path: root/78744-0.txt

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78744 ***




 РОССІЙСКАЯ АНТОЛОГІЯ.


 SPECIMENS

 OF

 _THE RUSSIAN POETS_:


 TRANSLATED BY

 JOHN BOWRING, F.L.S.


 _Вамъ, вамъ плетутъ Хариты
 Безамертные вѣнцы!
 Я вами здѣсь вкушаю
 Восторги Піеридъ,
 И въ радости взываю:
 О Музы! я Піитъ!_
                 БАТЮШКОВЪ


 WITH PRELIMINARY REMARKS AND
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

 SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS.

 London:
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR:
 SOLD BY R. HUNTER, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD;
 AND A. CONSTABLE AND CO., EDINBURGH.

 1821.




[Illustration: ALBRE FLAMMAN printer’s mark.]

PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR,

SHOE-LANE, LONDON.




ADVERTISEMENT

TO

THE SECOND EDITION.


The first edition of this work was published without any strong
expectations that it would excite attention. It has been received with
singular indulgence, nay with flattering encouragement, and I trust
it will be followed, at no distant period, by Specimens of the Poetry
of other nations, which is as yet a stranger to our literature and
language.

The objects of this publication have been in a great degree answered.
Many of the Poets of Russia, whom I have ventured to introduce to my
countrymen, have met with a cordial welcome, and their claims have
been cheerfully admitted by the mighty arbiters of fame. For myself
I own, that my hopes of the future progress of that vast empire in
civilization and virtue and liberty have been greatly flattered,
greatly increased by the observations which this little volume has
served to elicit.

It must not, however, be forgotten, that this is a representation of
nothing but the unformed and infant poetical literature of Russia.
That literature had its birth but yesterday, and certainly its present
strength and beauty give fair hope for to-morrow. In it are elements
of improvement, and buds and blossoms of future expectation. They
are scattered over “half a world,” and in due time will ripen, to
encourage, to console, and to stimulate myriads and millions. It will
then be an interesting task, to compare the maturer charms of Sclavonic
song, with these its earliest gems.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.


 INTRODUCTION                           vii

 Derzhavin                                1

 Batiushkov                              45

 Lomonosov                               65

 Zhukovsky                               71

 Karamsin                               103

 Dmitriev                               117

 Krĭlov                                 129

 Khemnitzer                             135

 Bobrov                                 145

 Bogdanovich                            163

 Davĭdov                                175

 Kostrov                                179

 Neledinsky Meletzky                    183

 National Songs                         192

 Biographical and Critical Notices      203




INTRODUCTION.


Few subjects can be more complacent to the philanthropist than to trace
the forward march of mind; peculiarly complacent where its progress is
neither slow nor doubtful; where the stream of light spreads widening
more and more over the whole surface of society; and more delightful
yet, where the first rays of twilight break out of the thick darkness
of long and dreary barbarism, and the day advances with sure and steady
steps. Such were the circumstances under which Russia presented itself
to my contemplation. It had emerged, as it were instantaneously, from
a night of ignorance, to occupy a situation in the world of intellect,
not contemptible, even when compared with that of southern nations;
but singularly striking as contrasted with the almost universal
ignorance which pervaded the immense empire of the Tzars, before Peter
the Great, the Russian Colossus, as one of their poets calls him, gave
it the first impulse towards civilization[1]. The foundation is now
laid, on which the proud edifice of civilization will be raised. The
moral _vis inertiæ_ is in action: and the immense political influence
which Russia has acquired, and seems likely to maintain, will be less
appalling, at all events, to the moralist, if not to the statesman,
than if wholly unaccompanied by a spirit of literature; while, on the
other hand, it is consolatory to remember, that every instance which
Russia affords of the advance of knowledge, is a pledge that the
blessings of freedom and good government, which follow in the train of
intellectual distinction, cannot be for ever shut out.

Lomonosov[2] is the father of Russian poetry. It did not advance from
step to step through various gradations of improvement, but received
from his extraordinary genius an elevation and a purity which are
singularly opposed to the barbarous compositions which preceded him.
He did more than any other writer to fix the standard of language, and
wielded a then uncouth and unformed idiom with singular address and
power. A natural sense of harmony and beauty, made sublimer by early
contemplation of the prophetic and the poetical compositions of the
Old Testament, did more for his own fame, and for the future literary
reputation of his country, than could have resulted from the closest
acquaintance with the great names of Greece or Rome. His style is
singularly vigorous, and his works are distinguished throughout for
their bold and impressive character. They have been collected into six
volumes; and his name, as well as that of his rival Sumarokov, has
already found its way, with some particulars of his life and writings,
into our biographical dictionaries[3].

Sumarokov, whose productions are very voluminous, and were once
considered models of grace, beauty, and harmony, has been much
neglected of late years. His dramatic compositions are, for the most
part, gross and indecent; his contemptuous jealousy of Lomonosov,
though so greatly his superior, is often most ridiculously intruding
itself; but in one point of view, at least, he is entitled to
respect and gratitude. He is the eldest of the Russian fabulists;
the introducer of a species of composition, in which Russian poetry
possesses treasures more varied and more valuable than that of any
other nation. It is no mean praise to say, and it may be said truly,
that Russia can produce more than one rival of the delightful La
Fontaine. Of the dramatic writings of Sumarokov, the best is the
tragedy _Demitrĭj Samosvanelz_, or The False Demetrius[4], which has
been translated into English.

Von Visin, who seems to have made Moliere his model, improved greatly
upon Sumarokov. His two most celebrated comedies are _Nedorosl_, The
Spoilt Youth, and _Brigadir_, The Brigadier[5].

Kheraskov holds a high rank among the lyric poets of Russia. He
died a few years ago. He was curator of the Moscow University. He
published a collection of his poems, which he entitled _Bakhariana,
ili Neisviëstnĭj_; Bachariana, or The Unknown; but his great work is
_Rossiada, ili Rasrushchenie Kasanij_; The Russiad, or The Destruction
of Kasan.

But of all the poets of Russia, Derzhavin is in my conception entitled
to the very first place. His compositions breathe a high and sublime
spirit; they are full of inspiration. His versification is sonorous,
original, characteristic; his subjects generally such as allowed him
to give full scope to his ardent imagination and lofty conceptions.
Of modern poets, he most resembles Klopstock: his _Oda Bog_, Ode on
God, with the exception of some of the wonderful passages of the
Old Testament, “written with a pen of fire,” and glowing with the
brightness of heaven, passages of which Derzhavin has frequently
availed himself, is one of the most impressive and sublime addresses
I am acquainted with, on a subject so pre-eminently impressive and
sublime. The first poem which excited the public attention to him was
his _Felitza_.

Bogdanovich has obtained the title of the Russian Anacreon. His
_Dushenka_ (Psyche) is a graceful and lovely poem. I mean at some
future time to give some extracts from this poem, with specimens of
the Russian epics, and longer poetical compositions, which I hope to
collect into one volume. He has also written several dramatic pieces.

Bobrov was well acquainted with the literature of the South of Europe,
and has transfused many of its beauties into his native tongue. Our
English writers especially have given great assistance to his honest
plagiarism. His _Khersonida_, an oriental epic poem, is not so good as
_Lalla Rookh_, but it is very good notwithstanding.

Kapnist has written on a variety of subjects--odes, songs, romances and
translations.

The name of Kostrov closes the list of the most eminent among the
deceased poets of Russia. He died, not long ago, in the meridian of his
days. He had made an admirable translation of Homer, and was engaged in
a version of Ossian, which he left unfinished: the conclusion has since
been added by Gnœdich.

Of all the living writers of Russia, or rather of all the writers
Russia ever produced, the most successful and the most popular is
Karamsin. Derzhavin called him long ago “the nightingale of poetry,”
but it is not to his poetry alone that he owes his fame. Standing on
the summit of modern literature in Russia, he has been loaded with
honours and distinctions, which, however, have not served to check his
wonted urbanity, or to chill his natural goodness of heart. When a
young writer, he was fond of imitating Sterne[6]; a very bad model, it
may be added, since the peculiarities which characterize him are only
tolerable because they are original. Karamsin’s style was then usually
abrupt and unnatural, and its sentimentality wearisome and affected.
But he has outlived his errors, and established his reputation on
their subjection. His great undertaking, the _Rossijskaje Istorije_
(History of Russia), is, without comparison, the first and best
literary work which has been produced in the country it celebrates. It
was received with loud eulogiums throughout the Russian empire; it has
been translated into several European languages; and will probably long
maintain a pre-eminent rank among Russian classics, and become one of
the standard authorities of history[7].

The peculiar excellence of the Russian fabulists has been mentioned.
Sumarokov and Khemnitzer, Dmitriev and Krĭlov, are the most
distinguished among them. Dmitriev, who is still living at Moscow, has
published a great number of fables and ballads, besides translations
from the Latin and other languages. His style is easy, harmonious, and
energetic: some of his compositions have a sublimer character; his
religious poetry is dignified and solemn; his elegies are tender and
affecting.

Krĭlov holds an office in the Imperial library at Petersburg. He is
well known to the _bons vivans_ of the English club. His heavy and
unwieldy appearance is singularly contrasted with the shrewdness and
the grace of his writings. He stings like a wasp, and flies laughingly
away, but always leaves his sting behind him. He has published one
volume of fables, remarkable for their spirit and originality. He now
employs himself in translating Herodotus, having, at an advanced period
of life, first entered on the study of the languages of ancient Greece
and Rome.

Zhukovskij has printed some poetical translations of distinguished
merit from the German, French and English. Among these, his version
of Gray’s elegy is entitled to particular praise. For the sake of
comparison I give the epitaph.

    Sdœs’ pepel iunoshi besvremenno sokrĭli;
    Chto slava, shchastie, ne snal on v mirœ sem!
    No Musĭ ot nego litza ne otvratili,
    I melankholii pechat’ bĭla na nem.

    On krotok serdtzem bĭl, chuvstvitelen dushoiu
    Chuvstvitel’nĭm Tvoretz nagradu polozhil!
    Daril neshchastnĭkh on--chœm tolko mog--slesoiu!
    V nagradu ot Tvortza on druga poluchil!

    Prokhozhii, udalis’! vo grobœ son svjeshchennĭi!
    Sud’ba pochivshikh v nem pokrĭta grosnoimgloi
    Nadezha robkaje zhivit ikh pepel tlœnnĭi!
    Kto snaet, kto nas zhdet sa grobovoi doskoi!

This piece is one among very many translations from the English. The
following verse from Goldsmith’s Edwin and Angelina will be perhaps
recognised from its cadence alone.

    Voidikh v moi dom--sabot tam chuzhdĭ
      Nœt blaga v suetœ!
    Nam malĭje denĭ sdœs’ nuzhdĭ!
      Na malĭi mig i nœ!

His _Liudmilla_ (an imitation of Leonora) is deemed more beautiful
and forcible than the original itself. He has written on a variety of
subjects, and is now engaged as a companion to the Grand Dukes.

I believe Batiushkov is now in Italy. He has published translations
from Tibullus and other classics. His most celebrated composition is
his Address to his Penates, which will be found in the present volume.
As it introduces in a very agreeable manner the most eminent of the
Russian poets, and contains some allusion to Russian manners, it will
not, I hope, be without interest to the English reader.

There are many other names which the narrow limits of this volume will
not allow to be introduced at length. Mersljekov’s translations from
the Greek and Latin classics: those of Gnœdich, Knjezhnin, Milonov,
Volkov and Bunina from different sources: Rodsjenkai from Addison, and
many others, have produced an admirable effect upon the taste of the
nation, and given noble examples for the imitation of Russian bards.

I can scarcely hope to satisfy those who are masters of Russian
literature. I have not always satisfied myself; for, far from any
feelings of self-complacency, to do full justice to some of the poets
of Russia has been beyond the compass of my powers. In the instance of
Bogdanovich, especially, the charm I have felt, I have not been able to
convey.

No one can be more alive than I am to the extreme difficulty of
communicating to a foreign version the peculiar characters of the
original. The grace, the harmony, the happy arrangement, the striking
adaptation of words to ideas; every thing, in fact, except the
primary and naked thought, requires for its perfect communication
a genius equal to its first conception: and, in truth, there are
but few instances of enduring and deserved reputation dependent
only on successful poetical translations, unaided by the merits of
distinguished original works.

One thing, however, is certain; I have intended no wrong,--I hope I
have done no wrong, to the names and to the works I now introduce to
my countrymen; I mean only to be an honest, conscientious interpreter.
Many of the charms of their compositions have probably escaped me:
their faults, I am afraid, are but too faithfully rendered; I have
discovered many, but I dared not meddle with them.

The measure of the original has been generally preserved. This adhesion
to one of the distinguishing characters of poetical composition has
been made of late quite a point of conscience in Germany (a country
which possesses a greater number of excellent and faithful translations
than all the united world besides); and as far as the genius of the
language will admit, I hope it will become so in England[8]. It would
have been well if our early translators had been more honest and
correct in this particular--their aberrations have given a sort of
sanction to the wanderings of others. The future poets of Russia have
excellent precursors to study, especially as regards the fidelity of
their early versions.

A few words on the peculiarities of the Russian language will not,
perhaps, be misplaced[9].

The mother-tongue of nearly forty millions of human beings, and which
in the course of thirteen centuries has undergone no radical change, is
indeed entitled to some attention. All Russian grammarians claim for
it an antiquity at least equal to that of the city of Novogorod. The
oldest written documents that exist are two treaties with the Greek
emperors, made by Oleg, A.D. 912, and Igor, A.D. 943. Christianity,
introduced into Russia at the beginning of the eleventh century by
Vladimir the Great, brought with it many words of Greek origin. The
Tartars added considerably to the vocabulary during the two centuries
of their domination. The intercourse which Peter the Great established
with foreign nations, increased it still more; and of late years a
great number of words have been amalgamated with it from the French,
German, and English. It is now one of the richest, if not the richest,
of all the European languages, and contains a multitude of words which
can only be expressed by compounds and redundant definitions in any
northern tongues. Schlözer calculates, that of the five hundred roots
on which the modern Russ is raised, three-fourths of the number are
derived from Greek, Latin, and German. Many are of Sans-crit origin, of
which Adelung published a list in 1811[10].

Printing was introduced into Russia about the middle of the sixteenth
century. The oldest printed book which has been discovered is a
Sclavonic Psalter, bearing the date Kiev, 1551; two years after, a
press was established in Moscow. The Sclavonic alphabet, said to have
been introduced by Cyrillus in the ninth century, consists of forty-two
letters. The modern Russ has only thirty-five: those unknown to the
English are as follows:

  Letters.       Sounds and Orthography adopted.
    Ж[11]            zh.
    Ф                ph.
    Х[12]            kh (guttural).
    Ц                tz.
    Ч                ch (as in chance).
    Ш                sh.
    Щ[13]            shtsh, or shch.
    Ы[14]            ĭ (dull i).
    Ъ[15]            terminal.
    Ь[16]            ditto.
    Ѣ[17]            œ.
    Ю[18]            iu.
    Я                je.

Besides these, there are several letters which seem almost identical as
to sound.

    Е and Э[19]      for e.
    И --  І[20]      --  i.
    С --  З[21]      --  s.

Of the above,

    Щ appears a compound of Ш and Ч.
    Ю --------------------  І --  У.
    Я --------------------  І --  Е.

Ѳ (_theta_) and Ѵ (_upsilon_) form a part of the Russian alphabet,
but are seldom used. _h_[22], _c_[23], _x_[24], _f_[25], _w_[26], are
wanting altogether.

The Russian language may be adapted to almost every species of
versification. It is flexible, harmonious, full of rhythmus, rich in
compounds, and possesses all the elements of poetry. From the following
examples in different measures, some idea may be formed of its natural
music.


ADONICS OF FIVE SYLLABLES.

    Ti dusha moje
    Krasna dævitza,
    Moje prezhnjeje
    Poliu bovnitza[27].


TROCHAICS OF SEVEN AND EIGHT SYLLABLES.

    Stónet sísoi gólu bóchik
    Stónet ón i dén’ i nóch’;
    Égo mílen’kói druzhéchik,
    Otletœ’l daléko próch’[28].

                              _Derzhavin._


IAMBICS OF SIX AND SEVEN SYLLABLES.

    Sakónĭ ó suzhdáiut,
    Predmét moéi liubví:
    No któ, o sérdtze! mózhet,
    Protiv’it’sjé tebǽ[29].

                              _Karamsin._


DACTYLICS OF SEVEN AND EIGHT SYLLABLES.

    Svǽri rabótĭ ne snaíut,
    Ptítzĭ zhivút bes trudá;
    Liúdi ne svǽri ne ptítzĭ,
    Liúdi rabótoi zhiv`út[30].

                              _Karamsin._


ALEXANDRINES.

    Bozhéstvennĭí metáll! krasjéshchíi ístukánov,
    Zhivótvorjéshchajé dushá pustĭ´kh karmánov[31].

                              _Von Visin._


HEXAMETERS AND PENTAMETERS.

    Tám, tam sætóvat’ mnæ vés’væk moi! górestnii mráchnii
    Kázhdĭi medlénnii den’, kázhduíus úzhasom nóch’[32].

Rimes are either masculine or feminine; the former have the accent on
the last syllable, the latter on the penultimate:

  Masculine.     Feminine.
    iskál         lobóiu
    stál          krasóiu
    tzár          póru
    tvár          góru[33]

The productions of the Russian press are no index to the national
cultivation. The great majority of that extensive empire are yet little
removed from the uncivilized and brutish state in which they were
left by the Ruriks and the Vladimirs of other times. Unfortunately,
society has few gradations; and there is no influence so unfriendly
to improvement, no state of things so hopeless, as that produced by a
domestic slavery built upon the habits of ages. In Russia, the next
step from absolute dependence is nobility; at least, the intermediate
classes are very inconsiderable. The strength, the intelligence, the
public and the private virtue, of our middling ranks, which serve so
admirably to cement the social edifice, are there wanting. All sympathy
is partial and exclusive. In _this_ country, the spirit of information,
wherever elicited, rapidly spreads over and glows in every link of
the electrical chain of society. It mounts aspiringly, if it have its
origin among the less privileged orders; and it descends through all
the beautiful gradations of rank, when it has its birth in the higher
circles: it is diffusive--it is all-enlightening. But in Russia,
however bright the flame, it is pent up, it cannot spread. The noble
associates with the noble: the slave herds with the slave; but man has
no communion with man. No spot is there, whether sacred to science or
to virtue, in which the “rich and poor” may “meet together,” equalized
though but for a moment, as if the common Father were indeed “the
Maker of all;” and assuredly the Russian nation can make no striking
progress in civilization till the terrible barriers which so completely
separate the different ranks are destroyed. The million, uninstructed
and unambitious, will, it is to be feared, be long held in the fetters
of vassalage. The personal interests of the ruling few are too clearly,
too fatally opposed to the melioration of the subject many, to allow
any thing to be hoped for from these Lords of the soil. There are, it
must be confessed, active minds, generous energies, at work; but where
is their influence seen? To lead such an immense nation through the
different stages of improvement, to rational and permanent liberty,
were indeed an object worthy of the most aspiring, the most glorious
ambition. It were an achievement not to be hailed by the blast of
trumpet, nor the roar of artillery; (the world, recovering from its
drunken infatuation, is well nigh weary of the unholy triumphs which
have been thus celebrated;) it were an achievement which would hand
down the name of him who should effect it to future ages, linked with
the gratitude, the virtue, the happiness, of successive and long
enduring generations.

I must not, however, be misunderstood. The language of despondency, as
to the progressive improvement and ultimate civilization of Russia,
would be unwarrantable and insincere. If, in the vassalage which
depresses and degrades the most numerous class in that country, we
look in vain for any redeeming circumstance, to create or to encourage
the expectation of a speedy and considerable change; still there
is little fear of active opposition to the progress of truth and
knowledge, among the immense majority of the people; that is, among the
hereditary slaves. They are an inert, unintellectual mass, who, though
they will not probably make sufficient advances, under the present
system, to bring about any very perceptible improvement themselves,
will certainly be little disposed to take any measures in support of
an arbitrary system, or to offer any resistance to those changes whose
benign effects they would so speedily feel. But, as far as _they_ are
concerned, improvement must follow, rather than lead to, any important
melioration. A middle class, as yet neither numerous nor powerful, is
withal growing up in Russia; by and by, they will form the link between
the oppressor and the oppressed. The pride of the first will be brought
down; the ambition of the last will be excited. Bosoms will begin to
glow with hope and ardor, which are now frozen beneath the wintry touch
of bondage; and Russia, full as she is of the materials out of which
great minds are formed, may yet perhaps take her stand in intellectual
eminence among the nations of Europe, at no distant period.

       *       *       *       *       *

For the interesting notices at the close of this volume I am indebted
to my illustrious friend Von Adelung. Thus to thank him is the least
return I can make.

                                                               J. B.

       *       *       *       *       *

    I bore you from the regions of the north,
    Where ye first blossom’d, flowers of poetry!
    Now light your smiles and pour your incense forth
    Beneath our Albion’s more benignant sky.

    I cull’d your garlands ’neath the polar star,
    From the vast fields of everlasting snow,
    Adventurous I transplant your beauties far:--
    Still breathe in fragrance, still in beauty glow.

    Within _our_ temple many a holy wreath,
    Hallowed by genius and by time, is hung:
    At our old altar many a bard has sung,
    Whose music vibrates from the realms of death.

