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<!--

Positions of image filename markers are sometimes only approximate. If
a paragraph or table was split by a page break I moved the image marker
up a bit so that the text would be contiguous. Also, I substituted
dashes for the File: part of those lines because it upset Vim's syntax
highlighting.File names correspond to page numbers of the original
with an offset of 18: page n. 100 corresponds to image 118.png.

I wanted to keep the code in here as simple and straightforward as
possible, and resisted style for quite some time... But some of the
formatting cried out for a touch of CSS, so there it is.

For a long time Internet Explorer didn't handle small-caps properly;
it produced all small uppercase, not respecting the case of the input
(uppercase should be uppercased, lowercase should be small uppercased).
It doesn't look too bad, it's just wrong, that's all.

Some sections in the book use a kind of inverse indent; that is, the
first line of a paragraph is shifted *leftward* relative to the rest.
I wanted to apply a margin-left and an equal but opposite (negative)
text-indent, and that worked well, but only in certain versions of
certain browsers. Maybe in a future edition of this project, eh? (On
the other hand, since the character width of a browser is larger than
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the screen formatted as multiple lines, or a table... or simply ended
up spanning only a single line anyway.)

As is my wont, I used Vim (http://www.vim.org/) for most editing, but
I used UniRed (http://www.esperanto.mv.ru/UniRed/) for spellchecking
of larger blocks of Esperanto text. Be aware of some UniRed features
I discovered: 1) All hexadecimal Unicode entities are converted to
decimal (*throughout the file*) when it is saved. That may be good or
bad, depending on your personal preference. I prefer hexadecimal, but
decimal doesn't bother me too much, and one can still enter them as
hexadecimal. 2) Windowy ASCII characters with the high bit set, that
is, in the range [128..255] may be corrupted. Specifically, "naive"
with an i-dieresis was converted to "na&#64933;". Be sure to convert
such characters to Unicode *before* your first UniRed save!

In some tables I set border to "1" if that made things easier to read.

Note concerning HR width: 38% = 1 - GoldenRatio.

                                  - William W. Patterson, AKA Ailanto

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<pre>

Project Gutenberg's A Complete Grammar of Esperanto, by Ivy Kellerman

Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
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**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**

**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**

*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****


Title: A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

Author: Ivy Kellerman

Release Date: March, 2005 [EBook #7787]
[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
[This file was first posted on May 25, 2003]
[Date last updated: November 13, 2004]

Edition: 10

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO ***




Produced by William W. Patterson, Carlo Traverso, Charles Franks
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. We thank the Case Western Reserve
University Library Preservation Department that has given us the image files
with which the present e-book has been prepared.





TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:

The Esperanto alphabet contains 28 characters. These are the
characters of English, but with "q", "w", "x", and "y" removed, and
six diacritical letters added. The diacritical letters are "c",
"g", "h", "j" and "s" with circumflexes (or "hats", as Esperantists
fondly call them), and "u" with a breve. Zamenhof himself suggested
that where the diacritical letters caused difficulty, one could
instead use "ch", "gh", "hh", "jh", "sh" and "u". A plain ASCII
file is one such place; there are no ASCII codes for Esperanto's
special letters.

However, there are two problems with Zamenhof's "h-method". There
is no difference between "u" and "u" with a breve, and there is no
way to determine (without prior knowledge of the word(s) involved,
and sometimes a bit of context) whether an "h" following one of
those other five letters is really the second half of a diacritical
pair, or just an "h" that happened to find itself next to one of
them. Consequently other, unambiguous, methods have been used over
the years. One is the "x-method", which uses the digraphs "cx",
"gx", "hx", "jx", "sx" and "ux" to represent the special letters.
There is no ambiguity because the letter "x" is not an Esperanto
letter, and each diacritical letter has a unique transliteration.
This is the method used in this Project Gutenberg e-text.





</pre>


<!-- -----------------------------001.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- I omitted the "extra" title page. -->

<!-- -----------------------------002.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------003.png---------------------------- -->

<center style="font-weight: bold">
   <p>
      A COMPLETE
   </p>
   <p>
      <big>GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO</big>
   </p>
   <p>
      THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
   </p>
   <p>
      <small>WITH</small><br>
      GRADED EXERCISES FOR READING AND TRANSLATION<br>
      TOGETHER WITH FULL VOCABULARIES
   </p>
   <p>
      <small>BY</small><br>
      <span style="font-variant: small-caps">IVY KELLERMAN, A.M., Ph.D.</span>
   </p>
   <p style="font-size: smaller">
      MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMAN OF EXAMINATIONS<br>
      FOR THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA, MEMBER<br>
      OF THE INTERNATIONAL <i>LINGVA KOMITATO</i>
   </p>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------004.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<!-- -----------------------------005.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <p>
      TO
   </p>
   <p>
      <big>DR. L. L. ZAMENHOF</big>
   </p>
   <p>
      THE AUTHOR OF<br>
      ESPERANTO
   </p>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------006.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<!-- -----------------------------007.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>PREFACE.</b></center>

<p>
This volume has been prepared to meet a twofold need. An adequate
presentation of the International Language has become an imperative
necessity. Such presentation, including full and accurate grammatical
explanations, suitably graded reading lessons, and similarly graded
material for translation from English, has not heretofore been
accessible within the compass of a single volume, or in fact within the
compass of any two or three volumes.
</p>

