent them from affording cover to the assailants, with
+the exception of those below the bridge, which were full of
+Russian riflemen.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the right bank of the Alma, in front of the position,
+at a distance of about two hundred yards from the river, is
+situated the village of Bourliouk;—the wooden bridge of which
+had been partly destroyed by the Russians.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The key of the position was the lofty pinnacle and ridge
+before described, and there consequently the preparations for
+defence were the most considerable. Half-way down the height,
+and across its front, was a trench extending some hundred
+yards, to afford cover against an advance up the even steep
+slope of the hill. Somewhat retired on the right was a powerful
+covered battery, armed with heavy guns, which flanked the
+entire right of the position. Artillery was also posted at the
+several points which best commanded the passage of the river
+and its approaches. On the slopes of these hills, which formed
+a kind of table-land, were placed dense masses of the enemy’s
+infantry, and the heights above were occupied by his great
+reserve, the whole variously estimated from thirty to upwards
+of forty thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Such was the Russian position; but its extraordinary strength
+only stimulated the allies to deeds of more than ordinary
+daring,—on this, for the first time during many centuries, that
+British and French soldiers were to fight side by side.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Half an hour before the battle is thus vividly described by
+Mr. N. A. Woods, in his work entitled “The Past Campaign:
+a Sketch of the War in the East, from the Departure of
+Lord Raglan to the Capture of Sebastopol”:—“The day was
+clear and hot: not a cloud in the sky—not a breath in the
+air. Except the clank of artillery chains, and the occasional
+neigh of a horse, there was a dead silence, which, as your eye
+glanced over the glittering masses of soldiers, was solemn and
+impressive. The close dark lines of our adversaries at the
+side of the Alma were equally steady. So still, so silent, lay
+both posts, that had I shut my eyes, I could have imagined
+myself in a perfect solitude.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A change was soon to come over the scene, and the stillness
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>was about to be broken by the stern alarums of battle.
+Both armies advanced on the same alignment, the British in
+contiguous double columns, with the front of two divisions
+covered by light infantry and a troop of horse artillery; the
+second division, under Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans,
+forming the right, and touching the left of the third French
+Division, under His Imperial Highness Prince Napoleon, and
+the light division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown,
+the left; the first being supported by the third division under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England, and the last by the
+first division, commanded by Lieutenant-General His Royal
+Highness the Duke of Cambridge. The fourth division, under
+Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart, and
+the cavalry, under Major-General the Earl of Lucan, were
+held in reserve, to protect the left flank and rear against large
+bodies of the Russian cavalry, which had shown themselves
+in those directions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon approaching within range of the guns, whose fire soon
+became extremely formidable, the two leading divisions deployed
+into line, and advanced to attack the front, the supporting
+divisions following the movement. Scarcely had this taken
+place, when the village of Bourliouk, immediately opposite the
+centre, was fired by the Russians at all points, creating a continuous
+blaze for three hundred yards, obscuring their position,
+and rendering a passage through it impracticable. In consequence
+of this, two regiments of Brigadier-General Adams’s
+brigade, part of Sir De Lacy Evan’s division, had to pass,
+under a sharp fire, the river at a deep and difficult ford to
+the right; whilst his first brigade, under Major-General Pennefather,
+with the remaining regiment of Brigadier-General
+Adams, crossed to the left of the conflagration, opposed by
+the artillery from the heights above, and pressed on towards
+the left of the position with the utmost gallantry and steadiness.
+Meanwhile, Sir George Brown, with the light division,
+effected the passage of the Alma in his immediate front. The
+advance was made under great disadvantages, the rugged and
+broken banks of the river offering most serious obstacles,
+whilst the vineyards through which the troops had to pass
+(the men suffering from thirst eagerly seizing bunches of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>grapes,<a id='r154'></a><a href='#f154' class='c013'><sup>[154]</sup></a>) and the felled trees rendered every species of formation
+under a galling fire almost an impossibility. Sir George, nevertheless,
+persevered in this difficult operation, and the first brigade,
+under Major-General Codrington, succeeded in carrying the
+great redoubt, aided materially by the judicious and steady
+manner in which Brigadier-General Buller moved on the left
+flank, and by the advance of four companies of the Rifle Brigade,
+under Major Norcott. The heavy fire of grape and musketry
+to which the troops were opposed, and the casualties sustained
+in consequence by the 7th., 23rd., and 33rd. regiments, compelled
+this brigade partially to relinquish its hold. The Duke
+of Cambridge had succeeded in crossing the river, and had
+moved up in support; when a brilliant advance of the brigade
+of Foot Guards, under Major-General Bentinck, drove the
+enemy back, and secured the final possession of the work.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Colin Campbell, with the Highland
+Brigade, advanced in admirable order and steadiness up the
+high ground to the left, co-operating with the Guards. Major-General
+Pennefather’s brigade, which had been connected with
+the right of the light division, forced the enemy completely
+to abandon the position they had taken such pains to defend
+and secure, and which was considered almost impregnable.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 95th. Regiment, immediately on the right of the 7th.
+Royal Fusiliers in the advance, suffered equally with that old
+corps and the 55th. an immense loss. The aid of the Royal
+Artillery in all these operations was most effectual, whilst the
+exertions of the field officers and the captains of troops and
+batteries to get the guns into action, were unceasing, and the
+precision of their fire materially contributed to the victory.
+Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England brought his division
+to the immediate support of the troops in advance; and
+Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart was actively engaged
+in watching the left flank of the enemy. It likewise appears
+by Lord Raglan’s despatch, that although the nature of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>ground did not admit of the employment of cavalry, they
+succeeded at the close of the battle in capturing some prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The cheerfulness with which the regimental officers had
+submitted to unusual privations was not forgotten. It being
+necessary to bring into the country every available cavalry
+and infantry soldier, prevented the embarkation of the baggage
+animals, so that the officers had nothing but what they could
+carry, and were, with the men, without tents or covering. Not
+a murmur was, however, heard, for all appeared impressed
+with the necessity of the arrangement. “The conduct,” adds
+his lordship, “of the troops has been admirable. When it
+is considered that they have suffered severely from sickness,
+during the last two months; that since they landed in the
+Crimea they have been exposed to the extremes of wet, cold,
+and heat; that the daily toil to provide themselves with
+water has been excessive, and that they have been pursued by
+Cholera to the very battle-field,<a id='r155'></a><a href='#f155' class='c013'><sup>[155]</sup></a> I do not go beyond the truth
+in declaring that they merit the highest commendation. In
+the ardour of attack they forgot all they had endured, and
+displayed that high courage, that gallant spirit, for which the
+British soldier is ever distinguished, and under the heaviest
+fire they maintained the same determination to conquer, as
+they had exhibited before they went into action.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Nor were the Royal Navy omitted, for his lordship continues,—“I
+should be wanting in my duty, my Lord Duke,
+if I did not express to your Grace, in the most earnest manner,
+my deep feeling of gratitude to the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy, for the invaluable assistance they afforded the
+Army upon this, as on every occasion where it could be brought
+to bear upon our operations. They watched the progress of
+the day with the most intense anxiety; and as the best way
+of evincing their participation in our success, and their sympathy
+in the sufferings of the wounded, they never ceased,
+from the close of the battle till we left the ground this morning,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>to provide for the sick and wounded, and to carry them
+down to the beach—a labour in which some of the officers
+even volunteered to participate—an act which I shall never
+cease to recollect with the warmest thankfulness.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The various episodes of this victory would fill a volume of
+themselves; the newspapers were eagerly sought after, and
+the letters from the actors in the busy scene of war, and
+from correspondents of the public journals proved of untiring
+interest. Some of the epistles are full of graphic touches;
+they show how the Duke of Cambridge roughed it like the
+rest, and slept with his head covered by a tilt cart. How
+Sir George Brown’s horse, pierced by eleven shots, brought
+him to the ground, but rising unhurt, he again led the soldiers
+on. How Colonel Chester, with eight officers, fell at the head
+of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and how severely the regiment
+suffered. As Corporal Harwood writes—“Our artillery
+kept up a tremendous fire at them for an hour and a half, at the
+end of which the order ran through our lines, ‘Light division
+advance and take the entrenchments.’ The 23rd. was in the
+light division, and on we went, covered by two companies of the
+Rifle Brigade. We crossed a vineyard, and were led by Colonel
+Chester through the river, the opposite bank of which was
+very steep. The Colonel went through with us,—we all
+shared alike,—and as we clambered out the enemy gave us
+a fierce fire, the cannon belching forth murderous volleys of
+grape and round shot, and musket-balls fell as thick as hail.
+The men fell dead and wounded before me and at my side.
+They fell in every direction, and mechanically I still pressed
+on untouched. Up the hill we went with the Rifle Brigades,
+and half-way up the heights we reached the cannons’ mouths,
+which were planted on the entrenchments. Our regiment
+was about to cross to the stockade in the enemy’s position, when
+the word was given, ‘Cease firing, and retire,’ because we
+were in danger of firing on the French. Our Colonel rushed
+in front of us, shouting ‘No, no, on lads!’ He fell with the
+word on his lips; he never spoke or raised his head again.
+We <i>did</i> retire then, and an unfortunate mistake it was, for
+the enemy returned to the guns we had once silenced, and
+gave us some terrific volleys; but we soon rallied, and supported
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>by the 7th., 33rd., a portion of the Guards, and the
+Highlanders, we rushed up the hill again, and the enemy
+fled in every direction.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This letter refers to an unfortunate mistake which occurred.
+A mounted officer called out “Cease firing; you are firing on
+the French;” the words ran down the line and caused some
+hesitation and confusion. The Russians took advantage of it
+in a moment, and advancing some heavy columns, drove the
+light division back from the redoubt; the first division, then
+at some distance in the rear, at once advanced and re-took
+the redoubt. The light division rallied, and again pushed on
+in a second line, when the key of the enemy’s position
+having been thus forced, and his left turned by the French,
+the foe retreated on all sides.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>More than ordinary interest was created by the circumstances
+under which Captain and Lieutenant Eddington, of
+the 95th., met their deaths. When the former dropped, early
+in the charge, with a ball in his chest, he was left for a few
+moments on the hill side, while the regiment fell back to
+re-form. A Russian rifleman, kneeling down beside him
+pretended to raise his canteen to the wounded officer’s lips,
+and deliberately blew his brains out. This was in sight of
+the regiment, and as they charged up the hill, the Lieutenant,
+maddened by the sight, rushed forward to avenge his
+beloved brother’s death, but in a few moments met a similar
+fate, his breast being absolutely riddled with the storm of
+grape shot and rifle balls.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the battle the Russians had succeeded in getting
+away all their guns but two, one of which, a sixteen-pounder,
+with two horses to it, was taken by Captain Bell, of the
+23rd., who received the Victoria Cross. This officer ran up
+to the driver as he was trying to make off, and held a
+pistol to his head; the man jumped off his horse, when
+the captain took the gun back to the rear. Captain Donovan,
+of the 33rd., scratched his name on the other gun, but
+there being no horses to it, he could not remove it. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Chester and Captain Evans were killed near
+the redoubt, and Major Lysons being at the time with the
+second division, as Assistant Adjutant-General, Captain Campbell
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>next took the command, but was soon hit, first slightly on
+the head;—in a few minutes afterwards he received a ball
+in the thigh, which obliged him to go to the rear; the honour
+of bringing the Royal Welsh out of the action was thus reserved
+for Captain Bell.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In all battles the defence of the colours necessarily forms
+an interesting feature, and Alma exhibited several instances.
+The 33rd., Duke of Wellington’s Regiment, had nineteen
+sergeants killed or wounded, chiefly in defence of the colours.
+Captain Robert William Hamilton, of the Grenadier Guards,
+was wounded when carrying the colours, but continued with
+them throughout the day. The Scots Fusilier Guards had a
+memorable contest for theirs. Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte,
+who carried the colours, cut their way through the
+enemy, and though the broken staff and the marks of sixteen
+bullets showed the severity of the struggle, and the colour-sergeants
+were struck down pierced with bullets, yet, bearing
+as it were “a charmed life,” these gallant officers, unwounded,
+bore their colours triumphantly to the top of the hill.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Anstruther, of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers,
+having been killed near the redoubt, whilst carrying the Queen’s
+colour, it was picked up by private William Evans, No. 8
+company, who gave it to Corporal Luby; it was afterwards
+carried by Sergeant Luke O’Connor, who was shot in the
+breast, and fell, but, recovering himself, would not relinquish
+the colour, and carried it till the end of the action (although
+urged by Lieutenant Granville to go to the rear on account
+of his wound), for which he was praised by Major-General
+Sir William Codrington on the field, was recommended for,
+and obtained his commission in the 23rd. (in which he is now
+a captain), on account of his gallantry, and has received the
+Victoria Cross and the Sardinian War Medal.<a id='r156'></a><a href='#f156' class='c013'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Corporal Luby
+has also obtained the latter for his services on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Butler was shot under the regimental colour;
+Lieutenant Granville next volunteered to carry it, but there
+being no officer with his company, Major-General Codrington,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>who was riding up and down the ranks on his grey horse
+during the whole action, directed a sergeant to be sent to
+take it. The honour of carrying the colour out of action
+fell to the lot of Sergeant Honey Smith.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the action the regimental colour of the 7th. Royal
+Fusiliers was found by Captain Pearson (Aide-de-Camp to
+Sir George Brown), who was then riding by, in the hands
+of a soldier lying on the ground, the officers and sergeants
+that had carried it having been disabled. He picked it up,
+but no officer of that corps being near, Major-General Codrington
+desired him to give it to Captain Bell, saying that “it
+cannot be in safer keeping than with the Royal Welsh.” The
+colour was accordingly placed between those of the 23rd.
+regiment, and there carried by a sergeant of the 7th., until
+the termination of the battle.<a id='r157'></a><a href='#f157' class='c013'><sup>[157]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant the Honourable Hugh Annesley, of the Scots
+Fusilier Guards, was severely wounded by a ball, which entered
+the left cheek and went out at the mouth, taking away the
+front teeth. So severe a wound did not damp the spirits
+of this gallant officer, for in a letter to his mother (the Countess
+Annesley), speaking of a friend who visited him and was scarcely
+able to recognise him, he expressed a hope that one of his
+decayed teeth had gone with the rest of his brethren; and
+adds that “there is a good bit of tongue gone also, but the
+doctors say that will not signify, and that I shall speak as
+plainly as ever, or at most with a <i>becoming lisp</i>; so altogether
+I think even you must allow that I have every reason to be
+thankful, and I hope you will not allow yourself to fret the
+least about me.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In “Letters from Head Quarters,” by an Officer on the Staff,
+the termination of the battle is thus graphically told:—“The
+men were tired, and many almost exhausted for want of water.
+Lord Raglan rode up and down the line of troops, the men
+cheering him vociferously. There was such a shaking of hands;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>one felt very choky about the throat, and very much inclined
+to cry, as one wrung the hand of a friend; and “God bless
+you, old fellow—so glad to see you all right!” and like expressions,
+were heard on every side between brother officers.
+It was a touching sight to see the meeting between Lord
+Raglan and Sir Colin Campbell. The latter was on foot, as
+his horse had been killed in the earlier part of the action.
+He went up to his lordship, and, with tears in his eyes, shook
+hands, saying it was not the first battle-field they had won
+together, and that now he had a favour to ask, namely, that
+as his Highlanders had done so well, he might be allowed
+to claim the privilege of wearing a Scotch bonnet. To this
+Lord Raglan, of course, gave a smiling assent; and, after a
+few more words of friendship on both sides, they parted to
+their several duties.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The French, with their wonted chivalry, commenced the
+attack, and Marshal St. Arnaud’s words evinced that they had
+not degenerated, and that “they are the soldiers of Austerlitz
+and Jena;” and he thus paid a deserved tribute to the British:—“On
+our left the English met with large masses of the enemy,
+and with great difficulties, but everything was surmounted.
+The English attacked the Russian positions in admirable order
+under the fire of their cannon, carried them, and drove off
+the Russians. The bravery of Lord Raglan rivals that of
+antiquity. In the midst of cannon and musket-shot he displayed
+a calmness which never left him.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By six o’clock in the evening the French Marshal’s tent
+was set up on the very spot where that of Prince Menschikoff
+had stood in the morning; the Russian commander considered
+himself so secure of victory, that he left his carriage there,
+which Marshal St. Arnaud took possession of; and it is recorded
+that a party of ladies had journeyed from Sebastopol,
+and were stationed on a hill to witness the destruction of
+the allies.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Such a success was not obtained without great loss. The
+battle commenced about half-past one, and lasted a few minutes
+over two hours. The British casualties were twenty-five
+officers killed, and eighty-one wounded; three hundred and
+thirty-seven non-commissioned officers and men were killed;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>one thousand five hundred and fifty wounded, and nineteen
+missing. The French casualties were reported as about fourteen
+hundred <i><span lang="fr">hors de combat</span></i>, Generals Canrobert and Thomas being
+amongst the wounded; these are believed to include all those
+who died in the Dobrudscha.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>According to Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, the Russians
+had one thousand seven hundred and sixty-two killed, two
+thousand three hundred and fifteen wounded, and four hundred
+and five contusions. Amongst the former were forty-five
+officers. Major-Generals Karganoff and Shokanoff (the first
+was very severely wounded, and did not recover), were taken
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About midnight the Russians crossed the Katcha—the position
+which it was reported to the Czar would, if not impregnable,
+at least be held for three weeks, having been taken in as
+many hours.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The sun went down on the evening of this memorable day
+upon a scene which words fail to describe, and scarcely imagination
+can conceive. For two days the armies continued on
+the field,—the time passing rapidly in tending the wounded
+and burying the slain. Short as the interval was, death had
+been busy,—Brigadier-General Tylden, of the Engineers, died
+of cholera on the morning of the 23rd. of September, just as
+the victors were leaving the heights of the Alma, on their
+march to the Katcha. Spite of warnings the soldiers devoured
+large quantities of grapes, apples, and pears, so abundant in
+the Crimea, which tended to encourage the disease. The
+account of victory would be incomplete without the mention
+of two volunteers, who remained to attend to the wants of
+upwards of two hundred wounded Russians that still lay upon
+the field; these were Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th., and
+his servant; and the prayers of many a dying foe must have
+ascended to heaven for these good men who thus exhibited
+the highest graces of Christian devotedness. The noble-hearted
+Doctor fell a prey to cholera at Balaklava, on the 5th. of
+October following, on which day the news of Marshal St.
+Arnaud’s death was received in camp. He had been compelled,
+a week previously, through ill-health, to resign his
+command to General Canrobert, and died at sea on the 29th.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span>of September, his remains arriving at Constantinople on the
+following morning, whence they were conveyed to Paris, and
+honoured with a public funeral.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While thanks were being offered on Sunday, the 30th. of
+September, 1854, for the plenteous harvest, in every church
+and chapel of the land, a telegraphic address announced the
+news of the glorious victory of the Alma, and rumour with
+her thousand tongues volunteered the intelligence that Sebastopol
+was taken. It does not appear that the false report
+was the result of premeditation, and although the crowning
+event of the war was not to take place so speedily, there
+was a glorious commencement of the drama, notwithstanding
+that the fifth act had yet to be played out. Her Majesty’s
+gracious approbation of the gallant conduct of the army at
+the battle of the Alma, was notified to the troops on the 27th.
+of October following, and Lord Raglan particularly adverted
+to that portion in which the Queen’s sympathy is expressed
+for the fallen, the wounded, and their sorrowing relatives.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Ultimately the allies proceeded to attack the south side of
+Sebastopol, and the combined forces quitted the Belbec (where
+they had arrived on the 24th.) on the 25th. of September,
+leaving a small force to threaten the northern side of the
+fortress, in order to cover the celebrated flank march of the
+combined armies, suggested by Lieutenant-General Burgoyne.
+Whilst on the march through the “Bush,” by McKenzie’s
+farm, to the valley of the Tchernaya, the cavalry and artillery
+fell in with the rear of a Russian division, which was on its
+march from Sebastopol to Simferopol; they captured all its
+baggage and a great quantity of small-arm ammunition. The
+light division was in support of the cavalry and artillery on
+this occasion, and the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers were leading
+the column; the second battalion of the Rifle Brigade went
+on in advance with the guns, and were in immediate contact
+with the enemy. On that evening, and the morning of the
+26th., the troops arrived at the plain of Balaklava, having
+passed through a tract of country densely wooded, and without
+regular roads. The small garrison of Balaklava, consisting
+of about sixty men, surrendered at the first approach of the
+light division, after firing a few shot from some mortars, when
+this little town was forthwith entered and placed by the British
+in a posture of defence.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL.<a id='r158'></a><a href='#f158' class='c013'><sup>[158]</sup></a></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>On the 28th. of September, the British Siege Train, consisting
+of eight companies of Royal Artillery, commenced
+disembarking, and notwithstanding the smallness of the harbour
+of Balaklava, and the want of suitable facilities for the reception
+of the guns, shot, and shell, the whole <i>matériel</i> was landed
+in five days, the sailors of the Royal Navy rendering good
+service on this and other occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The basis of operations, in connection with the fleets, being
+now attained, the main body of the British army moved forward
+towards Sebastopol, and occupied ground on the western
+side of the plateau, near the “Maison d’Eau,” General Bosquet’s
+division taking up a position beyond Cathcart’s Hill, on the
+extreme right. The celebrated Redan and Flagstaff batteries
+occupied the centre of the position, and ships of war were
+moored in the dockyard and careening creeks, and at the
+head of the harbour, in order that their broadsides might be
+brought to bear on any lines of approach attempted by the
+storming parties of the allied troops. Batteries were at once
+commenced, to be established in order to reduce the fire of
+the enemy’s artillery, and an alteration was made in the relative
+positions of the French and English forces, with a view of
+bringing the former nearer their base of operations at Kamiesh.
+To effect this, the British were ordered to carry on the attacks
+on the left of the enemy, for which purpose they moved to
+the right until their right was beyond the west of the ridge
+on which the Russians had a large advanced white tower,
+afterwards the famed Malakoff.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was a busy time for the assailants; guns and siege
+matériel had to be brought to the front; ammunition, military
+stores, and provisions were conveyed with great labour for
+seven miles, that being the distance from the port of Balaklava.
+Obstacles only nerved the soldiers to increased exertion, and
+day by day some new earthwork was completed, some guns
+placed, or heaps of ammunition accumulated for the destruction
+of the place. Determined efforts at the same time were
+made by the Russians to frustrate the efforts of the besieging
+troops, and their sharpshooters had frequent skirmishes with
+the outlying pickets.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FIRST BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Every heart beat high with expectation on the 16th. of
+October, for on the morrow was to commence the first bombardment
+of Sebastopol, and at half-past six o’clock on the
+morning of that day one hundred and twenty-six pieces of
+ordnance from the French and British batteries opened their
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>fire on the fortress. The tower of the Malakoff by ten o’clock
+had become untenable, and all its guns had been either damaged
+or dismounted, whilst the earthen battery round it had slackened
+its fire. Five hours afterwards the Redan was so considerably
+injured by an explosion in its rear, that only three guns
+remained standing; during the afternoon several explosions
+occurred in the lines of the army.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was not until one o’clock that the allied fleets commenced
+their share in the fray. At this period the French batteries
+had ceased firing, two of their magazines having exploded, which
+completely disabled two of their batteries. Thus the Russians
+directed their whole attention to the British lines, and such
+of their guns, relieved from the French bombardment, as could
+be turned against the British batteries were brought to bear
+thereon, but the latter did not suspend their fire until evening.
+A determined sortie was made by the Russians against the
+extreme left of the French, between four and five o’clock
+in the afternoon, but, after displaying great gallantry, they
+were compelled to retire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The ammunition expended from the mortars and guns during
+the bombardment of the 17th. of October, amounted to twenty-one
+thousand eight hundred and eighty-one rounds, of which
+two thousand seven hundred and forty-five were from mortars.
+Each of the shells from the Lancaster guns cost about £25,
+and three hundred and seventy were fired on this occasion,
+which alone made it a costly proceeding.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly after daybreak on the 18th. of October the British
+batteries re-opened their fire, and continued it during the day.
+This was replied to by a formidable fire from the Russians,
+who had repaired the works and re-mounted the guns in the
+famous Redan. The French were employed in repairing
+their batteries, and were therefore not in a position to assist,
+so that the British stood alone in this day’s cannonade. On
+the following morning, the French having succeeded in that
+respect, the whole of the Anglo-French lines renewed the
+bombardment. It however became evident that Sebastopol
+could not be assaulted so early as was at first anticipated, and
+consequently many changes in the works of attack had to be
+made; the fire of the Russians continued such as to prevent
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>the principal alterations being effected otherwise than during
+the night.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A naval brigade of over a thousand men, with fifty heavy
+guns, had been landed from the fleet, and took part in the
+bombardment. In the attack by the fleet it was arranged
+that the English should take the north side of the harbour,
+the French the south, the Turkish ships being in the centre.
+The English sailing ships were placed in their proper positions
+by steamers lashed alongside; the “Albion” by the “Firebrand,”
+the “London” by the “Niger,” “Britannia” by “Furious,”
+“Queen” by “Vesuvius,” “Trafalgar” by “Retribution,”
+“Vengeance” by “Highflyer,” “Rodney” by “Spitfire,” “Bellerophon”
+by “Cyclops,” and “Arethusa” by the “Triton.”
+The “Terrible,” “Tribune,” “Samson,” “Sphinx,” “Spitfire,”
+and “Lynx” took up independent positions, and engaged principally
+the forts and earthworks on the cliff to the north of
+Fort Constantine. The French ships were first engaged; and
+about two p.m. the “Agamemnon,” Admiral Sir E. Lyons, piloted
+by the steam tender “Circassian,” Master E. Bale, who had
+volunteered for the service, anchored, amidst a storm of shot
+and shell, about 750 yards from Fort Constantine, in five
+fathoms water, and opened her fire. A few minutes afterwards,
+the “Sanspareil” (Captain Dacres), and the “London”
+(Captain Eden), anchored astern, followed soon after by the
+“Albion” (Captain Lushington), and most ably supported Sir
+Edmund, who from his position was exposed to a cross fire
+from the forts. The action became general, but after an hour’s
+furious cannonading the Albion and London, much shattered,
+hauled off to a greater distance, and the Russians concentrated
+their fire on the Agamemnon, but the greater part
+of their shot (the ship lying so close to the forts), fortunately
+struck her rigging instead of her hull. As it was, she was
+almost reduced to a wreck, every spar being more or less
+damaged, her rigging hanging in shreds, and her main top
+and hammock nettings on fire. The “Queen,” “Rodney,” and
+“Bellerophon,” by signal, bore down to support her, but the
+Queen being set on fire by a shell was towed out again,
+and the Rodney ran aground under Fort Constantine, but
+was got off by the exertions of her own crew, and Commander
+Kynaston in the Spiteful. The engagement continued
+till dusk, and soon after six p.m. the ships drew off, when
+darkness had compelled the combatants to cease firing. The
+loss in the fleet was forty-four men killed, and two hundred
+and sixty-six wounded, and two of the ships, the Albion
+and Arethusa, had suffered so much in their hulls and
+rigging that they were sent to Malta to be repaired. The
+French had more ships disabled, but their loss in men was
+less, and the Turks escaped with but trifling damage. The
+result of the contest was not satisfactory. It was a trial of
+strength between stone and wood, and stone proved itself
+the stronger.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT BALAKLAVA.<br> <span class='sc'>25th. October, 1854.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The toils, difficulties, and sameness of trench life were shortly
+to be varied by a conflict which will ever be memorable in
+British military annals, occurring to, as it did, on the anniversary
+of one of England’s remarkable victories, that of
+Agincourt. The low range of heights traversing the plain
+at the bottom of which Balaklava is situated, was protected
+by four small redoubts, hastily constructed. Of these, three
+had guns; and on a higher hill, in front of the village of
+Kamara, in advance of the right flank of the British, a work
+of somewhat more importance was established. No other
+force being disposable, the several redoubts were garrisoned
+by Turkish troops. The only British regiment in the plain,
+with the exception of a portion of a battalion of detachments,
+composed of weakly men, and a battery of artillery belonging
+to the third division, was the 93rd. Highlanders. On the
+heights, behind the right, were placed the Marines, who had
+been landed from the fleet by Vice-Admiral Dundas. The
+whole of these, including the Turkish troops, were under the
+immediate orders of Major-General Sir Colin Campbell, who
+had been taken, with the 93rd. from the first division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At an early hour on the morning of the 25th. of October,
+the enemy attacked the position in front of Balaklava. Lord
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>Raglan, in consequence, withdrew from before Sebastopol the
+first and fourth divisions, commanded by Lieutenant-Generals
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge and the Honourable
+Sir George Cathcart, and brought them down into the
+plain. General Canrobert subsequently reinforced these troops
+with the first division of French infantry and the Chasseurs
+d’Afrique.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The first operation of the enemy was the attack on the
+work on the British side of the village of Kamara, which,
+after very little resistance, they carried; they likewise obtained
+possession of the three others in contiguity to it, being opposed
+only in one, and that but for a very short space of time.
+The farthest of the three they did not retain, but the immediate
+abandonment of the others enabled them to take
+possession of the guns in them, amounting in the whole to
+seven. Those in the three lesser forts were spiked by the one
+English artilleryman who was in each.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Advancing in great strength, supported by artillery, the
+Russian cavalry appeared on the scene. One portion of
+them assailed the front and right flank of the 93rd., but
+were instantly driven back by the vigorous and steady fire
+of that distinguished regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Ainslie. The other, and larger mass, turned towards the
+heavy cavalry, and afforded Brigadier-General the Honourable
+James Yorke Scarlett, under the guidance of Lieutenant-General
+the Earl of Lucan, the opportunity of inflicting upon them a
+most signal defeat. Notwithstanding that the ground was
+anything but favourable for the attack of the dragoons, no
+obstacle could check their advance, and they charged into
+the Russian column, which, although far superior in numbers,
+soon sought safety in flight.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>No writer has surpassed Mr. Russell’s description of this
+exciting scene.<a id='r159'></a><a href='#f159' class='c013'><sup>[159]</sup></a> “As lightning flashes through a cloud, the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>Greys and Enniskilleners pierced through the dark masses of
+Russians. The shock was but for a moment. There was a
+clash of steel and a light play of sword-blades in the air,
+and then the Greys and the red-coats disappeared in the
+midst of the shaken and quivering columns. In another
+moment we saw them emerging with diminished numbers,
+and in broken order, charging against the second line. It
+was a terrible moment. ‘God help them! they are lost!’ was
+the exclamation of more than one man, and the thought of
+many. With unabated fire the noble hearts dashed at their
+enemy. It was a fight of heroes. The first line of Russians,
+which had been utterly smashed by our charge, and had
+fled off at one flank and towards the centre, were coming back
+to swallow up our handful of men. By sheer steel and
+sheer courage Enniskillener and Scot were winning their
+desperate way right through the enemy’s squadron, and already
+grey horses and red-coats had appeared right at the rear
+of the second mass, when, with irresistible force, like one
+bolt from a bow, the 4th. Dragoon Guards, riding straight
+at the right flank of the Russians, and the 5th. Dragoon
+Guards, following close after the Enniskilleners, rushed at
+the remnants of the first line of the enemy, went through it
+as though it were pasteboard, and put them to utter rout.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“This Russian horse in less than five minutes after it met
+our dragoons, was flying with all its speed before a force
+certainly not half its strength. A cheer burst from every
+lip; in the enthusiasm officers and men took off their caps,
+and shouted with delight; and thus keeping up the scenic
+character of their position, they clapped their hands again
+and again. Lord Raglan at once despatched Lieutenant
+Curzon, Aide-de-Camp, to convey his congratulations to
+Brigadier-General Scarlett, and to say ‘Well done!’”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Raglan observed in his despatch, that “the charge
+of this brigade was one of the most successful I ever witnessed;
+it was never for a moment doubtful, and is in the
+highest degree creditable to Brigadier-General Scarlett, and
+the officers and men engaged in it.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As the Russians withdrew from the ground which they
+had momentarily occupied, Lord Raglan directed the cavalry,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>supported by the fourth division, under Lieutenant-General
+Sir George Cathcart, to move forward and take advantage of
+any opportunity to regain the heights. Not having been able
+to accomplish this immediately, and it appearing that an
+attempt was being made to remove the captured guns, the
+Earl of Lucan was desired to advance rapidly, follow the
+enemy in their retreat, and try to prevent them from effecting
+their object. Meanwhile the Russians had time to re-form
+on their own ground, with artillery in front and upon
+their flanks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From some misconception of the instruction to advance,
+(so runs the despatch), the Lieutenant-General considered
+that he was bound to attack at all hazards, and he accordingly
+ordered Major-General the Earl of Cardigan to move
+forward with the Light Brigade. This order was obeyed
+in the most spirited and gallant manner. Lord Cardigan
+charged with the utmost vigour, attacked a battery which
+was firing upon the advancing squadrons, and, having passed
+beyond it, engaged the Russian cavalry in its rear; but
+there his troops were assailed by artillery and infantry, as
+well as cavalry, and necessarily retired, after having committed
+much havoc upon the enemy. This movement was
+effected in some confusion; and the loss sustained was
+severe in officers, men, and horses, only counter-balanced by
+the brilliancy of the attack, and the gallantry, order, and
+discipline which distinguished it, forming a striking contrast
+to the conduct of the enemy’s cavalry, which had previously
+been engaged with the Heavy Brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The casualties in killed, wounded, and missing, in what is
+popularly known as “the Death Ride,”<a id='r160'></a><a href='#f160' class='c013'><sup>[160]</sup></a> amounted to thirty-eight
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>officers and three hundred and fifty-six non-commissioned
+officers and men. Three hundred and eighty-one horses were
+killed. The 93rd. Highlanders did not sustain any loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It must not be omitted that the Chasseurs d’Afrique
+advanced on the English left, and gallantly charging a
+Russian battery, checked its fire for a time, and thus rendered
+an essential service to the British cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this the enemy made no further movement in advance,
+and at the close of the day the brigade of Guards of the first
+division, and the fourth division, returned to their original
+encampment, as did the French troops, with the exception
+of one brigade of the first division, which was left in support
+of Sir Colin Campbell by General Canrobert. The remaining
+regiments of the Highland brigade also continued in the
+valley. Sir George Cathcart, the fourth division being advanced
+close to the heights, caused one of the redoubts to
+be re-occupied by the Turks, affording them his support,
+and availed himself of the opportunity to assist with his
+riflemen in silencing two of the enemy’s guns. This redoubt
+had to be abandoned at nightfall, in consequence of its
+being so exposed, from the enemy’s retaining possession of
+the two others; and Lord Raglan, seeing that the means of
+defending the extensive position which had been occupied
+by the Turkish troops in the morning, had proved wholly
+inadequate, decided, in concurrence with General Canrobert,
+to withdraw from the lower range of heights, and to concentrate
+the force, which was subsequently increased by a
+considerable body of seamen. The Russians, although unsuccessful
+in their chief object, had by their occupation of the
+Turkish redoubts, obliged the British to abandon the use of
+the Woronzoff road for the circuitous route by the Col de
+Balaklava.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SORTIE OF THE <span class='fss'>26TH. OF</span> OCTOBER.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The partial success already described induced the enemy
+to make a sortie on the following day; and about noon, on
+the 26th. of October, an assault was made on the right
+flank of the British position at Inkermann, where the second
+division was posted under Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy
+Evans, who was attacked by several columns of infantry,
+supported by artillery. The division immediately formed line
+in advance of the camp,—the left under Major-General
+Pennefather, the right under Brigadier-General Adams, whilst
+Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzmayer, and the captains of batteries
+(Turner and Yates) promptly posted their guns and opened
+fire. Immediately on the cannonade being heard the Duke
+of Cambridge brought up the brigade of Guards, under Major-General
+Bentinck, with a battery under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Dacres. General Bosquet, with similar promptitude, and from
+a greater distance, approached the position with five French
+battalions; Sir George Cathcart, with a regiment of rifles
+hastened to the scene of action, and Sir George Brown
+pushed forward two guns in co-operation by the left. The
+enemy came on at first rapidly, assisted by their guns, on
+the mound hill; but the pickets, then chiefly of the 30th.
+and 49th. regiments, resisted them with remarkable determination
+and firmness. Lieutenant Conolly, of the 49th.,
+Captain Atcherley and Bayly, of the 30th., all of whom
+were severely wounded, greatly distinguished themselves.
+Great bravery was also displayed at this point by Sergeant
+Daniel Sullivan, of the 30th., who was subsequently appointed
+to a commission in the 82nd. regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, the eighteen guns in position, including those
+of the first division, were served with the utmost energy, and
+in half an hour they forced the enemy’s artillery to abandon
+the field. The batteries were then directed with equal accuracy
+and vigour upon the Russian columns, which, being
+also exposed to the close fire of the advanced infantry, soon
+fell into complete disorder, and, taking to flight, were literally
+chased by the 30th. and 95th. regiments over the ridges and
+down towards the head of the bay. So eager was the pursuit,
+that it was with difficulty Major-General Pennefather eventually
+effected the recall of the men. The above regiments
+and pickets were gallantly led by Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer,
+30th.; Major Eman, 41st.; and Majors Champion and
+Hume, 95th. The Russians were similarly pursued farther
+towards the right, by four companies of the 41st., gallantly
+led by Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Percy Herbert,
+Assistant Quartermaster-General. The 47th. also contributed.
+The 55th. were held in reserve.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upwards of eighty prisoners were captured, and about one
+hundred and thirty of the enemy’s dead were left within or
+near the British position. It was estimated that the Russian
+casualties could scarcely be less than six hundred. The
+British loss exceeded eighty, of whom twelve were killed, and
+five officers wounded. This affair has received the name of
+“Little Inkermann.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF INKERMANN.<br> <span class='sc'>November 5th., 1854.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Two days after the sortie of the Russians had been repulsed,
+they were strengthened by considerable reinforcements, which
+created an expectation that an extensive movement would not
+be long deferred, and this anticipation was fully realized. According
+to their own accounts they had seventy-six thousand
+men assembled in and near Sebastopol, when Prince Menschikoff
+resolved to attack the right wing of the English position. The
+plan proposed to be carried out, was for twenty thousand men,
+under Prince Gortschakoff, proceeding from Tchorgoun into the
+plain of Balaklava, to make a demonstration against that place,
+and against General Bosquet’s corps of observation, to prevent
+any troops being detached to support the British; a like number
+occupied Sebastopol, of whom a portion, under General Timofieff,
+was ordered to make a strong sortie against the extreme
+left of the French, and thereby occupy the attention of their
+besieging army; five thousand men were to be in observation
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>on McKenzie’s Heights; the remaining thirty-one thousand,
+divided into two columns of attack, were destined for the immediate
+assault of the British position. Lieutenant-General
+Soimonoff, with his column of seventeen thousand five hundred
+men, issued from the Little Redan before daylight, on Sunday,<a id='r161'></a><a href='#f161' class='c013'><sup>[161]</sup></a>
+the memorable 5th. of November, but instead of ascending the
+ridge on which he then stood, so as to assault the Light
+Division near the Victoria Redoubt, he crossed the Careening
+Creek ravine at once upon quitting the town, and with his
+three leading regiments proceeded to attack the position of the
+Second Division. The two leading regiments of the second
+Russian column of thirteen thousand five hundred men, under
+Lieutenant-General Pauloff, having crossed the Tchernaya, and
+finding part of Soimonoff’s column already occupying a portion
+of the field of battle, fell upon the outposts of the Second
+Division, occupying the Sandbag battery. With admirable
+gallantry these pickets defended the ground foot by foot against
+the overwhelming masses which poured in upon them, until
+the Second Division, under Major-General Pennefather, with
+its field guns, which had immediately been got under arms,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>was placed in position. Without loss of time the Light Division
+was brought to the front by Lieutenant-General Sir George
+Brown, the long slopes to the left towards Sebastopol being
+occupied by the first brigade, under Major-General Codrington;
+thus protecting the British left, and guarding against attack
+on that side; the second brigade, under Brigadier-General
+Buller, formed on the left of the Second Division, with the
+88th. Connaught Rangers, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Jeffreys, thrown in advance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness the Duke
+of Cambridge and Major-General Bentinck, proceeded likewise
+to the front, and took up most important ground to the
+extreme right on the alignment of the Second Division, but
+separated from it by a deep and precipitous ravine, and posting
+its guns with those of the Second Division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Brigade of Guards having driven the Russians out of
+the Sandbag battery, maintained that post against repeated
+efforts to acquire possession. The Grenadiers were in the
+battery, the Scots Fusiliers on their left, and the Coldstreams,
+who arrived afterwards, to the left of these. The Second
+Division occupied the ground immediately in front of their
+own camp, and repulsed all attempts to force that part of the
+position.<a id='r162'></a><a href='#f162' class='c013'><sup>[162]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Fourth Division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>Cathcart, having been brought from its encampment, advanced
+to the front and right of the attack; the first brigade, under
+Brigadier-General Goldie proceeded to the left of the Inkermann
+road; the second brigade, under Brigadier-General Torrens,
+to the right of it, and on the ridge overhanging the
+valley of the Tchernaya. The Third Division, under Lieutenant-General
+Sir Richard England, occupied in part the ground
+vacated by the Fourth Division, and supported the Light
+Division by two regiments under Brigadier-General Sir John
+Campbell, while Brigadier-General Eyre held the command
+of the troops in the trenches.<a id='r163'></a><a href='#f163' class='c013'><sup>[163]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>So dark was the morning, independent of the drizzling rain,
+that it was nearly impossible to discover anything save the
+flash and smoke of artillery, together with a heavy musketry
+fire. It however soon became evident that the enemy, under
+cover of a vast cloud of skirmishers, supported by dense columns
+of infantry, had advanced numerous batteries of large calibre
+to the high ground to the left and front of the Second Division,
+while powerful columns of infantry attacked with great
+vigour the Brigade of Guards. Additional Batteries of heavy
+artillery were also placed by the enemy on the slopes to
+the British left; the guns in the field, amounting in the
+whole to ninety pieces, independently however of the ship
+guns and those in the works of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Protected by a tremendous fire of shot, shell, and grape,
+the Russian columns advanced in great force, requiring every
+effort of gallantry on the part of the troops to resist them.
+At this time two battalions of French infantry, which had on
+the first notice been sent by General Bosquet, joined the
+English right, and very materially contributed to the successful
+resistance to the attack, cheering with the men, and charging
+the enemy down the hill with great loss. About the same
+period a determined assault was made on the extreme left of
+the British, and for a moment the Russians possessed themselves
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>of four guns, three of which were retaken by the
+88th., while the fourth was speedily recaptured by the 77th.
+regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Egerton. In the opposite
+direction the Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Cambridge, was engaged in a severe conflict.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy, under the cover of thick brushwood, advanced
+in two heavy bodies, and assaulted with great determination
+a small redoubt which had been constructed for two guns, but
+was not armed. The combat was most arduous; and the
+Brigade, after displaying the utmost steadiness and gallantry,
+was obliged to retire before very superior numbers, until
+supported by a wing of the 20th. regiment of the Fourth
+Division, when they again advanced and re-took the redoubt.
+This ground was afterwards occupied in gallant style by
+French troops, and the Guards speedily re-formed in the rear
+of the right flank of the Second Division.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George
+Cathcart, with a few companies of the 68th. regiment, considering
+that he might make a strong impression by descending
+into the valley, and taking the enemy in flank, moved rapidly
+forward, but finding the heights above him in full occupation
+of the Russians, he suddenly discovered that he was entangled
+with a superior force, and whilst attempting to withdraw his
+men, he received a mortal wound, shortly previous to which
+Brigadier-General Torrens, when leading the 68th., was likewise
+severely wounded. Subsequently to this, the battle continued
+with unabated vigour and with no positive result, the
+enemy availing themselves not only of the fire of all their
+field batteries, but of those in front of the works of the place,
+and the ship guns, till the afternoon, when the symptoms of
+giving way first became apparent, and shortly after, although
+the fire did not cease, the retreat became general, and heavy
+masses were observed retiring over the bridge of the Inkermann,
+and ascending the opposite heights, abandoning on the field
+of battle five or six thousand dead and wounded, multitudes
+of the latter having already been carried off by them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the engagement, Major-General Codrington, fearing
+that the British position would be forced near the five-gun
+battery, and that the camp of the first brigade of the Light
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>Division would be endangered, sent Major Mc Kenzie back
+to the camp, to order all the bâtmen, men on guard, and
+any sick who could carry arms, to turn out at once. No
+officer being in camp, Lieutenant-Colonel Lysons, of the 23rd.,
+who was at the time recovering from an attack of fever,
+got up and took command of the parties of three regiments
+of the first brigade; every man who could stand volunteered
+to go out; they went to the front in support of
+comrades, but no serious attack was ever made in the direction
+of the Light Division hills, although the fire from
+the enemy’s field pieces across the front, especially at the
+before-mentioned battery (which they completely enfiladed),
+and near the old redoubt, was very heavy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>With the hope of diverting attention from the Inkermann
+attack, a Russian column, five thousand strong, made a sortie
+on the French lines, and succeeded in spiking several guns,
+but were gallantly repulsed, and pursued to the very walls
+of Sebastopol, the town being entered by a portion of the
+French troops, their leader, General Lourmel, meeting his
+death in the charge; General Forey experienced great difficulty
+in recalling his soldiers, who were carried away by
+the ardour of the chase. The Russians lost a thousand
+men in this attack, and the French casualties were also
+considerable.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus terminated one of the most sanguinary contests of
+modern times. For several weeks the troops had been subjected
+to constant labour, and many of them had passed
+the previous night in the trenches. A zealous devotion to
+duty characterized the gallantry of both French and English,
+and, after a hard-fought day, the “soldier’s battle,” as it
+has been designated, ended in a victory over, as regards
+numbers, an infinitely superior force.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Nq positive conclusion could be arrived at in regard to
+the actual numbers brought into the field by the Russians,
+as the configuration of the ground did not admit of any
+great development of their force, the attack consisting of a
+system of repeated assaults in heavy masses of columns. It
+was, however, considered, judging from the numbers seen in
+the plains after they had withdrawn in retreat, that they
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>could not have been less than sixty thousand men. The
+number of British troops actually engaged scarcely exceeded
+eight thousand<a id='r164'></a><a href='#f164' class='c013'><sup>[164]</sup></a> men, whilst those of General Bosquet’s
+Division only amounted to six thousand, the remaining
+available French troops on the spot having been kept in
+reserve.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Prince Menschikoff’s intention was to drive the British from
+their position, and to entrench himself at once on the heights,
+for several waggons, laden with fascines and gabions, were
+noticed in the retreating columns across the Tchernaya.
+His first attack was made with vigour and determination
+but it was completely defeated by the British before the
+arrival of the French. No part was taken in the renewed
+assault by the Russian regiments composing the above attack,
+as they could not again be organized for further offensive
+operations.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The casualties were heavy,—the British had forty-three
+officers killed, one hundred wounded, and one taken prisoner;
+five hundred and eighty-nine non-commissioned officers and
+men were killed, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight
+wounded, and sixty-two missing, in all two thousand
+five hundred and seventy-three.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was stated that the French casualties amounted to about
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>one thousand eight hundred killed and wounded, whilst those
+of the Russians were estimated at fifteen thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>There is a peculiar feature incident to the battle of Inkermann,
+for the British soldiers were nearly all in their grey
+great coats; this arose from the fact of their being turned
+out before daylight, and on account of the rain, besides
+which the greater portion of the Guards, and the Fourth
+Division, had come from the trenches, in which they had
+been employed for twenty-four hours, and were consequently
+similarly clothed. It is also worthy of record that the battle
+was fought fasting by the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The gallant deeds of the following officers and men at
+Inkermann, will appear among the recipients of the Victoria
+Cross, but their names are here mentioned to facilitate references:—Colonel
+the Honourable Hugh Manvers Percy,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Russell, and Private Palmer,
+of the Grenadier Guards; Lieutenant-Colonel Robert James
+Lindsay, of the Scots Fusilier Guards; Lieutenant Walker,
+30th. regiment; Brevet-Major Rowlands, 41st.; Private Mc
+Dermond, 47th.; Private Thomas Beach, 55th.; Private John
+Byrne, 68th.; Sergeant John Park, 77th.; Lieutenant-Colonel
+the Honourable H. Clifford, Rifle Brigade; and Corporal
+Prettyjohn, of the Royal Marines. In addition to these, the
+list of officers and men who received French and Sardinian
+War Medals, will shew the special acts of bravery performed
+by them throughout the campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>There is a peculiar interest attaching to the soldiers’ accounts
+of this hard-fought battle, and the two following are but types
+of many others, all of which are full of natural characteristics.
+The first is from a soldier in the Scots Fusilier
+Guards:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“We have had another general engagement, on the 5th.
+of November. Well shall I remember that day. I ought
+never to forget the goodness of God in bringing me off the
+ground safe, and without a scratch.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“And now I will endeavour to give you an account, as
+far as I am able, of the battle. But I must tell you that
+on the night preceding the battle it was very foggy, and
+the morning was misty. The Russians availed themselves
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>of it. A strong force, about forty thousand men (we are
+informed) under the command of General Osten-Sacken, from
+Odessa, with numerous artillery, got possession of some
+heights, and when the mist cleared away opened fire, drove
+in the outlying pickets, and got possession of the hills overlooking
+the Second Division’s tents. It was about a quarter
+part six a.m. when the firing commenced. I was just up,
+and saw the Second Division falling in. Some men were
+killed in front of their tents. We fell in anyhow. We had
+only six companies—two on picket; the Grenadier Guards
+five companies; and, I believe, the Coldstream Guards seven
+companies. The brigade of Highlanders are guarding Balaklava;
+the Second Division is encamped on our right. We
+went up, and a fearful sight it was going through the
+Second Division’s encampment. The shells were bursting
+over our heads, and the cannon-balls rolling through us,
+bringing down tents, and poor bât-horses were knocked to
+pieces by them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“We were, of course, all taken by surprise, finding that
+the enemy being so near, and had gained possession of a
+redoubt; and the Duke of Cambridge, with only the Guards
+and two companies of the 46th., said, ‘You must drive
+them out of it.’ Well, then, they were only twenty yards
+from us, and we were firing at each other. The pioneers
+and drummers, with the stretchers, were told to find the
+best shelter they could, and so I, myself, with our drum-major,
+were lying down behind a small bush, and we both
+expected every moment to be shot, the bullets actually passing
+within a few inches of our heads, and breaking off the
+branches over us as we lay there. Well, they succeeded in
+driving the Russians out of the place, and got them down
+the hill, when they were ordered to retire.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“They retired, and the Russians came up with redoubled
+strength, and completely surrounded us. The Russians took
+possession of the redoubt. The Duke<a id='r165'></a><a href='#f165' class='c013'><sup>[165]</sup></a> said, ‘They must come
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>out of it again.’ The Russians cheered, as also did the
+Guards. Things now looked desperate, as we had no support
+except the Almighty, and He defended the right.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“At it they went, and for half an hour things seemed to
+favour the enemy. We were all surrounded—no getting out.
+The Grenadier Guards nearly lost colours; they had only
+about forty men to defend them. We gave another cheer,
+and out of the redoubt they went again, and the Grenadier
+Guards managed to keep their colours. We drove them out
+at the point of the bayonet down the hill. The Guards
+were ordered to retire again, but would not, and, in fact,
+could not; if they had got down this steep hill, they could
+not have got back again well. The brave French came up
+to our assistance, and kept them at bay while we retired
+and got our ammunition completed; and then the brigade
+of Guards were formed into one regiment of six companies,
+and at it we went again; and by this time, plenty of assistance
+coming to us, we managed to do them, but at a
+great loss to us. Officers behaved bravely. The Coldstreams
+had eight officers killed on the field; the Grenadiers three
+officers. Only picture to yourself eleven officers being buried
+at one place and time! there was not a dry eye at the
+funeral. We had Colonel Walker wounded in three places.
+Colonel Blair died and was buried to-day. He had only
+joined three weeks ago; he was shot in the breast. Our
+Adjutant, Captain Drummond, Captain Gipps, Colonel F.
+Seymour, and Mr. Elkington, were all wounded. Colonel
+Ridley and Colonel Dalrymple left us to-day sick. We
+have scarcely any officers now left. We had two sergeants,
+four corporals, and thirty-one privates killed on the field,
+and eleven have died since of their wounds.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The second is from a soldier of the 95th., who writes
+thus:—“On the 5th. instant, the anniversary of the Gunpowder
+Plot, we had a most terrible day of it. The Russians
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>advanced to attack our position, and drive us into
+the sea (as has since been learned), at about six in the
+morning, and continued the battle until four in the afternoon.
+Not once or twice, but thrice and again did they
+advance, and endeavour to take our position; and after our
+repeated attacks and charges, and our great losses, they had
+nearly carried the crest of our position, but were met by
+a Division of our brave allies, the French, who formed like
+the letter V, and drove them back. The battle was far
+more desperate than that at Alma. The Russians fought
+well, and attempted to advance up the face of the hill,
+which was sheer madness, and can only be accounted for
+by their state of intoxication, which, I believe, is usual;
+the custom being to issue spirits before any enterprise is
+undertaken. The loss on our side I cannot as yet inform
+you of, but in our brigade the killed and wounded amounted
+to three hundred and sixty-one. The Guards, I think, have
+lost the most of any English regiment, and the point which
+they defended shows their prowess—hundreds of Russians
+lying dead and wounded (some say a thousand) in that spot
+alone. It is said that we have taken a thousand prisoners.
+I myself saw at least two hundred wounded brought in to-day
+of the Russians, and I do not think that all have yet
+been brought in.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Staff Officer, in his “Letters from Head Quarters,” a
+most valuable and interesting work, relates the following
+anecdote, regarding the battle of Inkermann, which shews of
+what material the British soldier is made:—“I should also
+tell you an instance of great self-possession on the part of a
+sergeant, I think, of the 7th. Fusiliers. It was towards the
+close of the battle, and Lord Raglan was returning from
+taking leave of poor General Strangways, and was going up
+towards the ridge. A sergeant approached us, carrying
+canteens of water to take up for the wounded, and as Lord
+Raglan passed, he drew himself up to make the usual salute,
+when a round shot came bounding over the hill, and
+knocked his forage-cap off his head. The man calmly picked
+up his cap, dusted it on his knee, placed it carefully on
+his head, and then made the military salute, and all without
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>moving a muscle of his countenance. Lord Raglan was
+delighted with the man’s coolness, and said to him, ‘A near
+thing that, my man.’ ‘Yes, my Lord,’ replied the sergeant,
+with another salute, ‘but a miss is as good as a mile.’”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Not less interesting is the same writer’s account of the poor
+wounded horses:—“One of the most painful things during
+the action was the number of wounded horses. Some of the
+poor creatures went grazing about the field, limping on three
+legs, one having been broken or carried away by shot; others
+galloping about, screaming with fright and terror. At times,
+some would attach themselves to the Staff, as if desirous of
+company; and one poor beast, who had its nose and mouth
+shot away, used to come in amongst us, and rub its gory
+head against our horses’ flanks; he was ordered to be killed
+by one of the escort, which was of course done.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, to which rank his lordship was
+advanced for this victory, in publishing to the Army in General
+Orders the despatch of the Minister of War, conveying the
+Queen’s entire approbation of the conduct of the troops at
+Inkermann, especially drew attention to the passage, “Let not
+any Private Soldier in those ranks believe that his conduct is
+unheeded. The Queen thanks him—his Country honours him.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In addition to the medal and clasps ordered for these successes,
+the Queen, as a mark of Her Majesty’s recognition of
+the meritorious services of the non-commissioned officers serving
+in the Crimea, directed that one sergeant should be selected
+from each regiment of cavalry, guards, and infantry, serving
+under Lord Raglan, for promotion to a commission, to be dated
+5th. November, 1854. The thanks of the House of Lords and
+Commons were given for these services, and the same tribute
+was conveyed to General Canrobert and the French Army for
+their gallant and successful co-operation. This distinction was
+most highly prized, and the French Commander, in his general
+order, gave utterance to sentiments that found a ready response
+in every heart, and which, it is hoped, time will never efface:
+“You will all feel its value, and I shall, in your name and mine,
+assure Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, that it will, if possible,
+tighten still more the bonds of good fellowship, which a mutual
+high esteem, and the blood we have shed in common, have
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>established between our British gallant companions in arms and
+ourselves.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Contrasted with the painful though glorious scenes for which
+medals were being gained, stands out the mission of Miss
+Nightingale, who exemplified what womanly devotion could
+effect. The public desire to alleviate the sufferings endured
+by the soldiers in the far-off battle-field, met with a generous
+response, and the subscription, originated by the all-powerful
+“Times,” was liberally responded to, and a special correspondent
+of that newspaper, Mr. Macdonald, judiciously administered
+its distribution; whilst the devoted widow of the heroic Colonel
+Moore, whose husband, preferring the lives of his men to his
+own, met his death in the burning troopship “Europa,”
+thinking the best consolation for her bereavement would be
+found in administering consolation to the sick and wounded,
+fell a victim to her self-denial, but left a name which will
+be associated with Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge and Florence
+Nightingale, and will never be forgotten, for the example of
+the Dorcas of the Crimea and her Christian associates will
+be ever held up as a noble instance in the holy cause of
+suffering humanity. The difficult task which, at the pressing
+instance of the Right Honourable Sidney Herbert, Secretary
+of State for War, she undertook, was deemed by some at first
+visionary, but the arduous enterprise was successfully carried
+out by these ladies, and their arrival at Scutari at the period
+of the battle of Inkermann was most opportune. This was
+truly designated as a Christian episode in a Christian war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Few will forget the exhibition of the fine arts in aid of
+the patriotic fund, to which the Princess Royal, the Prince
+of Wales, and Prince Alfred contributed. The touching picture
+sent by Her Royal Highness, wherein the devoted wife
+has found the dead body of her husband, was as appropriate
+as it was truthful. This, and the pen-and-ink sketches of
+knightly warriors and kings, furnished by the youthful princes,
+realized handsome prices. The patriotic fund reached the
+munificent amount of half a million of money, whilst by the
+“Central Association,” ably superintended by Major the
+Honourable Henry Littleton Powys, of the 60th., and the
+regimental and other funds about two hundred thousand
+pounds were obtained. Such appreciation by their country
+of her gallant soldiers, and regard for their wives and
+children, were alike worthy of the nation and of their noble
+devotion and patient endurance before Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The day following this victory a council of war was assembled,
+and it was resolved to postpone the assault until fresh reinforcements
+should arrive, and, at the same time, works
+for the defence of the Inkermann position were ordered to be
+forthwith commenced, as there was then every probability of
+the allies having to winter in the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It is calculated that at this time forty-six thousand five
+hundred and thirty-seven rounds of ammunition had been
+expended. It is singular that Russian shot had been collected
+by the soldiers, and fired back into Sebastopol. By the general
+order, dated 24th. October, 1854, payment was authorized of
+fourpence for each small shot, and sixpence for each large
+shot brought into camp; but a subsequent order on the 4th.
+of November following cancelled the foregoing. A similar
+circumstance occurred during the Peninsular war, and it excited
+the surprise of the Duke of Wellington.<a id='r166'></a><a href='#f166' class='c013'><sup>[166]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this time the nights became intensely cold, and the
+incessant rain caused the roads to be anything but passable;
+whilst on the 14th. a tremendous hurricane, tearing many
+of the tents to pieces, and scattering their goods, added to the
+discomforts of the troops. Several French, British, and Turkish
+vessels were either lost or damaged from the same untoward
+circumstance; and most unfortunately the “Prince” steamer,
+with the winter clothing for the English army, and a good
+supply of engineer stores and ammunition, was shattered to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>pieces on the rocks at Balaklava, and one hundred and
+thirty-seven souls perished. It would be difficult to depict
+the desolation which the hurricane occasioned in the encampment
+of the allies, and the next day the soldiers found
+ample employment in repairing its ravages. Poor fellows,
+they needed nothing further to aggravate the privations
+already endured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night of the 20th. of November, an affair
+occurred which drew forth the praise not only of Lord
+Raglan, but also of the Commander-in-Chief of the French
+army. The Russian advanced posts in front of the left attack
+of the British, having taken up a position which incommoded
+the troops in the trenches, and occasioned not a few casualties,
+besides taking in reverse the French troops working in their
+lines, a detachment of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade,
+of two hundred men, under Lieutenant Tryon, was directed on
+the night of the 20th. to dislodge the enemy. The caves in
+which the Russian riflemen had established themselves, were
+popularly known as the Ovens. This service was most gallantly
+and effectively performed, but at some loss in killed
+and wounded. Lieutenant Tryon, who rendered himself conspicuous
+on the occasion, was killed; he was considered a most
+promising officer, and held in the highest estimation by all.
+Several attempts were made by the Russians to re-establish
+themselves on the ground before daylight on the 21st., but
+they were instantly repulsed by Lieutenant Bourchier, the senior
+surviving officer of the party. The detachment received well-merited
+praise, and the conduct of Lieutenants Tryon, Bourchier,
+and Cuninghame, was highly commended. So highly prized
+was this little exploit by General Canrobert, that he instantly
+published an “<i><span lang="fr">Ordre Général</span></i>,” announcing it to the French
+army, and combining, with a just tribute to the gallantry of
+the troops, the expression of his deep sympathy in the regret
+felt for the loss of a young officer of so much distinction as
+Lieutenant Tyron.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Russians moved upon the British advanced pickets, in
+front of the left attack, on the 12th. of December, in some
+force, but were instantly driven back by a detachment of the
+first battalion of the Rifle Brigade on the right, and by one
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>of the 46th. on the left. The firing, however, was kept up
+for some time afterwards.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sortie was made by the enemy on both the right and
+left attack, during the night of the 20th. of December, the
+one being conducted silently, the other with drums beating,
+and shouting; the first was probably the real object of the
+advance, as nearer to the Inkermann heights. Owing to the
+extreme darkness of the night, the Russians were enabled to
+approach very near the right attack without being perceived,
+and, having made a sudden rush upon the most forward
+parallel they compelled the men occupying it to withdraw,
+until reinforced by a party under Major Welsford, of the
+97th. Regiment, when it was regained possession of, and the
+enemy retired, not, however, without occasioning some loss in
+both killed and wounded. Lieutenant John Byron, of the
+34th., was taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the left attack the enemy were met with great gallantry
+by Lieutenant Gordon, of the 38th. Regiment, who, when
+supported by the covering party of the trenches, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy, of the 50th., succeeded in at once
+driving them back. Here the loss was still more severe,
+Major Möller of the 50th., falling mortally wounded; Capt.
+Frampton and Lieutenant Clarke, both of the 50th., were
+taken prisoners. The gallantry and vigilance of these troops,
+and the distinguished conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy,
+were highly praised.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Christmas before Sebastopol will not be easily forgotten;
+the time-honoured phrase of wishing a merry one, and a
+happy new year, must have sounded almost as a mockery
+to the suffering troops. During December the weather became
+very severe, and the duties more and more arduous;
+both officers and men were frequently on duty two and
+three nights in succession, without any shelter from the
+snow and rain; provisions and forage became scarce, owing
+to the want of transport; and the young soldiers, unable to
+bear the hardships and fatigue, died in numbers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Neither was the commencement of the new year more
+promising; when the commissariat transport broke down, it
+became necessary to send fatigue parties to carry up rations
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>and warm clothing from Balaklava, a distance of seven miles;
+horses and mules were picked up wherever they could be found,
+officers’ chargers not excepted. Men were frequently found
+dead in the trenches from cold and exhaustion. The sick
+present and absent at Scutari on the 11th. January, 1855,
+amounted to sixteen thousand and one men.<a id='r167'></a><a href='#f167' class='c013'><sup>[167]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Such sufferings excited the public feeling, and Mr. Roebuck’s
+motion for a committee of enquiry occasioned a change of
+ministry, when Lord Palmerston became Premier, and Lord
+Panmure was appointed Secretary of State for War. It is
+not, however, within the scope of this work to dwell upon
+the political view of the campaign; its object being to show
+how the Medals were won. No sympathy could have cheered
+the soldiers more than that expressed by the Queen in a
+letter to Mrs. Sidney Herbert, which fortunately was published.<a id='r168'></a><a href='#f168' class='c013'><sup>[168]</sup></a>
+Constant visits of the Sovereign to the bed-sides of
+the invalids on their arrival in England, and substantial
+acts of kindness in finding occupation for several of them,
+shewed Her Majesty’s deep interest in her soldiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In January a railroad was commenced from Balaklava to
+the camp, which may be classed as one of the “curiosities
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>of war.” At this period the French army had been reinforced,
+and consisted, in round numbers, of about sixty-seven
+thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Russians still retain the old style of reckoning, and,
+during the night of the 12th. of January, 1855 (their New
+Year’s Day), they made a powerful sortie, under protection
+of a heavy cannonade, along the Woronzoff Road and the
+ravine on the extreme left, on the French and English
+trenches, but were ultimately forced to retire. The following
+morning was the commencement of a severe frost, the snow
+in some places on the plain being eighteen inches deep, whilst
+the drifts were not only deep, but in many spots dangerous.
+The old adage that “it’s an ill wind that blows nobody any
+good,” was here realized, for the ground became hardened
+and consequently improved, by the frost, which aided the
+communication to the front: there was, however, a drawback
+on account of the difficulty of obtaining fuel for cooking
+and hospital requirements. Indeed the scarcity of wood of any
+kind was great. The brushwood along the Inkermann ridge
+had long been used up; the soldiers had even employed the
+vine roots to cook their meals. Fortunately large quantities
+of charcoal were arriving at Balaklava, and although the seige
+works did not improve by the employment of the Turkish
+troops in bringing up this necessary article, the comfort of
+the army was materially increased. Warm clothing also
+arrived; but sickness could not be reduced.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About the middle of January there was a marked improvement
+in the weather, and on the 21st. a French Division
+afforded valuable relief to the British by relieving the
+pickets of the Second and Light Divisions, and enabled the
+latter to afford better covering parties for their batteries. It
+was fortunate at this period that the enemy was ignorant of
+the small number of men employed in their defence.<a id='r169'></a><a href='#f169' class='c013'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The hospitals in Constantinople, from the improvements
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>effected therein under the superintendence of Florence Nightingale,
+were already bearing fruit, by the number of convalescent
+soldiers constantly returning to the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 2nd. of March occurred the death of the Emperor
+of Russia, and the event appeared at first calculated to lead
+to peace, but that hope soon vanished. During this month
+the operations of the siege began to be more actively carried
+on; large working parties were employed, and an approach
+was made from the middle ravine to the twenty-one gun
+battery; a new approach was also made to the right of the
+advanced work, or third parallel; this trench was extended
+to communicate with the new French right attack against the
+Mamelon and Malakoff; old batteries were repaired, and new
+ones constructed, and the guards of the trenches were increased.
+On the 16th. of March, Lieutenant-General Simpson arrived
+to undertake the duties of Chief of the Staff, and Sir John
+McNeill and Colonel Tulloch, who had been sent out by the
+government, to report upon the state of the army, arrived a
+few days before.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Frequent night alarms occurred during this month, and on
+the morning of the 22nd. of March, the French troops in the
+advanced parallel moved forward, and drove the enemy out
+of their rifle-pits in their immediate front, but nothing of any
+importance happened during the day. Early in the night,
+however, a serious attack was made upon the French works
+in front of the Victoria redoubt, opposite the Malakoff tower.
+The firing, which was very heavy, could scarcely be heard in
+the British camp, the wind being so boisterous. After attacking
+the head of the sap which the French were carrying on
+towards the Mamelon, the Russians fell in with two heavy
+masses on their new parallel, to the rear of which they succeeded
+in penetrating, after a gallant resistance. Passing along
+the parallel and in rear of it, until they came in contact with
+the troops stationed in the advanced parallel, extending into
+the ravine, from the right of the British advance, where it
+was connected with the French trench, the enemy was there
+met by detachments of the 77th. and 97th. regiments, forming
+part of the guard of the trenches, who although thus taken
+suddenly, both in flank and rear, behaved with the utmost
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>gallantry and coolness.<a id='r170'></a><a href='#f170' class='c013'><sup>[170]</sup></a> The detachment of the 97th., which
+was on the extreme right, and which, consequently first came
+in contact with the enemy, repulsed the attack at the point
+of the bayonet. They were led by Captain Hedley Vicars,
+who fell mortally wounded, not before he had knocked over
+two Russians. The “Memorials” of this officer are well known
+in every English home, and dissipate the prevalent error that
+christian and military virtues cannot be united. His life was
+an exemplification of the motto of the 97th., “<i>Quo fas et
+Gloria ducunt</i>.” Lord Raglan stated in his despatch,—“I am
+assured that nothing could be more distinguished than the
+gallantry and good example which he set to the detachment
+under his command;” and added, “the conduct of the 77th.
+was equally distinguished; and the firmness and promptitude
+with which the attack, in this part of our works, was met,
+were in the highest degree creditable to that regiment.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>These troops were under the direction of Major Gordon,
+of the Royal Engineers, who was severely wounded by a
+musket-ball through the arm. The Russians were finally
+driven out of the parallel, the repulse being conducted with
+great judgment by this officer.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The attention of the troops in the advanced works having
+been by these transactions drawn to the right, the enemy
+took occasion to move upon, and succeeded in penetrating
+into, the left front of the British right attack, near the
+battery where two ten-inch mortars had recently been placed.
+They advanced along the works until they were met by a
+detachment of the 7th. and 34th. regiments, which had been
+at work in the neighbourhood, under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>Tylden, of the Royal Engineers, who promptly
+made them stand to their arms, and led them with the greatest
+determination and steadiness against the enemy, who were
+speedily ejected from their works, and fairly pitched over the
+parapet, with but little or no firing on the part of the
+British. The French, in retiring from their advanced parallel
+upon their supports, speedily rallied, and fell upon the enemy,
+whom they repulsed with great loss, and followed so far up
+towards the Mamelon, that they were enabled to level and
+destroy nearly all the “ambuscades,” or “rifle concealments,”
+erected along their front. This success was not accomplished
+without considerable loss, though that of the Russians was
+much greater.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the enemy in great numbers found their way
+into the advanced batteries on the extreme left of the
+British, which were then not armed, and immediately obtained
+possession of them. The working parties were, however,
+speedily collected and re-formed by Captain Chapman, of the
+20th. regiment, Acting Engineer, and they at once drove the
+Russians out of the trenches with the utmost gallantry.
+Captain Montagu, of the Royal Engineers, who was superintending
+the works, unfortunately fell into their hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>There was a suspension of hostilities for about three hours
+on Saturday, the 24th. of March, for the purpose of burying
+those who had fallen in the late encounters, when it became
+evident from the number of bodies of the enemy, and of the
+French, to whom the last sad offices had to be paid, that the
+loss sustained both by the French and the Russians had been
+very severe, particularly that of the latter. Some French,
+too, were found lying close to the Mamelon, a proof that
+their gallant spirit had carried them up to the enemy’s
+entrenchments.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this period of the siege, a sixty-eight pounder manned
+by the Naval Brigade, caused so much damage to the
+Mamelon, that the Russians specially brought up a gun of
+similar calibre to dismount it. During the truce on March
+24th., this fact was made known to the British by a Russian
+officer, and the next day a regular duel took place between
+the two guns. The enemy were confident of success, but
+after the interchange of about seventeen shots, the Russian
+gun was silenced, while that of the Naval Brigade continued
+battering the Mamelon as before.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SECOND BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>During Easter Sunday, the 8th. of April, 1855, the busy
+hum of preparation might be heard in the allied camp, the
+second bombardment of Sebastopol having been resolved on
+for the morrow. Showers had been frequent during the day,
+and in the evening there was heavy rain; the trenches in
+consequence became flooded, and in more than one battery
+the drenched soldiers were standing in eight inches of water;
+this comfortless position was not improved by the darkness
+of the night and the gale which was blowing. A thick fog
+and drizzling mist heralded in the morning of the 9th. of
+April, which prevented the enemy’s works from being seen;
+but about half-past five the outlines of the Redan and
+Malakoff were discerned, the mist having partially cleared.
+A few minutes afterwards and the first gun fired from the
+British batteries, was followed almost immediately by the
+whole of the right and left attacks, with the single exception
+of No. 9 battery, right attack; and on the French attacks
+commencing, the south side of Sebastopol was environed by
+the fire of the allies. The fleet had no share in this bombardment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was evident that the besieged were taken by surprise,
+as for a short interval they did not return a shot, and it
+was almost six o’clock before anything like a general fire was
+opened by the enemy. Heavy rain fell throughout the day,
+and the southerly wind driving the smoke from the allied
+batteries over the town, completely concealed it and prevented
+the effect of the fire being observed. Towards one o’clock a
+somewhat brisker fire was opened by the enemy, which was
+immediately checked by the British and French batteries.
+When the mist was somewhat dispelled, towards three in the
+afternoon, these works were noticed to be considerably injured.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>Towards evening the fire of both parties, as if by consent,
+slackened, but at daylight on the following morning the
+fire was resumed from all the batteries, to which the enemy
+vigorously responded. By ten o’clock, the sun, so long a
+stranger, burst out, and the heavy rain subsided. The fire
+of the Malakoff was considerably lessened, while that of the
+Mamelon was soon checked; not so that of the Redan, which
+still continued formidable. The fleets advanced at mid-day,
+on the 11th. of April, but did not attack. Both officers and
+men of the Royal Artillery now became exhausted, having
+had only two reliefs since the afternoon of the 8th., and
+their unparalleled exertions and overwork began to tell upon
+them. So swollen were the men’s feet from being constantly
+wet that they were fearful of not being able to get on their
+boots again if they attempted to take them off. Nevertheless
+both officers and men toiled on with persevering resolution,
+and few gave up, although many were fitter for the hospital
+than for these trying duties.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Another day dawned, and the 12th., as the others, opened
+with fire. But the Russians, like the shoes of the dancing
+princesses in the fairy-tale, seemed to be as fresh as ever,
+their resources appearing inexhaustible; and their courage and
+determination being fully equal to the emergency. The mornings
+of the 13th., 14th., 15th., and 16th. of April, witnessed
+the repetition of the previous ones, and the day after orders
+were received from Lord Raglan to lessen the fire from all
+the batteries, which was nearly confined to that from the
+mortars, some of the guns firing daily about eight rounds.
+The Russians also ceased firing.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus the second bombardment of Sebastopol terminated
+without any decided result. Eight days’ incessant firing had
+not succeeded in silencing the fire of the Russians, or in
+destroying their works, although some of the heaviest guns
+and mortars ever employed on a like occasion, had been
+served with a precision, zeal, and determination unequalled in
+any siege, but had not produced that permanent effect which
+might have been anticipated from its constancy, power, and
+accuracy. The advantages obtained daily over the Malakoff
+and Mamelon, were, as before adverted to, repaired by night,
+and their fire was not sufficiently subdued to justify an assault
+being attempted. Forty-seven thousand eight hundred and
+fifty-four rounds of ammunition (thirty-two thousand five
+hundred and sixty-eight shot, and fifteen thousand two hundred
+and eighty-six shell) had been expended during this
+second bombardment, which lasted from the 9th. to the 16th.
+of April, both days inclusive.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Large rifle-pits having been made by the Russians in front
+of the advanced works of the British right attack, it became
+necessary to dislodge them. One of these rifle-pits was gallantly
+taken during the night of the 19th. of April. The
+resistance of the enemy, although obstinate, was speedily
+overcome by the impetuosity of the troops, and the pit was,
+without the loss of a moment, connected with the British
+approach, thereby furnishing protection to the working party
+to continue its labours without interruption for a considerable
+time. At the interval, however, of about three hours,
+the enemy brought a heavy fire of artillery and musketry
+upon the party in advance of the pit, into which they retired,
+and which they effectually defended and maintained; but this
+brilliant achievement was not accomplished without considerable
+sacrifice of life. Colonel Egerton, of the 77th., was killed
+when forming troops for the support of those on the extreme
+advance; and Captain Lemprière, of the same regiment,
+fell in the first affair; in which also, Colonel Egerton received
+a contusion that only incapacitated him from duty for
+a few minutes. Five officers were wounded, three of them
+dangerously. A second rifle-pit was abandoned by the enemy
+on the following night, and not being required, was filled up
+by the British. The other rifle-pits were connected with
+each other and the quarries.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The “Staff Officer” relates the following characteristic anecdote,
+in reference to the rifle-pits.—“A drummer-boy of the
+77th. regiment went with his comrades in the first rush agains
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span>the enemy’s pits, when he saw a Russian trumpet-boy trying
+to clamber over the parapet in order to get away. He was
+immediately collared by our drummer, who, having no arms,
+began to pummel him in truly British fashion. The Russian
+boy, not understanding this mode of treatment, tried to
+grapple with him, but in this he signally failed, as the English
+boy threw him on the ground, made him a prisoner and took
+his trumpet from him. He afterwards gave it to Sir George
+Brown, who liberally rewarded him, and praised him much
+for his courage and daring. Lord Raglan, hearing of the
+circumstance, also made the boy a present.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night of the 5th. of May, the enemy assaulted
+the advanced parallel on the right attack, and some actually
+got into the trench; but they were speedily driven out and
+repulsed with the utmost gallantry, by the detachments occupying
+it, of the 30th. and 49th. regiments, under Captain
+Williamson and Lieutenant Gubbins, of the former, and Lieutenant
+Rochfort, of the latter, who was severely wounded.
+On the same night Captain Arnold, of the 4th. Foot, was
+wounded and taken prisoner whilst posting the advanced
+sentries of the left attack, and died of his wounds. Lord
+Raglan stated that “the loss of the services of this officer
+is greatly to be lamented. He had done his duty unremittingly,
+and in the most spirited manner, throughout the
+operations of the siege.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two serious assaults were made by the enemy upon the
+most advanced parallel of the right attack, during the night
+of the 9th. of May, but they were, on each occasion, most
+nobly met, and repulsed with considerable loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the following night the Russians opened a powerful
+fire on the trenches, and exposed their columns to a heavy
+musketry fire from the troops on duty. They did not, however,
+reach the parapets, nor approach very near them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the night of the 11th. of May, a very determined
+sortie was made upon the advance of the left attack. The
+enemy moved forward in two columns from the Woronzoff
+road. The advanced sentries having slowly retired, the guard
+of the trenches was prepared to receive them, and drove
+them back in the most determined manner. A few Russians
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>only got into the parallel, and five were left dead close
+outside.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One of the most memorable events of the month was the
+presentation of the Crimean Medal by Her Majesty to the
+officers and men of the troops, and of the Naval Brigade and
+Marines, who, from ill-health, or on account of wounds, had
+returned from the seat of war. The Queen had already
+shown her interest for the wounded, by visiting them in
+hospital, and this requital of their valour was a becoming
+sequel. Never had such an honour been thus conferred; and
+it was a most touching sight to witness the officers and men,
+many of whom by their pallid countenances or maimed limbs,
+affectingly appealed to the sympathy of all, receiving from
+their Sovereign’s own hands the well-earned guerdon of bravery;
+they represented, as it were, their brethren in arms before the
+beleaguered city, and the recital of this day’s proceedings
+must have exercised a great effect upon the troops before
+Sebastopol, although it was no new thing for them to experience
+the Queen’s consideration.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This interesting ceremony took place on the parade of the
+Horse Guards, on the 18th. of May, 1855, in the presence of
+numerous spectators, including the members of the Royal
+Family, and of both Houses of Parliament, for whom galleries
+were erected, as well as for the fortunate persons who were
+enabled to obtain tickets. Every exertion was made to accommodate
+as many as possible, and the ceremony, which was
+of a most impressive and affecting character, is not one
+easily to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bart., of the 7th. Royal
+Fusiliers, who lost both his feet at Inkermann, and Captain
+Sayer, of the 23rd., who had the ankle joint of his right
+leg shot away at the Alma, were drawn in wheeled chairs.
+Captain Currie, of the 19th. regiment, desperately wounded
+at the Alma, approached on crutches, with his disabled leg
+supported by a soldier. To these, as to many other officers
+whose wounds still crippled them, the Queen addressed expressions
+of kind commiseration, and Sir Thomas was appointed
+one of her aides-de-camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The recipients of the medal were subsequently marched to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>Buckingham Palace, in the riding-house of which the men
+partook of a substantial repast, during which the Queen and
+royal party visited them. The officers were entertained at
+luncheon in the palace. Until the announcement of dinner
+the whole were permitted to walk in the gardens of the
+palace, and there, likewise, Her Majesty encouraged them
+in their enjoyment by her presence and sympathy. The
+formation of the troops was superintended by His Royal
+Highness the Duke of Cambridge, who had been compelled,
+through ill-health, to return to England.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Renewed exertions were made during this month by the
+allies, the railway which had been constructed proving of
+immense benefit. The enemy at the same time were actively
+employed in covering their advanced works; they constructed
+a new battery on their left of Mamelon, and troops were
+constantly in motion on the north side. A welcome reinforcement
+had arrived, in the shape of a portion of the Sardinian
+troops. The expedition which had been embarked early in
+May, for Kertch, and countermanded, again sailed on the
+22nd. of May, and was attended with complete success. It
+was composed of British, French, and Turkish troops, commanded
+by Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, and
+Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons,<a id='r171'></a><a href='#f171' class='c013'><sup>[171]</sup></a> the French being under General
+D’Autremarre.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The forts were forced, and the magazines were exploded by
+the Russians themselves; but all their guns, an immense
+quantity of corn, grain, munitions of war, naval stores, and
+military equipments, fell into the hands of the troops. A
+most serious blow to the enemy was thus effected, and the
+whole coast of the Crimea became open to the allies, and
+the difficult route through Perekop was the only road by
+which reinforcements or provisions could be sent to the
+troops in Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After leaving a sufficient garrison, principally Turks, in
+Kertch and Yenikale, the greater portion of the troops returned
+to Balaklava on the 15th. of June. It was a matter
+of congratulation that so much was effected without loss of
+life.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An expedition to Anapa was in course of preparation,
+when on the 5th. of June, the Russians withdrew from that
+place, and thus abandoned their last stronghold on the coast
+of Circassia.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THIRD BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The third bombardment of Sebastopol was commenced at
+about half-past two o’clock in the afternoon of the 6th. of
+June, instead of at daybreak as in the two former instances.
+Circumstances, too, were more favourable, for on this occasion
+a summer sky made the works stand out in bold relief,
+instead of being veiled in rain and mist. The additional
+weight of metal of the British guns, and the increase in
+the number of mortars, added to the plentiful supply of
+ammunition in the several batteries, augured a speedy termination
+of the siege. The Mamelon and Malakoff by half-past
+four were nearly silenced.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The firing re-commenced at daybreak on the 7th. of June.
+The Russians, with their wonted promptitude, having made
+good the damage sustained, kept up a vigorous fire from
+the Redan and Barrack batteries, and the Mamelon and
+Malakoff soon became in the same plight as before.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was determined to make the attack on the enemy’s
+outworks from the Quarries in front of the Redan, on the
+Mamelon, and on the Ouvrages Blancs, during the evening;
+and at six o’clock, as the Anglo-French troops formed in
+the trenches, a crushing fire told with great effect on the
+Mamelon, which, in half an hour afterwards, was occupied
+by the French. The mortars and guns were then turned on
+the Malakoff, towards which the French advanced, but were
+driven back, and the Mamelon was again in possession of
+its original owners, but after a short interval was once
+more re-occupied by the French. A heavy fire was then
+poured into the Malakoff until dusk.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>Whilst the French had succeeded in their attack upon the
+Mamelon (so named from its appearance—a rounded hill),
+the British had obtained possession of the Quarries. This
+success was thus achieved:—On the evening of the 7th. of
+June, an assault was made upon these works, which, as
+their name implies, were pits from which stone had been
+excavated for the buildings in the town. They were situated
+in front of the Redan, from the British advanced parallel in
+the right attack. Their possession was achieved with great
+gallantry and determination, and the ground was maintained,
+notwithstanding that during the night and in the morning
+of the 8th., repeated attempts were made to regain them;
+but each terminated in failure, although supported by large
+bodies of troops, by heavy discharges of musketry, and by
+every species of offensive missile. On these occasions, overpowering
+numbers succeeded in re-entering, but were each
+time driven back at the point of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops employed in storming the Quarries were composed
+of detachments from the Light and Second Divisions,
+and at night they were supported by the 62nd. regiment.
+The charge of holding the Quarries, and of repelling the
+repeated attacks of the enemy, was confided to Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robert Campbell, of the 90th., after he had led the
+assault, in which he was twice wounded. Colonel Shirley, of
+the 88th., acted as General of the day in the trenches of the
+right attack. The 55th. regiment received special commendation,
+and had fifty-three out of one hundred and sixty killed
+and wounded. Captain Cure commanded the party; Lieutenant
+Stone was killed at the head of his men, charging the Russians
+in their trench with the bayonet; Captain Elton was
+particularly noticed, and Lieutenants Scott and Williams were
+likewise named as most active in performing their duties.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Shortly before, the French, on the right, had moved out of
+their trenches, and attacked the Ouvrages Blancs, and the
+Mamelon. These were carried without the smallest check, and
+their leading column rushed forward and approached the
+Malakoff tower. This it had not been contemplated to assail
+and therefore the troops were brought back, and finally established
+in the enemy’s works, from which the latter did not
+succeed in expelling them, notwithstanding that the fire of
+musketry and cannon brought to bear upon them was tremendous.
+Nothing could be more spirited and rapid than
+the advance of the French.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A heavy fire was opened on the morning of the 9th. of
+June, and it was continued, with the exception of a truce for
+the burial of the dead, which lasted from one till six o’clock.
+No sooner was the white flag lowered than both sides again
+opened fire, the Russians having, during the interval, mounted
+additional guns in the Malakoff and Redan. During the 10th.
+of June, the Malakoff and Redan rarely fired more than a
+few shots at long intervals. Again the bombardment was
+ordered to terminate, and it was decided that the attack on
+the town should be deferred until the French had established
+their batteries in the Mamelon. By the 16th. of June new
+batteries were completed, which, it was hoped, would enable
+the besiegers to resume the offensive with the utmost vigour.
+From the 6th. to the 14th. of June, thirty-two thousand
+eight hundred and eighty-three rounds of ammunition had
+been expended.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FOURTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The fourth bombardment commenced on Sunday, the 17th.