    I may not link your lowlier names with theirs--
    The giants of past ages:--but to bring
    To our Parnassus one delightful thing,
    Would gild my hopes and answer all my prayers.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] So an anonymous Russian poet:

    Russia and Russia’s strength lay hid in dreary night;
    God said “Let Peter be!” and then they burst to light.


[2] or Broken Nose.

[3] Under the engravings of Lomonosov an eulogium is sometimes found,
of which the following is a translation:

    Where Winter sits upon his throne of snow,
    Thus spoke the bright Parnassian Deity:
    “Another Pindar is created now,
    The king of bards, the lord of music, he.”
    And Russia’s bosom heaved with holy glow--
    “My Lomonosov! Pindar lives in thee!”


[4] The history of this extraordinary man may be found at length in
Coxe’s Travels, ii. 366-393.

[5] I do not feel myself qualified to give an opinion on the present
state of the Russian Stage: but the translations represented there
from the French and German drama are of acknowledged merit; and many
original pieces have been of late produced, of which their literary men
speak with great delight and even enthusiasm. Ozerov is, I imagine, the
most eminent of their tragic poets.

[6] Especially in his _Puteshestvennik_ (or Traveller).

[7] The German translation is faithful, but heavy and ill-written. The
French, tolerably written, perhaps, but miserably incorrect; Karamsin
told me he had discovered two hundred errors in the first volume
alone. The Italian is a rendering from the French. As a proof of the
estimation in which Karamsin is held, I may mention that I learned at
Petersburg, that several thousand copies of this voluminous work were
distributed in a few weeks; and it was said, the author received fifty
thousand rubles for the copy-right of the second edition.

[8] The merits of Shakespeare were never fully recognised till he was
clad in garments something like his own. There is generally no idea in
this country of the sublime and imposing character of the writings of
Klopstock, for they have never been presented to us in any thing like
their original form. If any one wish to study the freezing effect of
a translation made in conformity to what are called the prejudices,
or the habits of a people, let him read the Hamlet of Moratin; a man
confessedly of extraordinary talent; an original dramatic writer
of most distinguished success; and who has preserved a general
faithfulness to the sense of his author, even in this translation: let
him compare this, or any of the plays of Le Tourneur, or the choicest
passages of Ducis, with ten lines taken at random from Voss, or
Schlegel, and the argument will be fully understood.

[9] It is a remarkable fact, that the first Russian Grammar ever
published was published in England. It was entitled H. W. Ludolfi
_Grammatica Russica, quæ continet et manuductionem quandam ad
Grammaticam Sclavonicam_. Oxon. 1696.

[10] _Rapports entre les Langues Russe et Sans-crite._

[11] I have adopted _zh_ to convey the sound of this letter, though it
is sometimes rendered by j; it is nearly equivalent to the French _j_,
as in _jardin_, _jaune_; or to s and z in the English words, measure,
vision, azure.

[12] A strong guttural; the Greek χ.

[13] This is the letter which disfigures Russian words so much when
written in Roman characters. “I defend,” which has but seven letters
in the original, is thus conveyed by fourteen--_sashchishchaju_;
and much more awkwardly in the German system of orthography by
twenty--_saschtschischtschaju_. Its exact sound may be produced
by connecting together the two last syllables of the words
establi_sht-ch_urch.

[14] The _shibboleth_ of the Russian alphabet. It is hardly ever well
pronounced by foreigners. It is a deep, indistinct articulation,
something like _i_ in _bill_.

[15] A mere expletive; and yet so common that Schlözer says, to abandon
it would diminish the trouble and expense of writing and printing five
_per cent._ It occurs, on an average, fifty times among a thousand
letters. It can only be used as the termination of a syllable or a word.

[16] This letter, which is also a terminal, gives to the consonant that
precedes it the sound which the French call _mouillé_, as in _ai_ll_e_,
_a_gn_eau_; like _gn_ or _gl_ in Italian; in Spanish the _ñ_ or _ll_. I
have adopted an apostrophe ’ when it is introduced.

[17] The close _e_ of the French.

[18] The English _u_, as in union, universe, always pronounced _iu_.

[19] Is of modern introduction, and is used principally in the
beginning of words of foreign origin, as Edinburgh, Etymology.

[20] The first of these is used before a consonant, the latter before a
vowel.

[21] С is the sharp s or ss, as in lass: З the soft single s, as
usually pronounced in the middle of words; _e.g._ muse.

[22] H, where it occurs in foreign words, is rendered by Г, _g_.

[23] C, is in fact an expletive in all languages.

[24] X, is always written ks, _v. g._ Aleksandr (Alexander).

[25] F, is conveyed usually by the Ф (ph), sometimes by the В (v).

[26] The Germans use their W for the Russian В, which latter is in
fact the English _v_. This letter might in English, as in Russian,
conveniently stand in the alphabet next to B. It is a second B, a
letter which in all times has been constantly confounded with it. In
Spanish the two letters are used almost indifferently.

[27]

    Thou my sweet spirit,
    Beautiful maiden!
    Thou my fair empress,
    Queen of my bosom!


[28]

    Deeply sighs the little wood-dove,
    Deeply sighs he day and night;
    His beloved heart-companion
    Far away has wing’d her flight.


[29]

    But law’s imposing fetters
    My burning love restrain:
    Yet who, O heart! could ever
    O’er thee a victory gain?


[30]

    Beasts of the field never labour,
    Birds of the forest repose;
    Man, neither one nor the other,
    Man is appointed to toil.


[31]

    Thou godlike metal gold! that mov’st the very statues,
    And to an empty purse canst give a living spirit.


[32]

    There, there do I wear out life’s pilgrimage, sorrowing and dreary,
    While the day in its misery rolls, and the terrible night.


[33] The best Russian Grammar I have met with is Tappe’s
_Theoretisch-praktische Russische Sprachlehre_. I have availed myself
of it for many of the preceding observations.




_RUSSIAN ANTHOLOGY._




DERZHAVIN.


GOD[1].

    O Thou eternal One! whose presence bright
    All space doth occupy, all motion guide;
    Unchanged through time’s all-devastating flight;
    Thou only God! There is no God beside!
    Being above all beings! Three in One!
    Whom none can comprehend and none explore;
    Who fill’st existence with _Thyself_ alone:
    Embracing all,--supporting,--ruling o’er,--
    Being whom we call GOD--and know no more[2]!

    In its sublime research, philosophy
    May measure out the ocean-deep--may count
    The sands or the sun’s rays--but, God! for Thee
    There is no weight nor measure:--none can mount
    Up to Thy mysteries; Reason’s brightest spark,
    Though kindled by Thy light, in vain would try
    To trace Thy counsels, infinite and dark:
    And thought is lost ere thought can soar so high,
    Even like past moments in eternity.

    Thou from primeval nothingness didst call
    First chaos, then existence;--Lord! on Thee
    Eternity had its foundation:--all
    Sprung forth from Thee:--of light, joy, harmony,
    Sole origin:--all life, all beauty Thine.
    Thy word created all, and doth create;
    Thy splendor fills all space with rays divine.
    Thou art, and wert, and shalt be! Glorious! Great!
    Light-giving, life-sustaining Potentate!

    Thy chains the unmeasured universe surround:
    Upheld by Thee, by Thee inspired with breath!
    Thou the beginning with the end hast bound,
    And beautifully mingled life and death!
    As sparks mount upwards from the fiery blaze,
    So suns are born, so worlds spring forth from Thee;
    And as the spangles in the sunny rays
    Shine round the silver snow, the pageantry
    Of heaven’s bright army glitters in Thy praise[3].

    A million torches lighted by Thy hand
    Wander unwearied through the blue abyss:
    They own Thy power, accomplish Thy command;
    All gay with life, all eloquent with bliss.
    What shall we call them? Piles of crystal light--
    A glorious company of golden streams--
    Lamps of celestial ether burning bright--
    Suns lighting systems with their joyous beams?
    But Thou to these art as the noon to night.

    Yes! as a drop of water in the sea,
    All this magnificence in Thee is lost:--
    What are ten thousand worlds compared to Thee?
    And what am _I_ then? Heaven’s unnumber’d host,
    Though multiplied by myriads, and array’d
    In all the glory of sublimest thought;
    Is but an atom in the balance weigh’d
    Against Thy greatness; is a cypher brought
    Against infinity! What am I then? Nought!

    Nought! But the effluence of Thy light divine,
    Pervading worlds, hath reach’d my bosom too;
    Yes! in my spirit doth Thy spirit shine
    As shines the sun-beam in a drop of dew.
    Nought! but I live, and on hope’s pinions fly
    Eager towards Thy presence; for in Thee
    I live, and breathe, and dwell; aspiring high,
    Even to the throne of Thy divinity.
    I am, O God! and surely _Thou_ must be!

    Thou art! directing, guiding all, Thou art!
    Direct my understanding then to Thee;
    Control my spirit, guide my wandering heart:
    Though but an atom midst immensity,
    Still I am something, fashion’d by Thy hand!
    I hold a middle rank ’twixt heaven and earth,
    On the last verge of mortal being stand,
    Close to the realms where angels have their birth,
    Just on the boundaries of the spirit-land!

    The chain of being is complete in me;
    In me is matter’s last gradation lost,
    And the next step is spirit--Deity!
    I can command the lightning, and am dust!
    A monarch, and a slave; a worm, a god!
    Whence came I here, and how? so marvellously
    Constructed and conceived? unknown! this clod
    Lives surely through some higher energy;
    For from itself alone it could not be!

    Creator, yes! Thy wisdom and Thy word
    Created _me_! Thou source of life and good!
    Thou spirit of my spirit, and my Lord!
    Thy light, Thy love, in their bright plenitude
    Fill’d me with an immortal soul, to spring
    Over the abyss of death, and bade it wear
    The garments of eternal day, and wing
    Its heavenly flight beyond this little sphere,
    Even to its source--to Thee--its Author there.

    O thoughts ineffable! O visions blest!
    Though worthless our conceptions all of Thee,
    Yet shall Thy shadowed image fill our breast,
    And waft its homage to Thy Deity.
    God! thus alone my lowly thoughts can soar;
    Thus seek Thy presence--Being wise and good!
    Midst Thy vast works admire, obey, adore;
    And when the tongue is eloquent no more,
    The soul shall speak in tears of gratitude.


ON THE DEATH OF MESHCHERSKY.

    Ah! that funereal toll! loud tongue of time!
    What woes are centred in that frightful sound!
    It calls! it calls me with a voice sublime,
    To the lone chambers of the burial ground.
    My life’s first footsteps are midst yawning graves;
    A pale, teeth-clattering spectre passes nigh;
    A scythe of lightning that pale spectre waves,
    Mows down man’s days like grass, and hurries by.

    Nought his untired rapacity can cloy:
    Monarchs and slaves are all the earth-worm’s food;
    And the wild-raging elements destroy
    Even the recording tomb. Vicissitude
    Devours the pride of glory; as the sea
    Insatiate drinks the waters, so our days
    And years are lost in deep eternity;
    Cities and empires vandal death decays.

    We tremble on the borders of the abyss,
    And giddy totter headlong from on high;
    For death with life our common portion is,
    And man is only born that he may die.
    Death knows no sympathy; he tramples on
    All tenderness--extinguishes the stars--
    Tears from the firmament the glowing sun,
    And blots out worlds in his gigantic wars.

    But mortal man forgets mortality!
    His dreams crowd ages into life’s short day;--
    While, like a midnight robber stealing by,
    Death plunders time by hour and hour away.
    When least we fear, then is the traitor nigh;
    Where most secure we seem, he loves to come:
    Less swift than he, the bolts of thunder fly,
    Less sure than he, the lightning strikes the dome.

    Thou son of luxury! child of dance and song,
    O whither, whither is thy spirit fled?
    On life’s dull sea thy bark delayed not long,
    But sought the silent haven of the dead.
    Here is thy dust! Thy spirit is not here!
    _Where_ is it? There. _Where_ there? ’tis all unknown:
    We weep and sigh--alas! we know not _where_!
    For man is doubt and darkness’ eldest son.

    Where love and joy and health and worldly good,
    And all life’s pleasures in their splendor glow;
    He dries the nerves up, he congeals the blood,
    And shakes the very soul with mighty woe.
    The songs of joy are funeral cries become--
    And luxury’s board is cover’d with a pall--
    The chamber of the banquet is a tomb:
    Death, the pale autocrat, he rules o’er all.

    He rules o’er all--and him must kings obey,
    Whose will no counsel knows and no control;
    The proud and gilded great ones are his prey,
    Who stand like pillars in a tyrant’s hall.
    Beauty and beauty’s charms are nought to him,
    Man’s intellect is crush’d by his decrees;
    Man’s brightest light his dreadful frown can dim--
    He whets his scythe with trophies such as these.

    Death makes all nature tremble! What are we?
    To-morrow dust, though almost gods to-day!
    A mixture strange of pride and poverty:
    Now basking in hope’s fair and gladdening ray;
    To-morrow--what is man to-morrow? Nought!
    How swiftly rolls the never-tarrying stream,
    Hour after hour to gloomy chaos brought;
    While ages dawn and vanish like a dream!

    Even like an infant’s sweet imagining,
    My early, lovely spring-tide hurried on:
    Beauty just smiled and sported--then took wing;
    Joy laugh’d a moment and then joy was gone.
    Now less susceptible of bliss, less blest,
    Wiser and worldlier, panting for a name;
    With a vain thirst of honour, pain’d, opprest,
    I labour wearied up the hill of fame.

    But manhood too and manhood’s care will pass,
    And glory’s struggles be ere long forgot;
    For fame, like wealth, has busy wings, alas!
    And joy’s and sorrow’s sound will move us not.
    Begone, ye vain pursuits, ye dreams of bliss,
    Changing and false, no longer flatter me!
    I stand upon the sepulchre’s abyss,
    In the dark portal of eternity.

    To-day, my friend! _may_ bring our final doom;
    If not to-day, to-morrow surely _will_:
    Why look we sadly on Meshchersky’s tomb?
    Here he was happy--he is happy still!
    Life was not given for ages to endure,
    But virtue on death’s bosom finds her rest;
    And know--a spirit order’d well and pure,
    May make life’s sorrows and life’s changes blest.


THE WATERFALL.

    Lo! like a glorious pile of diamonds bright,
    Built on the steadfast cliffs, the waterfall
    Pours forth its gems of pearl and silver light:
    They sink, they rise, and sparkling cover all
    With infinite refulgence; while its song,
    Sublime as thunder, rolls the woods along--

    Rolls through the woods--they send its accents back,
    Whose last vibration in the desert dies:
    Its radiance glances o’er the watery track,
    Till the soft wave, as wrapt in slumber, lies
    Beneath the forest-shade; then sweetly flows
    A milky stream, all silent, as it goes.

    Its foam is scattered on the margent bound,
    Skirting the darksome grove. But list! the hum
    Of industry, the rattling hammer’s sound,
    Files whizzing, creaking sluices, echoed come
    On the fast-travelling breeze! O no! no voice
    Is heard around, but thy majestic noise!

    When the mad storm-wind tears the oak asunder,
    In thee its shivered fragments find their tomb;
    When rocks are riven by the bolt of thunder,
    As sands they sink into thy mighty womb:
    The ice that would imprison thy proud tide,
    Like bits of broken glass is scattered wide.

    The fierce wolf prowls around thee--there he stands
    Listening--not fearful, for he nothing fears:
    His red eyes burn like fury-kindled brands,
    Like bristles o’er him his course fur he rears;
    Howling, thy dreadful roar he oft repeats,
    And, more ferocious, hastes to bloodier feats.

    The wild stag hears thy falling waters’ sound,
    And tremblingly flies forward--o’er her back
    She bends her stately horns--the noiseless ground
    Her hurried feet impress not--and her track
    Is lost amidst the tumult of the breeze,
    And the leaves falling from the rustling trees.

    The wild horse thee approaches in his turn:
    He changes not his proudly rapid stride;
    His mane stands up erect--his nostrils burn--
    He snorts--he pricks his ears--and starts aside;
    Then rushing madly forward to thy steep,
    He dashes down into thy torrents deep.

    Beneath the cedar, in abstraction sunk,
    Close to thine awful pile of majesty,
    On yonder old and mouldering moss-bound trunk,
    That hangs upon the cliff’s rude edge, I see
    An old man, on whose forehead winter’s snow
    Is scattered, and his hand supports his brow.

    The lance, the sword, the ample shield beneath
    Lie at his feet obscured by spreading rust;
    His casque is circled by an ivy wreath--
    Those arms were once his country’s pride and trust:
    And yet upon his golden breast-plate plays
    The gentle brightness of the sunset rays.

    He sits, and muses on the rapid stream,
    While deep thoughts struggling from his bosom rise:
    “Emblem of man! here brightly pictured seem
    The world’s gay scenery and its pageantries,
    Which, as delusive as thy shining wave,
    Glow for the proud, the coward and the slave.

    So is our little stream of life poured out,
    In the wild turbulence of passion: so,
    Midst glory’s glance and victory’s thunder-shout,
    The joys of life in hurried exile go--
    Till hope’s fair smile and beauty’s ray of light
    Are shrouded in the griefs and storms of night.

    Day after day prepares the funeral shroud;
    The world is gray with age:--the striking hour
    Is but an echo of death’s summons loud--
    The jarring of the dark grave’s prison door:
    Into its deep abyss--devouring all--
    Kings and the friends of kings alike must fall.

    Aye! they must fall! see that unconquered one
    Midst Rome’s high senate--hark! his deeds they tell:
    He stretch’d his hand to seize the proffered crown;
    His mantle veiled his countenance--he fell.
    Where are the schemes, the hopes that dazzled him?
    Those eyes, aspiring to a throne, are dim[4].

    Aye! they must fall! another hero see,
    From triumph’s golden chariot fortune flings:
    The proudest son of magnanimity,
    Who scorned the purple robe:--ev’n he whom kings
    Looked to with reverence: he in prison dies,
    Heaven’s light extinguished in his vacant eyes[5].

    Aye! they must fall! as I have fallen--I,
    Whom late with flowery wreaths the cities crown’d;
    And dazzling phantoms played so smilingly
    Midst laurels, olive-branches waving round;
    ’Tis past--’tis past--for in the battle now
    My hand no lightnings at the foe can throw.

    My strength abandons me; the tempest’s roar
    Hath in its fury borne my lance away:
    My spirit rises proudly as before,
    But triumph hides her false and treacherous ray.”
    He spake--he slumbered, wearied and opprest;
    And Morpheus o’er him waved his wings of rest.

    A wintry darkness visited the world,
    Borne on the raven-pinions of the night;
    Nothing is heard but thy loud torrents, hurled
    Down in their fierceness from the o’erhanging height;
    They dash in fury ’gainst the echoing rock,
    Even with an Alpine avalanche’s shock.

    The desert is as gloomy as the grave;
    The mountains seem all wrapt in solemn sleep;
    The clouds are rolling by, like wave on wave,
    In silent majesty across heaven’s deep.
    But see, the pale-faced melancholy moon
    Looks tremblingly from her exalted throne:

    She look’d out tremblingly, and soon withdrew
    Her terror-stricken horns: the old man lay
    Sleeping in sweet tranquillity: she knew
    Her mighty foe--she knew, and slunk away:
    She dared not look on that old man, for he
    Was the world’s glory and her enemy[6].

    He slumber’d; glorious were his hero-dreams!
    And wondrous visions floated round his eye:
    While near, the sleeping bolt of thunder seems
    To wait from him its awful destiny.
    Ten thousand warriors armed around him stand,
    And silently attend his high command.

    His finger points! the loud artillery’s fire
    Follows! a sudden trembling shakes the ground;
    Army on army, in their proud attire,
    Cover the vales, the hills, the plains around;
    They rise like mountains o’er the distant sea,
    When from the sunny ray the vapours flee.

    His footsteps now imprint the dewy grass;
    There early morning opens on his view,
    Amidst the dust, th’ innumerable mass
    Of enemies: he looks their squadrons through,
    And reads the secrets of their vast array,
    Even as an eagle soaring o’er his prey.

    Then like a Magus in his dark retreat
    He calls his spirits round him; gathering those
    And scattering these, with prudence infinite,
    Thro’ valleys, plains, and mountains; then he throws
    O’er all a mantle of omnipotence,
    While the storm bursts with furious vehemence.

    The eagle’s daring, and the crescent’s pride,
    There, by the ebony and the amber sea[7],
    He humbles; and, by the evening’s golden side[8],
    Subdues the golden fleece and Kolkhidi.
    A thousand trophies of victorious war
    Redeem the losses of the snowy tzar[9]:

    Like the vermilion ray on morning’s wings,
    His triumphs o’er admiring nations beam:
    Emperors and empires, heroes, kingdoms, kings,
    Unite to praise, unite to honour him,
    And raise above his glory-circled head
    A laurelled, time-enduring pyramid.

    His name, his deeds through hurrying years appear
    Bright as the sun-beams on the mountain’s brow,
    Dazzling the world with splendor: waving there
    Garlands of radiance-giving laurels glow;
    Their rays shall animate the future fight,
    And fill the brave one’s breast with hope and light.

    Envy, disarmed before his piercing glance,
    Bends down her head to earth, and hurries by;
    Crawls trembling to her vile retreat askance--
    She cannot bear the lightnings of his eye.
    Go, envy, to thy dark and deep abyss!
    What deeds, what fame can be compared to his?

    He slumbers midst these images; but now
    He hears the howling dogs--the trembling trees;
    The vulture’s cries, the screech-owl’s voice of woe,
    And the fierce raging of the turbulent breeze;
    The wild beasts’ roaring from their distant lair,
    And shadowy spirits fill the troubled air.