<p>
The combination of grammar and reader here offered is therefore
unique. It is to furnish not merely an introduction to Esperanto, or
a superficial acquaintance with it, but a genuine understanding of
the language and mastery of its use without recourse to additional
textbooks, readers, etc. In other words, this one volume affords
as complete a knowledge of Esperanto as several years' study of a
grammar and various readers will accomplish for any national language.
Inflection, word-formation and syntax are presented clearly and
concisely, yet with a degree of completeness and in a systematic order
that constitute a new feature. Other points worthy of note are the
following:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------008.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
The <i>reasons</i> for syntactical usages are given, instead of mere
statements that such usages exist. For example, clauses of purpose and
of result are really explained, instead of being dismissed with the
unsatisfactory remark that "the imperative follows <i>por ke,</i>" or
the "use of <i>tiel&nbsp;...&nbsp;ke</i> and <i>tia&nbsp;...&nbsp;ke</i>
must be distinguished from that of <i>tiel&nbsp;...&nbsp;kiel</i>
and <i>tia&nbsp;...&nbsp;kia,</i>" etc., with but little intimation
of when and why <i>por ke</i>, <i>tiel&nbsp;...&nbsp;ke</i> and
<i>tia&nbsp;...&nbsp;ke</i> are likely to
occur.
</p>

<p>
Affixes are not mentioned until some familiarity with the general
character of the language is assured, as well as the possession of
a fair vocabulary. They are introduced gradually, with adequate
explanation and illustration. Of importance in connection with
word-formation is an element distinctly new&mdash;the explanation and
classification of compound words. Such words, like affixes, are
withheld until the use of <i>simple</i> words is familiar.
</p>

<p>
Another new feature is the gradual introduction of correlative words
in their logical order, and in their proper grammatical categories,
before they are called "correlatives," or tabulated. The tabulation
finally presented is a real classification, with regard to the meaning
and grammatical character of the words, not merely an arbitrary
alphabetical arrangement. The use of primary adverbs precedes the
explanation of adverb derivation; prepositions, especially <i>de</i>,
<i>da</i>, <i>je</i>, etc., receive careful attention, also the verb
system, and the differentiation of words whose English equivalents are
ambiguous.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------009.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
A general characteristic of obvious advantage is that almost without
exception new forms and constructions are illustrated by means of
words or roots already familiar. Likewise, the new words or roots of
each lesson recur at least once in the next lesson, and usually in
some lesson thereafter as well. Each reading exercise gives not only a
thorough application of the grammatical principles of the lesson, but a
review of those in the preceding lesson, and no use is made of words or
constructions not yet explained. The comparative ease of the language,
and the lack of necessity for reciting paradigms, permit the reading
exercises to be long enough for the student to feel that he has really
mastered something. These exercises are further unique, in that each
after the fifth is a coherent narrative, and nearly every one is a story
of genuine interest in itself. These stories, if bound separately, would
alone constitute a reader equivalent to those used in first and second
year work in national languages. (For list of titles, see Table of
Contents.)
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------010.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
The second element of the twofold need which this volume meets is the
necessity for a presentation of Esperanto, not as a thing apart, but
in that form which will make it most serviceable as an introduction to
national tongues. A stepping-stone to both ancient and modern languages,
Esperanto may render invaluable aid, and pave the way for surmounting
the many difficulties confronting both student and teacher. Through
Esperanto, the labor in the acquirement of these languages may be
reduced in the same proportion in which the pleasure and thoroughness
of such acquirement are increased. For this reason, the grammatical
constructions of Esperanto are here explained as consistently as
possible in accordance with the usage of national languages, especially
those in the school curriculum, and precise names are assigned to
them. Such matters as <i>contrary to fact conditions</i>, <i>indirect
quotations</i>, <i>clauses of purpose</i> and <i>of result</i>,
<i>accusatives of time</i> and <i>measure</i>, <i>expressions of
separation</i>, <i>reference</i>, etc., thus become familiar to the
student, long before he meets them in the more difficult garb of a
national tongue, whose exceptions seem to outnumber its rules, and whose
idioms prove more puzzling than its exceptions, unless approached by the
smooth and gradual ascent of the International Language, Esperanto.
</p>

<p align="right">
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ivy Kellerman.</span>
</p>

<table>
   <tr>
      <td>
         <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Washington, D. C.,</span><br>
         August 3, 1910.
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<!-- -----------------------------011.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<center><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</b></center>