+of June, at daybreak, when a very heavy fire was opened from
+all the batteries in the British and French trenches, and maintained
+throughout the day. The effect produced was so satisfactory,
+that it was resolved the French should attack the
+Malakoff on the following morning, and that the British should
+assail the Redan as soon after as might be considered advisable.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was originally proposed that the artillery fire should be
+resumed on the morning of the 18th., and should be kept up
+for about two hours, with a view of destroying any works
+which the Russians might have thrown up during the night,
+and of opening passages through the <i>abatis</i> that covered the
+Redan; but during the evening of the 17th., Lord Raglan
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>received an intimation from General Pelissier, who had in May
+succeeded General Canrobert in the command of the French
+army, that he had determined, upon further consideration, to
+cause the French attack to take place at three o’clock on the
+following morning. Before that hour Lord Raglan with the
+head-quarter staff and other officers assembled at the appointed
+post. As day broke the French commenced their operations,
+and as their several columns came within range of the enemy’s
+fire they encountered the most serious opposition, both from
+musketry and the guns in the works which had been silenced
+the previous evening. Lord Raglan observing this, at once
+ordered the British columns to move out of the trenches upon
+the Redan. It had been arranged that detachments from the
+light, second, and fourth divisions, which were placed under
+the command of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, should
+be formed into three columns; the right one to attack the
+left face of the Redan, between the flanking batteries; the centre
+to advance upon the salient angle; and the left to move upon
+the re-entering angle formed by the right face and flank of the
+work; the first and last preceding the centre column.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the signal being given the flank columns at once advanced,
+preceded by covering parties of the Rifle Brigade, and by sailors
+carrying ladders, and soldiers carrying wool-bags; but they
+had no sooner shown themselves beyond the trenches than they
+were assailed by a most murderous fire of grape and musketry,
+and all in advance were either killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir John Campbell, who led the left attack,
+and Colonel Shadforth, of the 57th., who commanded the
+storming party under his direction, were both killed, as was
+also Colonel Yea, of the Royal Fusiliers, who commanded the
+right column.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“I never before witnessed,” writes Lord Raglan, “such a
+continued and heavy fire of grape combined with musketry
+from the enemy’s works, which appeared to be fully manned;
+and the long list of killed and wounded in the light and fourth
+divisions, and the seamen of the Naval Brigade, under Captain
+Peel, who was unfortunately wounded, though not severely,
+will show that a very large proportion of those that went
+forward fell.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>By half-past three it was perceived that the French had
+not succeeded in their attack upon the Malakoff. All the
+batteries were ordered to resume their fire as heavily as possible,
+but about half-past seven the firing slackened, in consequence
+of the attack being relinquished.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The superiority of the fire of the allies had led both Lord
+Raglan and Pelissier to conclude that the anniversary of
+Waterloo would have been crowned with a happier result;
+but the Russians shewed that their resources were not yet
+exhausted, and that they had still the power, either from their
+ships or from their batteries, to bring an overwhelming fire
+upon their assailants.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Whilst the direct attack upon the Redan was proceeding,
+Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England was directed to send
+one of the brigades of the third division, under the command
+of Major-General Barnard, down the Woronzoff Ravine, with
+a view to give support to the attacking columns on his right;
+and the other brigade, under Major-General Eyre, still further
+to the left, to threaten the works at the head of the Dockyard
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The success achieved by the third division on this eventful
+day, was detailed in a supplementary despatch from Lord
+Raglan. By this it appears that the first brigade, under Major-General
+Barnard, proceeded down the Woronzoff Road, and
+was placed in position on the right of the ravine, ready to
+co-operate with the columns of attack on the right; whilst
+the second brigade, under Major-General Eyre, moved down
+the ravine which separated the left of the English from the
+right of the French advanced works, for the purpose of attacking
+the enemy’s ambuscades, and making a demonstration on
+the head of the Dockyard Creek.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The service was performed with the utmost gallantry, and,
+notwithstanding that they were exposed to a most galling fire,
+the troops maintained themselves in the position they had
+taken up during the day, and in the evening withdrew, unmolested,
+leaving a post at the cemetery, which had been one
+of the objects of the attack in the morning.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Between one and two o’clock a.m., Major-General Eyre had
+moved off with his brigade, consisting of the 9th., 18th., 28th.,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>38th., and 44th. regiments (total strength about two thousand
+bayonets), and proceeded down the ravine, on the left, by the
+French picket-house, for the purpose of attacking the enemy’s
+ambuscades, and of making a demonstration on that side.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In attacking the first of these ambuscades the troops were
+anticipated by the French, who cleverly took the Russians on
+their left flank as they advanced in front, and made several
+prisoners. Beyond this the French had no instructions to co-operate,
+and the Major-General therefore pushed on an advanced
+guard, under Major Feilden, 44th. composed of marksmen from
+each regiment, supporting it on the right by the 44th. and 38th.,
+and on the left by the 18th. regiment, keeping at first the
+9th. and 28th. in reserve.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy, whose strength could not be estimated, occupied
+a strong position; their right rested on a mamelon, their left
+on a cemetery. These points were occupied by marksmen.
+The intervening ground was intersected, and the road barricaded
+with stone walls, which the men were obliged to pull down,
+under fire, before they could advance. In rear of this position,
+towards the fortress, the Russians occupied several houses, and
+there were bodies of them seen in rear, as reserves. This
+position, under the fire of the guns of the fortress, was strong,
+and it could not be expected to be carried and retained without
+incurring considerable loss, and which was experienced both
+in officers and men, all most nobly discharging their duty.
+The 18th. regiment pushed on, and occupied some houses immediately
+under Garden Battery. The 44th. occupied some
+houses on the right, from whence they kept up a fire on the
+enemy’s embrasures. Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth moved on with
+his regiment (the 38th.), and after taking possession of some
+houses in front, endeavoured to turn the flank of a battery
+which annoyed the troops in front. These parties were afterwards
+from time to time reinforced or relieved by the 9th.
+regiment, the 28th. regiment being drawn up in line in rear,
+to support the whole.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Having driven the enemy from these points, they were continued
+to be occupied, with the view to ulterior movements,
+in the event of the attack on the right being successful, and
+until it was decided what portion of the ground should be
+retained for siege operations.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span>The position was held until late in the evening, when the
+troops, after being exposed all day to a concentrated fire from
+the guns of the fortress, in addition to some field guns brought
+up by the enemy, were gradually withdrawn, the ground being
+too far in advance to be permanently occupied for siege operations,
+when Major-General Eyre, who had received a wound
+in the head in the early part of the day, gave over the command
+of the brigade to Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 28th.
+regiment. No attempt was made by the enemy to molest
+the troops on their retiring. The losses sustained amounted
+to thirty-one officers, forty-four sergeants, and four hundred
+and eighty-seven rank and file killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 19th. of June orders were received to discontinue
+the bombardment, during which, from its commencement on
+the 17th., twenty-two thousand six hundred and eighty-four
+rounds of ammunition had been fired against Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Twenty-two officers were killed and seventy-one wounded.
+Two hundred and thirty men were killed, one thousand one
+hundred and thirty-six wounded, and twenty-four missing.
+The French losses exceeded this number.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 28th. of June, 1855, the following extract of a
+telegraphic despatch from Lord Panmure was published to
+the army in the Crimea:—“I have Her Majesty’s Commands
+to express Her grief that so much bravery should not have
+been rewarded with merited success; and to assure her brave
+Troops that Her Majesty’s confidence in them is entire.” This
+was the last general order published by Lord Raglan, for
+about nine o’clock of the above day his gallant spirit breathed
+its last. Posterity will endorse the Minister for War’s expression
+of Her Majesty’s grief for this great loss. “The
+country has been deprived of a brave and accomplished
+soldier, a true and devoted patriot, and an honourable and
+disinterested subject.” His lordship’s remains were borne to
+Kamiesch Bay, and placed on board the Caradoc, for conveyance
+to England, the officers and men of both armies vieing
+with each other in paying the last honours to the departed
+warrior.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the absence of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, on
+account of ill-health, the command of the forces devolved on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span>Lieutenant-General Simpson, the next senior officer, upon
+whom the Queen conferred the appointment of Commander-in-Chief
+of the Army in the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At five o’clock on the morning of the 10th. of July, a
+heavy fire was opened upon the Redan, by the allied batteries,
+in order to assist the advances upon that work, to which the
+besieged responded, at intervals, with considerable warmth.
+This had the effect of checking the musketry fire, which
+had proved very annoying. Comparative tranquility reigned
+in the batteries until the 17th. of July, when the enemy
+opened a heavy fire upon the French in the Mamelon,
+which was answered by the British on the Tower and Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night of the 22nd. of July, the Russians opened
+a heavy fire of musketry from the parapets of the Malakoff
+and adjacent works, but they did not attempt an attack.
+They opened a similar fire in the course of the night on the
+left of the French. It is believed that they apprehended an
+attack from the French, and for this reason opened the
+above fire, which did no damage to either the works or soldiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Between ten and eleven o’clock at night on the 2nd. of
+August the enemy made a sortie in considerable force, by
+the Woronzoff road. Their strength was computed to be
+about two thousand, and their object was to destroy a heavy
+iron <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>, made across the above road, between
+the right and left attacks, and being further supported by
+heavy columns in rear, to take advantage of such circumstances
+as might present themselves. They advanced with
+loud cheers and bugling, and were received with great gallantry
+by the advanced picket, under the command of Lieutenant
+R. E. Carr, of the 39th., who withdrew his men, firing
+at the same time upon the enemy, to the main body, under
+the command of Captain Leckie, of the same regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A heavy and well-directed fire was opened upon the enemy
+by the party under the latter officer, on the Woronzoff road;
+as also by the guards of the trenches on the right of the
+fourth parallel, under the command of Captain Boyle, of the
+89th., and Captain Turner, of the 1st. Royals, which, in
+about ten minutes, caused the enemy to retire from an
+attack that, if it had not been so well met, might have
+been a serious affair.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus passed the time during July and August in repelling
+sorties from the enemy, combined with an occasional heavy
+firing, and in preparations for a renewal of the bombardment.
+As the movements of troops in Sebastopol, and the reliefs
+moving to and from the Russian works, could be observed
+from the deck of the flag-ship of Sir Houston Stewart,
+“Hannibal,” which was anchored off the mouth of the harbour,
+a telegraphic communication was established between it and
+a station erected on the hill in front of the light division.
+This directed the fire of the mortar batteries, and caused
+serious losses to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the beginning of August the troops had been unceasingly
+employed in strengthening and improving the advanced works,
+which, by the 10th., had become so close to the enemy,
+that it was with the greatest difficulty any approach could
+be made. Every precaution was taken by the allies to prevent
+the Russians forcing them to raise the siege by a
+vigorous attack from without, which was anticipated about
+the middle of this month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Czar’s last hope of relieving Sebastopol was dissipated
+by the battle of the Tchernaya gained over the Russians on
+the 16th. of August. This brilliant success was achieved by
+the French and Sardinian troops, and the enemy’s attempt
+to pass the above river, although made with overwhelming
+numbers, met with a most decisive repulse. The British
+cavalry, under Lieutenant-General Sir James Yorke Scarlett,
+were placed in the plain of Balaklava, prepared to take advantage
+of any circumstance that might present itself, but the
+opportunity did not arise for calling upon their services.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FIFTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The fifth bombardment of Sebastopol commenced at daylight
+on the 17th. of August, the fire being directed against
+the Malakoff and Redan, which continued throughout the day:
+the Russian fire, which at first replied briskly became feeble
+by the evening. The fire<a id='r172'></a><a href='#f172' class='c013'><sup>[172]</sup></a> from the batteries of the allies was
+reported by General Simpson, in his despatch of the 21st. of
+August, to have been very effective, and the result attained
+to have been sufficient to enable the works against the place
+to progress satisfactorily.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the night of the 30th. of August, the enemy’s pickets
+made a rush at the advanced trench, upset a few gabions,
+and killed Lieutenant Preston, of the 97th. In this affair
+Captain Pechell, of the 77th., who commanded the advanced
+party, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, of the 23rd. regiment,
+who commanded the supports, behaved with great gallantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The brightness of the nights prevented a large amount of
+work being executed, and what was performed became a task
+of great difficulty. By the 1st. of September the head of the
+sap was about one hundred and fifty yards from the salient
+of the Redan, and the garrison interrupted the work by all
+possible means.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>FINAL BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Now arrived the time for the sixth and final bombardment
+of Sebastopol, before which the allies had been nearly a year.
+It was ordered that the firing should commence steadily on
+the morning of the 5th. of September, and as the day progressed
+it was to be increased, it being so regulated that
+a sufficient quantity of ammunition should remain for a very
+heavy fire during the assault, which was to take place on the
+morning of the 8th. The French commenced a tremendous
+cannonade about five o’clock a.m., the British batteries opening
+on the Redan and Malakoff. During the 6th. and 7th. the
+bombardment continued, and on the morning of the 8th. the
+whole of the batteries were in full play. At a few minutes
+before noon the French signal was given, and their columns
+moved to the front. The Russians were at dinner, and the
+Malakoff was taken by surprise without loss. This work was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>retained by the French, who repulsed every attack to regain
+possession of it. The tri-colour planted on the parapet was
+the signal for the British to advance; and the fire of the
+artillery having made as much of a breach as possible in the
+salient of the Redan, it was decided that the columns of
+assault should be directed against that part, as being less
+exposed to the heavy flanking fire by which the work was
+protected.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The arrangement for the attack were entrusted to Lieutenant-General
+Sir William Codrington, who carried out the details in
+concert with Lieutenant-General Markham. The Second and
+Light Divisions were to have the honour of the assault, from
+the circumstance of their having defended the batteries and
+approaches against the Redan for so many months, and from
+the intimate knowledge they possessed of the ground. The
+assaulting column was to be formed by equal numbers of
+these two Divisions, the column of the Light Division to lead,
+and that of the Second to follow.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Leaving the trenches at the preconcerted signal, the troops
+moved across the ground, preceded by a covering party of
+two hundred men, and a ladder party of three hundred and
+twenty. Upon arriving at the crest of the ditch, and the
+ladders being placed, the men immediately stormed the parapet
+of the Redan, and penetrated into the salient angle. Major
+Welsford, of the 97th., who led the storming party, was killed,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Henry Handcock, commanding
+the regiment, was mortally wounded. Here a most
+determined and sanguinary contest was maintained for nearly
+an hour, but, though supported to the utmost, and the greatest
+bravery displayed, it was found impossible to maintain the
+position. It was a marvel that any escaped.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel Windham’s gallantry on this occasion brought that
+officer’s name prominently before the public. One of his
+messages reached the trenches, and the right wing of the
+23rd. was in consequence ordered out by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Sir William Codrington, when a brilliant advance was made,
+and a most severe loss sustained. All was of no avail; the
+soldiers of the several corps employed had displayed undaunted
+courage, but unfortunately the attack was not successful.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>A loss of twenty-nine officers killed, and one hundred and
+twenty-five wounded, together with three hundred and fifty-six
+non-commissioned officers and men killed, one thousand
+seven hundred and sixty-two wounded, and one hundred and
+seventy-five missing, bore fatal evidence of the severity of
+the struggle.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Simpson, whilst enumerating the services of the
+army, did not omit the sister service; in his despatch it
+was stated that “The Naval Brigade, under the command of
+Captain the Honourable Henry Keppell, aided by Captain
+Moorsom, and many gallant officers and seamen who have
+served the guns from the commencement of the siege, merit
+my warmest thanks.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund
+Lyons, and ably seconded by Sir Houstoun Stewart, received
+special mention. Of the former it was stated “when at
+times affairs looked gloomy, and success doubtful, he was at
+hand to cheer and encourage; and every assistance that could
+tend to advance the operations was given with the hearty
+good-will which characterizes the British sailor. Nothing has
+contributed more to the present undertaking, than the cordial
+co-operation which has so happily existed from the first
+between the two services;” also the conduct of the Royal
+Engineers, and of Major-General (afterwards Sir Harry) Jones;
+the latter, although suffering on a bed of sickness, was conveyed
+on a litter at the eventful hour of the assault, to witness
+the completion of his arduous undertakings. The Royal Artillery,
+under Major-General (afterwards Sir Richard) Dacres, the
+chief of the Staff, the Adjutant and Quartermaster-Generals, and
+General Staff, as well as Generals commanding divisions and
+brigades, were all likewise thanked for their cordial co-operation
+and assistance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was determined to renew the attack on the following
+morning, with the Highlanders, to be supported by the Third
+Division; this was arranged by General Simpson with Lieutenant-General
+Sir Colin Campbell, who commanded the Highland
+Brigade, and Major-General Sir William Eyre commanding
+the Third Division. The Highland Brigade occupied the
+advanced trenches during the night. About 11 o’clock the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>enemy commenced exploding their magazines, and Sir Colin
+Campbell, having ordered a small party to advance cautiously
+to examine the Redan, found the work abandoned. It was
+not, however, deemed necessary to occupy it until daylight.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night extensive explosions were heard, and great
+fires were seen in the town. It soon became known that
+the Russians were retiring from the south to the north side,
+by means of the raft bridge recently constructed, and which
+was afterwards disconnected and conveyed to the other side.
+The men-of-war were all sunk during the night.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In Mrs. Henry Duberly’s “Journal kept during the Russian
+War” occurs the following description of the Redan after the
+final contest:—“What wonderful engineering! What ingenuity
+in the thick rope-work which is woven before the guns
+leaving only a little hole, through which the man laying the
+gun can take his aim, and which is thoroughly impervious to
+rifle-shot! The Redan is a succession of little batteries,
+each containing two or three guns, with traverses behind each
+division; and hidden away under the gabions, sandbags, and
+earth, are little huts, in which the officers and men used to
+live. Coats, caps, bayonets lay about, with black bread and
+broken guns.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus ended the great siege of Sebastopol. The fortress had
+fallen, but Prince Gortschakoff, in his retreat, sustained his
+well-earned fame. The following telegraphic message was
+transmitted to the Commander of the Forces in the Crimea:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The Queen has received with deep emotion the welcome
+intelligence of the Fall of Sebastopol. Penetrated with profound
+gratitude to the Almighty, who has vouchsafed this
+triumph to the Allied Army, Her Majesty has commanded me
+to express to yourself, and through you, to her Army, the
+pride with which she regards this fresh instance of their
+heroism.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The Queen congratulates her Troops on the triumphant
+issue of their protracted siege, and thanks them for the cheerfulness
+and fortitude with which they have encountered
+its toils, and the valour which has led to its termination.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The Queen deeply laments that this success is not without
+its alloy, in the heavy losses that have been sustained; and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span>while she rejoices in the victory, Her Majesty deeply sympathizes
+with the noble sufferers in their country’s cause.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“You will be pleased to congratulate General Pelissier, in
+Her Majesty’s name, upon the brilliant success of the assault
+on the Malakoff, which proves the irresistible force, as well
+as the indomitable courage of our brave allies.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“(Signed) <span class='sc'>Panmure</span>.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>With the fall of Sebastopol the “Medal” History of the
+Campaign in the Crimea terminates, and it therefore only remains
+to add, that in October following Kinburn was captured
+by the troops under Brigadier-General the Honourable Augustus
+Spencer, and the garrison of thirteen hundred men became
+prisoners. The troops employed on this successful service
+consisted of an escort of cavalry, four guns, the 17th., 20th.,
+57th., and 63rd. regiments, and two battalions of Marines.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Crimean campaign will be ever remembered for the
+first employment, to any extent, of the rifled musket, the use
+of which has created a revolution in warfare. Other novelties,
+before alluded to, were also adopted. The sacrifice of life
+during this protracted siege was immense, but the numbers
+who died from disease far exceeded those who fell on the
+field of battle.<a id='r173'></a><a href='#f173' class='c013'><sup>[173]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div id='i445fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_445fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>French War Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 11th. of November, General Sir William Codrington,
+K.C.B., succeeded to the command of the army in the Crimea,
+General Sir James Simpson having resigned that appointment.
+Further proceedings were deferred in consequence of the commencement
+of winter, and in February, 1856, a suspension of
+hostilities took place. This was followed by a treaty of peace,
+which was signed at Paris on the 29th. of March.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By official returns it appears that over two hundred and
+fifty-one thousand shot and shell, weighing upwards of nine
+thousand tons, were fired during the siege, and that more
+than one thousand two hundred tons of powder were used.
+The expenditure of ammunition was nearly one million five
+hundred thousand rounds, or a thousand tons a day. The
+position of the Russians extended about fifteen miles, whilst
+the trenches of the besiegers were fifty-two miles in length,
+and comprised one hundred and nine batteries, armed with
+eight hundred and six pieces, the guns and mortars being of
+a calibre seldom before used in a siege. For three hundred
+and thirty-four days the trenches were open, and the batteries
+for three hundred and twenty-seven days.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>British valour and endurance were eminently shewn during
+this campaign, and the troops, firm to a sense of duty, never
+disappointed the expectations of their countrymen. The gallantry
+of the French soldiery, too, and the mutual good-will existing
+between the allied armies, cemented by dangers and difficulties
+common to both, will ever be remembered, whilst the Sardinian
+forces will dwell upon the battle of the Tchernaya, and be
+inseparably linked with the valorous deeds performed before
+Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE FRENCH MILITARY WAR MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>In addition to the Decoration of the Legion of Honour
+given to officers and men of the Army and Navy who had
+distinguished themselves, the Emperor of the French sent
+five hundred of the French Military War Medal for distribution
+to a proportion of the British Army. The medal is
+silver-gilt, and has on the obverse the head of the Emperor,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span>within a blue enamelled circle, inscribed “Louis Napoleon,”
+surrounded by a laurel wreath. On the reverse are the words
+“Valeur et Discipline,” surrounded by a similar circle and
+wreath; the whole surmounted by the Imperial Eagle displayed,
+with a loop for suspension. Ribbon—Orange, with
+green edges. Only two officers received this medal, His Royal
+Highness the Duke of Cambridge, and Sir Wm. Codrington.</p>
+
+<hr class='c026'>
+
+<p class='c008'>The deeds of the following non-commissioned officers and
+men, who were selected for recommendation to His Majesty,
+to receive the above medal, not only furnish exciting episodes,
+but are valuable as examples of military daring, endurance, and
+kind-heartedness:—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>William Joyce</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Cooke</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Hogan</span>;
+exemplary and uniform good conduct during the campaign of 1854 and
+1855. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Drake</span>, exemplary conduct in living in
+the same tents with, and unremitting attention to, numerous men
+when ill and dying of cholera in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Acting Regimental Serjeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>J. Russell</span>, served during the whole Eastern Campaign from May, 1854,
+until the end of the war, and was never absent from his duty a single
+day; he was present at the Battle of Balaklava, on which occasion he
+had his horse killed under him, but procured for himself a second
+horse, and immediately rejoined the regiment; he was also present at
+Inkermann. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>S. Griffith</span>, served throughout
+the whole Eastern Campaign, from May, 1854; whilst the regiment was
+in Bulgaria, and cholera raging to a fearful extent, he was most
+indefatigable in attending to the wants of the sick; he was present at
+the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and never absent from duty
+during the whole period of the war. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William
+Stewart</span>, served in the Eastern Campaign from May, 1854, until the
+end of the war; was present at the battle of Balaklava, on which
+occasion he had two horses killed under him, but still continued to act,
+procuring a third horse, and remaining in action with his regiment;
+was present at Inkermann, and never absent from his duty a single
+day throughout the war. Sergeant <span class='sc'>M. Davidson</span>, served throughout
+the whole of the Eastern Campaign; was present at Inkermann,
+Balaklava, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William
+Lyons</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Edwards</span>; length of service.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>FIRST DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Norris</span>, served
+as Troop Sergeant-Major during the whole of the Eastern Campaign;
+was present at the action of Balaklava, where he distinguished himself
+by defending himself against four Russian Hussars, one of whom he
+killed, and whose horse he captured. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Matthew
+Bailey</span>, served as a Sergeant during the whole of the Eastern Campaign;
+distinguished himself on patrol duty when his party was
+attacked by some Cossacks. Private <span class='sc'>John Savage</span>, served during the
+whole of the Eastern Campaign; distinguished himself on outpost
+duty, and by his care and attention to his horse during the severe
+winter.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SECOND DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Greene</span>,
+Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>George Tilsley</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Wilson</span>;
+gallantry in the field at the battle of Balaklava on the 25th. of October,
+1854, and exemplary good conduct throughout the campaign, and
+during their periods of service. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Borthwick</span>,
+gallantry in the field in the action of Balaklava, and good conduct
+during the period he served in the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Serjeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>James W. Kelly</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Andrews</span>, Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Guthre</span>,
+and Private <span class='sc'>George McGregor</span>; gallantry and distinguished conduct
+in the charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade on the 25th. of October,
+1854; served during the whole campaigns of 1854–5. Were present at
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, Traktir, and expedition
+to Eupatoria in October, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Majors <span class='sc'>T. J. Wakefield</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Andrew Morton</span>, and Trumpeter <span class='sc'>Thomas Monkes</span>; gallantry in
+the field in the action of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, 1854, and
+served with uniform good conduct during the whole of the campaign.
+Private <span class='sc'>Humphrey Polkinghorn</span>; embarked with the first detachment
+of the regiment for the East, on the 2nd. of June, 1854. Was present
+with it in Bulgaria, and during the first winter in the Crimea.
+Received clasps for Balaklava, Inkermann and Sebastopol, and distinguished
+himself much in the former action.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Pickworth</span>,
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Macauley</span>, Corporal <span class='sc'>James Donaghue</span>, and Private
+<span class='sc'>John Martin</span>; these men charged with the Light Brigade at Balaklava;
+were also present in the ranks at the Alma and Inkermann, and
+served with the regiment throughout the war.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Finch</span>, this
+non-commissioned officer was present with his troop, which was engaged
+with the enemy near Kertch, on the 21st. of September, 1855, and
+by his example and personal bravery was a great support to the officer
+in charge of the party.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Rourke Teevan</span>,
+present at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, in which latter he
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>led a troop and behaved gallantly; was also present at the battle of Inkermann.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Seth Bond</span>, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann; at the Alma, when ordered to pursue and capture
+prisoners, he exhibited great subordination in sparing (at the suggestion
+of a staff officer) a Russian, who had wounded him; and also
+at the action of Balaklava his coolness and gallantry were noticed.
+Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Harrison</span>, the battles of the Alma and Balaklava,
+where he behaved very gallantly in galloping to the rescue of
+several comrades who were fighting against overwhelming odds; was
+also present at the battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Cornelius Teehan</span>,
+battles of the Alma and Balaklava, where he behaved gallantly; was
+also at the battle of Inkermann. All served the campaign in Bulgaria,
+in 1854, and were present at the affair of Bouljanak, and throughout
+the campaign in the Crimea from 1854 to 1856. Regimental Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>G. L. Smith</span>, recommended by the vote of his comrades, who
+with himself returned from the Crimea previous to the first issue of
+the French medal; served until the 25th. of January, 1856, and was
+present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWELFTH LANCERS.—Corporal <span class='sc'>J. W. Cannings</span>, and Trumpeter
+<span class='sc'>John Earson</span>; the former served as orderly and the latter as field
+trumpeter to the commanding officer in the actions of Tchourgan and
+Tchernaya, and the whole of the operations round Eupatoria, under
+General d’Allonville.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>Thomas G. Johnson</span>, served the Eastern Campaign, including the reconnoissance
+on the Danube under the Earl of Cardigan, battles of
+Balaklava and Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Davis</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>George Dearlove</span> and
+<span class='sc'>John Fenton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign, including the affairs of
+Bouljanak and McKenzie’s Farm, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Chas.
+Wooden</span>, Sergeants <span class='sc'>John Shearingham</span> and <span class='sc'>James Nunnerly</span>, and
+Private <span class='sc'>Charles Watson</span>; Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and
+were never absent from their duties.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Kempton</span>, landed at
+Varna with ‘I’ Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, and was present in every
+skirmish and action in which the troop was engaged, including the
+Bouljanak, Alma, McKenzie’s Farm, Balaklava, Inkermann, etc.;
+joined “C” troop the 11th. of June, 1855, and went with the Light
+Cavalry Brigade to Eupatoria; present in every affair with the enemy.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Scott</span>, served with the troop since its leaving
+Woolwich for service in the East; present at the battles of the Alma,
+Balaklava, Inkermann, Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol. Driver
+<span class='sc'>Robert Smeaton</span>; present with the troop since its leaving Woolwich for
+service in the East; present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>Inkermann, Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; on the 25th. of
+September, 1854, this man gallantly jumped into the river Belbec, and
+succeeded in saving the life of a French soldier, who would have been
+drowned but for the timely assistance rendered by Driver Smeaton.
+Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Henry Wood</span>, served in five bombardments with
+zeal and gallantry, and exerted himself in bringing in a wounded
+Croat, under a heavy fire, in the September bombardment. Gunner
+and Driver <span class='sc'>Robt. Botfield</span>, five bombardments; one of a spiking party
+on the 8th. of September, 1855, as a volunteer. Acting Bombardiers
+<span class='sc'>George Gibson</span> and <span class='sc'>William J. Burrows</span>, skirmish with Russian
+advanced posts September 19th., 1854; battle of the Alma, September
+20th.; taking of Balaklava, September 26th.; action of Balaklava,
+October 25th.; repulse of sortie from Sebastopol, October 26th.; and
+battle of Inkermann, November 5th.; also served in the October, 1854,
+April and June, 1855, bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Fredk. Iles</span>, present
+at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and throughout the siege.
+Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Douglas</span>, in the trenches during the October
+bombardment, and with the exception of one month, he regularly
+served in the trenches till the fall of the city, taking part in every
+bombardment. Bombardier <span class='sc'>William Hewitt</span>, was present at the
+battles of the Alma, and Inkermann, Shell Hill, October 26th., 1854,
+first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth bombardments, and the
+taking of the Quarries, June 7th., 1855; wounded in the head, June
+18th., 1855. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James Cannell</span>, distinguished himself
+during six bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John M‘Ardle</span>, volunteered
+for the spiking parties on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of
+September, 1855; on the 18th. of June, during the storming of the
+Redan, Gunner Glass left the advanced trenches of the right attack
+with a few men, and advanced towards the Redan; on getting about
+half-way he was badly wounded in three places, Gunner M‘Ardle crept
+out of the trenches on his hands and knees, managed to get Gunner
+Glass on his back, returning with him into the trenches. Gunner and
+Driver <span class='sc'>John Hay</span>, served throughout the whole of the campaign, from
+the first landing in Bulgaria, and was never absent from the battery.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Perkins</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 26th. of
+December, 1854, and present in all the bombardments since that time;
+was recommended by Captain Walcot, Royal Artillery, for distinguished
+conduct; specially recommended by Captain Oldfield, R.A., and forwarded
+by Lord Raglan with his recommendation for conduct in No. 8
+battery, on the 13th. and 14th. of April, 1855. Gunner and Driver
+<span class='sc'>George Davis</span>, served in reserve at the battle of the Alma; at the
+battle of Inkermann, as a driver (both his horses killed); in the siege
+train from the 12th. of July till the fall of Sebastopol, including the
+two last bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Powell</span>, distinguished
+himself in the Sandbag battery; when the embrasure had
+caught fire he leaped into it and extinguished the flame under a very
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>heavy fire; served trench duty from December, 1854, to the 8th.
+of September, 1855, and in each bombardment. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Christopher
+Fitzsimons</span>, served in the trenches, without intermission, from the 6th.
+of March, 1855, to the reduction of the fortress; present at the
+bombardments of the 9th. of April, 8th. of June, 18th. of June, and
+5th. of September, 1855; commanded the Mortar Battery (No. 10) on
+three occasions as a subaltern officer; armed the Quarries after they
+were captured by the troops. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Adams</span>, in the trenches
+from December, 1854, until the fall of Sebastopol, including intermediate
+bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Acland</span>, present at the third
+and fourth bombardments; wounded in August, 1855; lost an eye.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>James Hamilton</span>, was engaged at five bombardments; on the
+8th. of September, 1855, he was one of the spiking party in the attack
+on the Redan; he also carried a wounded captain of the 3rd. Buffs
+from the Redan ditch to the advanced trench; for this act he was
+recommended for a distinguished conduct medal. Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph
+Milligan</span>, present at the battle of the Alma and served in the trenches,
+and was present at all bombardments. Bombardier <span class='sc'>John Bower</span>, one
+of the spiking party on the 8th. of September, 1855, for which duty he
+volunteered, and then greatly exerted himself in bringing in wounded
+men, until wounded himself; he was present in the trenches during
+five bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Michael O’Donohue</span>, served
+in five bombardments with zeal; one of the spiking party on the 18th.
+of June, as a volunteer. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Michael Malowney</span>, at the
+skirmish on the 19th. of September, 1854; battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+and Inkermann; Tchernaya (in reserve); bombardments of the
+9th. of April, 6th. and 17th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Fairfax</span>
+and Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James Magee</span>, at the skirmish of the 19th. of
+September, 1854; battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann;
+the former was at the Tchernaya (in reserve); bombardment of the
+9th. of April, 1855; noticed on the field at battle of Inkermann for
+his coolness and courage; the latter served at the bombardments on
+the 9th. of April, and 6th. and 17th. of June, 1855. Acting Bombardiers
+<span class='sc'>John Hagan</span> and <span class='sc'>Charles Henderson</span>, present at the bombardments
+of the 9th. of April, 16th. and 17th. of June, 17th. of August,
+and the 5th. of September, 1855; the former volunteered for the
+assault on the 18th. of June, and the latter for that of the 8th. of
+September following. Acting Bombardier <span class='sc'>David Jenkins</span>, spiked the
+guns in the redoubt on Canrobert’s Hill, on the 25th. of October, 1854;
+remained in the work after the Turks evacuated it, and although the
+Russians were advancing rapidly up the hill, he did not quit the place
+until he had spiked every gun; Lord Raglan mentioned his name in
+a despatch, and by Her Majesty’s command the names of Gunner
+Jenkins and three others were forwarded to the Horse Guards. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>James McGarrity</span>, present during the whole campaign, including
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the third and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span>fourth bombardments; took powder to the trenches on the 17th. of
+October, 1854, under a very heavy fire. Corporal <span class='sc'>Patrick Conway</span>,
+present at the battle of Inkermann, and was mentioned for very
+gallant conduct by Major Boothby, R.A., and Captain Henry, Land
+Transport Corps, the latter of whom he assisted in rescuing from the
+enemy when severely wounded. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>George Bines</span>,
+present at the battle of Inkermann; third, fourth, and fifth bombardments.
+Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James McGrath</span>, assisted Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry</span>
+(who received twelve bayonet wounds in this service) in limbering-up
+a gun surrounded by Russians at Inkermann. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Walter
+Flockhart</span>, landed with the siege train; served in the trenches during
+five bombardments; present at Inkermann; was No. 1 of the gun
+where the parapet was blown out to allow it to bear on the Russians
+advancing after the storming of the Malakoff; slightly wounded in the
+head. Corporal <span class='sc'>James Browne</span>, ditto; was present with the eighteen-pounders
+at Inkermann; volunteered, and went with spiking party on
+the 18th. of June, 1855. Bombardier <span class='sc'>Angus Sutherland</span>, landed with
+the siege train; served in the first bombardment; severely wounded in
+both legs by the bursting of a shell; served again in the April and
+subsequent bombardments; at the explosion of the French gun park
+was one of the first men to volunteer to carry away a number of live
+shell and carcasses. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Norton</span>, landed in the
+Crimea with the siege train; served in the trenches during five bombardments;
+volunteered to go out with the rocket tube in front of the
+twenty-one gun battery. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>John M‘Claren</span>, came out at the
+commencement of the campaign; was in Turkey; present at the Alma,
+Balaklava, and Inkermann; volunteered and served as No. 6 of No. 2
+gun at that battle, after Lieutenant-Colonel Dacres had taken his
+horse, his own having been shot. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Vance</span>,
+present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; engaged
+on night fatigues during the whole siege, under fire, taking
+ammunition to the trenches. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Patrick Knight</span>,
+engaged in all the bombardments, and rendered himself conspicuous
+by his general coolness and gallantry under fire; wounded in the side
+by the bursting of a gun in the first bombardment. Corporal <span class='sc'>Matthew
+Fenton</span>, in the trenches before Sebastopol from the 1st. of October,
+1854, till the 8th. of September, 1855, and was also present at the battle
+of Inkermann. Sergeant Conductor <span class='sc'>Job Smith</span>, landed in the Crimea
+on the 30th. of September, 1854; served in the trenches from the 17th.
+of October, 1854, to the 8th. of September, 1855, and was present
+at the battle of Inkermann with the two eighteen-pounder guns.
+Sergeant Conductors <span class='sc'>Joseph Buchanan</span> and <span class='sc'>James Boggie</span>, served in six
+bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Joseph Smith</span>, constant duty in the trenches
+from December, 1854. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John M‘Pherson</span>, landed at Balaklava
+in September, 1854; present during the whole siege and at all the
+bombardments; was in No. 7 Battery, left attack, the day it was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>opened and knocked to pieces; was slightly wounded on the 20th. of
+October, 1854; was at Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry Bacchus</span>, served
+throughout the Crimean campaign; at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann,
+expedition to Eupatoria, etc. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Richard
+Woodbridge</span>, was present at all the bombardments, and never absent
+from his duty in the trenches; particularly distinguished himself at
+the bombardment of the 18th. of June, for his zeal and gallant conduct.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Walsh</span>, served in the trenches from November, 1854,
+until the fall of Sebastopol, and displayed on all occasions great bravery
+and coolness under fire, setting a good example to young soldiers.
+Bombardier <span class='sc'>John Trotter</span>, cleared an embrasure in the advanced
+trenches on the 17th. of August, 1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Betts</span>, shewed great zeal and coolness under fire from the 18th.
+of April to the fall of Sebastopol. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Thos. Margree</span>,
+shewed general zeal and attention to his duties, and great coolness
+under fire. Bombardier <span class='sc'>J. Bower</span>, gallant conduct at the assault on
+the Redan on the 8th. of September, on which occasion he was
+wounded; always behaved well under fire. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>E.
+O’Brien</span>, for gallantry in the trenches, and volunteering for the assault
+on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September.
+Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Hugh Davis</span>, served with gallantry at the Alma and
+Inkermann; specially mentioned by Lord Raglan for his conduct with
+the two heavy guns at the latter engagement, where he lost both
+his arms by a round shot. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Samuel Ewing</span>, shewed great zeal
+and energy in command of a gun in the June bombardment; volunteered
+for a spiking party and lost a leg. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>William
+Hovenden</span>, strongly recommended for his zeal and gallantry throughout
+the siege; lost his leg in the trenches. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>T.
+Reynolds</span>, for gallant conduct throughout the siege; was wounded, but
+remained at his gun until ordered away by an officer. Bombardier
+<span class='sc'>William Ramsey</span>, strongly recommended for gallant conduct under fire
+and general attention to duty in the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. McKown</span>,
+served with great gallantry in all the bombardments since November,
+1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Kester Knight</span>, joined
+the army at Scutari, in May, 1854; present at every bombardment, and
+has received a medal with two clasps; was specially selected by
+Colonel Tylden for important daily duties in the trenches of the
+right attack, and was subsequently recommended strongly by him
+for promotion, which he received. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Ross</span>, served at
+Bomarsund, and joined the army in the East in December, 1854;
+since which time he was never absent from the army; mentioned
+specially for distinguished conduct in Brigade Orders, dated the
+22nd. of July, and 24th. of August, 1855, receiving a pecuniary gratuity
+on both occasions by order of the Commander of the Forces.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert Hanson</span>, joined the army at the Katcha Bivouac,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>and was never absent from it; has received a medal and two clasps;
+was selected for special duties in the trenches by the director of the
+left attack, who reported, at the close of the siege, that he had conducted
+the operations entrusted to him with ability and perseverance,
+whilst under a heavy fire. Second Corporal <span class='sc'>Walter Conning</span>, joined
+the army in the East at the commencement of the war, and was never
+absent from it; has received a medal with three clasps. Private
+<span class='sc'>John Perie</span>, ditto; has received the war medal and four clasps;
+distinguished himself by frequent good service in the trenches, and
+especially at the assault on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>John McMurphy</span>, served in the Crimea five months; was
+present at the capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855,
+assault on the Redan, June 18th., bombardment of the 17th. of
+August, and capture of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by carrying
+into the trenches a wounded soldier from the open, under a
+heavy fire from the enemy, before Sebastopol, in August, 1855, for
+which act of gallantry he was awarded the sum of three pounds by
+the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Corporal <span class='sc'>William James
+Lendrim</span>, served in the Crimea from November, 1854, and was several
+times recorded as having displayed great skill and coolness under fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>GRENADIER GUARDS, THIRD BATTALION.—Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Charles Sargeant</span>, embarked with the battalion in February, 1854;
+served without intermission until the close of the war; was present at
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann (wounded), siege and
+capture of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>Isaac Archer</span>, volunteered as one of
+the sharpshooters of the Brigade of Guards in October, 1854; was
+present in every action during the war. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Elger</span>,
+served during the whole of the campaign. Private <span class='sc'>Aaron Hale</span>,
+present during the whole of the campaign; favourably reported by
+the engineer officer for his conduct on the night of the 24th. of
+August, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>James King</span>, served throughout the campaign;
+was present in every engagement. Private <span class='sc'>William Myers</span>,
+distinguished conduct in the trenches in August, 1855, in volunteering
+to bring in wounded men from the front. Private <span class='sc'>William
+Williams</span> served through the whole campaign. Pay-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert
+Powley</span>, he went out with the battalion in February, 1854; he was
+present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, in which latter
+battle he greatly distinguished himself. Private <span class='sc'>William Nurton</span>,
+present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; severely wounded
+at Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>COLDSTREAM GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>Sheppard Carter</span>, served with the battalion from its embarkation in
+February, 1854; actually engaged in the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+and served in the trenches before Sebastopol. Drill-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>John Burnett</span>, and Sergeant <span class='sc'>Wm. Reed</span>, embarked with the battalion
+in February, 1854; actually engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span>served in the trenches throughout the siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Walden</span>,
+ditto, and was wounded at the latter battle, which caused him
+to be absent for a short time. Privates <span class='sc'>John Winter</span>, <span class='sc'>Philip Balls</span>,
+and <span class='sc'>Charles Tutt</span>, actually engaged at the Alma and Inkermann,
+and did duty in the trenches without any intermission throughout
+the siege; Private Winter served since February, 1854, and Balls
+and Tutt since July, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>Frederick Vile</span>, for gallant conduct
+at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Bott</span>, for general good and gallant
+conduct during the campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Pay and
+Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>William M‘Gregor</span>, and <span class='sc'>James Badenoch</span>, distinguished
+themselves both at the Alma, Inkermann, and in the
+trenches; conduct exemplary throughout the whole campaign. Drill-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>James Lennox</span>, in all the actions, and in the trenches up
+to the 28th. of February, 1855, when he was employed at the
+sanitorium at Balaklava. Sergeant <span class='sc'>David Manson</span>, came out with
+the battalion; distinguished himself at the Alma; was present at
+the other actions, and throughout the siege. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Judd</span>,
+present in all the actions, and was conspicuous during the siege
+for his unwearied zeal when he was constantly employed on a
+fatiguing duty. Acting Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph Coulter</span>, particularly
+distinguished himself at the Alma; continuing to fire on the
+enemy after being severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>John Drummond</span>, distinguished
+himself throughout the whole campaign, and was present
+in all the engagements. Pay and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Attrill</span>,
+served with distinction at the Alma, Inkermann, and in the trenches
+before Sebastopol; was also present at Balaklava; he displayed energy,
+gallantry, and zeal in the performance of all his duties until invalided.
+Assistant Drill-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Sharp</span>, was present at the Alma,
+Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, in all of which his
+conduct was very conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William
+Sparks</span>, recommended by officers in charge of covering parties for
+intrepid conduct and zealous performance of his duty. Corporal <span class='sc'>John
+Horsfall</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Daniel Moran</span>, and <span class='sc'>James Colver</span>, continued
+faithful service in the trenches during the whole of the siege operations.
+Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Campbell</span>, mentioned favourably in orders, through
+the recommendation of an engineer officer, for zealous conduct whilst
+employed on trench duty. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>A. J. Stewart</span>, and
+Corporal <span class='sc'>W. J. Sullivan</span>, continued devotedness to their duty throughout
+the siege.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>Stephen Hunter</span>, constant, active, zealous, and efficient services in the
+trenches before Sebastopol, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of
+September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Mulvany</span>, continuous, zealous, and
+efficient service in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_455'>455</span>September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Pulfer</span>, constant zeal and alacrity
+in the performance of his duty in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April
+to the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Frederick Lock</span>, distinguished
+zeal and activity in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th.
+of September, 1855. Drummer <span class='sc'>Henry Clarke</span>, present at the attack
+on the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, when he took a rifle and
+accoutrements, and performed the duties of a rank and file.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRD FOOT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Heyes</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>William
+Brown</span>, <span class='sc'>John Connors</span>, <span class='sc'>John Eagan</span>, <span class='sc'>John Hall</span>, and <span class='sc'>John Walsh</span>, the
+whole of these men were repeatedly mentioned for their soldier-like
+behaviour throughout the siege; all specially distinguished themselves
+at the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private John Connors
+received the Victoria Cross.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH (KING’S OWN) REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William
+O’Grady</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole
+campaign, and performed his duty throughout in the most exemplary
+manner in every respect. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Alexander Flemming</span>,
+ditto, but was absent from the 2nd. of August, 1855, to the 25th.
+of December following, being attached to the commissariat department.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Marshall</span>, present at the head-quarters of
+his regiment from the 9th. of December, 1855; was strongly recommended
+for zeal and activity in the performance of his duties in the
+trenches. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Clarkson</span>, present at the head-quarters of
+his regiment during the whole campaign; twice wounded, namely,
+on the 14th. of April, and the 22nd. of June, 1855. Lance-Corporal
+<span class='sc'>John Fitzgerald</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during
+the whole Eastern Campaign; volunteered and acted as a sharpshooter
+as long as that force was employed. Private <span class='sc'>Teddy Murray</span>, upon
+volunteers being called for on the 16th. of October, 1854, to act as
+marksmen, he was one of the first to offer his services, and he continued
+to serve in that capacity as long as the force was employed. Private
+<span class='sc'>James Murphy</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during
+the whole campaign, and never missed a trench duty until severely
+wounded on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Newth</span>, continuous
+performance of his duty during the campaign, and in the
+trenches before Sebastopol, from the commencement of the siege until
+the 5th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Fitzpatrick</span>, zealous in the discharge
+of his duties before Sebastopol, from the commencement of
+the siege operations until the 21st. of June, 1855, when he was severely
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTH ROYAL FUSILIERS.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Bell</span>,
+landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; engaged at the
+Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and both
+assaults on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Watts</span>, landed in the
+Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was engaged at the Alma,
+and brought the company out of action; engaged with the enemy
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_456'>456</span>on the 26th. of October, 1854, also at Inkermann, on the 5th. of
+November, 1854, and brought the company out of action; at the
+taking of the Quarries, and both the assaults on the Redan. Sergeants
+<span class='sc'>John Laws</span> and <span class='sc'>Thomas Poulton</span>, and Corporals <span class='sc'>Patrick Hanlon</span> and
+<span class='sc'>William Marshall</span>, engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, both assaults
+on the Redan, in all trench duties, and were never absent from their
+regiment; Corporal <span class='sc'>Marshall</span> was wounded on the 18th. of June,
+1855. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Edwards</span>, served at the Alma and Inkermann,
+at both the assaults on the Redan, and the capture of the Quarries;
+especially mentioned by the officer commanding the regiment on the
+latter occasion; and never missed a day’s duty in the trenches.
+Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Bacon</span>, wounded at the attack on the Redan
+on the 18th. of June, 1855; and desperately wounded on the 8th. of
+September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William White</span>, was present at the battles
+of the Alma and Inkermann, and in the trenches; left the Crimea in
+May, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINTH FOOT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Ripton</span>, conspicuous for gallantry
+in the trenches throughout the siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Ezekiel
+Firmin</span>, exposed himself to great personal risk on the 18th. of June,
+1855, in order to succour Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, 38th. regiment,
+when wounded. Private <span class='sc'>D. M‘Mahon</span>, exposed himself, and rescued a
+wounded comrade in the trenches on the 18th. of August, 1855, when
+the working party to which he belonged was driven back by the
+destructive fire of the enemy. Private <span class='sc'>Christopher Farrell</span>, rejoined
+the 9th. after volunteering to the 68th. Light Infantry, with which he
+served with credit at the Alma, Inkermann, and throughout the siege;
+volunteered for and behaved well during the capture of the Quarries on
+the 7th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Redmond</span>, distinguished himself
+as a volunteer for the advance party, during the attack on the Cemetery,
+on the 18th. of June, 1855; and generally in the trenches during the
+siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Andrew Rielly</span>, served with conspicuous zeal in the
+trenches throughout the siege, and distinguished himself during the
+attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Michael
+Monaghan</span>, rendered valuable service on the 18th. of June, 1855, by
+conveying a letter from his commanding officer to the Brigadier-General,
+under a most perilous fire, by which he was wounded on his
+return; again wounded in the trenches on the 5th. of July, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Godwin</span>, Senior
+Sergeant with the regiment in the trenches during the bombardment,
+from the 6th. to the 8th. of September; in command of party in the
+rifle-pit near 2nd. Boyau, right attack, where he did good service.
+Private <span class='sc'>Valentine Corry</span>, good conduct in the trenches, and good
+service in the rifle-pits, 2nd. Boyau, during the night of the 7th. of
+September, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Edward Tallmann</span>, severely wounded in
+the advanced parallel, right attack, on the 7th. of September. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Coopen</span>, good conduct when in charge of a detached party in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_457'>457</span>the rifle-pits, on the night of the 7th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>Frederick Stokes</span>, was severely wounded during the bombardment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Cooper</span>, volunteered
+with twenty men to attack a rifle-pit in the Cemetery, left attack,
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>, carried off,
+under fire, from the open ground in front of the trenches, a wounded
+man of the 39th. regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Robert Harrison</span>, zealous and
+constant attention to his duty in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Caby</span>,
+volunteered to go out, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded man
+from the first Royal Regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Canty</span>, a clean and
+well-conducted soldier in camp and in the trenches, where he was
+wounded. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Brown</span>, served in the Crimea from the
+19th. of January, 1855, to the 6th. of January, 1856; severely wounded
+on the 18th. of June, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH FOOT.—Corporal <span class='sc'>Philip Smith</span>, distinguished
+himself by going out on the glacis of the great Redan several times on the
+18th. of June, 1855, after the assault, under very heavy fire, and bringing
+in several wounded men on his back; never missed a duty; present
+during the whole time. Private <span class='sc'>John Davis</span>, distinguished himself by
+cool bravery and remarkably steady gallantry at the assault on the
+great Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855; reported by the officers and
+several men of his company; wounded twice. Private <span class='sc'>Richard Hogan</span>,
+distinguished by his officers and many of his comrades for superior
+intelligence in the trenches; present with his regiment during the
+whole period of service in the Crimea; wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas
+Lawless</span>, distinguished as one of the seven men who went out on the glacis
+of the great Redan at the assault on the 18th. of June, 1855, under very
+heavy fire, and brought in the dead body of their Captain, John Croker.
+Private <span class='sc'>Benjamin Vaughan</span>, distinguished at the assault on the great
+Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, when orderly to the commanding
+officer, for cool courage and steadiness; firelock broken in his hands
+by a shot. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Collins</span>, highly gallant conduct in the
+morning of the 22nd. of March, 1855, in volunteering and remaining
+out with the advanced sentries on the Woronzoff Road for two hours
+during a sortie made by the Russians that night.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Edward Dunne</span>, constant and good services in the trenches. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>John Harvey</span>, zealous performance of duty in the trenches. Corporal
+<span class='sc'>Neil O’Donnell</span>, service in the trenches, and was remarked for his
+gallantry at the assault on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Cox</span>,
+great bravery in the field and in the trenches, and always encouraging
+others by a peculiarly cheerful manner of performing his duty. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>John Gleeson</span>, gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, and noted for his
+unwearied zeal in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Edward Langton</span>, gallantry
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Byrne</span>, great bravery in
+removing from the front, and under very heavy fire, wounded men, on
+the 18th. of June, 1855; and zeal in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_458'>458</span>NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William John
+Britts</span>, present with his regiment during the whole of the campaign;
+distinguished himself in repulsing the sortie made by the enemy on the
+night of the 22nd. of March. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Murphy</span>, ditto.; never
+absent from duty from sickness; was wounded severely in the attack
+on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, when he distinguished
+himself. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Murphy</span>, did duty with his regiment without
+intermission throughout the whole campaign. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Smith</span>,
+ditto; was slightly wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Henry Strick</span>, ditto; lost the forefinger of the left hand at the attack
+on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Hugh B.
+Higgins</span>, ditto; was never absent from duty in the trenches through
+sickness or any other cause. Private <span class='sc'>James Duffy</span>, ditto; volunteered
+and was employed as sharpshooter for three weeks; wounded at the
+attack of the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George
+Rolins</span>, for distinguished conduct when Corporal in the eight-gun
+battery before Sebastopol, during a sortie made by the enemy on the
+night of the 22nd. of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel Evans</span>, for voluntarily
+entering an embrasure, and assisting the sappers to reconstruct
+it, under a heavy fire from the enemy, on the 13th. of April, 1855,
+before Sebastopol; honourably mentioned in division orders, and
+received a gratuity of five pounds, by order of Field-Marshal Lord
+Raglan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Joseph Moss</span>, all these non-commissioned
+officers and men landed in the Crimea on the 14th of
+September, 1854; was present at the three actions; brought prominently
+to notice at the battle of Inkermann, and was through the whole
+of the siege operations: Sergeants <span class='sc'>George Boxall</span> and <span class='sc'>John Brown</span>
+were present at the three actions; through the whole of the siege
+operations; and were active and zealous non-commissioned officers in
+the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Joseph Brown</span>, was present at all the actions,
+and through the whole of the siege operations; behaved well at the
+sortie on the 22nd. of March, 1855, and also at the attack on the Redan
+on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>George Kirkham</span>, present at all the
+actions; brought himself to notice at the battle of Inkermann, and
+also in repulsing a sortie on the advance trench; through the whole
+siege operations. Privates <span class='sc'>William Hennessy</span> and <span class='sc'>Henry Gray</span>, present
+at all the actions, and through the whole of the siege operations; the
+former behaved with great spirit in the trenches, when a live shell fell
+amongst his party, depriving one of his comrades of his presence of
+mind, who remained standing near it until Private Hennessy rushed
+out and brought the man under cover. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Callaghan</span>, was
+present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the
+siege of Sebastopol; was also one of a party who, under a heavy fire,
+brought the body of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George
+Cathcart from the field. Private <span class='sc'>John Lowe</span>, was present at the battles
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_459'>459</span>of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and during the whole siege;
+never absent from any duty until he left the Crimea, in December,
+1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-FIRST FUSILIERS.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Higdon</span>, for
+distinguished conduct at the battle of Inkermann, and uniform good
+conduct during the campaign. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Sim</span>, for gallant
+conduct throughout the siege, and on the 18th. of June, with the ladder
+party. Private <span class='sc'>Timothy Driscoll</span>, for having served without interruption
+in the trenches during the whole siege, and for his very good
+character, he not having a single entry in the defaulters’ book.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Patrick Kelly</span>, for having served without interruption during
+the whole siege, and for his very good character. Private <span class='sc'>Michael
+M‘Phely</span>, for distinguished conduct during the sortie of the 22nd. of
+March, 1855, and for general gallant conduct throughout the siege.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Russell</span>, for gallant conduct at the battle of Inkermann,
+and uninterrupted performance of his duties throughout the siege.
+Private <span class='sc'>Peter Crowley</span>, for distinguished conduct in having rescued an
+officer of another regiment from a Russian soldier, whom he also took
+prisoner at the battle of Inkermann; and for uniform good conduct
+throughout the siege. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Ellis</span>, landed with the
+regiment at Old Fort, on the 14th. of September, 1854; present at the
+Alma; wounded at Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Edward Marshman</span>, served
+throughout the campaign in the Crimea; volunteered on the morning
+of the 23rd. of March, 1855, when in an advanced trench, to lead a
+party against a Russian sortie, and to outflank them, for which service
+he was promoted to Corporal, and afterwards Sergeant.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Handley</span>,
+recommended for general good service during the war; shewed
+great gallantry at the battle of the Alma, and in the trenches; and
+especially in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>James Collins</span>, recommended for general good service and great
+gallantry throughout the various actions, including the attack of the
+Quarries and the final assault of the Redan; mentioned particularly as
+distinguishing himself on one occasion by reposting a line of sentries in
+front of the five-gun battery, the first line of sentries having been driven
+in; present at the Alma and Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Godden</span>,
+recommended for general good service at the Alma and Inkermann,
+and throughout the whole period, including the final attack on the
+Redan; mentioned particularly as having distinguished himself on the
+21st. of December, 1854, by remaining at his post after the rest of the
+party had been driven in from the advanced trenches by the Russians.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Andrews</span>, distinguished himself particularly in the
+final attack on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Boyse</span>, especially
+for very distinguished conduct in the attack on the Redan on the 8th.
+of September, 1855, on which day he shewed great coolness in endeavouring
+to keep up a fire on the enemy who lined the parapet on the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_460'>460</span>right of the British attack. Private <span class='sc'>John Brown</span>, and Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Charles Coviton</span>, particularly in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of
+September, 1855; all were at the Alma and Inkermann, and were
+distinguished for general good service. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James O’Neill</span>,
+served gallantly at the battle of the Alma, at Inkermann, and was
+zealous throughout the siege; also at the assault on the Redan on the
+8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely wounded. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>William Parkinson</span>, served gallantly at the Alma, and was zealous in
+his duties throughout the siege in the trenches; was wounded in the
+final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Gerraghty</span>, behaved well at the battle of the Alma, and was
+wounded at the final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Cook</span>: the
+following all landed in the Crimea with the regiment, and were present
+at the Alma and Inkermann; performed excellent duty in the trenches
+the whole period, and gave general satisfaction to all officers employed
+with him; was in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Dunnery</span>, ditto; present during the whole siege;
+behaved most gallantly in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June.
+Private <span class='sc'>James Carson</span>, volunteered as sharpshooter under the command
+of Captain Mounsell, who spoke in great praise of him; was employed
+from the first bombardment till the end of December; present during
+the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Connell</span>, present in all the siege
+operations; behaved gallantly, volunteering for the advanced party of
+sharpshooters in the Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, when he was
+severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>William Dunn</span>, engaged in the siege operations
+the whole period; volunteered for the advanced party of sharpshooters
+on the 18th. of June, in the Cemetery, when he was severely
+wounded. Private <span class='sc'>John Blake</span>, present throughout the whole siege,
+and was most active, forward, and energetic on all occasions in the
+trenches. Private <span class='sc'>John Tobin</span>, volunteered as sharpshooter from the
+first bombardment to the end of December, 1854; spoken highly of by
+Captain Mounsell, who commanded the sharpshooters; present during
+the whole siege, and did excellent service; was in the affair of the
+Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Jonathan Hill</span>, present
+at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and performed good duty in
+the trenches during the whole winter of 1854, up to the 18th. of June,
+on which day he was with the regiment in the Cemetery, and was
+severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Tulley</span>, similar service until March,
+1855, when he was sent back to Scutari; volunteered his services as
+sharpshooter in the advanced works of the left attack during the winter
+of 1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—The following, except Private <span class='sc'>Smith</span>,
+who was not at Inkermann, having been wounded in the sortie on the
+26th. of October, all landed with the 30th regiment in the Crimea, on the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_461'>461</span>14th. of September, 1854, and were present at the battles of the Alma
+and Inkermann, and at the sortie of the 26th. of October. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>John Richardson</span>, served regularly in the trenches throughout
+the siege; he was mentioned in orders after the battle of the Alma for
+his distinguished conduct; he was present at the assault on the Redan.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Owen Curran</span>, served in the trenches throughout the siege,
+and was present at both assaults on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Donogh</span>, at both assaults on the Redan, and throughout the
+siege; he was slightly wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855.
+Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Michael Byrne</span>, served in the trenches throughout the
+siege; was present at the two assaults on the Redan; was slightly
+wounded at the battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>William Nicholl</span>, served
+in the trenches during the whole siege; was present at both the assaults
+on the Redan; was mentioned in orders, for gallant conduct, at the
+battle of the Alma; wounded slightly at the Alma, Inkermann, and on
+the 26th. of October, 1854, and severely at the assault on the Redan on
+the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Quigley</span>, served in the
+trenches throughout the siege, and was present at the two assaults on
+the Redan; received a medal for distinguished service in the field, for
+his conduct at the Alma and Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Smith</span>, wounded
+at the sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854; served in the trenches from
+May, 1855, till the close of the siege, and was present at both the
+assaults on the Redan, at the latter of which his gallant conduct was
+especially remarked by Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer, C.B., and other
+officers; he obtained a medal for distinguished service in the field, for
+his conduct on the 26th. of October, 1854. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Hastings
+McAllister</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of July, 1855; distinguished
+himself greatly at the storming of the Redan, on the 8th. of
+September, 1855, on which occasion he was wounded in five places.
+Private <span class='sc'>Thomas McDonald</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of
+September, 1854; present at the battles of the Alma, the sortie of the
+26th. of October, 1854, and the battle of Inkermann, where he highly
+distinguished himself, and was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Foley</span>,
+strongly recommended for his cool and soldier-like bearing on the evening
+of the 17th. of June, 1855, when the 31st. regiment occupied the
+trenches for the first time, thus setting a good example to the young
+soldiers. Privates <span class='sc'>Richard Stapleton</span> and <span class='sc'>James Ruth</span>, these two
+soldiers were strongly recommended by Captain Rowlands, 41st. Regiment,
+who commanded the party engaged in taking the rifle-pits, in the
+advance of the right sap, advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of
+September, 1855, and their conduct particularly mentioned for great
+coolness and bravery in keeping possession of one of the pits till ordered
+to retire. Private <span class='sc'>Lacky Ryan</span>, engaged with Lieutenant Leeson,
+31st. regiment in taking the rifle-pits in the advance of the right sap,
+advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of September, 1855, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_462'>462</span>particularly noticed for his coolness and bravery. Private <span class='sc'>John Spelman</span>,
+this man was one of a party (engaged in taking possession of
+the rifle-pits in the advance of the right sap, advance trench, on the
+night of the 4th. of September, 1855), whose conduct was particularly
+mentioned for coolness and bravery by Captain Rowlands, of the 41st.
+regiment, in keeping possession of the pits for half an hour, till
+ordered to retire; he was severely wounded on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Barwell</span>,
+distinguished himself very much in the attack on the Redan on
+the 18th. of June, and served nearly the whole campaign. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Patrick Whelan</span>, served through the whole campaign; was always a
+first-rate soldier in the battle-field and in the trenches, and was one of
+the first men of the regiment at the Redan on the 8th. of September.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Bacon</span>, was noticed by Sir William Codrington
+at the battle of the Alma, and was wounded at the attack on the Redan
+on the 18th. of June; served through the whole campaign, never being
+absent. Private <span class='sc'>Francis Crotty</span>, served through the whole campaign;
+distinguished himself on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>William Douglas</span>,
+volunteered and served as a sharpshooter during the first bombardments
+of Sebastopol; with nine other men charged a party of Russians
+and made them retire, at Inkermann, where he volunteered to join
+Colonel Waddy, 50th. regiment, to follow the retiring enemy; was
+wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Crane</span>,
+served at the Alma; was noticed by Captain Drewe, 23rd. Royal Welsh
+Fusiliers, who strongly recommended him for gallantry on the 8th. of
+September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Menaing</span>, served through
+the whole campaign; present with the regiment the whole time.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Philip Read</span>, served through the whole campaign;
+volunteered to go with the regiment on the 8th. of September, at the
+attack on the Redan, when warned for that duty; was severely
+wounded on that occasion. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Guire</span>, volunteered as
+sharpshooter at the commencement of the siege of Sebastopol; was
+taken prisoner on the 20th. of October, 1854, when employed on that
+duty, by a party of Russians; killed the two men who had him in
+charge, and made his escape; was present during the whole campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Quirk</span>,
+gallant conduct on the 7th. of June, 1855, during the attack on the
+Quarries; also on the 19th. of April, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Haydon</span>,
+general gallant conduct in the trenches, especially on the 19th. of April,
+1855, at the taking of Egerton’s rifle-pit. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Carney</span>;
+and Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Loft</span>, carrying Sergeant Harrison (34th.) in, when
+wounded, on the 8th. of September, 1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal
+<span class='sc'>William Coffer</span>, throwing a live shell out of a trench on the 29th.
+of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>William Gill</span>, recommended by Major Gwilt,
+34th. regiment, for binding up his arm when wounded, on the 18th. of
+June, 1855, under a heavy fire. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Smith</span>,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_463'>463</span>gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855,
+when he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Clement Brophy</span>, gallant
+conduct at the repulse of the Russian sortie on the 22nd. of March,
+1855; severely wounded in the trenches on the 31st. of August, 1855.
+and lost his left arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout
+the war. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Fadden</span>, did his duty well in
+the trenches; was particularly distinguished in his conduct on the 18th of
+June, 1855, in the attack on the Cemetery. Private <span class='sc'>John Walsh</span>,
+particularly engaged in repelling a sortie on the 20th. of December,
+1854, when the conduct of his company was commended in division
+orders; in advance on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Robert Longheed</span>;
+did his duty well in the trenches; volunteered for the advanced
+guard on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Brennan</span>, engaged
+in the repulse of the sortie of the 20th. of December, 1854; distinguished
+particularly on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Andrew
+Clarke</span>, distinguished on the 18th. of June, 1855; wounded; always
+a good soldier in the field. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Murphy</span>, distinguished
+himself in the repulse of the sortie of the 20th. December, 1854; in
+advance during the whole day of the 18th. of June, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>Benjamin Newhall</span>, was a volunteer as sharpshooter in the beginning
+of the siege; was present and wounded in the attack on the Cemetery
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>William Moore</span>, distinguished
+himself highly on the 18th. of June, 1855; received three wounds on
+that day, from one of which he lost his arm from the socket. Private
+<span class='sc'>James Blackmore</span>, particularly distinguished himself on the night of
+the 20th. of December, 1854, in the repulse of a sortie.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Private <span class='sc'>Michael Boyle</span>, on the 25th.
+of April, 1855, he volunteered to bring in a soldier of another regiment,
+who was lying wounded outside the advanced line of sentries, beyond
+the “Ovens,” a work, at the hour of the day when it was performed,
+of considerable danger; was also one of the party on the Woronzoff
+Road, on the 2nd. of August, 1855, when a sortie of the Russians,
+reported to consist of two thousand men, attacked the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Garrett</span>, conduct highly spoken of by all ranks
+for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and intrepidity on all occasions
+while on duty in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Lawrence Lind</span>, on the evening
+of the 18th., of June, when a party of the 39th. was stationed in the
+trenches overlooking the Cemetery, which that day had been taken
+possession of by the brigade under Sir William Eyre, cries and groans
+of a wounded man attracted attention. Lieutenant Smyth, in command
+of the party, asked for volunteers to accompany him and ascertain
+the cause, when Lawrence Lind, Martin Lyons, and McCluskey
+of the light company, cheerfully volunteered to accompany him, and
+they brought in a wounded Sergeant of the 38th. regiment, who had
+been lying for fifteen hours at some distance from the Cemetery, in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_464'>464</span>advance. The party attracted the attention of the enemy, and consequently
+had to perform the duty under a heavy fire. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>George Pegram</span>, almost every officer has on various occasions spoken
+most highly of the service in the trenches of Sergeant Pegram, as
+a remarkably brave, willing, and forward non-commissioned officer;
+in former years, in 1843, his conduct attracted attention at Maharajpore,
+where the regiment suffered so severely, and he had previously
+obtained the character of being a brave soldier under Sir De Lacy
+Evans, in Spain. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Ryan</span>, on the 29th. of March, when
+a part of the guard went before it was dark, towards the Woronzoff
+Road, under Captain Baird, and brought on a fire from which Colour-Sergeant
+James Rodd lost his life, Ryan is reported to have been one of
+four men who behaved remarkably well; on the 25th. of April he was
+on sentry on the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i> on the Woronzoff Road when the
+enemy opened a heavy fire, and remained at his post steadily, and
+attracted attention by his good conduct; on the 2nd. of August, on the
+occasion of the large sortie referred to in Michael Boyle’s case, Ryan
+was on sentry, and when driven in kept retreating up the hill on one
+side of the ravine, and continued firing on the Russians till they finally
+abandoned the attack; he was wounded on the 23rd. of May, when
+going to the trenches, in the thigh, by a splinter from a shell.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Omealy</span>, distinguished for coolness and intrepidity
+while under fire, and duty in the trenches; wounded on the 15th.
+of July, 1855, while on duty in the advanced trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Davis</span>,
+served before Sebastopol during the greater part of the siege; was conspicuous
+in having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th.
+of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Kelly</span>, served before
+Sebastopol during the greater part of the siege; was conspicuous in
+having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855. Both landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854;
+the former was present at the Alma and Balaklava, and the latter at
+the Alma and Inkermann. Privates <span class='sc'>Patrick Garvey</span>, <span class='sc'>John Kennelly</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Quade</span>, and Corporal <span class='sc'>Charles Nelson</span>; all landed in the
+Crimea at the above date, and were present at the battles of the Alma
+and Inkermann, and at the sortie of the 26th. of October; and all
+served before Sebastopol during the whole of the siege. Privates Patrick
+Garvey and John Kennelly were also conspicuous in having charged
+gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>Martin Rogerson</span>, landed in the Crimea in January, 1855, and served
+before Sebastopol during the remainder of the siege; was in the
+trenches on the 18th. of June, and was conspicuous in bringing
+wounded men from the glacis of the Redan, under a heavy fire from
+the enemy, on the same night. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Ambrose Madden</span>,
+landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at
+the battles of the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of October, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_465'>465</span>served in the trenches before Sebastopol till the 19th. of March, 1855;
+headed a party which took prisoners a Russian officer and fourteen
+privates, three of whom he personally and alone captured in the general
+sortie of the 26th. of Oct., 1854; for this he received the Victoria Cross.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Smith</span>, for remarkable zeal in the field from the
+date of the landing of the army in the Crimea on the 14th. of September,
+1854, till June, 1855; was present at the battles of the Alma, the
+sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the battle of Inkermann, and the
+attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Ridley</span>,
+on the 3rd. of July, 1855, was one of a working party employed in turning
+an old Russian trench in the advanced parallel, the party under fire, and
+much exposed; he encouraged the men by working with them himself
+in the most exposed position, and it was mainly owing to his example
+and good conduct that the work was speedily and satisfactorily done.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Strathern</span>, on the 11th. of October, 1854, at the commencement
+of the siege, when with a covering party on the right
+attack, the enemy came out in force and attacked with field pieces, he
+volunteered to pass, under a heavy fire, to a party of the Rifle Brigade,
+with orders to bring them up to the assistance of the party in the
+battery. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert M‘Nair</span>, on the 9th. of August, when
+a sentry in front of the advanced trenches, under fire, was distinguished
+for his coolness and daring; he was severely wounded on that occasion,
+but remained at his post until regularly relieved. Private <span class='sc'>Donald
+M‘Kenzie</span>, volunteered as a sharpshooter at the commencement of the
+siege; was employed on that duty until he was wounded on the 19th.
+of October, 1854; on the night of the 18th. of June, 1855, during a
+sortie, was distinguished for his good conduct in encouraging the
+young soldiers, and by his example giving them confidence; the next
+morning he volunteered to go towards the old Russian trench from the
+third parallel, to bring in a missing comrade, supposed to be wounded.
+Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Bennett</span>, on the night of the 18th. of June,
+1855, when a sortie was expected and a sudden alarm given, the men
+of another regiment, immediately on the left of where he was, having
+retired, it was mainly owing to his steadiness and example that the
+men of his party kept their ground. Private <span class='sc'>Neil Carmichael</span>, on the
+night of the 6th. of August, 1855, when a partial attack was made by
+some of the enemy’s pickets, he was distinguished for his good conduct;
+on the same night an attack was expected from the Redan; he was one
+of those who volunteered to go out to the front, under fire, to watch it
+closely. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Fox</span>, volunteered as a sharpshooter at the
+opening of the siege of Sebastopol; was conspicuous for his coolness
+and intrepidity, and continued at that duty daily till he was severely
+wounded on the 19th. of October, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Cromtie</span>, on
+the night of the 18th. of June, 1885, during a sortie on the trenches,
+was distinguished for his courage and daring when in a very exposed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_466'>466</span>position; on the 24th. of June, 1855, was one of a party sent to dislodge
+some of the enemy’s riflemen, who were annoying a working party
+in the right attack; on this occasion he received a musket-shot through
+his wrist.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout
+the campaign (the first as Colour-Sergeant), except Private James
+Edlow, who attended the sick on board ship for three weeks, for which
+disagreeable duty he volunteered. Quartermaster-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Denis Reddin</span>,
+was noticed for his vigilance and activity on all occasions when in
+the trenches, and his gallantry was most conspicuous on the 18th. of June
+at the attack on the Cemetery. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Brown</span> never missed
+any duty; was always vigilant and alert in the trenches; was on guard
+on the 18th. of June, but volunteered and accompanied the regiment in
+the attack on the Cemetery, where his gallantry was noticed. Lance-Corporal
+<span class='sc'>Denis Canty</span>, always noticed for his activity and daring in the
+trenches, and especially on the 18th. of June at the attack on the
+Cemetery. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Drenon</span>, was one of the few who constantly
+remained at their duty; was always active and vigilant in the trenches;
+was also present at the attack on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>James
+Edlow</span>, was present at the attack on the 18th. of June, and on all
+occasions in the trenches, when his activity and readiness for any duty
+was noticed; was very forward and active during the whole day of the
+18th. of June, especially in driving some Russians out of an adjoining
+house. Private <span class='sc'>John Burnside</span>, was always ready and willing for any
+duty; was present on the 18th. of June at the attack on the Cemetery.
+Private <span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Carthy</span>, was present on the 18th. of June at the
+attack on the Cemetery, when his gallantry was particularly noticed,
+and where he several times exposed himself to a most galling fire, for
+the purpose of rescuing his wounded comrades and soldiers of other
+regiments; he volunteered and was sharpshooter at the commencement
+of the siege, and again on the 18th., of June, when he was one of the
+advanced guard. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Donelan</span>, served throughout
+the campaign and siege of Sebastopol till the spring of 1856, and though
+never in very good health persisted in remaining with his regiment.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert Murray</span>, served in the Crimea from the landing on the
+14th. of September, 1854, also during the siege of Sebastopol, till the
+18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded in the attack on
+the Cemetery.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Stephen Harbour</span>,
+this sergeant was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann; he served in the trenches during the whole of the siege.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Blagdon</span>, was particularly remarked for his conduct
+in the trenches during the whole siege, for which, and his activity in
+camp, he was promoted to be corporal, and sergeant. Corporal
+<span class='sc'>William Watt</span>, was particularly remarked for his conduct during the
+sortie of the 11th. of May, 1855; both landed on the 8th. of November,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_467'>467</span>1854. Private <span class='sc'>James Hunt</span>, landed on the 14th. of September, 1854;
+was present at the Alma, Inkermann, and Balaklava, and was particularly
+remarked for his conduct during the whole campaign. Private
+<span class='sc'>Jeremiah Condon</span>, landed on the 8th. of November, 1854, and was
+remarkable on all occasions for gallantry and daring. The above five
+never missed a duty in the trenches. Sergeants <span class='sc'>William Brommell</span>,
+and <span class='sc'>Leonard Gooding</span>, both these sergeants landed in the Crimea on
+the 8th. of November, 1854; the former was wounded in the trenches
+before Sebastopol on the 21st. of December, 1854; leg amputated; was
+remarkable for zeal and gallantry in the trenches; the latter never
+missed a duty in the trenches up to the 24th. of August, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George M‘Donald</span>,
+in holding the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, the detachment running
+short of ammunition, this non-commissioned officer passed through a
+heavy fire of grape, shell, and musketry for ammunition, and returned
+through the same fire with a barrel of ammunition on his shoulder;
+served throughout the siege from November, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>Connor
+O’Loghlin</span>, recommended for distinguished conduct on the 7th. of June,
+at the taking of the Quarries, and for having on all occasions throughout
+the campaign, attracted the attention of the captain of his company
+by his gallantry and good conduct when before the enemy. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Gill</span>, distinguished himself by his gallantry and coolness at
+the storming of the Quarries, and repulse of the several attacks of the
+enemy on the night of the 7th. of June, and throughout the campaign
+and siege generally. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Bowler</span>, distinguished himself
+when on outlying pickets at the attack on the position of the second
+division on the 26th. of October, 1854, on which occasion he was severely
+wounded; served well during the siege; present at the Alma. Private
+<span class='sc'>Daniel Flanagan</span>, recommended for volunteering under a very heavy
+fire to place sandbags in the embrasures of the twenty-one gun
+battery, on the 9th. of April, 1855; assisted in working a gun, and in
+every possible way distinguished himself on that occasion. Private
+<span class='sc'>John Dillon</span>, distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries;
+wounded at Inkermann; Privates Flanagan and Dillon were present
+during the siege, and at all the engagements. Private <span class='sc'>John Dinneen</span>,
+distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries, and served
+gallantly on all other occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Court</span>, present at
+the battle of the Alma (wounded); rejoined his regiment on the 19th.
+of January, 1855, and Was present in all the affairs from that time until
+the end of the siege; distinguished himself by his coolness and gallantry
+in assisting to lead and cheer on the men to repulse the attacks
+of the Russians on the night of the 7th. of June, after taking the
+Quarries (wounded). Private <span class='sc'>John McDermond</span>, gallant conduct at the
+battle of Inkermann in rescuing Colonel Haly, 47th. Foot, when lying
+wounded on the ground, from a party of Russians; present and
+wounded at the battle of the Alma.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_468'>468</span>FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Acting Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>S. Francis</span>,
+for having, when on duty in the trenches, on the night of the 4th. of
+June, 1855, when an alarm was given that the Russians were approaching,
+and a sortie about to be made, and when the sentries in advance had
+retired in some confusion, supplied their place by a new line of sentries,
+which he formed out of a number of volunteers who offered themselves,
+and thereby prevented the further advance of the Russians. This took
+place under a very heavy fire. On another occasion this non-commissioned
+officer conveyed a message from Lieutenant-Colonel Riky,
+commanding the 48th. regiment, to the general of the right attack,
+regarding the movement of some troops, on the 9th. of June, 1855,
+under a heavy fire. Corporal <span class='sc'>T. Kelly</span>, for having assisted in working
+a gun, voluntarily, in the battery in which he was on duty, on the
+night of the 7th. of September, 1855, for which he was particularly
+brought to notice by the captain of artillery on duty in the battery; on
+which occasion he received a severe wound. Corporal <span class='sc'>T. Goorly</span> and
+Private <span class='sc'>J. Downey</span>, assisted the Adjutant of the 48th. regiment, early
+on the morning of the 19th. of June, 1855, in endeavouring to bring
+into the trenches a wounded British soldier who was lying in a rifle-pit
+in the Cemetery. The attempt failed, in consequence of the ground
+being swept by a cross fire from the enemy’s works, and from which
+the men were placed in the most imminent danger, as the fire was very
+heavy and well directed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—The following were all at the Alma,
+sortie of the 26th. of October, and at Inkermann. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>George Vayng</span>, engaged in the trenches throughout the siege; at the
+capture of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and with the regiment
+on the 8th. of September, 1855; a gallant soldier and most excellent
+non-commissioned officer. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John M‘Coy</span>, present at
+the attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of
+September, 1855; constantly at his duty in the trenches during the
+siege. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Alexander Pendridge</span>, engaged in the attack
+and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; shewed great
+gallantry on the 25th. of August, 1855, when engaged on a working
+party in the trenches, in setting a good example, when “breaking
+ground” under a very heavy fire from the enemy; present at both
+attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September,
+1855; mentioned in division orders for gallant conduct on the 26th. of
+October, 1854. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Michael Rooney</span>, highly distinguished himself
+at Inkermann, and refused to go to the rear during action, although
+seriously contused by a spent shot; attack and capture of the Quarries
+on the 7th. of June, 1855; attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June
+and the 8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Thompson</span>,
+joined his regiment in the field at Inkermann, having marched that
+morning, on hearing the firing, from Balaklava, where he had been on
+detached regimental duty; constantly at his duty in the trenches
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_469'>469</span>during the siege; in both attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June,
+and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Robert M‘Kenna</span>, attack and
+capture of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855; both of the attacks
+on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855;
+brought to the notice of Lieutenant-General Markham, for his gallantry
+in taking a rifle-pit on the 20th. of April, 1855. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Charles Barnes</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854;
+was present at the battle of the Alma; at the repulse of the sortie by
+the second division on the 26th. of October, 1854; was severely wounded
+on the 7th. of June, 1855, in storming the Quarries before Sebastopol,
+up to which time he had been always at his duty in the trenches, but
+on account of his wounds was invalided to England. Corporal <span class='sc'>William
+Reilly</span>, present at the battle of the Alma on the 20th. of September, on
+the 26th. of October, 1854, battle of Inkermann on the 5th. of November,
+1854; served in the trenches until the 8th. of June, 1855, when he
+was wounded, and sent in consequence to England.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Robert Foley</span>, most
+zealous in supporting the discipline of his regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Lawrence
+Ward</span>, a good soldier on duty, and was remarkable for his conduct at the
+battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Hannan</span>, was distinguished for
+his coolness and steadiness at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Brennan</span>, was
+distinguished for gallant conduct in the trenches on the occasion of a
+sortie in December, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>William Cooney</span>, gallant conduct
+in the trenches on the occasion of a sortie in December, 1854. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>William Turner</span>, was very active and attentive to his duties in
+the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard W. Newcombe</span>, a most trustworthy
+non-commissioned officer; he volunteered to take charge of the sharpshooters
+of his regiment in front of the left attack; Sergeants <span class='sc'>Foley</span>,
+<span class='sc'>Turner</span>, and <span class='sc'>Newcombe</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Hannan</span> and <span class='sc'>Brennan</span> served
+throughout the whole of the Crimean Campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Sergeants <span class='sc'>Hendrick</span>, <span class='sc'>Spencer</span>, and
+<span class='sc'>Campion</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Wilson</span> and <span class='sc'>Whelan</span> landed with the regiment in
+the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854, and were present at the
+battle of the Alma, repulse of the sortie on the 26th. of October, and battle
+of Inkermann; and served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry Hendrick</span>, present at the taking of the Quarries,
+on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan, on the 18th. of June
+and the 8th. of September, 1855, where he commanded a company
+(there being no officer with it); was wounded, and mentioned for his
+distinguished conduct in the assault. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Spencer</span> particularly
+distinguished himself at the storming of the Quarries, on the
+7th. of June, 1855, by his gallantry, and promptness in carrying orders,
+and getting up extra ammunition under a heavy fire; present at the
+attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September,
+1855. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William M‘Lachlan</span>, with the regiment in the
+Crimea from the 24th. of October, 1854; present at the sortie at
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_470'>470</span>Inkermann, on the 26th. of October; battle of Inkermann; served in
+the trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by his
+gallant conduct at the storming of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June,
+1855, and in volunteering to fetch a wounded comrade out of the
+enemy’s advanced work under a heavy fire; at the attacks on the
+Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>Joseph Wilson</span>, present at the taking of the Quarries, on the 7th. of
+June, and attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+September, 1855; distinguished himself by his conduct in the trenches
+throughout the whole siege; but particularly at the storming of the
+Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was
+severely wounded. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Campion</span>, present at the attack
+on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, and distinguished himself by his
+gallantry at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855.
+Private <span class='sc'>Jeremiah Whelan</span>, present at the attack on the Redan on the
+18th. of June, at the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, and particularly
+distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the storming of
+the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Johnstone</span>,
+landed in the Crimea on the 31st. of December, 1854; served in the
+trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; present at the storming of the
+Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan on the 18th.
+of June, 1855; and distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the
+storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Peter Pope</span>, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey on the
+21st. of May, 1854; present at the battle of the Alma, (wounded),
+repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the 26th. of October, 1854, battle
+of Inkermann, and served in the trenches during the whole of the
+siege; received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his gallantry at
+Inkermann; at the storming of the Redan, on the 8th. of September,
+1855, on which occasion he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>James
+Dunn</span>, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey on the 21st. of May,
+1854; present at the battle of the Alma, repulse of the sortie at Inkermann
+on the 26th. of October, and battle of Inkermann; received a
+Distinguished Conduct Medal for his gallantry at Inkermann, where he
+was severely wounded; served during the whole siege of Sebastopol,
+and mentioned by Captain J. R. Hume, 55th. regiment, as having
+particularly distinguished himself at the storming of the Redan on the
+8th. of September, where he lost his arm.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>William Dibbs</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Joseph Whittaker</span>, and <span class='sc'>John Lord</span> and <span class='sc'>Lewis Hogan</span>; fearless and
+steady conduct when employed in the trenches; the first on the 29th.
+of August and the 1st. of September, 1855; the second on the 29th.
+of August and the 2nd. and 5th. of September, 1855; and the third and
+fourth on the 29th. of August and the 5th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>James Butler</span>, severely wounded whilst doing his duty in the trenches
+on the 4th. of September, 1855; right arm amputated.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_471'>471</span>FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>John
+McCardle</span> and <span class='sc'>John Coughlan</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>James F. Andrews</span>, Corporal
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Connell</span>, Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Kinnarney</span>, and Private
+<span class='sc'>John Murray</span>; were present at the battles of Balaklava on the 25th. of
+October, and Inkermann, on the 5th. of November, 1854; assault on the
+Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855; and in the trenches during the siege.
+Lance-Corporal Kinnarney and Private Murray were severely wounded
+on the 18th. of June, 1855, and the latter was twice wounded in the
+trenches during the siege. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Jones</span>, for gallant
+conduct at the battle of Inkermann, where he was severely wounded.
+Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Anderson</span>, for gallant conduct during the
+siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Reilly</span>, and
+Privates <span class='sc'>Michael Brophy</span> and <span class='sc'>James McKee</span>, served in the trenches from
+the arrival of the regiment in the Crimea on the 12th. of November,
+1854, till the fall of Sebastopol, on the 9th. of September, 1855, and were
+present with the regiment on all occasions of its being engaged against
+the enemy during that period. Privates <span class='sc'>Thomas Carney</span> and <span class='sc'>John
+M‘Carthy</span>, served in the trenches from the arrival of the regiment
+in the Crimea on the 12th. of November, 1854, till the fall of Sebastopol
+on the 9th. of September, 1855, and were present with the regiment on
+all occasions of its being engaged against the enemy during that
+period; the former was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch
+as having volunteered to bring in wounded men from the front on the
+8th. of September, 1855; and the latter was severely wounded in the
+attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Drummer
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Finnigan</span>, served with the regiment from its arrival in the
+Crimea on the 12th. of November, 1854, and was present at the attack
+on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, the attack on the Redan on
+the 18th. of June, 1855, and on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>James Warren</span>, captured a French soldier, who was deserting and
+going to the enemy; the above was performed under a heavy fire from
+the enemy’s advanced post on the 22nd. of February, 1855; served
+during the siege of Sebastopol; was present at the attack on the
+Quarries on the 7th. of June, and the assaults of the Redan on the 18th.
+of June and the 8th. of September. Private <span class='sc'>John McSharry</span>, wounded
+in the right shoulder by a musket-ball, and lost one finger of the left
+hand on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Robert Hughes</span>,
+distinguished himself in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 3rd. of
+October, 1855, being with a company of the regiment far in advance to
+cover a working party, and the company being exposed to a cross fire;
+he shewed great coolness and intrepidity, keeping the men steady and
+firm; and subsequently, the colours of the regiment having been
+brought from the camp by a company left to guard them, and afterwards
+ordered out, he took one of the colours and carried it under
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_472'>472</span>a heavy fire. He was wounded at Inkermann, but notwithstanding
+was very instrumental in defending an officer of the regiment who had
+been severely wounded; he continued with his regiment the whole war.