    The oaks are shivered by the maddened storm;
    Armies of ravens flap their funeral wings;
    The stony mountain shakes its giant form,
    And bursts, with terrible re-echoings:
    From rock to rock ’tis vibrated around,
    And thunders thunder back the thundering sound[10].

    A winged woman, clad in sable weeds,
    Her long hair scattered by the winds, was there,
    Like one with dreadful, deathful news that speeds:
    She waved a scythe-like weapon in the air,
    And held a golden trump; she called “Arise,”
    And her loud voice was echoed through the skies.

    See on her casque the frowning eagle rest,
    Grasping the fearful thunderbolt: he bears
    His country’s shield upon his noble breast.
    The old man waked; he shed a shower of tears;
    He sighed, and bent his venerable head,
    Uttering--“Some hero surely must be dead.

    Happy if always combating for right
    When combating with glory: happy he
    Whose sword knew mercy in the bloodiest fight,
    His shield an Ægis for an enemy.
    Centuries to come shall celebrate his fame,
    And ‘Friend of Man’ shall be his noblest name.

    Dear let his memory be, and proud his grave,
    And this his epitaph!--‘He lived, he fought
    For truth and wisdom: foremost of the brave,
    Him glory’s idle glances dazzled not;
    ’Twas his ambition, generous and great,
    A life to life’s great end to consecrate!’

    O glory! glory! mighty one on earth!
    How justly imaged in this waterfall!
    So wild and furious in thy sparkling birth,
    Dashing thy torrents down, and dazzling all,
    While hurrying thus sublimely from thy height,
    Majestic, thundering, beautiful and bright.

    How many a wondering eye is turned to thee,
    In admiration lost;--short-sighted men!
    Thy furious wave gives no fertility;
    Thy waters, rolling fiercely through the plain,
    Bring nought but devastation and distress,
    And leave the flowery vale a wilderness.

    O fairer, lovelier is the modest rill,
    Watering with steps serene the field, the grove;
    Its gentle voice as sweet and soft and still
    As shepherd’s pipe, or song of youthful love.
    It has no _thundering_ torrent, but it flows
    Unwearied, scattering blessings as it goes.

    To the wild mountain let the wanderer come,
    And, resting on the turf, look round and see,
    With sadden’d eye, the green and grassy tomb,
    And hear its monitory language: he--
    He sleeps below, not famed in war alone;
    The great, the good, the generous-minded one.

    O be immortal, warlike hero! Thou
    Hast done thy duty--all thy duty here.”
    So said the old man crowned with locks of snow:
    He looked to heaven, then stood in silence there,--
    In silence, but the echoes caught the sound,
    And filled the listening scenery around.

    Who glances there along the mountain’s side,
    Just like the moon upon the darkest wave?
    What shadow flits across the midnight tide,
    Gleaming as if from heaven? The pitchy grave
    Is brighter than that gloomy brow, ’tis clad
    In deep and desolate abstraction sad!

    What wondrous spirit from the north descends?
    The winds are swift, but cannot follow him:
    Nation on nation struck with terror bends;
    His voice is thunder; starry glories gleam
    Around him, and his glancing footsteps bright
    Scatter a thousand thousand rays of light.

    His body, like a dark and gloomy shade,
    On midnight’s melancholy bosom lies:
    A coarse and heavy garment round him laid,
    And thickening films are gathering round his eyes:
    His icy fingers press his bosom chill,
    His lips are opened wide, but all is still.

    His bed, the earth: his roof, the azure sky:
    His palace, yonder desert stretching wide.
    Art _thou_ the son of fame and luxury?
    The prince of Tavrid? from thy height of pride
    Fallen so low and lonely? and is this
    But one dark step from glory and from bliss?

    Wert thou the favourite of the northern throne,
    Minerva’s[11] favourite? Wert thou he that trod
    The Muse’s temple--thou, Apollo’s son,
    The pride of Mars--thou, on whose mighty nod
    Both peace and war stood waiting; nobly great,
    Not clad in purple, but a potentate?

    What! art thou he that cradled and uprear’d
    The Russian’s prowess--Catherine’s energy?
    Sustain’d by her, thy thunderbolt was heard
    Rolling through distant lands its majesty;
    And to the everlasting heights was hurl’d,
    Whence Rome sent forth her mandates to the world.

    Art thou not he who bade the robber yield;
    Scatter’d the pirate herds the desert o’er,
    And bade the city flourish and the field,
    Where all was waste and barrenness before;
    Sprinkled with ships the Euxine--while the shore
    Even of the tropics heard thy cannons’ roar?

    Wert thou the great, the glorious one, who knew
    With martial fire the hero Russ to fill;
    Taught him the very elements to subdue,
    In burning Ochakov and Ismahil:
    With eagle-daring, eagle-strength inspired;
    While valour looked and wondered and admired?

    ’Tis he, the hardiest of mortals; he,
    Sublimely soaring, takes his flight alone,
    Creator of his own proud destiny:
    No footstep near him--that bright path his own.
    Thy fame, Potemkin, shall in glory glow,
    While everlasting ages lingering flow.

    Beauty and art and knowledge raised to him
    Triumphal arches: smiling fortune wove
    Myrtle and laurel-wreaths, and victory’s beam
    Lighted them up with brightness: joy and love
    Play’d round thy flow’ry footsteps: pleasure, pride
    Walk’d in majestic glory at thy side.

    ’Tis he, ’tis he to whom the poet brought
    His offerings lighted with the Muse’s fire:
    Thundering with Pindar’s majesty of thought,
    And breathing all the sweetness of the lyre,
    I sang the victories of Ismahil;
    But thou wert gone--the poet’s lyre was still.

    Alas! ’twas then a vain and voiceless shell:
    Or, if it spoke, its tone was but despair;
    From my weak hands it fell, in dust it fell,
    My eye was dimmed by the fast-falling tear:
    I stood the stars of paradise beneath[12],
    But all was darkness, desolation, death!

    ’Tis still, where all was eloquent with thee:
    The thunders of thy fame have rolled away;
    Thy orphan’d armies wail their misery;
    The ear is wearied with their plaintive lay.
    ’Twas brightness all, with joy and beauty bright,
    But now ’tis night, ’tis desolation’s night.

    Thy laurel crown is faded in its pride:
    Thy sparkling _Bulava_[13] is broken now;
    Thy half-sheathed sword hangs useless at thy side;
    And Catherine mourns her woe, her more than woe:
    He fell; his mighty, unexpected fall
    Shook, like an earthquake, the terrestrial ball.

    Peace brought her fresh green laurel branches; saw
    His fall, and from her hands the garland fell.
    She heard the voice of wretchedness and woe;
    The Muses joined to sing a funeral knell
    Around the tomb of Pericles:--the strain
    Of Maro wept Macænas’ fate again[14].

    His was a kingdom full of light: a throne
    Of more than regal glory was his seat:
    A rosy-silver steed convey’d him on--
    A splendour-glancing phaeton at his feet:
    Proudest of all the proud equestrians he--
    He fell:--in death’s dull, dark obscurity.

    O! what is human glory, human pride?
    What are man’s triumphs when they brightest seem?
    What art thou, mighty one! though deified?
    Methusalem’s long pilgrimage, a dream;
    Our age is but a shade, our life a tale,
    A vacant fancy, or a passing gale,

    Or nothing! ’Tis a heavy hollow ball,
    Suspended on a slender, subtle hair,
    And filled with storm-winds, thunders, passions, all
    Struggling within in furious tumult there.
    Strange mystery! man’s gentlest breath can shake it,
    And the light zephyrs are enough to break it.

    But a few hours, or moments, and beneath
    Empires are buried in a night of gloom:
    The very elements are leagued with death,
    A breath sends giants to their lonely tomb.
    Where is the mighty one? He is not found,
    His dust lies trampled in the noiseless ground!

    The dust of heroes? No! their glories rise
    Triumphant upwards, spreading living light
    And pure imperishable memories
    Through ages of forgetfulness and night:
    Flowers shining on time’s wintry mountain side;
    Potemkin could not die--he has not died!

    His theatre was th’ Euxine’s distant shore,
    His temple, thankful hearts: the glorious hand
    That crowns him, Catherine’s: glancing, dazzling o’er
    Was fame’s all-eloquent, triumphant band.
    Life was a list of triumphs, and his head
    Beneath a tomb-stone, reared by love, was laid.

    When the red morn breaks trembling o’er the dew,
    And through the woods the wild winds whistle shrill;
    When the dark Danube wears a bloody hue--
    Then is the name oft heard of Ismahil,
    And oft a gloomy voice is echoed then,
    Through twilight, “Say what means the Saracen?”

    He trembles, and his eye is dimmed with fear,
    The arms he dreads are sparkling in the sun;
    And forty thousand Moslems dying there,
    Are the proud trophies of the northern one.
    Their shades, like frighted spectres, glide before,
    And the Russ stands in streams of human gore.

    He trembles, and looks upwards, but the skies
    Are covered with portentous omens dire;
    Dark visions from the sea of Tavrid rise,
    And the land shakes with heaven’s excited ire:
    Ochakov pours anew her sanguine flood,
    And terror seems to freeze that tide of blood.

    As through the fluid brightness of the sea,
    Beneath the welkin’s sunny canopy,
    The tenants of the waves glide joyfully;
    So o’er the Leman’s face our squadrons fly,
    Their swell’d sails bursting with the winds, they tell
    How proud the ambition of the Russ can swell.

    Ours is unutterable triumph now,
    Theirs fears and apprehensions: on the tomb
    That shields _their_ heroes, thorns and mosses grow;
    Laurels and roses o’er _our_ heroes bloom.
    _Our_ glory-girded mausoleums stand
    O’er conquerors of the ocean and the land.

    When the sun sinks at evening’s calmest close,
    Love sorrowfully sits: the breeze of spring
    Across the melancholy harp-strings blows,
    And spreads around its deep notes sorrowing:
    Sighs from his bosom burst, and tears are shed
    Upon the sleeping hero’s sculptured bed.

    And ere the morning gilds the distant hill,
    And o’er the golden tomb the sunbeams play;
    While yet the wild deer sleeps; and night winds shrill
    Wind round the mountain’s side; the old man gray
    Hangs o’er the monument in secret gloom,
    And reads, “Potemkin’s consecrated tomb!”

    Manes of Alcibiades! so low,
    That even the earth-worm joys in their decay:
    There lies the casque that bound Achilles’ brow;
    The shepherd finds it--bears that casque away
    On his base forehead! Does it matter? Nay!
    The victor sleeps--his glory? wrapt in clay!

    But gratitude still lives and loves to cherish
    The patriot’s virtues, while the soul of song
    In sacred tones, that never never perish,
    Fame’s everlasting thunder bears along;
    The lyre has an eternal voice--of all
    That’s holy, holiest is the good man’s pall.

    List then, ye worldly waterfalls! Vain men,
    Whose brains are dizzy with ambition; bright
    Your swords--your garments flow’ry like a plain
    In the spring time--if truth be your delight
    And virtue your devotion, let your sword
    Be bared alone at wisdom’s sacred word.

    Roar, roar, thou waterfall! lift up thy voice
    Even to the clouded regions of the skies:
    Thy brightness and thy beauty may rejoice,
    Thy music charms the ears, thy light the eyes;
    Joy-giving torrent! sweetest memory
    Receives a freshness and a strength from thee.

    Roll on! no clouds shall on thy waters lie
    Darkling: no gloomy thunder-tempest break
    Over thy face: let the black night-dews fly
    Thy smiles, and sweetly let thy murmurs speak
    In distance and in nearness: be it thine
    To bless with usefulness, with beauty shine.

    Thou parent of the waterfall! proud river!
    Thou northern thunderer, Suna! hurrying on
    In mighty torrent from the heights, and ever
    Sparkling with glory in the gladdened sun,
    Now dashing from the mountain to the plain,
    And scattering purple fire and sapphire rain.

    ’Tis momentary vehemence: thy course
    Is calm and soft and silent; clear and deep
    Thy stately waters roll: in the proud force
    Of unpretending majesty, they sweep
    The sideless marge, and brightly, tranquilly,
    Bear their rich tributes to the grateful sea.

    Thy stream, by baser waters unalloyed,
    Washes the golden banks that o’er thee smile;
    Until the clear Onega drinks its tide,
    And swells while welcoming the glorious spoil:
    O what a sweet and soul-composing scene,
    Clear as the cloudless heavens, and as serene!


THE LORD AND THE JUDGE[15].

    The God of heaven stood up, and loudly
    Thus to the gods of earth he spoke:
    “How long shall folly triumph proudly,
    And virtue wear its heavy yoke?

    ’Tis yours, however high the wronger,
    The wrongs of misery to redress;
    Defend the weaker from the stronger,
    Widow and orphan shield and bless.

    To guard the naked head of sorrow,
    To make the path of wisdom light;
    To free the prisoner; and to borrow
    My attributes for _truth_ and _right_.”

    They _will_ not hear, see, know--O never;
    Dark mists are on their vision thrown.
    And shall the sick earth groan for ever?
    Wilt Thou not tire, long-suffering one?

    Kings! gods of earth! no earthly being
    May bid you at his bar appear;
    Yet there is _One_ all-knowing--seeing--
    Who sits in sternest judgement there.

    Proud as ye are, your gems imperial
    Shall fall like leaves:--your kingdoms--graves;
    Your martial pomp--a pall funereal;
    Your throne--looked down on by your slaves.

    God of the righteous! God, arise Thee!
    Hear the faint prayers Thy children bring!
    Judge, scatter all who dare despise Thee,
    And be the earth’s unrivalled King!


ON THE DEATH OF COUNT ORLOV.

    What do I hear? An eagle from heaven’s cloudy sea,
    Midst the high-towering hosts that swam
    Before Minerva’s steps, when she
    To earth from proud Olympus came:
    That eagle, sailing in its state,
    Heralding Russia’s naval might,
    Pierced by the fatal spear of fate,
    Falls rustling from the glorious height!

    Alas! alas! whither his flight through heaven’s blue vault?
    Where is his path on ocean’s deep?
    Where is his fearful thunderbolt?
    Where do his forked lightnings sleep?
    Where is the bosom nought could fright,
    The piercing, penetrating mind;
    ’Tis all, ’tis all enshrined in night;
    He left us but his fame behind!


SONG.

    Golden bee! for ever sighing,
    Round and round my Delia flying;
    Ever in attendance near her:
    Dost thou really love her, fear her,
                              Dost thou love her,
                              Golden bee?

    Erring insect! he supposes,
    That her lips are morning roses:
    Breathing sweets from Delia’s tresses,
    He would probe their fair recesses.
                              Purest sugar
                              Is her breast!

    Golden bee! for ever sighing,
    Ever round my Delia flying;
    Is it thou so softly speaking?
    Thine the gentle accents breaking,
                              “Drink I dare not,
                              Lest I die!”


FOOTNOTES:

[1] This is the poem of which Golovnin says in his narrative, that it
has been rendered into Japanese, by order of the emperor, and is hung
up, embroidered with gold, in the Temple of Jeddo. I learn from the
periodicals, that an honour something similar has been done in China
to the same poem. It has been translated into the Chinese and Tartar
languages, written on a piece of rich silk, and suspended in the
imperial palace at Pekin.

[2] In the first edition there was a deviation from the original in
this verse. A translator is bound not to alter the sense of his author,
and I had certainly exceeded the limits which are in any case allowed.
I have been reproved for the variation I had introduced. The reproof
was just, and might have been more severe.

[3] The force of this simile can hardly be imagined by those who have
never witnessed the sun shining, with unclouded splendor, in a cold
of twenty or thirty degrees of Reaumur. A thousand and ten thousand
sparkling stars of ice, brighter than the brightest diamond, play on
the surface of the frozen snow; while the slightest breeze sets myriads
of icy atoms in motion, whose glancing light and beautiful rainbow-hues
dazzle and weary the eye.

[4] Julius Cæsar.

[5] Belisarius, who, by the way, is the subject of many Russian Poems.

[6] It is scarcely necessary to explain, that Romanzov is the old hero
whom the poet means to depicture, and that these stanzas refer to his
victories over the Turks. To Romanzov a long and laudatory poem was
addressed from London by Petrov in celebration of these successes.

I must here disclaim all sympathies with the poet in the admiration he
expresses of the warlike character. The victims of the executioner are
at all events doomed to death by the forms and with the solemnities
of justice. Those of the conqueror hurry into another world under the
influence of crimes and passions which, while indeed they unfit them
for this, will serve but as a fearful passport for eternity. I should
as soon think of celebrating the carousals of a horde of cannibals, as
of giving the attractions and decorations of song to those dreadful
scenes of sin and misery which men call victories: and I blush for my
country and for my race when I reflect, that in the very proportion
of the wickedness implied, and the wretchedness produced, are they
made the subjects of pride and congratulation, and honoured with the
designations “great” and “glorious!” Man was surely born to nobler and
better things than these.

[7] “The ebony and amber sea”--the Euxine and the Caspian.

[8] “Evening’s side”--the west.

[9] The white czar (bæloi tzar), a common appellation of the Russian
emperor.

[10] Original:

    Grokhochet ekho po goram
    Kak grom gremjeshchij po gromam.


[11] Catherine.--This was one of her favourite titles; and in the
character and dress of Minerva she is often represented on her medals.

[12] The roofs of many of the apartments of the Tavrid palace were
decorated with golden stars.

[13] _Bulava_--the Hetman’s staff.

[14] This is somewhat of an anachronism, as the Poet died before his
patron.

[15] In the former edition this poem was printed in another shape, and
was then attributed to Lomonosov. It belongs, however, to Derzhavin,
and is here restored to its proper author and to its original measure.




BATIUSHKOV.


TO MY PENATES.