<table border="0" cellpadding="4">
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LESSON</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">I.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Alphabet.&mdash;Vowels.&mdash;Consonants.&mdash;Names
         of the Letters.&mdash;Diphthongs.&mdash;Combinations of
         Consonants.&mdash;Syllables.&mdash;Accent.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">II.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Nouns.&mdash;The Article.&mdash;Adjectives.&mdash;Attributive
         Adjectives.&mdash;Present Tense of the Verb
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">III.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Plural Number.&mdash;Predicate Adjective and Noun
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">IV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Transitive Verbs.&mdash;The Accusative Case.&mdash;The Conjunction
         <b>Kaj</b>.&mdash;The Negative <b>Ne</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">V.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Complementary Infinitive.&mdash;Interrogation.&mdash;The
         Conjunction <b>Nek</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">VI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Personal Pronouns.&mdash;Agreement with Pronouns.&mdash;Conjugation of
         the Verb.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">VII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Past Tense.&mdash;Prepositions.&mdash;Accusative Case of Personal
         Pronouns.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">VIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Reflexive Pronouns.&mdash;Reflexive Verbs.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">IX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Limitation of the Third Personal Pronoun.&mdash;Possessive
         Adjectives.&mdash;Pronominal Use of Possessive Adjectives.&mdash;<b>La
         Kato kaj la Pasero</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">X.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Accusative of Direction.&mdash;The Article for the Possessive
         Adjective.&mdash;Apposition.&mdash;<b>La Arabo kaj la Kamelo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Possessive Case of Nouns.&mdash;Impersonal Verbs.&mdash;Verbs
         Preceding their Subjects.&mdash;Coordinating Conjunctions.&mdash;<b>La
         Arabo en la Dezerto</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Indirect Statements.&mdash;The Indefinite Personal Pronoun
         <b>Oni</b>.&mdash;The Future Tense.&mdash;<b>La Ventoflago</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Pronoun <b>Tiu</b>.&mdash;Tenses in Indirect
         Quotations.&mdash;Formation of Feminine Nouns.&mdash;<b>En la
         Parko</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
<!-- -----------------------------012.png---------------------------- -->
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XIV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Pronoun <b>&#264;i tiu</b>.&mdash;Possessive Form of
         the Demonstrative Pronoun.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Il-</b>.&mdash;The
         Expression of Means or Instrumentality.&mdash;<b>La Man&#285;o</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Adjective.&mdash;Adverbs Defined and
         Classified.&mdash;Formation of Opposites.&mdash;<b>La Ruza Juna
         Viro</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XVI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Adverb of Place.&mdash;Accompaniment.&mdash;The
         Adverb <b>For</b>.&mdash;The Meaning of
         <b>Povi</b>.&mdash;<b>Malamikoj en la Dezerto</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XVII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Temporal Adverb.&mdash;Comparison of
         Adjectives.&mdash;Manner and Characteristic.&mdash;<b>Diri</b>,
         <b>Paroli</b> and <b>Rakonti</b>.&mdash;<b>Frederiko Granda kaj la
         Juna Servisto</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XVIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Adverb of Motive or Reason.&mdash;Derivation of
         Adverbs.&mdash;Comparison of Words Expressing
         Quantity.&mdash;Comparisons Containing <b>Ol</b>.&mdash;Causal
         Clauses.&mdash;<b>Pri la Sezonoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XIX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         <b>Ju</b> and <b>Des</b> in Comparisons.&mdash;The Preposition
         <b>Inter</b>.&mdash;The Preposition <b>Pro</b>.&mdash;Prepositions
         with Adverbs and Other Prepositions.&mdash;<b>La A&#365;tuno kaj la
         Vintro</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Demonstrative Adverb of Manner and Degree.&mdash;Prepositions
         Expressing Time-Relations.&mdash;<b>En Septembro</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Accusative of Time.&mdash;Adverbs and the Accusative of
         Time.&mdash;The Preposition <b>Por</b>.&mdash;<b>La Sezonoj kaj la
         Mondo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Clauses Expressing Duration of Time.&mdash;Clauses Expressing
         Anticipation.&mdash;The Infinitive with <b>Anstata&#365;</b>,
         <b>Por</b>, <b>Anta&#365; ol</b>.&mdash;The Expression of a Part of
         the Whole.&mdash;<b>Diogeno kaj Aleksandro Granda</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Adverbs Expressing a Part of the Whole.&mdash;The Demonstrative Adverb
         of Quantity.&mdash;Result Clauses.&mdash;<b>En la Butiko</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
<!-- -----------------------------013.png---------------------------- -->
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXIV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Pronoun.&mdash;The Present Active
         Participle.&mdash;Compound Tenses.&mdash;The Progressive Present
         Tense.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Ej-</b>.&mdash;<b>En Nia Domo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Adjective.&mdash;The Imperfect
         Tense.&mdash;Salutations and Exclamations.&mdash;Word
         Formation.&mdash;<b>Koni</b> and <b>Scii</b>.&mdash;<b>La Nepo Vizitas
         la Avinon</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXVI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Adverb of Place.&mdash;The Past Active
         Participle.&mdash;Adverb Derivation from Prepositions.&mdash;Adverbs
         Expressing Direction of Motion.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Eg-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Pluvego</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXVII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Temporal Adverb.&mdash;The Perfect Tense.&mdash;The
         Preposition <b>&#264;e</b>.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Ar-</b>.&mdash;<b>Tempo</b> and <b>Fojo</b>.&mdash;The Orthography
         of Proper Names.&mdash;<b>Roberto Bruce kaj la Araneo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXVIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Adverb of Motive or Reason.&mdash; The Infinitive as
         Subject.&mdash;Present Action with Past Inception.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Ul-</b>.&mdash;<b>Lo&#285;i</b> and <b>Vivi</b>.&mdash;<b>Pri la
         Avo kaj la Avino</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXIX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Adverb of Manner and Degree.&mdash;The Pluperfect
         Tense.&mdash;Cardinal Numbers.&mdash;The Accusative of
         Measure.&mdash;<b>Nia Familio</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Interrogative Adverb of Quantity.&mdash;Modifiers of Impersonally
         Used Verbs.&mdash;Formation of Cardinal Numerals.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-An-</b>.&mdash;<b>Leciono Pri Aritmetiko</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Relative Pronoun.&mdash;The Future Perfect Tense.&mdash;Ordinal
         Numerals.&mdash;<b>Alfredo Granda kaj la Libro</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         <b>Kia</b> as a Relative Adjective.&mdash;<b>Kie</b> as a Relative
         Adverb.&mdash;The Future Active Participle.&mdash;The Periphrastic
         Future Tenses.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Ind-</b>.&mdash;<b>Alfredo Granda
         kaj la Kukoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         <b>Kiam</b> as a Relative Adverb.&mdash;<b>Kiel</b> as a Relative
         Adverb.&mdash;Numeral Nouns and Adverbs.&mdash;Word Derivation from
         Prepositions.&mdash;<b>La Invito</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