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Ward</span>, when in the trenches on a sortie of the
+enemy which excited some alarm, immediately went round the sentries
+and posted himself with the most advanced one, and took a prominent
+part in repulsing the enemy, maintaining the character he had acquired
+during previous engagements. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Morris</span>, at the
+battle of Inkermann, finding himself far in advance, with a number of
+men, he collected them, took the command, and, though attacked by
+superior numbers, he retained his post, repulsing the attacking party.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Ahern</span>, during the battle of Inkermann a portion of
+the regiment in their ardour having gone beyond their position, and on
+their return it being known that Ensign Clutterbuck was killed, and
+that his body was left on the field, Sergeant Ahern instantly volunteered
+to fetch it, and being accompanied by a private, he went far in
+advance and brought in the body; on the same day, the only officer of
+his company being wounded, he took the command of the company,
+and held it during the charge. Private <span class='sc'>John McGowan</span>, at the battle
+of Inkermann behaved in a particular gallant and bold manner,
+charging, forwarding, and being the first to clear a breastwork in
+pursuit of the enemy. Private <span class='sc'>Daniel Sullivan</span>, one of his comrades
+being made prisoner at the battle of Inkermann by five of the enemy,
+he rushed at them, killed three, and rescued his comrade; he was in
+the battle, and on every occasion, whether in the trenches or in open
+field, distinguished for his valour and spirit. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Brophy</span>,
+4th. Lancashire Militia, late Colour-Sergeant 63rd. Foot, was colour-sergeant
+of the regiment at the battle of Inkermann, and accompanied
+the colours; the regiment and the enemy were engaged in a hand to
+hand struggle; Ensign Clutterbuck, who carried one of the colours,
+which was separated from the other, was killed; Sergeant Brophy immediately
+took it up, and, though severely wounded, defended it, and
+brought it safe from the mêlée. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Arthur Roberts</span>, at the
+battle of Inkermann, carrying one of the colours, the ensign having
+been severely wounded, he received a wound which caused him to fall,
+he got up quickly, took up the colours, and, refusing to leave the field,
+continued to carry the colours until incapacitated by a second
+wound.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Gibbons</span>,
+struck in the chest by a grape shot at Inkermann, and a bullet through
+his cap; particularly distinguished for “discipline.” Sergeant <span class='sc'>Peter
+Delany</span>, was twice wounded at Inkermann, and did not go to the rear;
+came back with a draft from Scutari directly his wounds were well, and
+went to his duty. Corporal <span class='sc'>Patrick Finns</span>, particularly distinguished
+himself at Inkermann; two musket-balls through the jaw; never went
+into hospital, and did his duty in the trenches through the siege.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_473'>473</span>Private <span class='sc'>James Sims</span>, on the 22nd. of November, 1854, in broad daylight,
+volunteered, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded rifleman from
+the pits. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Watson</span> and Privates <span class='sc'>William Ferris</span> and
+<span class='sc'>Charles Ross</span>, on the 11th. of May, 1855, during a sortie; the latter
+was wounded, but volunteered to leave the hospital on the 18th. of
+June. Private <span class='sc'>Joseph Mitchell</span>, wounded at Inkermann; on return
+from Scutari, was wounded a second time. Corporal <span class='sc'>Donohue</span>, wounded
+in a sortie on the 11th. of May, 1855, in which the enemy was repulsed
+with much loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Hughes</span>,
+and Privates <span class='sc'>William Don</span>, <span class='sc'>Roger Martin</span>, and <span class='sc'>Alexander Rattray</span>;
+service not specified. Privates <span class='sc'>John Cousins</span> and <span class='sc'>James Laughlan</span>,
+present in the ranks from the 22nd. of December, 1854, to the 21st.
+of March, 1856; the latter served to the 17th. of May following.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Corporal <span class='sc'>Archibald Duncan</span>,
+gallant conduct in the unfinished portions of the fifth parallel, on the
+night of the 18th. of August, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Alison</span>, gallantry
+on outlying picket, when engaged with the enemy, on the night of the
+18th. of August, 1855, in the Karabelnaia Ravine. Private <span class='sc'>John Harper</span>,
+gallantry when on out-sentry on the nights of the 22nd. of July and
+the 12th. of August, 1855; likewise in assisting to bring in the
+wounded on the 8th. of September, under heavy fire, in front of
+the Redan. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel McNeish</span>, gallant conduct when on sentry,
+detached from the outlying picket, under heavy fire, on the 16th.
+of July, 1855, above the Woronzoff Ravine; also distinguished for
+general good behaviour under fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—The following served
+throughout the war with gallantry. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Toohey</span>,
+distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of the
+19th. of April, 1855, at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he
+was severely wounded. Drummer <span class='sc'>Thos. McGill</span>, distinguished on various
+occasions, more particularly on the night of the 19th. of April, 1855,
+at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he was one of the first in
+the pits, and took a Russian bugler prisoner. Private <span class='sc'>Alexander Wright</span>,
+distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of
+the 19th. of April, 1855, at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, where
+he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Murdock Charleston</span>, distinguished
+on various occasions; he was noticed for conspicuous bravery at the
+battle of Inkermann, and at the attack on the Redan on the 8th.
+of September, 1855, when, though severely wounded, he refused to
+quit the ranks or fall to the rear. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Wilson</span>,
+distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of
+the 30th. of August, 1855, in front of the advanced trench. Private
+<span class='sc'>William M‘Guire</span>, noticed for conspicuous bravery at the battle of
+Inkermann, at the capture of the rifle-pits on the 19th. of April, 1855,
+and the taking of the Quarries. Private <span class='sc'>John Quinlan</span>, noticed for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_474'>474</span>conspicuous bravery at the battle of Inkermann, at the capture of the
+Russian rifle-pits, and at both attacks on the Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>James Spence</span>
+and <span class='sc'>Alexander Goodbrand</span>, Sergeants <span class='sc'>Colin Campbell</span> and <span class='sc'>William
+Davie</span>, Privates <span class='sc'>Robert Bruce</span> and <span class='sc'>James Wilkie</span>; for good and gallant
+conduct at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and in the trenches
+before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Davie</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Wilkie</span>, volunteered
+and acted as sharpshooters at the early part of the siege. Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>William Gunn</span> and Private <span class='sc'>James Sloan</span>, present at the Alma, Balaklava,
+and siege of Sebastopol; the former volunteered to act in front
+as a sharpshooter.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Stephen Conyngham</span>,
+took a very active part in the attack on the Quarries on the 7th.
+of June, 1855, and was recommended for a medal and £5 on that occasion,
+but could not obtain it, the regiment having received the allotted
+number; was noted at the Horse Guards. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Hubert
+Kelly</span>, very distinguished conduct on the 8th. of September, 1855, in
+going out of the advanced trench under a heavy fire and bringing
+in the body of Colour-Sergeant Gilmore, who was lying mortally
+wounded some distance in front. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Maurice Canty</span>
+volunteered to form one of the attacking party ordered against
+“Egerton’s Pit” on the 12th. of April, 1855, as also on several other
+occasions. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Ryan</span>, distinguished himself on the 8th. of
+September, 1855, in bringing in his officer, Captain Beresford, who was
+severely wounded. Both these were present and did duty during the
+whole campaign. Private <span class='sc'>Bernard M‘Namara</span>, was a sharpshooter at
+the beginning of the siege, and recommended for a medal for distinguished
+service in December, 1854, but did not receive it, as he was
+invalided to Scutari. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Handley</span>, distinguished himself
+about the night of the 14th. of August, 1855, when some young sentries
+were disposed to retire before a body of Russians, by forcing them back
+to their posts, and remaining out himself all night close to a Russian
+rifle-pit. Private <span class='sc'>Henry Spellacy</span>, a sharpshooter; on the 22nd. of
+October, 1855, wounded and made a Russian officer prisoner; volunteered
+on all occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Myers</span>, commanded sharpshooters,
+and was conspicuous on the 17th. of October, 1854. Drummer
+<span class='sc'>Richard Grannon</span>, gallant conduct at Inkermann. Acting Corporal
+<span class='sc'>Henry McKeon</span>, sharpshooter, and shewed general gallant conduct in
+the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Grant</span>, commanded
+a detached party of ten men, in a cutting, just over the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>,
+on the night it was broken down; held his ground and kept up a very
+effective fire on the enemy. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Tremwith</span> and Privates
+<span class='sc'>Patrick Kinneally</span>, <span class='sc'>Darby Lenaghan</span>, and <span class='sc'>Willlam Heffernan</span> performed
+zealous and constant service in the trenches from the arrival of
+the regiment on the 15th. of December, 1854, to the 9th. of September,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_475'>475</span>1855; did not miss a single duty; Private Heffernan volunteered
+to go to the Cemetery in the day-time, under a heavy fire, to bring in
+a wounded man, in August, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Sanderson</span>.—Brought
+back Captain Tinling, on the 8th. of September, 1855, after the
+Redan was given up; distinguished conduct generally during the assault
+and during the siege. The following never missed a trench duty: Private
+<span class='sc'>John Alexander</span>, present at the capture of Egerton’s pits; present on
+the 8th. of June and on the 18th. of June, in the Quarries; on the 6th.
+of September, 1855, brought back Captain Buckley, Scots Fusilier
+Guards, when mortally wounded; on the 8th. of September, 1855, was
+one of the last men in the Redan; generally distinguished. Bugler
+<span class='sc'>Edward Flaxman</span>, on the 18th. of June, 1855, rescued several wounded
+men in front of the Quarries under a heavy fire; on the 8th. of
+September, 1855, volunteered for the assault in place of another bugler,
+and brought back Lieutenant-Colonel Hancock, and secured his jewellery,
+watch, etc.; also brought back Lieutenant Deverill, 90th;
+generally gallant behaviour. Private <span class='sc'>John Lawless</span>, present on the
+19th. of April, 1855; assault on Egerton’s rifle-pits; on the 18th. of
+June, 1855, present; recommended by Captain Preston for distinguished
+conduct, when a working party was assaulted, when he remained with
+him after all had retired; on the 8th. of September, at the Redan, took
+the first Russian prisoner; brought in a wounded comrade. Private
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Bayley</span>, distinguished conduct during a sortie, when he
+remained with his captain, the others, except one, having retired;
+present on the 18th. of June in the Quarries, and working party in the
+Quarries on the 8th. of September; conduct always gallant and
+permanent. Private <span class='sc'>John Goldsmith</span>, attack of rifle-pits, on the 19th.
+of April, 1855; defence of Quarries, on the 8th. of June; attack on the
+Redan, on the 18th. of June; assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of
+September; personal encounter with a Russian soldier while in the act
+of stabbing an officer of the 97th. regiment, and wounded through the
+face and nose. Corporal <span class='sc'>Henry Hill</span>, was in the attack on the Redan
+on the 8th. of September, 1855, and wounded in the Redan; generally
+gallant conduct. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Whelan</span>, was in the attack on
+Egerton’s Rifle-pits on the 19th. of April, 1855, and in reserve in the
+attack on the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and in the attack on
+the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was wounded in nine
+places; generally gallant behaviour; both landed in the Crimea with
+the regiment, on the 5th. of December, 1854, and never missed a trench
+duty.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—The following (except Private
+<span class='sc'>Leslie</span> who was not present at Balaklava, but was at the other actions,)
+served throughout the war, and were present at the Alma, Inkermann,
+and Balaklava, and the assaults of the 18th. of June and the 8th. of
+September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Alexander Knox</span>, Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_476'>476</span>at the Alma and Balaklava, and distinguished himself by his coolness
+and activity in the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Archibald Crabtree</span>, was
+sergeant of the volunteers of the regiment who entered the Redan on
+the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William M‘Kenzie</span>,
+was the first man to step out when volunteers were called for from the
+regiment to enter the Redan on the night of the fall of Sebastopol.
+Private John Leslie, was severely wounded at the Alma, but refused
+to leave the field, and remained fighting in the ranks, although shot
+through the right arm, until the battle was over. Private <span class='sc'>Peter
+M‘Kay</span>, was the first man of the volunteers of his regiment who
+entered the Redan on the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Private
+<span class='sc'>John Forbes</span> was severely wounded in the trenches on the 14th. of
+July, 1855, and discharged from hospital on the 26th. of July, 1855;
+rejoined his regiment, and was present at the final assault. Private
+<span class='sc'>James Davidson</span>. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Kiddie</span> and Private <span class='sc'>James Cobb</span>,
+both present throughout the war, including the actions of the Alma
+and Balaklava, till severely wounded in the trenches, the former on the
+16th. of July, 1855, and the latter on the 8th. of September following.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—The following seven men were
+present at the Alma, sortie of the 26th. of October, and Inkermann,
+and (with the exception of Privates <span class='sc'>English</span> and <span class='sc'>Jacques</span>) served in
+the trenches throughout the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>James Cody</span>, wounded
+at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Dooley</span>, volunteered to carry ammunition
+to the Quarries on the 8th. of June, 1855, and remained there
+fighting when the enemy attempted to retake them. Corporal <span class='sc'>James
+Linn</span>, present at the battle of the Alma, repulse of sortie on the 26th. of
+October, 1854, and battle of Inkermann. Corporal <span class='sc'>Samuel Webb</span>,
+volunteered to carry ammunition to the Quarries on the 8th. of June,
+1855, and remained therein when the enemy attempted to retake them;
+mentioned in division orders by Sir De Lacy Evans for his gallantry at
+the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>James English</span>, served in the trenches nearly
+throughout the siege. Private <span class='sc'>Peter Gallagher</span>, served in the trenches
+throughout the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>John Jacques</span>, present at the
+Alma, (wounded in shoulder and right arm); served in the trenches
+from March, 1855, to the end of the siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Nathan Ormond</span>,
+gallantry at the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>William Harris</span>, gallantry in the
+trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Patrick Donnellan</span>,
+was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch on account of his gallant
+conduct on the 8th. of September, 1855; he spiked one of the enemy’s
+guns. Corporal <span class='sc'>Andrew Curran</span>, was bugler to the regiment on the
+above assault, and behaved in a remarkably cool and gallant manner,
+and was mentioned in the despatch. Private <span class='sc'>Henry Jackson</span>, was
+mentioned in the despatch as having highly distinguished himself at the
+assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, and was wounded.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_477'>477</span>Private <span class='sc'>John Cotterill</span>, was likewise mentioned for his gallant bearing,
+and was severely wounded; he was also engaged with the enemy on
+the 22nd. of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Miltry</span>, highly distinguished
+himself on the occasion of the assault on the Redan, on the
+8th. of September, and was severely wounded; he was also engaged in
+the sortie on the 22nd. of March, 1855, and greatly distinguished
+himself. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Newmann</span>, was one of the first to enter the
+Redan, on the 8th. of September, and took the Russian captain of
+artillery prisoner, when, taking him to the rear, he was so severely
+wounded that his life was for a long time despaired of. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>Francis Wedgeworth</span>, landed with the regiment in the Crimea,
+and did duty uninterruptedly until the date of his promotion to the
+Depôt Companies, on the 22nd. of February, 1856; was present at the
+attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, and was severely
+wounded; he was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch among
+those highly distinguished. Private <span class='sc'>William Fitzgerald</span>, highly distinguished
+himself on the occasion of the assault on the Redan, on the
+8th. of September, 1855; lost his left leg.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Each of the following
+received a medal and four clasps: Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hicks</span>, was a
+volunteer for the attack on the rifle-pits, on the 20th. of November, 1854,
+under Lieut. Tryon, by whose side he was when that officer was killed;
+was one of the covering party on the 18th. of June, and was distinguished
+throughout the siege for his coolness and gallantry. Private
+<span class='sc'>Bernard M‘Mahon</span>, was serving in the band, and displayed great
+coolness and courage on various occasions in bringing in wounded; on
+the 18th. of June he joined the ranks (a volunteer) in order that he
+might take a more active part in the attack of that day. Privates
+<span class='sc'>John King</span>, <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Cann</span>, <span class='sc'>Henry Bailey</span>, <span class='sc'>Thomas Davis</span>, and <span class='sc'>John
+Green</span>, were in the attack on the rifle-pits, under Lieutenant Tryon,
+on the 20th. of November, 1854; retaking of the third parallel on the
+2nd. of December, 1854; and the sortie on the Woronzoff Road on the
+12th. of December, 1854. Privates King, Bailey, Davis, and Green
+were also volunteers for the rifle-pits on the 17th. of October, in advance
+of Greenhill, and volunteers to occupy the rifle-pits on the 12th. of
+April, 1855. Private Bailey was not at the sortie on the 12th. of
+December, but was a volunteer sharpshooter in April, 1855; and Private
+Davis was one of the covering party on the 18th. of June following.
+Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Richard Cornelius</span>, present at the battles of the Alma,
+Balaklava, and Inkermann; Sergeant-Major of the battalion during
+the siege of Sebastopol from October, 1854, to October, 1855, and distinguished
+for his zeal and activity during the winter of 1854–5; medal
+and four clasps. Private <span class='sc'>Walter Eagle</span>, present at the taking of the
+rifle-pits on the 20th. of November, 1854; retaking of the third parallel
+on the 2nd. of December, 1854; in the sortie on the Woronzoff Road
+on the 12th. of December, 1854; volunteer for sharpshooting on the
+12th. of April, 1855; severely wounded, and subsequently discharged
+on pension; granted a medal and four clasps.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—The following three
+sergeants were present at the Alma and Inkermann: Sergeant-Major
+<span class='sc'>John Waller</span>, general gallant conduct during siege operations; severely
+wounded on the 8th. of September. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Daniel Fisher</span>,
+formed up a party, and silenced two carronades in the caponnière of
+the Redan, on the 8th. of September; went in search of wounded comrades
+same afternoon, under heavy fire. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Harrywood</span>,
+good and gallant conduct during the whole of the campaign; severely
+wounded in the new sap on the 1st. of September. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas
+Burge</span>, present at the Alma, commanded sharpshooters with much
+credit during the latter part of the siege; rendered great service to
+Lieutenant Blayne, in command of a covering party, on the 8th. of
+September. Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph Bradshaw</span>, accompanied Captain Forman
+in a night reconnaissance to Russian advanced works on the 16th. of
+June; volunteered on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September;
+Alma and Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Feough</span>, acted as volunteer
+sharpshooter through the whole of the siege; present at the Alma and
+Inkermann; general gallant conduct. Private <span class='sc'>Michael M‘Cormick</span>,
+conspicuous on the 18th. of June in his exertions to assist the officer in
+command of the ladder party under very heavy fire, when the latter
+was disabled; present at the Alma. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>C. F. Munro</span>,
+general gallant conduct in the trenches and at the Alma. Private
+<span class='sc'>Mark Benn</span>, present during the whole campaign; gallant conduct
+during the siege and at the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Dencer</span>, present at
+the Alma, and a volunteer sharpshooter during the siege.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_478'>478</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE SARDINIAN WAR MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The King of Sardinia, following the example of the Emperor
+of the French, presented four hundred war medals for military
+valour to the British troops; and fifty to the Royal Navy and
+Marines. This medal was distributed both to officers and men.
+It has a watered, dark blue ribbon. On the obverse are the
+arms (white cross of Savoy) and crown of Sardinia, with a
+branch of laurel and of palm, and the inscription “<span class='sc'>Al Valore
+Militare</span>,” For Military Valour. The reverse bears two laurel
+branches, with the words “<span class='sc'>Spedizione d’Oriente</span>,” Expedition
+of the East, and the date 1855–1856. The following officers
+and men were selected for the Sardinian Medal, on account of
+the services specified against their names:—</p>
+
+<div id='i477fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_478fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Sardinian War Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_479'>479</span>GENERAL OFFICERS.—General Sir <span class='sc'>George Brown</span>, G.C.B., commanded
+the light division at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and
+was severely wounded on the last-named occasion; commanded the expedition
+to Kertch; was in command of the light division, except while
+absent on account of his wound, and while in command of the expedition
+to Kertch; served also during the siege of Sebastopol up to the
+27th. of June, 1855, when he was compelled to return to England
+by severe illness. Lieutenant-General Sir <span class='sc'>Richard England</span>, G.C.B.,
+commanded the third division at the battles of the Alma and
+Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol, till August, 1855, when he
+was compelled to return to England by severe illness. Major-General
+Sir <span class='sc'>Henry John William Bentinck</span>, K.C.B., commanded the brigade
+of Guards at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and was severely
+wounded on the last-named occasion; on his return to the army he
+commanded the fourth division during the remainder of the siege of
+Sebastopol. Major-General Lord <span class='sc'>Rokeby</span>, K.C.B., commanded the
+brigade of Guards from February, 1855, till the end of the siege of
+Sebastopol; for part of the time also was in command of the first
+division. Major-General the Honourable Sir <span class='sc'>James Yorke Scarlett</span>,
+K.C.B., commanded the heavy cavalry brigade at the Alma, Balaklava,
+and Inkermann; subsequently in 1855, the cavalry division. Major-General
+Sir <span class='sc'>Harry David Jones</span>, K.C.B., Royal Engineers, commanded
+the Royal Engineers during the siege of Sebastopol, from March, 1855.
+Major-General Sir <span class='sc'>William Eyre</span>, K.C.B., commanded a brigade at the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the siege of
+Sebastopol. Major-General <span class='sc'>John Edward Dupuis</span>, C.B., Royal Artillery,
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>STAFF.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Wynel Mayow</span>, unattached;
+served as a Staff officer attached to the cavalry in the campaign
+of 1854–5, and was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable
+<span class='sc'>Adrian Hope</span>, 93rd. regiment; served on the Staff of the third
+division at the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, till April,
+1855, when he was ordered to join his regiment at home, in consequence
+of regimental promotion. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable
+<span class='sc'>Leicester Curzon</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern Campaign of
+1854–5 as Assistant Military Secretary to the Field Marshall (Lord
+Raglan); and afterwards, in the same capacity, to General Sir James
+Simpson, G.C.B.; was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Kenneth Douglas Mackenzie</span>, 92nd. regiment; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5; served at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_480'>480</span>as a brigade-major attached to the light division; afterwards as an
+assistant quartermaster-general at Balaklava. Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Hugh Smith</span>, 3rd. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5;
+at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann as a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general
+attached to the fourth division; afterwards, during the
+siege of Sebastopol, as assistant adjutant-general to that division; and
+in the same capacity with the expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Joseph Edwin Thackwell</span>, unattached; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+and sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, and till August, 1855,
+as a brigade-major attached to the second division; subsequently as
+assistant adjutant-general to the third division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Robert Lockhart Ross</span>, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5
+as a captain with the 93rd. regiment at the battles of the Alma and
+Balaklava; and subsequently on the Staff as an assistant adjutant-general
+at Balaklava. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Lawrence Shadwell</span>,
+unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of
+the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege of Sebastopol,
+as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell,
+G.C.B., subsequently, during the remainder of the service, as an
+assistant adjutant-general. Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward Bruce Hamley</span>,
+Royal Artillery; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of
+October, 1854, and the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+Honourable <span class='sc'>Augustus Murray Cathcart</span>, unattached; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann
+as aide-de-camp to Major-General the Honourable Sir George
+Cathcart, K.C.B.; during the siege of Sebastopol as deputy-assistant
+quartermaster-general to the light division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>John Agmondisham Vesey Kirkland</span>, unattached; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+and siege of Sebastopol, up to August, 1855, as deputy-assistant
+adjutant-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Vincent Wing</span>, 95th. regiment; served
+the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; was severely wounded at the battle
+of the Alma, when he was on the Staff of Major-General Sir John
+Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B.; was afterwards with his regiment
+during part of the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward
+Fellowes</span>, 11th. Hussars; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as
+deputy-assistant quartermaster-general attached to the cavalry division;
+was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann,
+and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>John Hackett</span>, unattached;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general;
+was present at the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann,
+and the early part of the siege of Sebastopol, till ordered to
+proceed to Scutari, where the services of an officer of the quartermaster-general’s
+department were required. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Archibald
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_481'>481</span>Henry Plantagenet Stuart Wortley</span>, unattached; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5 as a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general
+attached to the third division; was present at the battles of the Alma
+and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, including the attack by Sir
+William Eyre’s column on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+Brevet-Major Honourable <span class='sc'>Gilbert Elliot</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava
+as aide-de-camp to Major-General the Honourable Sir George
+Cathcart, K.C.B.; was compelled by ill-health to be sent to England,
+but returned after a short absence, and served during the remainder of
+the siege of Sebastopol, and till the army broke up, as a deputy-assistant
+quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William Faussett</span>,
+44th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as a brigade-major
+attached to the third division; was present at the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, and during the siege of Sebastopol, including
+the attack on the Cemetery by Major-General Eyre’s column on the 18th.
+of June, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Archibald Campbell Snodgrass</span>, 38th.
+regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5; was present at the battles of
+the Alma and Inkermann, expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol,
+and was severely wounded at the assault on the Redan on the
+18th. of June, 1855, as aide-de-camp to Major-General Sir John
+Campbell, K.C.B.; rejoined the 38th. regiment on his recovery, and
+served with it till the conclusion of the war. Brevet-Major the
+Honourable <span class='sc'>William James Colville</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5; with the Rifle Brigade at the battle of the Alma,
+and subsequently as aide-de-camp to General Sir James Simpson,
+G.C.B., during the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Algernon
+Robert Garrett</span>, 46th. regiment; served as brigade-major attached to
+the fourth division, during the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>Frederick Augustus Thesiger</span>, Grenadier Guards; served during part
+of the siege of Sebastopol with his regiment, and as aide-de-camp to
+Major-General Markham till that officer’s return to England at the end
+of the siege. Major <span class='sc'>Andrew Pitcairn</span>, 42nd. regiment; served the
+campaign of 1854–5; including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava,
+expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Richard
+George Amherst Luard</span>, 77th. regiment; served at the siege of Sebastopol
+from March, 1855, as a deputy-assistant adjutant-general. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>Richard Lyons Otway Pearson</span>, Grenadier Guards; served the
+campaign of 1854–5 as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir George
+Brown, G.C.B., including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Frederick
+Hammersley</span>, 14th. regiment; served during the siege of Sebastopol,
+in the early part with his regiment, and subsequently as a deputy-assistant
+quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Charles William St.
+Clair</span>, 57th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including
+the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_482'>482</span>was severely wounded at the attack on the Redan, on the 18th.
+of June, 1855. Captain <span class='sc'>Arthur Edward Valette Ponsonby</span>, Grenadier
+Guards; served as aide-de-camp to General Sir George Brown at the
+expedition to Kertch, and subsequently at the siege of Sebastopol, till
+Sir George Brown’s return to England after the 18th. of June; after
+that, till the end of the war, as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General
+Sir William Codrington, K.C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Clarke Jervoise</span>,
+Coldstream Guards; served the campaign of 1854–5 with the 42nd.
+regiment at the Alma and Balaklava, and as aide-de-camp to Major-General
+Sir Richard Airey, K.C.B., the Quartermaster-General of the
+army during the siege of Sebastopol. Captain the Honourable <span class='sc'>Charles
+James Keith</span>, 4th. Light Dragoons; served the campaign of 1853–5 as
+aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England, G.C.B.;
+was present at the battle of Inkermann and during the siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Roger Swire</span>, 17th. regiment; served at the siege of
+Sebastopol from December, 1854; was severely wounded at the assault
+on the Redan on the 8th. of September; served subsequently as aide-de-camp
+to Major-General Wyndham, C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Charles Edward
+Mansfield</span>, 33rd. regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5 as aide-de-camp
+to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.B., including the
+battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Richard George Ellison</span>, 47th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign
+of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and sortie
+on the 26th. of October, 1854; in the latter part of the siege as aide-de-camp
+to Major-General Sir John Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B. Captain
+<span class='sc'>William Earle</span>, 49th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th.
+of October, 1854, and siege of Sebastopol; latterly as a Brigade-major
+attached to the second division. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Hooper Day</span>, 88th.,
+regiment; served at the battle of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol,
+including the attack on the Quarries and assaults on the Redan on the
+18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; in the latter part of
+the siege as aide-de-camp to Brigadier-General Shirley. Captain
+<span class='sc'>George Montague Stopford</span>, Royal Engineers; was present at the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege
+of Sebastopol as aide-de-camp to General Sir John Fox Burgoyne,
+Bart., G.C.B.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William
+Charles Forrest</span>, served the campaign of 1854–5, including the
+battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>Francis Rowland Forster</span>, commanded the first squadron of the
+regiment at the action of Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854.
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Thomas Westropp M‘Mahon</span>, C.B., served the campaign
+of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol; served in 1854, as Assistant Quartermaster-General
+of the cavalry division, and in 1855, as
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_483'>483</span>Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 5th. Dragoon Guards. Assistant-Surgeon
+<span class='sc'>William Cattell</span>, was present during the whole of the
+campaign in the Crimea, and shewed the greatest zeal during the time
+of the cholera, and during the action at Balaklava, and wherever
+his services were required under fire. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John
+Evans</span>, displayed gallant conduct at the action of Balaklava, where
+he was wounded. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Gamble</span>, was under fire a
+considerable portion of the day on the 25th. of October, as orderly
+to Major-General the Honourable Sir James Yorke Scarlett, K.C.B.;
+had his horse shot through the thigh, but procured another, and
+returned to his duty immediately.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIRST DRAGOONS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John Yorke</span>, C.B., served in the Crimea
+until the action at Balaklava, when he was so severely wounded in
+command of his regiment, as to oblige him to retire from active service.
+Captain <span class='sc'>George Campbell</span>, displayed gallant conduct under fire in the
+cavalry action at Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854, and continued
+in command of his troop, although <i>severely</i> wounded, until the
+regiment was out of fire. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hill</span>, displayed coolness and
+intrepidity when on patrol and attacked by a party of Russians on the
+10th. of October, 1854; and again on the 25th. of October, 1854, when
+his horse was shot under him, on which occasion, having captured one
+belonging to the enemy, he immediately rejoined his regiment and did
+duty with it for the rest of the day.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SECOND DRAGOONS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Darby Griffith</span>, C.B.; served
+the campaign of 1854–5; commanded his regiment at the battle of Balaklava.
+Captain <span class='sc'>George Buchanan</span>, this officer’s conduct in the heavy
+cavalry charge at the action of Balaklava was cool and gallant, and by
+his example great execution was done against the enemy; he afterwards
+commanded a squadron under fire in support of the light
+brigade charge. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Wilson</span>, was under arrest for a
+minor offence, but on finding the regiment was likely to be engaged,
+he made ready his horse, and coming up to the adjutant, said, “I have
+broken my arrest, sir, as I could not see my regiment going into action
+and remain quiet in camp; I have come to report myself, and wish to
+join and do my duty.” In the heavy cavalry charge at Balaklava
+he fought most gallantly, using his sword with great execution, and he
+was afterwards wounded by a round shot when his regiment went
+in support of the light brigade. He was promoted to troop sergeant-major
+for his gallant conduct.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Colonel Lord <span class='sc'>George Augustus
+Frederick Paget</span>, C.B., served the campaign of 1854–5, including the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol,
+and the battle of the Tchernaya; in 1854 was in command of the 4th.
+Light Dragoons; in 1855 in command of a brigade of light cavalry.
+Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alexander Lowe</span>, served the campaign of
+1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_484'>484</span>Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; in 1854 as Major of the 4th. Light
+Dragoons; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Robert
+Portal</span>, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava,
+Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William
+Waterson</span>, displayed very gallant conduct at the action at Balaklava,
+in the light cavalry charge, particularly in the retreat of the regiment
+after they had sabred the artillerymen at their guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Captain <span class='sc'>Edward D’Arcy Hunt</span>; Captain
+Hunt was squadron leader of the second squadron of the 6th. Dragoons,
+which was detached under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Shute,
+during the action of Balaklava, and led the squadron with great steadiness
+and gallantry. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>John Hardy</span>, acted as field trumpeter
+to Lieutenant-Colonel White, C.B., during the action of Balaklava, and
+was consequently more exposed during the whole of that day than any
+other man in the regiment, more particularly during the charge of the
+heavy brigade.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert de Salis</span>, served
+the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava,
+Inkermann, and Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; also commanded
+the cavalry in the expedition to Kertch; in 1854 as Major of the 8th.
+Hussars; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward
+Tomkinson</span>, advanced with the light brigade to Balaklava, and led the
+squadron he commanded with courage and steadiness; he had his
+horse shot under him; he was subsequently present at the battle of the
+Tchernaya. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>William Wilson</span>, charged with the light
+brigade at Balaklava, and evinced great coolness and courage, being
+then only sixteen years of age; he was subsequently at the battle of
+the Tchernaya.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TENTH HUSSARS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>William Parlby</span>, commanded a
+brigade of cavalry in the campaign of 1855, before Sebastopol, and at
+the battle of the Tchernaya.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>John Yates</span>, was
+present in the Crimea from the commencement of the campaign until
+August, 1855; was present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann,
+and behaved gallantly; acted as brigade-major to Major-General the
+Earl of Cardigan, K.C.B., at Balaklava, and for a fortnight previously.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Davies</span>, after having passed through the battery in
+the light cavalry charge, perceiving a Russian field-piece limbered up
+to retreat, Sergeant Davis called Private John T. Bambrick, who was
+riding next him, to follow and endeavour to capture it; in going to
+perform this duty he was attacked by two Russian lancers, one of whom
+he cut down, the other shot his horse; when on the ground he received
+a lance wound on the right thigh; he then caught a loose horse and
+rejoined his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWELFTH LANCERS.—Major <span class='sc'>Thomas George Alexander Oakes</span>,
+commanded a squadron of the 12th. Lancers, detached as the escort
+of General La Marmora, at the battle of the Tchernaya.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_485'>485</span>THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Captain <span class='sc'>Percy Shawe
+Smith</span>, distinguished conduct in the light cavalry charge at Balaklava,
+on the 25th. of October, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>William Gardiner</span>, distinguished
+conduct on the same occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John Lawrenson</span>, commanded
+the 17th. Lancers at the Alma, and a brigade of cavalry in the
+campaign of 1855. Cornet <span class='sc'>James Duncan</span>, served the Eastern campaign
+of 1854–5 to the end of the war, including the affair of the Bulganak,
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava (horse killed), and Inkermann (horse
+killed), and siege of Sebastopol; was never absent from the regiment.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>A. Ranson</span>, embarked with the regiment for foreign service;
+was present at the battles of the Alma, where he distinguished himself;
+Balaklava, where he again distinguished himself by engaging
+and cutting down a Russian officer; and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol;
+was never absent from the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Major <span class='sc'>Francis Beckford Ward</span>, served at
+the siege and fall of Sebastopol; commanded the Royal Artillery at the
+battle of the Tchernaya. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Charles
+William Fortescue</span>, served at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann, and was present during the whole of the siege of Sebastopol.
+Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Henry Morris</span>, C.B., joined
+the army in October, 1854, and remained with it until the termination
+of the war; was present at the sortie on the 26th. of October, at Inkermann,
+and in the trenches; was with Marshal Bosquet at the assault
+of the Mamelon and Malakoff. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels <span class='sc'>Samuel
+Enderby Gordon</span> and the Honourable <span class='sc'>Edward Thomas Gage</span>; served
+at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and was present during the
+whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles
+Stuart Henry</span>, the siege of Sebastopol; was severely wounded (with
+siege train.) Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry John Thomas</span>; the
+siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Philip Gosset Pipon</span>, the campaign
+of 1854–5; battles of the Alma and Balaklava; siege of Sebastopol.
+Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Gaspard Le Marchant Tupper</span> and <span class='sc'>Charles Henry
+Ingilby</span>, the campaign of 1854–5; Balaklava and Inkermann, where
+they were wounded; sortie on the 26th of October, 1854; and siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Henry Peel Yates</span>, the campaign of 1854–5;
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann; sortie on the 26th. of October,
+1854; and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>James Farrell Pennycuick</span>,
+the campaign of 1854–5; battle of Inkermann and siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Alexander Cæsar Hawkins</span> and <span class='sc'>George
+Shaw</span>, served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol, the former from
+March, and the latter from January, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward
+Moubray</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battle of Inkermann; siege of
+Sebastopol; commanded a battery in the Tchernaya. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>William Wigram Barry</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battles of the
+Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_486'>486</span><span class='sc'>John Edward Michell</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma,
+Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>George Cecil Henry</span>,
+<span class='sc'>James Sinclair</span>, and <span class='sc'>Lewis William Penn</span> (with siege train); Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5; Inkermann; and siege of Sebastopol; Major
+Sinclair was very severely wounded during the siege. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>Edward Taddy</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava,
+and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Paget Walter
+L’Estrange</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol
+(with siege train.) Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Reginald Henry Champion</span> (with
+siege train), and <span class='sc'>William Gilly Andrews</span>, the campaign of 1854–5;
+battle of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William
+George Le Mesurier</span>, the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.
+Lieutenants <span class='sc'>Benjamin Geale Humfrey</span>, Sir <span class='sc'>John William Campbell</span>,
+Bart., <span class='sc'>Edward John Ward</span>, <span class='sc'>Frederick Augustus Anley</span>, <span class='sc'>Charles Orde
+Browne</span>, <span class='sc'>Henry Barlow Maule</span>, and <span class='sc'>Charles Fyshe Roberts</span>; all
+served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol; the first, second, fourth,
+and seventh from March, 1855; the third and sixth from May; and the
+fifth from April. Staff-Surgeon <span class='sc'>William Perry</span>, served at the battle of
+the Alma, the repulse of the sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and
+the battle of Inkermann; was also present throughout the whole of the
+siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeon <span class='sc'>Essex Bowen</span>, served at the
+battle of Inkermann; was also present throughout the whole of the
+siege of Sebastopol; served in the trenches from October, 1854 (the first
+bombardment) to May, 1855. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>J. Beardsley</span>, was
+present during the whole of the campaign, and served at the battles of
+the Alma and Balaklava with great zeal and gallantry. Company
+Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>J. Hamilton</span>, recommended for his bravery and distinguished
+conduct in the trenches; was also remarkable for the
+example of coolness and intrepidity he offered to others; received the
+medal for distinguished conduct in the field. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hamilton</span>,
+served in the trenches without intermission from December, 1854, to
+the fall of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Samuel Ewing</span>, served in the first,
+second, third, and fourth bombardments against Sebastopol; when in
+command of a gun in the bombardment between the 6th. and the 10th.
+of June, 1855, he exposed himself freely in the embrasures, and
+encouraged the men; was a volunteer for the spiking party which left
+the trenches to assail the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which
+occasion he lost a leg. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Daniel Dowling</span>, afterwards Lieutenant,
+military train; served throughout the whole of the Crimean
+Campaign; was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, sortie
+on the 26th. of October, 1854, and Inkermann; served as a volunteer
+in the second and third bombardments against Sebastopol; was
+wounded on the 7th. of June, 1855, and noticed for his gallant conduct
+on two occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Symons</span>, served with great gallantry
+with the eighteen-pounders at the battle of Inkermann, and distinguished
+himself repeatedly in the trenches during the siege by his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_487'>487</span>great zeal, gallantry, and good conduct; was severely wounded in
+June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Moses Hunter</span> and Bombardier <span class='sc'>Daniel Cambridge</span>,
+served in the trenches throughout the whole of the siege of
+Sebastopol; the former was distinguished for his good conduct and
+bravery in the trenches, and the latter formed one of the spiking party
+on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was severely
+wounded; Bombardier Cambridge received the Victoria Cross. Bombardier
+<span class='sc'>W. Ramsey</span>, served with zeal and distinction in the trenches
+throughout the whole siege of Sebastopol; particularly distinguished
+himself in the June bombardment in the advanced batteries of the left
+attack, where he took charge of the gun on which the heaviest fire was
+directed, and performed the duties required of him in a most gallant
+and able manner. Acting Bombardier <span class='sc'>H. Collier</span>, was present at the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and during the whole
+of the siege of Sebastopol; as a driver he was constantly engaged in
+taking ammunition to the trenches; also accompanied the expedition
+to Kinburn. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Edward O’Brien</span>, served in the
+trenches in five bombardments against Sebastopol, and with the spiking
+party (as volunteer) upon two different occasions, namely, the 18th. of
+June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Jacob
+M‘Garry</span>, served at the battle of the Alma, and was detached with the
+Turks in one of the advanced redoubts in front of Balaklava, on the
+25th. of October, 1854; upon the Turks retiring from the redoubts
+on the advance of the Russians he remained to spike the guns in his
+charge, for which conduct he received the approval of Her Majesty,
+conveyed through the Secretary of State for War. Gunner and Driver
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Arthur</span>, was present at five bombardments against Sebastopol,
+and formed one of the spiking party of artillery on the 18th. of June,
+1855, as a volunteer, on which occasion he was severely wounded.
+Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Death</span>, served in the trenches throughout the
+whole of the siege of Sebastopol, and was present with one of the two
+eighteen-pounders at the battle of Inkermann. Gunner and Driver
+<span class='sc'>John Barrett</span>, served at the battle of the Alma, and was detached with
+the Turks in one of the advanced redoubts in front of Balaklava, on
+the 25th. of October, 1854; when the Turks retired from the redoubts
+on the advance of the Russians, he remained to spike the guns in his
+charge, for which conduct he received the approval of Her Majesty,
+conveyed through the Secretary of State for War.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John William Gordon</span>, C.B., the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the battle of the Alma, and the siege
+of Sebastopol; was second in command of the Royal Engineers;
+was severely wounded on the night of the 22nd. of March, 1855.
+Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick Edward Chapman</span>, C.B., and Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Edward Stanton</span>, C.B.; the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, battles
+of the Alma, and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol.
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James Frankfort Manners Browne</span>, C.B., the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_488'>488</span>siege of Sebastopol; was engaged at the capture of the Quarries;
+was very severely wounded in the trenches on the 24th. of August,
+1855. Major <span class='sc'>Horace William Montague</span>, the Eastern Campaign
+of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol till taken prisoner on the 22nd. of
+March, 1855; rejoined the army shortly before the termination of
+the siege. Major <span class='sc'>Fairfax Charles Hassard</span>, the siege of Sebastopol;
+expedition to Kertch. Major <span class='sc'>Charles Brisbane Ewart</span>,
+the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann,
+and siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>Francis Horatio De Vere</span>, the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and the siege of Sebastopol.
+Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Wilbraham Oates Lennox</span>, rendered distinguished service
+during the siege of Sebastopol; has received the decoration of the
+Victoria Cross. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Arthur Leary</span>, rendered distinguished
+service during the early part of the siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant
+<span class='sc'>Francis Edward Pratt</span>, rendered distinguished service during the siege
+of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>A. M‘Caughey</span>, rendered distinguished service
+on various occasions during the siege of Sebastopol, particularly at
+Egerton’s rifle-pit. Second Corporal <span class='sc'>W. Baker</span>, distinguished for his
+courage and coolness on the morning after breaking ground in the
+trenches before Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>W. Tumble</span>, rendered distinguished
+service during the siege in the trenches before Sebastopol, particularly
+on the 5th. of November, 1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>GRENADIER GUARDS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles William Ridley</span>, C.B.,
+commanded the Grenadier Guards for the first six months of the siege
+of Sebastopol, in 1855, and subsequently a brigade in the first division
+during the remainder of the siege, and till the end of the year. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Lord <span class='sc'>Arthur Hay</span>, served during the siege of Sebastopol
+from the end of 1854 until the termination of the war; a great part of
+the time as assistant adjutant-general to the first division. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Charles Napier Sturt</span>, served during the Eastern Campaign, including
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; at the latter was
+severely wounded; and siege of Sebastopol. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry William
+Verschoyle</span>, served through the whole of the campaign, and carried
+the regimental colours at Inkermann, when surrounded by the enemy.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Robert William Hamilton</span>, was wounded when carrying the
+colours at the Alma, but continued with them throughout that day;
+was with the colours again at Inkermann, when surrounded by the
+enemy. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Minor</span>, was with the colours when
+surrounded by the enemy at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Sharpe</span>,
+served with distinction both at the Alma and Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>COLDSTREAM GUARDS.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Clement William
+Strong</span>; served in the Eastern Campaign, including the battles of the
+Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Lord Augustus <span class='sc'>Charles Lennox Fitz Roy</span>; served at the
+battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and at the latter was very
+severely wounded; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Philip Sambrook
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_489'>489</span>Crawley</span> and <span class='sc'>Sir James Dunlop, Bart.</span>; were present at the
+Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the whole of the trench duty.
+Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>John Augustus Connolly</span>; served during the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854, with the 49th. regiment, including the battle of the
+Alma and siege of Sebastopol; was highly distinguished and severely
+wounded at the repulse of the sortie made on the second division on
+the 26th. of October, 1854; has received the decoration of the Victoria
+Cross. Sergeant <span class='sc'>G. Haynes</span> and Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>F. File</span>; were
+present at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the whole of the
+trench duty. After the battle of Inkermann, Lance-Sergeant File was
+sent with a party of four men to collect the wounded; having sent the
+party to camp with the wounded men, he found, when alone, twenty-nine
+Russians (three of them severely wounded) in a quarry; he took
+them prisoners, without resistance, and brought them to camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward Walker Forestier
+Walker</span>, C.B.; Commanded the Scots Fusilier Guards in the Crimea
+from the 22nd. of September to the end of the war; was at the action
+of Balaklava and Inkermann (where he was severely wounded), and the
+siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major the Honourable <span class='sc'>Wenham Clarence
+Walpole Coke</span>; served with zeal at the siege of Sebastopol, and
+distinguished himself by his coolness under fire in the trenches.
+Brevet-Major the Honourable <span class='sc'>Alexander Edward Frazer</span>; served
+during the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and part of 1855, including the
+battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Seymour John Blane</span>; served during the Eastern Campaign
+of 1854–5, including the action of Balaklava and battle of Inkermann,
+where he was severely wounded. Siege of Sebastopol. Captain <span class='sc'>John
+Scott</span>; served the Crimean Campaign with distinction, especially at
+the battle of the Alma; he was then in the 79th. regiment. He afterwards
+served before Sebastopol in the Scots Fusilier Guards, with
+credit to himself and benefit to the service. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John McBlain</span>;
+served throughout the whole campaign; he was present at the Alma,
+Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Stewart</span>;
+distinguished himself by his gallantry at the battles of the Alma,
+Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIRST REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Alexander Barry Montgomery</span>, C.B.; served through the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+and siege of Sebastopol, up to the 23rd. of August, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+the Honourable <span class='sc'>Charles Dawson Plunkett</span>;
+served during the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of
+the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Captains <span class='sc'>William
+Frederick John Rudd</span>, and <span class='sc'>William Spicer Cookworthy</span>; faithful,
+zealous, and active in the discharge of their duties throughout the
+whole campaign. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Frederick Harry Hope</span>; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_490'>490</span>Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>R. Henshall</span>
+and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William M‘Dowell</span>; faithful, zealous, and active
+in the discharge of arduous duties throughout the whole campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIRST REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Francis Gregor Urquhart</span>; was present at the siege of
+Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April, 1855. Major <span class='sc'>William James
+Gillum</span>; rendered constant, zealous, and efficient service in the trenches
+before Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September,
+1855, on which day, during the attack on the Redan, he was severely
+wounded (lost a leg). Private <span class='sc'>G. Woodhouse</span>; rendered constant,
+active, willing, and efficient service in the trenches before Sebastopol
+from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September, 1855. His claims
+to distinction were considered to entitle him to receive the French
+Military War Medal had there been more for distribution.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Thomas Van Straubenzee</span>,
+C.B.; served during the siege of Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April,
+1855, and commanded a brigade of the light division at the assault on
+the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>George
+James Ambrose</span>; displayed conspicuous bravery when in command of
+a party (two hundred) of the Buffs on the 7th. of June, 1855,
+in repelling a sortie of the enemy in their endeavour to retake the
+Quarries, when he was dangerously wounded; was also present at the
+attack and capture of the Quarries in the earlier part of the day;
+promoted to be Brevet-Major for his services on that occasion; was
+mentioned in the despatch of the 20th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John
+Fahey</span>; on the night of the 14th. of August, 1855, was one of a picket
+posted at the head of a ravine in front of a working party; the picket
+was in the open; a very heavy fire was commenced by the enemy upon
+the working party; Private Fahey was the only one of the picket who
+stood his ground, which he did all night.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Josiah Hort</span>
+and Captain <span class='sc'>Francis Fisher Hamilton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign,
+including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann and siege of
+Sebastopol; Captain Hamilton was wounded at the Alma. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Augustus Joseph Sykes</span>; was present with the head-quarters of his
+regiment during the whole Eastern Campaign; was cheerful and zealous
+in the performance of his duties during the period of the siege operations.
+Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Howley</span>; joined the head-quarters of his
+regiment in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1857; was remarkable
+for zeal and activity in the discharge of his duty on all occasions
+when under fire; remained with his regiment until the embarkation of
+the army for England in 1856. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. M‘Ardell</span>; served continuously
+with his regiment throughout the Eastern Campaign; was
+always most conspicuous for the active, cheerful, and zealous performance
+of his duty in the trenches during the winter of 1854–5;
+frequently volunteered and went on the trenches night after night
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_491'>491</span>with readiness, when (owing to excessive sickness), sufficient non-commissioned
+officers could not be found for duty. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas
+Scannells</span>; served continuously with his regiment during the whole of
+the Eastern Campaign. On the night of the 5th. of May, 1855, this
+man was on sentry in front of the advanced trench before Sebastopol,
+when a small party of the 4th. regiment, under the command of
+Captain Arnold, was surprised by a large body of Russians, who fired
+upon them (mortally wounding and taking prisoner Captain Arnold)
+and compelled them to retire; when consequent on the surprise and
+confusion which existed, some of the sentries on adjacent posts ran
+into the trench; Private Scannells, however, remained firm at his post,
+and by his example encouraged the other sentries to stand fast.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Reginald Yonge
+Shipley</span>; was present at the battle of the Alma, where he was very
+severely wounded. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Rowley Heyland</span>;
+served in the siege of Sebastopol in 1855; he was very severely
+wounded at the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855.
+Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Hugh Robert Hibbert</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of
+1854–5; the Alma (wounded), Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, assaults
+on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September; was
+wounded in the trenches, and very severely on the 8th. of September,
+1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Hope</span>; at the great explosion of the French
+siege train, on the 15th. of November, 1855, Lieutenant Hope was conspicuous
+for his coolness and activity when in charge of a fatigue party
+to cover the mill with wet blankets; the roof had been blown off, and
+one hundred and sixty tons of gunpowder were exposed to the fire of
+burning materials, rockets, etc.; he mounted the mill and by his
+courage and example saved the magazine, which was momentarily
+expected to explode, and preserved the lives of probably hundreds of
+the light division. He had previously distinguished himself at the
+assault and taking of the Quarries. He received the decoration of the
+Victoria Cross. Private <span class='sc'>William Barrack</span>; volunteered for sharpshooting
+on the 17th. of October, 1854, and continued with the sharpshooters
+until the battle of Inkermann, where he was severely wounded;
+on the 17th. of October, 1854, he was taken prisoner while out with the
+sharpshooters, and made his escape the same day. Private <span class='sc'>John
+M‘Guire</span>; on the 6th. of May, 1855, Private John M‘Guire, at the risk
+of his own life, brought in a wounded comrade who was lying in
+the Woronzoff road; to perform this meritorious act he was obliged
+to cross a considerable space of open ground, exposed to the fire of the
+Russian sharpshooters. Private John M‘Guire was also present at the
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the storming of the Quarries, and
+both the assaults on the Great Redan. Deserted since he was recommended
+for the medal, which he, in consequence, forfeited.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick D. Lister</span>;
+served during the siege of Sebastopol, from the 27th. of November,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_492'>492</span>1854, till the capture of the place. Captain <span class='sc'>William Nugent</span>; displayed
+gallant conduct in the trenches on several occasions between the
+27th. of November, 1854, and the 8th. of September, 1855; also during
+the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>P.
+Donohue</span>; displayed gallant conduct in the trenches on many occasions
+during the siege of Sebastopol; also on the 18th. of June, 1855, during
+the attack on the Cemetery.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Maurice Barlow</span>, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+Sir <span class='sc'>James Edward Alexander</span>, and Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>W. C. Trevor</span>; served in the siege of Sebastopol from January, 1855.
+Colonel Barlow was in command of a brigade at the fall of the place.
+Captain <span class='sc'>John Gittens Maycock</span>; was present with the 47th. regiment
+at the battles of the Alma, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and
+Inkermann; wounded at the Alma. Sergeant <span class='sc'>W. Hopkins</span>; particularly
+recommended by the officers of the regiment for zealous and
+exemplary conduct in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Alexander M‘Kinstry</span>;
+displayed gallant conduct on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the
+assault on the Great Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>H. Gibson</span>; displayed
+remarkable intelligence and general gallantry in the trenches throughout
+the whole time the regiment served at the siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Clark
+Kennedy</span>, C.B.; served in the siege of Sebastopol from December,
+1854, including the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Frederick Stevenson Call</span>; siege
+of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Thomas Durand Baker</span>; displayed
+great gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the assault of Sebastopol,
+and zeal in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>J. Weir</span>; displayed gallant conduct
+at the assault of Sebastopol on the 18th. of June, 1855, specially, and
+on several previous occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Warden</span>;
+served the campaign of 1844 and 1855, including the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, at both of which he was wounded; the whole
+of the siege of Sebastopol; and was also engaged at the attack on the
+Quarries, and on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Henry Turner Uniacke</span>; served the campaign of 1854 and 1855,
+present at the battle of the Alma and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol,
+including the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855. Captain <span class='sc'>George Alexander Warburton</span>; landed in the Crimea
+on the 17th. of January, 1855; served during the siege of Sebastopol,
+including the assault of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was
+never absent from his duty during this period from sickness or any
+other cause. Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>Thomas Thompson</span>; landed
+with his regiment in the Crimea; was present at the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, and during the siege of Sebastopol, until
+ordered to England on duty on the 14th. of February, 1855; was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_493'>493</span>never absent from his duty during the period of his service with the
+Eastern expedition. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Sherlock</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>John
+Halloran</span>; served during the whole of the campaign of 1854–5, during
+which period they were never absent from duty, from sickness or any
+other cause. The former was present at the Alma, Inkermann, the
+taking of the Quarries, and at the two assaults on the Redan on
+the 8th. of September, 1855, when he was slightly wounded. The
+latter was present at the Alma, Inkermann, and the assault of the 8th.
+of September, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick Horn</span>, C.B.;
+served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and
+Inkermann, at the last of which he was wounded; commanded a
+brigade during the siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>William Pollexfen
+Radcliffe</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Charles Edward Parkinson</span>; landed in the Crimea on the
+14th. of September, 1854; was present at the battles of the Alma,
+Balaklava, and Inkermann, and through the whole of the siege (except
+twenty-one days’ sick leave at Balaklava); discharged his duty at all
+times with zeal and activity. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Hector Barlow Vaughan</span>;
+landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at
+the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and throughout the whole
+of the siege of Sebastopol (except ten days sick on the heights).
+Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Whybrow</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Peter Rowe</span>; both landed
+with the expedition on the 14th. of September, 1854, and were present
+at all the actions. Colour-Sergeant Whybrow was wounded at Inkermann,
+and served through the whole of the siege operations, performing
+his duty with zeal. Private Rowe brought himself prominently to
+notice at the battle of Inkermann, in a position against a considerable
+force of the enemy, where he behaved in a very gallant
+manner, and was conspicuously in the front of the small party of
+which he was one. Was afterwards severely wounded in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Richard Sackville</span>
+(<span class='sc'>Lord West</span>), C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, including
+the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>George Neeld Boldero</span>; served the
+campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+at the last of which he was severely wounded, and siege of Sebastopol.
+Captains <span class='sc'>Henry King</span> and <span class='sc'>Richard Stephens</span>; both landed with the
+regiment at Old Fort, on the 14th. of September, 1854. The former
+was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann;
+was dangerously wounded through the neck at the latter engagement.
+The latter was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and
+was very severely wounded (arm amputated) when carrying the Queen’s
+colours in the latter battle. Each did duty in the trenches to the 5th.
+of November, 1854. Captain <span class='sc'>S. H. Clerke</span>; served in the Crimea from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_494'>494</span>the 14th. of September to the 26th. of October, 1854, and from the 27th.
+of December to the end of the war. Present at the Alma and Kinburn.
+Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>W. Fowler</span> and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>R. Ellis</span>; both
+landed with the regiment at Old Fort. The former was present
+at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; did duty
+in the trenches, and was present with his regiment throughout the
+war. The latter was present at the Alma and Inkermann (wounded in
+the arm at the latter), and did his duty in the trenches till the 11th.
+of May, 1855.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Daniel Lysons</span>, C.B.;
+served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and
+Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol; engaged in the assaults
+on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; on
+the latter occasion he was severely wounded. Major <span class='sc'>Francis Edward
+Drewe</span>; for going out to the front under a heavy fire on the evening
+of the 8th. of September, 1855, to assist in bringing in Lieutenant and
+Adjutant Dyneley, 23rd. Fusiliers, who was lying mortally wounded
+near the Redan, where he had fallen during the unsuccessful assault
+that day. This voluntary duty Major Drewe performed with the
+assistance of Corporal Shields and a party of four other volunteers.
+Major Drewe further served with credit throughout the whole of the
+siege, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; capture
+of Egerton’s Rifle-pits; capture of the Quarries; sortie on the 22nd. of
+March; assaults on the Redan, the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September,
+1855. Wounded on the 8th. of September. Captain <span class='sc'>Sydney
+Crohan Millett</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Was
+severely wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the
+Redan. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Luke O’Connor</span> and Corporal <span class='sc'>E. Luby</span>; services
+at the Alma as already detailed; the former also behaved with great
+gallantry in the assault on the Redan, the 8th. of September, 1855,
+where he was severely wounded through both thighs. The latter
+served throughout the siege, and displayed great coolness and courage
+at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he
+acted as Orderly to Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, and made himself
+very useful while on the parapet and in the ditch of the Redan.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Symonds</span>; for going out to the front of the trenches,
+right attack, with another man (since dead), and bringing in a wounded
+corporal of the 97th. regiment. Was mentioned for it by Lieutenant-General
+Sir William Codrington, K.C.B., in Divisional Orders, 7th. of
+September, 1855, as follows:—“The Lieutenant-General has great
+pleasure in referring to the good conduct of two men of the 23rd.
+regiment, named James Brown and Thomas Symons, who brought in
+from the front a corporal of the 97th. regiment, who had been severely
+wounded, and left in a very exposed position, to which they went out
+most gallantly and humanely at the risk of their own lives. The
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_495'>495</span>Commander of the Forces, in wishing their names to be publicly
+noticed, desires they may receive a gratuity of £3 each.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Frank Adams</span>, C.B.,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Julian Baumgartner</span>, C.B.; served
+the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the
+whole siege of Sebastopol, and engaged in the attack on the Cemetery
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edmund
+Gilling Hallewell</span>, unattached; served the campaign of 1854–5, the
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol.
+Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Maunsell</span>; served with the 28th. regiment in Turkey;
+landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at
+the battles of the Alma and Inkermann. Volunteered as captain to
+command the sharpshooters of the third division; was employed as
+such from the opening of the siege before Sebastopol till he was
+severely wounded on the 30th. December, 1854. Captain <span class='sc'>Sussex
+Lennox Aubrey Beauclerk Messiter</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5,
+battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and the whole siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Thomas Lynden Bell</span>; served with the 28th. regiment in
+Turkey; landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was
+present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; served at the
+siege before Sebastopol from the commencement of the operations till
+August, 1855, when he was obliged to leave on account of sickness.
+Was at the attack and occupation of the Cemetery before Sebastopol,
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>J. M‘Loughlin</span> and Private
+<span class='sc'>W. Gleeson</span>; both served with the regiment in Turkey; landed in the
+Crimea on the 14th. September, 1854; were present at the battles
+of the Alma and Inkermann, the fall of Sebastopol, and at the attack
+and occupation of the Cemetery before Sebastopol on the 18th. of June,
+1855. During the whole siege Corporal <span class='sc'>M‘Loughlin</span> was never sick or
+absent from his duty one day, and took his regular tour of the trench
+duty. On the 18th. of June he volunteered to carry a letter to the
+advanced party from Major-General Sir William Eyre, then commanding
+the attack, which duty was performed in a most gallant
+manner, under a very heavy and galling fire from the enemy. Private
+Gleeson on the same occasion volunteered for the advanced party as
+sharpshooter, and distinguished himself by carrying to the rear, from
+an advanced post, a wounded comrade, under a very heavy and galling
+fire from the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James Thomas
+Mauleverer</span>, C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5; battles of the
+Alma, Inkermann (severely wounded); sortie on the 26th. of October;
+the whole siege of Sebastopol; and was wounded in the assault on the
+Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Thomas Henry Pakenham</span>; displayed especial gallant conduct in
+leading his company to the attack at the battle of the Alma, where
+he was dangerously wounded. Major <span class='sc'>Robert Dillon</span>; rendered good
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_496'>496</span>and gallant service in the trenches before Sebastopol, and on Inkermann
+heights during the winter of 1854–5. Lieutenant and Adjutant
+<span class='sc'>Gilbert Howard Sanders</span>; the siege of Sebastopol; was twice
+wounded and lost a leg at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of
+September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>T. Shaw</span>; displayed distinguished conduct
+in the field in making a Russian mounted officer prisoner, for
+which service he was specially thanked in orders, by the General,
+on the 13th. November, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>J. Andrews</span>; for distinguished
+conduct in the field in having aided Sergeant Shaw to capture a
+Russian mounted officer, for which service he (in conjunction with the
+Sergeant) was specially thanked in orders, by the General, on the
+13th. of November, 1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>George Staunton</span>; served
+in the siege of Sebastopol from May, 1855, to the capture of the place.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George
+Valentine Edward Mundy</span>, C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, the
+Alma, Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol; was engaged
+in the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>John Elias Collings</span>; served the campaign of
+1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol; was engaged in
+the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June. Captain <span class='sc'>Alexander
+Bruce Wallis</span>; was present with his company at the battle of the
+Alma, and was called upon during the action to carry one of the
+regimental colours; while so employed he was severely wounded
+through the right thigh, and although suffering much he remained
+with the colours until the close of the action. Lieutenant the Honourable
+<span class='sc'>R. H. De Montmorency</span>; on the 8th. of September, 1855,
+Lieutenant De Montmorency went most gallantly over the parapet of
+the Redan at the commencement of the assault, cheering on the men;
+and on the same day he volunteered to lead a party to occupy some
+rifle-pits, in order to prevent their being taken by the Russians, which
+he held for some time after the attacking party had been withdrawn.
+Assistant-Surgeon <span class='sc'>Thomas Clark</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5,
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol.
+Private <span class='sc'>P. Leary</span>; was one of the first men to enter the Redan on the
+8th. of September, 1855, and after having been severely wounded in
+the head, he volunteered to assist in taking some rifle-pits, to prevent
+their being occupied by the Russians. This man was recommended
+for the French Military War Medal. Private <span class='sc'>James Bond</span>; behaved
+very gallantly after the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855,
+by volunteering to go out between the advanced works and the Redan,
+under a very heavy fire, to bring in the Honourable Edward Fitzclarence,
+of the 7th. Fusiliers, who was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>John Simpson</span> and Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Jordan</span>; both served during
+the siege of Sebastopol from the 9th. of December, 1854; the former
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_497'>497</span>was engaged at the capture of the Quarries and assault on the Redan
+on the 8th. of September, 1855; and the latter was engaged in the
+sortie on the 22nd. of March; at the capture of the rifle-pits, 19th. of
+April; and assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he
+was severely wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Abel Woodroffe Boyce</span>; for
+having at the assault on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, after
+the troops had retired to the trenches, gone out in front of the advanced
+trenches under a heavy fire of grape, and rendered great assistance in
+bringing in Lieutenant and Adjutant Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers, who was
+lying outside, severely wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Francis Peel</span>; for cool
+and gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June,
+1855, on which occasion he was wounded. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Pratt</span>;
+displayed gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan, in encouraging
+the men and assisting to carry a scaling ladder to the <i>abattis</i>, on which
+occasion he was wounded. Corporal <span class='sc'>D. Coughlan</span>; displayed gallant
+conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, in
+assisting to carry a scaling ladder to the <i>abattis</i>, when the rest of the
+bearers first employed were either killed or wounded. He also brought
+in a wounded comrade to the trenches under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James
+Pattoun Sparkes</span>, C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William
+James Loftus</span>; Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma and whole
+siege of Sebastopol; engaged in the attack on the Cemetery on the
+18th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Constantine William Septimus
+Gaynor</span>; rendered good and zealous service in the trenches before
+Sebastopol, till he was wounded severely by a rifle-ball on the 21st. of
+February, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Arthur Johnson Allix Ewen</span>; was in
+advance on the 18th. of June, 1855, in the attack and capture of the
+Cemetery by the second brigade, third division. Privates <span class='sc'>P. McGuire</span>
+and <span class='sc'>T. Reynolds</span>; both were in advance on the 18th. of June, 1855, in
+the attack and capture of the Cemetery by the second brigade, third
+division. Was one of those who reached close under the Russian
+batteries. Private M‘Guire, though severely wounded in the left hand,
+remained at his post during the whole day, firing on the Russian embrasures;
+and Private Reynolds always behaved well in the trenches
+during the siege.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Wright Hudson</span>;
+served throughout the siege of Sebastopol from the 19th. of December,
+1854. Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>Thomas Westropp Bennett</span>; displayed
+general zealous and good conduct in the trenches before
+Sebastopol during the bombardments, and was present at the attacks
+on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private
+<span class='sc'>J. M‘Cluskey</span>; on the 18th. of June, 1855, when a party of the 39th.
+regiment was stationed in the trenches overlooking the Cemetery,
+which had that day been taken possession of by the brigade under Sir
+William Eyre, cries and groans of a wounded man attracted attention.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_498'>498</span>Lieutenant Smith, in command of the party, asked for volunteers to
+accompany him to ascertain the cause. This man and another (who
+has received the French War Medal), came forward, and they brought
+in a wounded sergeant of the 38th. regiment, who had been lying there
+for several hours. This act was performed under a heavy fire, and very
+close to the Russian sentries.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Pratt</span>;
+served throughout the siege of Sebastopol, and was wounded at the
+attack on the Redan on the 18th. of September, 1855. Major <span class='sc'>George
+Skipworth</span>; campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, sortie on the 26th.
+of October, and Inkermann; the whole siege of Sebastopol. Major
+<span class='sc'>Henry Stratton Bush</span>; for having gallantly led men of his company
+to an advanced position, which he succeeded in holding against
+a superior force, at the battle of Inkermann (severely wounded.)
+Captain <span class='sc'>George Peddie</span>; for having commanded a working party,
+under a heavy fire, with zeal, determination, and courage, on duty, to
+reverse the enemy’s trenches, after the taking of the Quarries.
+Corporal <span class='sc'>W. Crawford</span>; for having on the 26th. of October, 1854,
+volunteered and been conspicuous in cutting off and taking prisoners a
+Russian officer and fourteen soldiers. Private <span class='sc'>P. Collins</span>; for being
+conspicuous in going to the front to carry off the late Colonel Carpenter,
+when mortally wounded, under a heavy fire, at the battle of Inkermann,
+and for repeated zeal in the discharge of a similar arduous duty.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Duncan Alexander
+Cameron</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; commanded
+the 42nd. regiment at the battle of the Alma, and the Highland
+Brigade at Balaklava, and during the remainder of the siege of Sebastopol;
+served on the expedition to Kertch. Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Alexander Cameron</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including
+the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Montgomery</span>; served the whole campaign in the
+Crimea, the greater part of the time on the Staff as Aide-de-Camp
+to Major-General Cameron, C.B. Was present at the battles of the
+Alma and Balaklava, and throughout the siege of Sebastopol.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Sir Peter Arthur Halkett, Bart.</span>; served with the 42nd.
+regiment in the Crimea to the 24th. of October, 1855; was present at
+the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>D. Dalgleish</span> and Private <span class='sc'>E. M‘Millan</span>; served the whole
+campaign in the Crimea; were present at the battles of the Alma and
+Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Colonel the Honourable <span class='sc'>Augustus
+Almeric Spencer</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5;
+commanded the 44th. regiment at the Alma and Inkermann, and siege
+of Sebastopol, including the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th.
+of June, 1855. Commanded the troops on the expedition to Kinburn.
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles William Dunbar Staveley</span>, C.B.; served
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_499'>499</span>the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and
+Balaklava, siege of Sebastopol, and attack on Cemetery on the 18th.
+of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William M‘Mahon</span>, and
+Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William Fletcher</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of
+1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, siege
+of Sebastopol, and attack on Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855.
+Captain <span class='sc'>Robert Baillie</span>; landed in the Crimea with the 44th. regiment;
+served throughout the whole campaign. Was present at the
+capture of Kinburn. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Arthur Wood</span>; landed in
+the Crimea with the 44th. regiment; served throughout the whole
+campaign with it, until the regiment returned to England. Was
+present and in advance at the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of
+June. Served as Adjutant to the regiment from the 29th. of January,
+1855, till the end of the siege. Private <span class='sc'>William Doole</span>; served
+throughout the campaign, except for four months, on account of
+wounds. Volunteered as a sharpshooter at the commencement of the
+siege, and was wounded in October, 1854. He again volunteered on
+the 18th. of June, 1855, for the advance guard of Major-General
+Sir William Eyre’s brigade, when he was again wounded, and particularly
+noticed. Private <span class='sc'>William Woodgate</span>; served throughout the
+whole war in the trenches. He was present at the attack on the
+Cemetery, where his gallantry was particularly noticed. Always set a
+good example to his comrades by his readiness and cheerfulness under
+the most trying circumstances during the bad winter of 1854.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Sir Robert Garrett</span>,
+K.C.B, K.H.; the siege of Sebastopol; in command of a brigade in
+the fourth division from the 8th. of November, 1854, till the end of the
+service. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Colin Frederick Campbell</span>;
+the siege of Sebastopol; was wounded in the trenches. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Nicholas Dunscombe</span>; landed with the regiment in the Crimea on the
+8th. of November, 1854, and served uninterruptedly till the end of the
+campaign. Captain <span class='sc'>George Henry Knapp</span>; was present at the battles
+of the Alma, Inkermann, and Balaklava, and served uninterruptedly
+till the end of the campaign. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>P. Cullen</span>; landed
+with the regiment in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1854, and
+was particularly noticed for gallantry in the trenches and attention
+to his duties during the campaign. Private <span class='sc'>P. Flinn</span>; never missed a
+duty in the trenches from the 8th. of November, 1854, and was remarkable
+on all occasions for gallantry and daring.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Richard
+Thomas Farren</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th.
+of October, 1854, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels
+<span class='sc'>James Villiers</span> and <span class='sc'>John Henry Lowndes</span>; served
+the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the Alma, Inkermann,
+sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole of the siege of Sebastopol,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_500'>500</span>and was engaged in the attack and capture of the Quarries on
+the 7th. of June, 1855. Captain the Honourable <span class='sc'>Bernard Matthew
+Ward</span>; distinguished himself on the morning of the 5th. of November,
+1854, in support of the pickets of the second brigade, second division.
+The conduct of this officer was particularly noticed by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Fordyce, C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry James Buchanan</span>; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th.
+of October, 1854, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>W. Grant</span> and
+Private <span class='sc'>Edward M‘Mahon</span>; distinguished themselves particularly on
+the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, by their cool and gallant conduct
+in assisting to drive the enemy from the Quarries, and repulsing his
+attacks.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Captain <span class='sc'>Wm. Henry Cairnes</span>;
+for steadiness and soldier-like conduct whilst in command of a party
+of his regiment, sent to relieve and reinforce a party of the fourth
+regiment on the night of the 22nd. of June, 1855, in the trenches
+before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Batlin</span>; for volunteering to
+join the party above referred to, and accompanying his captain.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Thornton
+Grant</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and 1855, including
+the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, the
+whole siege of Sebastopol, and rendered important service in command
+of strong working parties of the second and light divisions at the
+attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>John Hynde King</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including
+the Alma, Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole
+siege of Sebastopol; was engaged in the attack and capture of the
+Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; was severely wounded at the
+attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September (arm amputated.)
+Captain <span class='sc'>George Kemp Chatfield</span>; joined the service companies on
+the 14th. of November, 1854, and was present during the whole of the
+siege of Sebastopol; also at the assault and capture of the Quarries on
+the 7th. of June, 1855. Was mentioned in Field-Marshal Lord Raglan’s
+despatch on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the first attack on the Redan.
+Was wounded in the trenches on the 7th. of September, 1855. Captain
+<span class='sc'>William Young</span>; joined the service companies on the 14th. of November,
+1854, and was present in the Crimea during the whole siege of
+Sebastopol; the attack and capture of the Quarries on the 7th.
+of June, 1855 (wounded); attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June
+and the 8th. of September, 1855. Surgeon <span class='sc'>John Davies</span>; landed in the
+Crimea in medical charge of the 49th. regiment. Was present at the
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, with
+the exception of the last attack on the Redan. During the period the
+Army occupied Bulgaria, Surgeon Davies’s unceasing solicitude and
+attention to the sick of the regiment was attended with the most beneficial
+results, and during the whole of the campaign in the Crimea, up
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_501'>501</span>to the month of July, 1855, he was scarcely ever out of his hospital
+tending the sick and wounded. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>R. Holden</span>; was
+present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and repulse of
+sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854. Was with his regiment during
+the whole siege of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>J. Gibbons</span>; greatly distinguished
+himself on the 26th. of October, 1854, in personal encounter
+with the Russians. Was mentioned in division orders on the occasion
+by Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans, G.C.B. Was present
+during the whole campaign, including the battles of the Alma and
+Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Richard Waddy</span>, C.B., and
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Lucas Wilton</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5, including the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Edward Weare</span>;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 as Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General,
+and was severely wounded at the Alma; also was present at
+the latter part of the siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>Edward George
+Hibbert</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles
+of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant
+<span class='sc'>Montague De Salis M‘Kenzie George Augustus Clarke</span>; this officer
+was in command of a company in the advanced trench of the left
+attack before Sebastopol, in December, 1854, when the Russians made
+a sortie. He was engaged in a personal encounter with a Russian
+officer, whom he cut down with his sword, but being wounded in two
+places, he was overpowered and taken prisoner. His sword was found
+next day in front of the trench, broken in two and covered with blood.
+Lieutenant <span class='sc'>James Lamb</span>; this officer served throughout the Crimean
+Campaign, and his conduct was conspicuous on the occasion of a sortie
+made by the Russians on the advanced trench of the left attack before
+Sebastopol in December, 1854, when a few companies of the 50th.
+regiment suffered severely in repelling the attack. Private <span class='sc'>A. O’Leary</span>;
+this man (with another, since dead) volunteered to go out to look for
+the body of the captain of his company, who was supposed to have
+been killed in December, 1854, when the Russians made a strong sortie
+on the advanced trench of the left attack. The Russians were repelled,
+but (the night being very dark) it was some time before it was
+ascertained that the works were completely cleared of them. However,
+this man at once proposed to go out from the second parallel
+to look for his captain; he was permitted to do so. His captain had
+been taken prisoner. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Reghan</span>; served throughout the
+Crimean Campaign, and was remarkable for his coolness under fire
+when in the trenches before Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Warren</span>, C.B.;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the
+Alma, and Inkermann (where he commanded a brigade and was severely
+wounded), and took part in the sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_502'>502</span>was present during the latter part of the siege of Sebastopol in 1855.
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alfred Capel Cure</span>; the siege of Sebastopol in
+1855. Commanded the regiment in the assaults on the 18th. of June
+and the 8th. of September, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Byrne Johnson</span>;
+served from the 22nd. of November, 1854, to the end of the war,
+including the siege of Sebastopol and the trenches; was severely
+wounded at the final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855, where he distinguished himself, as on several other occasions, by
+his forward gallantry. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>James Scott</span>; landed in Turkey
+with the regiment in May, 1854; served at the battles of the Alma and
+Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and in the trenches, including the
+repulse of the sortie on Inkermann heights on the 26th of October,
+1854, and the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; was
+wounded, and mentioned in the despatches for his distinguished
+gallantry. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Meara</span>; landed with the regiment in Turkey,
+in May, 1854; served in the Crimea during the whole campaign, including
+the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; took part in the
+repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the 26th. of October, 1854, and
+served in the trenches generally; distinguished himself particularly by
+his gallantry at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855, where he was severely wounded. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. O’Donnell</span>;
+landed with the regiment in Turkey, in May, 1854; was present at the
+battle of the Alma (severely wounded); served in the trenches, and
+distinguished himself at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September,
+1855, when he was again severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Alfred
+Street</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the
+battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the whole of the siege of Sebastopol,
+and expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Gerald John
+Forsyth</span>; this officer’s conduct on every occasion when under fire, from
+the 23rd. of September, 1854, to the end of the siege, on the 8th. of
+September, 1855; was most conspicuous for gallantry and coolness.
+On the 18th. of June, when one of the assaulting party, he remained
+with three or four men of his company close under the <i>abattis</i> of the
+Redan, awaiting reinforcements. These men kept up a constant fire
+at the embrasures, and Captain Forsyth himself remained with them
+until the whole of their ammunition was exhausted, when, finding no
+support come to their aid, he retired to the trenches. Lieutenant
+<span class='sc'>Alfred Frederick Adolphus Slade</span>; this officer volunteered to join
+the service companies in the field on the 15th. of November, 1854, and
+obtained permission to do so without joining the depôt. His conduct
+was marked by conspicuous bravery during his service in the trenches
+from the above date to the 18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely
+wounded in front of the Redan. Although suffering from a severe
+wound in the shoulder, and directed to go back to the trenches, he
+continued to encourage the men to advance under a heavy fire from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_503'>503</span>the Russian batteries, until he was struck again, and, the attack having
+failed, he retired with the remainder of the regiment. Drummer
+<span class='sc'>M. Norton</span>; landed with the regiment at Katcha River on the 22nd.
+of September, 1854, and was present at Inkermann, Balaklava, and
+during the siege of Sebastopol; at the assaults on the 18th. of June
+and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>J. Healy</span>; was recommended
+for the medal and gratuity for his very distinguished conduct throughout
+the whole period of his service in the Crimea, namely, from the
+23rd. of September, 1854, to June, 1856, and more particularly at the
+assault of the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he remained in
+advance of the trenches, with Major Forsyth and two or three other
+men, until the whole of his ammunition was expended. He did not
+receive the medal on that occasion, because the whole amount of
+gratuities allowed the regiment were expended.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Trollope</span>, C.B.,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William Lennox Ingall</span>, C.B.—Both served
+the siege of Sebastopol from the 13th. of November, 1854. Colonel
+Trollope was in command of a brigade in the second division up to
+July, and afterwards as a Brigadier-General; also in command of one
+in the third division. Lieutenant-Colonel Ingall was severely wounded
+at the storming of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Major
+<span class='sc'>Charles Cooch</span> and Captain <span class='sc'>George Hampden Wilkieson</span>;
+for long service in the trenches before Sebastopol. Major Cooch was
+mentioned in the despatches of General Sir James Simpson, G.C.B.
+Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Warren</span> and Private <span class='sc'>J. Farrell</span>; for capturing a French
+soldier who was deserting to the enemy from the advanced trenches on
+the 22nd. of February, 1855, they being at the time exposed to a heavy
+fire from the enemy’s advanced posts, and for which service they
+received the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief in the Crimea.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable
+<span class='sc'>Robert Alexander George Dalzell</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann,
+and the first part of the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Charles Edward Fairclough</span>; served the Eastern Campaign
+of 1854; the Alma, and Inkermann; at the latter he was severely
+wounded. Captain <span class='sc'>F. T. Logan Paterson</span>; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and
+Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; also in expeditions to Kertch and
+Kinburn. Private <span class='sc'>P. Ceaton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5,
+including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; expedition
+to Kertch; assault and fall of Sebastopol; capture of Kinburn.
+At the battle of Inkermann, Private Ceaton attacked and stabbed two
+Russians. Was himself wounded, but refused to leave the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Smith</span>, C.B.;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the
+Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_504'>504</span><span class='sc'>George Macbeath</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of
+1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege
+of Sebastopol. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Sheffield Grace</span>; under the command of
+a captain in the 63rd. regiment, Lieutenant Grace took post at the
+<i>chevaux-de-frize</i>, in front of the position in the Woronzoff road, with
+only one man to support him, the remainder (of a party of twelve)
+having fallen back in consequence of the heavy fire. Lieutenant
+<span class='sc'>Francis De Luttrell Saunderson</span>; on the 11th. of May, 1855, Lieutenant
+Saunderson was actively engaged repelling a sortie. The night
+was wet and stormy, and some of the rifles were difficult to load, and
+this officer particularly distinguished himself by assisting the men in
+loading. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel Burrows</span>; on the morning of the 22nd. of
+November, 1854, in broad daylight under a heavy fire from the enemy,
+he proceeded from the rifle-pits, in company with another man, to
+bring in a wounded officer of the rifle brigade. This occurred in the
+left attack of the siege of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>J. Magner</span>; when on
+duty in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 11th. of May, 1855,
+during a sortie, when volunteers were called for by Captain Hamilton
+to charge the enemy, Private Magner was one of the first to leap on the
+parapet, and say, “Here is one, sir.” He afterwards volunteered to
+go out on patrol to see that the enemy had all retired. On another
+occasion, when on duty in the fourth parallel, he was wounded in the
+hip, and though told by an officer and surgeon to go home, he refused,
+saying, “The Russians are coming out, and I would sooner stay with
+my company.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Captains <span class='sc'>Frederick J. Colin
+Halkett</span> and <span class='sc'>John Otway Wemyss</span>; rendered general good service
+in the trenches before Sebastopol, and at Kertch. Privates <span class='sc'>H.
+Gourley</span> and <span class='sc'>J. Cathcart</span>; rendered general good service; both
+slightly wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Parke</span>;
+in the Crimea from the 13th. of June, 1855, to the end of the war.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>George Harry Smith Willis</span> and Captain <span class='sc'>Richard Butler Willington</span>;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of
+the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeons
+<span class='sc'>Robert Graves Burton</span> and <span class='sc'>Alexander Humfrey</span>; for distinguished
+courage in the trenches during the whole siege of Sebastopol, where
+they were exposed, under fire, and in presence of the enemy, to as
+much danger as executive officers, and where their humanity to the
+wounded was valuable and constant. Sergeant <span class='sc'>R. Bushell</span> and
+Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>G. Brown</span>; for conspicuous courage under fire in the
+presence of the enemy, in every action, sortie, or attack during the
+whole war.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonels <span class='sc'>John
+Douglas</span>, C.B., and <span class='sc'>Richard Chambre Hays Taylor</span>, C.B., and BrevetLieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_505'>505</span><span class='sc'>Robert Douglas Clephane</span>; served the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava,
+and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonels Douglas and Clephane
+served in the expedition to Kertch. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Holford
+Stevenson</span>; was employed on important duty in the advanced trenches
+the night preceding the fall of Sebastopol, while on the Staff of Lieutenant-General
+Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.B. Also present at the battles
+of the Alma and Balaklava. Quartermaster <span class='sc'>R. Jameson</span>; was present
+at the battle of the Alma; acted as a volunteer subaltern at the action
+of Balaklava; rendered constant good and gallant service under fire in
+the trenches before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Anderson</span> and Private
+<span class='sc'>W. Campbell</span>; were present at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava,
+and rendered constant good and gallant service in the trenches before
+Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Horatio Shirley</span>, C.B.,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Vaughan Maxwell</span>, C.B.; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the battles of the Alma and Inkermann;
+siege of Sebastopol; attack on the Quarries. The former was general
+officer in the trenches at the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June,
+1855, and at the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and commanded
+a brigade at the assault on the 8th. of September. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Maxwell also commanded the 88th. regiment at the assaults on
+the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September, 1855, and
+at the last he was severely wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward
+John Vesey Brown</span> and Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Gore</span>; served the
+Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward Gilling Maynard</span>; for leading
+the men under his orders into the Russian works (called the Quarries)
+in a most gallant manner, on the night of the 7th. of June, 1855.
+Captain <span class='sc'>John Edward Riley</span>; for gallant conduct at Inkermann. He
+was most active in rallying his men when retreating; also was most
+active during the action, as Adjutant. He likewise behaved exceedingly
+well on picket, in the Middle Ravine, in the beginning of October,
+1854, when the enemy advanced upon him on a certain occasion.
+Lieutenant <span class='sc'>George Priestly</span>; was very conspicuous in the attack on
+the Redan, leading the Grenadier company in a dashing manner.
+Private <span class='sc'>J. Sullivan</span>; displayed general activity and gallantry during
+the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, in the attack on the Quarries.
+Private <span class='sc'>W. Durwoode</span>; this man, with only one other, answered to
+the call of Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, to rally round a gun, when the
+regiment was repulsed at the beginning of the battle of Inkermann.
+He served throughout the whole campaign, and was at last wounded in
+the attack on the Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Caledon
+Richard Egerton</span> and Major <span class='sc'>Robert B. Hawley</span>; served the siege of
+Sebastopol till the end of the service; the former from the 17th. of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_506'>506</span>December, 1854, and the latter from the 31st., of January, 1855.
+Major <span class='sc'>Leslie Skynner</span>; landed in the Crimea on the 15th. of December,
+1854, and performed good service in the trenches during the whole
+campaign. Corporal <span class='sc'>P. Scott</span>; landed with the regiment in the Crimea
+on the 15th. of December, 1854. Never missed a tour of duty in the
+trenches until after the 5th. of December, 1855, when he was wounded
+severely by a piece of shell in the right knee.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Thomas
+Smith</span>; served the siege of Sebastopol from the 5th. of December, 1854,
+till the end of the service. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>James Perrin</span>; rendered uninterrupted
+service with his regiment from its arrival in the Crimea
+until its embarkation for England, in June, 1856. Never missed
+a tour of duty in the trenches. In reserve during the attack on the
+Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Assault on the Redan, on the
+8th. of September. Captain <span class='sc'>James Herne Wade</span>; landed in the
+Crimea with his regiment; was always present, except during a short
+period when laid up with fever at Scutari. Was at the assault of the
+Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely wounded.
+Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>A. Kirkland</span>; displayed gallant conduct at the
+assault of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, he being one of
+the first soldiers who entered that battery. Went to the assistance
+of Sergeant-Major Moynihan (afterwards Ensign) and Major Rowlands,
+41st regiment, when attacked by five or six of the enemy, and shot
+three Russians dead as fast as he could load and fire. Also went to the
+assistance of Lieutenant Swift, 90th regiment. Was wounded in the
+Redan and left there after the troops had retired, but subsequently
+fought his way out. Private <span class='sc'>W. Smith</span>; accompanied his regiment to
+the Crimea, and served uninterruptedly till the fall of Sebastopol.
+Was present at the capture of the rifle-pits on the 18th. of April, 1855,
+and at the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where
+he was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William
+Bernard Ainslie</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and
+part of 1855; the Alma, Balaklava, and latter part of the siege of
+Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Alexander Ewart</span>;
+served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and
+entire siege of Sebastopol, except while employed in the expedition to
+Kertch. Captain <span class='sc'>James Dalzell</span>, Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Richard Augustus
+Cooper</span>, and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>G. Allan</span>; served without interruption
+throughout the campaign, and showed on all occasions conspicuous
+zeal and gallantry. Lance-corporal <span class='sc'>J. Robertson</span>: served throughout
+the whole campaign, and was conspicuous as a volunteer upon two
+occasions, once in repairing damages in an advanced trench under a
+heavy fire, and once in accompanying his captain by night to reconnoitre
+a trench near the Redan, believed to be occupied by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alfred
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_507'>507</span>Thomas Hayland</span>, C.B., served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 at
+the Alma, where he was severely wounded, and arm amputated; siege
+of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Julius Augustus Robert Raines</span>; served
+with zeal and distinction from the opening of the Crimean Campaign.
+Was engaged at the battle of the Alma; was present at the repulse of
+a sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and battle of Inkermann as an
+assistant engineer, and in the trenches; also at the battle of the
+Tchernaya. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Alexander James John Macdonald</span>;
+ordered Private James Murphy, who had volunteered to protect him,
+when wounded, to retire and leave him, when overpowered by numbers
+of the enemy, by whom he was afterwards wounded in eighteen
+different parts of the body on the 5th. of November, 1854. Captain
+<span class='sc'>Basil Charles Boothby</span>; served the campaign of 1854. Severely
+wounded at the battle of the Alma (foot amputated.) Colour-Sergeant
+<span class='sc'>F. Cluney</span>; discovered and dug out of the ground a number of
+fougasses laid by the enemy, and by the explosion of some of which
+several men were wounded on the 9th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>James
+Keenan</span>; seized the Queen’s colours, and planted them in a Russian
+battery on the 20th. of September, 1854, the officer who had previously
+carried them having been wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Major <span class='sc'>Fowler Burton</span>;
+served in the siege of Sebastopol from the 20th. of November, 1854.
+Captain <span class='sc'>George Henry Hibbert Ware</span>; for having highly distinguished
+himself (when Lieutenant) on the night of the 30th. of August,
+1855, having been ordered out with a party under Captain Brinkley to
+retake a sap, and bring in the wounded who were lying under the
+enemy’s rifle-pits, which duty he was performing in a gallant manner,
+when he received a severe wound which obliged him to retire. This
+officer did duty in the trenches from the 28th. of November, 1854, to
+the 30th. of August, 1855, under trying circumstances, in a most unflinching
+manner. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Charles Henry Browne</span>; distinguished
+himself at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855,
+having entered that work, where he was slightly wounded. He did
+duty in the trenches from the 4th. of May, 1855, to the end of the
+siege, and was remarkable for the soldier-like manner in which he
+always did his duty, although a young officer, with but little experience.