    Fatherland Penates! come,
    Kind protectors of my home!
    Not in gold or jewels rich--
    Can ye love your simple shrine?
    Smile, then, sweetly from your niche
    On this lowly hut of mine.
    Thus removed from worldly care,
    I, a wearied wanderer,
    In this silent corner here,
    Offer no ambitious prayer.
    Here if ye consent to dwell,
    Happiness shall court my cell.
    Kind and courteous ever prove,
    Beaming on me light and love!
    Not with streams of fragrant wine,
    Not with incense smoking high,
    Does the poet seek your shrine--
    His is mild devotion’s sigh,
    Grateful tears, the still soft fire
    Of feeling heart: and sweetest strains,
    Inspired by the Aonian quire.
    O Lares! in my dwelling rest,
    Smile on the poet where he reigns,
    And sure the poet shall be blest.
      Come, survey my dwelling over;
    I’ll describe it if I’m able:
    In the window stands a table,
    Three-legged, tott’ring, with a cover,
    Gay some centuries ago,
    Ragged, bare and faded now.
    In a corner, lost to fame,
    To honour lost, the blunted sword
    (That relic of my fathers’ name)
    Harmless hangs, by rust devoured.
    Here are pillaged authors laid--
    There, a hard and creaking bed:
    Broken, crumbling, argile-ware;
    Furniture strewed here and there.
    And these in higher love I hold,
    Than sofas rich with silk and gold,
    Or china vases gay and fair.
      Kind Penates! thus I pray--
    O may wealth and vanity
    Never hither find their way,
    Never here admitted be!
    Let the vile, the slavish soul,
    Let the sons of pomp and pride,
    Fortune’s spoilt ones, turn aside;
    Not on them nor theirs I call!
    Tottering beggar! hither come,
    _Thou_ art bidden to my home;
    Throw thy useless crutch away;
    Come--be welcome and be gay!
    Warmth and rest thy limbs require,
    Stretch thee by my cheerful fire:
    Reverend teacher! old and hoary,
    Thou whom years and toils have taught,
    Who with many a storm hast fought,
    Storms of time and storms of glory!
    Take thy merry balalaika[1],
    Sing thy struggles o’er again;
    In the battle’s bloody plain,
    Where thou swungst the rude nagaika[2];
    Midst the cannon’s thunder-roar,
    Midst the sabres clashing o’er;
    Trumpets sounding, banners flying
    O’er the dead and o’er the dying;
    While thy never-wearied blade
    Foes on foes in darkness laid.
      And thou, Lisette! at evening steal,
    Through the shadow-cover’d vale,
    To this soft and sweet retreat;
    Steal, my nymph, on silent feet.
    Let a brother’s hat disguise
    Thy golden locks, thy azure eyes;
    O’er thee be my mantle thrown,
    Bind my warlike sabre on:
    When the treacherous day is o’er,
    Knock, fair maiden, at my door;
    Enter then, thou soldier sweet!
    Throw thy mantle at my feet;
    Let thy curls, so brightly glowing,
    On thy ivory shoulders flowing,
    Be unbound: thy lily breast
    Heave, no more with robes opprest!
    “Thou enchantress! is it so?
    Sweetest, softest shepherdess!
    Art thou come indeed to bless
    With thy smiles my cottage now?”
    O her snowy hands are pressing
    Warmly, wildly pressing mine!
    Mine her rosy lips are blessing,
    Sweet as incense from the shrine,
    Sweet as zephyr’s breath divine
    Gently murmuring through the bough;
    Even so she whispers now:
    “O my heart’s friend, I am thine;
    Mine, beloved one! art thou.”
      What a privileged being he,
    Who in life’s obscurity,
    Underneath a roof of thatch,
    Till the morning dawns above,
    Sweetly sleeps, while angels watch,
    In the arms of holy love!
      But the stars are now retreating
    From the brightening eye of day,
    And the little birds are greeting,
    Round their nests, the dewy ray.
    Hark! the very heaven is ringing
    With the matin song of peace:
    Hark! a thousand warblers singing
    Waft their music on the breeze:
    All to life, to love are waking,
    From their wings their slumbers shaking;
    But my Lila still is sleeping
    In her fair and flowery nest;
    And the zephyr, round her creeping,
    Fondly fans her breathing breast;
    O’er her cheeks of roses straying,
    With her golden ringlets playing:
    From her lips I steal a kiss;
    Drink her breath: but roses fairest,
    Richest nectar, rapture dearest,
    Sweetest, brightest rays of bliss,
    Never were as sweet as this.
    Sleep, thou loved one! sweetly sleep;
    Angels here their vigils keep!
    Blest, in innocence arrayed,
    I from fortune’s favours flee;
    Shrouded in the forest-shade,
    More than blest by love and thee.
    Time on dove-like wing glides by:
    O! has gold a ray so bright
    As thy seraph-smile of light
    Throws o’er happy poverty?
      Thou good genius! in thy view
    Wealth is vile and worthless too:
    Riches never brought thee down
    From thy splendour-girded throne;
    But beneath the shadowy tree
    Thou hast deigned to smile on _me_.
      Fancy, daughter of the skies,
    Thoughts, on wings of light that rise,
    Waft my spirit gay and free,
    When the storm of passion slumbers,
    Far above humanity,
    To the Aonian land of numbers,
    Where the choirs of music stray;
    Rapture, like a feather’d arrow,
    Bursting life’s dark prison narrow,
    Bears me to the heavens away.
      Sovereigns of Parnassus! stay
    Till the morning’s rosy ray
    Throws its brightness o’er your hill,
    Stay with nature’s poet still.
    O reveal the shadowy band,
    Minstrels of my fatherland!
    Let them pass the Stygian shore,
    From the ethereal courts descending:
    Yonder airy spirits o’er,
    O! I hear their voices blending:
    List! the heavenly echoes come
    Wafted to my privileged home;
    Music hovers round my head,
    From the living and the dead.
      Our Parnassian giant[3], proud,
    Tow’ring o’er the rest I see;
    And, like storm or thunder loud,
    Hear his voice of majesty.
    Sons and deeds of glory singing
    A majestic swan of light;
    Now the harp of angels stringing,
    Now he sounds the trump of fight;
    Midst the muses’, graces’ throng,
    Sailing through the heaven along;
    Horace’ strength, and Pindar’s fire,
    Blended in his mighty lyre.
    Now he thunders, swift and strong,
    Even like Suna o’er the waste[4];
    Now, like Philomela’s song,
    Soft and spring-like, sweet and chaste,
    Gently breathing through the wild,
    Heavenly fancy’s best loved child!
      Gladdening and enchanting one[5]!
    History’s gayest, fairest son!
    He who oft with Agathon
    Visits evening’s fane of bliss:
    Or in Plato’s master tone,
    Near the illustrious Parthenon,
    Calls the rays of wisdom down
    With a voice sublime as his.
    Now amidst the darkness walking,
    Where old Russia had her birth:
    With the Vladimirij talking,
    As they ruled o’er half the earth:
    Or Sclavonian heroes hoary,
    Cradled in a night of glory!
      Sweetest of the sylphs above[6],
    And the graces’ darling, see!
    O how musically he
    Tunes his Citra’s melody,
    To Dushenka[7] and to love.
    Near, Meletzy smiling stands,
    Mutual thoughts their souls employ;
    Heart in heart, and hands in hands,
    Lo! they sing a song of joy;
    Next engaged with love in play,
    Poets and philosophers,
    Close to Phædrus and Pilpay[8],
    Lo! Dmitriev appears
    Sporting like a happy child,
    Midst the forest’s tenants wild,
    Garlanded with smiling wreaths;
    Truth unveiled beside him breathes.
    See two brothers toying there,
    Nature’s children--Phœbus’ priests:
    Krĭloff leading Khemnitzer!
    Teaching poets! ye whose song
    Charms the idle moments long,
    When the wearied spirit rests.
      Heavenly choir! the graces twine
    O’er you garlands all divine;
    And with you the joys I drink,
    Sparkling round Pierian brink,
    While I sing in raptured glory,
    “_Ed io anche son pittore_.”
      Friendly Lares! O conceal
    From man’s envious, jealous eye,
    Those sweet transports which I feel,
    Those blest rays of heart-born joy!
    Fortune! hence thy treasures bear,
    And thy sparkling vanities:
    I can look with careless eyes
    On thy flight--my little bark,
    Safely led through tempests dark,
    Finds a peaceful haven here--
    Those who sported in thy ray
    From my thoughts have passed away.
      But ye gayer, wiser ones,
    Glory’s, pleasure’s cheerful sons!
    Ye who with the graces walk,
    Ye who with the muses talk;
    Hurrying o’er life’s visions gay
    In intellectual children’s play;
    Careless, joyous sages!--you,
    Philosophers and idlers too!
    Ye who hate the chains of slavery!
    Ye who love the songs of bravery!
    In your happiest moments come,
    Come, and crowd the muses’ home.
    Let the laugh and let the bowl
    Banish sorrow from the soul:
    Come, Zh******, hither hieing,
    Time is like an arrow flying--
    Pleasure like an arrow fleet:
    Here let friendship’s smile of gladness
    Brighten every cloud of sadness--
    Wreathe with cypress, roses sweet.
      Love is life;--thy garlands bring,
    V****, while they’re blossoming:
    Bind them blooming round our brow--
    Bacchus, friends! is with us now.
    Favourite of the muses, fill:
    Pledge and drink, and pledge us still!
    Aristippus’ grandson--thou!
    O thou lov’st the Aonian lasses,
    And the harmonious clang of glasses;
    But when evening’s silence fills
    All the vales and all the hills,
    Thou, remote from worldly folly,
    Tak’st thy walk with melancholy;
    And with that unearthly dame
    (Contemplation is her name)
    Who conveys the illumined sense
    In sublime abstraction hence--
    Up to those high and bright abodes
    Where men are angels--angels, gods.
      Give me now thy friendly hand;
    Leave for me thy spirit-land!
    Come, companion of my joy,
    We will all time’s power destroy
    On our _chazha solotoi_[9].
    See behind, with locks so gray,
    How he sweeps life’s gems away;
    His remorseless scythe is mowing
    All the flowers around us blowing.
    Be it ours to drive before us
    Bliss--though fate is frowning o’er us!
    Time may hurry, if he will;
    We will hurry swifter still;
    Drink the cup of ecstasy,
    Pluck the flow’rets as we fly,
    Spite of time and destiny:
    Many a star and many a flower
    Shine and bloom in life’s short hour,
    And their rays and their perfume
    For _us_ shall shine--for _us_ shall bloom.
      Soon shall we end our pilgrimage;
    And at the close of life’s short stage
    Sink smiling on our dusty bed:
    The careless wind shall o’er us sweep;
    Where sleep our sires, their sons shall sleep
    With evening’s darkness round our head.
    There let no hired mourners weep[10];
    No costly incense fan the sod;
    No bell pretend to mourn; no hymn
    Be heard midst midnight’s shadows dim--
    Can they delight a clay-cold clod?
    No! if love’s tribute ye will pay,
    Assemble in the moonlight ray,
    And throw fresh flow’rets o’er my clay:
    Let my Penates sleep with me--
    Here bring the cup I loved--the flute
    I played--and twine its form, though mute,
    With branches from the ivy-tree!
    No grave-stone need the wanderer tell,
    That he who lived, and loved so well,
    Is sleeping in serenity.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] The balalaika is a two-sided musical instrument, of which the
Russian peasants are extremely fond.

[2] The nagaika is a hard thong used by the Cossacks to flog their
horses; but sometimes employed as a weapon of warlike attack.

[3] Derzhavin.

[4] In the original _steppe_; a long, mighty, barren, desert; such as
the Siberian river (Suna) flows over.

[5] Karamsin.

[6] Bogdanovich.

[7] Dushenka (the diminutive of Dusha--the Soul), or The Little Psyche,
is the title of the most celebrated poem of Bogdanovich.

[8] The wise man, who according to the oriental story (current also in
Russia) received _Truth_ when she had been inhospitably driven from
place to place. In Russia I have heard the fable thus:--A Vakir in
his ramble trod where the ground re-echoed his footsteps--“It must be
hollow here,” thought he; “I will dig, and I shall find a treasure.”
He dug, and discovered a spring, from whence a beautiful and naked
female sprung forth--“Who art thou, loveliest daughter of heaven?”
said he. “My name,” she replied, “is Truth; lend me thy mantle.” This
he refused to do; and she hastened to the city, where the poets found
fault with her figure, the courtiers with her manners, the merchants
with her simplicity. She wandered about, and none would give her an
asylum, till she fell in with a poor man, the court news-writer, who
thought she might be a very useful auxiliary: but she blotted out
whatever he composed, so that no news was published for many days; and
the sultan sending for his newsman to inquire the cause of his silence,
was told the history of the intrusive guest, who was in consequence
summoned to court. Here, however, she was so troublesome, turning every
thing upside down, that it was determined to convey her away; and the
sultan ordered her to be buried alive in his garden. His commands were
obeyed by his courtiers; but Truth, who always springs up with renewed
vigour in the open air, rose from her grave; and, after wandering
about for some time, found the door of the public library open, went
in, and amused herself by burning all the books that were there, with
the exception of two or three. Again straying forth in search of an
abode, she met a venerable man, to whom she told her story--and this
was Pilpay. He received her to his house with a cordial welcome, and
requested her company to his museum of stuffed beasts, birds, and
insects. “Thou hast no discreetness,” said he; “in the world thou art
constantly getting into scrapes: now take the counsel of an old man,
make this cabinet thy abode; here thou hast a large choice of society,
and here dwell.” She found the advice so reasonable that she adopted
it; since when her voice is only heard in the language of fable, and
her chosen interpreters are the animal creation.

Pilpay’s Fables were translated into French by Galland, 2 vols. 8vo.
1714. There are also several English translations.

[9] The golden cup.

[10] Plakalschitzii--women hired to mourn round a corpse.




LOMONOSOV.


EVENING REFLECTIONS, ON THE MAJESTY OF GOD, ON SEEING THE GREAT
NORTHERN LIGHTS.

    Now day conceals her face, and darkness fills
    The field, the forest, with the shades of night;
    The gloomy clouds are gathering round the hills,
    Veiling the last ray of the lingering light.
    The abyss of heaven appears--the stars are kindling round;
    Who, who can count those stars, who that abyss can sound?

    Just as a sand ’whelm’d in the infinite sea;
    A ray the frozen iceberg sends to heaven;
    A feather in the fierce flame’s majesty;
    A mote, by midnight’s maddened whirlwind driven,
    Am I, midst this parade: an atom, less than nought,
    Lost and o’erpower’d by the gigantic thought.

    And we are told by wisdom’s knowing ones,
    That these are multitudes of worlds like _this_;
    That yon unnumber’d lamps are glowing suns,
    And each a link amidst creation is;--
    There dwells the Godhead too--there shines his wisdom’s essence--
    His everlasting strength--his all-supporting presence.

    Where are thy secret laws, O nature, where?
    Thy north-lights dazzle in the wintry zone:
    How dost thou light from ice thy torches there?
    There has thy sun some sacred, secret throne?
    See in yon frozen seas what glories have their birth;
    Thence night leads forth the day to illuminate the earth.

    Come then, philosopher! whose privileged eye
    Reads nature’s hidden pages and decrees:--
    Come now, and tell us whence, and where, and why,
    Earth’s icy regions glow with lights like these,
    That fill our souls with awe:--profound inquirer, say,
    For thou dost count the stars and trace the planets’ way!

    What fills with dazzling beams the illumined air?
    What wakes the flames that light the firmament?
    The lightnings flash:--there is no thunder there--
    And earth and heaven with fiery sheets are blent:
    The winter night now gleams with brighter, lovelier ray
    Than ever yet adorn’d the golden summer’s day.

    Is there some vast, some hidden magazine,
    Where the gross darkness flames of fire supplies?
    Some phosphorus fabric, which the mountains screen?
    Whose clouds of light above those mountains rise?
    Where the winds rattle loud around the foaming sea,
    And lift the waves to heaven in thundering revelry?

    Thou knowest not! ’tis doubt, ’tis darkness all!
    Even here on earth our thoughts benighted stray,
    And all is mystery through this worldly ball--
    Who then can reach or read yon milky way?
    Creation’s heights and depths are all unknown--untrod--
    Who then shall say how vast, how great creation’s God?




ZHUKOVSKY.


THE MARINER.

    Rudderless my shattered bark,
    Driven by wild fatality,
    Hurries through the tempest dark,
    O’er the immeasurable sea.
    Yet one star the clouds shines through;
    Little star! shine on, I pray!
    O that star is vanished too--
    My last anchor breaks away.

    Gloomy mists the horizon bound,
    Furiously the waters roar;
    Frightful gulfs are yawning round,
    Fearful crags along the shore.
    Then I cried in wild despair,
    “Earth and heaven abandon me.”
    Fool! the heavenly pilot there
    May thy silent helmsman be.

    Through the dark, the madden’d waves,
    O’er the dangerous craggy bed;
    Midst the night-envelop’d graves,
    Lo! I was in safety led
    By the unseen guardian hand;--
    Darkness gone, and calm the air,
    And I stood on Eden’s land;
    Three sweet angels hailed me there!

    Everlasting fount of love!
    _Now_ will I confide in Thee:
    Kneeling midst the joys above,
    Thy resplendent face I see:
    Who can paint Thee, fair and bright,
    Thy soul-gladdening beauty tell?
    Midst heaven’s music and heaven’s light,
    Purity ineffable!

    O unutterable joy!
    In Thy light to breathe, to be;
    Strength and heart and soul employ,
    O my God, in loving Thee.
    Though my path were dark and drear,
    Holiest visions round me rise;
    Stars of hope are smiling there,
    Smiling down from Paradise.


ÆOLUS’S HARP[1].

          In yon mansion of ages
    Lives Morven’s famed chieftain, the valiant Ordāl;
          Where the wild billow rages,
    And scatters its foam on the time-hallowed wall;
          Like a mountain in glory,
          It towers o’er the wave,
          And its oaks, old and hoary,
    Come down to the shores which the white waters lave[2].

          The stag-hound, the beagle,
    With voices re-echoed, the wide forest fill;
          To the throne of the eagle
    They chase the wild boar and the goat up the hill;
          And the stag from the heather:--
          The valleys resound;
          Horns, shoutings together,
    Are mingled in rapid vibrations around.

          All, all are invited--
    And joy is let loose at the board of Ordāl;
          The guests are united
    Where wide-spreading antlers adorn the rude hall[3]:
          Of ages departed
          The glories are told;
          And memory, full-hearted,
    Sends back all its thoughts to the great ones of old[4].

          Their helmets in order,
    Their bucklers, and harness, and hauberks are hung
          On the roof’s antique border[5]:
    And there, while the deeds and the victories are sung
          Of the heroes of story,
          Ordāl proudly stands;
          And a flash of their glory
    Shines out from the cup which he waves in his hands[6].

          He looks to the armour;
    ’Tis all that destruction hath left of their name;--
          His bosom beats warmer,
    His spirit is roused with the touch of their fame:
          Though the helmets before them
          Are broken and dim,
          He remembers who wore them--
    And, O, they are splendid and sacred to him[7].

          Milvana the bright one[8]
    The hall of her father resplendently fills;
          As, with garments of light on[9],
    A morning of summer walks up the fresh hills;
          As from nature’s recesses
          A free golden stream,
          So her fine flowing tresses
    O’er her soft-heaving bosom in luxury gleam[10].

          Far fairer than morning[11].
    She scatters around the soft lustre of soul;
          Dark glances adorning
    The flashes of fire from her eye-balls that roll;
          Like the song of the fountain
          Her mild accents fall;
          Like the rose of the mountain
    Her breath;--but her spirit is sweeter than all[12].

          Her beauty’s gay splendour
    has beamed in its brightness through far-distant lands:
          What heroes attend her--
    The castle of Morven is filled with their bands.
          Its chieftain delighted
          Weaves visions of pride;
          But his daughter has plighted
    Her hand to a bard with no glory allied.

          Young, lovely, and lonely
    As the rose in its freshness, he tuned his soft lays
          In the deep valley only:
    To him all unheard was the music of praise.
          Milvana descended
          From luxury’s throne:
          Affection had blended
    Her heart with a heart as unstained as her own.

          In the black arch of heaven,
    Like the shield of a warrior, the pale moon is hung[13];
          Through the gloomy clouds driven,
    Its light-streams o’er ocean’s wide surface are flung;
          The dark shadows spreading,
          From castle and grove,
          Their giant forms shedding
    Sublimely the waves and the waters above.

          Where the mountain-cocks rally,
    Where the waterfall bursts from the storm-cover’d rock
          Ere it rush to the valley[14];
    The oak was her witness, her shelter the oak:
          Milvana retreating
          To solitude there,
          Her minstrel awaiting:--
    She breathed not--her breath was suspended by fear.

          His harp sounded lightly--
    He came to the oak-tree--blest moments of love!
          The moon glimmered brightly:
    All stillness beneath and all beauty above.
          What a temple for loving
          For bosoms so bland!
          And the waves, softly moving,
    Convey their low music along the smooth strand.

          They looked on the ocean;
    With their soft pensive sadness it seemed to attune;
          The waves’ gentle motion
    Was silvered and marked by the rays of the moon.
          “How brightly, how fleetly
          The waters roll on!
          So swiftly, so sweetly
    Come pleasures and love--they smile and are gone.”

          “Why sigh then, my fair one!
    Though the waters may ebb and the years may decay?
          My beloved! my dear one!
    Can time on its wings bear affection away?
          To a bard unbefriended
          O say canst thou bow;
          Thou, from monarchs descended,
    And heroes, whom Morven is honouring now?”

          “What is honour or glory?
    What garlands so sacred as love’s holy wreath?
          What hero-bright story
    Has an utterance so sweet as affection’s young breath?
          No fears shall confound us,
          No sorrow, no gloom;
          Joy is sparkling around us,
    And let years follow years till life sinks in the tomb.”

          “Come, joys that smile o’er us,
    Ye sweets of a moment, come hither and stay!
          For who can assure us
    They will not be scattered by morning’s bright ray?
          For morn will not linger,
          Nor rapture remain;
          I, again a poor singer,
    And thou, a bright queen in thy splendour again[15].”

          “Let the glance of day brighten,
    Let its radiance be shed o’er the mountain and sea[16];
          Thy smiles shall enlighten
    All nature, while living, to love and to me;
          With hope and with heaven,
          With love and with thee,
          What joys are not given?
    For life has no transports that beam not on me.”

          “The sun is returning;
    The orient is pale with the promise of day;
          The zephyrs of morning
    Awakened, like waves on the mountain-tops play;”
          “’Tis the northern light glancing
          Across the dark sky,
          Not the morning advancing;
    Sweet winds! bring no morn from the mountains on high.”

          “But list! to the bustling
    Of voices; they wake in the castle ere now.”
          “O no! ’tis the rustling
    Of half-slumbering birds as they dream on the bough.”
          “The orient is lighted,
          Milvana! O why
          Do my spirits, benighted
    In doubt and foreboding, desert me and die?”

          The youth has suspended,
    In silence, his harp on the time-hallowed oak:--
          “Unseen, unattended,
    Let thy soft music speak, my sweet harp! as it spoke
          In the luxury of sadness[17],
          The fervour of truth,
          The bright tones of gladness,
    The songs and the smiles and the sunshine of youth.

          “The bloom of the singer
    Shall fade with the grief-blast, like flowers of the grove[18];
          But here there shall linger,
    The spirit, the youth and the fervour of love.
          An angel here speaking,
          Shall often be seen,
          All those raptures awaking,
    Which in days of our early devotion have been.

          “My spirit shall hover
    Like a light airy shade o’er the track of thy way;
          Milvana! thy lover
    Shall speak through his harp at the close of the day.
          The grief that alarmed us,
          Uncertainty’s fear,
          The tears that disarmed us,
    All, all of life’s sorrows shall fly from us here.

          “When his life-term is ended,
    Affection immortal shall live in his soul;
          Our spirits there blended,
    Shall love and be blest while eternities roll.
          Thou oak-tree! wide-spreading,
          O’ershadow the fair;--
          Ye zephyrs! here shedding
    Your fragrance, the freshness of sympathy bear.”

          The big tears were falling:--
    He ceased:--his eye fixed, but within, like a knell,
          A low voice was calling[19]--
    “Farewell! my Milvana! for ever farewell.”
          His hand, damp and burning,
          Had wildly seized hers:
          Then hurriedly turning,
    Like a phantom of fancy, the youth disappears.

          The moon shone unclouded--
    The maiden was there, but the minstrel was fled:
          Like a silent tree shrouded
    In darkness, she stood in the wilderness dread[20].
          The chieftain his daughter
          Had traced to the grove:
          And now o’er the water
    To exile, a bark is conveying her love.

          At morn and at even
    Milvana retires to the oak-tree to mourn;
          And the stream that is driven
    Adown the steep hill, seems her sighs to return.
          “’Tis all dark and dreary,
          Milvana! to thee,
          Thy spirit is weary--
    And thy minstrel shall never return to the tree.”

          The evening wind waking,
    Called up their soft sounds from the leaves as it roved:
          The green branches shaking,
    It kisses the harp--but the harp is unmoved.
          Spring came, sweetly bringing
          Her eloquent train[21],
          And nature was ringing
    With rapture, enkindling gay smiles through her reign.