<!-- -----------------------------014.png---------------------------- -->
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXIV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Prepositions as Prefixes.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Ebl-</b>.&mdash;Expression of the Highest Degree
         Possible.&mdash;Titles and Terms of Address.&mdash;<b>&#264;e la
         Festo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         <b>Kiom</b> as a Relative Adverb.&mdash;The Present Passive
         Participle.&mdash;Fractions.&mdash;Descriptive Compounds.&mdash;<b>La
         &#292;inoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXVI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Present Passive Tense.&mdash;The Use of <b>De</b> to Express
         Agency.&mdash;The General Meaning of <b>De</b>.&mdash;Word Derivation
         from Primary Adverbs.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Ist-</b>.&mdash;<b>Antikva
         Respubliko</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXVII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Distributive Pronoun.&mdash;The Preposition
         <b>Po</b>.&mdash;Dependent Compounds.&mdash;<b>La &#264;apelo sur la
         Stango</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXVIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Distributive Adjective.&mdash;The Imperfect Passive
         Tense.&mdash;Compound Tenses of Impersonal Verbs.&mdash;Reciprocal
         Expressions.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Uj-</b>.&mdash;<b>Vilhelmo Tell kaj
         la Pomo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XXXIX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Distributive Adverb of Place.&mdash;The Future Passive
         Tense.&mdash;Possessive Compounds.&mdash;The Time of Day.&mdash;The
         Suffix <b>-Obl-</b>.&mdash;<b>En la Stacidomo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XL.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Distributive Temporal Adverb.&mdash;The Distributive Adverb
         <b>&#264;ial</b>.&mdash;The Past Passive Participle.&mdash;The Perfect
         Passive Tense.&mdash;The Preposition <b>La&#365;</b>.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Em-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Perdita Infano</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Distributive Adverb <b>&#264;iel</b>.&mdash;The Distributive
         Adverb <b>&#264;iom</b>.&mdash;The Pluperfect Passive Tense.&mdash;The
         Future Perfect Passive Tense.&mdash;The Expression of
         Material.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Et-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Donaco</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Future Passive Participle.&mdash;The Passive Periphrastic Future
         Tenses.&mdash;The Generic Article.&mdash;The Suffix
         <b>-Ec-</b>.&mdash;<b>Sur la Vapor&#349;ipo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Indefinite Pronoun.&mdash;Participial Nouns.&mdash;The Prefix
         <b>Ek-</b>.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Id-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Nesto sur la
         Tendo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
<!-- -----------------------------015.png---------------------------- -->
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLIV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Indefinite Adjective.&mdash;The Indefinite Adverb of
         Place.&mdash;Predicate Nominatives.&mdash;<b>La &#264;evalo kaj la
         Sonorilo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Indefinite Temporal Adverb.&mdash;The Indefinite Adverb
         <b>Ial</b>.&mdash;Causative Verbs.&mdash;Emphasis by Means of
         <b>Ja</b>.&mdash;<b>&#264;e la Malnova Ponto</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLVI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Indefinite Adverb <b>Iel</b>.&mdash;The Indefinite Adverb
         <b>Iom</b>.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Ad-</b>.&mdash;The Use of
         <b>Mem</b>.&mdash;<b>Ar&#293;imedo kaj la Kronoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLVII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Negative Pronoun.&mdash;The Adverbial Participle.&mdash;The Prefix
         <b>Re-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Filozofo Ar&#293;imedo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLVIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Negative Adjective.&mdash;The Negative Adverb of Place.&mdash;The
         Negative Temporal Adverb.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-A&#309;-</b>.&mdash;The
         Adverb <b>Jen</b>.&mdash;<b>Du Artkonkursoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">XLIX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Negative Adverbs <b>Nenial</b>, <b>Neniel</b>,
         <b>Neniom</b>.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-I&#285;-</b>.&mdash;<b>La
         Krepusko</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">L.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Pronouns ending in <b>-O</b>.&mdash;Correlative Words.&mdash;The
         Use of <b>Ajn</b>.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Ing-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Gordia
         Liga&#309;o</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Pronoun <b>Amba&#365;</b>.&mdash;Formations with <b>-Ig-</b> and
         <b>-I&#285;-</b>.&mdash;Factual Conditions.&mdash;<b>La Mona&#293;oj
         kaj la Azeno</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Conditional Mood.&mdash;Compound Tenses of the Conditional
         Mood.&mdash;Less Vivid Conditions.&mdash;Independent Use of the
         Conditional Mood.&mdash;The Prefix <b>Dis-</b>.&mdash;<b>Pri la
         Gravitado</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Conditions Contrary to Fact.&mdash;The Verb <b>Devi</b>.&mdash;The
         Preposition <b>Sen</b>.&mdash;<b>La Filozofo Sokrato</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LIV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Summary of Conditions.&mdash;Clauses of Imaginative
         Comparison.&mdash;The Use of <b>Al</b> to Express Reference.&mdash;The
         Suffix <b>-Estr-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Ostracismo de Aristejdo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LV.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Imperative Mood.&mdash;Resolve and Exhortation.&mdash;Commands and
         Prohibitions.&mdash;Less Peremptory Uses of the Imperative.&mdash;The
         Use of <b>Mo&#349;to</b>.&mdash;<b>La Glavo de Damoklo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
<!-- -----------------------------016.png---------------------------- -->
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LVI.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Imperative in Subordinate Clauses.&mdash;The Preposition
         <b>Je</b>.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Op-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Mar&#349;ado de
         la Dekmil Grekoj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LVII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Clauses Expressing Purpose.&mdash;Further Uses of the
         Accusative.&mdash;Synopsis of the Conjugation of the Verb.&mdash;The
         Suffix <b>-Um-</b>.&mdash;<b>La Reirado de la Dekmilo</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LVIII.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Permission and Possibility.&mdash;The Prefix <b>Ge-</b>.&mdash;The
         Suffix <b>-A&#265;-</b>.&mdash;Interjections.&mdash;<b>Aleksandro
         Granda</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LIX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         The Position of Unemphatic Pronouns.&mdash;Some Intransitive
         Verbs.&mdash;The Suffix <b>-Er-</b>.&mdash;The Prefixes <b>Bo-</b> and
         <b>Duon-</b>.&mdash;Correspondence.&mdash;<b>Kelkaj Leteroj</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td align="right" valign="top">LX.</td>
      <td align="left" valign="top">
         Some Transitive Verbs.&mdash;Elision.&mdash;The Prefix
         <b>Eks-</b>.&mdash;The Prefix <b>Pra-</b>.&mdash;The Suffixes
         <b>-&#264;j-</b> and <b>-Nj-</b>.&mdash;Weights and
         Measures.&mdash;The International Money
         System.&mdash;Abbreviations.&mdash;<b>Pri La Kamero</b>.
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td><td>ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td><td>ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td><td>INDEX.</td>
   </tr>
</table>