+Sergeants <span class='sc'>M. Kemmy</span> and <span class='sc'>W. Moore</span>; for having highly distinguished
+themselves on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the Redan,
+having been severely wounded inside that work. The former was
+mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch for his general gallantry on
+that occasion; did duty in the trenches from November, 1854, to the
+end of the siege, and was distinguished on several other occasions;
+and the latter was taken prisoner inside the Redan. Sergeant Moore
+likewise did duty in the trenches from November, 1854, to the end of
+the siege, and was remarkable for the unflinching manner in which he
+did his duty under very trying circumstances.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_508'>508</span>RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Colonel <span class='sc'>William
+Sherbrook Ramsay Norcott</span>, C.B.—Served in the Eastern Campaign
+of 1854–5, including the Alma and entire siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Alfred Hastings Horsford</span>, C.B., (now Deputy
+Adjutant-General to the Forces, and K.C.B.); served in the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854, including the Alma and Inkermann, and first part
+of the siege of Sebastopol, until compelled to return to England on
+account of ill-health, after which he commanded the third battalion.
+Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alexander Macdonell</span>, C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='sc'>Charles John Woodford</span>; served in the Eastern
+Campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and
+siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Lord Alexander
+George Russell</span>; served in the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Brevet-Major
+the Honourable <span class='sc'>James Stuart</span>; was present with the army
+during the whole war, having embarked with the second battalion for
+Varna, and was afterwards promoted into the first battalion. He was
+present at the Alma as aide-de-camp to Colonel Norcott, in command
+of the left wing of the second battalion. Served during the siege in
+the first battalion, and commanded the storming party on the 18th. of
+June, for which he received his brevet rank. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>George
+Robert Saunders</span>; joined the battalion in December, 1854, before
+Sebastopol, and performed his duties without interruption to the end
+of the war; was present (under Major Stuart), with the covering party
+on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>J. Rudling</span>; was present at the
+Alma, Inkerman, Balaklava, sortie on the Woronzoff road, the storming
+party on the 18th. of June, and when the advanced party in the
+graveyard was attacked; also accompanied Major-General Windham
+on a reconnoitring party at the commencement of the siege. Was
+present at the front with the battalion from the landing in the Crimea
+until the withdrawal of the army. Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Tarrant</span>; volunteered,
+on the 17th. of October, to lie out in front of the works, to keep
+down the enemy’s fire. He was present at the sorties on the 13th. of
+August, 1855, and served through the whole of the campaign without
+leaving the front.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Fitz
+Roy William Fremantle</span>; joined in the Crimea on the 1st. of December,
+1854, and did duty in the trenches from that date until the 18th.
+of June, 1855. Was present at the last sortie made on the Quarries on
+the 8th. of June. Commanded the woolsack party of the right column
+of attack on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which occasion he was severely
+wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Croft Moore</span>; joined in the Crimea on
+the 10th. of June, 1855, and served in the trenches until the fall of
+Sebastopol. On the attack of the 8th. of September he commanded an
+advanced party of about thirty men, which was pushed forward for the
+purpose of keeping down the fire of some embrasures on the proper
+right of the Redan, which enfiladed the attack. He was mentioned in
+General Simpson’s despatch. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Cherry</span>; two men employed
+as sharpshooters having ventured down to the gardens near the
+Woronzoff road, in July, 1855, one of them was wounded and disabled.
+Sergeant Cherry went to his assistance under a heavy fire, and returned
+to report that it was impossible to remove him during daylight. When
+it was sufficiently dark, he headed a party, and brought in the wounded
+man. Volunteered for secret service on the 6th. of September, 1855.
+Was wounded in four places. Served during the whole campaign.
+Private <span class='sc'>E. Tarvish</span>; served with great gallantry during the whole
+campaign in the Crimea, especially in the assault of the 8th. of September,
+1855, on which occasion he entered the Redan and was taken
+prisoner.</p>
+
+<div id='i509fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_509fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Turkish War Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_509'>509</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE TURKISH WAR MEDAL.<a id='r174'></a><a href='#f174' class='c013'><sup>[174]</sup></a></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal was distributed generally to the allied forces. On
+the obverse are the four flags of France, Turkey, England, and
+Sardinia, and beneath is a map of the Crimea spread over
+a gun wheel, which rests upon the Russian flag; a mortar
+and anchor, etc., are arranged alongside. The word “Crimea,”
+and the date, 1855, are under all. On the reverse is the
+Sultan’s cypher, beneath which is inscribed “Crimea” in Turkish,
+and lower still is the year of the Hegira, 1271, written from
+right to left, corresponding with the year 1855. Ribbon crimson,
+with light green edges. These medals were issued without
+names, or regiments, engraved, or indented on them. There
+is a variation in the arrangement of the flags; in those medals
+intended for the Sardinian forces the flag of that country is
+next to that of Turkey, and the words “La Crimée,” with
+the date, are inserted. This, it is needless to state, is Italian,
+and many of the medals first issued to the British soldiers
+are of that pattern, arising probably from the demand being
+greater than the supply, or from the fact of a number of them
+being lost in consequence of the wreck of the vessel conveying
+them to this country. The medal issued to the French army
+has the flag of that nation next to that of Turkey, corresponding
+with the Sardinian and British, and inscribed “La Crimée.”
+Those supplied to the latter are like the engraving, and although
+the difference is but slight, yet the reason of it may not be
+uninteresting.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_510'>510</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal and the gratuity adverted to in the list of recipients
+of the Sardinian Medal, and also in the list of the
+recipients of the French Medal, were authorized by the Royal
+Warrant of the 4th. of December, 1854, with the special view
+of marking the Sovereign’s sense of the distinguished service
+and gallant conduct in the field, of the army then serving in
+the Crimea, under Field-Marshal Lord Raglan. By its provisions
+the commanding officer of each regiment of cavalry was allowed
+to recommend one sergeant, two corporals, and four privates;
+and the commanding officer of each regiment of infantry, and
+of each battalion of the Foot Guards, and of the Rifle Brigade,
+was permitted to select one sergeant, four corporals, and ten
+privates, to receive a medal and a gratuity of fifteen pounds
+for a sergeant, for a corporal ten pounds, and for a private five
+pounds. The gratuity was to be placed in the regimental
+savings’ bank, there to remain in deposit at interest until the
+discharge of the soldier, and to be considered his personal
+property. On the obverse of the medal are the Royal Arms, surmounted
+by a cuirass and helmet, and surrounded with helmets,
+cannon, shot, drums, trumpets, muskets, swords, and flags;
+and on the reverse is inscribed “For Distinguished Conduct
+in the Field.” The ribbon is red and ribbed, with a broad blue
+stripe in the centre. This medal has since been awarded to
+soldiers for services performed during the Indian Mutiny and
+subsequent campaigns. The name of the recipient, with his
+rank and regiment, are indented on the edge of the medal,
+and in most cases the date of the action for which the medal
+was given.</p>
+
+<div id='i510fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_510fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='i511fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_511fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_511'>511</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE VICTORIA CROSS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The year 1856 was memorable for the establishment of a
+decoration to which all ranks of the army and navy might
+aspire. It was instituted by a warrant dated June 29th.,
+1856, and revised April 23rd., 1881. This new reward of
+valour appropriately bears the name of the “Victoria Cross,”
+and its value is heightened by the fact of the Queen personally
+conferring the distinction, when the recipient happens
+to be in this country. It consists of a Maltese cross of bronze,
+attached by the letter V to a bar, on which a sprig of laurel
+is embossed. On the obverse, in the centre is the British
+Lion and Crown, and beneath it a scroll, bearing the inscription
+“For Valour;” the reverse is plain, the name and
+corps of the recipient being engraved on the bar to which
+the ribbon is attached, and the date of the act of bravery
+in the centre of the Cross. The ribbon for the army is
+red, whilst for the navy it is blue. All are placed on an
+equal footing as regards eligibility for this decoration, as
+neither rank, long service, wounds, nor any other circumstance
+whatever, save conspicuous bravery, can establish a
+claim to the honour. Every non-commissioned officer or
+soldier is entitled to a special pension of ten pounds a
+year from the date of the act by which the decoration was
+gained. Should further acts of bravery be performed by the
+recipient, which, had he not already received the Cross,
+would have entitled him thereto, additional bars attached to
+the ribbon are accorded, carrying with them further pensions
+of five pounds per annum for each. The same of course holds
+good for the navy. The names of recipients are published
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_512'>512</span>in the “London Gazette,” and a registry thereof is kept in
+the office of the Secretary of State for War. The following
+is a list, arranged alphabetically, of the winners of the
+Cross since its institution to the present time (1892), giving
+the date when, and the campaign in which, the act of
+bravery was performed, with a brief notice of the same,
+and the rank the recipient eventually attained.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ablet</span>, Sergeant A., Grenadier Guards. Sept. 2, 1855. Throwing
+outside trench a live shell from the midst of a number of ammunition
+cases, which burst as it touched the ground.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Adams</span>, Rev. J. W., Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment, Killa Kazi,
+Afghanistan. Dec. 11, 1879. Rescuing from drowning some of the 9th.
+Lancers, in the immediate presence of the enemy, under a heavy fire,
+and up to his waist in water.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Addison</span>, Private H., 43rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Jan. 2, 1859. Defending
+and saving the life of Lieut. Osborne. Addison received two
+wounds and lost a leg in this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Aikman</span>, Colonel F. R., 4th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny,
+March 1, 1858. Routing a body of 500 rebel infantry, 200 horse, and
+two guns, which he captured, with only 100 of the 3rd. Sikh Cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Aitken</span>, Colonel R. H. M., late of the 13th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+Indian Mutiny, 1857. Various gallant acts during defence of Lucknow
+Residency, among others saving a powder magazine from explosion,
+capturing guns, etc., from June 30 to Nov. 22, 1857.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Alexander</span>, Private J., 90th. Foot. Redan, June 18 and Sept. 6, 1855.
+Bringing in wounded men on two occasions, under heavy fire, one
+being Capt. Buckley, Scots Fusilier Guards.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Allen</span>, Corporal W., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+Jan. 22, 1879. Severely wounded in defending the hospital till the
+patients were removed. <i>See</i> Private F. Hitch.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Anderson</span>, Corporal C., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Oct.
+8, 1857, and Trumpeter T. Monaghan. Saving the life of Lieut.-Col.
+Seymour, C.B., commanding the regiment, when cut down and surrounded
+by a body of mutineers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Anson</span>, Brevet-Lieut.-Col. A. H. A., 84th. Regiment. Indian Mutiny,
+Sept. 28 and Nov. 16, 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Bolundshahur,
+and the storming of the Secundra Bagh at Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Arthur</span>, Gunner T., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, June 7 and 18,
+1855. Carrying barrels of ammunition to the 7th. Fusiliers, several
+times, under fire, and volunteering for the spiking party at the assault
+on the Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ashford</span>, Private J., Royal Fusiliers. Candahar, Aug. 16, 1880. Assisting
+in removing wounded, under a heavy fire. <i>See</i> Lieut. Chase.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Baker</span>, Lieutenant C. G., Bengal Police Batt. Indian Mutiny, Sept.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_513'>513</span>27th., 1858. For gallant conduct in an attack on 1000 mutineers at
+Suhejnee, near Peroo, which ended in the rout of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bambrick</span>, Private V., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, May 6th., 1858.
+For conspicuous bravery at Bareilly, where he was attacked by three
+Ghazees, and though wounded twice, cut down his assailants.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Banks</span>, Cornet W. G. H., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Dec. 31,
+1858. Cross provisionally conferred upon him by the Commander-in-Chief
+in India, for his gallantry in thrice charging a body of fanatics,
+who had rushed upon the guns near Lucknow, but he died from his
+wounds before the recommendation was confirmed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Beach</span>, Private T., 55th. Foot. Inkermann, Nov. 5, 1854. Defending
+Lieut.-Colonel Carpenter, 41st., when wounded, from the attacks
+of several Russians, two of whom he killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Captain M. S., Royal Engineers. Ordashu, Ashanti, Jan. 4,
+1874. Gallantry in encouraging an unarmed party of Fantees to
+work under fire without a covering party.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Private David, 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Island of Little Andaman,
+May 7, 1867. For the gallant manner in which, with Surgeon
+Douglas and three other privates, he manned a boat, and rowed
+through a dangerous surf to the rescue of seventeen officers and men
+from almost certain destruction. <i>See</i> Surgeon C. M. Douglas.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Captain E. W. D., 23rd. Fusiliers. Alma, Sept. 20, 1854. The
+first to capture a Russian gun, which was limbered up and being
+driven off. During the battle he succeeded to the command of the
+regiment, all his senior officers being killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Beresford</span>, Lord W. L. de la Poer, 9th. Lancers. Umvolosi River,
+Zululand, July 3rd., 1879. For his gallant conduct in mounting
+Sergt. Fitzmaurice, 24th. Foot, behind him on his horse, and bringing
+him off, under a close and heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bergin</span>, Private J., 33rd. Foot. April 13, 1868, and Michael Magner,
+Drummer of the same regiment. For their gallantry in the assault of
+Magdala, being the first to enter the fortress, by climbing a cliff and
+forcing their way through a strong fence, and over the wall.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Berryman</span>, Major J., 17th. Lancers. Alma and Balaklava. For
+distinguished conduct in the above battles. At Balaklava, his horse
+being shot under him, he remained on the field with Capt. Webb, who
+was wounded, under a heavy fire, and refused to leave him till he was
+placed in safety. He has also a bar for bravery at Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Blair</span>, Colonel J., 2nd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Indian Mutiny,
+Aug. 12 and Oct. 23, 1857. For volunteering to apprehend armed
+rebels at Neemuch, who had barricaded themselves in a house, the door
+of which he burst open. At Jeerum he fought his way through a body
+of rebels who had surrounded him, and his sword breaking, he, though
+wounded, charged at the head of his men with his broken sword, and
+routed the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_514'>514</span><span class='sc'>Blair</span>, Lieutenant R., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Sept.
+28, 1857. For attacking a body of about sixty rebel cavalry, with a
+sergeant and twelve men. He killed four of the enemy himself, and
+though severely wounded, retreated without losing a man.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boyle</span>, Major A. C., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 29, 1857.
+Leading the way into a loopholed house occupied by the enemy, at
+Oonao, in which service he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Booth</span>, Colour-Sergt. A., 80th. Foot. South Africa, March 12, 1879.
+In the Zulu attack on the Intombi river, he rallied a few men, and
+covered the retreat of fifty soldiers for three miles, before an overwhelming
+force of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boulger</span>, Major A., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857. “For distinguished
+bravery and forwardness as a skirmisher, in all the twelve
+actions fought between July 12 and Sept. 22, 1857.”—<i>From Orders of
+Major-General Sir H. Havelock.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bourchier</span>, Colonel C. T., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, Nov. 20, 1854.
+For distinguished bravery at the capture of the rifle-pits. (His conduct
+was recorded in the French General Orders).</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boyes</span>, D. G., Midshipman, H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki, Japan,
+Sept. 6, 1864. Carrying the colours in the face of a heavy fire, at the
+capture of a stockade, both his colour-sergeants having been wounded
+(one mortally). The colours were six times pierced with balls.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bradshaw</span>, Private J., 2nd. Batt. Rifle Brigade. Crimea, April 22,
+1855. With another rifleman carrying a rifle-pit in broad daylight.
+He also received the French War Medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bradshaw</span>, W., Assist.-Surgeon 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+Sept. 26, 1857. For his intrepidity, with Surgeon Home of the
+90th., in removing the wounded men of the column that forced its way
+into Lucknow; in close proximity to the enemy, and abandoned by the
+dhooly bearers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Brennan</span>, Bombardier J., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, April 3,
+1858. For his gallantry at the assault of Jhansi, in bringing up two
+guns, under a heavy fire, and so directing them as to compel the enemy
+to abandon their battery.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bromhead</span>, Major G., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, Jan. 22 and
+23, 1879. For his gallant conduct with Lieutenant J. R. Chard, R. E.,
+at the defence of Rorke’s Drift, against an enormously superior force
+of Zulus.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Brown</span>, Lieut.-Colonel F. D. M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers.
+Indian Mutiny, Nov. 16, 1857. For his gallantry at Narrioul, where,
+at the risk of his life, he carried off a wounded soldier, under a heavy
+fire, with the enemy’s cavalry close upon him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Trooper P., Cape Mounted Rifles, Zululand, April 8, 1879.
+For carrying water to wounded men at the assault on Moirosi’s Mountain,
+under fire, in which service he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Captain E. S., 1st. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, March 29,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_515'>515</span>1879. Saving life of a soldier at Inhlobana, by twice returning towards
+pursuing enemy under heavy fire, and assisting him to mount
+his horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Colonel H. G., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 24, 1857.
+Leading sortie during siege of Lucknow Residency, to spike two guns,
+protected by palisades and the embrasures fitted with sliding shutters.
+He removed the shutters and spiked the guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Lieut.-General Sir S. J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B., K.C.S.I.</span>, Commandant of
+the 2nd. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 31, 1858. For attacking
+at Seerporah, with one orderly, the gunners of a 9-pounder, and
+preventing gun being served until captured by his men. In this service
+he was severely wounded, his left arm being severed at the shoulder
+by a sword cut.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buckley</span>, Captain C. W., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855. Twice
+undertaking the desperate service of firing Russian stores, at Genitchi
+and Taganrog, in a four-oared gig, in the face of 3000 Russian troops.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buckley, J.</span>, Assistant-Comm. of Ordnance, Bengal Establishment.
+Indian Mutiny, May 11, 1857. Defending Delhi magazine against the
+mutineers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buller</span>, Colonel Sir R. H., <span class='fss'>C.B., K.C.M.G.</span>, 60th. Rifles. Zululand,
+March 28, 1879. For saving lives of two officers—Capt. D’Arcy and
+Lieut. Everett, of the Frontier Light Horse—and one trooper, on the
+same day, at the retreat of Inhlobana.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Burgoyne</span>, Captain H. T., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855.
+Assisting to fire Russian stores at Genitchi, in the presence of a strong
+force of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Burslem</span>, Captain N., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, Aug. 21,
+1860. Swimming the ditch, accompanied by Private T. Lane, and
+obtaining entrance into the North Taku Fort, during the assault, in
+which both were severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Butler</span>, Major T. A., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian
+Mutiny, Lucknow, March 9, 1858. Swimming the Goomtee and climbing
+the parapet of a work and remaining there, under heavy fire, till
+the work was occupied.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Byrne</span>, Private J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3, 1858. Carrying
+in Lieut. Sewell, who was lying wounded, under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Byrne</span>, Private John, 68th. Foot. Inkermann, 1855. For bringing
+in wounded soldier under heavy fire, when the regiment was ordered to
+retire, and defending entrance of work.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bythesea</span>, Rear-Admiral J., <span class='fss'>C.B., C.I.E.</span> Island of Wardo, Baltic Sea,
+Aug. 9 and 12, 1854. Assisted by W. Johnstone, stoker, seizing
+Russian despatches from five men, three of whom they took prisoners,
+and brought on board the “Arrogant.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cadell</span>, Lieut.-Colonel T., late 2nd. Bengal European Fusiliers.
+Indian Mutiny, June 12, 1857. For his gallant conduct before Delhi,
+in bringing in two wounded soldiers under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_516'>516</span><span class='sc'>Cafe</span>, Major-General W. M., 56th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, April 15, 1858. Bearing away, under heavy fire, the body of
+Lieut. Willoughby, assisted by Privates Thompson, Crowie, Spence,
+and Cook; and going to the rescue of Spence, who was severely
+wounded in this service.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cambridge</span>, Sergeant D., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, Sept. 8, 1855.
+Volunteering for spiking party at assault on the Redan, and remaining
+when severely wounded; and bringing in a wounded man under
+heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cameron</span>, Colonel A. S., 72nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, March 30, 1858.
+For bravery at Kotah, in heading a small party against a body of armed
+fanatic rebels, strongly posted in a loopholed house, which he stormed.
+He killed three of the rebels in single combat, and was severely
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carlin</span>, Private P., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6, 1858. For
+rescuing a wounded Naick of the 4th. Madras Rifles on the field of
+battle.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Champion</span>, Sergeant-Major J., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Sept.
+8, 1858. For continuing at his duty during the pursuit at Beejapore,
+although severely wounded by a ball through his body, and for distinguished
+conduct at Gwalior.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Channer</span>, Lieut.-Colonel G. N., Bengal Staff Corps. Perak, Dec. 20,
+1875. In the command of a small party of the 1st. Ghoorka Light Infantry,
+he jumped into a strongly fortified stockade, shooting one man
+and keeping the rest at bay till his men followed him, and captured
+the place.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chaplin</span>, Colonel J. W., 67th. Foot (afterwards 8th. Hussars). Capture
+of Taku Forts, Aug. 21, 1860. Planting the colours of the regiment
+on the breach made by the storming party, assisted by Private T.
+Lane, and subsequently on the cavalier of the fort, which he was the
+first to mount. In doing this he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chard</span>, Major J. R. M., Royal Engineers. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+1879, and Major G. Bromhead. For the defence of Rorke’s Drift
+against enormously superior force. <i>See</i> Bromhead, Major G.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chase</span>, Lieutenant W. St. L., Bombay Staff Corps. Candahar, Aug.
+16, 1880, and Private J. Ashford. Carrying off wounded soldier under
+heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chicken</span>, Mr. G. B., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, Sept. 27, 1858.
+For his bravery at Suhejnee, where he charged into the middle of a
+body of rebels, and killed five before he was cut down himself.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Clifford</span>, Major-General Hon. Sir H. H., Rifle Brigade. Inkermann,
+1855. Leading a charge, in which he killed one of the enemy
+with his sword, disabled another, and saved the life of a soldier.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Clogstoun</span>, Captain H. M., 19th. Madras Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, Jan. 15, 1859. For conspicuous gallantry in charging the
+rebels at Chichumbah, with only eight men, and compelling them to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_517'>517</span>abandon their plunder. In this affair he was severely wounded, and
+seven of his men were killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cochrane</span>, Colonel H. S., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 1, 1858.
+Near Jhansi, capturing single-handed a gun under a heavy fire, and
+holding it till his company came up. Also for attacking the rear-guard
+of the enemy, when he had three horses shot under him in succession.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coffey</span>, Private W., 34th. Foot. Sebastopol, March 29th., 1855.
+Throwing live shell over the parapet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coghlan</span>, Sergeant-Major C., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 8
+and July 18, 1857. For penetrating with others into a Serai strongly
+occupied by the enemy, and removing Private Corbett, 75th. Regiment,
+who was severely wounded. Also encouraging a party to charge down
+a lane, raked with a cross fire, at Delhi, and returning under fire for
+dhoolies for wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coghill</span>, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot, Zululand, Jan. 22, 1879. Endeavouring,
+together with Lieutenant Melville, of the same Regiment, to
+save the colours of the 24th. after the disaster at Isandhlwana, in
+which duty they were both killed. (Conferred posthumously).</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coleman</span>, Sergeant J., 97th. Foot. Sebastopol, Aug. 30th., 1855.
+Defending a new sap until all his comrades had been killed or wounded,
+and carrying in a wounded soldier under fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Collis</span>, Gunner J., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand,
+July 27, 1880. For drawing enemy’s fire from wounded to himself,
+until they were removed out of danger.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Commerell</span>, Admiral, Sir J. E., k.c.b. Crimea, Oct. 11, 1855. For
+crossing the Isthmus of Arabat, with Wm. Rickard, Quartermaster,
+and Geo. Milstone, Seaman, and destroying large quantities of stores on
+the Crimean shore of the Sivash, retreating under a heavy fire of
+musketry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Conolly</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 49th. Foot. Balaklava, October
+26th., 1854. Personally encountering several Russians when in command
+on outlying picket duty, till he fell dangerously wounded. His
+conduct was highly praised in General Orders.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Connolly</span>, Gunner W., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+July 7th, 1857. For his gallantry at Jhelum, when he continued to
+serve his gun when twice severely wounded, and declined to go out
+of action. He was again, soon after shot through the leg, but continued
+to load until he fainted from loss of blood.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Connors</span>, Private J., 3rd. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855.
+Conspicuous gallantry during the assault, and rescuing a officer of the
+30th. Regiment, when surrounded by Russians. Selected by his
+company for the French war medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cook</span>, Major J., Bengal Staff Corps. Afghanistan, Peiwar Kotal,
+December 2nd., 1878. For his intrepidity in charging the enemy, who
+broke and fled, and rescuing Major Galbraith, who was personally
+engaged with an Afghan soldier.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_518'>518</span><span class='sc'>Cook</span>, Private W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th., 1859.
+At Maylah Ghaut, when all the officers were killed or wounded, and
+the colour-sergeant killed, with Private D. Miller going to the front,
+and directing the company.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cooper</span>, Boatswain H. Crimea, June 3rd., 1855. Performing
+desperate service at Taganrog, landing and firing stores in the
+presence of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cooper</span>, Private J., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman
+Island, May 7th., 1867. <i>See</i> Private D. Bell and Assistant-Surgeon
+C. M. Douglas.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Corbet</span>, Private T., 3rd. Battalion the King’s Royal Rifle Corps.
+Egypt, Kafr Dower, August 5th., 1882. Remaining under fire with
+wounded officer, and assisting to bring him in.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Craig</span>, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Redan, September 6th.,
+1855. For volunteering and collecting volunteers to go out under fire
+and search for Captain Buckley, of his regiment, and bringing in his
+body, during which duty he was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Creagh</span>, Major O’Moore, Bombay Service Corps, Afghanistan, April
+21st., 1879. Defending the village of Kam Dakka, with 150 men,
+against 1,500 Mohmunds, whom he repeatedly repulsed, till relieved.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Crimmin</span>, Surgeon J., Bombay Medical Service. Eastern Karenni,
+Burmah, January 1st., 1889. Attending to wounded under fire and
+murderous attack of Red Karens, one of whom he killed with his
+sword.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Crowe</span>, Lieutenant J. P. H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny,
+August 12th., 1857. For being the first to enter a redoubt at Bourzekee
+Chowkee, an entrenched village.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cubitt</span>, Colonel W. G., 13th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, June 30th., 1857. Saving lives of three men of the 32nd.
+regiment, at risk of his own, during retreat from Chinhut.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cunninghame</span>, Major Sir W. J. M., Bart., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol,
+November 20th., 1854. For his gallantry at the capture of the rifle-pits.
+Recorded in French General Orders.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cunyngham</span>, Captain W. H. D., Gordon Highlanders. Afghanistan,
+December 13th., 1879. For exposing himself to the heavy fire of the
+enemy at Shurpur, and by his example encouraging the men who were
+wavering.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Curtis</span>, Boatswain’s Mate H. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855.
+Rescuing wounded soldier. <i>See</i> Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, c.b.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dalton</span>, Assistant-Commander J. L. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+January 22nd., 1879. For his conspicuous gallantry during the
+defence, and saving a man’s life; was severely wounded during the
+conflict.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Danaher</span>, Trooper J., Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, June 16th.,
+1881. For attempting to save wounded soldier. <i>See</i> Lance-corporal
+J. Murray.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_519'>519</span><span class='sc'>Daniels</span>, Midshipman E. St. J., Royal Navy. Inkermann and
+Redan, November 5th., and June 18th., 1854–55. Bringing in powder
+under heavy fire, and bandaging the arm of his leader, Captain Peel,
+on the glacis of the Redan, exposed to a very close and heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>D’Arcy</span>, Captain Cecil, Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand,
+July 3rd., 1879. Endeavouring to save a dismounted trooper, when
+his horse had kicked them both off, and the Zulus had closed upon
+him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Daunt</span>, Colonel J. C. C., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, October 2nd., and November 2nd., 1857. For his bravery at
+Chota Behar, where, with Sergeant Dynon, of the 53rd. Foot, he captured
+two guns; and gallantry in attacking a large body of mutineers,
+when he was dangerously wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, Major-General Gronow, Royal Artillery. Redan, September
+8th., 1855. Gallantry during the attack, and saving the life of Lieutenant
+Sanders, 30th. regiment, and other wounded soldiers, under a
+“murderous” fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, Private James, 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 18th., 1858.
+Carrying Lieutenant Bramley’s body from under the very walls of
+Fort Ruhya.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Day</span>, Captain G. Fiott, Royal Navy. Crimea, October, 1855.
+Successfully making two reconnaissances within enemy’s lines at
+Genitchi, by night, often up to his knees in water.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dempsey</span>, Private D., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, August 12th. and
+March 14th., 1857–58. For carrying a bag of powder through a burning
+village, exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy behind loopholed
+walls, and being the first man to enter the village of Jugdispore, under
+a very hot fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Diamond</span>, Gunner B., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+September 28th., 1857, and Gunner R. Fitzgerald. Together working
+their guns under heavy fire, and clearing the road of the enemy at
+Boolundshuhur, after all their comrades had been killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dickson</span>, General Sir C., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery. Sebastopol,
+October 17th., 1855. Personally assisting in carrying powder barrels
+to supply the batteries, under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Divane</span>, Private John, 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 10th.,
+1858. Heading a successful charge on the trenches of the mutineers
+before Delhi. Elected by privates of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dixon</span>, Major-General M. C., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, April
+17th., 1855. When his battery was blown up by a shell, which
+destroyed the parapet and disabled five guns, continuing to defend it
+till sunset with one gun.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Donohoe</span>, Private P., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September
+28th., 1857. Going to the support of Lieutenant Blair, who was
+severely wounded, and bringing him in through enemy’s cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Doogan</span>, Private J., 1st. Dragoon Guards. South Africa, January
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_520'>520</span>28th., 1881. Although himself wounded, he endeavoured, under heavy
+fire of the Boers, to induce a wounded officer to take his horse, receiving
+another wound while doing so.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Douglas</span>, Brigadier-Surgeon C. M., <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot.
+Little Andaman Island, May 7th., 1867, and Privates T. Murphy,
+J. Cooper, D. Bell, and W. Griffiths. For proceeding in a boat,
+through a most dangerous surf, to rescue some comrades. <i>See</i> Privates
+Bell, Cooper, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dowell</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. D., Royal Marine Artillery. Attack
+on Viborg, Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Rowing to the assistance of a
+disabled rocket-boat of the “Arrogant,” saving three of the crew, and
+bringing off the boat under heavy fire of grape and musketry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dowling</span>, Private W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 4th. and
+9th., and September 27th., 1857. Going out on three occasions to
+spike guns under heavy fire from the enemy, and killing a Soubadar
+by one of the guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Down</span>, Ensign J. F., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd., 1863,
+and Drummer D. Stagpoole. Bringing in wounded man under close
+and heavy fire at Pontoko.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Duffy</span>, Private T., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+26th., 1857. For his cool intrepidity and daring in saving a 24-pounder
+gun from falling into the enemy’s hands.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dundas</span>, Lieutenant J., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th.,
+1865. For his gallantry in leading attack on a loopholed Blockhouse
+at Dewangiri, and entering the place head foremost, through an
+opening two feet wide, in the face of 200 desperate men. <i>See</i> Major
+Trevor.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dunlay</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November
+16th., 1857. For being the first man (surviving) of the regiment to
+enter the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dunn</span>, Lieutenant A. R., 11th. Hussars. Crimea, October 25th.,
+1854. For saving the lives of Sergeant-Major Bentley and a private,
+by attacking and cutting down some of the enemy in the light cavalry
+charge at Balaklava.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dynon</span>, Sergeant D., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd.,
+1857. For his distinguished bravery in capturing two guns at Chota
+Behar, by shooting the gunners. <i>See</i> Colonel Daunt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edwards</span>, Private T., 1st. Batt. Royal Highlanders. Egypt, Tamai,
+March 13th., 1884. For his gallantry in defending gun, and, though
+wounded, remaining by it.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edwards</span>, Captain W. W. M., 2nd. Battalion 74th. Light Infantry.
+Egypt, Tel-el-Kebir, 1882. For rushing single-handed into a battery
+of the enemy, and killing officer in charge.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Elphinstone</span>, Colonel Sir H. C., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Engineers. Crimea,
+Redan, June 18th, 1855. For volunteering to command a party of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_521'>521</span>volunteers to recover ladders left behind after repulse, on the night
+preceding, and rescuing twenty wounded men.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Elton</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel F. C., 55th. Foot. Sebastopol, August
+4th., 1855. Setting example to his men by personally working under a
+dreadful fire in front of the Quarries, and volunteering with a small
+party to drive off a body of Russians.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Esmond</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel T., 18th. Foot. Redan, June 18th. and
+20th., 1855. For his intrepidity in repeatedly rescuing wounded under
+heavy fire, and extinguishing a fire-ball before it could betray the
+position of his working party.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Evans</span>, Private Samuel, 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, April, 18th., 1855.
+For repairing embrasure under a very heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ewart</span>, Sergeant R., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 24th.,
+1857. For conspicuous bravery at the Alumbagh, in going to aid
+wounded comrade under heavy fire, and bringing him safe into the
+camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farmer</span>, Lance-Corporal J. J., Army Hospital Corps. South Africa,
+Majuba Mountain, February 27th., 1881. He held a white flag over
+the wounded, and when his arm was shot through by the Boers, he
+called out that he had “another.” He then held the flag up with the
+other arm, until it also was disabled by a bullet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farquharson</span>, Lieutenant F. E. H., 42nd. Highlanders. Indian
+Mutiny, March 9th., 1858. Storming bastion and spiking two guns at
+Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farrell</span>, Quartermaster J., 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October 25th.,
+1854. For his devotion in remaining with Captain Webb, when
+wounded, and assisting to bring him in, under a shower of shot
+and shell.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ffrench</span>, Captain A. K., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+16th., 1857. For his gallantry at the taking of the Secundra Bagh,
+being one of the first to enter the building. Elected by the officers
+of regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzgerald</span>, Gunner, R., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+September 28th, 1857. For working gun under very heavy fire. <i>See</i>
+Gunner B. Diamond.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzgibbon</span>, Hospital Apprentice A. F., Indian Medical Establishment.
+Taku Forts, August 21st., 1860. Attending to wounded under
+heavy fire, in which duty he was himself severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzpatrick</span>, Private Francis, 94th. Foot. Sekukuni’s Town, South
+Africa. November 28th., 1879, and Private T. Flawn. For carrying
+out of action a wounded officer under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Flawn</span>, Private T., 94th. Foot. South Africa, November 28th., 1879.
+<i>See</i> Private F. Fitzpatrick.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Flinn</span>, Private T., 64th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 28th.,
+1857. For his gallantry in a charge on the enemy’s guns, in which he
+was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_522'>522</span><span class='sc'>Forrest</span>, Captain G., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny,
+May 11th., 1857. For gallant conduct in defence of Delhi magazine.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fosbery</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. V., late 4th. Bengal European
+Regiment. India, October 30th., 1863. For volunteering to lead
+a party to recapture the Craig Piquet after its garrison had been
+driven in by the enemy, and sixty of them killed in desperate hand to hand
+fighting.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fowler</span>, Private E., 90th. Foot. South Africa, March 28th., 1879.
+For his behaviour at the assault of the Inhlobani Mountain. <i>See</i>
+Lieutenant H. Lysons.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fraser</span>, Major-General C. C., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny,
+December 31st., 1858. Swimming, under heavy fire, to the rescue of
+Captain Stisted and men of the 7th. Hussars, who were in danger
+of drowning in the Raptee, while in pursuit of the mutineers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Freeman</span>, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, October 10th.,
+1857. Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Jones, who was wounded,
+and defending him against several of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gardiner</span>, Colour-Sergeant George, 57th. Foot. Sebastopol and
+Redan, March 22nd., and June 18th., 1855. Rallying covering party
+which had been driven in by enemy; and in the attack on the Redan,
+remaining, under fire, firing at enemy on the parapet till his ammunition
+was exhausted.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gardner</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+May 5th., 1858. For his gallant conduct at Bareilly in saving the life
+of his commanding officer, Colonel Cameron, when attacked by three
+fanatics, killing two of them.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Garvin</span>, Colour-Sergeant S., 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles. Indian
+Mutiny, June 23rd., 1857. Leading a small party, under heavy fire,
+and dislodging enemy from the “Sammy House,” also for gallant
+conduct during operations before Delhi.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gifford</span>, Major Lord E. F., 24th. Foot. Ashanti, February 1st.,
+1874. For his gallantry at the head of scouts during the war, and
+especially at the taking of Becquah.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gill</span>, Sergeant-Major P., Loodiana Regiment. Indian Mutiny,
+June 4th., 1857. For volunteering with Sergeant-Major Rosamond to
+bring into barracks Captain Brown and family from detached bungalow
+at Benares; also saving the life of non-commissioned officer, and twice
+saving the life of Major Barrett, 27th. Native Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Goat</span>, Lance-Corporal W., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March
+6th., 1858. For his conduct at Lucknow in twice attempting to
+recover the body of Major Smyth in face of the enemy, succeeding the
+second time.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Goodfellow</span>, Colonel C. A., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny,
+October 6th., 1859. At the attack on the Fort of Beyt, for recovering,
+under a sharp fire, the body of a soldier who was then dead, but whom
+he supposed to be only wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_523'>523</span><span class='sc'>Goodlake</span>, Lieutenant-General G. L., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol,
+October 26th., 1854. For holding the Windmill ravine against
+a much superior force, and surprising enemy’s piquet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gorman</span>, Seaman J., Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. Defending
+the Lancaster Battery, under a heavy fire, using the muskets of the
+disabled soldiers. <i>See</i> Seamen T. Reeves and M. Schofield.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gough</span>, Colonel Sir C. J. S., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 5th. Bengal European Cavalry.
+Indian Mutiny, August 15th. and 18th., 1857; January 27th. and
+February 23rd., 1858. Distinguished gallantry at Khurkowdah, where
+he saved his wounded brother, killing two of the enemy; and for his
+intrepid conduct at Shumshabad and Meangunge, where he went to
+the assistance of Major O. St. George Anson, and killed his opponent.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gough</span>, Colonel Sir H. H., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 1st. Bengal European Light
+Infantry. Indian Mutiny, November 15th., 1857, and November 25th.,
+1858. Capturing two guns near Alumbagh, and for charging the
+enemy’s guns near Lucknow, where he had two horses killed under him,
+and was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grady</span>, Sergeant T., 4th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 18th., 1854.
+For volunteering to repair embrasures, under a heavy fire, and refusing
+to leave front when severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Graham</span>, Major-General Sir G., Royal Engineers. Redan, June
+18th., 1855. Determined gallantry at the head of a ladder party, and
+on several occasions going out of the trenches and bringing in wounded
+officers and men, under fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Graham</span>, Private P., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th.,
+1857. Bringing in wounded comrade, under heavy fire, at Lucknow.
+Elected by privates of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grant</span>, Private P., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+1857. For his gallantry in killing five of the enemy with one of their
+own swords, in defence of Colonel Ewart, carrying the colours at
+the Secundra Bagh. Elected by privates of regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Green</span>, Colour-Sergeant P., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+11th., 1857. Rescuing wounded comrade at Delhi, when hotly pressed
+by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grieve</span>, Sergeant-Major J., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October
+25th., 1854. Saving the life of an officer surrounded by the enemy,
+killing one, and disabling and dispersing the others.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Griffiths</span>, Private W., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman
+Island, May 7th., 1867. <i>See</i> Brigadier-Surgeon C. M. Douglas.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Guise</span>, Lieutenant-General J. C., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+November 16th. and 17th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry in action
+at Lucknow. Elected by the officers of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hackett</span>, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel T. B., 23rd. Fusiliers. Indian
+Mutiny, November 18th., 1857. For rescuing, with Private Monger,
+at Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, a wounded corporal, under fire, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_524'>524</span>removing thatch from bungalow in order to prevent its being set on
+fire, under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hale</span>, Surgeon-Major T. E., <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, September
+8th., 1855. For remaining with Captain H. M. Jones, who was
+wounded, and bringing in wounded under a very heavy fire, after the
+troops had retired to the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hall</span> (Coloured) Seaman W., H.M.S. “Shannon.” Indian Mutiny,
+November 10th., 1857. <i>See</i> Commander J. Young.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hamilton</span>, Major-General T. de Courcy, 68th. Foot. Sebastopol,
+May 11th., 1855. During a sortie, at the head of a small force, recovering
+possession of a battery strongly held by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hamilton</span>, Lieutenant W. R. P., Bengal Staff Corps. Futtehabad,
+April 2nd., 1879. For leading charge (in which his commander,
+Major W. Battye, was killed), against a superior force of the Guides,
+and rescuing a sowar by cutting down three of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hammond</span>, Major A. G., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December
+14th., 1879. For his distinguished conduct in defending the top of a
+hill with rifle and bayonet, covering retiring party, and assisting
+to carry away wounded Sepoy under very close and heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hancock</span>, Private T., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th.,
+1857, and Private J. Purcell; before Delhi. Remaining by and assisting
+in action Brigadier Grant, his commanding officer, whose horse had
+been shot. In doing this he was severely wounded, and Purcell’s
+horse was shot under him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harding</span>, Chief Gunner Israel, H.M.S. “Alexandra,” Alexandria,
+July 11th., 1882. For extinguishing fuse of live shell by throwing
+it into a tub of water.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harrington</span>, Lieutenant H. E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+1857, with E. Jennings (roughrider), J. Park, T. Laughnan, and H.
+M‘Innes (gunners.) Elected by officers, non-commissioned officers,
+and privates generally, of each troop or battery, for conspicuous
+gallantry at the relief of Lucknow, from 14th. to 22nd. November,
+1857.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harrison</span>, Boatswain’s Mate J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny,
+November 16th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in
+volunteering and climbing up a tree to reply to the fire of the enemy.
+<i>See</i> Rear-Admiral N. Salmon.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hart</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel R. C., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan,
+January 31st., 1879. For running, exposed to the fire of the enemy,
+some 1200 yards, and risking his own life to save that of a private
+sowar of the 13th. Bengal Lancers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hartigan</span>, Pensioned Sergeant H., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny,
+June 8th. and October 10th., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in
+rescuing a wounded comrade surrounded by enemy; also rescuing a
+comrade from four of the enemy near Delhi, being disabled in doing
+so. He ran, unarmed, to the assistance of Sergeant Crews, who was
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_525'>525</span>attacked by four rebels. Hartigan, with his right hand, seized a
+tulwar from one of them, and with his left, hit him in the mouth, then
+attacking the other three, he killed one and wounded two.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hartley</span>, Surgeon-Major E. B., Cape Mounted Rifles, South Africa,
+Basutoland, June 5th., 1879. Attended to wounded under heavy fire,
+and carrying wounded corporal to place of safety, afterwards returning
+under fire to attend again to the wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Havelock-Allan</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir H. M., Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 10th.
+Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 16th., 1857. Charging and capturing the
+last gun of the enemy at Cawnpore.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hawkes</span>, Private D., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th.,
+1858. Rescuing a wounded comrade under fire. <i>See</i> Corporal Nash
+and Major Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hawthorne</span>, Bugler R., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+16th., 1857. For his gallantry when forming one of the explosion
+party at Delhi, and assisting a wounded officer (Lieutenant Salkeld),
+under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heaphy</span>, Major C., Auckland Militia, New Zealand, February 11th.,
+1864. For his conduct at the Mangapiko River in assisting a wounded
+soldier who had fallen in the midst of the enemy, under a very close
+and heavy fire. Five balls pierced his clothes and cap, and he was
+wounded in three places.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heathcote</span>, Lieutenant A. S., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857.
+Volunteering for services of extreme danger, and for gallantry during
+the siege of Delhi, June to September, 1857. Elected by officers
+of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heneage</span>, Major C. W., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th.,
+1858. With Sergeant J. Ward, Farrier G. Hollis, and Private J.
+Pearson. For their bravery in a desperate charge at Gwalior, in which
+two guns were captured. Elected by their comrades in the charge.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Henry</span>, Captain A., Land Transport Corps. Inkermann, 5th.
+November, 1854. Continuing to defend the guns of his battery until
+he had received twelve bayonet wounds.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hewett</span>, Rear-Admiral Sir W. N. W., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span> Sebastopol, October
+26th., 1854. Being Mate of H.M.S. “Beagle,” for defending his
+battery with one gun against heavy advance of Russians. By mistake
+an order to spike the gun was brought, which he disregarded; also for
+conspicuous gallantry at Inkermann.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hill</span>, Lieutenant A. R., 2nd. Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment.
+South Africa, Laing’s Nek, January 28th., 1881. Bringing wounded
+soldier out of action, then returning and rescuing another, under
+heavy fire of the Boers. He had previously attempted to save Lieut.
+Baillie, but that officer was again struck and killed while he was
+carrying him out of fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hill</span>, Sergeant S., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny November 16th.
+and 17th., 1857. Saving the life of Captain Irby, his commanding
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_526'>526</span>officer, at the storming of the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, and going
+out under a heavy fire to aid two wounded men; also for his gallant
+conduct all through the relief of Lucknow. Elected by the officers of
+his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hills-Johnes</span>, Major-General Sir J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery.
+Indian Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. For gallant defence of his post before
+Delhi. <i>See</i> Tombs, General Sir H.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hinckley</span>, Seaman G., H.M.S. “Sphinx.” China, October 9th.,
+1862. For his gallant conduct at Fung Wha, in volunteering to carry
+two wounded men to place of safety, under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hitch</span>, Private Frederick, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Corporal W. Allen.
+Together holding the hospital, a most dangerous post, raked by the fire
+of the enemy from a hill, until the patients could be withdrawn.
+When prevented by wounds from fighting they continued serving out
+ammunition during the night.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hodge</span>, Private S. (coloured), 4th. West India Regiment. Africa,
+June 30th., 1866. For distinguished bravery at storming and capture
+of Tubabecolong, River Gambia. Presented by his commanding
+officer, Colonel D’Arcy, to his comrades as the bravest soldier in the
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hollis</span>, Farrier G., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., 1858.
+<i>See</i> Major C. W. Heneage.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hollowell</span>, Private J., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+26th., 1857. Successfully directing defence of a burning house in
+Lucknow, against a large force of rebel Sepoys.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Holmes</span>, Private Joel, 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 17th.,
+1857. Volunteering to assist in working gun under a heavy fire, by
+which almost all the artillerymen were killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Home</span>, Surgeon-General Sir A. D., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 90th. Foot. Indian
+Mutiny, September 26th., 1857, and Assistant-Surgeon W. Bradshaw.
+Gallantly defending the wounded left under their charge, for twenty-two
+hours, when the troops under General Havelock forced their way
+into the Residency of Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Home</span>, Lieutenant D. C., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, 1857,
+and Lieutenant P. Salkeld and Sergeant J. Smith. Provisionally
+conferred upon them by General Sir A. Wilson, Bart., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, for
+performing the desperate duty of blowing in the Cashmere Gate, at
+Delhi, in broad daylight, September 14th. None of them survived for
+the nomination to be confirmed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hook</span>, Private Henry, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. Defending the hospital
+and rescuing eight patients. <i>See</i> Private J. Williams.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hope</span>, Lieutenant W., 7th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. Assisting
+in bringing in wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson), under a very
+heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_527'>527</span><span class='sc'>Hughes</span>, Corporal M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th. and 18th.,
+1855. Twice fetching ammunition under heavy fire, and bringing
+in at different times a wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers),
+and a wounded private, while so doing he was severely wounded
+himself.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Humpston</span>, Sergeant R., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, April 22nd.,
+1855. With another rifleman capturing rifle-pit occupied by enemy
+in broad daylight. For this act he received a gratuity of £5, and was
+promoted.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ingouville, G.</span>, Captain of Mast H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Attack on
+Viborg, Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Jumping overboard, swimming to
+and recovering disabled cutter, which had drifted under enemy’s
+battery.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Innes</span>, Colonel J. J. McLeod, Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny,
+February 23rd., 1858. At the action of Sultanpore he was the first up
+to seize a gun, and holding another, although quite unsupported and
+under heavy fire, till assistance reached him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Irwin</span>, Private C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+1857. Although severely wounded he was one of the first to enter the
+Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jarrett</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel H. C. T., 26th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+Indian Mutiny, October 14th., 1858. For daring bravery at Baroun,
+with only four men, in attempting to take possession of a house occupied
+by seventy Sepoys, the only approach to which was up a very
+narrow street, and under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jee</span>, Deputy-Inspector-General J., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+September 25th., 1858. For conspicuous gallantry in attending, protecting,
+and saving a number of wounded at Lucknow, on the entry of
+General Havelock’s relieving force.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jennings</span>, Roughrider E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieut. H. E. Harrington.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jerome</span>, Colonel H. E., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd. and
+May 28th., 1858, and Private J. Byrne. For his intrepid conduct at
+Jhansi, in bringing in Lieut. Sewell, who was severely wounded, with
+the assistance of Private J. Byrne, under very severe fire, and daring
+gallantry on other occasions, particularly in an action with a very
+superior force of rebels on the Jumna, when he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Johnstone</span>, Stoker W., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Baltic
+Sea, April 12th., 1854. <i>See</i> Rear-Admiral J. Bythesea.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred S., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny,
+June 8th., 1857. Capturing one of the enemy’s guns and turning it
+upon them. “This was a well conceived act, gallantly executed.”—<i>Despatch
+of Major-General Hope Grant.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Captain H. M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th., 1855.
+At the storming of the Quarries, for repeatedly leading on his men
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_528'>528</span>to repel continual night attacks of the enemy, although himself
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Private R., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, January
+22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Private W. Jones. Defending their post in
+the hospital till the last, until six out of seven patients were removed
+into the inner line of defence.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Private W., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, 1879. <i>See</i>
+Private R. Jones.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kavanagh</span>, Mr. T. H. (“Lucknow Kavanagh”) Assistant Commissioner
+in Oudh, Indian Civil Service, Indian Mutiny, November
+8th., 1857. Voluntarily proceeding through the city of Lucknow in
+disguise, to camp of Commander-in-Chief, and guiding the relieving
+force to the beleaguered garrison in the Residency.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Keatinge</span>, Colonel R. H., Bombay Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+March 17th., 1858. At the assault of Chundairee volunteering to lead
+the column through the breach, under a heavy cross fire, by a path
+across the ditch which he had discovered, receiving two dangerous
+wounds in the act.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kellaway</span>, Boatswain J., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Wrangler.”
+Russia, Azoff, September, 1855. Returning towards enemy to assist
+Mr. Odevaine, mate, who had fallen, and endeavouring to rescue him
+from fifty Russians. Both taken prisoners after stout resistance.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kells</span>, Trumpet-Major R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September
+28th., 1857. For his bravery at Bolundshuhur, in defending his
+commanding officer (Captain Drysdale), who was wounded, against
+numbers of the enemy and remaining with him till out of danger.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kenny</span>, Private J., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+1857. For bravery at the taking of the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow,
+and for bringing up ammunition under severe cross fire. Elected by
+the privates of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kerr</span>, Lieutenant W. A., 24th. Bombay Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, July 10th., 1857. Taking a stronghold near Kholapore, held
+by a party of mutineers, by making a dash at a gateway with his
+dismounted horsemen, forcing an entrance under fire, and killing and
+capturing the whole of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kirk</span>, Private J., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 4th., 1857.
+Assisting to rescue officer and family who were besieged by rebels
+in a house at Benares.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Knox</span>, Major J. S., Scots Guards. Alma and Redan, 1854–55. For
+his exertions in re-forming the ranks of the Guards at Alma, and
+volunteering for the ladder party in the attack on the Redan, June 18th.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lambert</span>, Sergeant-Major G., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857.
+Distinguished conduct at Oonao, July 29th., Bithoor, August 16th.,
+and Lucknow, September 26th.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Laughnan</span>, Gunner, Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_529'>529</span><span class='sc'>Lawrence</span>, Major S. H., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 7th. and
+September 26th., 1857. In a sortie from Lucknow he was the first
+to mount a ladder and enter the window of a house strongly held by
+enemy. Also charging in advance of his company with two men and
+capturing a nine-pounder gun in a sortie.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lane</span>, Private T., 67th. Foot. Gallantry at the capture of the Taku
+Forts, August 22nd., 1860. <i>See</i> Captain M. Burslem.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leach</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. P., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan,
+March 17th., 1879. For his bravery in action near Maidanah, in
+promptly charging with some men of the 45th. Sikhs a superior force
+of the enemy, thereby saving his party from annihilation. In this
+encounter he killed two or three of the enemy, and was himself
+severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leet</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W. K., 1st. Battalion 13th. Foot. Zululand,
+March 26th., 1879. Rescuing Lieutenant A. M. Smith from
+Zulus, under close fire, during the retreat from the Inhlobana.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leitch</span>, Colour-Sergeant P., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th.,
+1855. Forming a caponière and ramp across the ditch by tearing
+down gabions from the parapet, filling and placing them, under heavy
+fire, until he was wounded and disabled.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leith</span>, Major J., 14th. Light Dragoons. Indian Mutiny, April 1st.,
+1858. For his distinguished conduct at Bretwah, in charging alone,
+and rescuing Captain Need from a large number of rebel infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lennox</span>, Major-General W. O., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol,
+November 20th., 1854. Establishing a lodgement in rifle-pits, and
+assisting to repel assaults. Specially noticed in French general order
+by General Canrobert.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lennon</span>, Major E. H., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, August
+22nd., 1860. For swimming the ditch, and entering the North Fort by
+an embrasure during the assault.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>LeQuesne</span>, Surgeon F. S., M.S. Upper Burmah, May 4th., 1889.
+For his gallantry in assisting, while under a close fire from a stockade,
+Lieutenant Michel, Norfolk Regiment, who was mortally wounded.
+Shortly after he was himself severely wounded while attending to
+another wounded officer.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lindrim</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. J., Royal Engineers. Crimea,
+April 11th., 1855. Intrepidity in climbing to top of magazine and
+extinguishing burning sandbags, and making good the breach, under
+fire; also superintending replacing of capsized gabions under very
+heavy fire, and for being one of four who volunteered to destroy a
+Russian rifle-pit, April 20th.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Loyd-Lyndsay</span>, Brevet-Major (afterwards Lord Wantage), <i>which see</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><a id='r175'></a><a href='#f175' class='c013'><sup>[175]</sup></a><span class='sc'>Lucas</span>, Captain C. D., Royal Navy. Attack on Bomarsund, June
+21st, 1854. Throwing overboard a live shell, which fell on board
+H.M.S. “Hector.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_530'>530</span><span class='sc'>Lucas</span>, Colour-Sergeant J., 40th. Foot. New Zealand, March 18th.,
+1861. Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Rees, under close and
+heavy fire; also remaining at his post guarding arms, though wounded,
+till the arrival of supports.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lumley</span>, Major C. H., 97th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855.
+For his bravery at the assault, in which he was severely wounded,
+being one of the first inside the work.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lyons</span>, Private J., 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 10th., 1855.
+Throwing live shell over the parapet, which fell in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lysons</span>, Lieutenant H., 2nd. Battalion Cameronians. South Africa,
+March 28th., 1879, and Private Fowler. Gallantry in dislodging the
+enemy from a cave at the assault of the Inhlobane Mountain.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lyster</span>, Colonel H. H., 72nd. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny, May 23rd., 1858. Singly charging and breaking a square of
+retreating mutineers from Calpee, killing several of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McBean</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 93rd. Highlanders. Indian
+Mutiny, March 11th., 1858. For his distinguished bravery in the
+breach of the Begum Bagh, Lucknow, where he killed eleven of the
+enemy with his own hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McCorrie</span>, Private C., 57th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 23rd., 1855.
+Throwing a live shell over parapet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McCrea</span>, Surgeon J. F., 1st. Regiment Cape Mounted Police.
+Transvaal, January 14th., 1881. For his conduct in attending to the
+wounded, under a close and heavy fire, though wounded himself, and
+carrying a wounded man to place of safety under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McDermond</span>, Private J., 47th. Foot. Crimea, November 5th., 1854.
+Rescuing Colonel Haly, lying on the ground, surrounded by a number
+of Russians, killing the man who had wounded him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macdonald</span>, Captain H., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol, April 19th.,
+1855. Gallantry in effecting a lodgment in enemy’s rifle-pits, and
+persistently carrying on the sap under constant attacks.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McDonnell</span>, Mr. H. T., Magistrate of Sarun, Bengal Civil Service.
+Indian Mutiny, July 30th., 1857. Exposing himself to an incessant
+fire in order to cut loose the rudder of a boat during retreat of the
+troops from Arrah.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Dougall</span>, Private John, 44th. Foot. Taking of Taku Forts,
+China, August 21st., 1860. For swimming the ditch. <i>See</i> Major
+E. H. Lennon.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McGauran</span>, Sergeant John, 1st. Bengal Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny,
+June 23rd., 1858. Gallantry before Delhi, when he carried a wounded
+comrade, under fire, into camp, at the risk of his own life.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Gaw</span>, Lance-Sergeant S., 42nd. Foot. Amoaful, Ashanti, January
+21st., 1874. Skilfully leading his section through the bush through
+the whole day, although severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McGregor</span>, Sergeant R., 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol,
+April 22nd., 1855. In the advanced trenches, for crossing open space,
+under fire, and dislodging two Russians from a rifle-pit.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_531'>531</span><span class='sc'>M‘Guire</span>, Sergeant J., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian
+Mutiny, September 14th., 1857, and Drummer M. Ryan. At the
+assault on Delhi saving many lives at the risk of their own, by throwing
+burning ammunition boxes over parapet into the water.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Hale</span>, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd. and
+December 22nd., 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Lucknow, being
+the first man, on two occasions, at the capture of a gun from the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Innes</span>, Gunner H., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow,
+November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macintyre</span>, Major-General Donald, Bengal Staff Corps. Looshai
+Expedition, January 4th., 1872. For his gallantry in storming a
+stockade at Lalgnoora, under very severe fire, being the first man to
+climb over.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mackay</span>, Private D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+1857. Capturing the enemy’s colours at the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow.
+Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McKechnie</span>, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September
+20th., 1854. For his conduct in rallying the men round the colours
+when the regiment was disordered.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McKenna</span>, Colour-Sergeant E., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September
+7th., 1863. For his intrepid coolness in drawing off a small force
+through a rugged country while harassed by the enemy, after an engagement
+near Cameron Town.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>MacManus</span>, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, September
+26th., 1857. Protecting a party besieged in a house by firing
+at rebels from behind a pillar outside; and, with Private J. Ryan,
+rushing into the street and rescuing Captain Arnold out of a dhooly,
+under close and heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Master</span>, Assistant-Surgeon V. M., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+September 25th., 1857. At Lucknow, for attending to, and bringing in
+wounded men under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McNeill</span>, Major-General Sir J. C., <span class='fss'>K.C.M.G.</span>, 107th. Foot. New
+Zealand, March 30th., 1864. For his gallantry in rescuing Private
+Vosper, thrown from his horse and surrounded by enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macpherson</span>, Major-General Sir H. T., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 78th. Foot. Indian
+Mutiny, September 25th., 1857. Distinguished bravery at Lucknow,
+in capturing two brass nine-pounders, at the point of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McPherson</span>, Colour-Sergeant S., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+26th., 1857. For rescuing a wounded private lying in exposed
+situation, under heavy fire, at the Residency, Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McQuirt</span>, Sergeant B., 95th Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 6th.,
+1858. For his gallant conduct at the capture of Rowa, when he
+attacked three of the enemy single-handed, killing one, and wounding
+another. In this service he was wounded by five sabre cuts, and a
+musket-shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_532'>532</span><span class='sc'>McWheeney</span>, Sergeant W., 44th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 20th.
+and December 5th., 1854; and June 18th., 1855. For his conspicuous
+bravery in volunteering as a sharpshooter, bringing in wounded men,
+on two occasions under a very heavy fire, and volunteering for the
+advanced guard on the Cemetery. He was never absent from duty
+during the war.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Madden</span>, Sergeant-Major A., 41st. Foot. Inkermann, November
+5th., 1854. Heading a party of his regiment and taking prisoners one
+officer and fourteen privates, three of whom he took himself, alone.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Magner</span>, Drummer M., 33rd. Foot. Abyssinia, April 13th., 1868,
+and Private J. Bergin. For their gallantry at the assault of Magdala,
+being the first to enter. <i>See</i> Private J. Bergin.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mahoney</span>, Sergeant P., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+21st., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in aiding in the
+capture of the colours of the mutineers at Mungulwar.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Malcolmson</span>, Lieutenant J. G., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia,
+February 8th., 1857. Saving the life of Colonel Moore in the midst of
+a square of the enemy. <i>See</i> Colonel A. T. Moore.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Malone</span>, Sergeant Joseph, 13th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava,
+October 25th., 1854. Staying by Captain Webb, 17th. Lancers,
+mortally wounded, under heavy fire, himself on foot, his horse having
+been shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mangles</span>, Mr. R. L., Assistant-Magistrate, Patna, <span class='fss'>B.C.S.</span> Indian
+Mutiny, July 30th., 1858. As a volunteer; during the retreat from
+Arrah, binding up the wounds, and carrying for several miles to the
+boats, a wounded soldier, while wounded himself, and under a murderous
+fire, which killed or wounded almost the whole detachment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manley</span>, Deputy-Surgeon-General W. G. N., Royal Artillery. New
+Zealand, April 29th., 1864. At the assault on the Gate Pa, near
+Tauranga, risking his life to save Commander Hay, R.N., and others.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Marling</span>, Lieutenant P. S., King’s Royal Rifle Corps. Soudan,
+Tamai, March 13th., 1884. Saving the life of a wounded soldier at the
+risk of his own, by placing him on his horse.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Marshall</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. T., 19th. Hussars. Soudan,
+El Teb, February 29th., 1884. Saving life of Colonel Barrow, 19th.
+Hussars, whose horse had been killed under him.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Maude</span>, Colonel F. C., <span class='fss'>C.B</span>., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, July
+12th., 1857. At the head of his artillerymen, one third of whom were
+killed in this service, checking advance of the enemy in General
+Havelock’s march on Cawnpore.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Maude</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir F. F., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 3rd. Foot. Redan,
+September 8th., 1855. For remarkable bravery during the attack, and
+holding a position till dangerously wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mayo</span>, Midshipman A., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, November
+22nd., 1857. For his gallantry in leading the advance against two six-pounder
+guns, which were keeping up a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_533'>533</span><span class='sc'>Melville</span>, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Coghill.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Millar</span>, Private D., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th.,
+1859, and Private W. Cook. In the action at Maylah Ghaut, when all
+the officers and the colour-sergeant were either killed or wounded,
+going to the front and directing the company, displaying a courage
+which was admired by all who witnessed it.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Miller</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel F., Royal Artillery. Inkermann, Nov.
+5th., 1854. For having personally attacked three Russians, and
+gallant defence of guns when surrounded by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Miller</span>, Conductor J., Bengal Ordnance Department. Indian
+Mutiny, November 28th., 1857. Going to assistance of Lieutenant
+Glubb, who was wounded, at great personal risk, and carrying him out
+of action.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mitchell</span>, Captain of the Foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier.” New Zealand,
+April 29th., 1864. Bringing Commander Hay out of the Gate
+Pah when mortally wounded, although ordered by that officer to leave
+him, and seek his own safety.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Monaghan</span>, Trumpeter T., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny,
+October 8th., 1858. For saving the life of Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour,
+commanding the regiment. <i>See</i> Corporal C. Anderson.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Monger</span>, Private G., 23rd. Regiment. Indian Mutiny, November
+18th., 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant-Colonel B. Hackett.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moore</span>, Colonel A. T., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia, February
+8th., 1857, and Lieutenant J. G. Malcolmson. Colonel Moore
+leaped his horse into the enemy’s square, his horse was killed and his
+sword broken, and he would have been killed had not Lieutenant
+Malcolmson fought his way to his aid and carried him off through
+a crowd of enemies.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moore</span>, Colonel H. G., 88th. Foot. South Africa, December 29th.,
+1877. For his gallant conduct in an action against the Gaikas, near
+Komgha, in endeavouring to save the life of a soldier surrounded by
+the enemy, not giving up the attempt till the man was killed, and himself
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Morley</span>, Private S., Bengal Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April
+15th., 1858, and Private M. Murphy. Bravery in saving the life of
+Lieutenant Hamilton, when unhorsed, wounded, and surrounded by
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mouat</span>, Surgeon-General J., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 6th. Dragoons. Balaklava,
+October 26th., 1854, and Quartermaster C. Wooden. Going to the
+assistance of Lieutenant-Colonel Morris, 12th. Lancers, who was lying
+wounded in an exposed situation, and dressing his wounds in presence
+of the enemy, under fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moynihan</span>, Ensign A., 8th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855.
+Personally engaging and killing five Russians, and rescuing a wounded
+officer under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mullane</span>, Sergeant P., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_534'>534</span>July 27th., 1880. Carrying a wounded comrade out of action,
+and fetching water under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Munro</span>, Colour-Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November
+16th., 1857. For gallantry at Secundra Bagh in going to the assistance
+of Captain Walsh, who was wounded, and removing him to a place
+of safety.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murphy</span>, Private M., Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April 15th.,
+1858. <i>See</i> Private S. Morley.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murphy</span>, Private T., 24th. Foot. Little Andaman Island, 1867.
+<i>See</i> Surgeon-Major C. M. Douglas, Private Bell, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murray</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 2nd. Battalion Connaught Rangers, and
+Trooper J. Danaher, Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, January 19th.,
+1881. Attempting to save a wounded private under heavy fire of the
+Boers, by which Murray was himself severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murray</span>, Sergeant J., 68th. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864.
+For distinguished bravery in attacking alone a rifle-pit, occupied by
+eight or ten Maories, killing or wounding them all.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mylot</span>, Private P., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 21st., 1857.
+Being first to take possession of an enclosure under a shower of balls,
+and gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Napier</span>, Sergeant W., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6th., 1858.
+For his gallant conduct near Azimghur in protecting a wounded
+private and carrying him to a place of safety, under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nash</span>, Corporal W., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th.,
+1858. For his conduct in helping rescue a wounded comrade, though
+severely wounded himself. <i>See</i> Major Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Newell</span>, Private E., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March 19th.,
+1858. Gallantry at Lucknow, in assisting comrade whose horse had
+fallen, and bringing him away under heavy fire of musketry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norman</span>, Private W., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, December 19th., 1854.
+When on sentry, in a post of much danger, capturing two out of three
+Russians who were reconnoitring, without alarming the Russian
+pickets.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Connor</span>, Colonel Luke, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. Alma and Redan,
+September 20th., 1854, and September 8th., 1855. When Sergeant at
+the Alma, taking colours from wounded officer and carrying them till
+end of action, though himself wounded; and gallantry at the assault
+on the Redan, where he was shot through both thighs.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Odgers</span>, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Niger.” New Zealand, March 28th.,
+1860. Being the first to enter a Pah and assisting to haul down
+the enemy’s colours.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Hea</span>, Private T., 1st. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Canada, June
+19th., 1866. For extinguishing fire in a railway car containing ammunition,
+between Quebec and Montreal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Olpherts</span>, General W., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+September 25th., 1857. For distinguished bravery in capturing two
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_535'>535</span>guns in face of a heavy fire of grape, in the city of Lucknow, and
+returning under fire for limbers and horses to carry them off.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Osborne</span>, Private J., 58th. Regiment. South Africa, February 22nd.,
+1881. Going to assist a wounded soldier in the front of a strong body
+of Boers, and removing him under a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Toole</span>, Sergeant E., Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand,
+July 3rd., 1879. For his gallantry on several occasions, especially in
+assisting Lord W. Beresford to rescue Sergeant Fitzmaurice when
+almost surrounded by Zulus.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Owens</span>, Sergeant J., 49th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 30th., 1854.
+Gallantry in personal encounter with the Russians, and nobly assisting
+Major Connolly, Coldstream Guards.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Oxenham</span>, Corporal W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 30th.,
+1857. Saving the life of Mr. Capper, Bengal Civil Service, under
+heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Palmer</span>, Private Anthony, Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, November
+5th., 1855. For his gallantry in charging singly a party of the
+enemy, and saving Sir C. Russell’s life. <i>See</i> Russell, Sir C.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Park</span>, Sergeant J., 77th. Foot. Alma and Inkermann, September
+20th. and November 5th., 1854, and April 19th., 1855. For distinguished
+bravery at the battles of Alma and Inkermann, and gallantry
+at taking of rifle-pits and at both assaults on the Redan.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Park</span>, Gunner J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, November,
+1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Parkes</span>, Private Samuel, 4th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava, October
+25th., 1854. Defending Trumpet-Major Crawford in the retreat on two
+occasions against overwhelming odds, and saving his life the first time.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Paton</span>, Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th.,
+1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in proceeding alone
+round the Shah Nujiff, under fire, and discovering a breach on the
+opposite side, to which he conducted his regiment, and the place was
+taken. Elected by non-commissioned officers of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pearson</span>, Sergeant J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd., 1858.
+Attacking a number of armed rebels at the storming of Jhansi, killing
+one and wounding two others; also bringing in a wounded private
+under heavy fire, at Calpee.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pearson</span>, Sergeant John, 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny. Gwalior,
+June 17th., 1858. <i>See</i> Major C. V. Heneage.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Peel</span>, Captain W., Royal Navy. The Crimea, 1854–1855. On
+October 18th., 1854. For his intrepidity in taking up a live shell from
+the midst of several powder cases, outside a magazine, and throwing it
+over the parapet (it burst as it left his hands), thereby saving the magazine
+and many lives. On November 5th., 1854, at Inkermann, he joined
+the officers of the Grenadier Guards in defending the colours of the
+regiment. On June 18th., 1855, he volunteered to lead a ladder party
+at the assault on the Redan, and carried the first ladder until he was
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_536'>536</span><span class='sc'>Percy</span>, Colonel Hon. H. H. M., Grenadier Guards. Inkermann,
+November 5th., 1854. Charging singly into the sandbag battery and
+extricating some men who had charged too far, and were surrounded
+by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Perie</span>, Sapper J., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For
+conspicuous bravery in leading the sailors with ladders, and rescuing
+a wounded man under fire, although himself wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Phillips</span>, Ensign E. A. L., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian
+Mutiny. Would have received the Victoria Cross for many gallant
+deeds during the siege of Delhi had he survived. He captured the
+Water Bastion with small party of men at the assault of that city,
+and was killed there on September 18th.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pickard</span>, Lieutenant A. F., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November
+20th., 1863. For gallantry at the assault on Rangiriri, in crossing
+and re-crossing a point exposed to a concentrated fire, to procure
+water for the wounded, when no one else would perform the service.
+<i>See</i> Surgeon-Major W. Temple.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pitcher</span>, Captain H. W., 4th. Punjaub Infantry. Umbeyla, India,
+October 30th., 1863. For his bravery in leading two assaults to retake
+the Crag Piquet, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. <i>See</i>
+Fosbery, G. V.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prendergast</span>, Major-General H. N. D., Madras Engineers. Indian
+Mutiny, November 21st., 1857. For attempting to cut down a Velaitee
+who was about to shoot Lieutenant Dew; and for gallantry in the
+actions at Ratgurh and Betwa, when he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prettyjohn</span>, Corporal J., Royal Marines. Inkermann, November
+5th., 1854. For placing himself in an advanced position and shooting
+four Russians.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pride</span>, T., Captain of Afterguard H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki,
+Japan, September 6th., 1864. Gallantly supporting Midshipman
+Boyes when carrying the colours in action, until wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Probyn</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir D. M., <span class='fss'>K.C.S.I.</span>, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 2nd. Punjaub
+Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, September, 1857. For several acts of
+distinguished gallantry, amongst them capturing a standard in the
+midst of a number of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prosser</span>, Private J., 1st. Foot. Sebastopol, June 16th. and August
+11th., 1855. Pursuing and capturing, while exposed to two cross fires,
+a soldier in act of deserting to the enemy; and assisting to bring in a
+wounded man under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Purcell</span>, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857.
+Assisting Brigadier Grant. <i>See</i> Private T. Hancock.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pye</span>, Lieutenant C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th.,
+1857. For bringing up ammunition under fire at Lucknow, and
+gallantry on every occasion. Elected by the non-commissioned officers
+of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Raby</span>, Rear-Admiral H. J., c.b., Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_537'>537</span>Captain of Forecastle J. Taylor, and Boatswain’s mate H. Curtis.
+After the assault on the Redan, carrying in a wounded soldier under
+heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ramage</span>, Sergeant H., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October 26th.,
+1854. Saving the life of a wounded comrade when surrounded by
+seven Russians; also bringing in prisoner from the Russian lines, and
+carrying to the rear another wounded soldier, under a very heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Raynor</span>, Captain W., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny,
+May 11th., 1857. For his gallantry in defence of the magazine at
+Delhi.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reade</span>, Deputy Surgeon-General H. T., 61st. Foot. Indian Mutiny,
+September 14th. and 16th., 1857. For dislodging with a small force a
+party of rebels firing on the wounded, and gallantry at the assault of
+Delhi, where he was one of the first up the breach, and helped to spike
+one of the guns of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reeves</span>, Seaman T., Royal Navy. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854.
+Defending battery under heavy fire, and repeated attacks. <i>See</i> Seamen
+J. Gorman and M. Scholefield.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rennie</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+21st. and 25th., 1857. For his bravery in the advance on
+Lucknow, and at that city, in charging guns in advance of his column,
+in the face of a heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Renny</span>, Major-General G. A., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny,
+September 16th., 1857. For his heroism in preventing the enemy
+firing the magazine at Delhi, by climbing to the top of the wall and
+throwing lighted shells amongst them.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reynolds</span>, Surgeon-Major J. H., <span class='fss'>M.B.</span>, Army Medical Department.
+Rorke’s Drift, Zululand. January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. For his
+attention to the wounded under fire, and for fetching ammunition for
+defenders of the hospital under a cross fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reynolds</span>, Private W., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September
+20th., 1854. For his conspicuous gallantry in rallying the men round
+the colours when the line was disordered.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Richardson</span>, Private G., 34th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 27th.,
+1859. For his determined courage at Kewanie, having, when one
+of his arms was disabled, closed with and secured a rebel armed with a
+loaded revolver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rickard</span>, Quartermaster W., Royal Navy. Black Sea, October
+11th., 1855. Remaining to assist fallen comrade under close fire. <i>See</i>
+Admiral Sir J. E. Commerell.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ridgeway</span>, Captain R. K., Bengal Staff Corps. Konoma, Eastern
+frontier of India, November 22nd., 1879. For his bravery in attempting
+to destroy a barricade, under a heavy fire, in which duty he was
+severely wounded, at Genitchi.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir F. S., Bart., <span class='fss'>G.C.B.</span>, Bengal Artillery.
+Indian Mutiny, January 2nd., 1858. Capturing a standard from two
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_538'>538</span>Sepoys, single-handed, at Khodagunge, and for conspicuous gallantry
+on every occasion.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Chief Gunner John. Black Sea, May 29th., 1855. Setting
+fire to stores, in face of enemy. <i>See</i> Captain Buckley.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Private J. R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September
+28th., 1857. Bringing a wounded comrade through a street under
+heavy fire, in which he was himself wounded, at Bolundshuhur.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Robinson</span>, Seaman E., Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 13th.,
+1858. For having, at Lucknow, extinguished a fire among the sandbags
+of a battery under very heavy fire of musketry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roddy</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel P., Bengal Army. Indian Mutiny,
+September 27th., 1857. For charging and cutting down a rebel armed
+with a musket, who killed his horse; and other gallant acts.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rodgers</span>, Private G., 71st. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 16th., 1858.
+For daring conduct in attacking alone a party of seven rebels strongly
+posted, killing one of them, at Marar, Gwalior.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rogers</span>, Colonel R. M., 44th Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, China,
+August 21st., 1860, with Lieutenant E. H. Lenon, and Private
+J. M‘Dougal. For swimming the ditches, and being the first in the
+fort, entering through an embrasure. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Lenon.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rosamond</span>, Serjeant-Major M., 37th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+Indian Mutiny, June 4th., 1857. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel
+Spottiswoode to fire the lines of mutinous Sepoys at Benares, and
+volunteering to bring in Captain Brown, his family, and others from
+a detached bungalow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ross</span>, Corporal J., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol and Redan, July
+21st. and August 23rd., 1855. For distinguished conduct in placing
+and filling gabions under heavy fire and light balls, and creeping to
+the Redan and reporting its evacuation on the night of September
+8th.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rowlands</span>, Major-General H., c.b., 41st. Foot. Inkermann,
+November 5th., 1854. Rescuing Colonel Haly when wounded and
+surrounded by Russians, and gallantly holding his post on picquet.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rush</span>, Serjeant-Major David, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March
+19th., 1858. For conspicuous bravery near Lucknow, in attacking
+with one man eight of the enemy, killing three of them.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Russell</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir C., Bart., Grenadier Guards. Inkermann,
+November 5th., 1854. Volunteering to dislodge a party of
+Russians from the Sandbag Battery, if anyone would follow him.
+The attack was successful.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Private John, 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September
+26th., 1857. For his gallantry in saving the wounded from being
+massacred at Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September
+7th., 1863. For his conduct, with Privates Bulford and Talbot of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_539'>539</span>same regiment, in removing Captain Smith, who was mortally
+wounded, from the field of action, and remaining beside his body all
+night in the bush.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Drummer M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian
+Mutiny, Delhi, September 14th., 1857. <i>See</i> Serjeant-Major J. M‘Guire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Salkeld</span>, Lieutenant P., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, September
+14th., 1857. Mortally wounded in the desperate duty of
+blowing in the Cashmere Gate. <i>See</i> Lieutenant D. C. Home.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Salmon</span>, Rear-Admiral N., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny,
+November 16th., 1857; and Boatswain’s Mate John Harrison. Climbing,
+under fire, a tree, touching the angle of the Shah Nujiff, in order
+to reply to the fire of the enemy, when Captain Peel had called for
+volunteers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sartorius</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. H., 59th. Foot. Afghanistan,
+October 24th., 1879. Leading party of five men of the 59th. Regiment
+at Shahjui against enemy of unknown strength, and dislodging
+them from a strong position on the top of a hill. In this service he
+was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sartorious</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel R. W., <span class='fss'>C.M.G.</span>, 6th. Bengal Cavalry.
+Ashanti, January 17th., 1874. At Abogov, removing wounded non-commissioned
+Houssa officer under heavy fire and placing him under
+cover.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Schiess</span>, Corporal, Natal Native Contingent. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand,
+January 22nd., 1879. For conspicuous gallantry in repulsing
+Zulus with the bayonet; also creeping along a wall and shooting three
+others who were firing from the wall which had been abandoned.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scholefield</span>, Seaman M. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. <i>See</i>
+Seamen J. Gorman and T. Reeves.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scott</span>, Major A., Bengal Staff Corps. India, July 6th., 1877.
+Saving the life of Lieutenant Kunhardt, at Quetta, from some Pathan
+coolies, bayoneting two and closing with a third.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scott</span>, Lieutenant R. G., Cape Mounted Rifles. South Africa, April
+8th., 1879. In the attack on Moirosi’s Mountain, attempting to throw
+time shells over a stone barricade amongst the enemy, under a heavy
+fire. In the performance of this duty he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seely</span>, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Japan, September 6th.,
+1864. Daring in ascertaining enemy’s position, and remaining at the
+front after being wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sellar</span>, Lance-Corporal G., Seaforth Highlanders. Kabul, December
+14th., 1879. For his bravery at Asmai, being first at top of a hill
+and cutting down one of the enemy after fierce fight, in which he was
+wounded himself.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shaw</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel H., 18th. Foot. New Zealand, January
+24th., 1865. Rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire, and with
+the assistance of four privates who volunteered, bringing him in, on two
+occasions the same day.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_540'>540</span><span class='sc'>Shaw</span>, Private S., 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny,
+January 13th., 1858. Attacking and killing a Ghazee with his short
+sword, after a desperate struggle, in which he was himself wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shebbeare</span>, Captain R. H., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry. September
+14th., 1857. At the assault on Delhi, attempting to reorganise his
+men before walls of loopholed serai, and conducting rear-guard of
+retreat across a canal, though severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sheppard</span>, Boatswain J., H.M.S. “St. Jean d’Acre.” Sebastopol,
+July 15th., August 16th., 1855. Twice proceeding into the harbour
+alone in a punt, and endeavouring to blow up a Russian man-of-war.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shields</span>, Corporal R., 23rd. Foot. Sebastopol, Redan, September
+8th., 1855. Volunteering to go out and bring in Lieutenant Dynely,
+who was mortally wounded, under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Simpson</span>, Major J., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858.
+At the attack on the fort of Ruhya, bringing in first a wounded officer,
+and then a wounded man, under close and heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sims</span>, Private J., 34th. Foot. Redan, 18th. June, 1855. Bringing in
+wounded under heavy fire, in broad daylight.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sinnot</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 6th.,
+1857. For distinguished gallantry at Lucknow in going out with
+Sergeants Glynn and Mullins, and Private Mullins, to the rescue of
+Lieutenant Gibaut, who was wounded, and bringing him in under
+heavy fire. Selected by his companions as the most worthy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sleavon</span>, Corporal M., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd.,
+1857. At the attack on the fort at Jhansi, continuing to work at head
+of sap under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Gunner Albert, Royal Artillery. At Abu Klea, Soudan,
+January 17th., 1885. Defending Lieutenant Guthrie, Royal Artillery,
+who was mortally wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Colonel F. A., 43rd. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864.
+Gallantly leading his company to attack a position at Tauranga,
+although wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Lance-Corporal H., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September
+14th., 1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire of
+grape and musketry at Delhi.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Sergeant J., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, Delhi,
+September 14th., 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Home.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Private J., 1st. Madras Fusiliers (102nd. Regiment). Indian
+Mutiny, November 16th., 1857. For having been one of the first to try
+and enter the Secundra Bagh, and on the gate being forced, he
+was among the first inside. He received immediately three desperate
+wounds, but fought his way out, and performed his duties for the day.
+Elected by the privates of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Corporal P., 17th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For
+repeatedly going out in front of the trenches and bringing in wounded,
+under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_541'>541</span><span class='sc'>Spence</span>, Troop Sergeant-Major, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny,
+January 17th., 1858. Rescuing a wounded comrade from a number of
+rebels, at Shumsabad.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Spence</span>, Private E., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858.
+He, with Lance-Corporal Thomson, would have been recommended for
+the decoration, for having covered retreat of the party bringing in the
+body of Lieutenant Willoughby, under heavy fire, but he died from
+wounds received when doing so.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stagpoole</span>, Drummer D., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd.,
+1863. Has also the medal for distinguished service in the field. <i>See</i>
+Ensign J. T. Down.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stanlock</span>, Private W., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, October,
+1854. For volunteering to crawl up within six yards of Russian sentry,
+thereby enabling officer in command of reconnoitring party to effect a
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stewart</span>, Major W. G. D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November
+16th., 1857. For his gallantry at Lucknow in leading attack and
+capturing two guns. Elected by the officers of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Strong</span>, Private George, Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, September
+1855. Throwing away live shell which fell in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sullivan</span>, Chief Boatswain J. Sebastopol, April 10th., 1855.
+Placing flag on a mound at great risk, so as to enable fire to be opened
+on a concealed Russian battery.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutton</span>, Bugler W., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 13th.,
+1857. Reconnoitring the breach at Delhi the night before the assault,
+and rushing over trenches when the enemy was attacking in force, and
+killing a bugler who was about to sound. Elected by the privates of
+the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sylvester</span>, Assistant-Surgeon H. T., 23rd. Foot. Redan, September
+8th., 1855. Going out under heavy fire to dress the wounds of Lieut.
+Dynely, who was laying mortally wounded, and assisting the wounded
+under fire on other occasions.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Symons</span>, Lieutenant G., Military Train. Sebastopol, June 6th., 1855.
+Unmasking battery under terrific fire, in which act he was severely
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Taylor</span>, J., Captain of the Forecastle. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855.
+<i>See</i> Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Teesdale</span>, Colonel C. C., Royal Artillery. Defence of Kars, September
+29th., 1855. Driving the enemy from a redoubt, the key of the
+position, and rallying Turkish artillerymen when driven from their
+guns, and inducing them to return to their post; and also, at great
+personal risk, saving many of the wounded Russians from the fury
+of the Turks.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Temple</span>, Surgeon-Major W., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November
+20th., 1863; and Lieutenant A. F. Pickard. For their devoted
+conduct in assisting the wounded under heavy fire, during the assault
+of Rangiriri.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_542'>542</span><span class='sc'>Thackery</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. T., Bengal Engineers. Indian
+Mutiny, September 16th., 1857. For daring in extinguishing a fire
+in the magazine at Delhi, under close musketry fire, and at imminent
+risk of being blown up.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thomas</span>, Bombardier J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September
+27th., 1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire,
+during a sortie from Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thomson</span>, Lance-Corporal A., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April
+15th., 1858. Volunteering to assist in bringing in an officer’s body
+under heavy fire. <i>See</i> General Cafe.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thompson</span>, Private J., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 9th., 1857.
+For saving the life of his captain (Wilton) when surrounded by a party
+of Ghazees, and gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of
+the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tombs</span>, Major-General Sir H., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Bengal Artillery. Indian
+Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. Twice going to the assistance of Lieutenant
+Hills, before Delhi, killing his man on each occasion. <i>See</i> Lieutenant
+Hills.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Travers</span>, General J. Indian Mutiny, July 1st., 1857. For his
+bravery in the attack on the Presidency at Indore, when, supported by
+only five men, he charged the guns of the mutineers, and by this act
+saved the lives of many European fugitives.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Trevor</span>, Colonel W. S., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th.,
+1865; and Lieutenant J. Dundas. Gallantry in leading attack on a
+loopholed blockhouse at Dewangiri. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Dundas.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Trewavas</span>, Seaman J., H.M.S. “Beagle.” Straits of Genitchi, July
+3rd., 1855. Cutting hawsers of the floating bridge at Genitchi under
+heavy fire, in which he was wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Turner</span>, Private S., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857.
+At Delhi, during a severe fight with the mutineers, he carried off on
+his shoulders Lieutenant Humphreys, who was mortally wounded, and
+was himself wounded in so doing.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tytler</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+Indian Mutiny, February 10th., 1858. For charging rebel guns in
+advance at Choorpoorah, and engaging gunners alone hand to hand,
+till the guns were carried. In the action he was severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Vousden</span>, Major W. J., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December
+14th., 1879. Charging with a small party through and through superior
+force of retreating Kohistanees, backwards and forwards several times,
+on the Asmai heights.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wadeson</span>, Colonel R., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, before Delhi,
+July 18th., 1857. Twice saving a soldier’s life when attacked by rebel
+sowars.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Walker</span>, Major-General M., 30th. Foot. Inkermann, November
+5th., 1854. By his example encouraging his comrades to repulse a
+superior force of Russian Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_543'>543</span><span class='sc'>Waller</span>, Colour-Sergeant G., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, September
+14th. and 18th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Delhi, in
+charging and capturing guns. Elected by the non-commissioned
+officers of the regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Waller</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W. F. F., 25th. Bombay Light Infantry.
+Indian Mutiny, June 20th., 1858. For distinguished bravery in
+capturing Gwalior by storm, with a handful of men. Lieutenant Rose,
+the only other European present, was killed in the assault.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Walters</span>, Sergeant G., 49th. Foot. Inkermann, November 5th.,
+1854. Rescuing Brigadier-General Adams when surrounded by the
+enemy, one of whom he killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wantage</span>, Lord (Loyd-Lindsay, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir R. J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>),
+Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma and Inkermann, 1854. At the Alma,
+re-forming the line, and standing firm with the colours; and at Inkermann,
+charging and repulsing a strong body of Russians with a
+few men.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ward</span>, Private H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, September
+25th. and 26th., 1857. Escorting and protecting Lieutenant H. M.