          On the emerald meadows,
    And hills in the distance, are gold streams of light;
          And soft silent shadows
    Seem to spread over eve the calm stillness of night.
          The stars are in motion
          Across the blue deep:
          Like a mirror, the ocean:
    And the winds, hushed to silence, among the leaves sleep[22].

          Milvana sat weeping
    Beneath the old tree, but her thoughts were not there.
          All nature lay sleeping,
    When accents unearthly were heard in the air:
          The green leaves are shaken--
          It was not the wind[23]--
          The silent strings waken:
    Some ghost hurries by and leaves music behind[24].

          The harp’s secret spirit
    Breathed forth a long, sorrowful, heart-rending sound[25]:
          She trembled to hear it,
    ’Twas softer than zephyrs when whispering around;
          ’Twas the voice of her lover;--
          Her soul sunk in night[26]:
          “’Tis over--’tis over--
    The earth is a waste--he has taken his flight.”

          In desolate madness
    Milvana had fall’n in the dust[27]: but the tone
          Still breathed its sweet sadness!
    More sad as the soul that inspired it was gone.
          Its music she heard not;
          She woke faint and chill;
          The star-lights appeared not--
    ’Twas morning--’twas morning, damp, dewy, and still.

          From morrow to morrow,
    She visited still the old oak of the wood;
          There that music of sorrow
    Still broke on her ear from the realms of the good.
          While thus disunited,
          On earth could she stay,
          By her minstrel invited
    To the heaven where her thoughts and her hopes led the way?

          Thou harp of my bosom,
    Be still--let thy voice drown the summons of death;
          The delicate blossom,
    Unopened, shall fade in the valley beneath:
          The wanderer roaming
          To-morrow will come--
          “My floweret, where blooming[28]?”
    “Thy floweret!--’tis withered--it sleeps in the tomb.”

          She is dead--but whenever
    A black, starless mantle is hung o’er the skies;
          When from fountain, and river,
    And hill, the cold mists like the dark billows rise,
          Two shades are seen blending,
          United as when
          In their youth-tide attending[29];--
    And the oak waves its boughs, and the chords speak again.


SONG.

    Say, ye gentle breezes, say,
    Round me why so gently breathing?
    What impels thee, streamlet! wreathing
    Through the rocks thy silver way?

    What awakens new-born joy,
    Joy and hope thus sweetly mingled;
    Say, has pilgrim-spring enkindled
    Rapture with her laughing eye?

    Lo! heaven’s temple, bright, serene,
    Where the busy clouds are blending,
    Sinking now, and now ascending,
    Far behind the forest green!

    Will the High, the Holy One
    Veil youth’s soul-enrapturing vision?
    Shall I hear in dreams elysian
    Childhood’s early, lovely tone?

    See the restless swallow flies
    Through the clouds--his own dominion;
    Could I reach on hope’s strong pinion,
    Where that land of beauty lies!

    O how sweet--how blest to be
    Where heaven’s shelter might protect me!
    Who can lead me--who direct me
    To that bright futurity?


ROMANCE.

          Gather’d yon dark forest o’er
          Lo! the gloomy clouds are spread:
          Bending toward the desert shore,
          See the melancholy maid;
    Her eyes and her bosom are wet with tears;
    All heaven is black, and the storm appears;
    And the wild winds lift the billows high,
    And her breast is heaving with many a sigh.

          “O my very soul is faded,
          Joy and sympathy are fled;
          Nature is in darkness shaded,
          Love and friendship both are dead.
    The hope that brightened my days is gone!
    O whither, my angel! art thou flown?
    Too blest was I, too wild with bliss,
    For I lived and loved, and loved for this!

          “Swell then, burning tears! the deep,
          Flow, with yonder billows flow:
          And ye lonely forests! weep,
          Meet companions of my woe.
    My days of pleasure, though short and few,
    Are fled for ever--O earth! adieu!
    He sleeps--will death restore him? Never!
    For the joy that’s lost is lost for ever.

          “Nature’s sad and wintery day
          Is of momentary gloom:
          Soon in Spring’s reviving ray
          All her loveliness shall bloom.
          But joy has never a second spring:
    And time no ray of light can bring
    But from tearful eyes:--there’s no relief
    From dark despair’s corroding grief!”


FOOTNOTES:

[1] It will immediately occur to the readers of Ossian, that the
personages, sentiments, and scenery of this poem are derived from him.
The conviction of their high antiquity (notwithstanding what Adelung
has written) is very general in the north of Europe, and I have often
heard that conviction expressed by those who have gone very profoundly
into the history of Runic and Gothic poetry. Whatever be their date,
the inquiry as to their literary merit is very distinct from it. With
the exception of Gray’s Elegy, (of which I have seen a collection
of more than one hundred and fifty versions,) there is nothing,
probably, in our language, which has been more frequently translated.
There are many translations and imitations in Russian besides this of
Zhukovsky,--by Kostrov, Grædich, Visheslavtzev, Oserov, Kapnist, &c.

To the first edition I added a specimen of Dutch poetry, of which
Ossian was the subject, and ventured to speak of the great excellence
of Vondel, Hooft, Helmers, Tollens, and other poets of Holland. I have
now decided on publishing a little volume of _specimens_, in which I
have made considerable progress.

[2] High walls rise on the banks of the Duvranna, and see their mossy
towers in the stream; a rock ascends behind them with its bending
pines. Thou may’st behold it far distant.--_Oithona._

[3] Many a king of heroes, and hero of iron shields, and youth of
heavy looks came to Rurmar’s echoing hall--they came to woo the
maid.--_Cath-Loda._

[4] Now I behold the chiefs in the pride of their former deeds! their
souls are kindled at the battles of old; at the actions of other times;
their eyes are flames of fire.--_Fingal._

[5] When a warrior was so far advanced in years as to be unfit for the
field, it was the custom to hang up his arms in the great hall, where
the tribe feasted on joyful or remarkable occasions.

[6] Is the remembrance of battles pleasant to the soul? Do we not
remember with joy the place where our fathers feasted?--_Temora._

[7] Not unmarked by Sul-Malla is the shield of Morven’s king. It hangs
high in my father’s hall in memory of the past.--_Sul-Malla._

[8] Her eyes were two stars of light. Her face was heaven’s bow
in showers. Her dark hair flowed around it like the streaming
clouds.--_Cath-Loda._

Her soul was like a stream of light.--_Colna-Dona._

[9] She was a light on the mountain.--_Temora._

[10] Her breast rose slowly to sight, like the ocean’s heaving
wave.--_Colna-Dona._

[11] Her face was like the light of the morning.--_Dar-Thula._

[12] She appeared lovely as the mountain flower, when the ruddy beams
of the rising sun gleam on its dew-covered sides.--_Prel. Discourse to
Ossian._

[13] O thou that travellest above, round as the full-orbed hard shield
of the mighty.--_Prel. Discourse to Ossian._

His shield is terrible, like the bloody moon ascending through a
storm.--_Temora._

[14] Lead me, O Malvina! to the sound of my woods--to the roar of my
mountain-streams.--_War of Caros._

As the falling brook to the ear of the hunter descending from his
storm-covered hill; in a sun-beam rolls the echoing stream.--_Cathlin
of Clutha._

It is like the bursting of a stream in the desert, when it comes
between its echoing rocks to the blasted field of the sun.--_Temora._
Gray streams leap down from the rocks.--_Ibid._

[15] The melancholy character of the whole of this passage, may serve
to recall Ossian’s sublimely beautiful and tender song of sorrow.
I shall be excused for introducing it.--“Desolate is the dwelling
of Moina: silence is in the house of her fathers. Raise the song of
mourning, O bards, over the land of strangers. They have but fallen
before us; for one day we must fall. Why dost thou build the hall, son
of the winged days? thou lookest from thy towers to-day; yet a few
years and the blast of the desert comes; it howls in thy empty court,
and whistles round thy half-worn shield. And let the blast of the
desert come! we shall be renowned in our day. The mark of my arm shall
be in battle; my name in the song of bards. Raise the song, send round
the shell; let joy be heard in my hall. When thou, sun of heaven! shalt
fail--if thou shalt fail, thou mighty light! if thy brightness is for a
season, like Fingal,--our fame shall survive thy beams.”--_Carthon._

In the same touching spirit is the noble address to the sun.--“O thou
that rollest above, round as the shield of my fathers! whence are thy
beams, O sun!--thy everlasting light? Thou comest forth in thy awful
beauty, the stars hide themselves in the sky: the moon cold and pale
sinks in the western wave. But thou thyself movest alone: who can be a
companion of thy course? The oaks of the mountains fall; the mountains
themselves decay with years; the ocean shrinks and grows again; the
moon herself is lost in heaven; but thou art for ever the same,
rejoicing in the brightness of thy course. When the world is dark with
tempests, when thunder rolls and lightning flies, thou lookest in thy
beauty from the clouds, and laughest at the storm. But to Ossian, thou
lookest in vain; for he beholds thy beams no more, whether thy yellow
hair flows on the eastern clouds, or thou tremblest at the gates of the
west. But thou art perhaps, like me, for a season, and thy years will
have an end. Thou shalt sleep in thy clouds, careless of the voice of
the morning. Exult then, O sun, in the strength of thy youth! age is
dark and unlovely; it is like the glimmering light of the moon, when it
shines through broken clouds and the mist is on the hills: the blast of
the north is on the plain--the traveller shrinks in the midst of his
journey.”--_Ibid._

[16] The mountains are covered with day.--_Temora._

[17] Pleasant is the joy of grief.--_Carrie-thura._

[18] Thy death came like a blast from the desert and laid my green
head low: the spring returned with its showers, no leaf of mine
arose.--_Croma._

[19] Within my bosom is a voice--others hear it not.--_Temora._

[20] Night came: the moon from the east looked on the mournful field:
but they stood still like a silent grove that lifts its head on
Gormal.--_Carthon._

[21] So hears a tree in the vale the voice of spring around, and pours
its green leaves to the sun.--_Temora._

[22] Hast thou left thy blue course in heaven, golden-haired son of the
sky? The west has opened its gates; the bed of thy repose is there. The
waves come to behold thy beauty: they lift their trembling heads; they
see thee lovely in thy sleep; but they shrink away with fear. Rest in
thy shadowy cave, O sun! and let thy return be in joy.--_Carric-thura._

[23] Doth the wind touch thee, O harp! or is it some passing
ghost?--_Berrathon._

[24] The harps of the bards were believed to emit melancholy and
unwonted sounds prophetic or commemorative of the death of any renowned
and worthy person. This was attributed to the _light touch of ghosts_.
The music was called the warning voice of the dead.

The harps of the bards untouched, sound mournful over the
hill.--_Temora._

The lone blast torched their trembling strings: the sound is sad an
low.--_Ibid._

[25] The wind was abroad in the oaks. The spirit of the mountain
shrieked. The blast came rustling through the hall, and gently
touched my harp. The sound was mournful and low, like the song of the
tomb.--_Dar-Thula._

[26] Darkness covers my soul.--_Prel. Discourse._

Darkness gathered on Utha’s soul.--_Carric-thura._

[27] Her dark brown hair is spread on earth.--_Ibid._

[28] Why did I not pass away in secret like the flower of the rock,
that lifts its head unseen and shows its withered leaves to the
blast?--_Oithona._

They fall away like the flower on which the sun hath looked in his
strength after the mildew has passed over it, when its head is heavy
with the drops of night.--_Croma._

[29] It was a current opinion, that the spirits of women hovered over
the earth in all their living beauty, and were often seen gliding along
like a sun beam on a hill.

She was like a spirit of heaven half folded in the skirt of a
cloud.--_Temora._

The sky grew dark: the forms of the dead were blended with the
clouds.--_Ibid._

Hereafter shall the traveller meet their dark thick mist on Lena, where
it wanders, with their ghosts, beside the reedy lake. Never shall they
rise without song to the dwelling of winds.--_Ibid._

Two spirits of heaven standing each on his gloomy cloud.--_Ibid._

The flower hangs its heavy head, waving at times to the gale. “Why dost
thou awake me, O gale!” it seems to say, “I am covered with the drops
of heaven: the time of my fading is near--the blast that shall scatter
my leaves. To-morrow shall the traveller come. He that saw me in beauty
shall come--his eyes will search in the fields, but they will not find
me.”--_Berrathon._




KARAMSIN.


THE SONG OF BORNHOLM.

    Curses on the world’s decree!
      That decree which bid us part:
    Who has e’er resisted thee,
      Passion-throbbing, maddened heart?

    Is aught holier than the light
      Kindled in our souls by heaven?
    Is aught stronger than the might
      Given to love--to beauty given?

    Yes! I love--shall ever love!
      Curse the passion if ye will,
    Call down vengeance from above,
      Still I love--adore her still!

    Holy Nature! I, thy child,
      To thy sheltering bosom flee:
    Thou hast fanned this flame so wild,
      I am innocent with thee.

    If to yield to passion’s sway,
      Be a dark and damning sin;
    Why hast thou, O tempter! say,
      Lighted passion’s fires within?

    No! thy storm-winds as they rolled,
      Gently rocked our secret bed;
    And thy thunder, though it growled,
      Never burst upon our head.

    Bornholm! Bornholm! to thy home
      Memory--wildered memory flies:
    Thither would my spirit roam
      From its tears--its agonies!

    Vain the wish! an outlaw I,
      Followed by a father’s curse;
    Doomed in banishment to die,
      Or despairing live--as worse!

    Lila! has thy spirit shrunk
      From thy woes, and found a grave?
    Has thy burthened misery sunk
      In oblivion’s silent wave?

    Let thy shadow then appear,
      Smile upon me from the tomb;
    Give me, love! a welcome there,
      Come, though veil’d in darkness,--come!


THE CHURCH-YARD.

    FIRST VOICE.

    How frightful the grave! how deserted and drear!
    With the howls of the storm-wind--the creaks of the bier,
      And the white bones all clattering together!

    SECOND VOICE.

    How peaceful the grave! its quiet how deep!
    Its zephyrs breathe calmly, and soft is its sleep,
      And flow’rets perfume it with ether.

    FIRST VOICE.

    There riots the blood-crested worm on the dead,
    And the yellow skull serves the foul toad for a bed,
      And snakes in its nettle-weeds hiss.

    SECOND VOICE.

    How lovely, how lone the repose of the tomb!
    No tempests are there:--but the nightingales come
      And sing their sweet chorus of bliss.

    FIRST VOICE.

    The ravens of night flap their wings o’er the grave:--
    ’Tis the vulture’s abode:--’tis the wolf’s dreary cave,
      Where they tear up the earth with their fangs

    SECOND VOICE.

    There the coney at evening disports with his love,
    Or rests on the sod;--while the turtles above,
      Repose on the bough that o’erhangs.

    FIRST VOICE.

    There darkness and dampness with poisonous breath,
    And loathsome decay fill the dwelling of death,
      The trees are all barren and bare!

    SECOND VOICE.

    O soft are the breezes that play round the tomb,
    And sweet with the violet’s wafted perfume,
      With lilies and jessamine fair.

    FIRST VOICE.

    The pilgrim who reaches this valley of tears,
    Would fain hurry by, and with trembling and fears
      He is launched on the wreck-covered river!

    SECOND VOICE.

    The traveller outworn with life’s pilgrimage dreary,
    Lays down his rude staff, like one that is weary,
      And sweetly reposes for ever.


AUTUMN.

    The dry leaves are falling;
    The cold breeze above
    Has stript of its glories
    The sorrowing grove.

    The hills are all weeping,
    The field is a waste,
    The songs of the forest
    Are silent and past:

    And the songsters are vanished;
    In armies they fly
    To a clime more benignant,
    A friendlier sky.

    The thick mists are veiling
    The valley in white;
    With the smoke of the village
    They blend in their flight.

    And lo! on the mountain
    The wanderer stands,
    And sees the pale autumn
    Pervading the lands.

    Thou sorrowful wanderer.
    Sigh not--nor weep!
    For nature, though shrouded,
    Will wake from her sleep.

    The spring, proudly smiling,
    Shall all things revive;
    And gay bridal-garments
    Of splendor shall give.

    But man’s chilling winter
    Is darksome and dim;
    For no second spring-tide
    E’er dawns upon him.

    The gloom of his evening,
    Time dissipates never:
    His sun when departed
    Is vanisht for ever.


LILEA.

    What a lovely flower I see
    Bloom in snowy beauty there--
    O how fragrant and how fair!
    Can that lily bloom for me?
    Thee to pluck, be mine the bliss,
    Place upon my breast and kiss!
    Why then is that bliss denied?
    Why does heaven our fates divide?

    Sorrow now my bosom fills;
    Tears run down my cheeks like rills:
    Far away that flower must bloom,
    And in vain I sigh, “O come!”
    Softly zephyr glides between,
    Waving boughs of emerald green.
    Purest flow’rets bend their head,
    Shake their little cups of dew:
    Fate unpitying and untrue.

            Fate so desolate and dread
            Says, “She blossoms not for thee;--
    In vain thou shedd’st the bitter tear,
    Another hand shall gather her:--
    And thou--go mourn thy misery.”
    O flower so lovely! Lilea fair!
    With thee I fain my fate would share,
    But heaven hath said, “It cannot be!”


EPIGRAM.

TO NICANDER.

    You talk of your taste and your talents _to_ me,
    And ask my opinion--so don’t be offended:
    Your taste is as bad as a taste can well be:
    And as for your talents--_you_ think them most splendid.




DMITRIEV.


DURING A THUNDER-STORM.

    It thunders! Sons of dust, in reverence bow!
    Ancient of days! Thou speakest from above:
    Thy right hand wields the bolt of terror now;
    That hand which scatters peace and joy and love.
    Almighty! trembling like a timid child,
    I hear Thy awful voice--alarmed--afraid--
    I see the flashes of Thy lightning wild,
    And in the very grave would hide my head.

    Lord! what is man? Up to the sun he flies--
    Or feebly wanders through earth’s vale of dust:
    _There_ is he lost midst heaven’s high mysteries,
    And _here_ in error and in darkness lost:
    Beneath the storm-clouds, on life’s raging sea,
    Like a poor sailor--by the tempest tost
    In a frail bark--the sport of destiny,
    He sleeps--and dashes on the rocky coast.

    Thou breathest:--and th’ obedient storm is still:
    Thou speakest;--silent the submissive wave:
    Man’s shatter’d ship the rushing waters fill,
    And the husht billows roll across his _grave_.
    Sourceless and endless God! compared with Thee,
    Life is a shadowy momentary dream:
    And Time, when view’d through Thy eternity,
    Less than the mote of morning’s golden beam.


THE TZAR AND THE TWO SHEPHERDS.

    The tzar has wandered from the city-gate,
    To seek seclusion from the cares of state;
    And thus he mused; “What troubles equal mine!
    _That_ I accomplish when I purpose _this_:--
    In vain I bid the sun of concord shine,
    And toil unwearied for my subjects’ bliss;
    Its brightness lasts a moment, and the tzar
    For the state’s safety is compell’d to war,
    God knows I love my subjects--fain would bless them,
    But oft mistake--and injure and oppress them.
    I seek for truth, but courtiers all deceive me;
    They fill their purses and deluded leave me!
    My people sigh and groan:--I share their pain,
    And struggle to relieve them, but in vain.”

    Thus mused the lord of many nations; then
    Looked up, and saw wide scatter’d o’er the glen
    The poor lean flocks:--the sheep had lost their lambs,
    And the stray’d lambkins bleated for their dams:--
    They fled from place to place, alarm’d, afraid;
    The lazy dogs were sleeping in the shade!
    How busy is the shepherd!--now he hies
    To the grove’s verge:--now to the valley flies:--
    Seeks to assemble here the sheep that stray,
    And there a favourite lamb he hurries on:
    But lo! the wolf!--he springs upon his prey;
    The shepherd hastens, but the thief is gone:
    He cries--he beats his breast--he tears his hair,
    Invoking death in agonized despair.

    “Behold my picture!” said his majesty,
    “Here is another sovereign, just like me:--
    I’m glad to know vexations travel far,
    And plague a shepherd as they plague a tzar.”

    And on he moved in more contented mood--
    Whither he knew not;--but beyond the wood
    He saw the loveliest flock that ever grazed,
    And linger’d, mute with wonder, as he gazed:--
    How strong, how sleek, how satisfied, how fair!
    Wool soft as silk, and piled in luxury there,
    Its golden burthen seemed too great to bear.
    The lambs, as if they ran for wagers playing,
    Or near their dams, or far--securely straying--
    The shepherd, ’neath the linden-tree,
    Tuned his pipe most joyfully!

    “Ah!” said the tzar, “ye little think
    How close ye stand on danger’s brink,
    The uncharitable wolf is near:--
    And he for music has no ear.”

    And so it was--as if the wolf had heard,
    Advancing in full gallop he appear’d.

    But the dogs, the wily traitor knew,
    Sprung up, and at the robber flew:--
      His blood has for his daring paid;
      And the lambkin that through fear had stray’d,
      Is gather’d into the fold anew;
    And the shepherd’s pipe was echoed still,
    Down the vale and up the hill.

    The monarch lost all patience now:--
    “What! dost thou sit there like a rock,
    While wolves are ravaging thy flock?
    A very pretty shepherd thou!”

    “Tzar! here no evil can betide my sheep,
    _My dogs are faithful--and they do not sleep_.”


THE BROKEN FIDDLE.