<!-- -----------------------------017.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<center>
   <big>A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF</big><br>
   <big>ESPERANTO.</big>
</center>

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<!-- -----------------------------018.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------019.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON I.</b></center>

<center>ALPHABET.</center>

<p>
<b>1.</b> The Esperanto alphabet contains the following letters: <b>a</b>,
<b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>&#265;</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>g</b>,
<b>&#285;</b>, <b>h</b>, <b>&#293;</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>j</b>, <b>&#309;</b>,
<b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>r</b>, <b>s</b>,
<b>&#349;</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>&#365;</b>, <b>v</b>, <b>z</b>.
</p>

<center>VOWELS.</center>

<p>
<b>2.</b> The vowels of the alphabet are pronounced as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>a</b> as in <i>far</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>e</b> as in <i>fianc&eacute;</i>, like <i>a</i> in <i>fate</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
This "long a" sound in English frequently ends with a vanish,&mdash;a
brief terminal sound of <!-- short i --> <i>&#301;</i>, which makes
the vowel slightly diphthongal, as in <i>day</i>, <i>aye</i>. Such a
vanish must not be given to any of the Esperanto vowels.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>i</b> as in <i>machine</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>o</b> as in <i>toll</i>, <i>for</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>u</b> as in <i>rude</i>, <i>rural</i>.
</p>

<center>CONSONANTS.</center>

<p>
<b>3.</b> The consonants <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>h</b>,
<b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>v</b>,
<b>z</b>, are pronounced as in English, and the remaining eleven as
follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>c</b> like <i>ts</i> in <i>hats</i>, <i>tsetse</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#265;</b> like <i>ch</i> in <i>chin</i>, <i>much</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>g</b> like <i>g</i> in <i>go</i>, <i>big</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#285;</b> like <i>g</i> in <i>gem</i>, <i>j</i> in <i>jar</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#293;</b> is produced by expelling the breath forcibly, with the
throat only partially open.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
As in pronouncing German and Scotch <i>ch</i>, Spanish
<i>j</i>, Irish <i>gh</i>, Russian <i>x</i>, Classical Greek
<!-- [Greek: chi] --> &#967;
etc. There are only a few words containing
this consonant.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>j</b> like <i>y</i> in <i>yes</i>, <i>beyond</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#309;</b> like <i>z</i> in <i>azure</i>, <i>s</i> in <i>visual</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>r</b> is slightly trilled or rolled.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------020.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>s</b> like <i>s</i> in <i>see</i>, <i>basis</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#349;</b> like <i>sh</i> in <i>shine</i>, <i>rash</i>, <i>ch</i> in
<i>machine</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>&#365;</b> like <i>w</i> or consonantal <i>u</i>. See Diphthongs,
<b>5</b>.
</p>

<center>NAMES OF THE LETTERS.</center>

<p>
<b>4.</b> The vowels are named by their sounds, as given in <b>2</b>.
The names of the consonants are <b>bo</b>, <b>co</b>, <b>&#265;o</b>,
<b>do</b>, <b>fo</b>, <b>go</b>, <b>&#285;o</b>, <b>ho</b>,
<b>&#293;o</b>, <b>jo</b>, <b>&#309;o</b>, <b>ko</b>, <b>lo</b>,
<b>mo</b>, <b>no</b>, <b>po</b>, <b>ro</b>, <b>so</b>, <b>&#349;o</b>,
<b>to</b>, <b>&#365;o</b>, <b>vo</b>, <b>zo</b>. These are used in
speaking of the letters, in pronouncing them in abbreviations, as <b>ko
to po</b> for <b>k. t. p.</b> (= etc.), and in spelling words, as <b>bo,
i, ro, do, o, birdo</b>.
</p>