+Havelock, and a private, who were wounded, through heavy cross fire,
+to a place of safety, at Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ward</span>, Sergeant J. 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th.,
+1858. For gallantry at Gwalior. <i>See</i> Major C. W. Heneage and
+Private Pearson.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wassal</span>, Private S., 80th. Foot. Zululand, Isandhlwana, January
+22nd., 1879. Rescuing comrade from drowning, under heavy and close
+fire, in the Buffalo river.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Watson</span>, Major-General J. C. B., 1st. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian
+Mutiny, November 14th., 1857. For distinguished conduct in attacking
+rebel cavalry in advance of his men, and dismounting their leader
+in single combat.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wheatley</span>, Private F., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, November 10th.,
+1854. Throwing live shell over parapet of the trenches.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Whirlpool</span>, Private F., 3rd. Bombay European Regiment. Indian
+Mutiny, April 3rd. and May 2nd., 1858. Bringing in wounded under
+heavy fire, at the attack on Jhansi, and going to the rescue of Lieutenant
+Donne, who was wounded, at Lohari. In this service he
+received <i>seventeen</i> wounds, but his gallant example greatly contributed
+to the success of the day.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>White</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. S., 92nd. Foot. Afghanistan,
+October 7th., 1879, and September 1st., 1880. For his gallantry at
+Charasiah, in dislodging overwhelming numbers of enemy from fortified
+hill, with only two companies of his regiment. His men exhausted
+with climbing, he advanced alone and shot the enemy’s leader, causing
+the rest to retreat; also dashing forward on another occasion and
+capturing a gun at Candahar.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilkinson</span>, Bombardier Thomas, Royal Marine Artillery. Sebastopol,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_544'>544</span>June 5th., 1855. For his conduct in the advanced trenches, in
+repairing work under heavy fire.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Williams</span>, Private John, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift,
+Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Private H. Hook.
+Gallantly defending and rescuing hospital patients. <i>See</i> Privates
+Hitch, Jones, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilmot</span>, Major Sir Henry, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Rifle Brigade. Indian
+Mutiny, March 11th., 1858; and Corporal W. Nash and Private D.
+Hawks. For his gallantry in covering retreat of three of his men, who
+were carrying away a wounded comrade exposed to the fire of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilson</span>, Captain A. K., H.M.S. “Hecla.” Soudan, El Teb, February
+29th., 1884. Engaging, in defence of a Gardner gun, several of
+the enemy, single-handed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wood</span>, Major-General, Sir H. E., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 17th. Light Dragoons.
+Indian Mutiny, October 19th., 1858. Attacking and routing almost
+single-handed, a body of rebels at Sindwaho; and with two soldiers
+rescuing a Potail from band of robbers, near Sindhora.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wood</span>, Colonel J. A., Bombay Staff Corps. Persia, December 9th.,
+1856. At Bushire he was first on the parapet, and although struck by
+seven bullets, he cut down the leader of the enemy, and established
+himself in the place.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wooden</span>, Quartermaster Charles, 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October
+26th., 1854. Saving life of Colonel Morris. <i>See</i> Surgeon-General
+J. Mouat, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wright</span>, Private A., 77th. Foot. Crimea. For conspicuous
+gallantry throughout the whole war. He greatly distinguished himself
+on several occasions, and was twice wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Young</span>, Commander J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny, November
+10th., 1857, and Captain of Foretop, W. Hall, H.M.S. “Shannon.”
+Gallantry in working a 24-pounder gun brought up to the angle of the
+Shah Nujiff, at Lucknow.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Since the above list has been in type, three officers have
+won the Cross, for the distinguished bravery shown by them
+during the recent operations in the Hunza and Nagar Country,
+on the Gilgit frontier, in December, 1891; namely, Captain F.
+H. Aylmer, of the Royal Engineers, and Lieutenants G. H.
+Boisragon and J. M. Smith, of the Indian Staff Corps. Capt.
+Aylmer and Lieutenant Boisragon gained the decoration for
+their conspicuous gallantry in the assault and capture of the
+Nilt Fort, December 2nd., 1891. Captain Aylmer accompanied
+the storming party, and blew open the inner gate of the place
+with gun cotton, and, though severely wounded, continued
+fighting till he fainted from loss of blood. Lieutenant Guy H.
+Boisragon led the assault, and returned for reinforcements,
+under a heavy cross fire. The Cross was given to Lieutenant
+J. M. Smith for the gallantry with which he led the storming
+party at the attack and capture of a very strong position near
+Nilt, in the Hunza-Nagar country, December 20th., 1891,
+which had stopped the advance of the force for seventeen
+days.</p>
+
+<div id='i545fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_545fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Indian Mutiny Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_545'>545</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN MUTINY MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1857–1858.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal, which is by L. C. Wyon, Esq., was granted by
+a General Order, dated August 18th., 1858. The obverse has
+the Queen’s head, diademed, with the superscription “Victoria
+Regina,” and on the reverse Britannia is represented in an
+erect position, instead of being seated. In her right hand,
+outstretched, is a laurel wreath. An oval shield with the
+crosses of the Union is on the left arm, and in the hand
+are other wreaths. The British Lion forms an appropriate
+background, above is the word “India,” and in the exergue
+the date 1857–1858. The ribbon is French-white, with two
+red stripes. It was granted to all engaged in operations
+against the rebels or mutineers, and was also conferred on
+non-military persons who had borne arms as volunteers
+against them. There are five bars attached, respectively inscribed
+“Delhi,” “Defence of Lucknow,” “Relief of Lucknow,”
+“Lucknow,” and “Central India.” The first clasp was granted
+to the troops employed in the operations against, and at
+the assault of, Delhi; that for the “Defence of Lucknow”
+was conferred on all of the original garrison, under Major-General
+Inglis, and to those who succoured them, and continued
+the defence under Major-Generals Sir Henry Havelock
+and Sir James Outram, until relieved by Lord Clyde; “Relief
+of Lucknow” was given to the troops engaged in the operations
+against that place, under the immediate command of Lord
+Clyde, in November, 1857; and the clasp of “Lucknow” was
+awarded to the force engaged under his lordship’s immediate
+command in March, 1858, in the final capture of the town,
+and in all operations connected therewith; “Central India”
+was granted to the column under Major-General Sir Hugh
+Rose, G.C.B., engaged in the operations against Jhansi,
+Calpee, and Gwalior, and also to the troops, which, under
+the command of Major-Generals Roberts and Whitlock respectively,
+performed such important service in Central India.
+Four was the greatest number of bars issued with any one
+medal, and the medal was given to the Naval Brigade,
+without a bar, and with bars, for “Relief of Lucknow,” and
+“Lucknow.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_546'>546</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>30th. May to 14th. September, 1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, will never cease to be
+remembered in India. An outbreak, for some time contemplated,
+broke out at Meerut in the afternoon of that day.
+A century had elapsed since Clive’s celebrated battle of
+Plassey, the forerunner of so many victories gained in India,
+by the valuable co-operation of the Native troops, when the
+latter, forgetful of their former glories and of their loyalty,
+burst out into mutiny, with the view of overthrowing British
+supremacy in the East; the outbreak of Vellore, in the
+Madras Presidency, in 1806, having been the only exception
+to the long-continued fidelity of the Sepoy soldier. During
+the operations against Persia the Court of Delhi had entered
+into correspondence with the Shah, and Dost Mahomed, the
+Sovereign of Cabool, had been urged to invade the Punjab
+when, by the secession of the Bengal native army, the time
+should be opportune. The grievance of the greased cartridges
+was indeed urged, but the combination had been for
+some time forming, and the name of the King of Delhi,
+over eighty years of age, was imagined to be a “tower of
+strength” in the endeavour to be made to restore the
+supremacy of the Mogul dynasty.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_547'>547</span>There is no doubt the rebellion was prematurely commenced;
+but scenes of the most heart-rending descriptions occurred, and
+several officers, ladies, and even children fell victims to the
+brutality of the Sepoys. Outbreaks occurred at Allahabad,
+Jhansi, Azimghur, Bareilly, Lucknow, Cawnpore, Benares, and
+other places; the European women and children being, in
+many cases, murdered, and the several mutinous regiments
+all made for Delhi, hastening thither, as a central point,
+from all quarters, and committing the greatest outrages.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the mutineers had seized Delhi, and proclaimed a
+descendant of the Mogul as king, their next object was to
+gain the chief magazine in that city. After a gallant defence
+it was exploded by order of Lieutenant Willoughby, who died
+of his wounds. Sculley and Buckley were the two gunners,
+and the former, who fired the train, escaped, together with
+the other heroes Lieutenants Forrest and Raynor.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At this momentous period the Commander-in-Chief in India
+was General the Honourable George Anson, who had proceeded
+to Simla to escape the heat of the plains. Immediately upon
+receiving intelligence of the mutiny, he hurried to Umballa,
+and collecting all the available troops,<a id='r176'></a><a href='#f176' class='c013'><sup>[176]</sup></a> marched on Delhi,
+but died of cholera at Kurnaul on the 27th. of May. His
+successor was Major-General Reed, who on the day following
+quitted Rawul Pindee, and arrived early in June at the camp
+of Major-General Sir Henry Barnard, K.C.B., at Aleepore,
+where a numerous force had been collected.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While Brigadier-General Archdale Wilson hastened with a
+body of troops from Meerut to join the former, the mutineers
+from Delhi attempted to intercept his march. He was attacked
+on the 30th. of May at Ghazee-ood-deen-nuggur, when seven
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_548'>548</span>hundred British soldiers defeated a disciplined force more
+than seven-fold their number. This is considered as the commencement
+of operations before Delhi.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following day (Whit-Sunday) the attack was renewed,
+and the enemy was again repulsed, twenty-six guns
+being captured. The 6th. Dragoon Guards and first battalion
+60th. Rifles have reason to be proud of their deeds performed
+this day. No further opposition was encountered, and Brigadier-General
+Wilson joined Sir Henry Barnard at Aleepore. The
+united forces commenced their march shortly after midnight,
+and Brigadier-General Reed being unable from sickness to
+proceed with the army, the command devolved on Major-General
+Sir Henry Barnard.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At dawn on the 8th. of June the British arrived before
+Badlee-ke-Serai, a fortified position, when the enemy opened
+fire. Brigadier Hope Grant, C.B., with his column, consisting
+of portions of the 9th. Lancers, 6th. Dragoon Guards. 75th.,
+first battalions 60th. and 87th. were highly distinguished.
+On the regimental colour of the 75th. appeared the Royal
+Tiger, gained in former fields in India, and they added to
+their well-earned reputation by charging the enemy with
+the bayonet, who abandoned the whole of his guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This entrenched position being carried, Sir Henry Barnard
+divided his army into two columns, one of which proceeded
+along the main trunk road under Brigadier-General Wilson,
+while the other marched under his own command to the site
+of the Delhi cantonments, before they were burnt. Here on
+an eminence the mutineers were posted, which position was
+taken by Sir Henry Barnard, the enemy being forced to
+abandon their guns; while this rapid flank movement to the
+left, by Brigadier Wilson’s column forcing its way through
+gardens with high walls, compelled the foe to take refuge
+in Delhi, the two commanders meeting at a place named
+Hindoo’s Rao’s House.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In these actions the Ghoorkas, evinced that gallantry which
+was so prominent during every subsequent encounter with
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After these events the British army took up a position
+before Delhi. The force at this period comprised the following
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_549'>549</span>Queen’s regiments:—two squadrons of the 6th. Dragoon
+Guards (Carabineers), the 9th. Lancers; head-quarters and
+six companies of the 60th. Rifles; head-quarters and nine
+companies of the 75th. Regiment; in addition to these were
+three troops of horse artillery; a company of foot artillery, a
+detachment of sappers and miners, the first Bengal Fusiliers;
+and the head-quarters and six companies of the second
+Fusiliers, and the Sirmoor battalion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A strongly-built residence, named Hindoo Rao’s House, on
+the top of a high eminence about half a mile in advance
+of the camp, offered an excellent position for bombarding
+the town, and from the three batteries erected thereon a constant
+fire of shot and shell was kept up. Between Hindoo
+Rao’s House and the Grand Trunk Road the ground was
+rough and rocky, covered with brushwood and enclosed gardens,
+over which the Sepoys frequently crept up in skirmishing
+order, availing themselves of the shelter thus afforded,
+but they were always repulsed by the guides and riflemen,
+being at times pursued nearly to the city walls. Every
+mutineer who was captured was at once shot or bayoneted.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The lines of defence were gradually advanced, and the
+rebels were driven from the Subzee Mundee, formerly used
+as a market for vegetables, and the Serai, a large building
+in front of it, which the British strongly fortified, together
+with the Pagoda opposite the Moree Gate.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Early in June cholera appeared in the camp; this added to
+the trials of the troops; there being in consequence of the
+small force scarcely any rest by night, as the limited numbers
+barely admitted of relief, lessened as they were by
+those required for picket duty. Fighting by day, and being
+on the alert for a renewal of the conflict by night, occasioned
+great fatigue, and shewed what British troops can
+endure; besides which the ammunition supplies were not
+very plentiful for heavy ordnance.<a id='r177'></a><a href='#f177' class='c013'><sup>[177]</sup></a> Another large Serai,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_550'>550</span>near the Ajmeer Gate, was gallantly taken on the 17th. of
+June, by a body of troops under Major Tombs, of the
+artillery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In consequence of a prophecy that the 23rd. of June, the
+centenary anniversary of Plassey, was to be fatal to British
+rule in India, a determined effort was made by the mutineers
+on that morning, who advanced from the city in large bodies,
+and attacking the batteries, kept up a sustained and vigorous
+fire throughout the day. Their prophets proved false, for
+the enemy was beaten as usual.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This victory of the 23rd. of June occasioned much rejoicing
+in the camp. Frequent skirmishes occurred towards
+the end of the month, and during July. The besieging
+force had now been strengthened by a wing of the 8th. Foot
+and of the 61st. Regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Early in July Sir Henry Barnard died of cholera, when
+the command devolved on Major-General Reed, who, although
+the senior, had relinquished it to him upon the decease of
+General Anson. Reed, on account also of ill-health, was soon
+compelled to give over the command to Brigadier-General
+Wilson. The 8th. and 61st. Regiments suffered severely from
+cholera, attributed to their long march during the height of
+the rainy season. The former, in four months, from July to
+October, lost one hundred and thirty-three men, and the
+deaths in the latter during the same period amounted to
+two hundred and forty-six.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sortie was made by the enemy on the 9th. of July.
+During the forenoon of the 14th. another attack occurred
+in which Brigadier-General Chamberlain, the Adjutant-General,
+was severely wounded; Captain Norman, of the 31st. Native
+Infantry (frequently thanked in the dispatches for his services),
+the second in the department, was appointed to carry
+on the duties of this arduous office. On the 18th. and
+23rd. other sorties took place, and the rebels were again
+repulsed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two dense columns of the enemy attempted, on the 31st.
+of July, to gain the rear of the British camp, but the
+bridges having been destroyed, they were unable to cross the
+canal, and after a brisk cannonade the troops returned to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_551'>551</span>the city. An attack sustained with great determination occurred
+on the 1st. of August, the anniversary of the great
+Mahomedan festival, commemorating Abraham’s sacrifice, not
+of Isaac, but of Ishmael, when the mutineers received a
+severe punishment. Brigadier Showers, on the 12th. of that
+month, succeeded in capturing four of the enemy’s guns.
+Four days previously Brigadier-General Nicholson reached
+the camp in advance of his column, which had been employed
+in disarming rebellion in the Punjab;<a id='r178'></a><a href='#f178' class='c013'><sup>[178]</sup></a> his force consisting
+of two thousand five hundred men, Europeans and
+Sikhs, was a welcome addition to the army before Delhi.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Nicholson gained a brilliant victory over
+the enemy at Nujjuffghur, twenty miles from Delhi, on the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_552'>552</span>25th. of August, and thus prevented an attack upon the rear
+of the British camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For some time the siege train from Meerut had been
+anxiously expected, and on the morning of the 4th. of
+September it arrived.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A crisis was now fast approaching; fifty-four siege guns
+were placed in position in several batteries, and on the 11th.
+of September an incessant fire was opened, and sustained,
+upon the line of defence between the Water and Cashmere
+Gates. The latter was in ruins on the 13th., and shortly
+after three o’clock on the following morning, the assaulting
+columns prepared to advance. There were four columns of
+attack; Brigadier-General Nicholson commanded the first;
+Brigadier-General Jones the second; Brigadier Campbell the
+third; and Major Reid the fourth. There was also a fifth
+reserve column under Brigadier Longfield.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It being necessary to blow open the Cashmere Gate, in
+order that the attacking force might effect an entrance into
+the city, this desperate duty was performed by Lieutenants
+Home and Salkeld,<a id='r179'></a><a href='#f179' class='c013'><sup>[179]</sup></a> of the Engineers. The latter died of
+his wounds, and the former was shortly afterwards killed by
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_553'>553</span>an explosion, whilst blowing up a fort abandoned by the
+rebels in Bolundshuhur.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier Nicholson with the first column of attack, consisting
+of three hundred men of the 75th., two hundred
+and fifty of the 1st. European Bengal Fusiliers, and five
+hundred of the 2nd. Punjab Infantry was ordered to assault
+the breach in the Cashmere Curtain Gate. A portion escaladed
+the left face of the bastion of the gate, while the
+remainder, covered by the fire of the 60th., rushed up the
+breach made upon their left of the gate. After reaching
+the Cabool Gate, so destructive a fire was opened by the
+enemy, that the advancing troops were compelled to desist.
+Their gallant commander, Nicholson, whilst inducing the men
+to renew the attempt, here fell mortally wounded, and died
+nine days afterwards. Colonel Herbert, of the 75th., was
+previously wounded on the glacis, and the command of this
+portion of the assaulting column devolved on Captain William
+Brookes, of that regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier William Jones with the second column, composed
+of the 8th., 2nd. European Bengal Fusiliers, and 4th. Sikh
+regiment of infantry (the storming party consisted of seventy-five
+men of these corps, and the assault was led by Brevet-Major
+R. S. Baynes, of the 8th. Foot, who was dangerously
+wounded), covered by the fire of the skirmishers of the
+60th. Rifles, advanced through the breach in the bastion at
+the Water Gate, and gained possession of the walls as far
+as the Cabool Gate without meeting any check. Upon
+reaching the latter the troops turned one of the guns immediately
+on the Lahore Gate, from which the foe was firing
+grape and round shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Colonel George Campbell, of the 52nd. Light Infantry,
+proceeded with the third column of assault, consisting of two
+hundred and forty of the 52nd., five hundred of the 1st.
+Punjab Infantry, and two hundred and sixty of the Kumaon
+battalion, and when the Cashmere Gate had been blown open
+by the explosion, the stormers rushed in, and in a short
+time the column gained possession of the main guard, where
+so many murders had occurred at the outbreak of the mutiny
+and at once advanced to the attack of the great mosque, the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_554'>554</span>Jumma Musjid, situated about the centre of the city. When
+almost close to the mosque, it was found that there were
+no means of gaining an entrance, the force being without
+powder-bags or artillery; and having to sustain a concentrated
+musketry fire from the surrounding houses, the column
+was eventually compelled to withdraw.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major Reid, of the Sirmoor Battalion, who led the fourth
+column (consisting of fifty men of the 60th. Rifles, two
+hundred Sirmoor Battalion, one hundred and sixty 1st.
+Fusiliers, two hundred Guides, twenty-five Coke’s Corps,
+sixty-five Kumaon Battalion, eighty 61st. Regiment,—seven
+hundred and eighty in all), was severely wounded; his fall
+checked the advance of the Goorkhas; Captain D. D. Muter,
+of the 1st. battalion of the 60th., succeeded to the command;
+and the rush of the Rifles and Fusiliers placed them for a
+moment in possession of the breastwork at the end of the
+Serai of Kishengunge, but being unsupported, were unable to
+maintain the position, under the heavy flanking fire to which
+they became exposed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the cavalry brigade (consisting of two hundred
+of the 9th. Lancers, and four hundred and ten Natives from
+the Guides, 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjab Cavalry, and Hodson’s
+Horse; with three guns of the first Troop Horse Artillery,
+and four guns of the second, under Major Toombs), commanded
+by Brigadier Hope Grant, forming in front of the
+walls, proceeded to the Cabool Gate, and although exposed
+to a heavy fire, did excellent service by preventing the
+mutineers, who came out in great numbers through the gardens,
+from attacking the British batteries. During the operation
+on the 14th. of September the casualties amounted to
+eleven hundred and seventy killed, wounded, and missing.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Deacon, of the 61st., succeeded in capturing
+the magazine in the city of Delhi, on the 16th. of
+September. Not a word was spoken, not a trigger pulled, until
+the stormers and the support had reached the summit of the
+breach and the magazine yard, when a cheer and a charge
+were given and made, on which the enemy, taken most completely
+by surprise, fled precipitately, throwing down the port-fires
+at their guns. Several of them were bayoneted close to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_555'>555</span>the breach, the others were closely pursued by the 61st. and
+the 4th. Punjab Infantry. A party under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Rainey, of the former (under the guidance of Captain H. W.
+Norman, Assistant-Adjutant-General), having passed through
+the magazine, turned to their left, and spiked a gun, which
+was in position on the eastern wall of the city, and which
+was pointed at the College Garden Battery; here the enemy
+fought desperately. Assistant-Surgeon Reade and Colour-Sergeant
+Mitchell, both of the 61st., also spiked a gun. One
+hundred and seventy guns, together with stores of all descriptions,
+were found in the magazine. During the fore and
+afternoon attacks were made by the rebels, which were repulsed
+on every occasion by the troops then within the walls,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Farquhar, of the Belooch Battalion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A determined opposition was kept up for a few days in
+the city, and only slow progress was made; but on the
+morning of the 20th., possession was secured of the Lahore
+Gate, and the troops then advanced upon the other bastions
+and gates, until the entire defences of the city were acquired.
+The enemy, unable to withstand the uninterrupted
+and vigorous fire from the guns and mortars, from the first
+entrance of the city by the British, and the steady and persevering
+advance of the troops, at length took to flight,
+abandoning their camp, property, and several of their sick
+and wounded, besides the greater portion of their field artillery;
+some four or five thousand fled across the bridge of
+boats into the Doab, or country between the Jumna and the
+Ganges, and the rest along the right bank of the former
+river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After the gate of the palace had been blown in, it was
+occupied by the troops about noon on Sunday, the 20th. of
+September, and the head-quarters of Major-General Wilson
+were established therein the same day. The rapid advance
+upon the Jumna Musjid by Major Brind, of the artillery,
+with a detachment of fifty men of the 8th. Foot, and twenty
+of the 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers, under the command of
+Captain Bannatyne, of the former regiment, an entrance into
+which was forced about an hour and a half prior to the
+assault upon the palace, contributed towards the success of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_556'>556</span>operations, and the complete occupation of the city. At
+sunrise on the 21st. a royal salute proclaimed that Delhi was
+again under British rule; the aged Sovereign, after a trial,
+being sent a prisoner for life to Rangoon.<a id='r180'></a><a href='#f180' class='c013'><sup>[180]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the capture of Delhi was completed, a flying column,
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Greathed,<a id='r181'></a><a href='#f181' class='c013'><sup>[181]</sup></a>
+consisting of the 9th. Lancers, 8th. and 75th. Regiments, the
+2nd. and 4th. Punjab Infantry, two hundred of Hodson’s Horse
+with the 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjab Cavalry and Horse Artillery,
+proceeded on the morning of the 23rd. of September,
+from Delhi in a south-easterly direction upon Bolundshuhur
+and Allyghur, with a view of cutting off the mutineers on the
+right bank of the Jumna, in their endeavour to pass the
+river into the Doab. At Bolundshuhur, on the 28th. of
+September, the column defeated a body of the enemy, and
+afterwards destroyed the fort of Malaghur; here, Lieutenant
+Home, who shared in the blowing open of the Cashmere
+Gate at Delhi, met an accidental death by an explosion of
+gunpowder. While on the march along the Great Trunk
+road to Allyghur, the rebels were again encountered and
+scattered.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Pursuing this successful course the troops arrived at Agra,
+after a night march from Hattrass; fatigued as they were,
+and while preparing to encamp, an attack was suddenly made
+upon them on the 10th. of October, by a numerous body
+of the enemy. In the action which ensued, the 9th. Lancers
+were specially mentioned. Lieutenant-Colonel Cotton, commanding
+at Agra, at once repaired to the camp, and assumed
+the command, but Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed was not
+aware of his presence for some time. The attack was soon
+overpowered, and turned into a complete rout, notwithstanding
+several ineffectual attempts to make a stand, and the
+pursuit was continued during the rest of the day for a
+distance of eleven miles, the whole of the enemy’s guns,
+twelve in number, being captured. This was effected under
+the rays of an Indian sun, and with comparatively small
+loss, but the casualties of the enemy were immense.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed having crossed the Jumna was
+joined, on the 14th. of October, by Brigadier Hope Grant,<a id='r182'></a><a href='#f182' class='c013'><sup>[182]</sup></a>
+who, as senior officer, took the command. After dismantling
+the fort of a rebel Rajah of Mynporee, who did not attempt
+any resistance, the column put to flight a body of fugitives
+from Delhi, killing many of them. Possession was gained of
+the fort of Jhujjur by Brigadier Showers, on the 17th.
+of October, which is regarded as the close of the operations
+against Delhi. Brigadier Grant, continuing his march, arrived
+at Cawnpore on the 28th. of October, and on the 30th. crossed
+the Ganges, reaching the vicinity of the Alumbagh on the
+8th. of the following month.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Delhi were—Artillery (European and
+Native); 6th. Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 1st. and 2nd.
+Hodson’s Horse; and 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry;
+8th., 52nd., 60th., 61st., and 75th. Royal Bengal Fusiliers;
+Bengal Sappers and Miners; 32nd. Bengal Infantry; 1st., 2nd.,
+4th. and 24th. Punjaub Infantry; 2nd. and 3rd. Ghoorkas;
+4th. Sikh Infantry; 27th. Bombay Light Infantry; Irregular
+and Guide Cavalry and Infantry; and the Belooch Battalion.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_557'>557</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. June to 25th. September, 1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir Henry Lawrence, having received information in the
+evening of the 29th. of June, that a body of rebels were about
+to march upon Lucknow from the village of Chinnahut, distant
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_558'>558</span>about eight miles from the town, determined on making a reconnoissance.
+This was accordingly commenced on the following
+day. Misled by the reports of wayfarers, who stated that there
+were few or no men between Lucknow and Chinnahut, the
+troops proceeded a greater distance than was originally intended,
+and suddenly fell in with the enemy, who had up to that moment
+eluded the vigilance of the advanced guard by concealing themselves,
+in overwhelming numbers, behind a long line of trees.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For some time the foe was held in check by the force, composed
+of three hundred of the 32nd., and portions of the 13th.,
+48th., and 71st. Native Infantry, with the howitzer; but the
+Oude artillerymen and drivers were traitors, and they overturned
+their six guns into ditches, cut the traces of their horses,
+and abandoned them, notwithstanding the remonstrances of
+their own officers, and of those on Sir Henry Lawrence’s staff,
+the Brigadier himself heading them, and drawing his sword upon
+the caitiffs. Thus exposed to a vastly superior fire of artillery,
+and completely outflanked on both sides by the enemy’s infantry
+and cavalry, which actually penetrated to the rear, the British
+were forced to retire with the loss of three pieces of artillery,
+and with a sad list of killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By this untoward event the whole available force was so
+far diminished, that there was not a sufficient number of men
+remaining to occupy the Residency and the fort named Muchhee
+Bhowun, an old dilapidated edifice which had been hastily put
+in repair, although the defences were far from complete, and
+were moreover commanded by many houses in the city. The
+Brigadier-General therefore, on the 1st. of July,<a id='r183'></a><a href='#f183' class='c013'><sup>[183]</sup></a> signalled the
+garrison of the Muchhee Bhowun to evacuate and blow up
+that fortress in the course of the night. The orders were ably
+carried out, and at twelve p.m. the troops marched into the
+Residency with their guns and treasure, without the loss of
+a man; and shortly afterwards the explosion of two hundred
+and forty barrels of gunpowder and six millions of ball cartridges,
+which were lying in the magazine, announced to Sir Henry
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_559'>559</span>Lawrence and his officers—who were anxiously waiting the
+report—the complete destruction of that post, and all that it
+contained. If it had not been for this wise and strategic
+measure, no member of the Lucknow garrison, in all probability,
+would have survived to tell the tale: for, as the Muchhee
+Bhowun was commanded from other parts of the town, and
+was moreover indifferently provided with heavy artillery ammunition,
+while the suffering and loss which the Residency garrison
+(even with the reinforcements thus obtained) endured in holding
+the position, proved that if the original intention of holding
+the two posts had been adhered to, both would inevitably have
+fallen.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sad calamity occurred at the outset. On the first of July,
+an eight-inch shell burst in the room of the Residency in which
+Sir Henry Lawrence was sitting. The missile burst between
+him and Mr. Couper, close to both, but without injury
+to either. The whole of his staff implored Sir Henry to
+take up other quarters, as the place had then become the
+special target for the round shot and shell of the enemy.
+This, however, he jestingly declined to do, observing that
+another shell would certainly never be pitched into that
+small room. On the very next day, however, he was mortally
+wounded by the fragment of another shell which
+burst exactly in the same spot, and Captain Wilson, Deputy-Assistant
+Adjutant-General, received a contusion. Sir Henry
+Lawrence terminated his distinguished career on the morning
+of the 4th. of July, having previously directed Brigadier-General
+Inglis to take the command of the troops, and Major Banks
+to succeed to the office of chief commissioner.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Scarcely had the garrison recovered this shock, when it
+had to lament the death of Major Banks, who received a
+bullet through his head while examining a critical outpost
+on the 21st. of July.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the blockade was commenced only two of the
+batteries were completed, and the defences were in an unfinished
+condition, the buildings in the immediate vicinity,
+which gave cover to the enemy, being only partially cleared
+away. Indeed the heaviest losses were caused by the fire
+from the enemy’s sharpshooters, stationed in the adjoining
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_560'>560</span>mosques and houses of the native nobility, the necessity of
+destroying which had been repeatedly pressed on Sir Henry
+by the staff of engineers, but his invariable reply was,
+“Spare the holy places, and private property as far as
+possible;” and the garrison consequently suffered severely
+from this tenderness to the religious prejudices, and respect
+to the rights, of the rebellious citizens and soldiery.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Then ensued a defence as heroic as any in the annals of
+war. The narrative of Brigadier Inglis, simple and earnest,
+will never be forgotten by his countrymen. By it the
+reader will see that not a building within the walls of the
+Residency was safe;<a id='r184'></a><a href='#f184' class='c013'><sup>[184]</sup></a> the wounded were shot while in hospital,
+and ladies and children met the same fate in houses
+considered secure. The enemy, while working the guns concealed
+by the trenches, were shielded from the fire of the
+garrison, upon whom an incessant cannonade was kept up
+until the 20th. of July, at ten o’clock, on which morning
+the besiegers, in great numbers, after exploding a mine
+within the British defences, attempted to storm the Residency,
+and did not cease their efforts until two o’clock in
+the afternoon, being driven back by the gallant defenders,
+who were sustained by the consciousness of the mighty trust
+committed to their charge.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was not until the 10th. of August that another assault
+was attempted, although during the interval the forlorn
+garrison became exposed to a constant fire, with famine
+staring it in the face. This second attempt, similar in its
+features to the first, commencing with the springing of a
+mine close to the brigade mess, although repeated at various
+points, met with a like result; in some instances the defenders,
+acting like grenadiers of a former time, dislodged
+the foe with hand-grenades. On the 18th. of August another
+mine was sprung in front of the Sikh lines with deadly
+effect, burying alive eleven men beneath the ruins, whence
+it was impossible to extricate them, owing to the tremendous
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_561'>561</span>fire kept up by the enemy from houses distant less
+than ten yards in front of the breach. Captain Orr, unattached,
+and Lieutenants Mecham and Soppitt were blown
+into the air, but, wonderful to state, received no further
+injury than a severe shaking. A general assault followed
+the explosion, which was soon repulsed; but the enemy
+succeeded in establishing themselves in one of the houses of
+the British position, from which they were driven in the
+evening by the bayonets of the 32nd. and 84th. regiments.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Fresh mines were sprung on the 5th. of September, when
+the last serious assault was made. It was in vain; all
+these repeated attacks met everywhere with defeat. Thus
+ended the four great struggles which occurred during the
+siege. For eighty-seven days and nights officers and men
+stood or slept under arms.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Notwithstanding all the hardships experienced, the garrison
+made no less than five sorties, in which two of the enemy’s
+heaviest guns were spiked, and several of the houses, from
+which a harassing fire was experienced, were blown up.
+Cholera, small pox, and an unknown, but fatal disease,
+added to the loss sustained from the enemy’s fire. Delicate
+women, some whilst in their earliest grief for the loss of
+their husbands, assisted in nursing the sick and wounded.
+The names of Birch, Polehampton, Barbor, and Gall, will
+descend to posterity as worthy imitators of Florence Nightingale.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The conduct of the 32nd. (reduced to less than three
+hundred), and the detachment of the 84th. was splendid.
+The loyalty of the native troops, but especially the 13th.,
+was never surpassed. The other regiments were the 48th.
+and 71st. Native Infantry,<a id='r185'></a><a href='#f185' class='c013'><sup>[185]</sup></a> the European and Native Artillery,
+and the Sikhs of the respective corps.<a id='r186'></a><a href='#f186' class='c013'><sup>[186]</sup></a> The number
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_562'>562</span>of artillerymen was so reduced, that on the occasion of an
+attack, the gunners, although aided by men of the 32nd.
+regiment, and by volunteers of all classes, had to run from
+one battery to another, wherever the enemy’s fire was hottest,
+there not being nearly sufficient men to serve half the
+number of guns at the same time. Eventually the number
+of European gunners was only twenty-four, while, including
+mortars, there were no less than thirty guns in position.
+So near too were the heavy guns of the assailants, that
+their taunts and threats addressed to the native defenders
+could be easily heard; besides which many of the British
+military airs, such as “Brighton Camp,” “See, the Conquering
+Hero Comes,” and the “National Anthem,” were, with matchless
+effrontery, frequently played by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In general orders it was announced that “There does not
+stand recorded in the annals of war an achievement more
+truly heroic than the defence of the Residency at Lucknow.
+The good services of H.M.’s 32nd. regiment throughout this
+struggle have been remarkable.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Lucknow</span>” has been authorized to be borne on the
+regimental colour and appointments of the 32nd., which for
+its gallantry, has been constituted light infantry; and the
+Queen’s officers and men of the garrison were allowed to
+reckon one year’s additional service.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While the force, under Brigadier Inglis, afterwards advanced
+to the rank Major-General, and appointed a Knight Commander
+of the Bath, had been defending the Residency of
+Lucknow, the eyes of Europe were directed to the efforts
+made for its relief by Brigadier-General Havelock, who,
+after his Division in Persia had been broken up, proceeded
+to Bombay, and thence to Calcutta. He was immediately
+selected to command a moveable column, and hearing that
+the mutineers were proceeding from Cawnpore<a id='r187'></a><a href='#f187' class='c013'><sup>[187]</sup></a> towards
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_563'>563</span>Futtehpore, a forced march, under a burning sun, was made
+upon that place. Major Renaud joined him on the road
+with about eight hundred troops, the latter having been
+actively engaged in suppressing the mutiny in the neighbourhood.
+This column consisted of the third company
+eighth battalion of the Royal Artillery, seventy-six; 1st. Madras
+Fusiliers, three hundred and seventy-six; 64th. regiment,
+four hundred and thirty-five; 78th. Highlanders, two hundred
+and eighty-four; 84th. regiment, one hundred and ninety;
+detachment of the Bengal Artillery, twenty-two; Volunteer
+Cavalry, twenty; total British, one thousand four hundred
+and three. The native troops:—The Regiment of Ferozepore,
+four hundred and forty-eight; 13th. Irregular and 3rd.
+Oude Irregular Cavalry, ninety-five; Galundauze, eighteen; total
+native troops, five hundred and sixty-one; in all, one thousand
+nine hundred and sixty-four. It is computed that the
+mutineers numbered three thousand five hundred, and they
+occupied a strong position at Futtehpore, with twelve guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Pushing forward two of their guns, they commenced, on
+the 12th. of July, a cannonade on the British front, while
+a body of infantry and cavalry threatened the flanks. The
+enemy had imagined an easy victory over Major Renaud’s
+force, but they found Brigadier-General Havelock ready to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_564'>564</span>receive them. Astonished by the precision of the fire of the
+guns under Captain Maude, of the Royal Artillery, and the
+deadly aim of the Enfield rifles, they fell back upon
+Futtehpore in disorder, leaving three of their cannon. Here
+they endeavoured to make a stand, but were compelled to
+take to flight, abandoning twelve guns. This victory, in
+Havelock’s order of the day, was attributed “to the British
+Artillery, to the Enfield rifle, to British pluck, and to the
+blessing of Almighty God.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Havelock continued his march upon Cawnpore,
+and on the 15th. of July was twice engaged with the
+mutineers, first at the village of Aeng, and next at the
+bridge over the Pandoo Nuddee. Successful in both instances,
+the column pushed on, having captured the two guns with
+which it had been intended to defend the bridge. After it
+had been carried, information was received that Nena Sahib
+occupied a position at Ahirwa; this position was a very strong
+one, and in order to save the troops from the fire of his
+heavy guns, the British General make a flank movement,
+which resulted on the 16th. in a direct charge with the
+bayonet. The 78th. Highlanders, gallantly led by Colonel
+Hamilton, supported by the Madras Fusiliers, succeeded in
+turning the enemy’s left flank; while the 64th. and 84th.,
+and the Regiment of Ferozepore, broke the right: the
+mutineers were driven headlong on Cawnpore, leaving a
+twenty-four pounder on the field.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The victors bivouacked on the ground, from which the roofless
+barracks at Cawnpore could be perceived. When Nena
+Sahib<a id='r188'></a><a href='#f188' class='c013'><sup>[188]</sup></a> saw that nothing could withstand the advance of
+the avenging column, he gave directions on the 17th. for
+the massacre of the women and children in his power, and
+with savage barbarity caused their bodies to be thrown into
+a well.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_565'>565</span>Early on that morning a heavy explosion was heard, arising
+from the blowing up, by the enemy, of the magazine at
+Cawnpore, when Nena Sahib was withdrawing thence upon
+Bithoor. Cawnpore was at once occupied, and the troops
+were horrified at the traces which remained of the massacre.
+The capture of the castellated palace of Nena Sahib at
+Bithoor, where he was unable to make a stand, was effected
+without firing a shot, and twenty guns were taken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon Brigadier-General Neill’s arrival at Cawnpore, from
+Benares, he was left in command of the former place,
+whilst Brigadier-General Havelock commenced his march
+upon Lucknow. Having passed the Ganges into Oude,
+the mutineers were next encountered near Unao, on the
+29th. of July. The action was commenced by the 78th.
+Highlanders and the 1st. Fusiliers, with two guns. Afterwards,
+the 64th., commanded by Colonel Wilson, were
+ordered up. Patrick Cavanagh, a private of that regiment,
+was hewn in pieces by the Sepoys whilst exhibiting to his
+comrades an example of the highest gallantry. This valiant
+soldier had he survived would have received the Victoria
+Cross. At the narrow pass between the village and the
+town of Unao the mutineers were discovered in great force,
+but, after an obstinate contest, they sought safety in flight.
+Subsequently the troops pushed on towards Busherut Gunge,
+a walled town, with wet ditches, which was captured by the
+1st. Fusiliers, 64th., and 78th. regiments.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Havelock’s<a id='r189'></a><a href='#f189' class='c013'><sup>[189]</sup></a> force was not of sufficient
+strength to continue the advance upon Lucknow, cholera
+having broken out amongst them; and he fell back on the
+2nd. of August, on Munghowar. On the 5th. he again attacked
+the enemy at Busherut Gunge, driving them out of
+the town with great slaughter. Preparations were next commenced
+for passing over the Ganges to Cawnpore. The
+baggage had already been forwarded across the river, when he
+resolved, on the 11th. of August, to attack the mutineers a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_566'>566</span>third time at Busherut Gunge, where they had once more
+collected in great force, and again defeated them.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Returning to their former position at Munghowar, the troops,
+on the 12th. and 13th. of August, crossed the Ganges to
+Cawnpore, where they arrived, nearly worn out by fatigue,
+sickness, and constant exposure to an Indian sun. Almost
+immediately, however, they struck another effective blow on
+the mutineers. A large body of them had collected at
+Bithoor, and were menacing Brigadier-General Neill at Cawnpore.
+Major-General Havelock, uniting his force with the
+former, marched on Bithoor, and gained another victory.
+During these several encounters forty guns had been taken,
+and sixty more recovered for the government. Great loss had
+been inflicted on the enemy, while the British casualties
+were comparatively small.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British column afterwards remained at Cawnpore waiting
+for reinforcements, and on the 16th. of September,
+Major-General Sir James Outram arrived with the welcome
+aid; although the senior officer, he nobly relinquished to
+Major-General Havelock the honour of relieving the Lucknow
+garrison, and accompanied the column as Chief Commissioner
+of Oude, proffering his military services as a volunteer.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 19th. and 20th. of September, the relieving force,
+amounting to about two thousand five hundred men, and
+seventeen guns crossed the Ganges. The 5th. Fusiliers, 84th.,
+detachments of the 64th. and 1st. Madras Fusiliers, composed
+the first infantry brigade, under Brigadier-General
+Neill; the 78th. Highlanders, 90th. Light Infantry, and the
+Sikh Ferozepore regiment, made up the second brigade,
+under Brigadier Hamilton, of the 78th.; Major Cooper commanded
+the artillery brigade, consisting of Captains Maude,
+Oliphant, and Major Eyre’s batteries; Captain Borrow commanded
+the Volunteers and Irregular Cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Only a feeble resistance was offered by the enemy, who
+retired upon the old position of Munghowar. Here they
+were attacked on the morning of the 21st. of September,
+and after an obstinate contest were routed, two of the four
+guns captured, being taken in a cavalry charge led by Sir
+James Outram.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_567'>567</span>Continuing the march on Lucknow, the rebels were discovered
+on the 23rd., in a strong position, with their left
+resting on the enclosure of the Alumbagh, an isolated building
+to the south-east of the city of Lucknow, and about three
+miles from the Residency, their centre and right being
+drawn up behind a chain of hillocks. Five guns were taken
+by the British on this day, but the relieving force was incessantly
+cannonaded throughout the 24th. The enemy’s cavalry,
+one thousand strong, made a sudden irruption upon the baggage
+massed in the rear; when the soldiers of the 90th. Light
+Infantry forming the baggage guard gallantly dispersed the
+whole body, but not without losing some brave officers and
+men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>As the troops had been marching for three days under a
+perfect deluge of rain, irregularly fed, and badly housed in
+villages, the assault on the city was deferred until the 25th.
+On that morning the baggage and tents were deposited in
+the Alumbagh, and the force advanced. The gratifying
+object of relieving the garrison was the result, but great
+loss was sustained by the constant fire from the flat-roofed
+and loopholed houses, the gallant Brigadier-General Neill
+being shot dead; but every obstacle was at length overcome,
+and the troops established themselves within the enclosure
+of the Residency.<a id='r190'></a><a href='#f190' class='c013'><sup>[190]</sup></a> It was not, however, until the following
+evening that the remainder of the force, with the sick and
+wounded, constantly exposed to the attacks of the foe, could
+be brought in. This succour is regarded, in respect to the
+medal-clasps, as a continuation of the defence of Lucknow.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_568'>568</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>RELIEF OF LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. November, 1857.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir Colin Campbell,<a id='r191'></a><a href='#f191' class='c013'><sup>[191]</sup></a> who, like Sir Charles Napier, had
+proceeded at a moment’s notice to India, did not find the
+task completed, as was the case in the Punjaub emergency.
+There was work to be done, and how nobly and successfully
+it was performed is now matter of history. Troops constantly
+arrived from England at Calcutta, and were moved up to
+Cawnpore as speedily as possible, but owing to the want of
+transport, only slow progress was made, and Sir Colin was
+not prepared to proceed therefrom for the final relief of the
+garrison at Lucknow before the 9th. of November. By a rapid
+march he joined, on the same day that he quitted Cawnpore,
+the column under Brigadier-General Grant in camp at Buntara,
+about six miles from the Alumbagh. Remaining there for
+reinforcements until the 12th. of November, he advanced on
+the Alumbagh, which he reached in the evening, after having
+captured the guns of a body of the enemy who had attacked
+his vanguard. As the direct road from the Alumbagh to the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_569'>569</span>Residency was through the heart of the city of Lucknow,<a id='r192'></a><a href='#f192' class='c013'><sup>[192]</sup></a>
+wherein every street was a fortification, the houses being loopholed
+and filled with desperate men, Sir Colin determined to
+make a detour to the right, and after forcing his way through
+the Dilkoosha park and the Martinière, to cross the canal to
+the east of Lucknow, and then arrive at the Residency by a
+circuitous route round the north-east corner of the city. Very
+great assistance was afforded to the military operations at
+Cawnpore and the vicinity by the Naval Brigade, under their
+gallant leader, the late Captain (afterwards Sir William) Peel.
+The Brigade consisted of about five hundred and eighty officers
+and men the crew of H.M.S. “Shannon,” with six 8-inch guns
+from the ship. With a small military force of about seven hundred
+men, under Captain Powell, they were engaged on the 1st.
+of November at Kadjwa, twenty-four miles from Futtehpore,
+and succeeded in routing with severe loss, the mutineers,
+amounting to four thousand men. On the loss of Captain
+Powell, who was killed in this encounter, the command fell
+upon Captain Peel. The duties were very arduous; after this
+battle, with the exception of a day’s rest for the footsore men,
+who had marched seventy-two miles in three days, besides
+gaining the above victory, daily marches had to be made in
+order to join the column before Lucknow, where the brigade
+arrived on November 12th. At the attack on the Secundra
+Bagh, Midshipman Daniel and three or four of the brigade
+were killed, and Lieutenant Salmon and above a dozen men
+wounded. On January 2nd. the brigade took part in the
+battle of Kallee-Nuddee, in which the mutineers were severely
+defeated; and on the 3rd. of March was before Lucknow,
+and shared in the capture of the Dilkoosah. Captain Peel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_570'>570</span>was wounded on March 9th. and died of small pox on his
+way to Calcutta. With the capture of Lucknow the active
+services of the brigade ended, and on September 15th. following,
+the “Shannon” sailed for England. Another Naval
+Brigade, under Captain Sotheby, of H.M.S. “Pearl,” numbering
+about two hundred and fifty officers and men, known as the
+“Pearl Brigade,” served for about fifteen months with the
+Goruckpore Field Force, and took part in several engagements
+with the mutineers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 15th. of November, as the troops approached the
+park, the leading men were met by a long line of musketry
+fire; the advanced guard was quickly reinforced by a field
+battery and companies of infantry, when after a running fight
+of nearly two hours, the rebels were driven across the garden
+and park at the Martinière, and far beyond the canal. Both
+the park and the latter building were at once occupied by
+the troops, when they sustained an attack in front, and promptly
+driving back the enemy, pursued them across the canal.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Early on the morning of the 16th. of November, the victorious
+troops proceeded to attack the Secundra Bagh (garden
+or plantation), a high walled enclosure of strong masonry,
+one hundred and twenty yards square, and carefully loopholed
+all round. This post was numerously defended. Opposite
+to it, at a distance of one hundred yards, was a village which
+was likewise loopholed, and filled with men. As the head
+of the column advanced along the lane to the left of the
+Secundra Bagh, a fire was opened on it by the enemy, which
+was hotly maintained for an hour and a half on both sides.
+A small breach having been made, it was determined to storm
+the position, and this was effected by the remainder of the
+Highlanders and the 53rd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry, supported
+by a battalion of detachments under Major Barnston.<a id='r193'></a><a href='#f193' class='c013'><sup>[193]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this brilliant commencement Captain Peel’s Royal
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_571'>571</span>Naval Siege Train proceeded to the front, and advanced
+towards the Shah Nujjeef, together with the field battalion
+and some mortars, the village to the left having been cleared
+by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Gordon. This position was resolutely defended against
+a heavy cannonade of three hours. It was then stormed in
+the boldest manner by the 93rd. Highlanders, under Brigadier
+Hope, supported by a battalion of detachments under Major
+Barnston, who was wounded. Captain Peel gallantly led up
+his heavy guns within a few yards of the building, to batter
+the massive stone walls. This concluded the day’s operations,
+and about three o’clock in the afternoon of the 17th. a building
+named the “Mess House,” after being cannonaded by
+Captain Peel, was stormed by a company of the 90th. under
+Captain Wolseley, and a picket of the 53rd., under Captain
+Hopkins, supported by Major Barnston’s battalion of detachments
+under Captain Guise of the 90th., with some of the
+Punjaub Infantry under Lieutenant Powlett. The place was
+immediately carried, and the troops pushed forward with
+great vigour, and lined the wall separating the Mess House
+from the Motee Mahal. Here a final stand was made, but
+after an hour’s fighting, during which openings had been broken
+in the wall, the opposition was overcome, and the soldiers
+pouring through with a body of sappers, accomplished the
+communications with the Residency. Shortly afterwards Sir
+Colin had the gratification of greeting Sir James Outram and
+Sir Henry Havelock, who came out to meet him before the
+action was terminated.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>While the final relief of the besieged garrison had been
+thus achieved by the indomitable gallantry of the army under
+Sir Colin Campbell, the garrison within the walls had not
+been inactive. The mines which had been driven under the
+outer wall of the garden in advance of the palace, already
+breached in several places by the enemy, and also under
+some buildings in its vicinity, were exploded as soon as it
+was ascertained that the Commander-in-Chief was assailing
+the Secundra Bagh; at the same time two powerful masked
+batteries poured shot and shell into the palace. When the
+advance sounded the effect was electrical; pent up for six
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_572'>572</span>weeks, and subjected to constant attacks, the soldiers felt
+that the hour of retribution had arrived. It was impossible
+to withstand them, and in a few minutes the whole of the
+buildings were in their possession, were armed with cannon,
+and steadily held against all attacks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>It was now Sir Colin Campbell’s great object to effect the
+removal of the non-combatants from the Residency, including
+the sick and wounded, without subjecting them to the enemy’s
+fire. By a series of masterly arrangements, which may be
+regarded as a perfect example of such combinations, the desired
+object was attained. A fire was opened upon the Kaiserbagh
+on the 20th., and when the foe was led to believe that
+an immediate assault was contemplated, orders were issued
+for the garrison to withdraw through the line of pickets at
+midnight on the 22nd. Brigadier the Honourable Adrian
+Hope so ably carried out the dispositions to cover the movement,
+that the mutineers were completely deceived, and instead
+of following, they commenced firing on the old positions, many
+hours after they had been quitted by the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During all these operations from the 16th. of November,
+the remnant of Brigadier Greathed’s brigade closed in the
+rear, and again formed the rear-guard as the troops retired
+to Dilkoosha, which was reached by the whole force by four
+o’clock in the afternoon of the 23rd. of November. On the
+previous day that valued soldier whose name is so identified
+with Lucknow, the gallant Sir Henry Havelock, died of an
+attack of dysentery, to the universal regret of the army, and
+of his country.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops which took part in the relief of Lucknow, were
+the Naval Brigade; 9th. Lancers; 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub
+Cavalry; Hodson’s Horse; Bengal Horse and Field Artillery;
+Punjaub Sappers and Miners; the 8th., 53rd., 75th., and 93rd.
+Foot; 2nd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_573'>573</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>2nd. to 21st. of March, 1858.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir Colin Campbell, leaving a portion of his army at the
+Alumbagh, under Sir James Outram, commenced his march
+upon Cawnpore on the 27th. of November, 1857, and arrived
+at Bunnee that evening. On the following morning he received
+intelligence of the attack made upon Major-General
+Windham,—who had been fiercely engaged with the Gwalior
+rebels. That officer on the 26th. attacked one of the enemy’s
+Divisions, eight miles from Cawnpore, routed them and captured
+all but one gun. Next morning, being reinforced, they
+returned to the assault, forced the British within their lines
+at Nuwabgunge, burning down the camp of three regiments.
+The Rifle Brigade under Colonel Walpole, supported by the
+88th. under Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, which suffered very
+severely, were highly distinguished. On the 28th. the renewed
+attempts of the enemy were triumphantly defeated.<a id='r194'></a><a href='#f194' class='c013'><sup>[194]</sup></a> Then
+followed the decisive battle of the 6th. of December,<a id='r195'></a><a href='#f195' class='c013'><sup>[195]</sup></a> when
+the Commander-in-Chief utterly routed the rebel army, which
+had been augmented by four regiments from Oude, and the
+followers of Nena Sahib, estimated at not less than twenty-five
+thousand men, with about thirty-six guns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this action Sir Colin Campbell continued at Cawnpore
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_574'>574</span>until the beginning of 1858, employed in restoring order in
+the stronghold of the mutiny, and in preparing to advance
+on Lucknow. Several assaults were made by the rebels to
+dislodge Sir James Outram from his position at the Alumbagh,
+before he could be aided by Sir Colin Campbell; especially
+on the 12th. and 16th. of January, and subsequent months,
+but they were all defeated. The first portion of the army
+crossed the Ganges at Cawnpore on the 4th. of February.
+Brigadier Franks, while on his road to Lucknow, on the 19th.,
+defeated two separate bodies of the enemy, at Chanda and
+Amereepore, and on the 23rd. of that month gained a decisive
+victory over their united forces, when attempting to capture
+Badshahgunge, a strong fort near Sultanpore. In this action
+the enemy lost twenty-one guns and nearly two thousand
+men. The loss of the victors was <i>eleven</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Being joined on this day by the siege train from Agra, and
+all the requisite arrangements having been completed, Sir
+Colin Campbell proceeded direct from Cawnpore to the Alumbagh,
+where the army arrived on the 1st. of March. The Divisions
+under Brigadier-Generals Sir Hope Grant and Walpole,
+who had been employed watching the mutineers, had meanwhile
+rejoined, and on the following morning the Dilkoosha
+palace was seized after a skirmish, in which a gun was captured
+from the enemy.<a id='r196'></a><a href='#f196' class='c013'><sup>[196]</sup></a> This palace was at once occupied
+as an advanced post on the right, and the Mahomed Bagh on
+the left, heavy guns being placed at each point to keep down
+the fire of the rebels. The remainder of the siege train
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_575'>575</span>and additional troops arrived on the next and succeeding
+days: the right of the British line now rested on Bibiapore
+and the river Goomtee; the left stretching in the direction
+of the Alumbagh. Brigadier-General Franks, C.B., joined
+with his division on the 5th. of March,<a id='r197'></a><a href='#f197' class='c013'><sup>[197]</sup></a> after a march of
+one hundred and thirty miles, during which four actions
+had been fought, with the small loss of thirty-seven killed
+and wounded. Thirty-four pieces of ordnance were captured.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir James Outram was withdrawn from the Alumbagh, and
+having crossed to the left bank of the Goomtee<a id='r198'></a><a href='#f198' class='c013'><sup>[198]</sup></a> on the 6th.
+of March, at once pushed on to turn the first line of the
+works abutting on the river, and on the morning of the 9th.
+attacked the position, driving the enemy before him at all
+points, until he was enabled to occupy the Fyzabad road, and
+plant his batteries so as to enfilade the works on the canal.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Meanwhile a heavy fire was kept up by the British on
+the Martinière, from the batteries at the Dilkoosha palace;
+and in the afternoon of the 9th. of March the former was
+stormed by the troops under Brigadiers Sir Edward Lugard<a id='r199'></a><a href='#f199' class='c013'><sup>[199]</sup></a>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_576'>576</span>and the Honourable Adrian Hope. The regiments were the
+42nd., 53rd., and 90th. Next came into operation the second
+part of the plan of attack against the Kaiser Bagh, which
+was to use the great blocks of houses and palaces extending
+from Banks’s house to the former as the approach, instead
+of sapping up towards the front of the second line of works.
+By these means the Commander-in-chief was able to turn
+towards his own left, at the same time that the enemy was
+enfiladed on the right by Sir James Outram’s advance. The
+latter had received orders to plant his guns with a view of
+raking the position of the rebels, to annoy the Kaiser Bagh
+with a vertical and direct fire,—also to attack the suburbs
+in the vicinity of the iron and stone bridges shortly after
+daybreak, and to command the iron bridge from the left
+banks. These instructions were carried out with the most
+marked success, but the enemy still clung pertinaciously to
+his own end of the iron bridge, on the right bank, and heavy
+cannonading ensued from both sides, until the bridge was
+subsequently taken in reverse. On the 11th. Sir Edward
+Lugard pressed forward in like manner. As the operation
+had now become one of an engineering character, the most
+earnest endeavours were used to save the infantry from being
+hazarded before due preparation was made. The chief
+engineer, Brigadier Napier, placed the batteries so as to breach
+and shell a large block of the palaces designated the Begum
+Kotee. At four o’clock in the morning the latter were
+stormed with great gallantry by the 93rd. Highlanders, supported
+by the 4th. Punjaub Rifles and one thousand Ghoorkas,
+led by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope, under Brigadier-General Sir Edward Lugard’s direction. The whole block of
+buildings was secured by the troops, who inflicted a heavy
+loss on the enemy, and the attack was pronounced by Sir
+Colin Campbell to have been “the sternest struggle which
+occurred during the siege.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The chief engineer pushed forward the approach with the
+greatest judgment through the enclosures, by the aid of the
+sappers and heavy guns, the troops immediately occupying
+the ground as he advanced, and the mortars being moved from
+one position to another, as the ground was won on which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_577'>577</span>they could be placed. The buildings to the right, and the
+Secundra Bagh, were taken early in the morning of the same
+day, without opposition, and during the night of the 12th.
+Sir James Outram was reinforced with a number of heavy
+guns and mortars, and directed to increase his fire upon the
+Kaiser Bagh, while the mortars placed in a position at the
+Begum’s house never ceased playing on the Imambarrah,
+the next large palace it was found necessary to storm, between
+the Begum Kotee and the Kaiser Bagh.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon Brigadier-General Franks, C.B., who had relieved
+Sir Edward Lugard, and the second division with the fourth,
+on the 12th. of March, devolved the duty of attacking the
+Imambarrah. For this purpose a column of attack was formed
+on the morning of the 14th., by Brigadier David Russell,
+who at the second relief of Lucknow had been severely
+wounded. The Maharajah Jung Bahadoor too had joined,
+with a force of about nine thousand men and twenty-four
+field guns, drawn by men, and took up his position in the
+British line on the 12th., and moved close to the canal on
+the following day. His Highness passed the canal and attacked
+the suburbs in his front, and considerably to the left of
+Banks’s house, at the request of the Commander-in-chief;
+his troops were thus most advantageously employed in covering
+Sir Colin Campbell’s left for several days, during which,
+from the nature of the operations, it was necessary to mass
+all the available strength of the British force towards the
+right in the joint attack carried along both banks of the
+Goomtee.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Early on the 14th. the Imambarrah was carried, and the
+Sikhs of the Ferozepore Regiment, under Major Brasyer,
+pressing forward in pursuit, entered the Kaiser Bagh, the
+third line of defences having been turned without a single
+gun being fired from them. Supports were quickly thrown
+in, and all the well-known ground of former defence and
+attack, the Mess House, the Tara Kotee, the Motee Mahul,
+and the Chutter Munzil, were rapidly occupied by the troops,
+while the engineers devoted their attention to securing the
+position towards the south and west. The doomed city was
+now hastily evacuated by the enemy, thousands of fugitives
+being seen to escape to the north and west. Flying columns
+were sent after them, and building after building which had
+been occupied as a defence, was successively taken, until all
+save the city itself was in the hands of the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A combined movement was organized on the 19th. of March.
+Sir James Outram moved forward directly on the Moosa
+Bagh, the last position of the foe on the line of the Goomtee;
+the latter was cannonaded from the left bank by Sir James
+Hope Grant, whilst Brigadier Campbell moved round the
+western side from the Alumbagh, preventing retreat in that
+direction. The <a id='t578'></a>rout was complete, great loss being inflicted
+on the enemy by all these columns.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Edward Lugard was directed to attack,
+on the 21st., a stronghold in the heart of the city, held by
+the Moulvie. This he occupied after a sharp contest, and
+it then became possible to invite the return of the inhabitants,
+and to rescue the city from the horrors of this prolonged
+struggle. Brigadier William Campbell, of the 2nd. Dragoon
+Guards, attacked the enemy with his cavalry, when retreating
+from the city in consequence of Sir Edward’s advance, occasioning
+them heavy loss, and pursuing the fugitives for six
+miles.<a id='r200'></a><a href='#f200' class='c013'><sup>[200]</sup></a> Two days after, Sir Hope Grant defeated a strong
+body of rebels, twenty miles from the city, and captured their
+guns, and with this action the recapture of Lucknow was
+completed.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_578'>578</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>CENTRAL INDIA.<br> <span class='sc'>January to June, 1858.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Major-General Sir Hugh Rose, K.C.B., at the end of
+January, 1858, captured Rathghur, a strong fort in Central
+India. For two whole days, the 26th. and 27th. of January,
+the guns of the British played upon the walls, and when a
+practicable breach had been effected, the garrison, on the
+28th., endeavoured to escape by using ropes to aid them in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_579'>579</span>their descent. Meanwhile an attempt was made by the enemy
+outside to relieve the fort by an attack on the rear of the
+camp; this was, however, soon frustrated, and the place was
+taken. On the 31st. of January a victory was gained over
+the insurgents, near Baroda.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>An advance was next made by Sir Hugh Rose upon Saugor,
+where several Europeans, amongst whom were about a hundred
+women and children, had been closely besieged since July,
+1857. The British general arrived before the fort on the 3rd.
+of February, 1858, and effected its immediate relief. Meanwhile
+Major-General Whitlock, commanding the Madras column,
+had been marching towards Saugor with the same view, and
+reached Jubbulpore on the 7th. of that month. Thus the
+Bombay and Madras troops were gradually sweeping the country
+before them: and compelling the mutinous bands to withdraw
+towards the line of the Jumna, where at Calpee and Gwalior
+they mustered strongly.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 10th. and 11th. of February the fort at Garakota
+was captured and demolished, when Sir Hugh Rose withdrew
+to Saugor, which he quitted on the 27th. of February, and
+marched upon Jhansi.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The forts of Serai, Marowra, and Thal Behut, next fell
+into the hands of the British. Brigadier C. S. Stuart, with the
+first brigade, took by assault the fort of Chandairee on the
+17th. of March; the impetuous rush of the stormers of the
+86th. Foot, and the 25th. Bombay Native Infantry, carried
+everything before them; the loss before this place amounted
+only to two killed and twenty-eight wounded, nineteen of these
+casualties falling on the first-named regiment. The Brigadier
+having effected a junction with Sir Hugh Rose, was sent on
+with a body of cavalry and artillery to invest the fortress
+of Jhansi, a place of great strength both natural and artificial,
+defended by a garrison of about twelve thousand men, headed
+by a determined Amazon, the Ranee of Jhansi. Sir Hugh
+Rose with the rest of the troops arrived before this stronghold
+on the 21st. of March.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of April, the so-called army of the Peishwah,
+under Tantia Topee, advanced across the Betwa to relieve the
+place, but this attempt was defeated, and the enemy was pursued
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_580'>580</span>some distance beyond the river. This was a remarkable
+action, and was fought by the small force left in camp<a id='r201'></a><a href='#f201' class='c013'><sup>[201]</sup></a>, without
+relaxing in the least the arduous siege and investment
+of Jhansi. The victory was gained with the small loss of
+fifteen killed and sixty-six wounded; seven died of wounds.
+The casualties of the 14th. Light Dragoons were the greatest,
+namely, five killed and twenty-four wounded. Fifteen hundred
+of the enemy were killed, and all his artillery, stores,
+and ammunition were captured. Captain Need’s troop of
+this regiment was specially commended, and Lieutenant Leith
+gained the Victoria Cross for having charged alone, and
+rescued that officer when surrounded by a large number of
+rebel infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The assault was made on the 3rd. of April, the storming
+parties being divided into two columns, one of which formed
+the right, under Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, of the 86th.,
+and the other the left attack. The latter was led by Major
+Stuart, of the same regiment, and making its way partly
+through the breach and partly by escalading a bastion into
+the city, penetrated to the palace; here it was met by the
+right column, which had advanced along the streets in the
+midst of a galling fire from the houses on each side.<a id='r202'></a><a href='#f202' class='c013'><sup>[202]</sup></a> The
+conduct of the 86th. received high commendation. Possession
+having been gained of a large portion of the city by the 3rd.
+Europeans and 86th. Foot, these two corps occupied with
+pickets commanding houses, and several hand to hand combats
+occurred.<a id='r203'></a><a href='#f203' class='c013'><sup>[203]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_581'>581</span>Preparations were being made for the continuance of the
+attack, when intelligence reached Sir Hugh Rose that the
+Ranee had during the preceding night fled from the fortress,
+attended by a small escort; she was seen mounted on
+a grey horse, and although hotly pursued, was not overtaken;
+this was succeeded by a general abandonment of
+the place by the rebels, who proceeded in a north-easterly
+direction. Jhansi was taken possession of without further
+opposition, when nothing could exceed the humanity shewn
+by the victorious troops.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the meantime Awah, in Rajpootana, a strongly fortified
+town, had been taken by Colonel Holmes, on the 24th. of
+January, and Major-General Roberts in March advanced
+against Kotah, the Rajah of which was friendly to the
+British, but was coerced by his followers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Two hundred men of the 83rd., and the Rifle Company of
+the 13th. Native Infantry, under Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel
+Heatly, of the former regiment, were sent by Major-General
+Roberts, commanding the Rajpootana Field Force, on the
+26th. of March, into the portion of the town held by the
+Maha Rao, who had been assaulted on two successive mornings
+by the rebels; the service rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Heatly with this detachment on this occasion, and
+up to the time of the assault was prominently noticed.
+Late on the evening of the 28th., the 8th. Hussars, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Salis, arrived.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of March the place was carried with the
+greatest gallantry, the 72nd. and 95th. regiments<a id='r204'></a><a href='#f204' class='c013'><sup>[204]</sup></a> leading the
+way. The first column, under Brigadier Parke, of the
+72nd. was composed of two hundred and fifty men from
+each of the following regiments, namely, the 72nd., under
+Major Thellusson, 13th. Native Infantry, under Captain Adams,
+accompanied by a party of Sappers, under Lieutenant Paterson,
+Royal Engineers. The second column, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_582'>582</span>Holmes, comprised a like number of the 83rd.
+under Major Steele, and of the 12th. Native Infantry, under
+Lieutenant Howison; and the third column, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Raines, of the 95th., was similarly made up of the
+95th., under Major the Honourable Eyre Massey, of that
+regiment, and the 10th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant
+Roome, each accompanied by a party of Sappers, under an
+engineer officer. The reserve under Brigadier Macan, consisted
+of two hundred and fifty of the 83rd., under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Heatly, and of the 13th. Native Infantry,
+under Captain Steuart.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By the explosion here of a magazine fired by the rebels,
+after the capture of the city, Captain Robert Bainbrigge, of
+the 23rd. Bombay Light Infantry, Brigade-Major of the first
+brigade of the Rajpootana Field Force, and Captain Evelyn
+Bazalgette, of the 95th. regiment, were unfortunately killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>From the 23rd. to the 30th. of March the British casualties
+amounted to fourteen killed and forty-six wounded—a small
+loss when compared with the importance of the capture. The
+cavalry and Colonel Blake’s troop of Horse Artillery were
+sent in pursuit.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Whitlock, in command of the Madras column,
+gained a decisive victory at Banda, on the 19th. of April,
+over the troops of the Nawab of that place. The battle lasted
+four hours.<a id='r205'></a><a href='#f205' class='c013'><sup>[205]</sup></a> The enemy mustered about seven thousand,
+including one thousand mutinous Sepoys of the Bengal army,
+and their loss amounted to five hundred men and several guns.<a id='r206'></a><a href='#f206' class='c013'><sup>[206]</sup></a>
+Banda surrendered at once, and the Major-General then moved
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_583'>583</span>on towards Calpee to co-operate in the attack intended to be
+made by Sir Hugh Rose upon that stronghold. The latter on
+the 7th. of May, attacked and captured the fort of Koonch.
+Marching thence to Golowlie on the Jumna, three miles distant
+from Calpee, a determined attack was there made by the insurgents
+upon the British, on the 22nd. of May, and the enemy
+sustained another defeat. On the 23rd. Sir Hugh Rose
+moved upon Calpee. Seized with a panic, the mutineers,
+after firing a few shots fled from the town, which was at once
+occupied; here was discovered a subterraneous magazine, containing
+five hundred barrels of gunpowder, and vast quantities
+of ordnance; besides which were four foundries for cannon,
+several guns used by the enemy having been cast there.
+Owing to the intense heat, the flying column sent after the
+rebels to the fort of Sheerghur, whither they had retired,
+was compelled to relinquish the pursuit; but they were subsequently
+overtaken on the road, and between five and six
+hundred of them killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The work of the gallant Central India Field Force was now
+considered to be terminated, and it was announced in orders
+that it was about to be broken up, but there was further employment
+for the troops. Tantia Topee, the leader of the
+rebels at Calpee, had given proofs of being the most active
+and vigorous opponent of the British during the mutiny, being
+nearly the only rebel leader who had gained anything approaching
+to a military reputation, having defeated with great
+adroitness all attempts to capture him. Prior to the capture
+of Calpee he retired therefrom towards Gwalior, and after his
+arrival at the capital of Scindiah’s territory, endeavoured to
+gain over the Maharajah’s troops. A numerous body of the
+enemy retreated westward in the direction of Gwalior; Scindiah
+attacked them at the Morar cantonment, near the capital,
+on the 1st. of June, and sustained a complete defeat; his men
+deserted during the action, and he was obliged to take refuge
+in the British cantonments at Agra. After this success the
+rebels placed upon the musnud or throne of Gwalior, Rao Sahib,
+a nephew of Nena Sahib.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Upon receiving this intelligence Major-General Sir Hugh
+Rose, recalling his detachments, marched to Sassowlee, where
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_584'>584</span>he arrived on the 15th. of June. Meanwhile the insurgents
+at Gwalior, after making themselves masters of the treasure
+in the capital, commenced deserting in great bodies. Even
+the Nawab of Banda and Tantia Topee left the place, but the
+valorous Ranee of Jhansi remained, attired in male costume,
+to head the Sepoys and the Gwalior contingent, who alone
+remained to abide the fortune of war.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the 16th. of June, Sir Hugh Rose advanced upon Gwalior,
+and on that day, in the action upon Morar, Lieutenant Neave
+of the 71st., which regiment well maintained its historical
+renown, was killed. Brigadiers Smith and Orr, with additional
+troops, arrived on the 17th. at Kota-ki-Serai, ten miles from
+Gwalior, where they defeated some of the advanced posts.
+The charge through the enemy’s camp of the 8th. Hussars
+and the conduct of the 95th., were most highly spoken of.
+The infantry was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Raines,
+of the latter regiment. In a hand to hand contest the stout-hearted
+Ranee of Jhansi was killed, and as her body could
+not be discovered, it is supposed to have been burnt. Sir
+Hugh Rose subsequently arrived, and a fierce attack was
+made on the 19th. by the insurgents, who were repulsed, and
+after a severe contest on the plain between the town and the
+heights, were completely defeated. Next day, Lieutenant W. F.
+Waller and Lieutenant Rose, with a handful of men, captured
+the fortress of Gwalior in a most gallant manner. Climbing
+on the roof of a house, they shot down the gunners opposed
+to them, and carried the fort, killing every man in it. In this
+daring action Lieutenant Rose was killed, these two officers
+being the only Europeans present. Gwalior was then occupied,
+and the Maharajah Scindiah was once more restored to his
+throne.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this decisive battle the Central India Field Force
+was broken up, and was distributed in the garrisons of Gwalior,
+Jhansi, and other places. Sir Hugh Rose afterwards returned
+to the Bombay Presidency, prior to which, in general orders,
+the Commander-in-chief in India thanked him and Major-Generals
+Roberts and Whitlock for their eminent services.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Such is a brief account of the special services for which
+clasps have been awarded, which naturally divide into five
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_585'>585</span>acts the exciting drama of the Indian Mutiny; there are,
+however, several episodes which alone would fill a volume.<a id='r207'></a><a href='#f207' class='c013'><sup>[207]</sup></a>
+In this campaign there were many separate columns, which
+afforded officers greater opportunities of distinguishing themselves
+than in ordinary cases. So various were the military
+operations that it is almost impossible to condense them into
+one connected whole.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Amongst the most determined opponents of the British was
+the ex-Queen of Oude, commonly known as the Begum, under
+whom many of the fugitives had rallied. She endeavoured to
+gain over that active ally Jung Bahadoor, but without success.
+Moveable columns successfully effected the objects intended.
+Beni Madho, a powerful chieftain, whilst Lieutenant-Colonel
+Carmichael was in pursuit, was intercepted and driven across
+the Goomtee, by Brigadier (now Sir Alfred) Horsford, who,
+at the head of a separate column, had highly distinguished
+himself. On the 30th. of December, Nena Sahib and his
+followers were attacked and driven through a jungle which
+they endeavoured to defend; afterwards across the Raptee,
+the 7th. Hussars entering that river with the fugitives. The
+Nena escaped punishment for the time, but although not taken
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_586'>586</span>by the British, there is no reason to doubt the certainty of
+his death. Tantia Topee, in pursuit of whom so many long
+marches had been made, was ultimately captured and hanged.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thus may the contest be said to have terminated, and the
+resistance of one hundred and fifty thousand armed men
+overcome; in no campaign had greater exertions been displayed,
+and more honour acquired by the British soldier.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Besides the names of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram,
+Major-Generals Sir Henry Havelock, Sir Hugh Rose, Roberts,
+Whitlock, Sir Archdale Wilson, Sir James Hope Grant, Sir
+William Rose Mansfield, Sir Thomas Harte Franks, Sir Edward
+Lugard, Windham, and Sir John Michel, the campaign produced
+a number of Brigadier-Generals, such as Neill, the Honourable
+Adrian Hope, Walpole, Sir Robert Napier, Russell, Nicholson,
+Horsford, Barker, Wetherall, Jones, Parke, Rowcroft, and others,
+who are intimately associated with the military operations by
+which an extensive country may be said to have been re-conquered,
+and peace restored.</p>
+
+<div id='i587fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_587fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Abyssinia Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Canning, the able Governor-General of India, and the
+Earl of Elgin, who nobly diverted the troops ordered for
+China, are inseparably connected with these events; and if
+difficulty has been experienced in doing justice to individual
+officers during the mutiny, it is enhanced when attempting
+to record the deeds of him who, linked with military services
+extending over half a century, brought this momentous struggle
+to a successful termination. In other times enemies had to be
+encountered in India, and great battles had been won, but in
+this instance the men had been armed and disciplined by
+their conquerors. Ho words can be more applicable than
+those of His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, when
+the vote of thanks to the Army in India was proposed in the
+House of Lords, on the 14th. of April, 1859:—“As to Lord
+Clyde it would be preposterous in me to sing his praises;
+they are not only patent to every nobleman present, but they
+are known throughout the length and breadth of this country
+of the continent, and in other parts of the world.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments that received the medal for the Indian Mutiny
+were:—Royal Artillery, 3rd. and 6th. Dragoon Guards, 7th.,
+8th. and 14th. Hussars, and 9th. and 12th. Lancers. The
+4th., 5th., 6th., 8th., 10th., 13th., 19th., 20th., 23rd., 24th.,
+27th., 32nd., 34th., 35th., 37th., 38th., 42nd., 43rd., 52nd.,
+53rd., 54th., 61st., 64th., 70th., 71st., 72nd., 73rd., 74th., 75th.,
+78th., 79th., 80th., 81st., 82nd., 83rd., 84th., 86th., 87th.,
+88th., 89th., 90th., 92nd., 93rd., 95th., 97th., 101st., 102nd.,
+104th., 107th., 108th., and 109th. Foot; 60th. Rifles, and
+Rifle Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_587'>587</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE ABYSSINIAN MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal is smaller and altogether different in design to
+those usually issued, granted by a General Order, dated
+March, 1869, and designed by Messrs. Wyon. Obverse, a
+crowned and veiled head of the Queen, surrounded by a
+star of nine points, containing the letters <span class='fss'>A. B. Y. S. S. I. N. I. A.</span>
+Reverse, a laurel wreath, with inner circle, within which, in
+raised letters, is the recipient’s name, rank, regiment, or
+ship; above the medal is a crown, with a ring for suspension.
+Ribbon, crimson, with broad white edges. Twenty
+thousand of the medals were struck, and given to both
+services.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_588'>588</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE ABYSSINIA EXPEDITION.<br> <span class='sc'>October, 1867, to April, 1868.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Since the time of Bruce, Abyssinia remained almost a <i>terra
+incognita</i> to Europeans till nearly the middle of the nineteenth
+century. Soon after 1850, missionaries and traders
+who visited the region, reported that a chieftain, who claimed
+descent from King Solomon, and professed the Christian
+faith, had by a series of victories over the Gallas tribes, the
+Shoans, and other half-savage races, made himself master of
+Tigré and Amhara, the principal provinces of Abyssinia, and
+aspired to the sovereignty of the whole country. In the year
+1855, this ruler, a fierce, but able and ambitious man, assumed
+the title of Theodore, Emperor of Abyssinia, fixed his
+capital at Magdala, a steep and lofty height which he deemed
+to be impregnable, and had a seal engraved with the motto
+“King of Kings.” An ancient prophecy existed that a King
+Theodore would establish the Christian religion in Abyssinia,
+and become the ruler of the world; and this, and his successes,
+excited the vanity of Theodore almost to insanity, he
+looked upon himself as the destined monarch, and expected
+an alliance with England on equal terms. He was desirous
+of having Europeans about him, his grand chamberlain was
+an Englishman; English and German missionaries settled in
+the country, with artizans of various nations, who were
+employed by the king in the manufacture of cannon and
+muskets.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The English Government in 1861 appointed Captain Cameron
+as Consul to Abyssinia, who, on his arrival at Massowah,
+on the shore of the Red Sea, was welcomed by Theodore
+with letters and presents. In October of the same
+year, Theodore despatched a letter to the Queen, stating that
+his mission was to subjugate the Gallas and Turks, his
+enemies, and asking for her friendship and support. The
+letter was forwarded by Captain Cameron, but for a long
+time it lay unnoticed at the Foreign Office, and in the reply of
+Earl Russell to the Consul, was not mentioned. This circumstance,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_589'>589</span>and a visit which Cameron made to a frontier province,
+excited the suspicions and anger of Theodore; his
+vanity was wounded by his letter remaining unanswered,
+and in the Consul’s expedition he suspected a desire to assist
+the Egyptians, who he believed were preparing to invade
+Abyssinia. In revenge for what he regarded as insults and
+injuries, the half-savage potentate made prisoners of the Consul,
+and all the Europeans he could seize in his territories.
+The missionaries and workmen were also imprisoned in
+wretched huts—some put in irons—and treated alternately with
+kindness and severity, according to the caprice of Theodore,
+who removed them from place to place, and generally kept
+most of them strictly guarded in his camp.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Mr. Rassam, who was partly of African descent, with Lieut.
+Prideaux and Dr. Blane, was then sent by the British Government
+to endeavour to obtain the release of the captives. At
+first they were received with some show of respect, but almost
+before the negociations were begun, they were also made
+prisoners and taken to Theodore’s camp. The good offices of
+the Armenian patriarch were employed in vain, and every
+effort to induce Theodore to release his prisoners proving
+useless, the English Government determined to send an expedition
+to compel their deliverance.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The difficulties of the undertaking were well known and
+counted on. Colonel Merewether, the Resident at Aden, was
+sent in command of a reconnoitring party to select a place for
+the landing of the troops, and he fixed on Annesley Bay as
+best suited for the base of operations. Sir Robert Napier,
+Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay army, was appointed to
+command the expedition, and Major-General Sir Charles
+Staveley was second in command, having under them a force
+of nearly twelve thousand men, and about fourteen thousand
+camp followers. Most of the troops were natives belonging to
+the Bombay Establishment, but four thousand of them were
+British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Piers and storehouses were constructed by the sailors at
+Annesley Bay, wells were dug, mules and cattle purchased for
+the transport service, and guides procured from the tribes who
+were in rebellion against Theodore.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_590'>590</span>On January 3rd., 1868, Sir Robert Napier arrived on board
+H.M.S. “Octavia,” and found a port formed on a desert
+shore, a road made through a rugged mountain pass, friendly
+relations existing with tribes who had been notorious robbers,
+and his advance force firmly established at Senafé, on the
+highlands of Abyssinia. The advance pushed on to Antalo,
+where it halted for nearly a month, when the operations for
+keeping open communication with the transports and supplies
+being complete, on March 12th. the march on Magdala began
+in earnest. The pioneer force, under Brigadier-General Field,
+with whom was Colonel Phayre, Quartermaster-General, led the
+advance, and formed part of the First Division, under Major-General
+Sir Charles Staveley. The rest of the troops were
+divided into two Brigades, commanded by Brigadiers Schneider
+and Wilby.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The country traversed was extremely rough and mountainous,
+with difficult passes, and ravines filled with loose
+boulders and rocks. Often before any advance, a road had to
+be made for the mules, and men, carrying besides their accoutrements,
+fifty-five pounds weight each, more than half the
+load of a mule. All superfluous baggage was left behind, and
+tents, except for hospitals, were reduced to the smallest number
+practicable. The rations were of the roughest description,
+no spirits and scarcely any tea were procurable, and the officers
+fared the same as the private soldiers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Day after day the troops toiled on, over mountains eleven
+thousand feet above the sea level; during the day oppressed by
+the heat, and suffering often severely from the cold after sunset.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During this time Theodore had been strengthening his
+stronghold at Magdala, and making all possible efforts by
+forming roads, to transport his heavy guns into that place.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Charles Staveley arrived with the Second Brigade at
+Santara, at the end of March, and on the 1st. of April the
+three Brigades were formed into two, the whole numbering
+about four thousand men, and in addition fourteen hundred
+and four men were advancing to reinforce these two Brigades.<a id='r208'></a><a href='#f208' class='c013'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_591'>591</span>Magdala was now almost reached. It stands among a sea
+of hills, its sides frowning and precipitous, at a height of
+more than 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the eastern
+part of a crescent; of which the hill called Fahla is the western
+extremity, while midway between the two rises the peak of
+Sellasye, looking in the distance like a triple topped mountain.
+Sellasye and Magdala are connected by a saddle about a mile
+long, flanked by precipices sloping down to ravines 3,000 feet
+below the level of the stronghold. On April 8th. the British
+Army encamped on the Talanta plateau, in full view of Magdala,
+and by the close of the next day the preparations for storming
+the fortress were complete. The army of Theodore, with his
+heavy guns, were posted on the flat-topped hill of Fahla,
+behind which rose his stronghold, towering on three sides
+precipitously from the plain. Between these hills and the
+British camp was a deep ravine, through which flows the
+muddy stream of the river Bashilo. While waiting for the
+arrival of the 2nd. Division, in the afternoon of April 10th.,
+a reconnoitring party, with a mountain battery, under Colonel
+Milward, crossed the Bashilo, and advanced up the pass. The
+head of the baggage train was just reaching the plateau from
+the ravine below, when suddenly Theodore’s guns on Fahla
+opened fire on Colonel Milward, and several thousand men
+yelling defiance, led by chiefs on ponies, rushed furiously
+down the slopes of the hill. Part advanced across the plain
+but a large body hastened to attack the baggage train. Sir
+R. Napier sent the Punjab Pioneers to the assistance of Colonel
+Milward, and the Naval Brigade sent rocket after rocket among
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_592'>592</span>the Abyssinians, which for a time checked their progress, the
+missiles being new and strange to them; which enabled the
+4th. regiment to get into line, and open fire with their Snider
+rifles, here for the first time used in actual warfare. The fire
+of the 4th. made terrible havoc in the ranks of the enemy;
+their General—Gabri<a id='r209'></a><a href='#f209' class='c013'><sup>[209]</sup></a>—fell, shot through the head, and the
+shattered remnant of his troops fled in confusion. In the
+ravine, the attack on the baggage train was more serious.
+The baggage guard defended themselves gallantly, but the
+Abyssinians pressed forward till the Punjaubees took them
+in flank, and after firing volley after volley into them, charged
+with the bayonet, and drove them back with a loss of more
+than 500 in killed alone. As the enemy retreated, the Naval
+Brigade again plied them with rockets, till they fled in all
+directions, few returning to Magdala. The blue jackets then
+turned their attention to the guns on Fahla, near which stood
+Theodore himself, and sent a shower of rockets among them
+with so accurate an aim that they were speedily deserted, and
+were quietly taken possession of a day or two afterwards by
+six men of the 33rd., two artillerymen, and three officers. The
+action only lasted about half an hour, and ended in a tempest
+of rain and thunder.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>After this defeat Theodore made overtures for peace, and
+on the morning of the 11th. Mr. Flad and Lieutenant Prideaux
+were sent into the British camp to propose terms. None could
+be offered but those of unconditional surrender, with honourable
+treatment for himself and family. With this answer the
+envoys returned to Magdala. Great fears were entertained
+for their safety, as only two days before Theodore had butchered
+over three hundred native political prisoners, slaying some
+with his own hand, and throwing their bodies half-way down
+a precipice. The tyrant refused to surrender, but in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_593'>593</span>evening the captives were released and arrived in the British
+camp. Theodore then sent in a present of cattle, but finding
+no better terms could be obtained, gave way to despair, and
+attempted to escape from his stronghold. But the British
+were in front, and the Gallas, his most inveterate enemies,
+encircled Magdala on all other sides, rendering escape
+impossible. The greater part of his followers had also
+disbanded, or refused to obey his orders. On Easter Monday,
+April 13th., Magdala, naturally one of the strongest fortresses
+in the world, was carried by storm. The 33rd. regiment led
+the assault, and gained the top of Fahla, where some thousands
+of natives were found, who tendered their submission without
+a shot being fired. The men were disarmed, and all then
+allowed to depart, while the troops marched on over the
+shoulder of Sellasye towards Magdala. About two o’clock a
+fire of shot, shell, and rockets was opened on the huts and
+gateway of the fortress, and the 33rd., with a company of
+Engineers and Sappers, advanced to the attack. The ascent
+was by an extremely steep and narrow path, crowned by a
+rude gateway which had been filled up with stones;
+the approach to which was defended on both sides by a
+thick hedge, with stakes. A few determined men could have
+held the position against the assault of an army. The column
+reached the gate keeping up a continuous fire with their
+sniders, receiving but a few scattered shots in reply, by which
+not a man was killed, and only ten wounded; when the right
+hand companies planted their ladders, broke through the
+bushes, and entered the place. A few dead bodies were lying
+near the gate, which after some trouble was opened from
+inside, and the rest of the stormers rushed in. All resistance
+then ceased. Theodore was found about fifty yards from a
+second gate, lying shot through the head. In the moment of
+his utter defeat, resolving never to be taken alive, he had
+discharged a pistol into his mouth. His body was buried
+in a church within the precincts of the fortress, the huts of
+which were burnt, the gates blown up, and all the guns burst
+and destroyed. Theodore’s Queen, with her son, placed herself
+under the protection of the British, but the Queen died
+during the return march. Her son was brought to England,
+when he was carefully educated, but died a few years after
+of consumption. The return of the expedition was as successful
+as its advance, and before the end of June, the last man had
+left Annesley Bay.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For his services Sir R. Napier was raised to the peerage
+by the title of Lord Napier of Magdala, with a pension; and
+a large number of Commanderships and Companionships of
+the Bath were distributed among the other officers who took
+part in the operations. The total expense of the expedition
+was between eight and nine millions.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The following regiments received the medal:—3rd. Dragoon
+Guards; Royal Artillery and Engineers; the 4th., 26th., 33rd.,
+and 45th. Foot; the Naval Brigade; Scinde Horse; 3rd.