    A wretched[1] fiddle fell, in fragments,--these
    Though once discordant, by the hand divine
    Of music fashioned, breathed sweet harmonies:

           *       *       *       *       *

    So is man tuned by sufferings’ discipline.


OVER THE GRAVE OF BOGDANOVICH,

AUTHOR OF THE BEAUTIFUL POEM PSYCHE.

    Here Love unseen, when sinks the evening sun,
    Wets the cold urn with tears, and mournful thinks,
    While his sad spirit, sorrow-broken, sinks,--
    None now can sing my angel Psyche--none!


LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP.

    Fair sister!
              “Infant brother dear!
    On the wing, on the wing?”
                        Wandering the wide world over
    In search of a lover--there _is_ no _lover_:
    Lost as if the plague had been there!

      “I’ve been seeking a _friend_!--there’s none below,
    The world must soon to ruin go!
    Written in sand are the oaths now spoken,
    ’Tis all lip-service, and promise broken;
    My name is a cloak for _thirst of gain_!”

      And mine for _passion_ impure, profane!


FOOTNOTES:

[1] Original, _diuzhenna_--one of a dozen--a frequent expression for
what is very common and useless.




Krĭlov.


THE ASS AND THE NIGHTINGALE[1].

    An ass a nightingale espied,
    And shouted out, “Holla! holla! good friend!
    “Thou art a first-rate singer, they pretend:--
    Now let me hear thee, that I may decide;
    I really wish to know--the world is partial ever--
    If thou hast this great gift, and art indeed so clever.”

    The nightingale began her heavenly lays;
    Through all the regions of sweet music ranging,
    Varying her song a thousand different ways;
    Rising and falling, lingering, ever changing:
    Full of wild rapture now--then sinking oft
    To almost silence--melancholy, soft
    As distant shepherd’s pipe at evening’s close:--
    Strewing the wood with lovelier music;--there
    All nature seems to listen and repose:
    No zephyr dares disturb the tranquil air:--
    All other voices of the grove are still,
    And the charm’d flocks lie down beside the rill.

      The shepherd like a statue stands--afraid
    His breathing may disturb the melody,
    His finger pointing to the harmonious tree,
    Seems to say, “Listen!” to his favourite maid.

      The singer ended:--and our critic bow’d
    His reverend head to earth, and said aloud:--

    “Now that’s so so;--thou really hast some merit;
    Curtail thy song, and critics then might hear it;
    Thy voice wants sharpness:--but if Chanticleer
    Would give thee a few lessons, doubtless he
    Might raise thy voice and modulate thy ear;
    And thou in spite of all thy faults mayst be
    A very decent singer.”----
                              The poor bird
    In silent modesty the critic heard,
    And winged her peaceful flight into the air,
    O’er many and many[2] a field and forest fair.

    There are too many such critics now-a-days.
    Merciful heaven! protect us from their praise.


THE SWAN, THE PIKE, AND THE CRAB.

    If harmony be wanting to your plans,
    Vain are your efforts, yours, or any man’s;
    They end in disappointment all alike.

    I once observed a Swan, a Crab, a Pike,
    Drawing a treasure; all their power, their will
    Exerted, yet it stood unmoved and still.
    ’Tis not its weight, its weight was very little;
    Three powers at work, it budges not a tittle:
    The Swan would fain soar upwards in its pride,
    The Crab draws back, the Pike to the water side.

    Who of the three was wrong? and who was right?
    It might be all--it might be none--it might!


FOOTNOTES:

[1] Krĭlov gave me this fable in MS. It has been printed in his _Basni_.

[2] Literally--“three times nine.”




Khemnitzer.


THE HOUSE-BUILDER.

    Whate’er thou purposest to do,
    With an unwearied zeal pursue;
    To-day is thine--improve to-day,
    Nor trust to-morrow’s distant ray.

    A certain man a house would build,
    The place is with materials fill’d;
    And every thing is ready there--
    Is it a difficult affair?
    Yes! till you fix the corner stone;
    It won’t erect itself alone.
    Day rolls on day, and year on year,
    And nothing yet is done--
    There’s always something to delay
    The business to another day.

      And thus in silent waiting stood
    The piles of stone and piles of wood;
    Till Death, who in his vast affairs
    Ne’er puts things off--as men in theirs--
    And thus, if I the truth must tell,
    Does his work _finally_ and _well_--
    Winked at our hero as he past,
    “Your house is finish’d, Sir, at last;
    A narrower house--a house of clay--
    Your palace for _another day_!”


THE RICH AND THE POOR MAN.

    So goes the world:--if wealthy, you may call
    _This_ friend, _that_ brother;--friends and brothers all:
    Though you are worthless--witless--never mind it;
    You may have been a stable-boy--what then?
    ’Tis wealth, good Sir, makes _honourable men_.
    You seek respect, no doubt, and _you_ will find it.

    But if you are poor, heaven help you! though your sire
    Had royal blood within him, and though you
    Possess the intellect of angels too,
    ’Tis all in vain;--the world will ne’er inquire
    On such a score:--Why should it take the pains?
    ’Tis easier to weigh purses, sure, than brains.

    I once saw a poor devil, keen and clever,
    Witty and wise:--he paid a man a visit,
    And no one noticed him, and no one ever
    Gave him a welcome. “Strange,” cried I, “whence is it?”
        He walked on this side, then on that,
        He tried to introduce a social chat;
    Now here, now there,--in vain he tried;
    Some formally and freezingly replied,
                  And some
    Said by their silence--“Better stay at home.”

        A rich man burst the door,
        As Crœsus rich I’m sure,
    He could not pride himself upon his wit
    Nor wisdom--for he had not got a bit:
    He had what’s better;--he had wealth.
      What a confusion!--all stand up erect--
    These crowd around to ask him of his health;
      These bow in _honest_ duty and respect;
    And these arrange a sofa or a chair,
    And these conduct him there.
    “Allow me, Sir, the honour;”--then a bow
    Down to the earth--Is’t possible to show
    Meet gratitude for such kind condescension?

        The poor man hung his head,
        And to himself he said,
    “This is indeed beyond my comprehension:”
        Then looking round
        One friendly face he found,
    And said--“Pray tell me why is wealth preferr’d
      To wisdom?”--“That’s a silly question, friend!”
    Replied the other--“Have you never heard,
        A man may lend his store
        Of gold or silver ore,
    But wisdom none can borrow, none can lend?”


THE LION’S COUNCIL OF STATE.

    A lion held a court for state affairs:
    Why? That is not your business, Sir, ’twas theirs!
    He called the elephants for counsellors--still
    The council-board was incomplete;
    And the king deemed it fit
    With asses all the vacancies to fill.
    Heaven help the state--for lo! the bench of asses
    The bench of elephants by far surpasses.

    He was a fool--the foresaid king--you’ll say;
    Better have kept those places vacant surely,
    Than fill them up so poorly.
    O no! that’s not the royal way;
    Things have been done for ages thus--and we
    Have a deep reverence for antiquity:
    Nought worse, Sir, than to be, or to appear
    Wiser and better than our fathers were.

    The list must be complete, even though you make it
    Complete with asses; for the lion saw
    Such had for ages been the law--
    He was no radical to break it!

    “Besides,” he said, “my elephants’ good sense
        Will soon my asses’ ignorance diminish,
    For wisdom has a mighty influence.”
        They made a pretty finish!
    The asses’ folly soon obtained the sway;
    The elephants became as dull as they!


THE WAGGONS.

        I saw a long, long train
    Of many a loaded, lumbering wain;
    And one there was of most gigantic size,
    It look’d an elephant midst a swarm of flies;
    It roll’d so proudly that a passenger
    Curiously asked--“Now what may _that_ contain?”
        “Nothing but bladders, Sir!”

    Such masses (misnamed _men_!) are little rare,
    Inflated, bullying, proud, and full of--_air_.




BOBROV.


ADDRESS TO THE DEITY.

_From the Khersonida, p. 41-3._

    O thou unutterable Potentate!
    Through nature’s vast extent sublimely great!
    Thy lovely form the flower-decked field discloses,
    Thy smiles are seen in nature’s sunny face:
    Milk-coloured lilies and wild-blushing roses
    Are bright with Thee:--Thy voice of gentleness
    Speaks in the light-winged whispering zephyrs playing
    Midst the young boughs, or o’er the meadows straying:
    Thy breath gives life to all; below, above,
    And all things revel in Thy light and love.
    But here, on these gigantic mountains, here
    Thy greatness, glory, wisdom, strength and spirit,
    In terrible sublimity appear;
    Thy awe-imposing voice is heard,--we hear it!
    Th’ Almighty’s fearful voice; attend, it breaks
    The silence, and in solemn warnings speaks:
    His the light tones that whisper midst the trees;
    His, his the whistling of the busy breeze;
    His, the storm-thunder roaring, rattling round[1],
    When element with element makes war
    Amidst the echoing mountains: on whose bound,
    Whose highest bound he drives his fiery car
    Glowing like molten-iron; or enshrin’d
    In robes of darkness, riding on the wind
    Across the clouded vault of heaven:--What eye
    Has not been dazzled by Thy majesty?
    Where is the ear that has not heard Thee speak?
    Thou breathest!--forest-oaks of centuries
    Turn their uprooted trunks towards the skies.
    Thou thunderest!--adamantine mountains break,
    Tremble, and totter, and apart are riven;
    Thou lightenest! and the rocks inflame; Thy power
    Of fire to their metallic bosom driven,
    Melts and devours them;--Lo! they are no more:--
    They pass away like wax in the fierce flame,
    Or the thick mists that frown upon the sun,
    Which he but glances at and they are gone;
    Or like the sparkling snow upon the hill,
    When noon-tide darts its penetrating beam.
    What do I say? At GOD’S almighty will,
    The affrighted world falls headlong from its sphere,
    Planets and suns and systems disappear!
    But Thy eternal throne--Thy palace bright,
    Zion--stands steadfast in unchanging might;
    Zion--Thy own peculiar seat--Thy home!
    But here, O GOD! here is Thy temple too:
    Heaven’s sapphire arch is its resplendent dome;
    Its columns--trees that have for ages stood;
    Its incense is the flower-perfumed dew;
    Its symphony--the music of the wood;
    Its ornaments--the fairest gems of spring;
    Its altar is the stony mountain proud!
    Lord! from this shrine to Thy abode I bring
    Trembling, devotion’s tribute--though not loud.
    Nor pomp-accompanied: Thy praise I sing,
    And Thou wilt deign to hear the lowly offering.


MEDINA.

_From the Khersonida._

    Thou wondrous brother of the prophet, sun!
    So brightly on Medina’s temple burning;
    And scarce less beautiful the crescent moon,
    When moving gently o’er the shadows dun
    Of evening:--and their verge to silver turning.
    O what a lovely, soft tranquillity
    Rests on the earth and breathes along the sea!
    Here is no cedar bent with misery;
    No holy cypress sighs or weeps, as seen
    In other lands, where his dark branches green
    Mourn in the desert o’er neglected graves:
    Here his all-sheltering boughs he calmly waves
    In the dim light, the sacred vigils keeping
    O’er the blest ashes on earth’s bosom sleeping.
    Picture of God! upon the prophet’s shrine
    Shine brightly--brightly, beautifully shine
    Upon those holy fields where once he trod,
    And flowers sprung up beneath his innocent feet,
    Tulips and aloes and narcissus’ sweet,
    A lovely carpet for the child of God!
    There have our privileged, pilgrim footsteps been,
    This have we seen--yes, brother! this have seen:
    The grave, the life, the ashes, and the dome
    Eternal and the heavens: and there have bought
    The grace of God and found the joy we sought,
    A certain entrance to our final home.
      And now, be short our houseward way!
      Our fathers’ habitations now appear!
    O with what transports shall we hear them say,
    With what loud greetings, “Welcome, welcome here!”
    The swelling-bosom’d wife, the black-hair’d son
    And black-eyed daughter greet our joyous train,
    Rushing from our own doors they hither run,
    And songs of rapture loudly hail us then.
    Their trembling hands the fragrant aloe bear,
    Which joyful o’er our wearied limbs they throw;
      Home of our fathers! now appear,
      Our houseward path be shortened now!


SHEIK-HUIABIS CREED,

AS DESCRIBED BY THE CHERIF.

_From the Khersonida._

    ’Tis Allah governs this terrestrial ball,
    To all gives laws, as he gave life to all!
    He rules the unnumbered circles bright with bliss,
    That from the ends of heaven send forth their beams:
    He rules the space, the infinite abyss,
    The undefined and wandering ether-streams,
    Where thousand, thousand stars and planets play--
    What are the laws that guide them on their way?
    They are no perishable records--laws
    Written with pen and ink:--No! Allah spreads
    The golden roll of nature: o’er our heads
    Opens his glorious volume, and withdraws
    The veil of ignorance: read the letters _there_,
    That is the blazing, burning record, where
    The letters are not idle _lines_, but _things_:
    Read there the name of Allah, dazzling bright,
    In _works_ of eloquence and _words_ of light!
    Shut, shut all other books; and if thy soul,
    Borne upward on devotion’s angel-wings,
    Soar to the heaven, from earth and earth’s control,
    Thou shalt perceive--shalt know the Deity.
    His splendours then shall burst upon thy eye,
    An effluence of noon-tide round thee roll,
    Thy spirit glad with light and love;--a sun
    Of pure philosophy to lead thee on.


THE GOLDEN PALACE.

CHERTOG TVOI VIZHDU.

SUNG AT MIDNIGHT IN THE GREEK CHURCHES THE LAST WEEK BEFORE EASTER.

_From the Sclavonic._

    The golden palace of my God
    Tow’ring above the clouds I see:
    Beyond the cherubs’ bright abode,
    Higher than angels’ thoughts can be:
    How can I in those courts appear
    Without a wedding garment on?
    Conduct me, Thou life-giver, there,
    Conduct me to Thy glorious throne!
    And clothe me with Thy robes of light,
    And lead me through sin’s darksome night,
                  My Saviour and my God!


MIDNIGHT HYMN

OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCHES, SUNG AT EASTER.

    _Vskuiu mia esi oostavil?_
    Why hast thou forsaken me?

    Why, thou never-setting light,
    Is Thy brightness veiled from me?
    Why does this unusual night
    Cloud Thy blest benignity?
    I am lost without Thy ray,
    Guide my wandering footsteps, Lord!
    Light my dark and erring way
    To the noon-tide of Thy word!


IZHE KHERUVIMIJ,

OR SONG OF CHERUBIM.

THE HYMN CHANTED IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCHES DURING THE PROCESSION OF THE
CUP.

    See the glorious cherubim
      Thronging round the Eternal’s throne;
    Hark! they sing their holy hymn:
      To the unknown Three in One.
    ‘All-supporting Deity--
    ‘Living spirit--praise to Thee!’

    Rest, ye worldly tumults, rest!
      Here let all be peace and joy:
    Grief no more shall rend our breast,
      Tears no more shall dew our eye.

    Heaven-directed spirits rise
    To the temple of the skies!
    Join the ranks of angels bright,
    Near th’ Eternal’s dazzling light.
                                  Khvalim Boga[2].


CHILDREN’S OFFERING ON A PARENT’S BIRTH-DAY.

    Not the first tribute of our lyre,
    Not the first fruits of infant spring,
    But flames from love’s long kindled fire,
    And oft-repeated prayers we bring
                        To crown thy natal day.

    ’Tis not to-day that first we tell
    (When was affection’s spirit mute?)
    How long our hearts have loved--how well--
    Nor tune our soft and votive flute,
                        Nor light the altar’s ray.

    That altar is our household shrine--
    Its flame--the bosom’s kindly heat:
    Its offering, sympathy divine;
    Its incense, as the may-dew sweet!
                        Accept thy children’s lay.


RULES FOR THE HEART AND THE UNDERSTANDING.


1.

    O son of nature! let self-culture be
    The object of thy earliest toils: as yet
    Thy lamp burns bright--thy day shines gloriously--
    Thou canst not labour when thy sun is set!


2.

    Wouldst thou The Unseen Spirit see:
    First learn to know thyself; and He
    Will then be shadowed forth in thee!


3.

    God is a spirit through creation’s whole,
    As in this mortal tenement--the soul.


4.

    The sun that gives the world its fairest light
    Is not yon orb welcomed by the morning hour,
    And by the eve expelled;--it is the power
    Of an enlightening conscience pure and bright.


5.

    Mark where thou standest first; and whence thou art come,
    And whither goest, and straight speed thee home.


6.

    The woe _to come_, the woe that’s _gone_,
    Philosophy thinks calmly on:
    But show me the philosopher
    Who calmly bears the woes that _are_.


7.

    How wise is he who marks the fleeting day
    By acts of virtue as it rolls away!


8.

    Be all thy views right forward, clear, and even:
    The straightest line the soonest leads to heaven.


9.

    Thou wouldst count all things, proud philosophy;
    Now measure space and weigh eternity!


10.

    Light first thy heart with virtue; then thy soul
    With wisdom--purest joy shall o’er thee roll.


11.

    The most perverted spirit has greatness in it,
    The very savage bears a heart that’s noble.


12.

    Virtue, though loveliest of all lovely things,
    From modesty apart no more is fair;
    And when her graceful veil aside she flings,
    (Like ether opened to th’ intrusive air)
    Loses her sweetest charms and stands a cypher there.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] I have endeavoured to imitate the singular adaptation of words to
sound, of which the Russian language affords so many striking examples:

Original--

    Tvoi dukh vsĭvaet vse boriushchii
    V sikh--sikh svistjeshchikh vikhrei silakh
    Srazhaiushchikhsa mezhdu Gor!


[2] Hallelujah.




BOGDANOVICH.


FROM THE DUSHENKA.--p. 8.

    ’Twere but vain daring thro’ dark time to range,
    Chasing the shadowy forms of words, which change,
    For ever restless, gave to beauty’s power:
    All lived an hour, and perished with that hour:
    The subject of the aspiring poet’s lay
    Is that fair royal maiden, youngest child
    Of the eastern monarch, whom with passion wild
    Crowds honoured, loved and sigh’d for night and day,
    She by the Greeks called Psyche--meaning
    (According to our learned ones’ explaining)
      A soul, or spirit:--our philosophers
    Thinking that all that’s tender, fair and bright,
      Must needs be hers,
    Named her Dushenka[1];--thus
    A word so sweet, so musical to us,
    With all the charm of novelty,
    O loveliest Psyche, was conferred on thee!
    Conveyed from tongue to tongue, its throne it found
    In memory’s archives:--its melodious sound
    Now breathes the angel-harmony of love,
    A music and a radiance from above.


FROM THE DUSHENKA.--p. 49.

    Dushenka! Dushenka! the robes that thou wearest
      Seem ever most lovely and fitting:
    Whether clad like a queen of the east thou appearest,
      Or plain as a shepherdess sitting
    By the door of her cottage at evening’s calm tide,
    Thou still art the charm of the world and its pride!
    Thou fairest of saints that devotion has sainted,
      Divinest of all the divine:--
    All the pictures of beauty that art ever painted
      Can give no idea of thine!


THE INEXPERIENCED SHEPHERDESS.

A POPULAR SONG.

    I’m fourteen summers old, I trow,
    ’Tis time to look about me now:
    ’Twas only yesterday they said,
    I was a silly, silly maid;--
      ’Tis time to look about me now.

    The shepherd-swains so rudely stare,
    I must reprove them, I declare;
    This talks of beauty--_that_ of love--
    I’m such a fool I can’t reprove--
      I _must_ reprove them, I declare.

    ’Tis strange--but yet I hope no sin;
    Something unwonted speaks within:
    Love’s language is a mystery,
    And yet I feel, and yet I see,--
      O what is this that speaks within?

    The shepherd cries, “I love thee, sweet;”
    “And I love _thee_,” my lips repeat:
    Kind words, they sound as sweet to me
    As music’s fairest melody;
      “I love thee,” oft my lips repeat.

    His pledge he brings,--I’ll _not_ reprove;
    O no! I’ll take that pledge of love;
    To thee my guardian dog I’d give,
    Could I without that guardian live:
      But still I’ll take thy pledge of love.

    My shepherd’s crook I’ll give to thee;--
    O no! my father gave it me--
    And treasures by a parent given,
    From a fond child should ne’er be riven--
      O no! my father gave it me.

    But thou shalt have yon lambkin fair--
    Nay! ’tis my mother’s fondest care;
    For every day she joys to count
    Each snowy lambkin on the mount;--
      I’ll give thee then no lambkin fair.

    But stay, my shepherd! wilt thou be
    For ever faithful--fond to me?
    A sweeter gift I’ll then impart,
    And thou shalt have--a maiden’s heart,
      If thou wilt give thy heart to me.


SONG FROM THE OLD RUSSIAN.

    Hark! those tones of music stealing
      Through yon wood at even:
    Sweetest songs that breathe a feeling
      Pure and bright as heaven.

    Nightingales in chorus near thee,
      All their notes are blending;
    Then they stop their songs to hear thee,
      Silent--unpretending.


SONG FROM THE OLD RUSSIAN.

    What to the maiden has happened?
    What to the gem of the village?
      Ah! to the gem of the village.

    Seated alone in her cottage.
    Tremblingly turned to the window;
      Ah! ever turned to the window.

    Like the sweet bird in its prison,
    Pining and panting for freedom;
      Ah! how ’tis pining for freedom!

    Crowds of her youthful companions
    Come to console the lov’d maiden;
      Ah! to console the lov’d maiden.

    “Smile then, our sister! be joyful,
    Clouds of dust cover the valley;
      Oh! see, they cover the valley.