<center>DIPHTHONGS.</center>

<p>
<b>5.</b> Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels uttered as a single
sound, by one breath-impulse. The diphthongs in Esperanto contain an
i or u sound as the second element, but in order to avoid confusion
with combinations of vowels not forming diphthongs (as in <b>naiva</b>,
like English <i>na&#239;ve</i>, etc.), they are written with <b>j</b> and
<b>&#365;</b> instead. Their pronunciation is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>aj</b> like <i>ai</i> in <i>aisle</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>ej</b> like <i>ei</i> in <i>vein</i>, <i>ey</i> in <i>they</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>oj</b> like <i>oi</i> in <i>coin</i>, <i>oy</i> in <i>boy</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>uj</b> like <i>ui</i> in <i>ruin</i>, <i>u(e)y</i> in <i>gluey</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>e&#365;</b> like <i>ayw</i> in <i>wayward</i>, or like
<i>&eacute;(h)oo</i> pronounced together.
</p>

<p>
<b>a&#365;</b> like <i>ou</i> in <i>out</i>, <i>ow</i> in <i>owl</i>.
</p>

<center>COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS.</center>

<!-- -----------------------------021.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>6.</b> Each consonant, in a combination of two or more consonants,
is pronounced with its full value, whether within a word or at its
beginning. There are no silent letters.
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> Thus, both consonants are clearly sounded in the groups
<b>kn</b>, <b>kv</b>, <b>gv</b>, <b>sv</b>, in such words as
<b>knabo</b>, <b>kvin</b>, <b>gvidi</b>, <b>sviso</b>.
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> The combination <b>kz</b>, as in <b>ekzisti</b>,
<b>ekzameno</b>, must not be modified to the <i>gs</i> or <i>ks</i>
represented by <i>x</i> in <i>exist</i>, <i>execute</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>c.</b> The combination <b>sc</b>, as in <b>escepte</b>, <b>scias</b>,
is equivalent to the combination <i>sts</i> in <i>la</i><b>st
s</b><i>aid</i>, <i>fir</i><b>st s</b><i>ong</i>, pronounced together
rapidly. The <b>s</b> in a word beginning with <b>sc</b> may be sounded
with the end of the preceding word, if that word ends in a vowel, as
<b>mis-cias</b> for <b>mi scias</b>.
</p>

<p>
<b>d.</b> The <b>n</b> and <b>g</b> are pronounced separately in the
combination <b>ng</b>, in such words as <b>lingvo</b>, <b>angulo</b>,
producing the sound of <i>ng</i> heard in <i>linger</i>, not that in
<i>singer</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>e.</b> Each of two similar letters is clearly sounded,
as <b>interrilato</b>, <b>ellasi</b>, like <i>inter-relate</i>,
<i>well-laid</i>.
</p>

<center>SYLLABLES.</center>

<p>
<b>7.</b> Each word contains as many syllables as it has vowels and
diphthongs. The division of syllables within a word is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> A single consonant goes with the following vowel, as
<b>pa-no</b>, <b>be-la</b>, <b>a-e-ro</b>.
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> A consonant followed by <b>l</b> or <b>r</b> (which are
liquids) goes with the <b>l</b> or <b>r</b>, as in <b>ta-blo</b>,
<b>a-kra</b>, <b>a-gra-bla</b>.
</p>

<p>
<b>c.</b> Otherwise, the syllable division is made before the last
consonant of the group, as <b>sus-pek-ti</b>, <b>sank-ta</b>,
<b>deks-tra</b>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------022.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>d.</b> Prefixes are separated from the words to which they are
attached, as <b>dis-meti</b>, <b>mal-akra</b>, and compound words
are divided into their component parts, as <b>&#265;ef-urbo</b>,
<b>sun-ombrelo</b>.
</p>

<center>ACCENT.</center>

<p>
<b>8.</b> Words of more than one syllable are accented upon the syllable
before the last, as <b>t&aacute;-blo</b>, <b>a-gr&aacute;-bla</b>,
<b>sus-p&eacute;k-ti</b>.
</p>

<center>WORDS FOR PRACTICE.</center>

<p>
<b>9.</b> (To be pronounced aloud, and correctly accented) Afero,
trairi, najbaro, aero, hodia&#365;, pacienco, centono, &#265;ielo,
e&#265;, samideano, treege, obei, obeu, E&#365;ropo, gvidi, &#285;ojo,
&#265;iujn, justa, &#285;uste, ju&#285;i, &#309;a&#365;do, lingvo,
knabo, lar&#285;a, pagi, kvieteco, ekzemplo, ellerni, fojo, krajono,
forrajdi, kuirejo, &#265;evalejo, sankteco, scio, nescio, edzo, meze,
duobla, &#349;ipo, &#349;ar&#285;i, po&#349;o, svingi, sklavo, palaj,
&#349;afa&#309;o, atmosfero, mona&#293;o, geometrio, la&#365;di, vasta,
eksplodi, sen&#265;esa, sensenca&#309;o, malluma, arbaranoj, man&#285;o,
fre&#349;a, a&#365;skulti, da&#365;ri.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON II.</b></center>