+Bombay Cavalry; 10th. Bengal Lancers; 12th. Bengal Cavalry;
+Bombay and Madras Sappers and Miners; 1st., 2nd., 3rd.,
+10th., 18th., 21st., 25th., and 27th. Bengal Native Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_594'>594</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE ASHANTEE MEDAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This Medal was granted by a General Order of June 13th.,
+1874, to all officers and men who had served on the Gold
+Coast between the 9th. of June, 1873, and February 4th.,
+1874. Obverse, head of the Queen, veiled and crowned,
+with the inscription “Victoria Regina.” Reverse, a bush fight,
+in relief, from the design of E. J. Poynter, R.A., the name and
+regiment, or ship, of the recipient, with the date, “1873–4,”
+are engraved on the edge of the medal. A clasp inscribed
+“Coomassie” was added. Ribbon, alternate stripes of yellow
+and black. Given to both services. About eleven thousand
+of this medal was issued.</p>
+
+<div id='i594fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_594fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_595'>595</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE ASHANTEE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1873–74.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Cape Coast Colony is situated on the west coast of Africa.
+The town, called Cape Coast Castle, has been in the possession
+of the British since the 17th. century, and a tract of
+country extending back eighty miles from the coast to the
+river Prah, is under their protection. To the west of Cape
+Coast Castle is the Dutch post of Elmina. North and west
+of the river Prah, is the country of the Ashantees, a fierce
+and warlike tribe, who had conquered or driven out all their
+neighbours, and founded Coomassie as their capital, about
+one hundred and forty miles to the north of Cape Coast
+Castle. Their religion is the most degraded fetishism, and
+hundreds of human beings were slaughtered yearly as sacrifices
+by their king.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Ashantees had a communication with the sea through
+Elmina, and the Dutch were in the habit of sending their
+king an annual present—or tribute as he considered it—but
+the Dutch having exchanged Elmina with the British for
+some ports higher up the coast, in 1868, the transfer gave
+great offence to the black potentate, who asserted that the
+place belonged to him, and that the Dutch had no right to
+dispose of it.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The unwarlike Fantis inhabiting the country between Cape
+Coast Castle and the Prah, were regarded with utter contempt
+by the Ashantees, who also held the fighting powers of
+the British in no high estimation, for in the year 1824, Sir
+Charles Macarthy, Governor of Cape Coast Castle, crossed
+the Prah with a small force, against them, and being deserted
+by the Fantis, was surrounded and completely destroyed—three
+white men only escaping. This defeat had never been
+avenged, and encouraged the Ashantees, in 1873, to cross the
+Prah with the intention of capturing Elmina. A small force
+comprising seven companies of the 2nd. West India Regiment,
+with a large body of Fantis under Lieutenant Hopkins,
+endeavoured to stop their advance, but after a short skirmish
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_596'>596</span>the Fantis fled, and the Lieutenant was obliged to retreat.
+The Ashantees took possession of Dunquah, and threatened
+to attack Elmina and Cape Coast Castle, and had they
+pushed on, both places would probably have fallen into their
+hands. At this juncture H.M.S. “Barracouta,” Captain Fremantle,
+arrived on the coast, having on board a detachment
+of one hundred and ten marines, commanded by Colonel
+Festing, R.M.A. The marines landed at Cape Coast Castle
+June 9th.; Colonel Festing took command of the troops, and
+martial law was proclaimed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The native inhabitants of Elmina joined the Ashantees, a
+strong body of whom advanced on the town, which was bombarded
+and burnt by the “Barracouta.” Colonel Festing,
+with the marines, a detachment of the 2nd. West India
+Regiment, a body of Houssas, a party of sailors from the
+“Barracouta,” “Druid,” “Seagull,” and “Argus,” under Capt.
+Fremantle, attacked the enemy, and drove them back with
+a loss of two hundred men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>More skirmishes followed; the “Simoon” arrived with a
+strong body of marines, also Commodore Commerell in the
+“Rattlesnake” from the Cape of Good Hope, who assumed
+the command of the marine forces; but shortly after in an
+advance up the Prah with the boats of the squadron, he was
+fired upon by the enemy concealed in the bush, and so
+severely wounded that he was ordered at once to return to
+the Cape.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On October 2nd. Sir Garnet Wolseley landed at Cape
+Coast Castle, with some twenty British officers, but no troops,
+having called at Sierra Leone <i>en route</i>, and made arrangements
+for raising men from the tribes on the coast. Efforts
+were immediately made to form an army of Fantis, but
+after a month’s experience, Sir Garnet gave up the attempt
+as hopeless, and wrote to England for a force of disciplined
+troops. A body of Houssas were trained as gunners by
+Captain Rait and Lieutenant Wilmot, R.A., who performed
+their duties admirably throughout the expedition, and two
+regiments of natives from the bravest tribes, of about four
+hundred men each, were raised and well drilled by British
+officers. One of these regiments was commanded by Lieut.-Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_597'>597</span>Evelyn Wood, the other by Major Russell, and the
+men on all occasions behaved well and courageously.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Glover, formerly of the Royal Navy, also raised a
+large Native force, with which he prepared to make the river
+Volta his base of operations, and to march on Coomassie from
+the east. Glover had been administrator at Lagos, and possessing
+a thorough knowledge of the native tribes on the
+coast, his undertaking proved to be completely successful.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In the meantime, Sir G. Wolseley, with a body of marines,
+sailors, and Houssas, made an attack on the Ashantees occupying
+villages near Elmina, and put them to flight. A
+camp had been formed at Abrakampa, a place of much importance,
+which had been a missionary station, surrounded
+by thick woods. It was garrisoned by Major Russell with
+his black regiment, and a body of seamen and marines, who
+totally defeated a determined attack made on the position by
+the enemy, who after this repulse began to retreat across the
+Prah.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The invasion of the Protectorate had failed, and the invaders
+were driven across the frontier, by native levies,
+“admirably conducted by British officers, without the assistance
+of any English troops except the marines and blue
+jackets who were on the station.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major Home, R.E., now commenced a road twelve feet in
+width, towards the Prah. A camp was formed at Prahsu to
+accommodate two thousand European troops, with a hospital
+and storehouses, which on January 3rd., 1874, was occupied
+by a Naval Brigade of about two hundred and eighty men,
+under Commodore Hewett and Captain Grubbe.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On new year’s day, the 42nd. Highlanders, the Rifle Brigade,
+with detachments of the 23rd. Fusiliers, Royal Engineers, and
+Royal Artillery disembarked at Cape Coast Castle, numbering
+in all two thousand five hundred and four men. Early in
+January the whole of the British troops reached Prahsu, and
+on the 20th., a bridge across the Prah being completed by the
+sailors and engineers, the march on Coomassie began.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lord Gifford, in command of a party of native scouts, led
+the advance, and was followed by the two regiments of
+natives, under Colonels Wood and Russell. The country
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_598'>598</span>through which the troops marched was almost entirely
+covered by trees, with an undergrowth of dense scrub
+and creepers, through which it was impossible to pass,
+unless where natural paths existed, or a way had been cut
+by the pioneers. Marshes also lay in every direction, which
+emitted exhalations destructive to the health and lives of
+Europeans exposed to their noxious influence. Fommanah,
+a village thirty miles from Coomassie, was entered without
+opposition, January 24th.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Koffee Kalkalli, the Ashantee king, alarmed by the British
+advance, sent in some German missionaries, whom he had
+kept for some time as prisoners, and dispatched letter after
+letter asking for peace. His object being only to gain time,
+and the demand of Sir G. Wolseley for hostages being disregarded,
+the troops continued their march, and the reply sent
+to the king was, the British meant to go to Coomassie.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Information that the Ashantees were posted in great force
+in the villages of Amoaful and Becquah, being received by
+the General, he resolved to attack them immediately. On
+the morning of January 31st. was fought the battle of Amoaful,
+about twenty miles from Coomassie, where Amanquatia, the best
+Ashantee General, had concentrated an army of twenty thousand
+warriors. The British force consisted of the 42nd. Highlanders,
+under Major Macpherson; 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Warren; and a detachment of the 23rd.
+Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mostyn. These regiments
+formed the “White Brigade,” commanded by Brigadier Sir
+A. Alison. The other troops consisted of the Naval Brigade,
+under Captain Grubbe; a detachment of the 2nd. West India
+regiment, under Lieutenant Jones; the Houssa Artillery, under
+Captain Rait, R.A.; and the native regiments of Russell and
+Wood. The 42nd. led the attack, with the Naval Brigade
+and Russell’s and Wood’s natives on the flanks; the Rifle
+Brigade being held in reserve. The enemy fought most stubbornly,
+and the thick bush favouring their mode of fighting,
+for some time but little advance was made. Though the village
+of Agamassie had been carried, the Ashantees still held the
+bush not two hundred yards from it, and made desperate efforts
+to retake the place, while so heavy was the fire they maintained
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_599'>599</span>that the air seemed literally alive with slugs. Two
+companies of the Rifles were sent up as reinforcements. Rait’s
+Artillery poured round after round of grape into the bush,
+till the fire of the enemy slackened, and they fled before the
+rush of the 42nd. At the top of the hill they again made a
+stand, and contested every foot of ground, but gave way at
+another charge, and the British gained the open clearing in
+which the village of Amoaful was situated. A fire was opened
+from the houses, but the 42nd. drove the Ashantees out of
+the place, and all resistance in that quarter was at an end.
+But the enemy were not yet beaten. When the battle seemed
+to be over they made a final and furious attempt to turn
+the flank of the British, and retake the village of Agamassie.
+The Rifle Brigade marched back and met them, and after a
+sharp contest of an hour the Ashantees rapidly retreated, and
+the day was won. The action altogether lasted twelve hours,
+the British casualties being Captain Buckle, R.E., and three
+men killed, and twenty-one officers and one hundred and
+seventy-three men wounded. Nearly every fourth man of
+the 42nd. had been hit, among them being Major Macpherson.
+The loss of the enemy was estimated at between two and
+three thousand, including their General Amanquatia. The
+troops took up their quarters for the night at Amoaful.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next day the village of Becquah was taken, and the advance
+continued to a place called Aggemamu, fifteen miles from
+Coomassie. The General now stated his intention of making
+a dash on the capital, and the men were asked if they would
+make their rations for four days last for six, if required. Their
+answer was “Most willingly.” Over streams and through
+swamps they pushed on, disregarding a message from King
+Koffee, without hostages, and reached the river Ordah, over
+which the Engineers at once commenced to make a bridge.
+By daybreak on February 4th. the bridge was finished, and
+the troops passed over, the Naval Brigade being left to guard
+the passage. The enemy immediately fired on the advance,
+but with a dash the village of Ordashu was carried by the Rifles,
+and held in spite of repeated efforts of the Ashantees to retake
+it. About noon, the 42nd., supported by the Rifles and
+Rait’s Artillery, moved direct on Coomassie, and disregarding
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_600'>600</span>repeated flank attacks and ambuscades, carried position after
+position; till the enemy finally broke and fled in complete
+disorder, leaving the ground strewn with umbrellas, war-chairs
+of chiefs, drums, muskets, and killed and wounded. An halt
+of about an hour was then made, when the whole force again
+advanced, crossing the pestilential swamp which surrounds
+the town, and entered Coomassie without opposition about
+half-past five p.m. A party was sent to the palace, who found
+the King and Princes had fled. To remain at Coomassie was
+impossible, owing to the lack of supplies, and the rains having
+commenced the rivers would soon become impassable. Sir
+G. Wolseley therefore determined to destroy the town and
+palace, and return to the coast.<a id='r210'></a><a href='#f210' class='c013'><sup>[210]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next morning the return march began. The King’s palace
+was blown up, and the town set on fire and destroyed. So
+thorough had been the defeat of the Ashantees that the troops
+were not molested on their return, and on February 12th.,
+during a halt at Fommanah, ambassadors from King Koffee
+overtook the army, bringing with them one thousand ounces
+of gold, as a portion of the indemnity of the fifty thousand
+ounces demanded, and returned with a treaty of peace which
+the King eventually signed. The chief terms dictated by Sir
+G. Wolseley were, besides the indemnity, the abolition of
+human sacrifices, and perpetual peace. So salutary has been
+the effects of this successful expedition on the Ashantees, that
+they have never since disturbed their neighbours across the
+Prah. About a week after Sir G. Wolseley had left Coomassie,
+Captain Glover, at the head of nearly five thousand natives,
+entered the town, having marched from the Volta river.
+King Koffee sent him by an ambassador, a plateful of gold
+as a sign of submission, and Glover then proceeded southwards
+with his forces into friendly territory, having performed
+his arduous undertaking with the utmost daring, judgment,
+and success. A day or two before, Captain R. Sartorius, of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_601'>601</span>the 5th. Bengal Cavalry, was dispatched by Captain Glover<a id='r211'></a><a href='#f211' class='c013'><sup>[211]</sup></a>
+to report to Sir G. Wolseley that he was within eighteen miles
+of the capital. He started on his adventurous errand with
+forty natives, but without provisions, as he expected to meet
+the General at Coomassie. At the close of the first day he
+halted at a village, seven miles from the capital, when he
+heard that the place was burnt and the English gone. Fully
+aware of his danger he determined to push on, and the next
+morning rode through Coomassie, which he found destroyed
+and deserted. Night found him at Amoaful, and the day
+following he reached the head-quarters at Fommanah, having
+travelled fifty-five miles through the heart of the Ashantee
+country. Not a shot was fired at him throughout his journey,
+and he saw but few Ashantees, who fled at his approach.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>For this and other services, Captain Sartorius deservedly
+gained the Victoria Cross. The troops, with the Major-General
+and his staff, reached Cape Coast Castle on February 19th.
+In the actions during the march on Coomassie the total number
+of officers and men killed and wounded was two hundred
+and sixty-nine. Eight only were killed, and about one hundred
+and sixty were but slightly wounded, but many of the troops
+and Naval Brigade died of fever.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Thirty-three officers engaged in the expedition received the
+Order of the Bath; Lord Gifford received the Victoria Cross,
+and Captain Glover was made a Knight of St. Michael and
+St. George. Sir G. Wolseley, who declined a baronetcy offered
+him, was voted a sum of £25,000 in recognition of his services.<a id='r212'></a><a href='#f212' class='c013'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The cost of the war was estimated at £900,000.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops who served in this campaign were the 23rd.
+and 42nd. Foot; 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade; 2nd. West
+India Regiment; the Houssa Artillery; and Naval Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_602'>602</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN AND SOUDAN MEDALS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>By a General Order in October, 1882, a medal was
+granted to all troops who landed in Egypt, and served there,
+between July 16th. and September 14th., 1882. Obverse,
+head of the Queen, veiled and crowned, with the inscription,
+“Victoria Regina et Imperatrix.” Reverse, a Sphinx, on
+a pedestal, above which is the word “Egypt” and the date
+“1882” below. The name and regiment, or ship of the recipient,
+are engraved on the edge. Ribbon, alternate stripes
+of blue and white. Two clasps were issued with this medal,
+“Alexandria,<a id='r213'></a><a href='#f213' class='c013'><sup>[213]</sup></a> 11th. July,” and “Tel-el-Kebir.” The first
+was given to the seamen and marines engaged in the action
+of July 11th., and who landed in Alexandria after the bombardment;
+and the other to all who were present at Tel-el-Kebir—soldiers,
+sailors, and marines.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At the end of the first Soudan War, 1884, a similar medal,
+but without a date, was given to all men of both services
+who took part in the operations against the Arabs in the
+neighbourhood of Suakim, from July 19th. to March 26th.,
+1884. Ribbon, blue and white. Four bars were issued with
+this medal:—“Suakim, 1884”; “El Teb—Tamaai”; to those
+who were present at both these battles; “El Teb,” to those
+present there only; and “Tamaai,” to those who were only
+in that action.</p>
+
+<div id='i602fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_602fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Egyptian Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a General Order in 1885, at the close of the second
+Soudan campaign, the same medal was granted to the troops
+and Naval Brigade, with five additional bars. Ribbon, the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_603'>603</span>same. The order specified that—“Individuals already in
+possession of the decoration will only be eligible to receive
+such of the clasps specified hereafter, as they may be entitled
+to. All officers and soldiers who served south of Assouan
+on or before March 7th., 1885, will be held entitled to the
+medal, except those who are already in possession of it. All
+officers and soldiers who were on duty at Suakim between
+27th. March, 1884, and 14th. May, 1885, will also be entitled
+to the medal, except those already in possession of it. Her
+Majesty has further approved of clasps being issued as follows:
+a clasp, inscribed ‘The Nile, 1884–85,’ to those officers and
+soldiers who served south of Assouan on or before March
+7th., 1885. A clasp, inscribed ‘Abu Klea,’ to those officers
+and soldiers who took part in the action fought there on
+17th. January, 1885, under the late Major-General Sir H.
+Stewart, K.C.B. A clasp, inscribed ‘Kirbekan,’ to those
+officers and soldiers who took part in the action fought there
+on the 10th. February, 1885, under the late Major-General
+Earle, C.B. A clasp, inscribed ‘Suakim, 1885,’ to those officers
+and soldiers who were engaged in the operations at Suakim
+between the 1st. March and 14th. May, 1885, both inclusive.
+A clasp, inscribed ‘Tofrek,’ to those officers and men who were
+actually present at the action fought there on the 22nd.
+March, 1885.” No medals were issued with single clasps for
+Tofrek, Abu Klea, or Kirbekan, as all who were present at
+Tofrek received also the clasp for Suakim, 1885; and all
+present at the other two actions, were given the clasp for the
+Nile, 1884–5. The medals without a bar, dating from 1882
+to 1885–86, were also given to the captains of all ships employed
+as transports, and to others who shared in the campaign,
+not belonging to the service. The whole number issued was
+forty-four thousand. The medal, without clasp, was also given
+to all officers and soldiers who served at, and to the South
+of Wady Halfa, between November 30th., 1885, and January
+11th., 1886, under Lieutenant-General Sir J. Stephenson, if
+they had not received it for any previous campaign.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A General Order of January 2nd., 1890, granted a further
+issue of the Soudan medal, with a clasp, inscribed “Gemaizah,
+1888,” to all troops who were at Suakim before December
+20th., 1888, and who were present at the action on that day.
+By the same order, the medal was given to all troops who
+were employed on the Nile, at, and south of Korosko, on August
+3rd., 1889, and a clasp, inscribed “Toski, 1889,” was given to
+all who were present at that action on August 3rd. of the
+same year. The total number of clasps already issued with
+this medal is thirteen.<a id='r214'></a><a href='#f214' class='c013'><sup>[214]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Khedive of Egypt gave a bronze star, to every officer
+and man of both services who was entitled to the English
+medal. The star is five-pointed, and suspended by a ring
+and bar, on which is a small star and a crescent. On the
+obverse is a Sphinx, with the Pyramids in the background,
+surrounded by a band, with the word “Egypt,” and the date
+1882, 1884, or 1884–6 above, and the same in Arabic below.
+On the reverse is the Khedive’s monogram in a circle, surmounted
+by a crown. Ribbon, dark blue. The decoration
+was issued without names, but some of the recipients had
+their names and regiments engraved on the reverse at their
+own expense.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_604'>604</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN WAR. BOMBARDMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'><span class='sc'>July 11th., 1882.</span></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Early in the year 1882, what may be styled a revolution
+took place in Egypt. The army, headed by Arabi Pasha, set
+aside the authority of the Khedive, and assumed the supreme
+power, with the intention of emancipating the country
+from all foreign control. Arabi had entered the Egyptian
+army, and had risen from the ranks to the position of colonel.
+Being the idol of the ignorant soldiers, he imprisoned the
+Khedive in his own palace, and compelled him to bestow the
+post of Minister of War on himself. He next made himself
+Pasha, and the bulk of the Egyptian people supporting the
+army, Arabi became the head of the national movement, and
+inscribed on his banners: “Egypt for the Egyptians.” These
+proceedings were viewed with apprehension in England. The
+Khedive had always been favourable to British interests, and
+the support afforded him by the British so excited the hostility
+of Arabi and his party, that they threatened to seize
+the Suez Canal, and so block the highway to India. The
+Egyptians beginning to show the greatest animosity towards
+all foreigners, an English and French fleet appeared before
+Alexandria, to give moral support to the Khedive, and to
+protect the European inhabitants. In June, serious riots
+broke out in the city, many Europeans were killed and
+wounded, and the remainder driven to seek shelter on board
+the ships in the harbour. Preparations for war were made
+on both sides. The fortifications of Alexandria were strengthened,
+new batteries constructed, and the garrison increased.
+Sir Beauchamp Seymour, the British Admiral, ordered the
+Egyptians to discontinue these operations, with no effect;
+upon which he sent in an ultimatum threatening an immediate
+bombardment, unless the working on the fortifications
+was suspended, and the forts surrendered to him. No attention
+was paid to this demand, and the fleet prepared for
+action.</p>
+
+<div id='i604fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_604fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>The Khedive’s Star.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_605'>605</span>The French fleet had already left Alexandria; all neutral
+vessels were warned to leave the harbour, and the British
+fleet steamed out and took its position opposite the outer
+forts. On the evening of July 10th., the “Invincible” (10),
+“Monarch” (6), and “Penelope” (10), anchored to the west
+of Fort Mex, and by daybreak on the 11th. all the other
+ironclads were in the positions assigned to them. At 6.30
+all the ships cleared for action, which was begun by the
+“Alexandra” pitching a shell into Fort Ada. It was immediately
+replied to, upon which all the ships and the forts
+opened fire, and the engagement became general. The “Sultan”
+(13), “Alexandra” (12), “Superb” (4), and “Inflexible” (4),
+were opposed to the forts at Pharos Point and Ras-el-Tin,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_606'>606</span>and the “Téméraire” (8), supported the Invincible, Monarch,
+and Penelope, in the attack on Fort Mex, and the adjoining
+batteries. The gunboats “Bittern,” “Condor,” “Decoy,” “Cygnet,”
+and “Beacon” were placed in a second line behind the
+ironclads, with orders to hold themselves at the disposal of
+the Admiral.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The wind was favourable to the Egyptians, and after the
+first broadside or two a thick cloud of smoke enveloped the
+ships, making it impossible to see the effects of their firing,
+which could only be directed from the tops.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The gunboats were not willing to remain idle spectators, so,
+without orders, the “Cygnet” opened fire, and the “Condor,”
+with two 64-pounders, and one 7-inch rifled gun, steamed
+away to the west, and alone engaged the Marabout Fort,
+armed with two 18-ton, and two 12-ton guns, twenty 32-pounders,
+and five mortars; for nearly two hours. Sir B.
+Seymour, seeing the disproportion of force, signalled the
+“Bittern” and “Beacon” to join her, and the other gunboats
+also moved off to assist the “Condor.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About 8.30, Fort Marsa-el-Kanat was blown up by shells
+from the “Invincible” and “Monarch,” and by nine o’clock,
+the “Téméraire,” “Monarch,” and “Penelope” had disabled
+all the guns but four, in Fort Mex. It was difficult through
+the smoke to hit on the locality of these guns, but by 11
+a.m. the Fort was almost in ruins, and silent. About the
+same time the gunboats had silenced Fort Marabout, and
+joined the ironclads before Fort Mex, which was entered by
+a small party of volunteers from the “Invincible,” covered by
+the “Bittern” and “Condor,” and found deserted by all but
+the dead. The guns in the Fort were blown up and destroyed,
+and the party returned to the ships without loss.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Egyptians stood to their guns well, but before five
+o’clock all their guns were disabled, and soon after all firing
+from the fleet ceased, and the ships drew off the shore. The
+“Alexandra” suffered the most, she was hit fourteen times in
+her hull, and a shell burst in the captain’s cabin. All the
+ships except the “Monarch” were struck more or less, but
+none of the projectiles of the enemy pierced the armour of
+one of them. The casualties of the British were five men
+killed and twenty-seven wounded, those of the Egyptians
+were estimated at nine hundred or a thousand.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the night Alexandria was seen to be in flames. The
+convicts had been liberated, and with the Arabs, had set fire
+to, and plundered the European quarter, and massacred all the
+Europeans they could find.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Next day, a force of six hundred seamen and marines landed,
+and found that Arabi with his troops, and most of the inhabitants,
+had left the town. Captain Lord C. Beresford, of
+the “Condor,” was appointed chief of the British forces acting
+as police in Alexandria, the streets were cleared of rioters, all
+incendiaries shot on the spot, and natives entering the place,
+disarmed<a id='r215'></a><a href='#f215' class='c013'><sup>[215]</sup></a> For his services, Admiral Sir F. B. Seymour received
+the thanks of both Houses, and was raised to the
+peerage by the title of Lord Alcester, with a grant of
+£25,000.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_607'>607</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>TEL-EL-KEBIR.<br> <span class='sc'>September 13th, 1882.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir Archibald Alison commanded the troops at Alexandria,
+and kept the Egyptians at bay till the arrival of Sir
+Garnet Wolseley from England, on August 15th., who at once
+changed the base of operations from Alexandria to the Suez
+Canal. Leaving a division of troops under Sir E. Wood to
+protect the town, on August 19th. the fleet and army sailed
+for Port Said,<a id='r216'></a><a href='#f216' class='c013'><sup>[216]</sup></a> and proceeded up the Suez Canal to Ismailia,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_608'>608</span>which place was occupied without resistance, and the army
+disembarked. Owing to the difficulties of transport there was
+considerable delay before the troops were able to advance,
+and in the meantime Arabi had collected a large army at
+a strongly fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On August 28th.
+a most determined attack was made on the British advanced
+force at Kassassin; consisting of under two thousand men, including
+the Marine Artillery, commanded by General Graham, by
+about ten thousand of the enemy, with twelve guns; but after
+a day’s hard fighting, the cavalry, under General Drury Lowe,
+charged the Egyptians in the rear, and routed them with loss.
+By September 11th., the whole expeditionary force, including the
+Indian contingent,<a id='r217'></a><a href='#f217' class='c013'><sup>[217]</sup></a> commanded by General Sir H. Macpherson,
+was assembled at Kassassin, and the next day General Wolseley
+having carefully reconnoitered the enemy’s position, explained
+to his officers his plan of attack. This was, to move with his
+whole force at nightfall, and marching eight miles through
+the desert, to attack the Egyptian entrenchments with the
+bayonet at daybreak.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The enemy’s position was defended by sixty guns, and a
+disciplined force of about twenty thousand men, besides several
+thousand irregular troops. The British army consisted of
+eleven thousand infantry, two thousand cavalry, and forty-two
+guns, including the Indian contingent. In the evening
+the camp was struck, and the troops moved out, piled their
+arms, and lay down on the sand till one o’clock in the morning,
+when they silently fell into rank and advanced. Marching
+across the desert, guided by the light of the stars, with occasional
+halts; as day began to break the dim outlines of
+the entrenchments of Tel-el-Kebir became visible. On the
+extreme right were the Cavalry and mounted Infantry, with
+two batteries of Horse Artillery; next was General Graham’s
+Brigade, with the Guards in support; in the centre was
+massed the Artillery, forty-two guns, and on the left the
+Highland Brigade, supported by the 46th., 3rd. Battalion 60th.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_609'>609</span>Rifles, and a Battalion of Royal Marine Artillery; on the
+line of railway was the Naval Brigade, with a forty-pounder
+on a truck, and on the other side of the canal the 72nd. and
+the Indian troops. So silent was the advance of the assailants
+in the early dawn that they were not perceived by the enemy
+till they were within three hundred yards of the works.
+Then suddenly a terrific fire flashed along the line of sand-heaps,
+and a storm of bullets swept over the heads of the
+advancing troops. Not a shot was fired in reply, but a wild
+cheer broke from the Highlanders as they dashed at the
+enemy’s trenches. The first line of entrenchments was carried,
+but from a second line the enemy opened a heavy fire. For
+a few minutes the Highlanders replied, and then, making
+another rush, a hand to hand contest followed, till some
+of the force penetrated between the redoubts and opened
+a flank fire on the Egyptians, who soon broke and fled.
+Graham’s brigade was vigorously opposed on the other flank.
+The enemy here were not taken by surprise, and for a while
+held their ground stubbornly. The 18th. Royal Irish were
+sent to turn their left, and with a yell they went straight at
+the works, and carried them at the bayonet’s point. The 18th.
+were followed by the 84th. and 87th., but the Egyptians,
+though outflanked, clung to an inner line of trenches, and
+at every angle and redoubt, rallied and sustained the fight.
+But they fell in scores before the bayonet charges, the inner
+entrenchments were won, the Highlanders were in the midst
+of their camp, and the enemy, losing heart, fled in confusion,
+pursued by the cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Within an hour from the commencement of the attack the
+Egyptian army was in complete rout. The whole of their
+guns (sixty-six) and military stores, several trains of ammunition,
+and other <i>matériel</i>, fell into the hands of the victors.
+The British pressed on in pursuit. Zagazig was occupied in
+the afternoon, and the next day, General Drury Lowe, with
+fifteen hundred Cavalry and a battery of Horse Artillery,
+entered and took possession of Cairo, containing twenty-seven
+thousand fanatics and its citadel garrisoned by ten thousand
+men. At ten o’clock the same night, Arabi surrendered himself
+to General Lowe, and on September 15th., Sir Garnet
+Wolseley, with a portion of his infantry, entered the city,<a id='r218'></a><a href='#f218' class='c013'><sup>[218]</sup></a>
+and telegraphed to London—“The war is over, send no more
+troops to Egypt.” The British loss in this battle was nine
+officers and forty-eight non-commissioned officers and men
+killed<a id='r219'></a><a href='#f219' class='c013'><sup>[219]</sup></a>; twenty-seven officers, and three hundred and fifty-three
+non-commissioned officers and men wounded; and twenty-two
+men missing; total of casualties, four hundred and fifty-nine.
+The loss of the enemy, exclusive of prisoners, was
+over two thousand killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The regiments which shared in this decisive victory were
+detachments of 1st. and 2nd. Life Guards and Royal Horse
+Guards; 4th. and 7th. Dragoon Guards, and 19th. Hussars;
+a battalion each of Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards;
+the 18th., 42nd., 46th., 60th., 72nd., 74th., 75th., 79th., 84th.,
+and 87th. Also a Naval Brigade of about two hundred men;
+a battalion of Marine Artillery and Light Infantry, and the
+Indian Contingent.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_610'>610</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE WAR IN THE SOUDAN. BATTLE OF EL TEB.<br> <span class='sc'>February 29, 1884.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Khedive, Tewfik, had been reinstated in Egypt, the
+English army of occupation had been reduced, and preparations
+made for the evacuation of the country, when in 1883,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_611'>611</span>a formidable insurrection against the Egyptian rule broke out
+in the Soudan. It was headed by a fanatic who assumed
+the title of the Mahdi, or Messiah, and who was regarded
+by the Soudanese as the successor of Mahomet, and their deliverer
+from the yoke of the Egyptians. An Egyptian army
+sent against him under Hicks Pasha, was almost annihilated
+on November 3rd., and his followers then overran the Soudan,
+and besieged the Egyptian garrisons in the towns they occupied.
+One of the chiefs of the Madhi, called Osman Digma,
+had invested the towns of Sinkat and Tokar, and was threatening
+the port of Suakin, on the Red Sea. Admiral Sir W.
+Hewitt was ordered to protect Suakin, and with the “Ranger,”
+“Spynx,” “Decoy,” and “Euryalus,” took his station off the
+town, landed a body of seamen and marines, and effectually
+defended it against Osman Digma and his followers. Valentine
+Baker Pasha, with an ill-disciplined force of 5000 Egyptians,
+was then sent to relieve the beleagured garrisons. He landed
+at Trinkitat, and marched towards Tokar, but was attacked
+by the tribesmen of Osman Digma at El Teb, on February
+1st., and disastrously defeated, with the loss of more than
+half his men; nearly all the British officers accompanying
+him being slain.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Egyptian garrison of Sinkat, finding themselves without
+hope of relief, and their provisions exhausted, then gallantly
+marched out, and endeavoured to cut their way to the coast,
+but were surrounded, and exterminated, not a man escaping
+to tell the tale.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>English troops were then sent from Egypt and Aden, and
+a force was assembled at Suakin under Major-General Graham,
+which proceeded by sea to Trinkitat, and disembarked there
+February 23rd. A day or two before, the garrison of Tokar
+surrendered and joined the enemy. By February 26th., most
+of the stores being landed, the bulk of the troops marched
+out of Trinkitat and encamped at Fort Baker, about two
+miles on the road towards Tokar, where a supply of food
+and water for three days had been provided. The 65th.
+regiment having arrived from Aden, the next morning, February
+29th., the advance towards Osman Digma’s position at
+El Teb began in earnest. Numbered roughly, the column
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_612'>612</span>consisted of about 4000 men. The advance was made in a
+hollow square, the transport animals and hospital equipment
+being in the centre. In front was the 75th. Highlanders; in
+rear the 42nd.; on the right the 89th. and 60th. Rifles; on
+the left the 65th. Royal Marine Artillery, and Light Infantry.
+Intervals were left at the angles for the guns and gatlings;
+the Naval Brigade of one hundred and sixty-two men, under
+Commander Rolfe, of the “Euryalus,” occupying the front
+and the Royal Artillery the rear angles. Two squadrons of
+the 10th. and 19th. Hussars were in the front and on the flanks,
+the rest of the cavalry in the rear, under Colonel Stewart.
+With the troops were Admiral Sir W. Hewitt, General Baker
+Pasha, in charge of the Intelligence Department, and Colonel
+F. Burnaby. The square advanced over the track taken by
+Baker’s ill-fated troops a few weeks previously, whose bodies
+lay about in hundreds, polluting the air. The position of the
+enemy was on a low ridge, marked by a number of banners,
+and at several points along the line, which extended nearly
+a mile, guns could be seen placed. As the troops neared the
+enemy, who were seen to be in great strength, General Graham
+determined to turn their position and take it in reverse. The
+square continued to march obliquely past the left front of
+the enemy, when a sharp fire of musketry broke out, and two
+Krupp guns opened upon it with case shot and shell. This
+was about 11 o’clock. The square halted, the men ordered
+to lie down, and four guns of the Royal Artillery and the
+machine guns were brought into action. The Krupp guns
+which had been captured from Baker’s force, and were now
+worked by Egyptian artillerymen from Tokar, were well handled,
+many men were struck, and General Baker wounded in the
+face by a piece of a shell; but the machine guns of the Naval
+Brigade poured such a stream of bullets upon them, that the
+two guns were silenced, being taken in reverse, and the
+gunners killed, or driven from them. Then the order was
+given to advance, the bagpipes struck up, the men sprang to
+their feet with a cheer, and went straight at the enemy’s position.
+From every bush and pit the Arabs leaped up, and rushed
+on the advancing troops. The brunt of their attack fell on
+the 42nd., the 65th., and the Naval Brigade. Swept away
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_613'>613</span>by the deadly fire of the machine guns and rifles, the Soudanese
+came on again with their spears and cross-hilted swords, in
+groups of twenty and thirty, and sometimes alone, but not
+one broke through the line of bayonets. The Cavalry then
+swept round the right flank of the square, and charged in
+three lines, over the broken ground, swarming with Arabs;
+who crouching among the scrub, hamstrung the horses as they
+passed over them, and then speared the dismounted troopers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this conflict Major Slade, Lieutenants Probyn and Freeman,
+were killed; and Colonel Barrow, commanding the 19th.
+Hussars, severely wounded, and his life only saved by the
+gallantry of three of his men. The position of the enemy was
+carried, their guns captured and turned against them, but
+they still fiercely contested every foot of ground till the village
+of El Teb, with its wells, were taken by the Highlanders;
+when they gave up the contest and sullenly retired in the
+direction of Tokar. The British loss was thirty killed, including
+four officers, and about one hundred and sixty officers
+and men wounded, several of whom, including Lieutenant
+Royds, of H.M.S. “Carysfort,” afterwards died. Colonel Burnaby
+had his horse shot under him, and a bullet through one of
+his arms. The loss of the Arabs was over two thousand, and
+four Krupp guns, two brass howitzers, and a Gatling gun
+were captured. The next day, Tokar, eleven miles distant,
+was occupied without opposition, and a quantity of rifles and
+ammunition destroyed. The force then returned to Trinkitat,
+and re-embarked for Suakin.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at El Teb were the 10th. and 19th.
+Hussars; 6th. Battery First Brigade Royal Artillery; 26th.
+Company Royal Engineers; the 42nd., 65th., 1st. Battalion
+60th. Rifles, 75th., 89th. Foot; a Battalion of Royal Marine
+Artillery and Light Infantry; and the Naval Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_614'>614</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>TAMAAI.<br> <span class='sc'>March 13th, 1884.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The power of Osman Digma, though shaken, was yet
+far from destroyed. The victors of El Teb, had scarcely
+reached Suakin, when they were again put in motion against
+a strong body of Arabs, reckoned to be about eight thousand,
+which he had collected at a place called Tamaai, and with
+which he threatened utter destruction to all unbelievers. On
+March 11th. General Baker marched out to Baker’s zareba,
+seven miles from Suakin, and the next day continued his
+advance towards Tamaai. At nightfall the troops bivouacked
+in a hastily constructed zareba, within two miles of the enemy’s
+position, which Commander Rolfe, R.N., after darkness had
+set in, alone set out from the zareba to reconnoitre, and saw
+the Arabs asleep around their fires. About one o’clock the
+enemy opened a random fusilade on the British camp, which
+they kept up the remainder of the night, but fortunately
+with little effect. At eight on the morning of March 13th.,
+the troops formed in front of the zareba in two brigades.
+On the left was the 2nd. Brigade, commanded by General
+Davis, consisting of the 42nd., 65th., Marines, and Naval
+Brigade, with machine guns. Then came the Artillery, under
+Major Holley, and on the right the 1st. Brigade, commanded
+by General Buller, comprising the 75th., 89th., and 60th. Rifles,
+with a battery of Artillery. Two squadrons of cavalry were
+sent to the front as skirmishers, and a brisk fire began on
+both sides; but the enemy advancing, the cavalry fell back,
+and the brigade opened a heavy fire of rifles and machine
+guns on the Arabs. The 42nd., who were in front, with a
+cheer charged the enemy at the double, but this movement
+leaving a gap between them and the 65th., the Arabs seeing
+their advantage, rushed like a torrent on the right side of
+the square, and for a time all was confusion.<a id='r220'></a><a href='#f220' class='c013'><sup>[220]</sup></a> The 65th.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_615'>615</span>wavered, and fell back on the Marines, and the Naval Brigade
+surrounded by a mass of soldiers mixed in a wild <i>mêlée</i> with
+the foe, were unable to use their guns and compelled
+to abandon them, with the loss of three officers and many
+seamen. But Buller’s brigade advancing on the right rear in
+perfect order, by its terrible fire prevented the enemy from
+coming to close quarters,<a id='r221'></a><a href='#f221' class='c013'><sup>[221]</sup></a> and the 42nd. and the Marines
+fighting back to back checked further disaster, and the brigade
+was re-formed. The two brigades now advanced abreast,
+the captured Gatlings were recovered, and turned by the seamen
+with great effect on a fresh body of Arabs, who charged
+out of a deep ravine in force, till their masses seemed to
+melt away under the tremendous fire poured into them. The
+ravine was carried, and a ridge beyond it; the bravest men
+of the enemy had fallen, and the rest lost heart and fled.
+After a brief halt General Graham pushed on to the wells
+of Tamaai, three miles from the battle-field, and occupied
+the camp of Osman Digma. Next day, the camp, with the
+village of Tamaai, was destroyed, and the troops returned to
+Suakin.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British casualties were five officers—Lieut. Montressor,
+H.M.S. “Carysfort”; Lieut. Almack, H.M.S. “Briton”; Lieut.
+H. Stewart, H.M.S. “Dryad”; Major Aiken, 42nd., and Capt.
+Ford, 65th. regiment; and one hundred and four men killed;
+and eight officers and one hundred and twenty men wounded
+and missing. The 42nd. had no less than eight sergeants
+killed. The loss of the Arabs was estimated to be at least
+three thousand in killed alone.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops present at Tamaai were—10th. and 19th. Hussars;
+Royal Artillery; the 42nd., 60th., 65th., 75th., and 89th.
+Foot; Royal Marines; and Naval Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_616'>616</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SUAKIN.<br> <span class='c016'>1884.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>After his defeat at Tamaai, Osman Digma was reported
+to be occupied in the Tamanieb Valley, about four miles from
+the last battle-field, in collecting more tribesmen to oppose
+the British. A party of the 75th. and 19th. Hussars were
+sent to occupy Handoab, on the road to Berber, and native
+spies brought the information that Osman was encamped near
+Tamanieb with two thousand men, who were all willing to
+fight again. On March 25th. General Graham, with the 10th.
+and 19th. Hussars, 42nd., 60th., 65th., 75th. Mounted Infantry
+and Marines, marched out from Suakin once more against
+the Lieutenant of the Mahdi; Admiral Sir W. Hewitt landing
+two hundred seamen to hold the town in the absence of the
+troops. The heat was intense, causing the men much suffering,
+and there were many cases of sunstroke. The troops bivouacked
+at night in an oblong square, and slept in all their accoutrements.
+In the morning the cavalry and mounted infantry
+were sent out in advance, and two or three skirmishes took
+place during the day, but the enemy fired at a distance, and
+did not come to close quarters. At half-past four a.m. on
+March 27th., the troops fell in, and at six, advanced up the
+valley, the cavalry being out all round as scouts. At seven
+the enemy showed themselves, but were driven back by the
+mounted infantry, and they were dislodged from a height on
+which they attempted to make a stand, by the fire of the
+artillery. Osman’s camp, or the remains of it, was committed
+to the flames, and the column returned unmolested to Suakin
+on March 28th. Soon after, Sir G. Graham and the bulk
+of the troops, sailed for Cairo and England.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_617'>617</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE NILE,<br> <span class='c016'>1884–85.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The British Government having decided to abandon the
+Soudan, General Gordon, C.B., R.E., of Chinese celebrity,
+and who had been Governor of the equatorial provinces of
+Africa, under the Khedive, was sent to Khartoum to withdraw
+the Egyptian garrisons from the country, and to make
+the best arrangements he could for its future government.
+He had no connection with the Egyptian Government, which
+he declined to serve under any circumstances. He was accompanied
+by Colonel J. D. Stewart, who had been at Khartoum
+in the preceding year. On February 18th. they reached
+Khartoum, where they were received by the inhabitants with
+the greatest joy and enthusiasm. But General Gordon soon
+found that his mission to carry out the evacuation of the
+Soudan by the Egyptian garrisons, numbering about thirty
+thousand men, was impracticable. In March, the whole country
+south of Berber declared for the Mahdi; in May, Berber was
+taken by the enemy, and Gordon, with Colonel Stewart and
+Mr. Power, the British Consul, was closely besieged in Khartoum.
+For months he defended himself with the greatest
+skill and valour against overwhelming odds, but it was not
+until August that the British Government decided to despatch
+an expedition for his relief, under the command of General
+Lord Wolseley.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Regiments were then ordered from India, Malta, and other
+places, to Egypt; eight hundred boats, at a cost of £75 each,
+were built in England for the conveyance of the troops up
+the Nile; steam pinnaces and light steamers were provided
+for towing purposes; and five hundred Canadian boatmen,
+and three hundred Kroomen, were engaged to navigate the
+boats and steamers over the cataracts of the river. British
+troops were pushed on to Wady Haifa, and on September
+10th. Lord Wolseley reached Cairo,<a id='r222'></a><a href='#f222' class='c013'><sup>[222]</sup></a> with instructions to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_618'>618</span>advance up the Nile and bring away General Gordon and
+Colonel Stewart from Khartoum, and to undertake no further
+offensive operations of any kind.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On his arrival at Cairo the General formed a camel corps
+from volunteers from the Guards and Cavalry, consisting of
+over one thousand two hundred officers and men, divided
+into three bodies, called, the Guards, Heavy, and Light camel
+regiments. These chosen men sailed from England on September
+26th., and by their conduct in the desert march to the Nile,
+in January following, amply justified their organization. For
+nearly four months a British army of nine thousand men,
+with their baggage and <i>matériel</i> were toiling hundreds of miles
+up the broken and tortuous course of the Nile, tugging at
+the oar, transporting stores, and dragging boats by main force
+through rapids and over cataracts.<a id='r223'></a><a href='#f223' class='c013'><sup>[223]</sup></a> On November 3rd. Lord
+Wolseley and his Staff reached Dongola, and on December
+16th. arrived at Korti, one thousand two hundred and fifty
+miles from Cairo. The situation of Khartoum was known
+to be critical, and on December 30th., 1884, General Sir
+Herbert Stewart was despatched, with about one thousand
+six hundred men and two thousand camels, across the desert
+to Metammeh, on the Nile, one hundred and seventy miles
+from Korti; from whence he was to proceed in Gordon’s
+steamers to Khartoum, one hundred miles further up the
+river.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sometime previous, Colonel Stewart and Mr. Power had
+been sent by Gordon down the Nile to Dongola, to endeavour
+to open communications with the British, but their steamer
+was wrecked near Berber on October 6th., and the two Europeans
+with most of their party were massacred by the natives.
+Two days before Lord Wolseley reached Korti, on December
+14th., Gordon wrote in his diary—“Now mark this: If the
+Expeditionary Force—and I ask no more than two hundred
+men—does not come in ten days, the town may fall, and I
+have done my best for the honour of our country. Good
+bye.”<a id='r224'></a><a href='#f224' class='c013'><sup>[224]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_619'>619</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>ABU KLEA.<br> <span class='sc'>January 17th, 1885.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Sir H. Stewart, after a long and waterless march, reached
+Gakdul, about one hundred miles from Korti, on January
+2nd. Here, water was found in abundance, and a halt of some
+days was made. On the 14th. the march to the Nile was
+resumed, but on approaching Abu Klea, two short marches
+from Metammeh, the scouts of the 19th. Hussars reported
+the enemy to be encamped in force near the wells. The troops
+were in need of water, but formed a zareba about four miles
+from the Arab camp, and slept on their arms, exposed to a
+desultory fire all night, by which five or six men were wounded
+and several camels killed. As soon as it was daylight, on the
+morning of January 17th., General Stewart began his preparations
+for an advance, his object being to drive the enemy
+from the wells of Abu Klea. A strong body of skirmishers
+with the guns were sent out, who engaged the enemy at long
+range, but failed to draw them from their position, though
+a brisk fire was kept up for some time by both sides. At
+about half-past eight o’clock, leaving most of the camels and
+the sick and wounded in the zareba, with a guard of Mounted
+Infantry, and one hundred and twenty-five men of the 35th.
+regiment, the troops advanced against the enemy in a square,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_620'>620</span>which was formed as follows:—“Left front face, two companies
+Mounted Infantry; right front face, two companies Guards,
+with the three guns Royal Artillery in the centre; left face,
+two companies Mounted Infantry; one company Heavy Camel
+Regiment; rear face, four companies Heavy Camel Regiment,
+with Naval Brigade with Gardner gun in the centre.” The
+19th. Hussars, numbering one hundred and twenty men, under
+Colonel Barrow, were stationed on the flanks. The square
+moved towards the left flank of the enemy, under a hot fire
+from the sharpshooters, and was nearly abreast of their position,
+when several thousand Arabs, with loud yells and beating of
+tom-toms, rushed down on the left and left rear of the square.
+The three guns of Captain Norton, and a heavy rifle fire was
+opened on them, but did not check their advance; the British
+skirmishers came racing for life into the square, while with
+waving flags the enemy rushed on like a vast black wave of
+surf. “By twos and threes our skirmishers had now reached
+our lines, and the left face being nearly clear, a volley was
+sent into the enemy at one hundred and fifty yards, as they
+rose over the last crest between our opposing fronts. A hundred
+or more Arabs dropped, and for a moment I saw the force
+waver and halt, as a man stops to gasp for breath. Had
+that volley been promptly repeated, there would have been
+little more of the battle to tell.” The Gardner gun of the
+Naval Brigade<a id='r225'></a><a href='#f225' class='c013'><sup>[225]</sup></a> was brought into action at the left flank,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_621'>621</span>but after a few rounds had been fired, the gun jammed, and
+was rendered useless, and Lieutenants Piggott and De Lisle
+with several seamen were killed. Many of the rifles were also
+rendered temporarily useless from the same cause, the jamming
+of the cartridges. Colonel F. Burnaby, who had arrived a
+few days before from Korti, called on the Heavies to meet
+the Arab charge, and riding out to assist two or three skirmishers,
+was surrounded and slain, and the enemy closed in
+upon the square, throwing its left face into confusion. So
+furious was their rush that many of them penetrated to the
+middle of the square, where they killed the camels and slew
+the wounded in their litters, but none of them returned, being
+all slain to a man. Meanwhile the Guards and Mounted Infantry
+poured such a heavy fire into the dense crowds of the Arabs,
+that after a few minutes they began to waver and recoil, and
+at length took to flight, under a fire of rifles and shell from
+the guns; and followed by the Hussars and Mounted Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The hard-fought battle was won, the square re-formed and
+presently advanced, while the Hussars pushed on and took
+possession of the wells at Abu Klea, at which place, the whole
+force, with the wounded, arrived at the close of the day.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was Colonel Burnaby, Major Carmichael,
+5th. Lancers, and seven other officers killed; nine officers
+wounded (Lord St. Vincent and another, mortally); sixty-five
+non-commissioned officers and men killed; and eighty-five
+wounded. The total Arab force was estimated at over twelve
+thousand men, and of these more than two thousand were
+killed and wounded. “Five or six hundred of the enemy lay
+heaped in front of, and around our dead camels.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops present at Abu Klea, were detachments of 19th.
+Hussars; Royal Artillery, with three seven-pounders; the
+Guards, and Heavy Camel Corps; Mounted Infantry; 35th.
+Regiment; a detachment of Royal Engineers; Naval Brigade
+of fifty-two officers and men, under Lord C. Beresford; and
+Departmental Corps.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At four p.m. on January 18th., the column pushed on for
+the Nile, marching all night, and found at daybreak it was
+still six miles from the river, with the enemy, in force, barring
+the way. Sir H. Stewart halted near Abu Kru, and formed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_622'>622</span>a zareba under a continual fire, which caused many casualties.
+The General himself fell, severely wounded, and the correspondents
+of the <i>Standard</i> and <i>Morning Post</i> were killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Sir Charles Stewart then took the command, and it was
+decided that if the Arabs did not attack by two p.m., to march
+out and cut a passage to the Nile. About three hundred men
+with the guns were left in the zareba, under Lord C. Beresford
+and Colonel Barrow; and the rest of the column, in square,
+pushed on for the river, under a heavy rifle fire from the
+scrub. The accurate fire of the British guns scattered the
+masses of the enemy, and prevented many from joining in
+the attacks; but a body of several thousands made a furious
+rush on the square, about two miles from the zareba, and
+were repulsed with fearful loss. The Arabs then retreated
+to Metammeh, and the wearied troops reached the Nile at
+about five in the evening.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British losses in the battle of Abu Kru, or Gubat, were
+two officers and twenty-two men killed, and nine officers and
+ninety-two men wounded, many severely. Next day the bulk
+of the column returned to the zareba, the dead were buried,
+the wounded removed, and at night the whole force was encamped
+on the bank of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the following morning, January 21st., a reconnaissance
+in force was made towards Metammeh, the column being
+joined by two hundred and fifty of Gordon’s men, with four
+guns. These, with four steamers, had been waiting the arrival
+of the relief force for some weeks on an island a little way
+above Metammeh. The place was cannonaded with little
+effect, and being considered too strong to be taken by assault,
+the troops retired. On the 24th., Sir. C. Wilson started for
+Khartoum with two of Gordon’s steamers, but on approaching
+the town he was met by so heavy a fire from rifles and Krupp
+guns, that he was compelled to return, with the knowledge
+that the expedition had failed in its object, and that Khartoum
+was in the possession of the Mahdi.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Information was soon received that on the night of January
+26th. the place had fallen through treachery, and the heroic
+Gordon, with many of his followers, had perished. On his
+return down the river the two steamers of Sir Charles were
+wrecked by the treachery of the pilots, about thirty miles from
+the British camp, and Sir C. Beresford was sent with another
+steamer to rescue him and his party. In this service Beresford’s
+steamer was for a time disabled by a shot from the enemy,
+but after many dangers and difficulties, Sir C. Wilson and his
+men were taken on board, and all reached Gubat in safety.
+As the recovery of Khartoum was impracticable, General Sir
+Redvers Buller was dispatched by Lord Wolseley to withdraw
+the troops from Gubat to Korti. On February 14th. the
+return commenced, and after a smart skirmish at Abu Klea,
+the column reached Gakdul without further opposition. Here
+many of the sick and wounded died, among them, on February
+16th., the gallant Sir Herbert Stewart, to the unfeigned regret
+of every officer and man. By March 9th. the whole of the
+troops returned to Korti, and a few weeks after, the expedition
+was broken up.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Khartoum had fallen after a noble defence of over ten
+months, maintained by the pluck and endurance of a single
+Englishman, who scorned to desert his post; and the efforts
+and lives of his countrymen who bravely struggled in the
+face of countless perils and difficulties to effect his deliverance,
+were fruitlessly thrown away. As Gordon had written months
+before, the expedition was “just too late.”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_623'>623</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>KIRBEKAN.<br> <span class='sc'>February 10th, 1885.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>While the fate of Khartoum was trembling in the balance, and
+the battles of Abu Klea and Gubat were being fought, another
+column was dispatched up the Nile, under Major-General Earle,
+C.B., to punish the Monassir tribe for the treacherous murder
+of Colonel Stewart and his companions in the preceding September.
+As already stated, Stewart was sent by General
+Gordon from Khartoum to Dongola, but his steamer was wrecked
+near Berber, and most of the party massacred. General Earle
+was also ordered afterwards to push on to Berber, and after
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_624'>624</span>capturing it, to take part in any further operations at, or
+beyond Khartoum. Leaving Korti, Earle concentrated his
+troops—consisting of the 38th. and 42nd. Foot, a squadron of
+19th. Hussars, and the Egyptian Camel Corps, with two guns—at
+Handab. On January 24th. he began his advance, but the
+difficulties of the river were many, and his progress slow, so
+that he did not reach the vicinity of Kirbekan, near Dulka
+Island, seventy miles from Merawi, till February 9th. The
+enemy had fallen back as he advanced, but now, reinforced
+by a body of Dervishes from Berber, were encamped on a rocky
+range of hills near the Nile, and prepared for an obstinate
+resistance. The front of their position was very strong, and
+fortified in places with loopholed walls. At sunrise on the
+morning of February 10th. the assault commenced. Leaving
+two companies of the 38th., with his two guns in front, to
+make a feigned attack, the General with the bulk of his troops
+made a detour, and turning the left of the enemy’s position
+attacked them in the rear. The Arabs, being taken by surprise,
+but having the advantage of the ground, fought most desperately,
+and contested the possession of every rock and boulder, till
+the British by rushes gained fastness after fastness, and dislodged
+the defenders at the point of the bayonet. A determined
+band of the enemy made a frantic charge on the 42nd.,
+but were all killed or driven into the Nile, save some who
+took possession of a stone built hut. General Earle, though
+warned that the building was full of Arabs, attempted to
+enter it, and was immediately shot dead by one of them. The
+door of the hut being strongly barricaded, it was set on fire,
+and all the enemy within were shot down or burned alive.
+Another steep hill, on which the Soudanese made their last
+stand, was stormed by the 38th., and in the meanwhile the
+Hussars had captured their camp, three miles in the rear.
+This ended the battle of Kirbekan, after a contest of five
+hours.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The loss of the British, besides their General, was Colonel
+Eyre, of the 38th.; Colonel Coveny, V.C., of the 42nd.; and
+seven men killed; and about fifty of all ranks were wounded,
+some severely. The loss of the enemy was heavy. Many
+were drowned in the Nile, and, as Lord Wolseley wrote,
+“Scarcely any can have escaped.” Their force was estimated
+at above two thousand men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General H. Brackenbury assumed the command on the fall
+of General Eyre, and pushed on towards Abu Hamed, in the
+direction of Berber, but was recalled to Korti by Lord Wolseley,
+acting on orders from England. Soon after, the force returned
+to Cairo, with the exception of a detachment left on the
+frontier of Egypt proper.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_625'>625</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>SUAKIN.<br> <span class='c016'>1885.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The news of the fall of Khartoum and the death of General
+Gordon caused a profound impression in England, and the
+Government, influenced by public opinion, resolved on another
+campaign for the recovery of the Soudan. Troops were dispatched
+from England, Cairo, and India, to Suakin, to break
+the power of Osman Digma; and it was determined, at an
+enormous expense, to construct a line of railway in the face
+of the enemy, from Suakin to Berber, a distance of two
+hundred and eighty miles. From this place it was contemplated
+to operate with Lord Wolseley, in his projected march
+from Korti to Khartoum; which, owing to a change of purpose
+of the Government, was never carried out. The force collected
+at Suakin, consisting of a brigade of Guards and an Indian
+contingent, was commanded by General Sir G. Graham. The
+Engineers having selected some hills near the village and wells
+of Hasheen, about fourteen miles distant, as the site of an
+entrenched camp, after a reconnaissance, March 20th., General
+Graham moved out of Suakin to occupy the place in force.
+He advanced in a square formation, the 49th. and 70th. regiments
+and Marines, in the front, on the right the Guards, on
+the left the Indian Contingent, with the guns and camels in
+the centre. The cavalry scouted in front and on the flanks.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The first ridge of hills were reached without opposition,
+the outposts of the enemy falling back as the troops advanced,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_626'>626</span>and the sappers began to throw up redoubts on two of them.
+The square pushed on through a pass, into a plain surrounded
+by rugged bills, on one of which, on the left, the enemy were
+seen to be posted in strength. Their sharpshooters opened
+a hot fire from among the rocks and scrub; the Marines and
+49th. were sent against them, and climbing some hills on the
+right, after a smart contest dislodged the Soudanese, who in
+their retreat were charged by the Indian Cavalry. But the
+Arabs being reinforced, rallied, and closed in upon the Indians,
+to whose movements the broken ground was altogether unfavourable,
+and forced them to retire upon the Guards, formed
+in square. Over two thousand of the enemy, in pursuit of
+the cavalry, led by a youth on a white camel, rushed with
+loud yells straight on the square, but were received by such a
+withering fire, that not an Arab was able to reach the outer
+line of levelled bayonets by several yards. The cavalry having
+re-formed, again charged the now disordered enemy and
+scattered them in all directions. Another body of Arabs
+then came round on the right, with the most daring bravery,
+but were received by such a hot fire from rifles and the
+artillery that they were unable to concentrate for a charge,
+and withdrew in confusion, followed by the British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>At half-past ten a.m. all the hills had been cleared of the
+enemy, and about one o’clock the force was on the point of
+being withdrawn, but the Soudanese made another furious
+onset on the 17th. and 28th., but were driven back after a
+hotter contest than any during the day, and pursued by the
+5th. Lancers. The 70th. Regiment was left to hold the redoubts
+in the hills, and the rest of the troops returned to
+Suakin, after an engagement which lasted nearly seven hours.
+In this affair Captain Dalison, Scots Guards, and twenty-two
+non-commissioned officers and men were killed, and about
+fifty officers and men wounded.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Four thousand was the estimated strength of the enemy,
+and of these, three hundred were killed. After the battle, the
+bulk of them retreated southwards in the direction of Tamaai.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Little more than a week afterwards the New South Wales
+contingent, of about eight hundred officers and men, landed
+at Suakin, and were welcomed with enthusiasm. The railway
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_627'>627</span>was pushed on to Otao and Tambouk, about fifteen miles
+on the road to Berber, but the enemy made almost nightly
+attempts to destroy it, and, by orders from England, it was
+presently abandoned.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Osman Digma being reported to be again occupying Tamaai
+in force, on April 2nd., General Graham, with about eight
+thousand men, including the Australian contingent, marched
+from Suakin to meet him. After a fatiguing march of five
+hours Tesilah was reached, where a zareba was constructed,
+and on the following morning the troops advanced to Tamaai,
+which they found to be unoccupied, and which they burnt.
+During the advance some skirmishing took place, in which
+two men were killed and fourteen men (including two Australians)
+wounded; but on its return to Suakin the column
+was not molested by the enemy. A strong body of Arabs
+having taken up a position at Dhakdul, with the intention
+of harassing the British outposts and destroying the railway,
+two flying columns were despatched from Suakin and Otao
+to disperse them. The columns, consisting of the Camel Corps,
+Lancers, Hussars, and Mounted Infantry, left Suakin at midnight,
+and, marching all night, reached Dhakdul at daybreak
+on the morning of May 7th. The troops advancing upon the
+place from two directions, the enemy were completely taken
+by surprise, and after a running fight fled to the hills,
+abandoning their flocks and herds, pursued by the cavalry.
+The expedition was well planned and executed; about one
+hundred and fifty Arabs were killed, and above two thousand
+cattle, horses, camels, and sheep captured; the casualties of
+the British being only two or three men wounded. Dhakdul
+was destroyed, the wells there blown up with gun cotton, and
+the force returned to Suakin. The heat now became almost
+unbearable, and the troops suffered much from sickness.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On May 2nd. Lord Wolseley arrived at Suakin, and on the
+7th. proceeded with his Staff to Otao and Handoub, and inspected
+the troops. A few days afterwards he inspected and
+thanked the Australian contingent, and on May 16th. he issued
+his last general order to the “Soldiers, Seamen, and Marines
+of the Army of the Soudan,” at Suakin. The place was then
+evacuated by the British troops except the 53rd., a battery
+of Artillery, and some Engineers, which, with the Indian
+contingent of three regiments of Infantry and one of Cavalry,
+held the place till May, 1886, when they were replaced by an
+Egyptian garrison, under Watson Pasha (Major Watson, R.E.).</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The troops engaged in the operations at and around Suakin,
+were a battalion each of the Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots
+Guards; Royal Artillery; 5th. Lancers; 19th. Hussars; Engineers;
+49th., 53rd., and 70th. Foot; the New South Wales
+contingent; the Indian contingent, comprising the 9th. Bengal
+Lancers, three battalions of Native Infantry, and a company
+of Sappers; Mounted Infantry; Royal Marines; and Naval
+Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_628'>628</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>TOFREK.<br> <span class='sc'>March 22nd., 1885.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Two days after the engagement at Hasheen, Major-General
+Sir John McNeill, V.C., an officer who had served in India,
+New Zealand, and in the Ashantee Expedition, moved out of
+Suakin at daybreak, with a squadron of the 5th. Lancers, the
+49th. Regiment, a battalion of Marines, the three Infantry
+Regiments of the Indian Contingent (under Brigadier-General
+Hudson), a detachment of Engineers, and a Naval Brigade,
+with four Gardner guns, in the direction of Tamaai. His
+purpose was to construct some zarebas, about six miles out,
+to be garrisoned by the 49th., while the other troops were
+to return to Suakin. Though the enemy were seen to be in
+force on the hills, and spies and prisoners had reported the
+intention of Osman Digma to attack the British advanced
+zarebas, no intimation of this seems to have reached General
+McNeill.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Between ten and eleven o’clock in the morning the troops
+commenced making their zarebas, a large one in the centre
+for the camels, and two on the angles of this, each to contain
+a battalion, and two Gardner guns manned by the Naval Brigade.
+So little was an attack expected, that one zareba being completed,
+with the guns mounted, and the others in progress
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_629'>629</span>of formation, the camels and baggage animals which brought
+the supplies, were beginning to slowly to move off on their
+return to Suakin, and a portion of the troops were at breakfast.
+The working parties were in the bush hacking at the tough
+underwood, with a picket or two and a few cavalry scouts thrown
+out, but none more than about thirty yards in advance, when
+suddenly the outposts came rushing in, breaking through
+the working parties, with the enemy at their heels uttering
+the most frightful yells. “Stand to your arms” resounded
+on all sides, but the men were scattered, many working at
+a distance from the piles of arms, but all did their best to
+get into proper position and to form in squares. Everything
+was in favour of the enemy, before whose furious onset the
+whole assemblage of transport animals plunged forward upon
+the zareba. “There was a multitude of roaring camels heaped
+one upon the other, with strings of screaming mules entangled
+in one moving mass. Crowds of camp followers were carried
+along by the huge animal wave—crying, shouting, fighting.
+Mingled with this mass of brutes and terrified natives, which
+swept all before it, were the Arab swordsmen, hewing and
+slashing at men and animals with the ferocity of demons.
+They hamstrung every animal they could reach and cut the
+helpless camp followers to pieces, amidst a shower of bullets
+from all sides, and there can be little doubt but that many
+men and camels were killed by our own fire in the confused
+<i>mêlée</i>.” The British force found itself suddenly engaged in a
+most desperate hand to hand conflict with masses of a fanatical
+and fearless enemy. The 17th. Native Infantry gave way
+before the terrific rush of the Arabs, their commanding officer,
+Major Von Beverhoudt, being killed in an attempt to rally
+his men; and sixty of the enemy got inside the square
+of the Marines, to be all shot or bayonetted. Half of the
+49th. were in the zareba, and the remainder in a rallying
+square outside. On the first rush of the enemy about one
+hundred and twenty of them entered the zareba at the corner,
+and were all killed after a desperate conflict. The Gardner
+guns, under Lieutenant Paget, now came into action, and
+checked the advance of the enemy by a rain of bullets, while
+a steady fire from the zareba and the squares outside, mowed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_630'>630</span>down the charging masses of the Arabs like grass. The
+Soudanese saw that their attack had failed, and sullenly withdrew,
+vanishing into the bush from which they had so suddenly
+burst forth.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In this brief but furious action the 49th. had Lieutenant
+Swinton and twenty-five men killed; the Naval Brigade, Lieutenant
+Seymour and six men; the Engineers, Captain Romily,
+Lieutenant Newman, and thirteen men killed; the total casualties
+(exclusive of the loss of the Indian contingent) being
+five officers and ninety-four men killed; six officers and one
+hundred and thirty-six men wounded; and one officer and
+seventy men missing. The Indians had about one hundred
+and twenty men killed and wounded, and the Departmental
+Corps and camp followers suffered heavily. Upwards of eight
+hundred camels and transport animals were also killed.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>When the clouds of smoke and dust had cleared away, the
+ground in and around the zarebas was seen to be thickly
+strewn with the bodies of the enemy, in every conceivable
+attitude. It was computed that nearly one thousand five
+hundred Arabs lay there, for the most part dead.<a id='r226'></a><a href='#f226' class='c013'><sup>[226]</sup></a> Outside
+the zareba the dead and wounded camels and baggage animals
+lay literally in heaps. The enemy still swarmed in the bush,
+and were active all night in removing their slain and wounded,
+and searching for their standards, of which three were captured<a id='r227'></a><a href='#f227' class='c013'><sup>[227]</sup></a>
+during the fight.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The next morning General Graham arrived from Suakin,
+with the Guards and Mounted Infantry, and a new zareba
+was constructed away from the vicinity of the reeking battle-field.
+The wounded were sent in the afternoon to Suakin,
+escorted by the Grenadier Guards and Indians, and were
+taken on board the hospital ship “Ganges.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The withdrawal of the Nile expedition commenced in May,
+1885, and on the 25th., the advanced post of Merawi was
+evacuated by the 42nd. Regiment. Garrisons of British
+troops and Egyptians however held various places in Upper
+Egypt, which presently were attacked by the Dervishes. In
+December, three thousand of them attacked Mograkeh, occupied
+by the 79th. and two hundred Egyptians, but were repulsed
+with heavy loss. On the 30th. of the same month, General
+Sir F. Stephenson, with a force of British and Egyptian troops,
+consisting of about four thousand five hundred men, moved
+out early in the morning and attacked the Arabs, about six
+thousand strong, who were entrenched at Ginnis. With
+General Stephenson, were Generals Grenfell, Butler, and Huyshe,
+and Colonel Ardagh. The action commenced at six a.m., and
+by nine o’clock the enemy were totally defeated and their
+position captured, with four guns and twenty banners.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was trifling. Lieutenant Soltau, of the
+49th. Regiment, was killed; and one officer and twenty-one
+men wounded; and of the Egyptians about twenty men were
+killed and wounded. The loss of the Arabs was computed
+to be about six hundred killed. In these operations the
+19th., 38th., 49th., 79th., and 106th. Foot, were engaged.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_631'>631</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>GEMAIZAH.<br> <span class='sc'>December 20th., 1888.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Arabs having again advanced in force on Suakin,
+and preparing by the construction of trenches and redoubts
+to invest the place, General Grenfell, commanding the British
+and Egyptian troops there, resolved to attack them. The
+men were under arms before dawn on December 20th., and
+at half-past five the action commenced by H.M.S. “Racer”
+opening fire on the trenches of the enemy. The garrison
+batteries and forts also poured a heavy fire on the enemy’s
+redoubts, which was hurriedly returned. General Grenfell and
+his <i>aide</i>, Captain Maxwell, then rode to the front, and having
+made a hasty inspection, ordered the troops to advance. The
+first brigade, under Colonel Kitchener, of three regiments of
+Soudanese, was on the right, and the second, under Colonel
+Holled Smith, consisting of Soudanese and two Egyptian
+regiments, were on the left. The cavalry, comprising the
+20th. Hussars, and Egyptian Mounted Infantry, numbering
+about three hundred men, with the 25th. and 41st. Regiments,
+were held in reserve about five hundred yards in the rear.
+The advance was made about seven o’clock, the British Infantry
+opening fire to cover the Soudanese, who rushed on
+the Arab entrenchments. They were received with a hot fire,
+and the enemy brought a heavy gun to bear on them, but the
+Soudanese dashed at the gun, and drove the Dervishes out
+of their trenches. At the same time the redoubts in spite
+of a determined resistance were carried, and the Arabs were
+completely routed, and pursued by the Hussars. H.M.S. “Starling”<a id='r228'></a><a href='#f228' class='c013'><sup>[228]</sup></a>
+and the Egyptian steamers then shelled the wells. At
+half-past eight the fighting was over, and the enemy dispersed,
+with the loss of about four hundred men, all their <i>matériel</i>,
+and camp. The British casualties were four men of the 20th.
+Hussars killed, and two officers and three men wounded.
+The loss of the Egyptians was also trifling.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_632'>632</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>TOSKI.<br> <span class='sc'>August 3rd., 1889.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>The Nile Expedition having been withdrawn, and the
+Soudan, with the exception of Suakin, practically abandoned
+by the British and Egyptians, the Dervishes resolved on an
+invasion of Egypt proper. In June 1889, an army of them,
+about fourteen thousand strong, crossed the frontier, and
+steadily advanced northwards. Near Wady Halfa they were
+met on the first of July, by an Egyptian force under Colonel
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_633'>633</span>Wodehouse, R.A., and, after a smart action, defeated with
+the loss of five hundred men.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This failed to stop their progress, but Wodehouse’s column
+harassed them by constant attacks during their advance of
+fifty miles in the Egyptian territory.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>On the morning of August 3rd. they had pushed on to
+within six miles of Toski, a place about three miles from the
+Nile, occupied by Sir F. Grenfell, Sirdar, or Commander-in-Chief,
+of the Egyptian army. The General sent out his
+mounted troops, consisting of the 20th. Hussars, the Egyptian
+Cavalry, and the Camel Corps, to skirmish with the enemy,
+who rapidly advanced, their riflemen driving back the mounted
+troops, who slowly withdrew in the direction of Toski, keeping
+up an incessant fire. The enemy were drawn on step by step
+till two guns came up at a gallop, and opened fire on them
+with great effect, giving time for the infantry to arrive and
+take a position on a ridge of hills lying almost due east and
+west, completely checking the movement of the Dervishes
+northwards. Thus out-manœuvred, they formed in order of
+battle on several small hills, which they covered with waving
+flags and thousands of spears glittering in the morning sun,
+their riflemen being extended in an attempt to turn the Egyptian
+right. A hot fire was kept up on both sides, but the enemy
+finding themselves enfiladed on their left, charged down the
+hill, and were literally mown down by the volleys poured into
+them. The first brigade was then ordered to advance direct
+on the hillocks held by the Arabs, and at the same time the
+second brigade advanced on the extreme left, and took their
+position in flank. The enemy for a time held their ground
+with the utmost bravery, and though driven from post to post,
+charged again and again in the most fearless manner. But
+they were beaten from the hills in disorder to the plain below,
+where they were repeatedly charged by the Hussars and the
+Egyptian Cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Their chief, Wadj-el-Njumi, and every Emir of importance
+but one was killed, and the Dervishes, completely overwhelmed,
+fled in confusion, closely pursued by both infantry and cavalry
+for some miles. The enemy’s force was entirely broken up,
+upwards of fifteen hundred of them being killed, and nearly
+three thousand spears and swords, one gun, one hundred and
+fifty rifles, a large quantity of ammunition, and over three
+thousand prisoners being taken.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The British loss was one private of the 20th. Hussars and
+sixteen Egyptians killed; and one hundred and thirty men
+wounded, including six British.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This action closes the long list of the generally useless,
+and almost profitless fields of bloodshed and slaughter which
+crimsoned the sands of Egypt and the Soudan.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_634'>634</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE NORTH WEST CANADA MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1885.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This medal was given by the British Government to the
+Canadian Militia, Volunteers, and Mounted Police, for the
+suppression of the rebellion of Louis Riel in the North West
+of Canada, March to May, 1885. The obverse of the medal
+is the same as the medal for Egypt, and on the reverse are
+the words “North West Canada, 1885,” within a wreath of
+maple leaves. With the medal was given a clasp inscribed
+“Saskatchewan,” to all those who had been under fire. The
+medal without the clasp, was given to the troops called
+out to suppress the revolt, but who were not present at any
+of the engagements. It was issued without names. Ribbon,
+dark blue, with two red stripes. No English troops
+were engaged in the operations. The rebels were mostly
+French half-breeds and Indians. The force which suppressed
+them numbered about five thousand men, under the command
+of Major-General Sir F. D. Middleton. Battleford was besieged
+by the Indians, and relieved by a force under Colonel
+Otter, who routed the rebels with a loss of 150 killed and
+wounded. Riel entrenched himself at Batoche, where he was
+attacked and defeated by General Middleton on May 11th.,
+and this action virtually ended the rebellion. Riel was
+afterwards tried and executed.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_635'>635</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1891.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Since the pages of this work describing the actions for
+which the Indian General Service Medal and Clasps have
+been given, were written, three additional clasps have been
+granted, inscribed “Hazara, 1891,” “N. E. Frontier, 1891” and
+“Hunza, 1891”—making a total of fifteen clasps issued to
+the present time (1892). Officers and men who already possessed
+the medal received the new clasps only; and a bronze
+medal and clasp of similar pattern was given to all authorised
+Government followers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The force operating against the Hazara tribes, under
+Major-General Ellis, advanced from Derband, on March 12th.,
+and defeated the tribesmen at Dilari on March 23rd. All
+active operations ceased by May 16th., and before the end
+of the month the tribes surrendered unconditionally, and
+their chiefs accepted the terms imposed on them by General
+Ellis. The 78th. Highlanders, and 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, were
+the British regiments engaged in this affair.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The clasp inscribed “N. E. Frontier,” was given to the
+native troops employed in the Manipur Expedition, between
+the dates of their advance from Tamu, March 28th.; Silchar,
+April 15th; and Kohimar, April 20th.; to May 7th., 1891;
+when the operations were ended, by the submission of the
+Rajah, and the punishment of the officials who had incited
+the attack on the British Resident.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The clasp for “Hunza, 1891,” was granted to all troops
+employed in the Hunza-Nagar Expedition, between the 1st.
+and 22nd. of December, 1891, both dates inclusive.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Hunzas are a nation of robbers and slave dealers,
+inhabiting an almost inaccessible country. The expedition
+against them was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel A. G.
+Durand, who, after some sharp fighting, stormed the strongly
+fortified fort of Nilt, on the Hunza river, December 2nd.
+In this service he was severely wounded. Only Indian
+troops were engaged in these operations.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_636'>636</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>MEDAL FOR LONG SERVICE AND GOOD CONDUCT.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>This Medal was first instituted by King William IV., on
+July 30th., 1830, for non-commissioned officers and men who
+had been discharged in receipt of gratuities, under the provisions
+of the Royal Warrant of November 14th., 1829. The
+men recommended must have served twenty-one years in the
+Infantry, Artillery, or Engineers, or twenty-four years in the
+Cavalry, with irreproachable characters. A gratuity not exceeding
+£5 for a European soldier, or £3 for a black soldier,
+is given to each recipient. On the obverse of the medal is
+a military trophy, with a shield bearing the royal arms, with
+a smaller shield in the centre bearing the arms of Hanover.
+The reverse has the inscription “For long service and good
+conduct.” Ribbon: crimson, suspended by a steel loop. The
+name and regiment of the recipient, with the date, were indented
+on the edge of the medal. After the accession of
+Queen Victoria the arms of Hanover were omitted on the
+medal, and some years subsequently, but before the Crimean
+War, the steel suspender was replaced by a silver clasp, similar
+to other medals.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a Royal Warrant of January 16th., 1860, the medal,
+<i>without gratuities</i>, was in future to be given to such soldiers
+as might fulfil the conditions previously required, but who
+were precluded from becoming recipients of the medal with
+a gratuity, in consequence of the aggregate amount to be
+annually awarded having been already appropriated. No
+soldier is entitled to the medal unless he has specially distinguished
+himself, or has, at least, three good conduct badges.
+A record of the recipients of these medals is kept in the
+office of the Secretary of State for War.</p>
+
+<div id='i637fp'  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_637fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>Meritorious Service Medal.<br>  <br>  The Cape Medal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_637'>637</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE MEDAL FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>By a Royal Warrant, dated December 19th., 1845, it was
+ordered that a sum, not exceeding £2000 per year, should be
+distributed in annuities, as rewards for distinguished or meritorious
+service, to Sergeants recommended by the Commander-in-Chief,
+either while serving, or after discharge, with, or
+without pension, in sums not exceeding £20 in each case.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By a Warrant of June 4th., 1853, the sum to be distributed
+was increased to £4000 per annum; and by another Warrant
+dated December 4th., 1854, it was ordered that one sergeant
+of each regiment of Cavalry and Infantry, and one from each
+battalion of Foot Guards and Rifle Brigade, should be selected
+for the annuity, as a reward for their services in the Crimea.
+The obverse of the medal bears the Queen’s head, crowned,
+with the legend “Victoria Regina” and date of issue. The
+reverse has the inscription “For Meritorious Service,” surrounded
+by laurel, with a crown above. Ribbon: crimson.
+The name and regiment of the recipient are engraved on the
+edge of the medals. The annuity and medal are also given
+to Sergeants of the Marines, and worn with a blue ribbon.
+If an annuitant is promoted to a commission the medal may
+be retained, but the annuity must be relinquished.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A sergeant on becoming an annuitant, is required to relinquish
+the gratuity of which he may be in possession, making
+a declaration in writing that he does so voluntarily. The
+medal inscribed for “Meritorious Service” cannot be held
+together with that for “Good Conduct and Long Service;”
+but the latter must be surrendered on receipt of the former.
+Neither can two medals for “Distinguished Conduct” be
+held by the same individual, but a sergeant, on becoming an
+annuitant, must relinquish one of them. An annuitant may,
+however, hold the “Meritorious Service” medal, or that for
+“Good Conduct and Long Service,” together with the medal
+for “Distinguished Conduct in the Field.”<a id='r229'></a><a href='#f229' class='c013'><sup>[229]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_638'>638</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>EAST INDIA COMPANY’S MEDALS.<br> <span class='c016'>1848.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>By a General Order of the Right Honourable the Governor-General
+of India, dated “Fort William, May 20th., 1848,”
+medals for Long Service and Good Conduct, and for Meritorious
+Service, were granted to the troops of the East India Company.
+On the obverse of the medal is a shield bearing the Arms of
+the East India Company, surrounded by military trophies; and
+on the reverse, the words “For Long Service and Good Conduct”
+in a circle, within which is engraved the name, rank, and
+regiment of the recipient. Ribbon, red. The medal for
+Meritorious Service was given to non-commissioned officers,
+with an annuity not exceeding £20 in any case. On the
+obverse is the head of the Queen, with the words “Victoria
+Regina,” and the date “1848.” On the reverse are the Arms
+of the East India Company, surrounded by the words “For
+Meritorious Service.” The name and regiment of the recipient
+are engraved on the edge of the medal. Ribbon, red. A medal
+for Long Service and Good Conduct was struck with the intention
+of giving it to the men of the Company’s Navy, but it was
+never distributed. A few were issued by mistake to the Army.
+On the obverse is the head of the Queen, and on the reverse
+the words “For Long Service and Good Conduct,” with
+a crown and anchor, surrounded by oak leaves. Ribbon, red.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_639'>639</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Was instituted by Royal Warrant, dated September 6th.,
+1886. It is given to officers of the Navy, Land Forces,
+Marines, and Indian and Colonial Naval and Military Forces,
+who have been specially mentioned in despatches for meritorious
+or distinguished services in the field before the enemy.
+This Order ranks next after the Order of the Indian Empire.
+The badge consists of a gold cross, enamelled white, edged
+with gold. On the obverse in the centre, within a wreath
+of laurel, enamelled green, is the Imperial crown in gold,
+upon a red ground. On the reverse, within a similar wreath,
+and on a similar red ground is the Imperial and Royal cypher—V.R.I.
+It is worn on the left breast, with a red ribbon,
+edged with blue.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN ORDER OF MERIT.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A similar decoration to the Victoria Cross, called the
+Order of Merit, is given to native officers and men of the
+Indian Army, for personal bravery only. It is an eight-pointed
+star, having, on a blue enamelled ground, two crossed
+swords, surmounted by the words “Reward of Valour,” within
+a gilt laurel wreath. It is divided into three classes: the
+first, or senior star is gold; the second silver; and the third
+also silver, without the gilding. Ribbon: dark blue, with
+red edges. The third class is to be obtained by any conspicuous
+act of gallantry on the part of any native officer
+or soldier in the field, or in the attack or defence of fortified
+places. The second class is to be obtained by those only
+who already possess the third, and for similar services. The first
+class is to be obtained in like manner, only by those who
+already possess the third and second classes. Every member
+of the Order of Merit is entitled to additional pay, and on
+his death his widow receives this allowance for three years.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_640'>640</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY MEDALS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>A medal was struck by the Scottish Darien Company in
+1700, to reward the services of Colonel Alexander Campbell,
+of Finab, and his surviving companions, for their services
+against the Spaniards in that unfortunate settlement. Campbell
+was an old soldier who had served in Flanders under
+William III. On learning the distressed state of the new
+settlers, Campbell was sent to Darien to take the command
+there. With two hundred men and forty Indians, he attacked
+and totally routed a body of one thousand six hundred Spaniards,
+at a place called Toubocanti. In spite of this success the
+colonists were compelled to surrender to the enemy, and
+Campbell, with a few others, were all that ever returned to
+Scotland. The Darien Council ordered a gold medal of the
+value of £16 to be struck for Campbell, and silver ones of
+the value of ten shillings for his companions. The medal was
+designed by M. Smeltzing. On the obverse, is Campbell with
+sword and shield, advancing to storm a fort in the distance,
+on a scroll above are the words “Quid non pro patria,” and
+in the exergue, “Toubocanti—Ubi 1600, Hispan. fudit, Dux
+Alexander Campbell, MDCC., 8 Feb., M.S.” Reverse, a shield
+with the arms of the Scottish African Company, above—on
+the scroll the words “Qua panditur orbis,” below, “Vis unita
+fortior.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The Caribs, or natives of the Island of St. Vincent, West
+Indies, instigated by the French settlers, rebelled against the
+English in 1772, but, after a severe struggle, were reduced
+to submission by Major-General Dalrymple, Commander-in-Chief
+in the West Indies, in February, 1773. The troops engaged
+in this campaign were the 14th., 31st., and 70th. Foot, and
+a strong force of local Militia and Volunteers. After the
+rebellion was suppressed, the Legislative Assembly voted that
+silver medals should be given to the local troops as a reward.
+The medal is of large size, having on the obverse the bust
+of George III. in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius III.
+M.B. Rex.” and on the reverse, Britannia standing, with her
+right hand on her shield, and offering with her left an olive
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_641'>641</span>branch to a Carib, who has laid his gun and bow and arrows
+at her feet. Above are the words “Peace and prosperity to
+St. Vincents,” and in the exergue the date 1773. Worn with
+a red ribbon. For a subsequent war in the same island, in
+1795, with the French and Caribs, a bronze medal was given
+to the native troops who took part in it. This has on the
+obverse a figure of Victory, with the legend “St. Vincent’s
+Black Corps,” and on the reverse a negro soldier with a
+musket.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>During the American War of Independence, large and
+handsome medals in silver were struck and presented to the
+chiefs of the North American Indians, as rewards for their
+loyalty and good service to King George III. They were of
+various sizes, and with some were given silver chains for suspension.
+One of the largest bears on the obverse a laureated
+bust of George III., in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius
+III., D. G. M. Bri. Fra. et Hib. Rex. F. D.” Reverse, an Indian
+and European sitting under a tree, with their hands clasped,
+and the Indian offering his pipe to his companion as a token
+of friendship. In the background are wigwams, and above,
+the words “Happy while united.” The loop for suspension
+is formed of the wing of an eagle and the calumet of peace,
+placed crosswise. Another specimen has on the obverse the
+bust of the King, and on the reverse the arms of Great
+Britain<a id='r230'></a><a href='#f230' class='c013'><sup>[230]</sup></a>; and another, of large size, with an obverse almost
+similar, bears on the reverse the British lion—reclining, watching
+a snarling wolf (America); in the background, is a church
+with trees.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>To commemorate the long and successful defence of Gibraltar,
+1779–1783, against the combined forces of France and Spain,
+a large medal was struck in silver. On the obverse is a bird’s-eye
+view of Gibraltar, with the words “Battering ships destroyed”
+in a scroll above, and in the exergue, “September 13th., 1782.”
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_642'>642</span>On the reverse is inscribed “By a zealous exertion of patience,
+perseverance, and intrepidity, after contending with unparalleled
+succession of dangers and difficulties in the defence of Gibraltar
+during a blockade and siege of almost four years; the Garrison,
+under the auspices of George III., triumphed over the combined
+powers of France and Spain”; surrounded by a wreath
+springing from a pedestal, on which reclines the British lion,
+holding a shield charged with a castle and key, and below
+which, in the exergue, is the inscription “Blockade commenced
+June 21st, 1779; siege terminated Feby. 11th., 1783.” This
+medal was not worn as a decoration, but another of smaller
+size was struck in silver by General Elliott, and given to the
+officers and men of the Hanoverian Brigade who took part
+in the defence. The English troops did not receive this medal,
+but specimens in gold were struck for George III. and the
+Royal Family. Obverse, a view of Gibraltar, besieged, with
+the Spanish fleet in the fore ground; above are the words
+“<span lang="la">Per tot discrimina rerum</span>,” and in the exergue “13th. September,
+1782.” On the reverse, within a laurel wreath, are
+the names of the principal officers “Reden, Lamotte, Sydow,
+Eliott,” surrounded by the German motto “Bruderschaft.”