    “Smile then, our sister! be joyful,
    List to the hoof-beat of horses;
      O! to the hoof-beat of horses.”

    Then the maid looked through the window,
    Saw the dust-clouds in the valley;
      O! the dust-clouds in the valley:

    Heard the hoof-beat of the horses,
    Hurried away from the cottage;
      O! to the valley she hurries.

    “Welcome! welcome! thou lov’d one:”
    See, she has sunk on his bosom;
      O! she has sunk on his bosom.

    Now all her grief is departed:
    She has forsaken the window:
      O! quite forsaken the window.

    Now her eye looks on her lov’d one,
    Beaming with brightness and beauty;
      O! ’tis all brightness and beauty.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] Dusha--Dushenka its diminutive, a word expressing great tenderness
and fondness.




DAVĬDOV.


WISDOM.

    While honouring the grape’s ruby nectar,
      All sportingly, laughingly gay;
    We determined--I, Silvia, and Hector,
      To drive old dame Wisdom away.

    “O my children, take care,” said the beldame,
      “Attend to these counsels of mine:
    Get not tipsy! for danger is seldom
      Remote from the goblet of wine.”

    “With thee in his company, no man
      Can err,” said our wag with a wink;
    “But come, thou good-natured old woman,
      There’s a drop in the goblet--and drink!”

    She frown’d--but her scruples soon twisting,
      Consented:--and smilingly said:
    “So polite--there’s indeed no resisting,
      For Wisdom was never ill-bred.”

    She drank, but continued her teaching:
      “Let the wise from indulgence refrain;”
    And never gave over her preaching,
      But to say “Fill the goblet again.”

    And she drank, and she totter’d, but still she
      Was talking and shaking her head:
    Mutter’d “temperance”--“prudence”--until she
      Was carried by Folly[1] to bed.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] The original has _Love_.




KOSTROV.


THE VOW.

    The rose is my favourite flower:
    On its tablets of crimson I swore,
    That up to my last living hour
    I never would think of thee more.

    I scarcely the record had made,
    Ere Zephyr, in frolicsome play,
    On his light, airy pinions convey’d
    Both tablet and promise away.


HISTORY OF MAN.

ANONYMOUS.

    What is man’s history? Born--living--dying--
    Leaving the still shore for the troubled wave--
    Struggling with storm-winds, over shipwrecks flying,
    And casting anchor in the silent grave.

                                                                      B.




NELEDINSKY MELETZKY.


SONG.

    Under the oak-tree; near the rill,
    Sits my fair maiden at evening still,
    Singing her song, her song of love,
    Sweetly it warbles through the grove.

    The nightingale heard the heavenly tone,
    And blended the music with his own:
    My ears drink in the wondrous strain,
    And my spirit re-echoes the song again.

    How oft the zephyrs have brought to me
    Delighted, those accents of harmony!
    How oft have I blamed the jealous breeze
    That scatter’d the music amidst the trees!

    Listen awhile, thou nightingale!
    Echo the song from hill to vale:
    Though hill and vale enraptured be,
    Sweeter the music sounds to _me_!


SONG.

    To the streamlet I’ll repair,
    Look upon its flight, and say:
    “Bear, O fleeting streamlet! bear
    All my griefs with thine away.”

    Ah! I breathe the wish in vain!
    In this silent solitude
    Counted is each throb of pain;--
    Rest is melancholy’s food.

    Waves with waves unceasing blend,
    Hurrying to their destiny:
    Even so, thoughts with thoughts, and tend
    All alike to misery.

    And what grief so dark, so deep
    As the grief interred within?
    By the friend, for whom I weep,
    All unnoticed, all unseen.

    Yet, could I subdue my pain,
    Soothe affection’s rankling smart,
    Ne’er would I resume again
    The lost empire of my heart.

    Thou, my love! art sovereign there,
    There thou hast a living shrine:
    Let my portion be despair,
    If the light of bliss be thine.

    Loved by thee, O might I live,
    ’Neath the darkest, stormiest sky:
    ’Twere a blest alternative!
    Grief is joy, if thou be nigh.

    Every wish and every pray’r
    Is a tribute paid to thee:
    Every heart-beat--there, O there,
    Thou hast mightiest sovereignty.

    To thee, nameless one! to thee
    Still my thoughts, my passions turn;
    ’Tis through thee alone I see,
    Think, and feel, and breathe and burn.

    If the woe in which I live,
    Ever reach thy generous ear;
    Pity not--but O forgive
    Thy devoted worshipper!

    In some hour of careless bliss,
    Deign my bosom’s fire to prove;
    Prove it with an icy kiss--
    Thou shalt know how much I love!


SONG.

    He whom misery, dark and dreary,
    Robs of all his spirit’s strength;
    Hopeless--but that wasted, weary,
    Nature shall repose at length:
    Not a joy to sparkle o’er him,
    Not a ray of promised light;
    Till the deep grave yawns before him,
    Till his eye is closed in night.

    Such am I;--time’s changes borrow
    All their interest from thee:
    Life is but a midnight sorrow,
    Thou, life’s sun-shine, veiled from me.
    But those hopes, with angels seated,
    Life and death can ne’er subdue;
    And the heart to thee related,
    Needs must be immortal too.

    Can that spirit ever perish,
    Which divine emotions fill?
    Thee on earth I loved to cherish,
    Thee in heaven must cherish still;
    Like a shadow to thee clinging,
    Ever following--ever nigh;
    Up to thee each look is springing,
    Every word, and thought, and sigh.

    Up to thee, my saint, my lover!
    Up to thee my soul is led:
    Spirit, wilt thou deign to hover
    O’er my green and grassy bed?
    Wilt thou from thy throne descending,
    Catch thy fond one’s dying breath?
    Wilt thou, near his tomb attending,
    Consecrate the dreams of death?




NATIONAL SONGS.


I.

    Upon its little turfy hill, the desert’s charm and pride,
    The tall oak in his majesty extends his branches wide:
    His shadow covers half the waste, and there he stands alone,
    Like a poor soldier on the watch, a sad abandoned one!
    And who, when wakes the glowing sun, thy friendly shade shall seek?
    Or shield thee when the thunder rolls, and when the lightnings break?
    No graceful pine protects thee now, no willow waves its head,
    No sheltering ivy’s dark green leaves are midst thy branches spread!
    Alas! ’tis sad to stand alone, thus banished from the grove;
    But bitterer far for youth to mourn divided from his love!
    Though gold and silver, wealth and fame, and honours he possess,
    With none t’ enjoy them, none to share, they are but nothingness.
    Cold is the converse of the world--a greeting, and no more!
    And beauty’s converse colder still--a word, and all is o’er:
    Some shun my presence, and from some scorn bids my spirit fly:
    Though all are lovers, all are friends, till tempests veil the sky.
    But where’s the breast where I may sleep, when those dark moments come?
    For he who loved me cannot hear, he slumbers in the tomb!
    Alas! I long have lost the joys of friend and family,
    And the fair maid that I adore looks carelessly on me:
    No aged parents on our heads their benedictions pour:
    No children to our bosoms creep, or play upon our floor;
    O take away your wealth, your fame, your honours, treasures vile,
    And give me in their stead, a home--a love--and love’s sweet smile.


II.

ABSENCE.

    Why wilt thou think that thy heart’s distress
      May find relief in tear or sigh?
    Thou art abandoned to loneliness--
      To loneliness and to misery.
    Severing oceans between you roll,
      And frowning mountain-barriers rise;
    She may not read thy faithful soul--
      She may not witness tears or sighs.

    Weak and wayward spirit to deem
      That the wing of the zephyr will bear to her
    Soft as the flight of childhood’s dream
      The orisons of her worshipper!
    That the gale’s light fragrant breath will bring
      Music of thine to thy maiden’s ear,
    What time the day-star triumphing
      Looks from his throne on the waking sphere.

    Yet cherish the hope--tho’ weak and wild,
      Its promise of joy thy bosom may bless--
    But thou--thou, sorrow’s devoted child!
      Soon wilt be left to thy loneliness,
    To thy loneliness and thy misery--
      Oceans and mountains divide you far;
    Never her smile shall light on thee,
      Ne’er shalt thou welcome that heavenly star.


III.

    Thou field of my own, thou field so fair!
    So wide, extensive, fertile there!
    Adorned with gems so gay and bright--
    With flowers, and butterflies, and bees,
    And plants, and shrubs, and leafy trees--
    Thou hast but one ungrateful sight!

    See there upon the broom-tree’s bough,
    The young gray eagle flapping now,
    O’er the raven black, that he tears asunder,
    Whose warm red blood is dropping under,
    And sprinkles the moistened ground below:
    The raven black--a wild one he!
    And the eagle gray--his enemy!

    No swallow, gliding round and round
    His homely happy nest, is found;--
    But a mother is seen in the darksome vale,
    Or sad by the raging ocean’s tide;
    A sister sighs on the fountain’s side,
    A lover weeps in the night-dews pale--
    The sun shines forth--the dews are dried[1].


IV.[2]

    A young maid sat upon the streamlet’s side,
    And thought most tearfully on her bitter fate;
    Her bitter fate, and on departed time--
    Departed time--the glad, exulting time;
    And there the lovely maiden robed herself,
    She robed herself, with many adornings robed,
    And waited anxious for her trusted friend--
    Waited for her trusted friend:--a ruffian he!
    He played the ruffian with the maid and fled:--
    Alas! love’s flower of hope is withered!

    Well may that lonely flower decay and die!
    She calls in vain--she wipes her tears away:
    Thee, rapid streamlet! they may fill, and roll
    Over thy bosom--make thy bed of tears:
    “I had adorned me for that faithless friend,
    That faithless friend is fled:--he hath stolen all,
    All my possessions but my grief:--that grief
    He left in mercy, if that grief can kill.
    Come, death! I veil me in thy shadows dim--
    To thee I fly, as once I flew to him!”


V.

    Upon that brow, so soft, so fair,
      Why sit those frowns?-- O why should I
    Plant bitter flowers of anger there?
      O tell me, more than angel, why?

    I have been wretched--did I e’er
      Trouble thy peace with my distress?
    Did I invite thee, say, to hear
      The story of my wretchedness?

    O no! I sigh’d midst rocks and groves,
      That thou might’st never know I sigh’d:
    I wept where stillest water roves:--
      The tear but swell’d the silent tide.

    Forget me--for my love shall be
      Enough for both:--undying, bright--
    Winged for an immortality,
      And filling all the tomb with light.


VI.

DIRGE.

    Not to-day he the young rose sought,
    For she was fairer than the rose:
    Hers be the cypress, dark as thought;
    Yew that over the still grave grows.
    Can ye remember her sigh, her tear
    O’er a departed one, fair as she?
    Such were a tribute meet for her,
    Meet for us, and our misery.

    O forget her sweet smiles--forget
    All that she was:--she is nothing now.
    Scatter the purple violet;
    O’er her green pillow the snow-drop throw!
    Come with the eve; let your requiem
    Mount on the breeze o’er the grassy heap:
    Thousand spirits shall join the hymn,
    Watching over her slumbers deep.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] This composition refers, no doubt, to some historical or
traditionary tale, without the knowledge of which it would seem
unintelligible. I translate it as rather a striking specimen of popular
Russian songs.

[2] The peculiarities of the original are preserved in this song; such
repetitions as here occur are quite characteristic of the national
poetry of Russia.




BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL NOTICES.


LOMONOSOV.

Michael Vassiljevich Lomonosov was born in Cholmognie in 1711. He
was the son of a sailor. He studied Latin and Greek, rhetoric and
poetry, in Sakonospaskoe Uchilishchœ. In 1734 he entered the imperial
academy, and two years afterwards was sent to Germany as a student.
On his return to Petersburg he was appointed to the professorship of
Chemistry; in 1751 he was made associate of the academy, and in 1760
called to the directorship of the academical gymnasium and of the
university. He died in 1765.

The Petersburg Academy of Sciences published a complete collection
of his works, in sixteen volumes, which reached a third edition in
1804. They comprise the following remarkable list, exhibiting a rare
diversity of subjects: among them his prose productions are: _Kratkii
Lœtopisetz_, Short Russian Annals; _Drevnjeje Rossiiskaje Istorije_,
Oldest Russian History, from the beginning of the Russian people to
the death of the great prince Jaropolk the First, _i. e._ down to
the year 1054; _Rossiiskaje Grammatika_, Russian Grammar; _Kratkoe
Rukovodetvo k Krasnorœchiiu_, Short Introduction to Rhetoric; _Pismo o
pravilakh Rossiiskago Stikhomvorstva_, Letter on the Rules of Russian
Poetry; _Predislovie o polzœ Knig Tzerkovnĭkh_, Remarks on the Uses of
Church-Books; _Slovo Pokhvalnoe Imperatritzœ Elisavetœ I._, Eulogium on
the Empress Elizabeth (which he himself translated into Latin); _Slovo
pokhvalnoe Imperatoru Petru Velikomu_, Eulogium on Peter the Great;
_Slovo o polzœ Khimii_, On the Use of Chemistry; _Slovo o jevlenijekh
vosdushnĭkh ot Elektricheskoi silĭ proizkhodjeshchikh_, On Electrical
Phenomena; _Slovo o proizkhozhdenii sœta novuiu teriiu o tzvœtakh
predstavljeiushchee_, On the Origin of Light, exhibiting the new theory
of Colours; _Slovo o pozhdenii Metallov ot trjesenije zemli_, On the
Changes produced on Metals by earthquakes; _Rosuzhdenie o bolshei
tochnosti Morskago puti_, On the means of obtaining the greatest
correctness in Sea Voyages; _Jevlenie Venerĭ na solntzœ_, Appearance of
Venus on the Sun’s Disk; _Programma sochinennaje tri nachalæ chenije
is jesnenije Phisiki_, Programma, introductory to Lectures on Physic;
_Opisanie v nachalœ 1744 goda jevivshijesje Kometĭ_, Description of
the Comet of 1744; _Pervĭje osnovanije Metallurgii_, Introduction to
Metallurgy; _Shestnadtzat’ piset k J. J. Shuvalovu_, Sixteen Letters to
J. J. Shuvalov.

His poems are--two books of an Heroic Epic entitled _Peter Velikii_,
Peter the Great; _Tamira i Selim_, a Tragedy; _Demophont_, a Tragedy;
_Pismo o Pol’sœ Stekla_, A Poetical Epistle on the Merits of Glass,
addressed to Shuvalov, of which a French prose translation was
published in Paris in 1800; _Oda na Shchastiee_, Ode to Happiness,
from the French of J. B. Rousseau; _Vanchannaje nadezhda Rossiiskoi
Imperii_, The Garlanded Hope of the Russian Empire, from the German of
Professor Junker; eleven spiritual odes; encomiastic odes; forty-nine
laudatory inscriptions; poem on a firework; _Polydore_, an Idyl, and
sundry smaller pieces; imitations of Anacreon, poetical epistles,
translations, &c. &c.

Besides his philosophical prose writings, he published _Rasgovor v
tzarstvœ Mertvĭkh_, Dialogue in the Realms of Death, between Alexander
the Great, Hannibal, and Scipio, from the Greek of Lucian; and
_Rasgavor utro_, A Discourse on Morning, from Erasmus.


DERZHAVIN.

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was born at Kasan on the 3d of July, 1736.
The elements of instruction were given to him in the house of his
parents; he then studied in private academies, and afterwards completed
his education in the imperial gymnasium. In 1760 he was inscribed in
the engineer military service; and in the following year, as a reward
for his great progress in the mathematics, and for his excellent
description of the Bulgarian ruins on the banks of the Wolga, he was
placed in the ranks of the Preobrashenshe regiment. From the year 1762
he was promoted through the different gradations to the rank of ensign,
which he held in 1772, and he obtained great credit for his prudence
and ability while engaged as lieutenant in the corps sent to reduce
Pugachev in 1774. He advanced uninterruptedly in his military career
till in 1784 he was made a counsellor of state, and appointed to the
government first of Oloretz and afterwards of Tambov. In 1791 the
Empress Catherine the Second gave him the office of secretary of state;
in 1793 he was called to the senate, and the next year he was made
president of the college of Commerce. In the year 1800 he was appointed
to the post of public cashier, and in 1802 to that of minister of
justice. His official career was soon after closed by his retiring on
his full allowance, in the evening of his days, to the enjoyment of the
fruits of his long and active labours.

Such a life would appear little calculated for the pursuit of
intellectual pleasures, or for the cultivation of poetical talents; but
the energies of these seem to be alike uninfluenced by the burthens of
pomp or the privations of poverty. None is too high to bend down to the
attractive voice of song--none too low to be raised by the awakening
call of the lyre.

The most celebrated compositions of Derzhavin are, his Ode to God;
Felitza; On the Birth of Alexander; The First Neighbour; On the
Death of Count Meshchersky; On the Swedish Peace; The Fountain; The
Waterfall; Autumn; and the Anacreontic Songs. His Poems were printed in
four volumes in 1808.

Of his prose works (his official ones of course excepted) the most
celebrated are: _Rœch ot litza Kazanskago Dvorjenstva Imperatritzœ
Ekaterinœ II._, Address of the Kasan Eagle to the Empress Catherine
the Second; _Topographicheskoe Opshanie Tambovskoi Gubernii_,
Topographical Description of the Tambov Government; _Rœch na otkrĭtie
v Tambovœ Narodnago Ichilishcha_, Address on the opening of the Tambov
Public School, republished in Petersburg, and translated into several
languages; _Razsuzhdenie o Liricheskom Stikhotvorstvœ_, On Lyric
Poetry, published by a Society of Amateurs of Russian Literature in
1811.


BOGDANOVICH.

TRANSLATED FROM KARAMSIN’S VŒSTNIK[1].

Hippolïtus Bogdanovich was born under the beautiful heaven of Little
Russia, in the village of Perevolotchno, in the year 1743. His father
was a respectable physician, to whose affectionate care and to that
of an excellent mother he owed the first rudiments of knowledge.
The talents which often require long years to ripen and to perfect,
sometimes exhibit their blossoms in very early youth, and Bogdanovich
while quite a child showed a passionate fondness for reading and
writing, for music and poetry.

He was brought to Moscow in 1754, and placed in the college of justice.
The President Sheljebushsky noticed the active and inquiring spirit
of the boy, and allowed him to attend the mathematical school, which
was at that time in the neighbourhood of the senate. But mathematics
were nothing to him;--the sweet poetry of Lomonosov, who now began
to captivate his countrymen, was dearer to his mind than all the
transpositions of lines or figures. Nothing, perhaps, is so likely
to produce a strong and permanent impression on the heart of a young
enthusiast, as the pomp, parade, and poetry of the Drama. What wonder
then that a fiery boy, introduced for the first time to its witcheries,
should be led to some act of giddy imprudence! A youth of fifteen once
presented himself to the director of the Moskow theatre, modestly and
almost unwillingly owning--he was a nobleman--he would be an actor.
The director had some conversation with him, and soon ascertained his
love of knowledge and his poetical ardour. He painted in strong colours
the incompatibility of an actor’s character with that of nobility,--he
urged him to inscribe himself in the university, and to visit him at
his house. This young man was no other than our Bogdanovich,--that
director was no other than Michael Matveevich Kheraskov, the poet
of the Russiad. Thus did a lucky accident bring this scholar of the
muses to their favourite bard; one who, possessed of extraordinary
talent himself, was not slow to discover and to honour it in others.
From him did Bogdanovich learn the rules and the ornaments of poetry;
he studied foreign languages, and acquired whatever else might give
strength and encouragement to his natural powers. Study, it is true,
is no _creator_ of genius, but it serves to exhibit it in all its most
beautiful and mighty influence. Kheraskov gave him examples, precepts,
encouragements; and in the university-journal of this period, _Polesnoe
Uveselenie_, we find many specimens of the powers of the young bard.
These, though yet far removed from perfection, are striking proofs of
his ability to reach it.

Besides Kheraskov, our young poet possessed, while he remained at the
university, another invaluable protector in Count Michael Ivanovich
Dashkov. The favours conferred by rank and influence on talents just
developing themselves, create a grateful and well-rewarding return;
while, on the other hand, the fair and delicate flowers of youthful
genius are but too often and too early blasted by the cold winds of
neglect. But let it be said in Russia’s honour, that talent has never
wanted patronage there, especially if accompanied by moral worth.
This was eminently the case with Bogdanovich. Like La Fontaine, in
whose poetical steps he seems to have trodden, he was distinguished
by the most attractive ingenuousness. Ere he was eighteen he held his
station in the great and busy world, but held it with the simplicity
of a child. Whatever he felt he uttered, whatever pleased him he did;
he listened willingly to the wisdom of others, and fell asleep during
the tiresome lessons of folly. It was our young bard’s good fortune to
live with a poet who exacted the productions of his muse as the price
of his protection and his counsels, leaving every thing else to his own
waywardness. His open heartedness often led him into perplexities, but
no sooner did he perceive that his conversation had inflicted on any
a feeling or thought of sorrow than he lamented his inconsiderateness
with tears. He determined again and again to talk more warily; the
resolution was, however, soon forgotten, and succeeded by regret and
repentance and renewed vows.

He was not rich; he often had nothing to give the poor but sympathy.
Is not this often more grateful to the receiver, and always more
honourable to the giver, than the pieces of gold extorted by misery
from the coldness of pride and of affluence? Towards his friends and
acquaintances he was kindness and urbanity itself. On one occasion
a fire broke out in the neighbourhood of one of his connexions.
Bogdanovich sprung from his bed, and, in spite of the bad weather and
the distance, hurried to the assistance of his friend, clad only in his
night garment.