<center>NOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>10.</b> Words which are the names of persons or things are called
nouns. The ending, or final letter, of nouns in Esperanto is <b>o</b>:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>knabo</b>, <i>boy</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;evalo</b>, <i>horse</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pomo</b>, <i>apple</i>.<br>
            <b>tablo</b>, <i>table</i>.
         </td>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------023.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE ARTICLE.</center>

<p>
<b>11.</b> The definite article is <b>la</b>, <i>the</i>, as <b>la
knabo</b>, <i>the boy</i>, <b>la &#265;evalo</b>, <i>the horse</i>,
<b>la tablo</b>, <i>the table</i>, <b>la pomo</b>, <i>the apple</i>. In
English there is an indefinite article "a, an" for the singular, but
none for the plural. Esperanto has no indefinite article for either
singular or plural. Therefore <b>knabo</b> may mean <i>boy</i>, or <i>a
boy</i>, <b>pomo</b> may mean <i>apple</i> or <i>an apple</i>.
</p>

<center>ADJECTIVES</center>

<p>
<b>12.</b> A word used with a noun (expressed or understood) to express
a quality or characteristic is called an adjective. The ending of
adjectives in Esperanto is <b>a</b>:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bela</b>, <i>beautiful</i>.<br>
            <b>flava</b>, <i>yellow</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>granda</b>, <i>large</i>.<br>
            <b>forta</b>, <i>strong</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES.</center>

<p>
<b>13.</b> An adjective is said to modify a noun whose quality it
expresses. When directly preceding or following its noun, it is called
an attributive adjective:
</p>

<p>
<b>la granda &#265;evalo</b>, <i>the large horse</i>.<br>
<b>bela birdo</b>, <i>a beautiful bird</i>.<br>
<b>floro flava</b>, <i>a yellow flower</i>.<br>
<b>forta knabo</b>, <i>a strong boy</i>.<br>
</p>

<center>PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERB.</center>

<p>
<b>14.</b> Words which express action or condition are called verbs.
When representing an act or condition as a fact, and dealing with the
present time, they are said to be in the present tense. The ending of
all Esperanto verbs in the present tense is <b>-as</b>:
</p>


<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kuras</b>, <i>runs, is running</i>.<br>
            <b>flugas</b>, <i>flies, is flying</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>brilas</b>, <i>shines, is shining</i>.<br>
            <b>dormas</b>, <i>sleeps, is sleeping</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>15.</b> The person or thing whose action or condition the verb
expresses is called the subject of the verb:
</p>

<p>
<b>La suno brilas</b>, <i>the sun shines (is shining)</i>, subject: <b>suno</b>.<br>
<b>Knabo kuras</b>, <i>a boy runs (is running)</i>, subject: <b>knabo</b>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------024.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span><br>
   (To be memorized in this and in all following lessons.)
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bela</b>, <i>beautiful</i>.<br>
            <b>birdo</b>, <i>bird</i>.<br>
            <b>blanka</b>, <i>white</i>.<br>
            <b>bona</b>, <i>good</i>.<br>
            <b>brilas</b>, <i>shines, is shining</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;evalo</b>, <i>horse</i>.<br>
            <b>dormas</b>, <i>sleeps, is sleeping</i>.<br>
            <b>flava</b>, <i>yellow</i>.<br>
            <b>floro</b>, <i>flower</i>.<br>
            <b>flugas</b>, <i>flies, is flying</i>.<br>
            <b>forta</b>, <i>strong</i>,<br>
            <b>granda</b>, <i>large</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kaj</b>, <i>and</i>.<br>
            <b>kantas</b>, <i>sings, is singing</i>.<br>
            <b>knabo</b>, <i>boy</i>.<br>
            <b>kuras</b>, <i>runs, is running</i>.<br>
            <b>la</b>, <i>the</i>.<br>
            <b>luno</b>, <i>moon</i>.<br>
            <b>mar&#349;as</b>, <i>walks, is walking</i>.<br>
            <b>pomo</b>, <i>apple</i>.<br>
            <b>suno</b>, <i>sun</i>.<br>
            <b>tablo</b>, <i>table</i>.<br>
            <b>violo</b>, <i>violet</i>.<br>
            <b>viro</b>, <i>man</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. Bona viro. 2. La granda tablo. 3. Blanka floro. 4. Flava birdo. 5. La
bela birdo kantas. 6. Forta knabo kuras. 7. La bona viro mar&#349;as. 8.
La bela &#265;evalo kuras. 9. La suno brilas. 10. Birdo flugas kaj knabo
kuras. 11. &#264;evalo blanka mar&#349;as. 12. La bela luno brilas. 13.
La knabo kantas kaj la viro dormas. 14. Bela granda pomo. 15. La bona
knabo kantas. 16. La granda &#265;evalo dormas. 17. La suno brilas kaj
la luno brilas. 18. Granda forta tablo. 19. Violo flava. 20. La bona
flava pomo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------025.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. A beautiful flower. 2. A good large table. 3. A yellow violet and
a white violet. 4. The moon is-shining (shines). 5. The good boy
is-walking (walks). 6. The beautiful yellow bird is-flying (flies).
7. The strong man is-sleeping (sleeps). 8. The white bird is-singing
(sings). 9. A strong horse runs, and a man walks. 10. The sun shines,
and the boy is-singing (sings). 11. The large yellow apple. 12. An apple
large and good.
</p>