+This medal was designed by L. Pingo.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In 1794 a gold medal was given by Pope Pius VI. to twelve
+officers of the 12th. Light Dragoons (now 12th. Lancers) as
+a mark of his approbation of their conduct while stationed
+at Civita Vecchia. On the obverse is a bust of the Pope,
+with the legend “Pius Sextus Pont Max. A. XVII.” Reverse,
+a figure of Ceres, seated, with a cornucopia in her right hand,
+her left arm extended, and a wreath on her head; above
+are the words “Aero Pomptin Colonis Rest,” and in the
+exergue, the date “1791.” Two or three Naval officers also
+received this medal, which was originally struck to commemorate
+the restoration of the harbour of Civita Vecchia
+by the Pope, and not specially as a reward to the British
+officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A large and handsome gold medal and chain was presented
+by the Emperor of Germany, Francis II., on May 1st., 1798,
+to eight officers of the 15th. Light Dragoons, for the gallant
+conduct of the regiment at the action of Villiers-en-Couché,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_643'>643</span>near Cambray, April 24th., 1894; by which the Emperor
+was preserved from being taken prisoner by the French.
+There were but two squadrons of the 15th. engaged, but
+they, with a small body of German Cavalry, attacked and
+routed several thousands of the enemy, and captured three
+guns. The medal weighs 4 ozs. 7 dwts., with a gold chain
+of the same weight. On the obverse is a laureated head of
+the Emperor, with the words “Imp. Caes. Franciscus. II.,
+P. F. Aug.”; beneath the head is the name of the engraver,
+J. N. Wirt, F. On the reverse “Forti Britanno in Exercitu.
+Foed. ad Cameracum, XXIV. Apr., MDCCXCIV.,” with laurel
+branches beneath.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The officers who received the medal were, Major William
+Aylett; Captains Edward Pocklington, and Edward M. Ryan;
+Lieutenants Thomas G. Calcraft, Wm. G. Keir, and Thomas
+B. Blount; Cornets Edward G. Butler, and Robert Wilson.<a id='r231'></a><a href='#f231' class='c013'><sup>[231]</sup></a>
+Only nine medals were struck in gold, and one of these was
+deposited in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In 1835 a body of English Volunteers, called the Anglo-Spanish
+Legion, commanded by General Sir de Lacy Evans,
+was raised by permission of the Government, for service in
+Spain, on the side of the Queen, Doña Isabella, against Don
+Carlos. A Naval force of seamen and Marines, under Lord
+John Hay, also took part in the operations on the north
+coast of Spain. A medal was given by the Spanish Government
+to the officers and men of the British Volunteers present
+at the action near San Sebastian, May 5th., 1836. The medal
+was made of white metal, or pewter; but the officers, on
+their return to England, in 1837, had a similar medal struck
+in silver for themselves, by Messrs. Loewenstark, of London.
+On the obverse is a lion, statant, surrounded by the collar
+of the Golden Fleece. Reverse, a Maltese cross, with crowns
+in the angles; in the centre within a wreath, the words “San
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_644'>644</span>Sebastian, 5 de Mayo, 1836.” It was worn with a dark purple
+ribbon with two yellow stripes.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>About twenty officers and men of the Royal Artillery were
+given a small gold cross for their services at Bilbao in 1836,
+and a detachment of Royal Artillery and Marines received
+the Order of Maria Isabella Luisa.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The East India Company, in 1837, gave a medal to the
+chiefs of the loyal Coorgs, who had suppressed an insurrection
+in the Canara country. The two principal Dewans each received
+a gold medal and chain, valued at 400 rupees; twelve
+Subadars, medals valued at 200 rupees each; twenty medals,
+without chains; and ten, valued at 50 rupees each, were given
+to leaders who had distinguished themselves; and two hundred
+silver medals, without chains, of the value of 10 rupees each,
+were bestowed on the inferior leaders and distinguished Ryots.
+On the obverse is a Coorg warrior in a fighting attitude,
+surrounded by an inscription in Canarese, “For a Memorial
+of Fidelity to the Government of the East India Company,
+in suppressing disturbances during the months of April and
+May, 1837.” Reverse, a trophy of Coorg arms, suspended in
+a laurel wreath, surrounded by the words “For distinguished
+loyalty to the British Government, Coorg, April, 1837.” The
+medals were struck at the Calcutta Mint, and are two inches
+each in diameter, but of varying thickness.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>General Sir H. G. Smith, commanding the troops in South
+Africa, in 1851, to express his approbation of the conduct
+of a detachment of Cape Mounted Rifles and colonial levies,
+presented each man with a silver medal. On the obverse
+is a lion, statant; above, a wreath of laurel; and below, in
+the exergue, the date “1851.” On the reverse, in raised letters,
+“Presented by His Excellency Sir H. G. Smith, G.C.B.,
+to —— for gallantry in the field.” Ribbon: dark blue,
+with red edges. Only about thirty of this medal were issued.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>By an Army Circular in 1869, a medal was instituted to be
+given annually, with a gratuity of £20, to the best shot in
+the Army. It was at first struck in bronze, but afterwards
+in silver. Only sixteen of these medals were issued, the last
+being given in 1883, when the system was altered. In the
+years 1875 and 1876 two medals were given, one to the best
+shot with the Martini-Henry, and the other to the best shot
+with the Snider rifle. Private G. Bryant, of the 62nd. Foot,
+won the medal and gratuity two years in succession, in 1870
+and 1871. The obverse is the same as the Ashantee medal.
+The reverse, which was designed by E. J. Poynter, R.A.,
+bears a figure of Victory rising from a throne on a pedestal,
+in the act of crowning an ancient warrior with a wreath of
+laurel; in his right hand is a bow, and in his left a shield
+transfixed with three arrows. The medal is worn on the
+right breast, with a red ribbon edged with black and white
+stripes.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_645'>645</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>REGIMENTAL MEDALS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Towards the end of the last century the officers of a few
+regiments instituted Orders of Merit, and gave medals to
+their men as rewards for particular acts of gallantry, distinguished
+service in the field, long service, good conduct, etc.
+These medals were not issued by the Government, but were
+presented by the officers of the different regiments at their
+own expense. They were generally discontinued on the institution
+of the medal for long service and good conduct by
+William IV. in 1830.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Subjoined is a List of the principal Regimental Medals
+known. It is not exhaustive, and exigences of space compel
+the omission of detailed descriptions of each medal. Of some
+of them, especially those struck in gold, and given as a
+reward for a special act of bravery, but a single specimen
+was ever issued, and of many of those in silver but one or
+two specimens are known. When bestowed as a reward for
+gallant conduct, the names of the battles in which the recipient
+had been engaged were usually engraved on the medal.
+They were generally in silver, but were sometimes struck in
+bronze and white metal.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>One of the first regiments to introduce a system of honourable
+distinction in its ranks was the 5th. Fusiliers. The
+medals were of three classes—worn, suspended by a green
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_646'>646</span>ribbon, from a button-hole of the left lapel. The first, or
+lowest class, which was given to such men as had served
+irreproachably for seven years, was made of bronze, having
+on the obverse the badge of the regiment, St. George and
+the Dragon, with the motto “Quo fata vocant”; and on the
+reverse, within a laurel wreath, “Vth. Foot, Merit, March
+10th., 1767.” The second class was silver, having on the
+reverse the words “Reward of fourteen years’ Military Merit.”
+The third was similar to the second, but was inscribed with
+the name of the individual whose conduct had earned it,—“A. B.,
+for twenty-one years’ good and faithful service as
+a soldier, has received from his commanding officers this
+honourable testimony of his merit.” These medals were bestowed
+only upon soldiers who, for the respective periods
+of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, had never incurred
+the censure of a court-martial. They were given by the commanding
+officer at the head of the assembled battalion; and
+if, which rarely happened, the owner of a medal subsequently
+forfeited his pretensions to enrolment among the men of merit,
+his medal was cut from his breast by the drum-major as
+publicly as he had been invested with it. Those who obtained
+the third, or twenty-one years’ medal, had also an
+oval badge of the colour of their facings on the right breast,
+embroidered round with gold and silver wreaths, and inscribed
+in the centre with the word “Merit” in gold letters.<a id='r232'></a><a href='#f232' class='c013'><sup>[232]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 5th. Fusiliers being one of the earliest, if not the first
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_647'>647</span>regiment to reward meritorious soldiers with medals, has been
+placed first in the list, as a typical example how regimental
+decorations were commonly won and conferred.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Royal Artillery.</span>—In 1813 a troop of the Royal Horse Artillery was
+armed with rockets, and served in the battle of Vittoria, and afterwards
+at Leipsic, in the German Allied Army, against the French. A
+silver medal was given to the men of the rocket troop, who were present
+at these battles, inscribed “Vittoria and Leipsic,” but by whom
+is not known.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninth Lancers.</span>—1837. Silver. Two sizes. Ribbon, red with blue
+edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tenth Hussars.</span>—1843–46. Silver. Ribbon, dark blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twelfth Lancers.</span>—Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fourteenth Hussars.</span>—1812. Silver. Ribbon, red.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixteenth Lancers.</span>—1813. A large Maltese cross. Silver. Given
+by Lieutenant-General Sir J. Vandeleur.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventeenth Lancers.</span>—A small engraved gold medal, presented by
+the non-commissioned officers and privates of Captain Willett’s troop
+to Troop Sergeant-Major Farley.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Second Light Dragoons.</span>—“Reward of Merit.” 1815.
+Silver. Ribbon, yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>First Foot.</span>—1847. Silver. Ribbon, red.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Second Foot.</span>—A Maltese cross, in bronze for six years’ service; in
+silver for ten years. Ribbon, dark blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Third Buffs.</span>—Gold medal given to Lieutenant Latham. (See page
+<a href='#Page_129'>129</a>).</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventh Foot.</span>—1788. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, dark blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninth Foot.</span>—Silver. Ribbon, yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tenth Foot.</span>—“For Expertness in Ball-firing.” Bronze. Ribbon,
+yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirteenth Foot.</span>—Medal of Merit. Gold for twenty years’ good
+conduct; silver for fourteen, ten, and seven year. Also a silver badge
+of a bugle and sphinx. Ribbon, yellow with red edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixteenth Foot.</span>—1838. A Temperance Medal. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventeenth Foot.</span>—1816. Reward of Merit. Silver. Ribbon, blue.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_648'>648</span><span class='sc'>Twentieth Foot.</span>—1838. Gold and silver, with an ornamental clasp.
+Ribbon, yellow. The silver medal was a reward for good shooting.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Second Foot.</span>—Order of Merit. 1785. Silver gift for twenty-one
+years’ good conduct; silver for fourteen years; and bronze for
+seven. Ribbon, blue or yellow.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Third Foot.</span>—1816. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red, blue
+edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Sixth Foot.</span>—1823. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, red with
+yellow edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-First Foot.</span>—In 1804 a gold medal was presented to Private
+W. Pentency and his two companions, for their bravery in extinguishing
+a fire in the powder magazine at St. Heliers, Jersey.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Fourth Foot.</span>—1836–43. Silver, of large size, with a bar.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Seventh Foot.</span>—1843. Gold and silver for the best marksmen.
+Also a large oval badge. Silver. Ribbon, red, with blue
+edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Eighth Foot.</span>—Silver and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fortieth Foot.</span>—Silver. Struck to commemorate the gallant defence
+of German Town, a village six miles from Philadelphia, and
+repulse of the Americans, by this regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Musgrave. October 4th., 1777. Suspended by a narrow dark blue
+string.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_b_648.jpg' alt='A line drawing showing the obverse and reverse of a circular military medal. The left side features a laurel wreath with text &#39;40 Regt GERMAN TOWN OCT 4 1777&#39;. The right side depicts a battle scene at a large house with &#39;Reward of Merit&#39; inscribed above.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Second Foot.</span>—1819. Silver. Three varieties.<a id='r233'></a><a href='#f233' class='c013'><sup>[233]</sup></a> Ribbon, red,
+with blue edges; also a circular badge in the form of a garter, given to
+the best marksman.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Third Foot.</span>—Medal “Presented by the officers of the
+regiment to Private Henry Wharton,”—who served seven campaigns
+in Spain and France.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Fourth Foot.</span>—1812. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_649'>649</span><span class='sc'>Forty-Fifth Foot.</span>—A gold oval medal, presented by the inhabitants
+of Wexford, 1793, to Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver Nicolls.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Sixth Foot.</span>—Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Eighth Foot.</span>—1819. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red with
+blue edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Ninth Foot.</span>—1837. Silver. A temperance medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Second Foot.</span>—1812–13. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal,
+given to volunteers in the assault on Badajoz and San Sebastian. Ribbon,
+red, with blue edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Third Foot.</span>—1812. A silver plate, with an engraved clasp.
+Ribbon, blue and red. This decoration was given to fifteen sergeants
+for distinguished conduct in the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Fifth Foot.</span>—A small Maltese cross. Silver. Given to
+marksmen.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Sixth Foot.</span>—Silver. A temperance medal, with a bar.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Seventh Foot.</span>—1798. A social medal for officers.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Eight Foot.</span>—“Gibraltar, 1782.” A gilt medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixty-Second Foot.</span>—Silver. A good conduct medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventieth Foot.</span>—Silver. Given to marksmen.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-First Foot.</span>—Silver. Given for long service. Four varieties.
+Also, a silver star—a prize for marksmen. Ribbon, red with blue
+edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Third Foot.</span><a id='r234'></a><a href='#f234' class='c013'><sup>[234]</sup></a>—Silver. “Prize for the best marksman.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Fourth Foot.</span>—1814. Silver. Given in three classes.
+First, to men who had been in eight or nine general actions. Second,
+to those present in six or more. Third, to those who had been in four
+or upwards. The different classes vary slightly in size, and the names
+of the battles are engraved on the medal. Specimens were also issued
+in bronze. Ribbon, yellow. Permission was granted by the Commander-in-Chief
+to wear this medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Sixth Foot.</span>—1837. Silver. Prize for best shot.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Seventh Foot.</span>—1818. Silver. For services in the Peninsula.
+Ribbon, red, with blue edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Ninth Foot.</span>—1819. Silver, for fourteen years’, and bronze
+for seven years’ good conduct. Ribbon, dark green.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Eighty-Eighth Foot.</span>—1818. Silver. In three classes. First class,
+a large Maltese cross, given to men present in twelve general actions;
+the names of the battles being inscribed on the arms of the cross.
+Second class, a medal bestowed on men present in six to eleven general
+actions. Third class, a similar medal, but smaller, given to men present
+in six, or less number of actions. All the medals had a bar for
+suspension. Ribbon, red, with blue edges. Seventy first class crosses,
+one hundred and forty-five second class, and two hundred and seventeen
+third class medals, were issued.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Fourth Foot.</span>—Silver; with a clasp inscribed “Peninsula,”
+Ribbon, red, with blue edges.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Fifth Foot</span> (Rifle Brigade).—1807–13. Silver medals were
+given to eleven sergeants for their gallant conduct at the storming of
+Monte Video, 1807. A Forlorn Hope medal for San Sebastian, 1813.
+Also, a Maltese cross (silver), a prize for marksmen.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Sixth Foot.</span>—A silver star. Prize for the best marksman.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Seventh Foot</span> (Queen’s German Regiment).—1801. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>One Hundred and First Foot</span> (First Bengal Europeans).—1837.
+Silver. Good conduct medal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>One Hundred and Fifth Foot.</span>—1780. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Second West India Regiment.</span>—1846. Bronze, silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_650'>650</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>MEDALS OF THE MILITIA, YEOMANRY, AND VOLUNTEERS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>About the end of the last century, and the beginning of
+the present, England was in constant danger of invasion, and
+regiments of volunteers started into existence all over the
+country. The inhabitants of every town and village turned
+out to defend their homes and property, and in the years
+1803–4, the number of the Volunteers in Great Britain amounted
+to nearly three hundred and eighty thousand men. Most of
+them were disbanded after the battle of Waterloo, in 1815.
+Medals and prizes were freely given by the officers of each
+regiment, as rewards for merit and good shooting, and there
+was scarcely a single corps that did not decorate some of
+its members. The shapes and designs of these medals were
+various, and the dates of their issue are generally from about
+1790 to 1814.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_651'>651</span>Appended is an alphabetical list of corps that issued medals,
+but with no pretensions to completeness.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Acrotormentarian Society of Riflemen.</span>—1816. Brass.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Artillery Company, London.</span>—1803. Silver. Oval shape.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bank of England Volunteers.</span>—1805. Gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bantry Garrison.</span>—1797.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Barrack Light Company.</span>—Dublin, 1803. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bethnal Green Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver, by P. Wyon.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Birmingham Light Horse.</span>—1798. Bronze and white metal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Birmingham Volunteers.</span>—1802. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Breadalbane Highlanders.</span>—1798. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bristol Volunteers.</span>—1814. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bucks Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1821. Silver. Given to the men who
+formed the royal escort at the coronation of George IV.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Camberwell Volunteers.</span>—1805.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carmarthen Militia.</span>—1798. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carmarthen Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1827. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cork True Blues.</span>—1745. (A hundred gentlemen, equipped at their
+own expense.)</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cork (Royal) Volunteers.</span>—1776. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Drumkeen Infantry.</span>—1797. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters.</span>—1803. “The first Volunteer
+Rifle Corps in Great Britain” (now the Victoria Rifles). Silver
+and bronze; given by Colonel Beaumont.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_b_651.jpg' alt='A circular line drawing of a commemorative medal featuring the profile of a man with curly hair and sideburns, with the name BARBER BEAUMONT inscribed around the edges.' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edinburgh Royal Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Essex Light Dragoons.</span>—1820. Bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fermoy Cavalry.</span>—1798. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Godley Volunteer Cavalry.</span>—1804. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Irvine Volunteers.</span>—1820. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>John of Gaunt’s Bowmen.</span>—1795. Silver. Large oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Liberty Rangers.</span>—Dublin, 1797. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Limerick Militia.</span>—1798. Silver. (The Colooncy medal, given to
+the Militia for defeating the French, near Sligo.)</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_652'>652</span><span class='sc'>Liverpool Volunteers.</span>—1806. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>London (Loyal) Volunteers.</span>—1st., 1803. Silver. 5th., 1805. Gold.
+6th., 1805. Silver. 7th., 1804. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Louth Volunteers.</span>—1755. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester Rifle Regiment.</span>—1804. Gold.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester and Salford Volunteers.</span>—Light Horse, 1802. Gold,
+white metal, and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester and Salford Volunteers.</span>—Grenadier Company, 2nd.
+Battalion. Gold, silver, and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mid-Lothian (Royal Loyal) Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1808. Silver.
+Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mid-Lothian 3rd., the Westerns.</span>—1803. Silver and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Montgomeryshire Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1820. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Newcastle Volunteers.</span>—1801. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nithsdale Volunteers.</span>—1805. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norfolk (Loyal) Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1796. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norfolk (East) Militia.</span>—1804. An oval badge. Gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>North Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1814. Gold and silver. Also,
+a silver-gilt cross, given in 1800.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nottinghamshire Riflemen.</span>—1810. White metal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Penrhyn Volunteers.</span>—1794. Bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prince of Wales’s Loyal Volunteers.</span>—1804. Large. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rathdown Cavalry.</span>—1796. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Renfrewshire Yeomanry.</span>—1804. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rutland Yeomanry.</span>—1819. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rutland Legion Riflemen.</span>—1796. Silver, suspended from a clasp,
+inscribed “Good conduct.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sadborow Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1823. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sherwood Rangers (Yeomanry).</span>—1821. Bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>South Devon Militia.</span>—1799. Silver. Given by the citizens of
+Waterford.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>South Circular Road Infantry.</span>—1808. (Dublin). Silver. Large oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stirlingshire Volunteers</span> (East Battalion).—1804. Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Suffolk Loyal Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1795. Silver and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Surrey Volunteers (1st).</span>—1808. Silver-gilt. Large oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutherland Volunteers.</span>—1802. Silver-gilt. Large oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutton’s (Captain) Rifle Company.</span>—1806. Silver. Large size.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tyrone Militia (Royal).</span>—1797. Silver and bronze.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tyrone Volunteers (Royal).</span> Silver. Oval.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Westminster Loyal Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>West and East Ham Loyal United Volunteers.</span>—1798. Silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>West Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1820. Silver, and silver-gilt.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wicklow Militia.</span>—1797. Silver. Presented by the Westmeath
+Grand Jury.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Worlingworth Volunteers.</span>—(Suffolk), 1798. Silver.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_653'>653</span>These very interesting decorations are now almost the only
+memorials existing of the patriotic exertions of the people of
+the British Islands at an important epoch in the history of
+their country. It is to be regretted that of many medals
+issued, not a single specimen can now be found, having
+probably been consigned to the melting pot, and any descriptions
+of their designs, if such there were, have equally disappeared.<a id='r235'></a><a href='#f235' class='c013'><sup>[235]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The brave men who served in the campaigns of the latter
+half of the 19th. century, have been honoured by a far
+more lavish distribution of medals and clasps than were
+ever granted to the veterans, who, after a contest of years,
+vanquished Napoleon by sea and land; but the list of the
+glorious deeds of these, though unrewarded by medal or
+cross, form with the no less distinguished actions of their
+successors, a chronicle of achievements which none of their
+countrymen can regard but with feelings of pride and exultation,
+and which will ever be regarded as examples for
+imitation by the British Army.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>THE END.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_654'>654</span>
+  <h2 class='c006'>INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<ul class='index c002'>
+  <li class='c027'>Abercrombie, Sir R., Death of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Abu Klea, Battle of, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Abyssinian Medal, <a href='#Page_587'>587</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      Expedition, <a href='#Page_588'>588</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Afghanistan Medals, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Afghan War, first, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „    „   second, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Afridis, Expedition against, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ahmed Khel, Battle of, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Abu Kru, Battle of, <a href='#Page_622'>622</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Albuhera, Battle of, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Medal for, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Alexandria, Battle of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      Bombardment of, <a href='#Page_604'>604</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Allan, bugler, noble conduct of, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Allighur, Capture of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ali Musjid, Action of, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Aliwal, Battle of, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Alma, Battle of, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Amoaful, Battle of, <a href='#Page_598'>598</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Argaum, Battle of, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Arrah, Defence of, <a href='#Page_585'>585</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Artillery, Royal, Gallant Conduct of, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ashantee Medal, <a href='#Page_594'>594</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     War, <a href='#Page_595'>595</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Assaye, Battle of, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Australian, Contingent at Suakin, <a href='#Page_627'>627</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ava, War in, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Badajoz, Capture of, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Balaklava, Battle of, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Barrosa, Battle of, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Basuto War, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Battles fought on Sundays, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Beresford Lord Charles, Dispatch of, <a href='#Page_620'>620</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Bhootan Expedition, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Bhurtpore, Storming of, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Bilbao Cross, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>“Birkenhead,” Wreck of the, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Black Mountain Expedition, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Booth, Sergeant, Gallant Conduct of, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Bourbon Medal, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Burmese War, second, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     „   third, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Burmah, Annexation of, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Burnaby, Col. F., death of, <a href='#Page_621'>621</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Busaco, Battle of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_655'>655</span>“Buffs” at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Byrne, Corporal J., and Sergeant Murray, Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Cabul, Actions at, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Campbell, Sir C., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_568'>568</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Canada, North West, Medal, <a href='#Page_634'>634</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cannon Shot, rewards for picking up, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Canton, Capture of, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cape Medal, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Carib Medals, <a href='#Page_640'>640</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cashmere Gate blown in at Delhi, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cavalier Badges, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cavanagh, Private, death of, <a href='#Page_565'>565</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cawnpore, Evacuated, <a href='#Page_563'>563</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Central India Campaign, <a href='#Page_578'>578</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ceylon Medal, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Charasia, Battle of, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Chateauguay, Action of, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Chilianwala, Battle of, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>China Medals, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Chinese War, the first, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     „   second, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Chin-Lushai Expedition, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Chrystler’s Farm, Action of, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ciudad Rodrigo, Storming of, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Civita Vecchia Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Colooncy Medal, <a href='#Page_651'>651</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Colours of the 78th. Regiment at Argaum, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Coomassie, Capture of, <a href='#Page_600'>600</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Coorg Medal, The, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Corunna, Battle of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Last Survivor of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Corygaum, Defence of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Crimean Medal, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cromwell, O., Letter of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Cross of the 88th Regiment, <a href='#Page_650'>650</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Darien Company’s Medal, <a href='#Page_640'>640</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Deccan Medal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Deig, Battle of, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „   Capture of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>De Lancey, Sir W., Death of, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Delhi, Battle of, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „    Siege of, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>“Die Hards” at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Distinguished Service Order, <a href='#Page_639'>639</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Doab Field Force, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters’ Medal, <a href='#Page_651'>651</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Earle, General, Death of, <a href='#Page_624'>624</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_656'>656</span>East India Company’s Medals for Long Service and Good Conduct, and Meritorious Service, <a href='#Page_638'>638</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Edwardes Medal, The, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Egyptian Medal, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Egyptian Campaign (1801), <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Egyptian and Soudan Medals, <a href='#Page_602'>602</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Elliott’s Gibraltar Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>El Teb, Battle of, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Eusufzye Expeditions, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Fatshan Creek, Action of, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      „    Commodore Keppel’s Account of, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ferozeshuhur, Battle of, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Fifty-second Regt. at Busaco, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Fordyce, Col., Death of, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Forlorn Hope Medal, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Fort Detroit, Capture of, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>French War Medals and Recipients, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Fuentes d’Onor, Battle of, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „       „    Medal for, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Galekas and Gaikas, Campaign against the, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Gate Pah, Action at, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Gawilghur, Storming of, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Gemaizah, Battle of, <a href='#Page_631'>631</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>German Town Medal, <a href='#Page_648'>648</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ghuznee, Capture of, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Recapture of, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ginnis, Battle of, <a href='#Page_631'>631</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Glover Capt., March of, <a href='#Page_600'>600</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Gonine, Battle of, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Goojerat, Battle of, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Gordon, General C., at Sebastopol, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „       „     „  Entry in his Diary, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „       „     „  Death of, <a href='#Page_622'>622</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Griquas, Campaign against the, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Hackett, Major, at Kambula, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Hardinge, Viscount, Letter of, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Harwood’s, Corporal, Account of the Battle of Alma, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Hazara Expedition, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Honorary Colours of the 76th. Regiment, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Howell, Private, Gallantry of, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Hullock, R., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Hunza Expedition, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Hyderabad, Battle of, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Indian War Medal, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Indian General Service Medal, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_657'>657</span>Indian Mutiny Medal, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Indian Order of Merit, <a href='#Page_639'>639</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Inkermann, Battle of, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Isandhlwana, Action of, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Java, Capture of, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „        „      Medal for, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Jellalabad, Defence of, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Jones, Capt. J., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Jowaki Expedition, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Kaffir War, the first, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „    „   second, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „    „  third, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Kandahar, Defence of, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      March to, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Kelat-I-Ghilzie, Defence of, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Kendal Medal, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Kirkee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Kirbekan, Battle of, <a href='#Page_623'>623</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Laswarree, Battle of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Latham, Lieut., at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Light Brigade, March of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Looshai Expedition, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Lucknow, Defence of, <a href='#Page_557'>557</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Relief of, <a href='#Page_568'>568</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Magdala, Storming of, <a href='#Page_593'>593</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Maharajpore and Punniar, Battles of, and Star for, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Maheidpore, Battle of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Maida, Battle of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „        „      Gold Medal for, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Main, Lieutenant, Gallant conduct of, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Manipur, Expedition to, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Martinique and Guadaloupe, Capture of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>McCabe, Sergeant, Gallantry of, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Medals, mode of wearing, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct, <a href='#Page_510'>510</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, <a href='#Page_636'>636</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Medal for Best Shot in the Army, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Meeanee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Medals, <a href='#Page_650'>650</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Mohammerah, Bombardment of, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Moodkee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Mooltan, Siege of, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Moore’s, Sir J., Campaign, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „            „     Death of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „            „     Sword of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Mysore Medal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'><span class='pageno' id='Page_658'>658</span>Naga Expedition, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Nagpore, Capture of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Napier, Sir C., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      „     wounds of, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Napoleon’s opinion of Medals, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Nepaul Medal, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „    War in, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>New Zealand Medal, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     „    War, the first, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     „    second, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Nile Expedition, <a href='#Page_617'>617</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Ninety-Second Regiment at the Pass of Maya, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Nivelle, Passage of, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Nive, Passage of, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>North American Chiefs Medal, <a href='#Page_641'>641</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>O’Connor, Col., at the Alma, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Old Ninety-fourth Regiment, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Orthes, Battle of, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Paget, General, Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Pearl Brigade, <a href='#Page_570'>570</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Peiho or Taku Forts, Capture of, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Peiwar Kotul, Battle of, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Pekin, Occupation of, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Peninsula Medal, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „       „    Notes on, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Gold Cross and Clasps, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Perak, Naval Brigades at, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Persian War, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Phillpotts, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Picton, Sir J., Remains of, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Pyrenees, Battles of, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Quatre Bras, Battle of, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>“Queen’s,” the losses of, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Red Karens, Expedition against, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Regimental Medals, <a href='#Page_645'>645</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Roleia and Vimiera, Battles of, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     „     „     Gold Medals for, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Rorkes Drift, Defence of, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Royal Irish, winners of prize, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Sahagun and Benevente, Actions of, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Salamanca, Battle of, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      Anecdotes of, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „ Conduct of the 11th. and 61st., Regts. at, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Samana Expedition, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>San Sebastian Medal, <a href='#Page_643'>643</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sardinian War Medal and Recipients, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_659'>659</span>Scinde Medals and Campaign, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sebastopol, Bombardments of, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sekukuni, Operations against, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Seringapatam, Capture of, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Seventy-third Regt. in Ceylon, <a href='#Page_649'>649</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Shannon Brigade, <a href='#Page_569'>569</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sikkim Expedition, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sittana Expedition, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>“Slashers,” The, at San Sebastian, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Smith’s, General Sir. H. G., Medal, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sobraon, Battle of, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Stewart, General Sir. H., Death of, <a href='#Page_623'>623</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Stopford, Brigadier, Noble Conduct of, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>St. Sebastian, Capture of, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Suakin, Battle at, <a href='#Page_626'>626</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Sutlej and Punjaub Medals, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Talavera, Battle of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „     Gold Medal for, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Tamaai, Battle of, <a href='#Page_614'>614</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, <a href='#Page_607'>607</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Thibetan Army defeated, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Tofrek, Battle of, <a href='#Page_628'>628</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Toski, Battle of, <a href='#Page_632'>632</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Toulouse, Battle of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Tryon, Lieutenant, Death of, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Turkish Medal, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Turkish War Medal, <a href='#Page_509'>509</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Twenty-eighth Regt. in Egypt, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Ulundi, Battle of, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Umbeyla Campaign, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Uylett, Sergeant, Noble Conduct of, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Victoria Cross, <a href='#Page_511'>511</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „       „    Winners of, <a href='#Page_512'>512</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Villiers-en-Couché Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Vittoria, Battle of, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Vittoria and Liepsic Medal, <a href='#Page_647'>647</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Walsh Medal, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Waterloo, Battle of, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      Anecdotes of, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>&#8196; &#8196; „      Medal for, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Wives of Infidels, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Wood, Sir E. Speech of, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Wood, Captain J. A., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c027'>Wyatt-Rawson, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li>
+  <li class='c002'>Zulu War, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class='c028'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. These Medals were of silver, and oval in shape, having on one side
+the head of the Queen, and on the other an Ark on the Sea, inscribed—<i>Sœvas
+tranquilla per undas</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. See Naval Medals.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Both are in the British Museum; one is in gold and the other
+in silver; there is an aperture at the top for the ribbon.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. It is recorded that when Napoleon surrendered himself on board
+the Bellerophon, he was received by a captain’s detachment of the
+Royal Marines. After acknowledging the salute, he minutely inspected
+the men, and having remarked that they were very fine and well
+appointed, the ex-emperor added, “are there none amongst them who
+have seen service?” Upon being told that nearly the whole of them
+had seen much service, he exclaimed, “What! and no marks of merit.”
+The officer explained that it was not customary to confer medals, except
+upon officers of the highest ranks. The conversation terminated by
+Napoleon remarking, “Such is not the way to excite or cherish the
+military virtues.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. See Naval Medals.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. These medals were almost invariably given to the Native troops only.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. As the 12th. Foot moved forward, a large body of Mysorean cavalry
+formed in the shape of a wedge, having an elephant with a howdah on
+his back in front, appeared advancing to charge the regiment, and the
+British line halted to receive the attack. Immediately afterwards two
+other very large bodies of the enemy were discovered in two topes or
+woods, preparing to support the first charge. Lieutenant-General
+Harris, seeing the danger which menaced the regiment, placed himself
+in its rear, frequently repeating the words, ‘Steady, Twelfth!’
+‘Steady, old Twelfth!’ and when the wedge approached within a
+hundred yards of the line, the Mysoreans discharged their carbines and
+pistols, but without doing execution. The 12th. remained steady,
+with their muskets at the recover, until the enemy arrived within
+about thirty yards, when a well-directed volley, followed by rapid
+file firing, carried destruction into the enemy’s ranks; a rampart of
+killed and wounded men and horses lying along the front of the regiment.
+The rear of the wedge were embarrassed by the killed and
+wounded in front, and could not continue the charge. The elephant
+was severely wounded, his conductor killed, and the chiefs on his back
+had fallen, when, turning round, he directed all his fury on the Mysoreans,
+overturning everything in his retrograde movement, and producing
+great havoc with a prodigious chain, which he swayed. A few
+Mysorean horsemen broke through the regiment, but they were instantly
+shot in its rear, and the British artillery arriving, and opening
+its fire, the enemy’s cavalry fell back; at the same time the line advanced,
+and decided the fate of the day at that part of the field; a
+distant cannonade, however, indicated that the battle was raging elsewhere.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Eight stand of colours were captured by the 12th. Foot. A forlorn
+hope of each attack consisted of a sergeant and twelve Europeans, followed
+by two subaltern’s parties; that of the right column, under
+Lieutenant Hill, of the 74th., and that of the left column, commanded
+by Lieutenant Lawrence, of the 77th., the father of sons subsequently
+memorable in Indian annals, and especially during the mutiny.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. This was the old 94th., and not the present regiment which was
+only ordered to be raised in December, 1823, now known as the 2nd.
+Battalion Connaught Rangers. The former was known for years, as
+the Scots Brigade, before receiving its numerical title on the 25th. of
+December, 1802. This corps had been formed in 1568, for service in
+Holland against the oppression of Spain. Being a British corps, it
+was demanded from the United Provinces by King James II, on the
+rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, in 1685, after the suppression of
+which it returned to Holland. It again embarked for England with
+the Prince of Orange, at the revolution of 1688, and remained there
+until the Protestant cause had been established, when it re-embarked
+for Flanders in 1691, and served in the campaigns of King William III.
+It remained in the service of Holland until 1793, until it was decided
+by King George III., upon the application of the British officers remaining
+in it, to require the corps to return to Great Britain. It was
+taken on the British establishment on the 5th. of July, 1793. It then
+consisted of three battalions; in 1795 it was reduced to two battalions,
+and embarked for Gibraltar. In 1796 it was formed into one battalion,
+and embarked for the Cape of Good Hope; it proceeded in 1798 to the
+East Indies, from whence it returned to England in 1808. It embarked
+for Cadiz and Lisbon, and served in the Peninsula War from
+January, 1810, to July, 1814. It was disbanded at Belfast on the 24th.
+of December, 1818.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f10'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. For the specimen of the ribbon of the Seringapatam medal I have
+to acknowledge my obligations to Albert Woods, Esq., Lancaster
+Herald, and Inspector of Regimental Colours, who has furnished me
+with much valuable information on this and other points. From a
+letter addressed to him by the gallant General Sir James L. Caldwell,
+G.C.B, now in his 91st. year, in reply to a query on this subject, the
+following interesting particulars have been afforded:—When the
+medal was issued no ribbon accompanied it, but the recipients were
+given to understand that it was to be of a deep yellow colour, and
+about an inch in width. This colour was adopted in reference to the
+tiger, selected by the Sultan Tippoo as his favourite insignia, the
+golden throne found in the palace being constructed on the back of
+that animal, and his chosen Sepoys being clothed in tiger jackets. The
+head of this animal of the throne is now at Windsor Castle, having been
+obtained by the Marquis of Wellesley, from the prize agents, together
+with the ideal and fictitious bird termed the “Huma,” supposed to
+ensure perpetual royalty to the person over whose head it is suspended,
+and being regarded as a bird of Mahomedan Paradise: it is shewn to
+strangers under the misnomer of the Seringapatam Peacock. The
+above information was accompanied by a piece of the ribbon, the
+colour of which resembles the light fur of the tiger. It may be added
+that the name Tippoo signifies Tiger, and that the tiger-stripe was
+adopted in the uniform of the Sultan’s infantry. In the United Service
+Museum, amongst other oriental curiosities, are two of Tippoo’s
+pistols, having a tiger’s head at the end, and also the dress he wore
+when killed. The famous organ of Tippoo representing a tiger tearing
+a prostrate British soldier is in the East Indian Museum, together with
+his suit of chain armour. When the handle of the organ is turned
+sounds are emitted similar to the shrieks of a human being and the
+growl of the animal.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f11'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. “I think that General Lake’s capture of Allighur is one of the
+most extraordinary feats that I have heard of in this country. I never
+attacked a fort that I did not attempt the same thing, namely, to blow
+open the gates; but I never succeeded. I have always taken them by
+escalade, which appears to have been impossible in this instance.”—<i>Wellington
+Dispatches.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>This practice of blowing open the gates has since, on more than one
+occasion, been successfully practised in India.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f12'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. The 19th. Dragoons (since disbanded), the 74th. and 78th. regiments,
+had honorary colours for Assaye conferred by the Governor-General
+of India. In consequence, however, of the inconvenience
+occasioned by taking a third officer from his duty to carry it, the 74th.
+received the orders of the Commander-in-Chief on the 31st. of August,
+1830, to discontinue the use of the third colour in the field, and to
+carry it only at reviews, inspections, and on gala days.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f13'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. The 19th. Light Dragoons, who had their commanding officer,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, killed, and the 74th. and 78th. regiments
+received honorary colours as stated in note at page <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>. In the latter
+part of the action Major-General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley had
+a horse killed under him close to the 78th. Nearly all the mounted
+officers lost horses, some having two and even three killed. No part of
+the Mysore or Mahratta allies were engaged; their infantry were left
+with the baggage, and the cavalry not being in uniform, it was apprehended
+that mistakes might have arisen had they been brought into
+action.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f14'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur rode a celebrated race-horse,
+of a jet-black colour. Long after the melancholy fate of his rider, this
+horse kept his place with the regiment, and afterwards became the property
+of Cornet Burrows, who took great care of him until the regiment
+left India, when he was shot, that he might not fall into unworthy
+hands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f15'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. The following officers were engaged in this brilliant affair:—<i>Madras
+Artillery.</i>—Lieutenant Chisholm, killed; Assistant-Surgeon
+Wylie. <i>2nd. Battalion 1st. Regiment Bombay Native Infantry.</i>—Captain
+Staunton; Lieutenant and Adjutant Pattinson, died of wounds;
+Lieutenant Connellan, wounded; Lieutenant Jones, 10th regiment,
+doing duty with the 2nd battalion 1st. regiment; Assistant-Surgeon
+Wingate, killed. <i>Auxiliary Horse.</i>—Lieutenant Swanston, Madras
+Establishment, wounded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f16'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. Additional troops proceeded from Madras in the autumn, and before
+the close of the year His Majesty’s 47th., with the governor-general’s
+body-guard, had joined the expedition, which then amounted to about
+thirteen thousand men.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f17'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. “All their artillery, stores, and reserve depôts, which had cost
+them so much labour to get up, with a great quantity of small arms,
+gilt chattahs, standards, and other trophies fell into our hands. Never
+was victory more complete or decided, and never was the triumph of
+discipline and valour, over the disjointed efforts of irregular courage
+and infinitely superior numbers, more conspicuous. Majors Dennie and
+Thornhill, of the 13th. Light Infantry, and Major Gore, of the 89th.,
+were distinguished by the steadiness with which they led their men.”—<i>Brigadier-General
+Sir A. Campbell’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f18'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. In the same general orders it was announced that “Medals also,
+bearing a suitable device, are to be distributed to the native troops
+which at any period during the war, were employed under the command
+of Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, including the officers and
+men of the gunboats serving in the Irrawaddy.” This medal, also
+designed by William Wyon, Esq., contained on the obverse a quaint
+device—the Asiatic elephant crouching to the British Lion. It was not
+conferred on the regiments of the Crown, and therefore does not come
+within the scope of this work. When the medal for services in India
+from 1803 to 1826 was authorized, a bar inscribed Ava was granted.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The 1st., 13th., 38th., 41st., 44th., 45th., 47th., 54th., 87th., and
+89th. King’s regiments were permitted to bear the word <span class='sc'>Ava</span> on their
+colours, in commemoration of their gallantry during this service.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f19'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. In consequence of the scarcity of European infantry with the
+infantry, it was deemed necessary to call for volunteers from the
+cavalry, each King’s regiment to furnish three officers and eighty
+rank and file. This number was at once obtained. The officers’
+names were Captain Browne, Lieutenant Windus, and Comet Pearson,
+of the 11th. Dragoons, and Captain Luard, and Lieutenants McConchy
+and Walker, of the 16th. Lancers. Viscount Combermere had formerly
+served in the latter regiment.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f20'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. From the 24th. of December, 1825, to the 18th. of January, 1826,
+the expenditure of shot and shells during the twenty-six days was as
+follows:—Shot 42,215, shells 17,060, shrapnells 1,096, grape 693, case
+404, carcasses 4; in all 61,472.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f21'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. One officer wrote:—“It is very vexatious to honourable feelings,
+when we go into society at home and abroad, to meet foreigners of all
+nations covered with medals and orders, when we, who have had the
+pleasure of licking them in every part of the world, have neither
+orders nor medals.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f22'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. Long before this order was issued, the majority of these old
+warriors, the survivors of a hundred fights, had fallen before the
+irresistible scythe of Time, with no mark of their glorious services,
+except the honourable scars which they had received on the field of
+battle.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f23'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. As to the rarity of the Peninsula medal, it is very uncommon to
+meet with any having more than eight or nine bars, and if any of the
+bars should have inscribed on them the actions of “Fort Detroit.”
+“Chateauguay,” or “Chrystler’s Farm;” the value of the medal is
+greatly enhanced. The clasps for the cavalry actions of “Sahagun”
+and “Benevente,” in the Peninsula; and the bars for “Maida,”
+“Martinique,” “Guadaloupe,” and “Java,” are also of rare occurrence.
+The old 45th., Sherwood Foresters, bore more Peninsula honours on
+their colours than any other regiment.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f24'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. As the soldiers were burying a Highlander of the 42nd. regiment,
+who was supposed to be dead, Captain David Stewart, of Garth, requested
+them to take him out of the grave, and carry him to the surgeon;
+he soon recovered of a swoon, his wound was cured, and he resumed
+his duty shortly afterwards. It is to be hoped that this soldier
+did not evince his gratitude like the private of the 31st. regiment,
+mentioned in the following anecdote:—In 1799, the 31st. regiment was
+serving in Holland, and at Egmont-op-Zee crossed bayonets with the
+French regiment bearing the same number; a ball fired during the
+retreat of the latter, passed through the jaws of a soldier of the former,
+named Robert Hullock; in the course of the afternoon he was buried
+in the sand-hill where he had fallen, by a soldier of his regiment named
+John Carnes. During the night Hullock having been but lightly
+covered with sand, crept out and crawled to a picket of his corps posted
+near. He was sent to hospital, recovered, and was serving with his
+regiment in Malta, in 1809. His face having been much disfigured,
+and his voice scarcely intelligible, (a part of his tongue and palate
+having been carried away,) he had for some years served as pioneer to
+his company; a soldier of it died, and Hullock, as a part of his duty,
+dug the grave, in which he was found, on the arrival of the body for
+interment, still at work, though then nearly ten feet deep. On being
+drawn out he was asked for his reason in making it so unusually deep,
+he replied, “Why, Sir, it’s for poor John Carnes, who buried me, and
+I think, Sir, if I get him that deep, it will puzzle him to creep out as I
+did.” On the burial service being read, he proceeded to fill up the
+grave, and actually buried the man who ten years previously had
+buried him. Hullock was discharged and pensioned in 1814.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f25'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. When the standard was delivered up to Major Stirling, of the 42nd.,
+he gave it in charge to a sergeant to remain close to the gun which that
+corps had captured, but in a subsequent charge, this non-commissioned
+officer was ridden over by the French Dragoons, was stunned in consequence,
+and when he returned to consciousness the standard of the “Invincible
+Legion” was gone. It was afterwards recaptured from the French
+by Private Anthony Lutz, of the Minorca regiment in the British service,
+was sent to England, and placed in the Royal Military Chapel, Whitehall,
+and subsequently in Chelsea Hospital.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f26'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. The Highland Society, at London, in grateful acknowledgment, and
+commemoration of the valour of their countrymen, on this day, presented
+the 42nd. regiment with a piece of plate, value one hundred guineas, inscribed
+with an appropriate motto and designs. A silver medal was also
+struck, in commemoration of the capture of Buonaparte’s invincible standard;
+one to be given to each private as well as officer in the regiment,
+or, if killed or dead, to their nearest surviving relations. The cool and
+intrepid courage of Colonel Stewart’s foreign corps, and of the 28th. and
+42nd. regiments, on whom the fury of the enemy principally fell,
+it is agreed on all hands, was also, on this important day, particularly
+distinguished. In this battle, the 28th., now the 1st. Gloucestershire regiment,
+gained the privilege of wearing their badge on the back and front
+of their helmets. The regiment while in line, was attacked in front by
+infantry, and in the rear by cavalry, under cover of the mist. There was
+no time to form in square, the rear rank went to the right about, and thus
+back to back, the 28th. repulsed both attacks of the enemy.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f27'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. The regiments which proceeded from India were the 10th., 80th.,
+86th., and 88th. regiments; a troop of the 8th. Light Dragoons and the
+61st. regiment embarked from the Cape of Good Hope, joined the army,
+under Major-General Baird, at Cosseir, in July, 1801, and proceeded
+through the desert to Kenna, on the Nile, where the troops afterwards
+embarked for Cairo.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f28'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. The 22nd. Light Dragoons, 20th. (two battalions,) 24th., 25th., and
+26th. Regiments, the Ancient Irish Fencibles, and the foreign corps of
+De Watteville and Chasseurs Britanniques, joined the Army in Egypt, in
+July, 1801.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f29'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. The same incident is related in the “Record of the 52nd. Light
+Infantry,” edited by Captain Moorsom, late captain of that regiment,
+by which it appears there were three men, one a straggler from the
+artillery, another from the guards, and the third a man named Lewis, of
+the 52nd. Lewis generally contrived to have an attack of rheumatism
+soon after getting into action, and thus got out of sight of his officers,
+for the purpose of filling his havresack. Although a sad plunderer, he
+was a gallant soldier, and was afterwards killed at Orthes, by the side
+of the late Duke of Richmond.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f30'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. “The rear regiments of the reserve only were present when the
+money was cast away, and certainly not a man of those left their ranks
+in the hope of obtaining a portion. This discipline, however, did not
+extend to the ‘followers,’ who, as soon as they arrived at the spot
+where the dollars were rolling over the mountain side, at once began
+a scramble, in which the wife of the regimental master-tailor, Malony,
+(who was a merry one, and often beguiled a weary march to the men
+with her tales,) was so successful that her fortune was apparently made.
+The poor woman went through all the subsequent perils and hardships
+of the retreat, but on stepping from the boat to the ship’s side on embarking
+at Corunna, her foot slipped, and down she went, like a shot,
+and owing to the weight of dollars secured about her person she never
+rose again.”—<i>Historical Record of the 52nd. Light Infantry.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f31'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. “Our baggage animals were all left on the beach. Major Browne
+was fortunate enough to get a pig in exchange for a horse. The Major
+was rather unlucky with his pork; for in the hurry of embarkation,
+piggy was taken on board one ship, and the Major on board another.”</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>—<i>Lieutenant-Colonel Cadell’s Narrative.</i></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f32'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. This sword is now in the possession of the Officers’ Mess of the
+43rd. Regiment (Oxford Light Infantry). It was presented to the
+regiment by General Lynedoch Gardiner.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f33'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. The following remarkable circumstance occurred in the 2nd.
+Foot:—“Samuel Evans, a private in the Grenadier Company of the
+2nd. Foot, was carried off amongst the wounded at Corunna. He
+arrived in England, and died in the military hospital at Plymouth, on
+the 30th. of January, 1809. On a <i>post mortem</i>, examination being made,
+it was discovered that he had been shot through the heart, and yet had
+survived sixteen days.”—<i>Curiosities of War.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f34'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. Major (afterwards Sir Charles) Napier received five terrible wounds
+at Corunna, and but for the aid of a generous French drummer, would
+there have been killed; he was made a prisoner, and his fate being long
+unknown, he was mourned for as dead by his family. In the battle of
+Busaco, a bullet struck his face, and lodged behind the ear, splintering
+the articulation of the jawbone; yet with this dreadful hurt, he made
+his way, under a fierce sun, to Lisbon, more than one hundred miles!
+Returning from France, after the battle of Waterloo, the ship sunk off
+Flushing, and he only saved himself by swimming to a pile, on which
+he clung until a boat carried him off, half drowned, for the pile was too
+large to climb up; he had caught it during the recession of a wave, and
+was overwhelmed by each recurring surge. He escaped Cholera, and a
+second shipwreck off the Indus, and marvellously recovering from the
+stroke of a rocket at Kurrachee, was again firm on horseback, and conducted
+a dangerous war to a glorious termination. On the 13th. of
+December, 1842, whilst in Scinde, he was observing the practice of a
+rocket-train, when one of the fiery missiles burst, rocket and shell
+together, and tore the calf of his right leg open to the bone; but
+neither the bone itself nor the great artery were injured, and the wound
+was instantly stitched. His decease did not occur until some years
+afterwards.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f35'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. The last survivor of the victory of Corunna, Thomas Palmer,
+of the 32nd. Regiment, died April 20th, 1889.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f36'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. These two battalions were formed on the 1st. February, 1809, and
+consisted of detachments that had been left in Portugal, belonging to
+the regiments composing the division of the army which had marched
+into Spain under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f37'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. The 43rd. and 52nd. are now known as the 1st. and 2nd. Battalions
+of the Oxford Light Infantry, the old 95th. being the present
+Rifle Brigade.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f38'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. Some of the general officers applied to Viscount Wellington to
+ascertain whether, upon ordinary occasions, they might not wear the
+ribbon of the medal at the button-hole, instead of round the neck;—“This,”
+his lordship remarked, “would be a more convenient way of
+wearing it, and they would consequently wear it more frequently, which
+would be desirable.” In the reply to the general officers, dated Cartaxo,
+3rd. February, 1811, his lordship acquainted them that an answer
+had been received from Lieutenant-Colonel Torrens, Military Secretary,
+“stating that the General Officers should wear the ribbon of the medal
+at their button-hole, the same as the Field Officers, in undress; but
+when the medal is worn itself, it should be round the neck.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The medal for Maida was worn at the button-hole, and that mode
+is alluded to in a letter from the Marquis of Wellington to Earl
+Bathurst, dated Grenada, 20th. April, 1813. “To Earl Bathurst.—We
+must have the orders of the Secretary of State for any alteration in
+the mode of wearing the medal by the General Officers. It may do
+very well for an admiral to wear his medal round his neck on his
+quarter-deck, but we on horseback ought to wear it always at our
+button-hole. Indeed this is the common practice in all distributions
+of this description, and was the rule at first on the grant of the medal
+for the battle of Maida; and I don’t know why it was altered.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f39'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. “Several prisoners were taken by the regiment, and amongst
+others the French General Simon. He surrendered himself to Private
+James Hopkins, of Captain Robert Campbell’s company, who received
+a pension of twenty pounds per annum, as the reward of his bravery
+on this occasion. Private Harris, of the 52nd., also shared in the
+capture, and a pension was awarded to him in 1843, by the late Viscount
+Hardinge, then the Secretary at War, on the representation of
+Lieutenant-General Sir J. F. Love, who was present at the capture of
+General Simon, and who delivered him as a prisoner to Brigadier-General
+Craufurd.”—<i>Historical Record of the 52nd. Light Infantry, by
+Captain Moorsom.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Captain Moorsom also relates the following <i>medal</i> incident:—“When
+the head of Simon’s column appeared in the act of deploying, and the
+52nd. advanced to charge, Captain William Jones, more commonly
+known in the division by the name of “Jack Jones,” a fiery Welshman,
+rushed upon the Chef de Bataillon, who was in the act of giving the
+word to his men, and killed him on the spot with a blow of his sword.
+Jones immediately cut off the medal with which the major was decorated,
+and appropriated it to himself.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f40'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. In the midst of the engagement, Sergeant Patrick Masterson, of
+the 87th., seized and kept possession of the eagle of the 8th. French
+regiment of light infantry, (which was the first taken in action since
+the commencement of the Peninsula war,) and for this His Royal Highness
+the Prince Regent promoted him to an ensigncy in the Royal York
+Light Infantry Volunteers; he was subsequently removed to the 87th.
+regiment, now the 1st. Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f41'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. An interesting anecdote has been preserved of this officer’s canine
+friend:—“After the battle of Barrosa, the wounded of both nations
+were, from want of means of transport, necessarily left upon the field
+of action the whole night and part of the following day. General
+Rousseau, a French general of division, was of the number; his dog, a
+white one of the poodle kind, which had been left in quarters upon the
+advance of the French force, finding that the general returned not
+with those who escaped from the battle, set out in search of him;
+found him at night in his dreary resting-place, and expressed his
+affliction by moans, and by licking the hands and feet of his dying
+master. When the fatal crisis took place, some hours after, he seemed
+fully aware of the dreadful change, attached himself closely to the
+body, and for three days refused the sustenance which was offered
+him. Arrangements having been made for the interment of the dead,
+the body of the general was, like the rest, committed to its honourable
+grave; the dog lay down upon the earth which covered the beloved
+remains, and evinced by silence and deep dejection his sorrow for the
+loss he had sustained. The English commander, General Graham,
+whose fine feelings had prompted him to superintend the last duties
+due to the gallant slain, observed the friendless mourner, drew him,
+now no longer resisting, from the spot, and gave him his protection,
+which he continued to him until his death, many years after, at the
+general’s residence in Perthshire.”—<i>Maxwell’s Victories of the British
+Army.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f42'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. The following British troops were engaged at the battle of Albuhera.
+Cavalry, under Major-General the Honourable Sir William Lumley:—3rd.
+Dragoon Guards, 4th. Dragoons, and 13th. Light Dragoons.
+Second division, Major-General the Honourable W. Stewart:—3rd.
+Foot, first battalion, 31st., second battalion, 48th., second battalion,
+66th., second battalion 60th., one company fifth battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Colborne; 29th. Foot. 48th., first battalion, 57th., first battalion
+60th., one company fifth battalion, Major-General Hoghton; 28th.
+Foot, second battalion, 34th., second battalion, 39th., second battalion,
+60th., one company fifth battalion, Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel
+Abercromby. Fourth division, Major-General the Honourable Lowry
+Cole: 27th. Foot, first battalion, 40th., first battalion, 97th Queen’s
+Own 60th., one company fifth battalion, Colonel Kemmis; Fusilier
+Brigade,—7th. Foot, first and second battalions, 23rd., first battalion,
+Brunswick Oels, one company. First and second light battalions
+German Legion, Major-General Baron Charles Alten.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f43'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. No description can surpass that given by Sir William Napier:—“Such
+a gallant line issuing from the midst of the smoke, and rapidly
+separating itself from the confused and broken multitude, startled the
+enemy’s heavy masses, which were increasing and pressing onwards as
+to an assured victory; they wavered, hesitated, and then vomiting
+forth a storm of fire, hastily endeavoured to enlarge their front, while
+a fearful discharge of grape, from all their artillery, whistled through
+the British ranks. Myers was killed, Cole, and the three colonels,
+Ellis, Blakeney, and Hawkshawe fell wounded, and the Fusilier
+battalions, struck by the iron tempest, reeled and staggered like sinking
+ships. But suddenly and sternly recovering, they closed on their
+terrible enemies, and then was seen with what a strength and majesty
+the British soldier fights. In vain did Soult, by voice and gesture,
+animate his Frenchmen; in vain did the hardiest veterans, extricating
+themselves from the crowded columns, sacrifice their lives to gain time
+for the mass to open out on such a fair field; in vain did the mass
+itself bear up, and, fiercely striving, fire indiscriminately upon friends
+and foes, while the horsemen, hovering on the flanks, threatened to
+charge the advancing line. Nothing could stop that astonishing infantry.
+No sudden burst of undisciplined valour, no nervous
+enthusiasm weakened the stability of their order; their flashing eyes
+were bent on the dark columns in their front; their measured tread
+shook the ground; their dreadful volleys swept away the head of
+every formation; their deafening shouts overpowered the dissonant
+cries that broke from all parts of the tumultuous crowd, as slowly, and
+with a horrid carnage, it was pushed by the incessant vigour of the
+attack, to the farthest edge of the height. There the French reserve,
+mixing with the struggling multitude, endeavoured to sustain the
+fight; but the effort only increased the irremediable confusion; the
+mighty mass gave way, and like a loosened cliff, went headlong down
+the steep. The rain flowed after in streams discoloured with blood,
+and fifteen hundred unwounded men, the remnant of six thousand unconquerable
+British soldiers, stood triumphant on the fatal hill.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f44'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. Mustering the living and recording the dead became afterwards
+our melancholy duty. On reckoning our numbers, the 29th. regiment
+had only ninety-six men, two captains, and a few subalterns remaining
+out of the whole regiment; the 57th. regiment had but a few more, and
+were commanded out of action by the adjutant; the first battalion of
+the 48th. regiment suffered in like manner; not a man of the brigade
+was prisoner; not a colour was lost, although an eloquent historian most
+unwarrantably stated that the 57th. had lost theirs—the 57th. lose their
+colours!—never! Major-General Hoghton, commanding the brigade,
+and Lieutenant-Colonel Duckworth, of the 48th. regiment, were killed;
+Lieutenant-Colonel White, of the 29th. regiment, mortally wounded;
+Colonel Inglis, of the 57th., and Major Way, of the 29th. regiments, very
+severely. In fact, every field officer of the whole brigade was either
+killed or wounded, so that at the close of the action the brigade remained
+in command of a captain of the 48th. regiment, and singular
+enough, that captain was a Frenchman (Cemetiere.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f45'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. “During the operations on the right, Colonel Gillespie pursued his
+advantage to the left, carrying the enemy’s redoubts towards the rear,
+and being joined by Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander M‘Leod, of the
+59th., with part of that corps, he directed him to attack the park of
+artillery, which that officer carried in a most masterly manner, putting
+to flight a body of the enemy’s cavalry that formed and attempted to
+defend it. A sharp fire of musketry was now kept up by a strong body
+of the enemy, who had taken post in the lines in front of Fort Cornelis,
+but were driven from them, the fort taken, and the enemy completely
+dispersed. They were pursued by Colonel Gillespie, with the 14th.
+regiment, a party of Sepoys, and the seamen from the batteries under
+Captain Sayer, of the Royal Navy. By this time the cavalry and horse
+artillery had effected a passage through the lines, the former commanded
+by Major Travers, and the latter by Captain Noble; and, with the
+gallant Colonel at their head, the pursuit was continued, till the whole
+of the enemy’s army was killed, taken, or dispersed. Major Tule’s
+attack was equally spirited, but, after routing the enemy’s force at
+Campong Maylayo, and killing many of them, he found the bridge on
+fire, and was unable to penetrate further.”—<i>Lieutenant-General Sir
+Samuel Auchmuty’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f46'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. After the capture of Java the 14th. regiment remained on the
+island for some time. The Sultan of Mataram, who governed a
+portion of the interior, trusting to his power, and the strength of his
+fortified palace, at Djocjocarta, meditated the expulsion of all Europeans
+from the island, and committed aggressions of which it became
+necessary to stop the progress. To effect this, his palace was captured
+by storm on the morning of the 20th. June, 1812; on which occasion the
+14th. had another occasion of distinguishing themselves. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Watson (now General Sir James Watson, K.C.B., and Colonel
+of the 14th.) commanded the main attack, and the grenadiers of the
+regiment headed the assault with their usual gallantry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f47'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. “Lieutenant Gurwood, (afterwards the editor of the Wellington
+Dispatches,) of the 52nd., who led the forlorn hope, took the French
+Governor, General Barrié, prisoner in the citadel. Lord Wellington
+presented Lieutenant Gurwood with the sword of General Barrié on
+the breach by which Gurwood had entered,—a fitting and proud compliment
+to a young soldier of fortune!”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f48'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. At its head marched the 45th. regiment, supporting the advanced
+storming party, composed of the flank companies of the division and
+the 83rd. regiment. Few more desperate conflicts are on record than
+that which took place. After repeated assaults the escalade was effected,
+and the place carried.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant M‘Pherson, of the 45th., though wounded previous to his
+ascending the ladders in the escalade, was distinguished in hauling
+down the French flag from the staff of the citadel, which being brought
+to Major Greenwell, who commanded the regiment, he ordered a jacket
+of the 45th. to be substituted, in its place, acting upon the well-known
+adage of—“exchange no robbery.” It had been a point of emulation
+amongst the different regiments during the siege, which should have
+the honour of striking the French flag, and spiking a certain gun in
+the castle, which had been particularly offensive during the operations;
+the 45th. had the good fortune to do both.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f49'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. On the enemy’s commencing to give way, a French officer picked
+up a firelock, thrown down by one of his men, and levelled it at Major-General
+the Honourable Edward Pakenham; the piece missed fire,
+when the intrepid officer snatched up another, and presented it, on
+which Corporal Patrick Cavanagh, of the 45th., advanced out of the
+ranks, shot the officer, and saved the general; but both parties were
+now so near, that in the act of firing the Corporal was himself shot.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f50'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. The 11th. and 61st. regiments specially distinguished themselves
+on this occasion; evening was fast approaching, and the legions of
+Napoleon were retreating in much disorder, when the French division,
+commanded by General Maucune, made a determined stand to cover
+the retreat of the broken battalions; then ensued a desperate musketry
+action in the dark. The difficulty of the ascent gave the enemy’s
+division, formed on the summit, a decided advantage; but at length
+Maucune’s battalions were forced from the height. Of Major-General
+Hulse’s brigade, (the 11th., 53rd., and 61st.,) only nine officers and
+three hundred men remained, which were formed on the following day
+into one battalion. A round shot (probably fired at the colours of the
+11th.,) took the heads off the two sergeants, posted between the colours,
+and of a black man who beat the cymbals in the band, and who was in
+rear of them, without injuring either of the officers carrying the
+colours; one of them (Ensign Scott) was afterwards killed. The colour
+party of the 61st. regiment, being all shot down, the colours were
+seized by Privates Crawford and Coulson, who carried them till the close
+of the battle. Crawford was made a sergeant on the field, and the
+same rank was offered to Coulson, who declined it, saying that he was
+already over rewarded by the cheers and congratulations of his comrades.
+The regiment went into action with 27 officers and 420 men,
+and at the close of the fight had only 3 officers and 78 men left.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f51'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. Southey thus describes the bâton:—“It was rather more than a
+foot long, and covered with blue velvet, on which the imperial eagles
+were embroidered; and it had been tipped with gold, but the first
+finder had secured the gold for himself. The case was of red morocco,
+with silver clasps, and with eagles on it, and at either end the Marshal’s
+name imprinted in gold letters.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f52'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. In this desperate combat in the Pass of Maya, the 6th., 28th.,
+34th., 50th., 71st., 82nd., and 92nd. regiments had opportunities of
+distinguishing themselves. The latter having been hotly engaged for
+ten successive hours, and in want of ammunition, was ordered by Lieutenant-General
+the Honourable William Stewart not to charge, and the
+gallant Highlanders, for the first time, disregarded orders, not only
+charging, but leading the charge. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, of
+the 92nd., who commanded the first brigade, was permitted by his
+Sovereign to bear on his shield the word Maya in commemoration of
+this action. The 92nd. had thirty-four men killed and two hundred
+and sixty-eight men wounded; one officer was killed, and eighteen
+officers were wounded, one of whom died of wounds. Sir William
+Napier, in his history of the Peninsula War, has remarked that “so
+dreadful was the slaughter, especially of the 92nd., that it is said the
+advancing enemy was actually stopped by the heaped mass of dead and
+dying. The stern valour of the 92nd., principally composed of Scotchmen,
+would have graced Thermopylæ.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f53'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. “Although our wounded are numerous, I am happy to say that
+the cases in general are slight, and I have great pleasure in reporting
+to Your Lordship that the utmost attention has been paid
+to them by the Inspector General, Dr. M‘Grigor, and by the officers
+of the department under his directions.”—<i>Marquis of Wellington’s
+despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f54'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. Just before the assault was given, a sergeant of the 28th. regiment,
+named Bull, being sent with a party to the coast from Roncesvalles,
+to make purchases for the officers, placed the money entrusted to him,
+2000 dollars, with a Commissary, and took a receipt. He then persuaded
+his party to join the stormers, so, as he said, that the ‘Slashers’
+should be represented, and took part in the assault, which he survived,
+reclaimed his money, made his purchases, and rejoined his regiment.
+Singularly this gallant little party did not sustain any loss.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f55'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. The illustration is copied from the Cross and Clasp conferred upon
+the late General Sir George Scovell, G.C.B. Gold medals were struck
+to commemorate the battles of Roleia, Vimiera, Corunna, Talavera,
+Busaco, Barrosa, Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera, Salamanca, Vittoria,
+Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Toulouse, the capture of Java, Martinique,
+Guadaloupe, etc. These were only granted to superior officers, and
+worn with a red ribbon with blue edge. For example, see plate of
+“Talavera Gold Medal.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f56'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. “Richoso, 1st. October, 1811.—Adverting to your Lordship’s despatch
+of the 3rd. September, regarding the grant of medals to the
+officers of the army, it occurs to me that an improvement might still be
+made in the system; for instance, many officers, in the course of service,
+become entitled to two or three or more medals. In my opinion, they
+should receive but one; but for every additional action deemed worthy
+of the medal, in which any officer having a medal should be present, he
+should be warranted to have the name of that action engraved on his
+medal, and that in that case the fresh medal for that action should be
+given to the officer next in command in the regiment, who was present
+and distinguished in the action.”—<i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c029'>“To the Earl of Liverpool.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f57'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. Some correspondence had taken place on the subject with the
+Marquis of Wellington, as appears by the following:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“Freneda, 16th. March, 1813.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>“I have received your letter of the 24th. February, in regard to the
+medals, and I concur entirely with you regarding all the improvements
+you propose on the subject. You have provided a remedy for a difficulty
+which I could never get over in a way at all satisfactory to
+myself. I likewise agree with you in the propriety of having a cross
+with eight bars, or a star with eight points, for those who are entitled
+to more than seven distinctions. I am not certain that it would not
+be best that all general officers, as well as others, should wear the
+medal or cross at the button-hole, till they should receive the last distinction.
+It is very awkward to ride in round the neck.”</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>“To Earl Bathurst.”</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f58'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. It appears that the Duke of Wellington was in favour of a more
+general distribution, for in a letter dated Vera, 6th. November, 1813,
+addressed to Marshal Sir William Carr Beresford, K.B., in reference to
+his claim for the Ciudad Rodrigo medal, he remarked, “In regard to
+the medals, I have always been of opinion, that government should
+have extended the principle more than they did; and in executing their
+orders, I believe it will be found that, whenever a medal could be given
+to an individual under the orders of government, I have inserted his
+name in the return. However, my decision on this or any other subject
+is not final; and if anybody doubts, I wish he would apply to
+superior authority.”—<i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f59'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. Whilst the British were in position on the banks of the Nive, in
+November, 1813, the French used to meet the English officers at a narrow
+part of the river, and chat over the campaign. One of the latter, in
+order to convince them of the reverses of Napoleon in Germany, rolled
+a stone up in the <i>Star</i> newspaper, and endeavoured to throw it across
+the stream. The stone, unfortunately, went through it, which made it
+fall into the water. The French officer thereupon remarked, in pretty
+fair English, “Your good news is very soon damped.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f60'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. “This attack, led by the 52nd. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Colborne, and supported on their right by Major-General Brisbane’s and
+Colonel Keane’s brigades of the third division, and by simultaneous
+attacks on the left by Major-General Anson’s brigade of the fourth
+division, and on the right by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton,
+with the remainder of the third division, and the sixth division, under
+Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, dislodged the enemy from the
+heights, and gave us the victory.”—<i>Wellington’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f61'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. “I walked down to the bridge with Lord Wellington yesterday (6th
+March, 1814,) and found him limp a little, and he said he was in rather
+more pain than usual, but it was nothing. At dinner yesterday, he said
+he was laughing at General Alava having had a knock, and telling him
+it was all nonsense, and that he was not hurt, when he received this
+blow, and a worse one in the same place himself. Alava said it was to
+punish him for laughing at him.”—<i>Larpent’s Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>In “Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” recently published, there is a
+remark of Wellington’s in allusion to the above circumstance:—“The
+elastic woven corselet would answer very well over the cuirass. It saved
+me, I think, at Orthes, where I was hit on the hip. I was never struck
+but on that occasion, and then I was not wounded. I was on horseback
+again the same day.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f62'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. The 7th. Hussars, who highly distinguished themselves in this battle
+do not bear “Orthes” on their <a id='t176'></a>accoutrements; though Wellington in his
+despatches, said, “The charge of the 7th. Hussars under Lord E.
+Somerset, was highly meritorious.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f63'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. The following statement gives the number of troops employed in
+Spain and the South of France, at the periods of the several actions
+mentioned:—</p>
+
+<table class='table1'>
+  <tr>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022 bbt' rowspan='2'>Actions.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='4'>Number of Troops.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ 
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Present and fit for Duty.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Sick.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>On Command.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>Total.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Roleia</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>14,871</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Vimiera</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>18,903</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Talavera</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>28,987</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>48,827</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1596</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>35,410</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Busaco</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>29,138</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>7,079</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2526</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>38,743</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Fuentes d’Onor</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>34,647</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>9,298</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4912</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>48,857</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Ciudad Rodrigo</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>37,014</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12,392</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4217</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>53,623</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Badajoz</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>36,025</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12,711</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4433</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>53,169</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Salamanca</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>38,531</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>13,891</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>5004</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>57,426</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Vittoria</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>47,927</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>9,605</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4294</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>61,826</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Pyrenees</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>41,263</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12,698</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4916</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>58,877</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Nivelle</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>45,104</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>13,658</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4425</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>63,187</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Nive</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>43,680</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>14,732</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>5007</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>63,419</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Orthes</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>42,959</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12,972</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4690</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>60,621</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>Toulouse</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>42,807</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>12,907</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>5638</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>61,352</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f64'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. A few notes on the Peninsula Medals may be given in addition to
+that on page <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>. Of the <i>Gold</i> Medals, large and small, given only to
+General Officers, four hundred and sixty-nine were issued. Of these,
+one hundred and forty-three had <i>one</i> clasp, seventy-two <i>two</i> clasps.
+Sixty-one gold Crosses were awarded; forty-six with <i>one</i> clasp, eighteen
+with <i>two</i>, seventeen with <i>three</i>, eight with <i>four</i>, seven with <i>five</i>, three with
+<i>six</i>, two with <i>seven</i>, and one only with <i>nine</i> clasps, given to the Duke of
+Wellington, for thirteen general engagements. To the cavalry which
+served during the war, the highest number of bars issued with any
+medal was <i>eleven</i>, and only <i>four</i> medals with this number. There were
+only <i>six</i> survivors to claim the medal with <i>fifteen</i> bars in 1847. <i>Two</i>
+medals only with <i>two</i> bars—“Fort Detroit” and “Chrystler’s Farm”—were
+issued; one of these was sold in 1887 for £25 10s. 0d. A medal
+with the bar “Chrystler’s Farm” was sold in 1878 for £6 6s. 0d. A
+medal with <i>fourteen</i> bars was sold for £14. A medal with clasp for
+“Nive” was given as recently as March, 1889, to an old veteran, Capt.
+Gammell, who as an ensign was present at the sortie from Bayonne;
+but leaving the army soon afterwards, and neglecting to forward his
+claim in 1847, did not receive this recognition of his services till <i>seventy-five</i>
+years had elapsed, when nearly all his companions in arms had
+long been in their graves.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f65'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. “As the 42nd. regiment advanced through a field of rye, which reached
+nearly to the men’s shoulders, a body of cavalry was seen approaching,
+which was supposed to be either Prussians or Flemings, but which
+proved to be French. The mistake was not discovered in time to complete
+the proper formation to receive the charge; the regiment, however,
+attempted to form square, and while in the act of so doing, the
+French lancers galloped forward with great impetuosity, being assured
+of victory when they saw the unprepared state of the regiment. The
+regiment suffered severely; but the lancers were repulsed with loss.
+When the enemy’s ardour was cooled and the attacks had become less
+frequent and fierce, the regiment completed its formation. It had sustained
+a severe loss in killed and wounded: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir
+Robert Macara, K.C.B., had fallen, and the command of the regiment
+devolved on Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Robert Henry)
+Dick.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f66'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. “The Duke, on this occasion, was very nearly overtaken by the
+French cavalry; and being obliged to gallop towards the 92nd. Highlanders,
+he called out to the nearest men to lie down in the ditch, when
+he fairly leaped over them.”—<i>Captain Siborne.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f67'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. “It is only recently that the remains of Sir Thomas Picton were
+removed to St. Paul’s. In the <i>Times</i> of Thursday, May 5th, 1859,
+appeared a letter from W. Brewer, Esq., of 21, George Street, Hanover
+Square, stating that in the vaults of the burying ground in the
+Bayswater road, might be seen the thick chest or oak box, in which the
+remains of this general, as they were packed up in the village of
+Waterloo, and sent to England, were deposited. As these vaults were
+just closed by order of the Privy Council, and the brickwork to close
+in the coffins was at once to be commenced, this gentleman appealed
+to the country that the body of this illustrious warrior might be deposited
+in some distinguished mausoleum:—the result of this appeal
+was that the remains of this gallant general were removed on the 8th.
+of June, 1859, to St. Paul’s, and the following account of the ceremony
+appeared in the <i>Morning Post</i> of Thursday, June 9th., 1859:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Yesterday morning, according to arrangement, the remains of the
+late Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton were removed from the
+cemetery belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover Square, to St.
+Paul’s Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The coffin was placed on a gun-carriage, drawn by eight horses,
+It was covered with a rich silk Genoa velvet pall with richly emblazoned
+armorial bearings of the late general, and with the union-jack.
+The procession was under the direction of the Royal Artillery.
+The first carriage contained Mr. J. Picton, the Hon. Colonel Vereker,
+Colonel Bagot, and General Wood. The second contained the Rev.
+Henry Howarth, rector of St. George’s, Hanover Square, Mr. Stanley,
+and Dr. Brewer. In the third were Mr. Cooper, Mr. Westerton, and Treherne. Then followed the carriages of Lord Strafford, the
+Right Hon. Mr. Estcourt, the Home Secretary, Lord Gough, General
+Sir F. Stovin, Sir John Burgoyne, Sir Hew Ross, Sir Robert Gardiner,
+and Sir James Coleman.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Amongst the others who appeared as mourners was the Rev. Dr.
+Macnab, of Canada, representing his uncle, Captain Alexander Macnab,
+of the 30th. Regiment of Foot, who was aide-de-camp to General
+Picton, and who fell at the battle of Waterloo.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The procession moved slowly through the principal streets to St.
+Paul’s Cathedral. When the body reached St. Paul’s Cathedral, some
+time was taken up in removing the ponderous mass from the gun-carriage,
+and bearing up the steps on the south side into the Cathedral.
+It was there met by the Very Rev. the Dean Milman, Archdeacon Hale,
+the Rev. W. Murray and several other prebendaries and minor canons,
+who preceded the body to the crypt, where a vault had been constructed
+not far from the tomb of Wellington, the illustrious chief of
+the noble hero. At that moment the organ began to play the ‘Dead
+March in Saul.’ Followed by the old comrades of the illustrious
+general, the body was conveyed, in the most solemn silence, to the
+tomb, where it was received and lowered into the grave in the presence
+of Colonel Vereker, Mr. J. Picton, and a large number of private
+mourners.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f68'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. Lady de Lancey, a sister of Captain Basil Hall, carefully attended
+her dying husband, Sir William de Lancey, in a peasant’s cottage at
+Waterloo, for seven or eight days after the battle, in which he had been
+severely wounded, and, in fact, was at first returned as killed. In
+“Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” the following account is given by
+the Duke:—“De Lancey was with me when he was struck. We were
+on a point of land that overlooked the plain, and I had just been
+warned by some soldiers, (but as I saw well from it, and as two
+divisions were engaging below, I had said, ‘Never mind,’) when a ball
+came leaping along <i>en richochet</i>, as it is called, and striking him on the
+back, sent him many yards over the head of his horse. He fell on his
+face, and bounded upward and fell again. All the staff dismounted,
+and ran to him; and when I came up he said, ‘Pray tell them to
+leave me, and let me die in peace.’ I had him conveyed into the rear:
+and two days afterwards, when, on my return from Brussels, I saw
+him in a barn, he spoke with such strength that I said, (for I had reported
+him among the killed,) ‘Why, De Lancey, you will have the
+advantage of Sir Condy in Castle Rackrent; you will know what your
+friends said of you after you were dead.’ ‘I hope I shall,’ he replied.
+Poor fellow! We had known each other ever since we were boys.
+But I had no time to be sorry; I went on with the army, and never
+saw him again.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f69'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </p>
+<table class='table1'>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='btt bbt blt c030'></td>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Cav.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Art.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Guns.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022'>Infantry.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>British</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>5843</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>2967</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>78</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>15,181</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>King’s German Legion</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1997</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>526</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>18</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>3,301</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Hanoverians</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>497</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>465</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>10,258</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Brunswickers</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>866</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>510</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>16</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>4,586</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Nassausers</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>2,880</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>Dutch Belgians</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>3205</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1177</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>32</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>13,402</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>12408</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>5645</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>156</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>49,608</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f70'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. The Life Guards and Blues were without cuirasses at Waterloo;
+and the 1st. Foot Guards received the royal authority to be styled
+Grenadier Guards, to commemorate their having been victorious over
+the Imperial Guard.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f71'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. In an interesting paper, entitled “<span class='sc'>Apsley House</span>,” which appeared
+in the “Quarterly Review,” for March, 1853, descriptive of a visit to
+the late Duke’s residence, the writer thus alludes to this medal,—“His
+own Waterloo medal, engraved ‘Arthur, Duke of Wellington,’ and
+much worn by use, with the ring cobbled and mended by himself, is
+indeed a relic.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f72'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. At this period the Fingo tribes placed themselves under the
+protection of the British government; great care was ordered to be
+observed that they should not be taken for the enemy. Their
+warriors were distinguished from the Kaffirs, by carrying shields.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f73'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. At this period the 27th. Foot joined. On the arrival of the
+regiment at Graham’s Town, on the 8th. of September, a provisional
+battalion, consisting of four hundred Hottentots, divided into four
+companies, and officered by colonists, was attached to the corps.
+The 72nd. and 75th. regiments had similar battalions attached to
+them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f74'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. “The conduct of the troops has well maintained the character of
+British soldiers, and the losses sustained by the 2nd. Queen’s Royal
+Regiment, will stand prominent on the Regimental Records of the
+former achievements of this gallant corps.”—<i>Cape General Orders.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f75'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. “At the moment he was hit, he was giving directions to a company
+of his own well-loved corps, which was skirmishing in the bush, and
+the position of which he wished to alter a little. Whilst raising his
+arm to indicate the ground he alluded to, a huge Hottentot stepped
+rapidly from a thick clump close by, and delivered the fatal shot; observing
+with characteristic cunning the irreparable mischief he had
+done, he screeched out, in hellish accents, ‘<i>Johnny, bring stretcher</i>,’
+and, turning on his heel, dived into the clump again before the infuriated
+74th. could wreak their vengeance upon him.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Fordyce lived a quarter of an hour after receiving his death-wound.
+The ball had passed through his abdomen; and, as he was borne away
+in the consciousness of approaching death, he was just able to utter,
+in faint accents, the words—‘<i>Take care of my poor regiment</i>—<span class='sc'>I am
+ready</span>,’ when he passed placidly away.”—<i>United Service Magazine, April,
+1852.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f76'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. The “Birkenhead,” an iron steam transport, sailed from Queenstown
+for the Cape, with drafts of the 12th. Lancers, 2nd., 6th., 12th.,
+43rd., 45th., 60th., 73rd., 74th., and 91st. Regiments; the whole under
+the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Seton of the 74th. Off Simon’s
+Bay, on 26th. February, 1852, she struck on a sunken rock, and shortly
+afterwards sank. Out of six hundred and thirty-eight souls on board,
+only 184 were saved. Colonel Seton and his men exhibited an example of
+the highest coolness and self-possession, and died at their post with the
+courage and resolution of British soldiers. A graceful tribute has been
+paid by the Queen to his memory, and that of the officers, non-commissioned
+officers, and men who perished in the wreck. Her Majesty,
+desirous of recording her admiration of their heroic constancy and unbroken
+discipline, has caused to be placed in the colonnade at Chelsea
+Hospital, a tablet in commemoration of this event. When the ship
+struck, Colonel Seton called all the officers about him, and impressed
+upon them the necessity of preserving order and silence among the
+men, and intimated to the soldiers by his sergeant-major, that he
+would be the last to quit the ship. After placing the women,
+children, and sick, in the over-crowded boats, with his men drawn
+up on the deck, as if standing on parade, they all went down together
+with the wreck; one of the noblest examples of heroism ever
+recorded. As a splendid instance of heroic constancy, the late William
+I., Emperor of Germany, then King of Prussia, ordered the
+glorious story to be read on parade at the head of every regiment in
+his service.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f77'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. The body of Sandilli was found in the bush, and was brought on
+a horse into the British camp. As he lay on the ground wrapped
+in a piece of old sail cloth, the Fingoes marched past, and each shook
+his assagai in the face of the dead chief. He was then interred by
+them in the presence of the troops.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f78'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Some time after, a Zulu chief in speaking of the battle at Isandhlwana,
+said: “The red soldiers killed many of us with their bayonets;
+when they found we were upon them, they turned back to back. They
+all fought till they died, they were hard to kill. Not one tried to
+escape.” Another said: “Ah, those red soldiers, how few they were,
+and how they fought! They fell like stones, each man in his place.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f79'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. “He was last seen with his back to a rock, six Zulus lying dead at
+his feet, his empty revolver in his left hand, a bloody sabre in his right,
+and two assegais quivering in his body.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f80'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. One of the wounded officers was the gallant Major Hackett, V.C.,
+of the 90th. Perthshire Regiment, who led his men into action with a
+pipe in his mouth. He was shot through the head, but recovered with
+the loss of both eyes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f81'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. On the preceding evening, Sir E. Wood paraded his men, and thus
+addressed them, to their great encouragement:—“This is the last
+of the laagering business. The Zulus think we cannot beat them in
+the open, and we are going to try. I have conversed with Oham’s
+men and others who were at Isandlhwana, and they all state that the
+Zulus would never have beaten those companies of the 24th., but that
+they got in rear of them. Now, I want you, to-morrow, to pay
+attention to your officers, as we are going to fight them in square, and
+I have every confidence in you, providing you keep shoulder to shoulder,
+fighting back to back. I cannot promise all will return, but that we
+shall be victors I am sure.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f82'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. This Medal was struck at the Government Mint in Calcutta.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f83'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. The first Jellalabad medal is also very scarce. Since 1842 it has
+been the custom with medals granted for service in India to present
+them to the legal representatives of deceased officers and soldiers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f84'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. A gold Maltese cross, on a larger cross of silver, supported by two
+crossed swords, in the centre, a circle of pearls, worn with a red
+and green ribbon.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f85'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. The 44th. regiment arrived at Jellalabad in January 1841, and was
+moved to Cabool in May following. On the 1st. of October of that year,
+the strength of the regiment in Afghanistan was 25 officers, 35 sergeants,
+14 drummers, and 635 rank and file. The number killed at Cabool,
+and during the retreat, amounted to 22 officers and 543 men; three
+officers, Lieutenant-Colonel Shelton, and Lieutenants Evans and
+Souter, and 51 men were taken prisoners. The officers killed between
+the 10th. of November, 1841, and the 13th. of January, 1842, were
+Lieutenant-Colonel Mackrell, Major Scott, Captain Swayne, McCrea,
+Leighton, and Robinson; Lieutenants Dodgin, Collins, White, Wade,
+Hogg, Cumberland, Raban, Cadett, Swinton, Fortye, and Gray;
+Paymaster Bourke; Quartermaster Halahan; Surgeon Harcourt, and
+Assistant-Surgeons Balfour and Primrose.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Souter, severely wounded, preserved the colours of the
+44th. by tying them round his waist. 102 officers were killed at
+Cabool, and during the retreat.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f86'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. This was the place where the massacre of the British troops
+occurred, and not as too frequently stated, in the <i>Khyber</i> pass, which
+had they been able to reach, being on the Indian side Jellalabad, they
+would have been safe.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f87'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. It is remarkable that the Sikhs, afterwards such formidable opponents
+during the Sutlej and Punjab campaigns, were able supporters
+at this period, and during the recent Indian Mutiny they sustained
+their former character, the Sikh regiments being most valuable allies.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f88'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. One of these officers, Lieutenant Mein, was thus alluded to in
+reference to his conduct, while serving with the army on its retreat
+from Cabool, by Sir Robert Peel, on moving the vote of thanks to the
+army employed in Afghanistan:—“I have said that, in the course of
+this campaign, instances of the most generous devotion, of friendly
+sympathy, and of desperate fidelity, were displayed, which deserve at
+least a passing notice. Lieutenant Eyre says: ‘Lieutenant Sturt (son-in-law
+to Sir Robert and Lady Sale) had nearly cleared the defile, when
+he received his wound, and would have been left on the ground to be
+hacked to pieces by the Ghazees, who followed in the rear to complete
+the work of slaughter, but for the generous intrepidity of Lieutenant
+Mein, of Her Majesty’s 13th. Light Infantry, who, on learning what
+had befallen him, went back to his succour, and stood by him for
+several minutes, at the imminent risk of his own life, vainly entreating
+aid from the passers by. He was, at length, joined by Sergeant
+Deane, of the Sappers, with whose assistance he dragged his friend, on
+a quilt, through the remainder of the Pass, when he succeeded in
+mounting him on a miserable pony, and conducted him in safety to the
+camp, where the unfortunate officer lingered till the following morning,
+and was the only man of the whole force who received Christian burial.
+Lieutenant Mein was himself at this very time suffering from a
+dangerous wound in the head, received in the previous October; and
+his heroic disregard of self, and fidelity to his friend in the hour of
+danger, are well deserving of a record in the annals of British valour
+and virtue; I think, Sir, it is but just that the name of Lieutenant Mein
+should be mentioned with honour in the House of Commons, and I do
+not regret having noticed this circumstance, as it has called forth so
+generous, and general an expression of sympathy and approval.’”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The name and sufferings of Lady Sale will be ever connected with the
+disasters in Afghanistan. Her Journal is one of exciting and absorbing
+interest.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f89'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. A General Order of October, 1842, announced: “To every officer,
+non-commissioned officer, and private present within Kelat-i-Ghilzie,
+and forming part of the garrison during the late investment, will be
+presented a silver medal,” &#38;c. The garrison consisted of 600 of the
+Shah’s army and three companies of the 12th. Bengal Native Infantry.