His dwelling was with an estimable family, who treated him as a near
and dear relative, and he returned their kindness with ever-active
affection.

We must here linger a little on one mark of character, common indeed
to all genuine poets;--a lively sensibility to female charms, a
sensibility which has been the creator of some of the sweetest songs
of the choir of bards. In one who, like Bogdanovich, was born to be
the poet of the graces, this mighty sympathy could not but be early
developed among the sensibilities of his character. In its origin it is
timid and unpretending--in him it was peculiarly so. He saw, he felt,
he supplicated, he blushed--and uttered his emotions in his harmonious
songs. Stern indeed must have been the beauty that could not be moved
by that melodious lyre!

In 1761 Bogdanovich was appointed inspector of the Moscow university,
with the rank of officer. Soon after he was joined to the commission
appointed to make the arrangements for celebrating the coronation of
Catherine the Second, in Moscow. He was fixed on for preparing the
inscriptions on the triumphal gates and arches. In 1763, through the
recommendation of the Countess Dashkov, he was employed by Panin as
a translator; and at this period he published a journal entitled,
_Nevinnoe Uprashnenie_, Innocent Recreation, to which his protectress,
and the protectress of literature, of native literature especially,
most generously contributed. And now our poet soared in loftier
flights: he translated most felicitously many of Voltaire’s poems,
especially that on the Destruction of Lisbon, in which his version has
added greatly to the beauty and the strength of the original. A number
of pieces, distinguished for the exquisiteness of the feeling and the
peculiar harmony of the expression, directed the public attention to
him. Among these is that beautiful song to Climene:

    Yes! since bliss is now my lot,
    I will live to love thee, fairest:
    Thou, that _I_ may live, wilt not
    Now refuse to love me, dearest!

In 1765 he published a poem with the title, The Doubled Bliss. It is
divided into three parts, the first of which is a description of the
golden age; the second, a history of the progress of civilization and
of knowledge, with pictures of the misdirection and misuse of the human
passions; the last, on the salutary influence of laws and governments.
This undertaking was too vast for the youthful strength of the poet.
The work had some redeeming beauties, but it made little impression
upon society in general. At this period, notwithstanding, the laurels
were rapidly growing that were to crown the brow of Bogdanovich;--but
those laurels were then unnoticed.

In 1766 he went with Count Beloselsky as secretary of legation to
Dresden. The amiable character of this ambassador, the brilliant
society which he took with him and gathered round him, the attractive
and picturesque neighbourhood of his dwelling, and his high
appreciation of the arts, made the poet’s abode so delightful to him
that it left the fairest record on his memory, and produced a happy
influence on the character of his writings. While he wandered enchanted
on the flowery borders of the Elbe, whose nymphs, worthy of that
magnificent stream, excited all the strength of his glowing fancy;
while the works of Correggio, Rubens, and Paul Veronese charmed his eye
and guided his mind in the beautiful creation of his _Dushenka_, which
now engaged it; he was at the same time busied in writing a Description
of Germany, and in all the duties of his office he united the charms of
a man of the world, a friend of science, and a poet.

He left Dresden in 1768 and hastened back to his own country, devoting
himself wholly to the cultivation of knowledge and the charms of
song. He translated many articles from the _Encyclopédie_, Vertot’s
History of the Changes of the Roman Republic, St. Pierre’s Treatise
on Permanent Peace, and the Poem of an Italian writer, Michael Angelo
Gignetti, then settled at Petersburg. The subject was Catherine
the Great, which led to his introduction to that empress. He next
published a periodical, of which sixteen numbers appeared (_Vœstnik
Petersburgsky_); and at last, in 1775, he laid his beautiful poem
_Dushenka_ on the altar of the Graces. He ever afterwards spoke
with enthusiastic delight of that part of his life which had been
employed in this work. His abode was then at Petersburg, on the
_Vassiliostrov_, in a silent solitary dwelling, wholly rapt in poetry
and music, enjoying an enviable and care-divested liberty. He had
agreeable acquaintances;--he sometimes went out, but always to return
with keener pleasure to a home where the muses welcomed him with
renewed fondness, with hope and fancy’s fairest flowers. The tranquil,
unuttered, unutterable joy of the poet is perhaps the sweetest and
brightest that this world can witness. How triumphantly do the favoured
sons of song scatter the misty shades of vanity and the more palpable
array of earth-born passion! Who that ever tasted the charm of such
enviable moments, does not turn away from the sparkling follies of the
substantial world to the memory of those holy hours of rapture? One
energetic and harmonious line--one well-conveyed emotion--a gentle,
graceful transit from one thought to another--can fill the soul of
the poet with innocent and natural delight, leaving behind it a soft
and placid gladsomeness which will be doubly grateful if it can be
participated by some sympathizing and sensible friend, who can enter
into its enthusiasm and forgive its excess. It is indeed a guiltless
and a spiritual joy, created by an effort, which effort is in itself
enjoyment: and then it brings the prospect of the approbation, the
encouragement of the wise and good!--But envy! envy!--the pitiful
efforts of envy itself only make its triumphs the more splendid--they
dash and murmur like the little waves against the firm foot of the
mountain, on which true merit raises itself in its own majesty, for the
glory of its country and of mankind.

The story of Psyche is one of the most attractive which has been handed
down to us by classic mythology. It originally conveyed a beautiful and
impressive allegory, whose charm has been obscured and whose interest
almost lost in the many embellishments with which a series of poets
have crowded the simple tale; a tale in fact only intended to describe
the nuptials of the god of love with Psyche, and the consequent birth
of the goddess of enjoyment: the obvious sense of which is, that when
the soul is filled with love, it enjoys the highest possible portion
of pleasure. From this unadorned fable Apuleius drew a charming story,
more indeed like the fairy-tales of modern days than the μυθοι of the
old Grecian age. On this production of Apuleius La Fontaine founded
his fascinating Psyche, adding numberless beauties to his original,
and delightfully mingling verse and prose--the strikingly impressive
with the playfully good-humoured. To the Psyche of France we owe the
Russian Dushenka; but our poet, though he never loses sight of his
exemplar, goes onwards in his own path of flowers, and gathers many a
one which the French poet overlooked or disregarded. La Fontaine has
more of art--Bogdanovich of nature;--and the current of the latter
flows in consequence more refreshingly. Besides, Dushenka is wholly
in verse, and good verse is certainly greatly better than good prose,
and rarer too. The most laborious efforts of art are also the most
valued[2]; and thus it is that the purest and most harmonious prose can
never give to a representation the energy or the interest which it may
derive from the power of verse, to which indeed whatever is mysterious
and supernatural more especially belongs. This La Fontaine constantly
felt, and sought shelter for his highest efforts and sweetest fancies
in the regions of song. How much better had he done, if he had made his
Psyche a continuous poem! Bogdanovich’s Dushenka is so. Where exists
the Russian who has not read Dushenka?

This production must not be weighed in the scales of Aristotle. It is a
display of the powers of a gay and joyous imagination, directed by good
taste. It is sportive, excursive, ingenuous, faithful:--Why must rules
of art be intruded here?

[Karamsin then goes on to compare the French with the Russian fabulist,
giving the most striking passages from the Dushenka, and “strewing,” as
he says, “the grave of the poet with his own flowers.”]

Is it surprising that such a poem produced so great an impression? Six
or seven sheets thrown uncalled for into the world, wholly changed the
fate of the author. Catherine was then reigning in Russia. She saw, she
admired the Dushenka--sent for the poet, and inquired of him how she
could gratify him.--It was enough--who doubts the taste of a sovereign?
Nobles and courtiers learnt Dushenka by heart, each rivalling the
rest in the attentions showered upon the author. Epistles, odes, and
madrigals in his honour were scattered profusely. He was mounted above
the clouds.--Alas! that the destructive influence of such distinctions
should have overshadowed him in the brightest epoch of his poetic
talents. He was thirty years old--he abandoned the muses--and the
garland woven for him by his Dushenka was the only one that encircled
his brow in his listless lethargy. It is an imperishable wreath, no
doubt, but the friends of poetry mourn that it should have satisfied
him. Even the thirst for fame may be quenched. Our poet afterwards
wrote much, but against his own will and against the will of his
inspiring genius. Perhaps he would set up no rival to his beloved
Dushenka.

From 1775 to 1789 he published the following works: Historical
Description of Russia--an imperfect essay, which however is very well
written; only the first volume appeared. A Comedy in verse--The Joy of
Dushenka;--The Sclavonian Woman, and two dramatised proverbs. Catherine
encouraged him to write for the stage, and sent him _brilliant_
presents on the production of these pieces. The Sclavonian piece made
a strong impression. It represents the festivities with which the old
Sclavonians welcomed the return of the twenty-fifth year of the reign
of their “Great Princes,” and it was produced just at the period when
Catherine had swayed the Russian sceptre for a quarter of a century.

At the request of the Empress he also published a collection of
Russian proverbs, and wrote some small poems in the _Sobesœdnik_, The
Companion, a weekly periodical, which appeared at Petersburg in 1788
and 9. Many of these graceful trifles are full of wit and gaiety, and
the song “I’m fourteen summers old,” &c. (p. 168) has become one of
the most popular national songs in Russia. He also translated at this
time the best eulogiums, such as Voltaire’s and Marmontel’s, on the
Empress, and the compositions lost nothing of their effect in being
thus transferred to our language.

In the poet let us not forget the man. He was made associate of the
Archives at Petersburg in 1780, and in 1788 was elected president.
In 1795 he was dismissed from service, in which he had been engaged
forty-one years. The salary was continued to him in the form of a
pension. He left Petersburg the following year. The then unfortunate
state of Europe--those dreadful revolutions which shook individuals
as well as nations, added to many personal sorrows, excited in
his sensitive mind the ardent longing after a peaceful solitude. A
beautiful climate--the sweet recollections of youth--the bonds of
early friendship and of brotherhood--invited him to the fair fields
of Little Russia. He went to Sumii, intending to glide calmly and
silently through the evening of life, in the circle of his connections,
and reposing on the bosom of nature. The first weeks and months he
passed in those retreats were ineffably happy. His spirits had never
been so free and so tranquil. No phantoms disturbed his peace. A pure
conscience, the recollections of fifty years passed in unbroken but
serene activity--a poetical but strong mind--an active strength of
fancy--an excellent library--the friendliest union with good men and
beloved relatives--and the uniformity of an ingenuous and happy life, a
life which had been so full of allurements--these were the sources of
that happiness which he here enjoyed--a real enviable happiness, such
as is sought by all, who amidst the world’s tumultuousness strive after
their own fame, and their fellow-creatures’ well-being;--that happiness
_he_ had sighed after to decorate the peaceful though sometimes gloomy
days of eventide:--but “In this world where shall peace be found?”

And Bogdanovich did not enjoy it long:--An unfortunate attachment drove
him from the haven where he deemed himself to be safely anchored from
all the storms of life. He abandoned friends, relatives, the silent
abodes of peace and happiness, that he might fly from this ever-ruling
passion. In the years when the sun of life sinks rapidly towards its
setting, and the calm of nature seems to invite to closer communion
with what is left of earthly pleasure, it is then the passions are most
terrible.--Youth is supported by hope--but age has no such stay. It
hears alone the strong voice of reason, which will not approve of the
useless murmurs against destiny. Every heart that can feel will look
with sorrow on this period of our poet’s existence.

In the year 1798 he again returned to Kursk, in whose neighbourhood he
had long been wandering. Alexander mounted the Russian throne. And when
every eye of patriotism, bright with hope and joy, was turned upon the
young monarch, Bogdanovich again seized his long neglected lyre, and
received from the Emperor a ring as the token of his approval. The
poet of Dushenka had had the honour of gratifying Catherine the Great;
should not her illustrious grandson deign also to honour him?

The health of Bogdanovich had been always indifferent; in the beginning
of December, 1802, it began visibly to decay, and on the 6th of
January, 1803, he died, mourned by his acquaintances and friends, and
by every friend of the literature of his country; for he had not yet
attained those venerable years when the last and only blessing which
heaven can confer on the son of mortality is to soothe and brighten his
passage to the realms of eternity.

It is said that the character of an author is best painted in his
works; but it is surely safer to take into account the opinions and
observations of those who knew him best. And here then we must listen
to the unvarying voice of praise. All speak of his meekness, his
feeling heart, his unselfishness, and that innocent gaiety which played
around him to the end of his days, and gave a peculiar charm to his
society. He had no pride of authorship. He seldom spoke of literature
or of poetry, and always with an unaffected modesty, which seemed to
have been born with him. He loved not criticism, which often destroys
even the honestest self-complacency, and he often confessed that its
severity would have driven him wholly away from the exercises of his
pen.

His memory will be cherished by his friends and the friends of Russian
genius; and the sweet--the feeling--the acute--the joyous poet of
Dushenka will be honoured by the future age.


KHEMNITZER.

Ivan Ivanovich Khemnitzer was born of German parents at Petersburg,
in the year 1744. His father was of Saxon origin, and was attached as
physician to the country hospital of the Russian capital. From parents
of distinguished excellence our poet received the elements of a careful
education. It was his father’s wish that his son should succeed him in
his profession, but the unconquerable aversion of the latter to the
study of anatomy could never be subdued. He was enrolled in consequence
when thirteen years old in the regiment of guards, as sub-officer, and
made two campaigns against the Prussians and the Turks. This, however,
as he was wont to say, was “out of the rain into the river”--from the
theatre of anatomy to the martyr-chamber of surgery. He became in
consequence an engineer in the Berg cadet corps, having obtained the
rank of lieutenant in the Russian service. He won the love and the
confidence of all his superiors by his activity and uprightness. In
the year 1776, he accompanied one of his superior officers through
Germany, Holland, and France; and after his return to his country
applied himself ardently to his literary labours. In 1778 he published
the first volume of his fables; and on its reaching a second edition
about three years afterwards, he added to it another volume. One of
his particular friends and protectors quitting the service at this
period, he determined to do the same. He had no means of living
independently of his salary, and being compelled to look round him for
another engagement, he soon obtained the consul-generalship of Smirna.
The emoluments attached to this office led him to hope that in the
progress of a few years he should be enabled to retire comfortably
from active life, and this hope induced him to accept an office which
banished him from his country. That country he abandoned with a
heavy heart; and on separating from his friends, whom he loved with
indescribable affection, he seemed to sink under the thought that he
was bidding them a final farewell. In the autumn of 1782 he reached
Smirna;--indisposition greeted him on his arrival. The climate was
perhaps unfriendly; but his mind was more keenly affected by his exile
from that society in which he had so long breathed and lived, and which
had become a necessary element of his existence. He struggled long
against his illness:--it subdued him in the spring of 1784.

This is a short outline of the serene and unpretending career of an
excellent man and an admirable poet, whose manners were as ingenuous
and unobtrusive as his life. In many respects he may be compared to
La Fontaine, his pattern and forerunner. The same goodness of heart,
the same blind confidence in his friends, the same carelessness and
inoffensiveness, and the same absence of mind, which formed the
prominent features of La Fontaine’s character, were developed with
singular fidelity in that of Khemnitzer. Of the last trait we will give
an example or two. When in Paris he once went to see the representation
of Tancred. On Le Cain’s appearance, he was so struck with the noble
and majestic presence of that renowned actor, that he rose from his
seat and bowed with lowly reverence. An universal roar of laughter
brought him back to himself. One morning a friend, for whom he had the
highest regard, related to him an interesting piece of news. Khemnitzer
dined with him afterwards, and as a piece of remarkable intelligence
narrated to his host that which his host had before communicated to
him. His friend reminded him of his forgetfulness. Khemnitzer was
greatly distressed, and in his perplexity, instead of his handkerchief,
he put his host’s napkin into his pocket. On rising from table
Khemnitzer endeavoured to slip away unobserved; his friend saw him,
followed him, and tried to detain him. Khemnitzer reproached him for
unveiling his weaknesses, and would not listen to any entreaties.
“Leave my napkin then, at least, which you pocketed at table,” said
the other. Khemnitzer drew it forth, and stood like a statue. The loud
laugh of the company recovered him from his trance, and with the utmost
good nature he joined in the general mirth.

A very handsome edition of his fables was published in Petersburg,
1799, under the title _Basni i Skaski I. I. Khemnitzera v Trekh
Chastœkh_, Khemnitzer’s Fables and Tales. The third part consists of
posthumous fables, printed for the first time in this edition.

In Germany the works of Khemnitzer have been often spoken of as models
and master-pieces[3]. Some of them are imitations of La Fontaine, some
of Gellert[4], but they are principally original. They are remarkable
for their purity of style--genuine Russian character--their _naïveté_
and descriptive charms--their poetical smoothness--their singular
simplicity--and an original epigrammatic wit, most felicitously applied.


KOSTROV.

Ermil Ivanovich Kostrov was born in the Vjetskish province. His father
was a vassal of the crown. He received the first part of his education
in the common school of his neighbourhood, and, in consequence of
his display of talent, was sent to the Moscow university, where he
obtained the rank of bachelor of arts, and was advanced to the post of
provincial secretary in 1782. He died on the 9th of December, 1796.
A collection of his poetry, which had been scattered in different
publications, was made in 1802 in two volumes. His translations, which
are much admired, are Homer’s Iliad, of which the seventh, eighth,
and ninth books were first printed in the European Herald, _Vœstnik
Evropĭ_. It is said he offered the last six books to a bookseller, and
the liberal tradesman offering him only one hundred and fifty rubles
(about 7_l._ 10_s._ sterling) for his labours, the offended poet threw
the translation into the fire. The first six books are the only ones
which have been collected. _Apuleev Solotoi Osel_, Apuleius’s Golden
Ass; Ossian, from a French version, on which he has greatly improved;
_Elvir i Zenotemsh_, a Poem of Ardouro; and Voltaire’s Tactique in
verse.


KARAMSIN.

Nicolai Michaelovich Karamsin was born in the province of Limbersk
on the 1st of December, 1765. His earliest instructor was Professor
Schaden, of Moscow, from whose care he was removed to the university
of that place. In 1789-91 he travelled through central Europe, and
published in 1791 and 1801 his _Pi’sma Russkago Puteshestvennika_,
Letters of a Russian Traveller, which have been translated into
English. He took up his abode at Moscow on his return, and was
appointed the imperial historiographer in 1803. From his earliest youth
he exhibited a striking fondness for literary pursuits, and a great
number of his translations were printed in the Journal _Dœtskoechenie_,
Children’s Reading Book. The Idyl _Derevannaje_, The Wooden Foot,
was published in 1787. In the years 1792 and 1793 he published the
_Moskovskij Zhurnal_, Moscow Journal, in eight volumes. In 1794, two
parts of _Aglaia_, In 1797-8 and 9, a Collection of Poems, entitled
_Lonidĭ_. In 1798, his _Panteon Inostrannoi Slovesnosti_, Pantheon
of Foreign Literature, in three parts. In 1802-3, _Vœstnik Evropĭ_,
European Herald, in twelve volumes. His compositions which were printed
in the newspapers at Moscow, he published in 1794 with the title _Moi
Besdœlki_, My Trifles. Besides these, have been published his _Rosgavor
o Shchastii_, Discourse on Happiness; 1798, _Julia_, a Tale; and
_Pokhval’noe slovo Ekaterinœ Velikoi_, Eulogium on Catherine the Great.
In 1804 a collection of his works was printed in eight volumes. His
great work, The History of Russia, has been mentioned elsewhere in this
volume.


ZHUKOVSKY.

Vassilj Andrejevich Zhukovsky was born in 1783. He was educated in the
public school at Tula and in the Moscow University, which he left in
1803. He held afterwards an appointment from the Russian government.
In 1808 and 1809 he edited the _Vœstnik Evropĭ_, European Herald,
in which he was afterwards joined by Kachenovsky. He has translated
Florian’s Don Quixote into Russian, and published in 1810-11, the best
collection of Russian poetry I am acquainted with, _Sobranie Rushkikh
Stikhotvorenii_, in 5 vols. Most of his productions were originally
printed in the above periodical. Of his poetical compositions, the most
esteemed are _Marina Roshcha_, Mary’s Goat, a tale; The _Moje Boginje_,
My Goddess, from Göthe: _Liudmilla_, and _Dvenadtzat Spjeshchikh Dœv_,
The twelve sleeping Virgins.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] A Periodical Journal.--See p. 238.

[2] This is a maxim of the French school, and a very untenable one. The
characteristic of eminent genius is, that it produces the same and even
greater effect without laborious effort, which inferior merit requires
intense application to accomplish.

[3] In No. 22 of the “_Freimüthigen_,” Kluschin speaks very approvingly
of the fables of Khemnitzer, and gives as an example “The Lion’s
mandate.” In a following number an anonymous writer claims this fable
for La Fontaine. It is singular enough that the Russian copy was
never written by Khemnitzer, though it was published in a volume of
his fables, but under the title of _Chuzhiiæ Basni_, Fables by other
Authors.

[4] The imitations are always distinguished in the index from the
originals.


  LONDON:
  PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR,
  SHOE LANE.




Transcriber’s Notes


 ‣ Italics represented by surrounding _underscores_.

 ‣ Small caps converted to ALL CAPS.

 ‣ Footnotes renumbered consecutively within each chapter and moved
   to the end of those respective chapters.

 ‣ Obvious typographic errors silently corrected.

 ‣ Variations in hypenation and spelling kept as in the original.

 ‣ Duplicate chapter titles omitted.




*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78744 ***