+No Queen’s regiment took part in the defence, but there were present
+forty European artillery and sixty Sappers and Miners, the whole being
+under the command of Captain John Craigie.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f90'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. On the south face of the fort was a large bastion, close to which
+was an open space which had been converted into a burial ground;
+here the remains of Colonel Dennie, with many other gallant soldiers
+were laid, and the engineer officer in mining the bastion caused the
+whole mass to be thrown by the explosion over the graves, thus leaving
+a lasting and appropriate monument over them, and effectually preventing
+the bodies being disturbed by the Afghans.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f91'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. The shots were fired by two Pathan soldiers in the 29th. to rouse
+their neighbours, the Afghans, at the top of the Pass. A native officer
+detected them at the time by smelling the barrels of their rifles, but,
+to screen his co-religionists, kept his knowledge to himself, and made
+no report to his superior of the matter. The traitors were subsequently
+discovered and tried by court-martial; one was condemned to death
+and hanged, and the other imprisoned for two years with hard labour.
+The native lieutenant was also sentenced to transportation for seven
+years.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f92'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. Among the guns captured were seventeen Armstrongs, and an old
+brass Dutch piece, with the date 1625. How it got to Cabul is a
+mystery.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f93'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. The Rev. J. W. Adams, Chaplain to the Force, who had accompanied
+the troopers, gained the Victoria Cross for rescuing some men
+of the 9th. Lancers, who had fallen into a deep ditch, he being all the
+time under a heavy fire, and up to his waist in water. Haying dismounted
+in order to give more effectual assistance, he made his escape
+on foot, when the Afghans were within a few yards of him.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f94'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. In this charge, Major White shouted to his men: “Just one charge
+more to settle the business.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f95'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. The first design for this medal showed the Chinese Plenipotentiaries
+signing the treaty, and on the cloth of the table was an embroidered
+pattern representing the British Lion trampling on the Chinese dragon.
+So much was this part of the design approved of, that it was adopted
+for the reverse, instead of the whole, with the motto as above, and
+“Nankin, 1842,” underneath; but the present medal was ultimately
+struck, the first being deemed offensive to the feelings of the conquered
+people.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f96'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. There was but one medal for the second Chinese war, <i>issued with
+five clasps</i>, to a Royal Marine artilleryman. When first issued, the ribbon
+of the medal was blue, yellow, red, white and green, in stripes,
+but afterwards changed to crimson and yellow.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f97'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. “The grenadier company of H. M. 55th. Foot, and two companies
+of the 6th. regiment of M. N. I., with the Sappers carrying the ladders,
+under the command of Brevet-Major Maclean, 55th. Foot, advanced
+against the north-east angle. The Sappers, commanded by Lieutenant
+Johnstone, with the greatest steadiness and gallantry reared their
+ladders against the wall, and in a few minutes the grenadiers of the
+55th. had mounted, and dividing into two parties, proceeded to clear
+the ramparts, one party turning to the right, under Brevet-Major
+Maclean, and another to the left, under Lieutenant Cuddy, 55th.”—<i>Major-General
+Schoedde’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f98'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. The 59th. regiment, Royal Sappers and Miners, first landed, then
+the French Naval Brigade, followed by that of the Royal Marines, and
+later in the day by the British Naval Brigade. The numbers amounted
+to five thousand six hundred and seventy-nine, namely, eight hundred
+troops; Royal Marines, two thousand one hundred; Naval Brigade,
+one thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine; and French Naval
+Brigade, nine hundred and fifty. The <i>mot d’ordre</i>, or parole, throughout
+the operations was “France and England.” Shortly after the
+landing, Lieutenant Hacket, of the 59th., aide-de-camp to Colonel
+Graham, whilst carrying an order, was surprised by a party of Chinese,
+who inhumanly beheaded him, and then made off. Two of them were
+shot, and a third was afterwards hanged.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f99'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. Yeh was captured while endeavouring to escape, by a party of blue
+jackets, under the command of Captain Key, who took the Commissioner
+with his own hand. He was eventually sent as a prisoner to
+Calcutta, where he died in the month of April following.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f100'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. The loss in this brilliant affair was trifling, 21 English being
+killed and wounded, and 67 on the side of the French, principally
+through the explosion of a magazine in one of the forts after its
+capture.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f101'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. The storming party consisted of a wing of the 44th., under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Mahon, and one of the 67th., under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Thomas, supported by the other wings of those two
+regiments and the Royal Marines, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gascoigne.
+A detachment of the latter, under Lieutenant-Colonel Travers, carried
+a pontoon bridge for crossing the wet ditches, and Major Graham, of
+the Royal Engineers, conducted the assault. The whole were commanded
+by Brigadier Reeves; who, although severely wounded in
+three places, did not quit the field until he had conducted his men into
+the fort.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f102'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. Mr. Parkes and all his companions, with Mr. Loch and Captain
+Brabazon, were made prisoners; the whole number being twenty-six
+British, and twelve French subjects. Twenty of them died from the
+horrible treatment of the Chinese. The remains of Lieutenant Anderson,
+Messrs. de Norman, and Bowlby were subsequently delivered up by
+their captors, or rather murderers, and were publicly and solemnly
+interred in the Russian cemetery, within the walls of Pekin.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f103'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. The late Lord Herbert, in his first speech in the House of Lords,
+in moving the vote of thanks to the Forces in China, alluded to this
+service:—“The Tartar cavalry had posted themselves upon an eminence,
+which had a sudden fall at the foot of it, and in the deepest part they
+had made a ditch. They evidently thought our cavalry could not pass
+this ditch, and that they should be able to pick off our men as they
+came up with the greatest ease with their matchlocks. The spot has
+been described to me by an eye-witness as what would be called, in
+hunting phraseology, “a very ugly place,” one which very many
+would have looked at twice, and which very few would have gone
+at. The probability is that the majority of the field would have gone
+round, and attained their object in some other way. The 1st. Dragoon
+Guards however rode at it, and so successfully, that they cleared the
+place without more than one or two of the men getting out of the
+ranks. This struck dismay into the Tartars, who had no conception
+such a feat was possible, and they instantly scattered themselves all
+over the plain. A Chinese force afterwards attempted to clear the
+place, as our men had, but they utterly failed, and fell back into the
+ditch. It is said to have been singular to witness the great respect the
+enemy always paid to our cavalry, whether regulars or irregulars, but
+the alarm depicted in their countenances, and their sudden change of
+tactics whenever our Dragoon Guards afterwards came into the field,
+was something remarkable.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f104'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. As a lesson to the Emperor and his officials, and as a punishment
+for their perfidy and cruelty towards these unfortunate gentlemen, the
+summer residence of the Emperor, called Yuen-ming-yuen, which extended
+for six or seven miles, was plundered and burnt. Some idea
+of its extent may be given in the fact that it took two days to set fire
+to and destroy all the buildings. The grounds were more than ten miles
+in diameter, and the palace consisted of thirty distinct residences with
+appendages.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Corps employed against Canton, in 1857, and the Taku Forts and
+Pekin, in 1860. Those present at Canton, Taku Forts, Pekin, (as
+shewn by the figure 1,) have been authorised to bear the names of
+these places on their regimental colours; the 60th., being Rifles, have
+them on their appointments. The Artillery, Engineers, and Marines
+have a general motto, and do not receive such distinctions:—</p>
+
+<table class='table1'>
+  <tr>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'><span class='fss'>CORPS.</span></th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Canton.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Taku Forts.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Pekin.</th>
+ <td class='btt bbt blt brt c030'></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Royal Artillery<a id='r105'></a><a href='#f105' class='c013'><sup>[105]</sup></a></td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Madras Artillery</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Companies.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Royal Engineers<a id='r106'></a><a href='#f106' class='c013'><sup>[106]</sup></a></td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Madras Engineers</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Companies.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>1st. King’s Dragoon Guards</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Squadrons.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>1st. Sikh Irregular Cavalry, now 11th. Bengal Cavalry</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>Head-quarters.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Fane’s Horse, now 19th. Bengal Cavalry</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>1st. Battalion Military Train</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>1st. (Royal) Regt., 2nd. batt.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>2nd. (Queen’s) Regt., 1st. batt.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>3rd. (Buffs) Regt., 1st. batt.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>31st. Regiment</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>44th.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>59th.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>60th. „ 2nd. batt.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>67th.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>99th.       „</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Royal Marines<a id='r107'></a><a href='#f107' class='c013'><sup>[107]</sup></a></td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>8th. Punjaub Infantry, now 20th.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c030'>Head-quarters.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>15th. „ now 22nd.</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>38th. Madras Native Infantry<a id='r108'></a><a href='#f108' class='c013'><sup>[108]</sup></a></td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>&#160;</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c030'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f105'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. Three batteries at Canton, nine at Taku Forts, five at Pekin.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f106'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. Half a Company at Canton, two and a half companies at Taku
+and Pekin.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f107'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. Three Battalions at Canton, one at Taku Forts.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f108'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. Detachment of two officers and forty men; being so small a
+portion of the corps, the word “Canton” was not authorised for the
+regiment.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f109'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. The only Queen’s regiment at Meeanee was the 22nd., and the following
+extracts from the despatch of Major-General Sir Charles Napier
+testify the part borne by it in this victory:—“Lieutenant-Colonel
+Pennefather was severely wounded, as, with the high courage of a
+soldier, he led his regiment up the desperate bank of the Fulailee.
+Major Wyllie, Captains Tucker and Conway, Lieutenants Harding
+and Phayre, were all wounded while gloriously animating their men to
+sustain the shock of numbers. Captains Meade, Tew, and Cookson,
+with Lieutenant Wood, all fell honourably, urging on the assault with
+unmitigated valour. Major Poole, of the 22nd., and Captain Jackson,
+of the 25th. Native Infantry, who succeeded to the command of those
+regiments, proved themselves worthy of their dangerous posts. The
+Acting Assistant Quartermaster-General, Lieutenant McMurdo, of the
+22nd. regiment, had his horse killed, and, while on foot leading some
+soldiers in a desperate dash down the enemy’s side of the bank, he cut
+down a chieftain. He has greatly assisted me by his activity and zeal
+during the whole of our operations. Innumerable are the individual
+acts of intrepidity which took place between our soldiers and their
+opponents, too numerous for detail in this despatch, yet well meriting
+a record.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f110'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. Major Poole, commanding the 22nd. regiment, in consequence of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather having been severely wounded, stated
+in his report, respecting the soldiers of the regiment under his command,
+who had distinguished themselves in the battle of Meeanee,
+“that the officers generally assert that they feel difficulty in making
+selections, where the conduct of every man of their companies was so
+satisfactory. In so general a field of action and persevering exertion,
+I equally feel at a loss where to draw a distinction; but it may be
+proper to mention the names of Private James O’Neill, of the light
+company, who took a standard whilst we were actively engaged with
+the enemy, and Drummer Martin Delaney; the latter shot, bayoneted,
+and captured the arms of Meer Whullee Mahomed Khan, who was
+mounted, and directing the enemy in the hottest part of the engagement.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f111'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. The words “Meeanee,” “Hyderabad,” and “Scinde,” were authorised
+to be borne on the colours of the 22nd. regiment.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f112'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. In the pursuit of Meer Shere Mahomed, the following men of the
+22nd., concealing their wounds received in the battle of Hyderabad,
+marched with their regiment the next day, thinking another action was
+at hand:—Sergeant Haney, John Durr, John Muldowney, Robert
+Young, Henry Lines, Patrick Gill, James Andrews, Thomas Middleton,
+James Mulvey, and Silvester Day.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f113'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. Brigadier Stopford, C.B., of the 64th., who was killed on the 9th.
+of December, 1856, at the attack on Reshire, in Persia, commanded
+the 40th. at Maharajpoor, and fell whilst leading on his regiment,
+dangerously wounded, at the very muzzles of the enemy’s guns. For
+this service he was made Lieutenant-Colonel and a C.B. He lay for a
+considerable time wounded on the field, among the dying and the dead,
+men and horses, and might have fallen a victim to his own generosity.
+When his dooly or stretcher was sent for him from the rear, and he
+perceived Major-General Churchill lying near him mortally wounded,
+with both legs carried away by a cannon ball, like another Sidney, he
+said, “Oh! General you are worse than I am, you’ll bleed to death,
+you must go on this dooly.” Colonel Stopford was at last carried to
+the rear, and was only in time to bid farewell to the general who died
+immediately afterwards.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f114'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. The total casualties, including the Native corps, exceeded a thousand
+killed and wounded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f115'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. The British army consisted of 5,674 Europeans and 12,053 natives,
+with sixty-five guns.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f116'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. “Near the middle of it, one of their heavy guns was advanced, and
+played with deadly effect upon our troops. Lieutenant-General Sir
+Henry Hardinge immediately formed Her Majesty’s 80th. Foot and
+the 1st. European Light Infantry. They were led to the attack by
+their commanding officers, and animated in their exertions by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robert Blucher Wood (Aide-de-Camp to the Lieutenant-General),
+who was wounded in the outset, the 80th. captured the gun,
+and the enemy dismayed by this counter-check, did not venture to
+press on further.”—<i>General Sir Hugh Gough’s Despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f117'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. A vivid picture of this sanguinary struggle was given by the late
+Viscount Hardinge, in a letter to a member of his family, which was
+quoted by Sir Robert Peel, when the vote of thanks to the army was
+proposed in Parliament. “It was the most extraordinary of my life.
+I bivouacked with the men, without food or covering, and our nights
+are bitter cold. A burning camp in our front, our brave fellows lying
+down under a heavy cannonade which continued during the whole
+night, mixed with the wild cries of the Sikhs, our English hurrah, the
+tramp of men, and the groans of the dying. In this state, with a handful
+of men, who had carried the batteries the night before, I remained
+till morning, taking very short intervals of rest by lying down with
+various regiments in succession, to ascertain their temper and revive
+their spirits. I found myself again with my old friends of the 29th.,
+31st., 50th., and 9th., and all in good heart. My answer to all and
+every man was, that we must fight it out, attack the enemy vigorously
+at daybreak, beat him, or die honourably in the field. The gallant old
+General, kind-hearted and heroically brave, entirely coincided with
+me. During the night I occasionally called upon our brave English
+soldiers to punish the Sikhs when they came too close, and were imprudent;
+and when morning broke we went at it in true English style.
+Gough was on the right. I placed myself, and dear little Arthur by
+my side, in the centre, about thirty yards in front of the men, to prevent
+their firing, and we drove the enemy without a halt from one
+extremity of their camp to the other, capturing thirty or forty guns as
+we went along, which fired at twenty paces from us, and were served
+obstinately. The brave men drew up in an excellent line, and cheered
+Gough and myself as we rode up the line, the regimental colours
+lowering to me as on parade. The mournful part is the heavy loss I
+have sustained in my officers. I have had ten aides-de-camp <i><span lang="fr">hors de combat</span></i>,
+five killed and five wounded. The fire of grape was very heavy
+from 100 pieces of cannon. The Sikh army was drilled by French
+officers, and the men the most warlike in India.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f118'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. “The Governor-General’s thanks are due to all the infantry regiments
+of Her Majesty, and to the 1st. European Light Infantry of the
+East India Company’s service, all of which regiments distinguished
+themselves by the most devoted courage in braving the destructive fire
+of the enemy’s batteries, and valiantly capturing their guns. The
+Governor-General offers his thanks more especially to Her Majesty’s
+3rd. Dragoons, who on all these occasions, sought opportunities of
+useful conflict with the enemy, and fought with that superiority over
+their opponents which skill and discipline impart to brave and determined
+men.”—<i>General Orders by the Right Honourable the Governor-General.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f119'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. Shortly after the storming of the village of Aliwal, an European
+officer in the Sikh service was given in charge to the 31st. regiment,
+having surrendered himself as a prisoner to an officer of one of the
+cavalry regiments in the Company’s service. He said his servant had
+galloped off with his charger, and, being rather stout, preferred giving
+himself up to the chance of running away; his name was John Potter,
+a native of Maidstone, in Kent; he had deserted from the Company’s
+artillery twenty years before, and was now a Colonel of artillery in the
+Sikh service, having a native wife and family at Lahore. The
+Governor-General afterwards permitted him to hold an appointment
+in the Sikh service.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f120'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. A most gallant act was performed by Sergeant Bernard McCabe, of
+the 31st. Foot. Lieutenant Tritton, bearing the Queen’s colour, was
+shot through the head, and Ensign Jones, who carried the regimental
+one, was nearly at the same time mortally wounded. The regimental
+colour falling to the ground, was seized by Sergeant McCabe, who
+rushing forward, crossed the ditch, and planted it on the highest point
+of the enemy’s fortifications, maintaining his position under a most
+tremendous fire, the colour being completely riddled with shot. The
+men, cheering, scrambled into the works as best they could, and drove
+the enemy into the river, Lieutenant Noel bearing the Queen’s colour,
+the staff of which shivered in his hand. Sergeant McCabe was
+appointed to an ensigncy in the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, on the
+recommendation of the late General Sir Harry Smith, who pronounced
+this deed to be one of the most daring he ever witnessed, and which he
+considered tended much to shorten the struggle. Captain McCabe, of
+the 32nd., to which regiment he was afterwards promoted, died of
+wounds, received while leading his fourth sortie, at Lucknow, on the
+1st. of October, 1857.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f121'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. Guns mounted upon camels, and carrying shot about one pound
+in weight.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f122'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. “Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell has established a claim on
+this day to the rare commendation of having achieved much with a
+cavalry force, where the duty to be done consisted entirely of an attack
+on field works, usually supposed to be the particular province of
+infantry and artillery. His vigilance and activity throughout our
+operations, and the superior manner in which our outposts duties have
+been carried on under his superintendence demand my warmest
+acknowledgements.”—<i>General Sir Hugh Gough’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f123'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. A superb gold medal, designed by William Wyon, Esq., was
+presented to this officer by the Honourable East India Company. The
+obverse bears the head of the Queen, superscribed <span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>,
+and on the reverse are Victory and Valour crowning the arms of Major
+Edwardes; these figures are resting on the lotus flower, and beneath is
+the infant Hercules strangling the serpents, in allusion to the youth
+of the hero; within the border thus formed is the following
+inscription:—<span class='sc'>From the East India Company to Lieutt. and Brevt.-Major
+H. B. Edwardes, C.B., for his services in the Punjab</span>, A.D.
+MDCCCXLVIII.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f124'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. Brevet-Major Edwardes, C.B., in his despatch to Major-General
+Whish giving such details of the action of the 7th. of November as
+concerned the Irregular Auxiliary Force under his command, and
+Lieutenant Lake, stated:—“I regret to say that the head of the
+British line reached the east side of the nullah as our Irregulars arrived
+at the passage in the canal, which connected the entrenchments on the
+east and west, and a party of Sheikh Emamoodeen’s Rohillas, disregarding
+the heat of the action the orders they had received to keep
+on their own side of the nullah, crossed over and had captured a gun
+on the eastern bank, when they were mistaken by the Sepoys for
+Moolraj’s troops, and two were shot down before the error could be
+explained.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“I deem it my duty to bring to your notice the noble conduct of a
+private of Her Majesty’s 32nd. Foot, who at this juncture, perceiving
+what was going on, leaped down the canal, and putting himself in
+front of my Pathans, faced the British troops, and waved his shako on
+the end of his bayonet as the signal to cease firing. Thus many
+friendly lives were saved. The name of this brave man is Howell.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f125'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. During this siege, the first Naval Brigade was organised. It consisted
+of about one hundred men from Captain Powell’s steamers of
+the Indus flotilla, who worked a battery of eighteen-pounders, in the
+most effective manner.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f126'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. The Sikhs “were magnificently placed, on a low hill surrounded
+by a thick jungle, equalling the British in number of guns, and more
+than doubling them in troops.”—<i>Letter from Officer engaged in the battle.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f127'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. When Brigadier Pennycuick fell mortally wounded, a Sikh was
+mangling the body; on seeing which his son rushed forward, dealt an
+avenging blow, and across his father’s corpse endeavoured to protect the
+remains; but it was in vain, and the heroic youth fell overpowered by
+numbers.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Another father and son met a like fate in this campaign. Colonel
+Cureton was killed at Ramnuggur, and his son, Lieutenant A. J.
+Cureton, of the 14th. Light Dragoons, fell at Chilianwala.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f128'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. The loss of the 24th., which advanced on the Sikh guns with unloaded
+muskets, and blown by the run, was fearful; it was the central
+regiment of the fifth brigade, under Brigadier Pennycuick, which
+formed the right brigade of the third division, under Brigadier-General
+Colin Campbell. Lieutenants-Colonels Brookes and Pennycuick,
+C.B., Major Harris, Captains Lee, Travers, Harris, and Shore, Lieutenants
+George Phillips, Payne, Woodgate, and Ensigns William
+Phillips, Collis, and Pennycuick were killed; Major Paynter, Captains
+Brown and Bazalgette, Lieutenants Williams, Croker, Berry,
+Thelwall, and Hartshorn (Adjutant), Macpherson, and Archer (96th.
+Foot,) were wounded. Of the men the casualties were returned as
+four hundred and ninety-seven killed or wounded; two hundred and
+twenty-seven of these were killed in action, and nine subsequently
+died of their wounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f129'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. “This division nobly maintained the character of the Indian Army,
+taking and spiking the whole of the enemy’s guns in their front, and
+dispersing the Sikhs wherever they were seen.”—<i>Lord Gough’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f130'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. Forty guns, twelve of which were brought into the British camp.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f131'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. Thirty-eight officers and five hundred and sixty-four men killed,
+ninety-four officers and one thousand five hundred and fifty-seven men
+wounded, and one hundred and four missing.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f132'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. Lieutenant Philpotts having been some time on the station was well
+known and respected by Heke and the natives. At the head of his
+men, while endeavouring to hew down the palisades with an axe, the
+defenders called to him by name, and told him to go away, or they
+should shoot him. This he disregarded and fell. His body being left
+in possession of the Maories, was by them cooked and partly eaten.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f133'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. The loss would have been greater but for the noble conduct of
+Allen, the bugler of the detachment, a mere lad: who when struck on
+the right arm by a tomahawk in the act of sounding the alarm, seized
+the bugle with his left, and gave a blast which effectually roused his
+sleeping comrades, when another stroke laid him dead on the ground.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f134'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. The soldiers blamed the sailors for the miscarriage of this affair,
+who retaliated by making a similar charge against the military. The
+day was closing when the assault took place, and it appears that when
+the party led by Commander Hay got into the interior of the “pa,”
+nothing could at first be seen but a few wounded Maories lying about,
+and concluding the place to be abandoned, some of the men began
+straggling in search of plunder. The enemy, who had lain concealed
+and secure from the bombardment, in holes dug out of the earth
+covered with turf and brushwood, suddenly rose up on all sides,
+and poured in such close and withering volleys that the stormers seeing
+their officers all shot down, were seized with a panic, and discipline was
+at an end.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f135'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. General Cameron wrote in his despatch “The 43rd Regiment: the
+Service have sustained a serious loss in the death of Lieut.-Colonel
+Booth, which took place on the night after the attack. I have already
+mentioned the brilliant example shown by the officers in the assault;
+and when I met him on the following morning as he was being carried
+out of the work, his first words were an expression of regret that
+he had found it impossible to carry out my orders.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f136'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. Corporal J. Byrne, V.C., of the 68th., when the order to charge
+was given, was the first man of his company into the rifle-pits; a
+Maori, whom he ran through with his bayonet, seized his rifle with
+one hand, and holding it firm, with the bayonet through his body,
+tried to cut down the corporal with his tomahawk, but his life was
+saved by Sergeant Murray, who for his distinguished bravery on
+the occasion was awarded the Victoria Cross. Sergeant Murray
+charged a rifle-pit containing from eight to ten of the enemy, and,
+single-handed, killed or wounded every one of them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f137'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. So numerous were these expeditions, that no less than <i>fifteen</i> occurred
+between the years 1849 and 1855 inclusive.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f138'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. 18th., eight hundred and fifty men; 51st., nine hundred; 80th.,
+four hundred and sixty; Artillery, five companies, five hundred and
+seventeen; Native Infantry, three regiments, two thousand eight
+hundred; Gun Lascars, seventy; Sappers and Miners, one hundred
+and seventy; in all five thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven men.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f139'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. Captain John Augustus Wood, of the 20th. Bombay Native Infantry,
+gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on the 9th. of
+December. On that day he led the grenadier company, which formed
+the head of the assaulting column. He was the first man on the parapet
+of the fort, where he was instantly attacked by a large number of
+the garrison, who suddenly sprang on him from a trench cut in the
+parapet itself. These men fired a volley at Captain Wood and the head
+of the storming party, when only a yard or two distant; although
+struck by no less than seven musket-balls, he at once threw himself
+upon the enemy, passed his sword through the body of their leader,
+and, being closely followed by the men of his company, speedily overcame
+all opposition, and established himself in the place. His wounds
+compelled him to leave the force for a time; but with the true spirit of
+a good soldier, he rejoined his regiment, and returned to his duty at
+Bushire before the wounds were properly healed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f140'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. Lieutenants Arthur Thomas Moore (Adjutant), and John Grant
+Malcolmson, of the 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry, here gained the Victoria
+Cross. On the occasion of an attack on the enemy on the 8th. of
+February, 1857, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes, C.B., Lieutenant
+Moore, the Adjutant of the Regiment, was, perhaps, the first of all by
+a horse’s length. His horse leaped into the square, and instantly fell
+dead, crushing down his rider, and breaking his sword as he fell among
+the broken ranks of the enemy. Lieutenant Moore speedily extricated
+himself, and attempted with his broken sword to force his way through
+the press; but he would have assuredly lost his life had not Lieutenant
+Malcolmson, observing his peril, fought his way to his dismounted
+comrade through a crowd of enemies, and, giving him his stirrup,
+safely carried him through everything out of the throng.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f141'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. “To Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, and to his brave companions
+in arms, the Governor-General in Council desires to offer an
+early assurance of the warm approbation and thanks which they have
+so well merited. These are especially due to Major-General Stalker,
+C.B., and to Colonel Lugard, C.B., chief of the staff, who are described
+by Sir James Outram as having guided the troops to victory in the
+time—most happily not of long continuance—during which he was
+disabled by a severe fall from his horse.”—<i>Fort William, March 12th, 1857.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>Major-General Stalker and Commodore Ethersey both destroyed
+themselves at Bushire, while labouring under mental aberration; the
+former on the 14th. of March, 1857, and the latter three days afterwards.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f142'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. Sir Charles Napier, in a General Order of February 16th., 1850,
+thus speaks of these operations. “The fighting and labour fell on
+those who had to scale precipices to secure the camp, and when marching
+to protect the front, flank, and rear of the column while passing
+through a dangerous defile, thirteen miles in length, under a constant
+fire of matchlock men. It is said that in making this march Runject
+Singh lost 1,000 men. The Commander-in-Chief does not know
+whether this story is correct or not, but Brigadier Sir Colin Campbell
+has not lost twenty, nor was there one bit of baggage taken by our
+enemies, though they are renowned for being the most daring and
+dexterous plunderers in the world.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f143'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. The Afridis are divided into eight principal Khails, or tribes,
+which are nearly always at war with each other. Each tribe has
+a debtor and credit account with its neighbour, life for life, and
+consider revenge the strongest of all obligations, but among them
+hospitality is the first of virtues.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f144'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. In 1858, a force under Sir Sidney Cotton was despatched to
+Sittana, on the Eusufyze border, against a body of Hindostanee
+Wahabee fanatics, who had committed depredations on British villages.
+The 81st. and 98th. Regiments were the only British troops employed
+in this expedition, which was successful.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f145'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. “An officer seeing a stir upon the hill side amongst the European
+troops sent out to the scene of an action fought two days before, and
+a large group assembled about some object on the ground, ascended a
+rock above them to learn the cause. A curious sight presented itself.
+In the centre lay the mutilated body of a slain comrade, and at its head
+stood a non-commissioned officer with a Testament in his hand. Man
+after man came up, and to each was administered a solemn oath that
+from that day they would neither save nor spare, but pay that debt
+to the uttermost. That oath was afterwards well kept.”—<i>Fosbery’s
+Umbeyla Campaign.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f146'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. The Umbeyla expedition was scarcely ended, when the Mohmund
+tribe made a raid into British territory at Shubkuddur, and killed an
+officer of the Irregular Cavalry who opposed them. To punish the
+tribe, the Doab Field Force was formed under Colonel Macdonnel, who
+encountered and severely defeated the Mohmunds near Shubkuddur,
+January 2nd., 1864. The European troops engaged in this affair were
+three troops of the 7th. Hussars, and 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade;
+who, twelve years afterwards, were given the Indian Medal, with the
+“North West Frontier” clasp.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f147'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. Two guns and a number of wounded were abandoned during the
+retreat, the men of the 43rd. Bengal Infantry refusing to carry them;
+but to the honour of the Bhootan General, Tongso Punlow, he treated
+all the wounded very kindly, fed them, and sent them to the British
+camp, each man with a small present.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f148'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r148'>148</a>. In one of their raids the Looshais carried off an English girl from a
+plantation, which was one cause of the expedition being organised
+against them. At the end of war the girl was given up by the Looshai
+chiefs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f149'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r149'>149</a>. The following is a portion of the farewell order issued by General
+Bourchier, on the breaking up of the force:—“From the beginning of
+November to the present time, every man has been employed in hard
+work, cheerfully performed, often under the most trying circumstances
+of heat and frost—always bivouacking on the mountain side, in rude
+huts of grass or leaves; officers and men sharing the same accommodation,
+marching day by day over precipitous mountains,—and having
+made a road fit for elephants from Luckipur to Chipoune, a distance of
+103 miles. The spirits of the troops never flagged; and when they
+met the enemy, they drove them from their stockades and strongholds,
+until they were glad to sue for mercy.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f150'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r150'>150</a>. Three Naval Brigades were employed in these expeditions. One,
+under Captains Butler and Singleton, co-operated with General Colborne
+on the Perak river; another, under Commander Garforth,
+comprising officers and men of the “Philomel,” “Modeste,” and
+“Ringdove,” co-operated with the column under Brigadier-General
+Ross; and a third, under Commander Stirling, was engaged on the
+Perak and Lakut rivers. The brigade under Captain Butler, was for
+one month without vegetables or bread, and lived on tinned meats,
+varied occasionally by the flesh of a wild buffalo. During the ten days
+advance to Kinta, the men frequently marched through stagnant water
+waist-deep, under torrents of rain, and slept in the open-air without
+cover of any kind. The officers and crews of H.M.S. “Egeria,” “Charybdis,”
+and “Hart” also took part in the operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f151'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r151'>151</a>. A Naval Brigade, under Captain Clutterbuck, captured a Burmese
+position at Mayangyan on November 23rd.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f152'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r152'>152</a>. By a General Order issued January 3rd., 1888, the Indian Medal of
+1854, with a clasp inscribed “Burma, 1885–87” was granted “to the
+troops engaged in the operations between November 14th., 1885, and
+April 30th., 1887.” A bronze medal and clasp, of a similar pattern was
+given to all recognised Government followers who accompanied the
+troops so engaged. Another Order of December 3rd., 1889, notifies—“the
+Queen’s command, that the grant of the Indian Medal of 1854,
+with a clasp inscribed “Burma, 1887–89,” shall be extended to all
+troops engaged in the military operations in Upper Burma, and to those
+actually engaged in Lower Burma, between the 1st. of May, 1887, and
+the 31st. of March, 1889. A medal and clasp of similar pattern, but in
+bronze, is to be issued to all authorised Government followers, who
+accompanied the troops. Officers and men who already possess the
+Indian medal, including those wearing the clasp “Burma, 1885–87,”
+will receive the clasp only.” The medal was struck in England, but
+the clasp was made in Calcutta. The names of the recipients and their
+regiments are engraved on the edge of the medal.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f153'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r153'>153</a>. The European regiments engaged in this expedition were the
+1st. Battalions of the 6th. and 19th. Foot, who received the Indian
+Medal, with the “North West Frontier” clasp.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f154'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r154'>154</a>. A parallel circumstance is found in the campaigns in Spain, during
+the reign of Queen Anne. The day before the battle of Saragossa,
+which was fought on the 20th. August, 1710, several men who were
+so pressed with hunger and thirst as to venture to gather grapes
+in a vineyard situated between the two armies, were shot by the
+enemy’s outposts.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f155'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r155'>155</a>. As an instance of this, the following circumstance has been narrated
+to the author by an officer, who, on following the second division
+up the heights after the battle, found a poor fellow that had escaped
+untouched by the enemy’s fire, dying of cholera. He offered the man
+a drop of brandy, who refused it, saying, “It’s too late, sir, there is no
+use wasting it on me.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f156'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r156'>156</a>. This officer also behaved with great gallantry at the assault on the
+Redan, 8th. September, 1855, where he was shot through both thighs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f157'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r157'>157</a>. For this and other interesting information the author is indebted
+to Colonel Lysons, C.B., who served throughout the Crimean Campaign,
+and is now employed as Assistant Adjutant-General upon the
+Staff of Lieutenant-General Sir James Frederick Love, K.C.B.,
+Inspector General of Infantry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f158'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r158'>158</a>. It cannot be too generally known that there is an excellent model
+of the Siege of Sebastopol deposited in the Museum of the United
+Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, which forms a worthy companion
+to that of the Battle of Waterloo, by Captain Siborne, also to be seen
+there. The Sebastopol model owes its origin to the following circumstances:—While
+the war in the Crimea was still being carried on,
+His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, as a mark of the continued
+interest he has always taken in the above Institution, presented to its
+Museum, in November, 1855, a model of the Siege of Sebastopol,
+based upon the best information that could at that time be procured
+in England. His Royal Highness, on presenting it, made a stipulation
+that the council would take steps to mark (in colour or otherwise),
+the exact position of the attacks of the allies, and of the Russian
+defences at the time of the capture of the place.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The council lost no time in inviting some officers who had lately
+returned from the Crimea, to undertake the completion of the model,
+according to His Royal Highness’s wishes; difficulties, however,
+presented themselves in endeavouring to carry this out in a satisfactory
+manner, which it was found impossible to overcome. In the
+meantime, at the expiration of the war in 1856, the officers of the
+Royal Engineers and of the Quartermaster-General’s department
+had completed their official surveys of the country, and, with His
+Royal Highness’s concurrence, it was resolved to construct a new
+model, based upon the latest and most accurate information. Colonel
+F. W. Hamilton, C.B., of the Grenadier Guards, who was wounded at
+the Battle of Inkermann, undertook the execution, the officers of the
+Army and Navy being invited to subscribe to a fund for defraying
+the necessary expenses, the Prince Consort heading the list with a
+donation of £50. The model is constructed to a horizontal scale
+of eleven inches to one mile, or one inch to four hundred and eighty
+feet. A succinct but valuable description of the model by Colonel
+Hamilton has been printed, from which the above particulars have
+been extracted.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f159'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r159'>159</a>. All inventions and resources were pressed into service during
+the war: photography lent its aid; a telegraph and a railroad were
+ultimately constructed; and Soyer made his culinary campaign; but
+from the first the leading public journals had their representatives in
+the field. The letters of Mr. W. H. Russell, the special correspondent
+of “The Times,” were eagerly read by all, and the above has been extracted
+from that gentleman’s work, “The British Expedition to the
+Crimea.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f160'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r160'>160</a>. “The English cavalry, commanded by Lord Cardigan, had attacked
+our brigade of hussars (6th. Cavalry Division), with extraordinary impetuosity,
+but being themselves assailed in flank by four squadrons of
+our combined regiment of Lancers, they were thrown back, while the
+artillery of the 12th. and 16th. divisions fired after them with canister,
+and the Lancers with their carbines.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The English cavalry, while charging our hussars, succeeded in
+penetrating to the battery of Don Cossacks, No. 3, and cut down some
+of its gunners.”—<i>Extract from Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, dated 25th.
+October, 1854.</i></p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“The enemy’s attack was most pertinacious; he charged our cavalry
+in spite of the grape fired with great precision from six guns of the light
+battery, No. 7, in spite of the fire of the skirmishers of the regiment
+“Odessa,” and of a company of the fourth battalion of “Tirailleurs,”
+that stood on the right wing, and even unheeding the artillery of
+General Yabokritski.”—<i>General Liprandi’s report to Prince Menschikoff,
+26th. October, 1854.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f161'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r161'>161</a>. In the “Curiosities of War,” are shown the numerous battles
+which have been fought on Sundays, especially on Palm, Easter, and
+Whit Sundays. From the Wars of the Roses to the time of Wellington,
+Sunday has been memorable in English military annals. It is a stern
+necessity, that offers so strong a contrast to the prayer which then
+is ascending from ivied village church or stately city fane, to preserve
+us “from battle and murder, and from sudden death.” The Peninsular
+War was fruitful in Sunday fighting, and the following instances
+in that and more recent campaigns are here inserted, as being intimately
+connected with the “Medals of the British Army.”—The
+second battle in Portugal, that of Vimiera, was fought on Sunday,
+21st. August, 1808. The battle of Fuentes d’Onor was gained on
+Sunday, the 5th. of May, 1811. On Sunday evening, 10th. January,
+1812, Lord Wellington issued the brief and determined order, that
+“Ciudad Rodrigo must be carried by assault this evening, at seven
+o’clock.” The battle of Orthes was fought on Sunday, the 27th. of
+February, 1814, and that of Toulouse—the last general action of the
+Peninsular War—occurred on Easter Sunday, the 10th. of April
+following. The Battle of Waterloo was also decided on Sunday, the
+18th. of June, 1815. The second Burmese War afforded two examples:—Easter
+Sunday the 11th. April, 1852, the attack on the
+lines of defence at Rangoon; and the attack and capture of Pegu,
+on Sunday, the 21st. of November, 1852. The victory of Inkermann,
+as above narrated, was achieved on Sunday, the 5th. of November,
+1854. And it was on Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, that the terrible
+Indian Mutiny broke out at Meerut.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f162'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r162'>162</a>. “Every bush hid a dead man, and in some places small groups
+lay heaped. In a spot which might have been covered by a common
+bell-tent, I saw lying four Englishmen and seven Russians. All the
+field was strewn; but the space in front of the two-gun battery,
+where the Guards fought, bore terrible pre-eminence in slaughter.
+The sides of the hill, up to and around the battery, were literally
+heaped with bodies. It was painful to see the noble Guardsmen, with
+their large forms and fine faces, lying amidst the dogged, low-browed
+Russians. One Guardsman lay, in advance of the battery, on his back,
+with his arms raised in the very act of thrusting with the bayonet; he
+had been killed by a bullet entering through his right eye. His coat
+was open, and I read his name on the Guernsey frock underneath—an
+odd name—‘Mustow.’ While I was wondering why his arms had not
+obeyed the laws of gravity, and fallen by his side when he fell dead, a
+Guardsman came up and told me he had seen Mustow rush out of the
+battery and charge with the bayonet, with which he was thrusting
+at two or three of the enemy, when he was shot. In their last charges
+the Russians must have trodden at every step on the bodies of their
+comrades.”—<i>“The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol,” by Lieutenant-Colonel
+E. Bruce Hamley, Royal Artillery.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f163'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r163'>163</a>. The first notice of the advance of the Russians was given by Sir
+Thomas Troubridge, who commanded the outposts of the first brigade
+of the Light Division. After relieving the advanced sentries, he went
+down before daybreak towards the Mamelon, and, sweeping the
+ground with a field-glass, descried the enemy on the opposite side
+of the ravine.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f164'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r164'>164</a>. Some misapprehension having arisen regarding the numbers then
+actually belonging to the army in the Crimea, in consequence of the
+above statement in Lord Raglan’s despatch, the following return of
+the strength on the 4th. of November, 1854, is inserted:—</p>
+
+<table class='table2'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'></td>
+    <th class='c032'>Cavalry.</th>
+    <th class='c032'>Artillery and Sappers &#38; Miners.</th>
+    <th class='c033'>Infantry.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Under arms</td>
+    <td class='c034'>1,417</td>
+    <td class='c034'>3,154</td>
+    <td class='c035'>17,436</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Detached on command, Bâtmen, and otherwise employed</td>
+    <td class='c034'>449</td>
+    <td class='c034'>260</td>
+    <td class='c035'>4,353</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Sick { Present</td>
+    <td class='c034'>149</td>
+    <td class='c034'>50</td>
+    <td class='c035'>1,131</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Sick { Absent</td>
+    <td class='c034'>512</td>
+    <td class='c034'>130</td>
+    <td class='c035'>5,104</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c034'><hr></td>
+    <td class='c034'><hr></td>
+    <td class='c035'><hr></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c034'>2,527</td>
+    <td class='c034'>3,594</td>
+    <td class='c035'>28,024</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Officers</td>
+    <td class='c034'>107</td>
+    <td class='c034'>147</td>
+    <td class='c035'>708</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='4'>Total officers and men, 4th. November, 1854      35,107.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c008'>The brigade of Highlanders, upwards of 2,000 men, was at Balaklava;
+the third division of 3,400 men occupied the heights in rear of the
+trenches, a sortie from the town being expected: and about 3,600
+were in the trenches; these, deducted from 17,436, the “Infantry
+under arms,” leave 8,436, nearly agreeing with the number given
+in the despatch.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f165'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r165'>165</a>. “At one time, while the Duke was rallying his men, a body of
+Russians began to single him out, and to take shots at him in the most
+deliberate manner. A surgeon, Mr. Wilson, 7th. Hussars, who was
+attached to the brigade, perceived the danger of his Royal Highness,
+and with the greatest gallantry and coolness, assembled a few men of
+the Guards, led them to the charge, and utterly routed and dispersed
+the Russians. The Duke’s horse was killed in the course of the fight.
+At the close of the day he called Mr. Wilson in front of the regiment
+and publicly thanked him for having in all probability saved his life.”—<i>“Expedition
+to the Crimea,” by W. H. Russell, L.L.D.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f166'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r166'>166</a>. The incident is thus alluded to in a letter written on the day
+following the escape of the French garrison of Almeida, by the Duke
+of Wellington to Viscount Beresford:—“Villa Formosa, 11th. May,
+1811. You will hardly believe that we were obliged to pick up the
+French shot in our camp to make up ammunition for Arentschild’s
+guns, his reserve having been left behind at Saragossa.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f167'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r167'>167</a>. Non-commissioned officers and men, 11th. January, 1855:—</p>
+
+<table class='table2'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'></td>
+    <th class='c032'>Cavalry.</th>
+    <th class='c032'>Artillery and Sappers &#38; Miners.</th>
+    <th class='c033'>Infantry.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Under arms</td>
+    <td class='c034'>1,086</td>
+    <td class='c034'>2,971</td>
+    <td class='c035'>17,050</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Bâtmen, &#38; otherwise employed</td>
+    <td class='c034'>306</td>
+    <td class='c034'>100</td>
+    <td class='c035'>3,040</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>On command</td>
+    <td class='c034'>242</td>
+    <td class='c034'>206</td>
+    <td class='c035'>2,029</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Sick { Present</td>
+    <td class='c034'>193</td>
+    <td class='c034'>564</td>
+    <td class='c035'>4,821</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Sick { Absent</td>
+    <td class='c034'>576</td>
+    <td class='c034'>673</td>
+    <td class='c035'>9,174</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c034'><hr></td>
+    <td class='c034'><hr></td>
+    <td class='c035'><hr></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c034'>2,403</td>
+    <td class='c034'>4,514</td>
+    <td class='c035'>36,114</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c031'>Officers</td>
+    <td class='c034'>111</td>
+    <td class='c034'>161</td>
+    <td class='c035'>832</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr><td class='c011' colspan='4'>Total officers and men, 11th. January, 1855    44,135.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f168'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r168'>168</a>. “Would you tell Mrs. Herbert that I begged she would let me see
+frequently the accounts she receives from Miss Nightingale or Mrs.
+Bracebridge, as I hear no details of the wounded, though I see so many
+from officers, etc., about the battle-field, and naturally the former
+must interest me more than anyone. Let Mrs. Herbert also know
+that I wish Miss Nightingale and the ladies would tell these poor
+noble wounded and sick men that no one takes a warmer interest, or
+feels more for their sufferings, or admires their courage and heroism
+more than their Queen. Day and night she thinks of her beloved
+troops; so does the Prince. Beg Mrs. Herbert to communicate these
+my words to those ladies, as I know that our sympathy is much valued
+by these noble fellows.—<span class='sc'>Victoria.</span>”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f169'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r169'>169</a>. “The covering party for the entire right attack (upwards of a mile
+in extent) never had exceeded, at this period of the siege, three hundred
+and fifty men, and on the night of the 21st. of January it numbered
+only two hundred and ninety men. The guards for the other attacks
+were equally small.”—<i>Major Elphinstone’s “Journal of Operations
+conducted by the Royal Engineers.”</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f170'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r170'>170</a>. “The gallant old 7th. Fusiliers had to run the gauntlet of a large
+body of the enemy, whom they drove back <i><span lang="fr">à la fourchette</span></i>. The 34th.
+regiment had an enormous force to contend against, and their Colonel,
+Kelly, was carried off by the enemy. In the midst of the fight, Major
+Gordon, of the Royal Engineers, displayed that cool courage and
+presence of mind which never forsook him. With a little switch in his
+hand, he encouraged the men to defend the trenches, and standing up
+on the top of the parapet, unarmed as he was, hurled down stones
+upon the Russians. He was struck by a ball, which passed through
+the lower part of his arm, and at the same time received a bullet
+through the shoulder. All rejoiced that he was not dangerously
+wounded.”—<i>The British Expedition to the Crimea, by W. H. Russell, L.L.D.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f171'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r171'>171</a>. The British ships employed in this expedition were the “Royal
+Albert,” “Agamemnon,” “Hannibal,” “Algiers,” “St. Jean d’Acre,”
+“Princess Royal,” ships of the line; and twenty-seven frigates and
+gunboats. The land forces amounted to nearly 16,000 men, with six
+batteries of artillery.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f172'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r172'>172</a>. “From the 13th. to the 19th. of August, inclusive, the expenditure
+of ammunition amounted to twenty-six thousand two hundred and
+seventy rounds, and that of powder to about eighty-one tons.”—<i>Artillery
+Operations, compiled by Captain and Brevet-Major W. E. M.
+Reilly, C.B., Royal Artillery.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f173'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r173'>173</a>. Number killed, wounded, etc., of the British army in the Crimea,
+from the date of embarkation for the East, to the 30th. April, 1856.</p>
+
+<table class='table1'>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='btt bbt blt c030 bbt' rowspan='2'></td>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Cavalry.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Artillery.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Engineers.</th>
+ <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='2'>Infantry.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ 
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. &#38; Men.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. &#38; Men.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. &#38; Men.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th>
+ <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>N.-C. O. &#38; Men.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Killed in action</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>9</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>114</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>11</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>121</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>9</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>32</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>125</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>2331</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Died of wounds</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>4</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>26</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>52</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>6</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>23</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>73</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>1832</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>Died of disease, etc.</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>23</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1007</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>10</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1298</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>5</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>175</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>105</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>13,414</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total deaths</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>36</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1147</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>22</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1471</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>20</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>230</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>303</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>17,577</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='blt c030'>Wounded { severely</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>12</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>113</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>6</td>
+ <td class='blt c024 bbt' rowspan='2'>632</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>7</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>31</td>
+ <td class='blt c024'>254</td>
+ <td class='blt brt c024'>5186</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>Wounded { slightly</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>14</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>124</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>24</td>
+ 
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>6</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>55</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>181</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>5220</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total wounded</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>26</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>237</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>30</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>632</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>13</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>86</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>435</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>10,406</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+ <td class='bbt blt c030'>Number who suffered amputation</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>22</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>32</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>2</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>7</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt c024'>34</td>
+ <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>810</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f174'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r174'>174</a>. The “Turkish General Service Medal,” instituted by Mahomet
+II., in 1831, was given by the Sultan, to Colonel (afterwards General
+Sir J. Lintorn) Simmons, two officers, and sixteen men of the tenth
+company Royal Engineers, and to two officers, and thirty men forming
+the crew of a gunboat, for services in the Danube in 1854. The
+medals given to Colonel Simmons and Commander Carr-Glyn, were in
+gold, the others in silver. On the obverse is the Sultan’s cypher,
+within a circle, surmounted by the crescent and star, on the sides are
+flags and laurel branches. The reverse has a large elliptical star,
+surmounted by another of six points, below is a scroll with a Turkish
+inscription, signifying Medal, or Mark of Honour. Ribbon: red, with
+green edges. Medals—one in gold, and the others in silver—were also
+given to seven British officers in command of Turkish troops at the
+successful defence of Silistria, in 1854; and a silver medal was given
+to General Sir F. Williams and the officers under him for the defence
+of Kars, 1855.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f175'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r175'>175</a>. The first act of bravery for which the Cross was given.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f176'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r176'>176</a>. Queen’s Regiments in India on the 1st. of May, 1857:—6th. Dragoon
+Guards, 9th. and 12th. Lancers, and 14th. Light Dragoons, 8th. Foot,
+10th. (first battalions), 24th., 27th., 29th., 32nd., 35th., 43rd., 52nd.,
+53rd., 60th. (first battalion), 61st., 64th., 70th., 74th., 75th., 78th.,
+81st., 83rd., 84th., 86th., and 87th. Regiments. Strength:—seven
+hundred and fifty-seven officers and twenty-two thousand four hundred
+and seventy-one men. The East India Company’s troops raised this
+force to two hundred and seventy-seven thousand seven hundred and
+forty-six; the Native Troops included therein amounting to two hundred
+and thirty-two thousand two hundred and twenty-four, and the
+Europeans to forty-five thousand five hundred and twenty-two.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f177'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r177'>177</a>. The following fact is significant of the scarcity of this kind of
+ammunition:—In one of the field force orders it was notified that two
+annas would be given for each of the enemy’s twenty-four pounder
+round shot that might be brought into camp, to be again used up.
+Similar instances occurred during the siege of Sebastopol, and in the
+Peninsula, as noticed in the account of the War in the Crimea, at page
+<a href='#Page_417'>417</a> of this work.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f178'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r178'>178</a>. Sir John Lawrence, the able chief commissioner of the Punjab, by
+his wise and prompt measures secured the tranquility of that portion
+of India. The necessary steps to disarm the Native Regiments were
+ably carried into effect by the 81st., the only Queen’s regiment at
+Lahore. Putteeala, a powerful Sikh chieftain, also gave zealous aid,
+not only by sending troops to replace those who had marched from
+Umballa to join their comrades before Delhi, but also by affording protection
+to fugitives, and exercising his influence to keep his countrymen
+faithful to the British; his relative, the Jheend Rajah also proceeded
+to Delhi with a body of his own troops, and bore an active share in the
+subsequent operations. The authorities at Peshawur, where fourteen
+thousand men were stationed, only about one-fourth being Europeans,
+were on the alert; the fort of Attock was at once provisioned for a
+siege, the 57th. Queen’s regiment forming the garrison, and the 64th.
+Native Infantry were distributed in the frontier forts, the treasure being
+deposited at Peshawur. The Guides were sent to join the army before
+Delhi, where they arrived in June, after a march of about six hundred
+miles, pronounced by Sir Henry Barnard to be without a parallel.
+Colonel Edwards, of Punjab fame, also by his appeals caused several
+bodies of Sikh troops to uphold British rule, and they were found
+most welcome at Delhi, above all, the great object of disarming
+the suspicious regiments was carried out. Colonel Ellice with three
+companies of the 24th. regiment, had an affair with the 14th. Native
+Infantry, at Jhelum on the 7th. of July; in which he himself was
+dangerously wounded; and a flying column, under Brigadier-General
+Nicholson, encountered the mutineers about noon on the 12th.
+of July, as they were crossing the Ravee; in this action the 52nd. Light
+Infantry, under Colonel Campbell, maintained their high character.
+After another attack on the 16th. of that month, the Brigadier proceeded
+to several disturbed parts of the country, and eventually joined
+the troops before Delhi on the 14th. of August. The column from the
+Punjab comprised the 52nd. Light Infantry, a wing of the 61st., No.
+17 Light Field Battery, 2nd. regiment of Punjab Infantry, a wing of
+the 7th. Punjab Police Battalion, 4th. Sikh Infantry, two hundred and
+fifty Mooltanee Horse, with siege guns and ordnance stores. The 52nd.
+were six hundred and eighty strong, with six sick, but on the 14th. of
+September, owing to the ravages of fever and cholera, they only mustered
+two hundred and forty effectives of all ranks.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f179'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r179'>179</a>. In addition to these two officers there were Sergeants John Smith
+and A. B. Carmichael, and Corporal F. Burgess, <i>alias</i> Joshua Burgess
+Grierson, of the Sappers and Miners; Bugler Hawthorne, of the 52nd.
+Light Infantry, and twenty-four Sappers and Miners, viz.:—fourteen
+Native and ten Punjabees. Covered by the fire of the 60th. Rifles, this
+party advanced at the double towards the Cashmere Gate; Lieutenant
+Home, with Sergeants John Smith and Carmichael, and Havildar Madhoo,
+all of the Sappers, leading and carrying the powder-bags, followed
+by Lieutenant Salkeld, Corporal Burgess, and a section of the remainder
+of the party. Sergeant Carmichael was killed whilst laying his powder,
+and Havildar Madhoo was wounded. Whilst endeavouring to fire the
+charge Lieutenant Salkeld was shot through the leg and arm, and
+handed over the slow match to Corporal Burgess, who fell mortally
+wounded just as he had successfully performed his duty. Havildar
+Tiluk Singh, of the Sappers and Miners was wounded, and Ram Heth,
+Sepoy, of the same corps, was killed during this part of the operation.
+The demolition having been most successful, Lieutenant Home then
+caused the bugle to sound the regimental call of the 52nd. as the signal
+for the advance of the column; this was repeated three times, as it
+was feared that amidst the noise of the assault the sound might not be
+heard. The bugler, Robert Hawthorne, after performing his own
+dangerous duty, humanely attached himself to Lieutenant Salkeld, and
+after binding up that officer’s wounds under a heavy musketry fire, had
+him removed without further injury. For this deed, pronounced to be
+“as noble as any that has ever graced the annals of war,” he received
+the Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f180'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r180'>180</a>. Well might the Governor-General, in his “Notification,” remark,
+that “Before a single soldier, of the many thousands who are hastening
+from England to uphold the supremacy of the British power, has set
+foot on these shores, the rebel force, where it was strongest and most
+united, and where it had the command of unbounded military appliances,
+has been destroyed or scattered by an army collected within the
+limits of the North-western Provinces and the Punjab alone.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f181'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r181'>181</a>. At one time there were three brothers of this name before Delhi, the
+8th. Foot being in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed at the
+assault on that city; this was the elder; the other, H. H. Greathed,
+Esq., Commissioner and Political Agent of the Bengal Civil Service,
+died of cholera on the 19th. of September, the day previous to its
+capture; and the youngest, Brevet-Major William Wilberforce Harris
+Greathed, C.B., of the Bengal Engineers, was severely wounded in
+the storming of Delhi.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f182'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r182'>182</a>. Afterwards General Sir Hope Grant, G.C.B.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f183'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r183'>183</a>. The strength of the Lucknow garrison on the 1st. of July, 1857,
+consisted of one thousand six hundred and eighteen officers and men,
+“effective, fit for duty”; the sick and wounded amounted to eighty
+officers and men.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f184'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r184'>184</a>. One of the most remarkable relics of the siege that I have seen was
+the mess plate of the 32nd. regiment. The spoons were twisted by the
+effect of the enemy’s shot, and the soup tureen presented a singular
+appearance, the handles being nearly wrenched off. These battered
+articles were sent to Windsor Castle for the inspection of Her Majesty.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f185'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r185'>185</a>. The native non-commissioned officers and men who formed part of
+the garrison, received the Indian Order of Merit, and were permitted
+to count three years of additional service. The 13th., 48th., and 71st.
+regiments of Native Infantry were afterwards formed into one corps,
+designated the “Regiment of Lucknow.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f186'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r186'>186</a>. The garrison of Lucknow, from the 30th. of June to the 26th. of
+September, 1857, had one hundred and forty officers and men, Europeans,
+killed, and one hundred and ninety wounded; Natives, seventy-two
+killed and one hundred and thirty-one wounded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f187'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r187'>187</a>. Cawnpore unfortunately occupies a prominent place in the history
+of the mutiny. General Sir Hugh Wheeler, seeing the state of the
+native troops, which composed part of the garrison, formed an entrenched
+camp round the hospital barracks, and collected a supply of
+provisions. Owing to the defection of the native corps, some of which
+at first appeared faithful, the force ultimately consisted of the first
+company sixth battalion of artillery, sixty-one; 32nd. regiment, eighty-four;
+1st. European Fusiliers, fifteen; 84th. regiment, fifty; in all,
+two hundred and ten. To these may be added the officers of the three
+native infantry regiments, and others, amounting to about one hundred.
+The non-combatants amounted to five hundred and ninety, one hundred
+and sixty women and children being included in the latter number,
+in all nine hundred. Considering the defenceless state of the
+camp, it was wonderful that the garrison could withstand the enemy
+for a single day. The Sepoys commenced their attack on the 7th. of
+June, and continued an almost constant fire on the camp until the
+24th. The garrison had only eight guns, while some opposed to them
+were twenty-four pounders. Frequent attempts were made to carry
+the enclosure by storm, but they were unsuccessful, the Sepoys being
+driven back each time. The sufferings of the garrison were so extreme,
+that on the 25th. of June, arrangements were entered into with Nena
+Sahib for the evacuation of the place. The result is but too well known.
+While the unfortunate people were proceeding towards Allahabad, the
+treacherous mutineers fired upon all in the boats; the one in which
+General Wheeler (who had been severely wounded) was in they brought
+back to Cawnpore. Only a few escaped, one of whom, Lieutenant
+Delafosse, has given a narrative of what he witnessed. All who were
+not killed in the boats were carried back to Cawnpore; the men being
+shot, and the females detained prisoners.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f188'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r188'>188</a>. This miscreant’s real name was Doondoo Punt, and he was the
+adopted son of Bajee Kao, the ex-Peishwah of Poona. After the death
+of the latter, in 1852, he made claim to the pension which had been
+allowed to that chief by the treaty of 1818, when he gave himself up to
+Sir John Malcolm. The refusal of the Indian authorities to recognise
+his right made him commence his vindictive course. He had been
+permitted to keep up a retinue of two hundred soldiers, and had a
+fortified place of residence at Bithoor, ten miles from Cawnpore.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f189'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r189'>189</a>. Promoted to the rank of Major-General on the 30th. of July, 1857,
+and was afterwards appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath; also
+created a baronet, but dying before the patent was sealed, the dignity
+was conferred upon his son, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry M.
+Havelock, Bart., of the 18th. Royal Irish regiment.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f190'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r190'>190</a>. Captain William Robert Moorsom, of the 52nd. Light Infantry,
+rendered most important service in guiding Havelock’s second column.
+This young officer had been selected in 1856 to conduct a scientific
+survey of Lucknow, and having preserved rough copies of it, his knowledge
+of the city proved of the highest importance, not only on this,
+but subsequent occasions, his gallantry being repeatedly mentioned in
+the despatches. Captain Moorsom met a soldier’s death at the early
+age of twenty-four, at the head of a column of attack on the rebel parts
+of the city of Lucknow, on the 11th. of March, 1858, and the 52nd.,
+feeling that the career of this young officer, who had been engaged in
+nine pitched battles and numerous skirmishes, having been twice
+wounded, was an honour to the regiment, erected a monumental tablet
+to his memory in the cathedral of Rochester. The Division of Sir
+James Outram also erected in Westminster Abbey a memorial window
+to their youthful Quartermaster-General.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f191'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r191'>191</a>. Captain Oliver J. Jones, R.N., in his “Recollections of a Winter
+Campaign in India, 1857–8,” gives the following amusing anecdote of
+his first peep at the Commander-in-Chief. The author was wandering
+through the rooms of a “strongish place” taken from a Rajah.—“In
+one of them I found a couple of glass candlesticks, not worth sixpence
+a piece; but as my establishment only sported an empty porter bottle,
+I thought they would make a handsome addition, and took them.
+Coming down stairs, I met Forster—poor fellow! he is now dead—one
+of the Chief’s aide-de-camps, who said,—‘By Jove, old fellow, you’d
+better not let Sir Colin catch you looting—here he comes!’ upon which
+I dropped them, as Paddy says, like a hot murphy; and in a couple of
+minutes after saw a Sikh walking off with my elegant candlesticks.
+Soon afterwards I saw the Chief serving out <i>bamboo backsheesh</i> to some
+Sikhs who had passed him with loot, with a big stick, and I rejoiced at
+the warning my friend Foster had given me, else, perhaps, in his wrath,
+he might have broken my head too.”</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>The promising young officer above referred to, namely Captain W. F.
+Godolphin Forster, of the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, son of Major-General
+W. F. Foster, K.H., Military Secretary at Head Quarters, died
+at Lucknow on the 14th. of May, 1858, and up to that date had accompanied
+Sir Colin Campbell in all his battles and operations against the
+mutineers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f192'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r192'>192</a>. Mr. Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oude,
+when serving under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram,
+in Lucknow, on the 8th. of November, 1857, volunteered on the
+dangerous duty of proceeding through the city to the camp of the
+Commander-in-Chief, for the purpose of guiding the relieving force to
+the beleaguered garrison in the Residency,—a task which he performed
+with chivalrous gallantry and devotion.</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>A highly interesting work has been written by this gentleman, showing
+how he won the Victoria Cross, which was conferred upon him under
+the Royal Warrant of the 13th. of December, 1858; by which this high
+distinction was accorded to certain non-military persons, who, as Volunteers,
+had borne arms against the mutineers in India.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f193'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r193'>193</a>. “There never was a bolder feat of arms, and the loss inflicted on
+the enemy, after the entrance of the Secundra Bagh was effected, was
+immense,—more than two thousand of the enemy were afterwards
+carried out. The officers who led the regiments were Lieutenant-Colonel
+L. Hay, H.M.’s 93rd. Highlanders, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon,
+H.M.’s 93rd. Highlanders; Captain Walton, H.M.’s 53rd. Foot;
+Lieutenant Paul, 4th. Punjaub Infantry (since dead); and Major
+Barnston, H.M.’s 90th. Foot.”—<i>Sir Colin Campbell’s despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f194'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r194'>194</a>. “The fighting on the 28th. was very severe. On the left advance,
+Colonel Walpole with the Rifles, supported by Captain Greene’s
+battery, and part of the 82nd. regiment, achieved a complete victory
+over the enemy, and captured two eighteen-pounder guns. The glory
+of this well-contested fight belongs entirely to the above-named companies
+and artillery.”—<i>Major-General Windham’s Despatch.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f195'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r195'>195</a>. Force employed on the 6th. of December:—Brigadier Greathed’s
+Brigade—8th., 64th., and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry. Artillery Brigade—two
+troops Horse Artillery; three light field Batteries; guns of the
+Naval Brigade; heavy field Battery Royal Artillery. Cavalry Brigade—9th.
+Lancers; detachments 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry
+and Hodson’s Horse. 4th. Brigade—53rd. Foot; 42nd. and 93rd.
+Highlanders; 4th. Punjaub Rifles. 5th. Infantry Brigade—23rd.
+Royal Welsh Fusiliers; 32nd. and 82nd. Regiments. 6th. Brigade—second
+and third battalions Rifle Brigade; detachment 38th. Foot.
+Engineer Brigade—Royal Engineers, and detachments Bengal and
+Punjaub Sappers and Miners attached to the various brigades of
+Infantry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f196'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r196'>196</a>. Troops employed:—Head-quarters of the division of Artillery and
+of the Field Artillery brigade under Major-General Sir A. Wilson,
+<span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, and Colonel D. Wood, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span> Royal Horse Artillery: Lieutenant-Colonel
+D’Aguilar’s troop, Royal Horse Artillery; Lieutenant-Colonel
+Toombs, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, and Lieutenant Bishop’s troops; Bengal Horse Artillery,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel Turner; two twenty-four pounders and two
+eight-inch howitzers of the “Shannon’s” Naval Brigade; two companies
+Punjaub Sappers and Miners. Head-quarters of the Cavalry
+division and the 1st. Cavalry Brigade, under Brigadier-General Sir
+J. H. Grant, <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, and Brigadier Little. 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub
+Irregular Cavalry; detachment of 5th. Punjaub ditto; 1st. Sikh
+Irregular Cavalry. Second division of Infantry, under Brigadier-General
+Sir E. Lugard, <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, consisting of third brigade, Brigadier
+P. M. M. Guy, 34th., 38th., and 53rd. Foot; fourth brigade, Brigadier
+the Honourable Adrian Hope, 42nd. and 93rd. Highlanders and 4th.
+Punjaub Rifles.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f197'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r197'>197</a>. The force under Brigadier-General Franks consisted of one
+hundred and forty European and one hundred and seven Native
+officers, and five thousand six hundred and forty-six men, and was
+composed of two companies of Royal, one of Bengal, and one of
+Madras Artillery; detachments of Benares Horse; Lahore Light
+Horse, Pathan Horse, and third Sikh Irregular Cavalry; Her Majesty’s
+10th., 20th., and 97th. regiments, and six battalions of Ghoorkha
+infantry and artillery. A dashing cavalry combat occurred at Nyapoorwa,
+on the 1st. March, in which Captain Aikman, commanding
+the 3rd. Sikh cavalry, was greatly distinguished; and on the 4th. of
+that month, the fort of Dhowrara was captured.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f198'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r198'>198</a>. Force sent across the Goomtee under Sir James Outram:—Lieutenant-Colonel
+D’Aguilar’s troop Royal Horse Artillery; Major Remmington’s
+and Captain McKinnon’s troops Royal Horse Artillery,
+under Lieutenant-Colonel F. Turner; Captains Gibbons’ and Middleton’s
+Light Field Batteries; Royal Artillery and head-quarters Field
+Artillery Brigade; head-quarters Cavalry Division and of first Cavalry
+Brigade; 2nd. Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub Cavalry,
+detachments 1st. and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry, under Captains Watson
+and Sanford; third Infantry Division under Brigadier-General R.
+Walpole; fifth Brigade, Brigadier Douglas, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 23rd. Royal Welsh
+Fusiliers, 97th. Highlanders, and 1st. Bengal Fusiliers; sixth Brigade,
+Brigadier Alfred Horsford, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, second and third battalions Rifle
+Brigade, and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f199'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r199'>199</a>. Promoted Major-General for his services on this occasion, and also
+when in command of the force employed at the relief of Azimghur, in
+April, 1858.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f200'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r200'>200</a>. From the 2nd. to the 25th. of March, 1858, the British had one
+hundred and twenty-seven officers and men killed, and five hundred
+and ninety-five wounded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f201'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r201'>201</a>. Force employed at the Betwa.—Artillery, three siege guns, sixteen
+light field guns; 14th. Light Dragoons, two hundred and forty-three
+rank and file; Hyderabad Cavalry, two hundred and seven sabres; 86th.
+Regiment, two hundred and eight rank and file; 3rd. Bombay
+European Regiment, two hundred and twenty-six rank and file;
+24th. Bombay Native Infantry, two hundred and ninety-eight rank
+and file; and 25th. Bombay Native Infantry, four hundred rank and
+file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f202'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r202'>202</a>. Several standards were captured, together with a silk Union Jack
+which had been given by Lord William Bentinck to the grandfather
+of the Ranee’s husband, with permission to have it carried before him
+as a reward for his fidelity, a privilege accorded to no other Indian
+Prince. The soldiers who had so bravely won this flag of their country,
+asked permission to hoist it on the place,—a request to which Sir Hugh
+Rose at once acceded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f203'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r203'>203</a>. See Recipients of the Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f204'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r204'>204</a>. Lieutenant Cameron, of the 72nd., received the Victoria Cross for
+conspicuous bravery on this day, in having headed a small party of
+men, and attacked a body of armed fanatic rebels, strongly posted in
+a loopholed house, with one narrow entrance. He stormed the house,
+and killed three rebels in single combat. This officer was severely
+wounded, having lost the half of one hand, by a stroke from a tulwar.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f205'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r205'>205</a>. In addition to four killed and fourteen wounded, the 14th. Light
+Dragoons had eighteen cases of sunstroke, two proving fatal. The
+71st. Highland Light Infantry suffered from the same cause, eight out
+of the nineteen cases dying from the intense heat, one day in the
+shade it rose to 130 degrees. Sir Hugh Rose stated in his despatch,
+that when a wing of the 71st. was prostrated by sun-sickness, the only
+complaint he heard in the field hospitals from these gallant fellows,
+was that they could not rise and fight.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f206'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r206'>206</a>. Troops employed in the action at Banda:—Horse Artillery, European
+and Native; 12th. Lancers (left wing); one squadron Hyderabad
+Cavalry, one hundred and thirty-six; detachments Royal Artillery;
+Madras Artillery; Sappers and Miners; 3rd. Madras European Regiment;
+1st. Regiment of Native Infantry; Detachment 50th. Native
+Infantry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f207'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r207'>207</a>. One of these, the defence of Arrah, is most remarkable. Sixteen
+Europeans and fifty Sikh soldiers, made a noble stand against three
+thousand mutineers. The Europeans were Mr. Littledale, judge; Mr.
+Bombe, collector; Mr. Wake, magistrate; and Mr. Boyle, railway
+engineer—all civilians. The first attempt to relieve them failed; on
+the 27th. of July portions of the 10th. and 37th. regiments, and some
+Sikhs, about four hundred in all, were sent up the river from Dynapore
+in two steamers, one of which grounded: this caused a delay, but in
+the evening of the 29th. the troops were disembarked. Captain
+Dunbar pushed on until he reached the outskirts of the town, when
+the Sepoys suddenly opened a destructive fire of musketry from the
+wood, a great number, including himself, being killed, the survivors
+being hotly pursued to the steamer. Major Vincent Eyre, of the
+Bengal Horse Artillery (author of the well-known work on the disasters
+at Cabool), who was in command of a flying force, on hearing of this
+event advanced from Shawpore, a distance of twenty-eight miles, and
+on the 2nd. of August encountered the rebels near Goojerajunge; and
+although the odds were twenty to one, gallantly defeated them. Mr.
+Ross Lowis Mangles, Assistant-Magistrate at Patna, and Mr. William
+Fraser M‘Donell, Magistrate of Sarun, both of the Bengal Civil Service,
+received the Victoria Cross for their services; the former for volunteering
+to serve with the above, having, on the morning of the 30th. of
+July, after Captain Dunbar’s death, during the retreat, with signal
+gallantry and generous self-devotion, and notwithstanding that he had
+himself been previously wounded, carried for several miles, out of
+action, a wounded soldier of the 37th. regiment, bore him in safety to
+the boats, after binding up his wounds under a murderous fire, which
+killed or wounded almost the whole detachment; and the latter for
+great coolness and bravery on the same day and occasion, in having
+climbed, under an incessant fire outside the boat in which he and
+several soldiers were, up to the rudder, and with considerable difficulty
+cut through the lashing which secured it to the side of the boat; on
+this being cut the boat obeyed the helm, and thus thirty-five European
+soldiers escaped certain death. In this feat of arms, by which the
+gallant garrison was relieved, one hundred and fifty-four men of the
+5th. Fusiliers, under Captain L’Estrange, maintained the ancient fame
+of their regiment, and shared with the first company of the 5th.
+battalion of the Bengal Artillery, and the Buxar Gentlemen Volunteers,
+in this important result; so honourable to them and to their daring
+commander. Captain Scott, Ensigns Lewis Oldfield (wounded), and
+Mason, and Assistant-Surgeon Thornton, were the other officers of
+the detachment of the 5th. Fusiliers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f208'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r208'>208</a>. The First Brigade, with whom was Sir Robert Napier, consisted of
+the third Scinde Horse; head-quarters 12th. Bengal Cavalry; a battery
+21st. Brigade Royal Artillery, with steel 7-pounder guns; head-quarters
+10th. Company Royal Engineers; 4th. King’s Own; 23rd. Punjaubees,
+and wing of 27th Beloochees, also a Naval Brigade of eighty-three
+men under Commander Fellowes, H.M.S. “Dryad,” with twelve 12-pounder
+rocket tubes, divided into two batteries. The Second Brigade
+comprised four troops 3rd. Bombay Cavalry; a battery of the 14th.
+Brigade Royal Artillery, with four 12-pounder Armstrong guns; detachment
+5th. battery 25th. Brigade R.A., with two 8-inch mortars;
+battery 21st. Brigade, with steel 7-pounders; company of Sappers and
+Miners; 2nd., 3rd., and 4th. Companies of Bombay Sappers and
+Miners; the 33rd. Regiment, and wing of the 10th. Bombay Native
+Infantry. The reinforcement consisted of six companies of 45th. Regiment;
+wing of 3rd. Native Infantry; wing of the 27th. Native Infantry;
+one troop 3rd. Cavalry; wing of 3rd. Dragoon Guards; and a
+squadron of 10th. Bengal Cavalry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f209'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r209'>209</a>. “The body of Fitaurari Gabri could be distinguished from the remainder
+of the fallen by its gorgeous attire. He had been one of the
+first to fall, and seven chiefs who had attempted to bear away his body
+were laid in a heap around him. On the left, where the pioneers and
+baggage guard had been engaged, the dead lay thickest. Along the
+ravine where the bayonet charge was made men and horses were
+heaped in tens and twenties. In addition to those that lay there, hundreds
+had been carried into the fortress during the night.”—(<span class='sc'>Lieut.
+Shepherd</span>, correspondent of the <i>Daily News</i>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f210'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r210'>210</a>. “Nothing was left us but to leave marks of our power or vengeance,
+which would long be remembered. No more utterly atrocious Government
+than that which has thus, perhaps fallen, ever existed on the face
+of the earth. Their capital was a charnel-house, their religion a combination
+of cruelty and treachery, their policy the natural outcome of
+their religion.”—<i>Despatch of Sir G. Wolseley to Lord Kimberley.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f211'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r211'>211</a>. Among the small body of British officers with Captain Glover,
+besides Captain Sartorius, were Lieutenants Cameron and Barnard,
+19th. regiment; Commander Larcom, Lieutenant Moore, Dr. Rowe,
+and Dr. Bailey, R.N., and three master gunners of the Royal Artillery.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f212'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r212'>212</a>. The plunder captured at Coomassie, consisting chiefly of the gold
+ornaments of the King’s wives, was sold at Cape Coast Castle, and
+realised nearly £6,000. Among it was an ivory-hilted sword, having
+on one side of the blade the following inscription, “From Her Majesty
+Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee.” This sword which was
+found in the King’s bedchamber, was purchased by the Officers of the
+Staff, and presented by them to Sir Garnet Wolseley. On the reverse
+of the blade is another inscription, “Major-General Sir Garnet Joseph
+Wolseley, K.C.B., from the Officers of his Staff. Coomassie, 4th.
+February, 1874.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f213'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r213'>213</a>. Only one military officer, Colonel A. B. Tulloch, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Chief of the
+Intelligence Department, who was present at the bombardment,
+received this clasp.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f214'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r214'>214</a>. The greatest number of bars given with any single medal was six,
+and but four were issued with this number, to four men of the 19th.
+Hussars. The medals were supplied by the Mint, but a Birmingham
+firm assisted in their production. All the officers above the rank of
+captain, who served in the campaign of 1882, received the Order of the
+Medjidie from the Khedive.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f215'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r215'>215</a>. The Naval Brigade held Alexandria till the end of July, by which
+time so many troops had arrived, that the services of the seamen on
+shore were no longer required, with the exception of those serving in
+Captain Fisher’s moveable armoured battery. The marines remained
+on shore, and took the chief part in a smart engagement near Ramleh,
+on August 5th.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f216'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r216'>216</a>. Port Said was seized by Captain Fairfax, R.N., and Ismailia
+occupied by Captain Fitzroy, R.N. On August 20th. the seamen and
+marines of the “Seagull” and “Mosquito,” with two hundred of the
+72nd. Highlanders, attacked and carried an entrenched position
+at Chalouf.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f217'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r217'>217</a>. The troops from India consisted of 1st. Battalion 72nd. Highlanders;
+7th. Native Infantry; 29th. Punjaubees; 29th. Beloochees;
+a battery of seven-pounder screw guns; and the 2nd., 6th., and 13th.
+Bengal Cavalry.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f218'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r218'>218</a>. The Highland Brigade, on entering Cairo, was first quartered in
+the Citadel, but removed and occupied a camp without the walls during
+the months of October and November. One night in October a curious
+incident happened. A large number of Bedouins were prowling
+around the city and encampment, into which they now and then fired.
+The dress of the Highlanders completely puzzled the Arabs, and
+imagining them to be the wives of the Infidel soldiers in Cairo, they
+made a dash at the tents, hoping to capture some of the damsels to
+enliven their homes in the desert. They were undeceived by being
+saluted with a volley that stretched forty of them on the ground, and
+the survivors sought safety in flight.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f219'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r219'>219</a>. Among the officers killed was the gallant Lieutenant Wyatt-Rawson,
+R.N., who had guided the Highland Brigade by the stars,
+throughout the night, and was among the first to enter the Egyptian
+works. He was Naval <i>aide-de-camp</i> to Sir G. Wolseley, to whom his
+last words were “Didn’t I lead them straight, General!” Major
+Strong and Captain Wardell, of the Royal Marines, were both shot
+dead while leading and cheering on their men up the glacis, within
+twenty yards of the enemy.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f220'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r220'>220</a>. When the order to charge was given, the 42nd. charged instantly,
+and the 65th. after a short interval, and more quickly than the flank
+half battalion. This inequality of movement left the right corner and
+part of the right flank of the square open. Worse still, the charge was
+made, to quote the common expression in the camp “at nothing.”
+The line stopped short, and in a few moments came the Arab rush, and
+the Highlanders and 65th. were so closely jammed together that they
+had hardly elbow room to use their weapons. Only three or four
+of the enemy got inside the square, and they were killed as soon
+as they entered.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f221'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r221'>221</a>. “The formation of the Arabs, which was like a half moon, overlapped
+the front and right face of the 1st. Brigade. Buller had his
+men well in hand, just as if they were at a review. He commenced
+firing volleys at them. The Arabs, who were in irregular formation,
+and from three to ten deep, came along at a run, and it was just like a
+big black wave running up a beach. It began to break on the crest,
+the white foam being represented by the men that fell simultaneously
+with every volley, and the wave began to grow less and less the more
+it neared the square. Within two hundred and fifty yards it nearly
+ceased, and not one man could get near enough to use his spear.”—<i>Wylde’s—In
+the Soudan.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f222'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r222'>222</a>. With Lord Wolseley were Major-General Sir Redvers Buller, V.C.,
+Chief of the Staff; Colonel W. F. Butler, C.B., Assistant Adjutant-General;
+Colonel Sir C. W. Wilson, R.E., Chief of Intelligence
+Department; and Colonel Sir H. Stewart, K.C.B. Colonel H. Brackenbury,
+R.A.; Colonel R. Harrison, R.E.; Colonel Webber, R.E.; and
+others, for special service.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f223'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r223'>223</a>. The advance of the troops up the Nile was difficult and onerous in
+the extreme. Some of the cataracts extended for two and three miles,
+and all the stores had to be taken out of the boats and carried miles
+round, over broken and rocky ground, and then shipped again beyond
+the obstruction. It often took seventy men to haul one boat through
+the rapids, and some days the whole progress made was under a mile.
+Many of the boats were capsized and wrecked, and fifty men of the
+expedition, including ten Canadians, were drowned before reaching
+Dongola.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f224'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r224'>224</a>. The troops which proceeded up the Nile were detachments of the
+1st. and 2nd. Life Guards; the Horse Guards; 2nd., 4th., and 5th.
+Dragoon Guards; 1st. and 2nd. Dragoons; 5th. and 16th. Lancers;
+and 3rd., 4th., 7th., 10th., 11th., 15th., 18th., 19th., 20th., and 21st.
+Hussars. Most of them served as mounted infantry, or in the camel
+corps. Detachments of Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards;
+13th., 21st., and 94th. Foot, 60th. Rifles and Rifle Brigade, and the
+18th., 35th., 38th., 42nd., 46th., 50th., 56th., 75th., 79th. Foot; Royal
+Marines; and Naval Brigade. The 18th. Foot were the winners of
+Lord Wolseley’s prize of £100 in the race up the Nile to Debbah.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f225'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r225'>225</a>. “Immediately I perceived the enemy coming down, I ran the gun
+to a position in the centre of the left flank, and commenced firing.
+After about thirty rounds the gun jammed. The enemy then were
+about two hundred yards from the muzzle of it. The captain of it,
+Will Rhoods, and myself, unscrewed the plate to clean the barrel,
+when the enemy were upon us. Rhoods was killed by a spear; Miller,
+drummer, I also saw killed at the same moment. I was knocked down
+in rear of gun, but uninjured, except a spear scratch on left hand. As
+I struggled up I was carried against the face of the square, which was
+literally pressed back by sheer weight of numbers. The crush was so
+great, that at the moment few on either side were killed, but fortunately
+this flank of the square was forced up a very steep little mound, which
+enabled the rear rank to open a tremendous fire over the heads of the
+front rank men. This relieved the pressure, and enabled the front
+rank to bayonet or shoot those of the enemy nearest them. The enemy
+then turned to the right and streamed away along the rear face of the
+square, where, I afterwards heard they effected an entrance. None of
+them got into the square at the place I indicated, where the crush was,
+which was held by the Mounted Infantry.”—<i>Despatch of Lord Charles
+Beresford, R.N.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f226'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r226'>226</a>. All the Arabs killed belonged to the Hadendowa tribe, and among
+them were several women, clad as men. Their fanaticism was
+amazing. As an eye-witness wrote—“When our men went out to
+bring in the wounded rebels lying in the bush, these latter crept
+bleeding on all fours, with the spears in their mouths to stab them,
+and even hobbled on broken legs to attack them.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f227'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r227'>227</a>. One of the standards had this inscription—“From the Mahdi, the
+true Prophet of God. Whoever fights under this banner shall be
+victorious.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f228'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r228'>228</a>. The Soudan Medal, with the clasp “Gemaizah, 1888,” was given
+to the officers, seamen, and marines of H.M.S. “Racer” and “Starling”
+who belonged to those vessels on December 20th., 1888, the date
+of the action.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f229'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r229'>229</a>. Medals granted for service in the field, as well as medals and
+gratuities, and medals and annuities, for good conduct, are forfeited
+by soldiers on conviction of desertion or felony, or being sentenced to
+penal servitude, or on discharge with ignominy. They are also liable
+to forfeiture by sentence of court-martial, on conviction of disgraceful
+conduct; or, in case of sergeants, on reduction to the ranks. Medals
+thus forfeited are transmitted to the Horse Guards, in order to their
+being returned to the Mint. Under certain regulations lost medals are
+replaced; if the loss be proved to have occurred from carelessness or
+neglect, the loser may be recommended to the Commander-in-Chief for
+a new medal, at his own expense, after two years’ absence from the
+regimental defaulters’ book. In order to justify the replacement of a
+medal at the public expense, the loss must be shewn to have occurred
+while on duty, or by some accident entirely beyond the control of the
+loser; in all other cases, such as the loss of a medal cut from a tunic,
+or stolen from the person, the soldier has to pay for it himself. In
+cases wherein the clasps are not lost, they are forwarded to the
+Adjutant-General to be attached to the new medal. When medals are
+designedly made away with, or pawned, the soldier is to be tried by
+court-martial, and, if convicted, put under stoppages, the amount
+being credited to the public. After five years’ absence from the
+regimental defaulters’ book, the offender may be recommended for
+a new medal, on again paying the value thereof.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f230'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r230'>230</a>. A somewhat similar medal was given to the Indian chiefs who had
+distinguished themselves by their loyalty, at the close of the war
+between America and England, in 1814. On the obverse is a laureated
+bust of George III., in the mantle and collar of the garter, with the
+legend “Georgius III. Dei Gratia, Britannarum Rex. F. D.”; and
+on the reverse, the Royal Arms, with the date 1814 in the exergue.
+All these medals are of extreme rarity.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f231'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r231'>231</a>. Two years afterwards, in November, 1800, the Emperor further
+rewarded the eight officers of the 15th., by conferring on each of them
+the Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa, permission to accept and wear
+the insignia being granted by George III. At the Greg sale, May 16,
+1887, the medal and chain, with the cross of Maria Theresa, given to
+Cornet E. G. Butler, were sold for £240.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f232'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r232'>232</a>. This “Order of Merit” having attracted the attention of the local
+military authorities, the commanding officer was called upon by Lord
+Hill, to explain under what regulations and arrangements it was conferred.
+The explanation produced the following letter:—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Horse Guards, 20th June, 1832.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'>Sir,—I have had the honour to submit to the General Commanding
+in Chief your letter of the 4th. instant, with its enclosure, on the
+subject of the “Order of Merit” existing in the 5th. Foot, and am
+directed to acquaint you, that the explanation afforded by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Sutherland, shews that the order in question is dispensed under
+the most laudable regulations, and has been productive of the best
+effects, during the long period since its original establishment in the
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>It is considered highly desirable, however, that both officer and
+soldier should, under all circumstances, be taught to expect professional
+honours from the Sovereign alone; and under this impression, Lord
+Hill has been induced to recommend to the King to give the royal
+authority for the confirmation and continuance of this regimental
+badge of distinction, an arrangement which, while it bestows upon it
+legitimate existence, will, at the same time, no doubt enhance its value
+in the estimation of those on whom it is conferred.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>You will, therefore, be pleased to communicate this decision to
+Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland, and acquaint him that he is at liberty
+to proceed in the distribution of the medals and badges as heretofore.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>I have, etc.,</div>
+      <div class='line in8'><span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>,</div>
+      <div class='line in13'>Adjutant-General.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c014'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Lieutenant-General</div>
+      <div class='line in2'>Sir Wm. Houstoun, G.C.B. and G.C.H.,</div>
+      <div class='line in4'>Commanding at Gibraltar.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f233'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r233'>233</a>. This medal was struck in Dublin, and issued to those entitled to
+wear it, at their own expense.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f234'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r234'>234</a>. In the year 1818, the 73rd. were engaged in suppressing a rebellion
+of the Candians in Ceylon. A small party of the regiment, in charge
+of Lance-Corporal R. McLoughlin, while on a march, was attacked by
+a numerous body of the enemy, and two men were killed. As the
+Candians generally mutilated the remains of British soldiers, the little
+party of the 73rd. divided; part remaining to guard the bodies, and the
+other part, at an equal risk, forcing their way to Badulah, a few miles
+distant. From this place they returned with a reinforcement, drove
+back the enemy, and carried off the bodies of their slain comrades. To
+reward this gallant conduct, a medal was struck by the Ceylon government
+for presentation to Corporal McLoughlin, and three privates, but
+they all died of fever before it was issued.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f235'>
+<p class='c008'><a href='#r235'>235</a>. The following account of the presentation of medals to a body
+of Volunteers, on their disbanding, appeared in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>
+of April, 1802, just after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens:—</p>
+
+<p class='c008'>“Yesterday the Hon. John Henniker Major met his respectable
+corps of Suffolk Volunteers, in that county; and, after thanking them,
+in an elegant and appropriate speech, for the zeal and activity that
+they had manifested in the defence of their country, delivered to each
+of them a silver medal, decorated with military devices, as a mark of
+the high sense he entertained of their services; after which, Mr. Major
+informed them they were now disbanded, conformably to the regulation
+of the Government, with a reward the most gratifying, viz., their
+Sovereign’s approbation of their conduct.”</p>
+</div>
+
+</main>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c004'>
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c036'>Page</th>
+    <th class='c036'>Changed from</th>
+    <th class='c037'>Changed to</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c038'><a href='#t160'>160</a></td>
+    <td class='c039'>the conflict raged at the breaches, when an explosion destroyed</td>
+    <td class='c040'>the conflict raged at the beaches, when an explosion destroyed</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c038'><a href='#t376'>376</a></td>
+    <td class='c039'>divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah agains</td>
+    <td class='c040'>divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah against</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c038'><a href='#t578'>578</a></td>
+    <td class='c039'>direction. The route was complete, great loss being inflicted</td>
+    <td class='c040'>direction. The rout was complete, great loss being inflicted</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li>Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+
+    </li>
+    <li>Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78811 ***</div>
+</body>
+<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-06-03 15:43:17 GMT -->
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #78811
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78811)