<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON III.</b></center>

<center>THE PLURAL NUMBER.</center>

<p>
<b>16.</b> The plural number of nouns, that is, the form which indicates
more than one person or thing, is made by adding <b>-j</b> to the
noun, as <b>viroj</b>, <i>men</i>, from <b>viro</b>, <i>man</i>;
<b>tabloj</b>, <i>tables</i>, from <b>tablo</b>, <i>table</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>-oj</b> is pronounced like <i>oy</i> in <i>boy</i>. See 5.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>17.</b> An adjective modifying a plural noun agrees with it in
number, being given the plural form by the addition of the ending -j. An
adjective modifying two or more nouns used together is of course given
the plural form:
</p>

<p>
<b>bonaj viroj</b>, <i>good men</i>.<br>
<b>grandaj &#265;evaloj</b>, <i>large horses</i>.<br>
<b>belaj birdo kaj floro (bela birdo kaj bela floro)</b>, <i>beautiful bird and (beautiful) flower</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>-aj</b> is pronounced like <i>ai</i> in <i>aisle</i>. See 5.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>18.</b> The article is <i>invariable</i>, that is, does not change
in form when used with plural nouns, as <b>la viro</b>, <i>the man</i>,
<b>la viroj</b>, <i>the men</i>. The verb is also invariable in form:
</p>

<p>
<b>La viroj mar&#349;as</b>, <i>the men walk</i>, <i>the men are walking</i>.<br>
<b>La suno kaj la luno brilas</b>, <i>the sun and the moon are shining</i>.<br>
<b>La viro estas</b>, <i>the man is</i>.<br>
<b>La viroj estas</b>, <i>the men are</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------026.png---------------------------- -->

<center>PREDICATE ADJECTIVE AND NOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>19.</b> When the adjective is a part of that which is told or
predicated of the subject of the verb, as when used with the verbs "to
be," "to seem," etc., it is called a <i>predicate adjective</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La birdo estas bela</b>, <i>the bird is beautiful</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo &#349;ajnas bona</b>, <i>the boy seems good</i>.<br>
<b>La viroj estas fortaj</b>, <i>the men are strong</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>20.</b> A noun may also be used as part of the predicate, and is then
called a <i>predicate noun</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Violoj estas floroj</b>, <i>violets are flowers</i>.<br>
<b>La kolombo estas birdo</b>, <i>the dove is a bird</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>21.</b> Predicate nouns and adjectives agree in number with the word
or words with which they are in predicate relation:
</p>

<p>
<b>Rozoj estas belaj</b>, <i>roses are beautiful</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo kaj la viro &#349;ajnas fortaj</b>, <i>the boy and the man seem strong</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>alta</b>, <i>high, tall</i>.<br>
            <b>arbo</b>, <i>tree</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;ambro</b>, <i>room</i>.<br>
            <b>domo</b>, <i>house</i>.<br>
            <b>en</b>, <i>in</i>.<br>
            <b>estas</b>, <i>is, are</i>.<br>
            <b>folio</b>, <i>leaf</i>.<br>
            <b>fre&#349;a</b>, <i>fresh</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;ardeno</b>, <i>garden</i>.<br>
            <b>kampo</b>, <i>field</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kolombo</b>, <i>dove</i>.<br>
            <b>ku&#349;as</b>, <i>lies, is lying, lie</i>.<br>
            <b>longa</b>, <i>long</i>.<br>
            <b>rozo</b>, <i>rose</i>.<br>
            <b>ru&#285;a</b>, <i>red</i>.<br>
            <b>se&#285;o</b>, <i>chair</i>.<br>
            <b>sidas</b>, <i>sits, sit, is sitting</i>.<br>
            <b>sur</b>, <i>on</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ajnas</b>, <i>seems, seem</i>.<br>
            <b>verda</b>, <i>green</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------027.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. La alta viro estas en la &#285;ardeno. 2. Blanka &#265;evalo estas en
la kampo. 3. Belaj birdoj sidas sur la verda arbo. 4. La bonaj knaboj
estas en la domo. 5. La &#265;ambroj en la bela domo estas grandaj. 6.
Fre&#349;aj floroj ku&#349;as sur la tablo. 7. La violoj en la kampo
estas belaj. 8. La luno kaj la suno &#349;ajnas grandaj. 9. La kolomboj
estas belaj birdoj. 10. La knaboj &#349;ajnas fortaj. 11. Ru&#285;aj
pomoj estas sur la tablo en la &#265;ambro. 12. La fortaj viroj sidas
sur se&#285;oj en la longa &#265;ambro. 13. La arboj estas altaj kaj
verdaj. 14. La kolomboj sur la arboj kantas. 15. Fortaj &#265;evaloj
mar&#349;as kaj kuras en la verdaj kampoj. 16. La knaboj dormas en la
granda domo. 17. Ru&#285;aj, flavaj, kaj verdaj folioj estas en la
&#285;ardeno. 18. Longa tablo estas en la domo. 19. Belaj birdoj flugas
kaj kantas en la kampo. 20. Fre&#349;aj rozoj &#349;ajnas belaj. 21. La
folioj estas verdaj kaj ru&#285;aj.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The trees in the garden are tall and green. 2. The rooms in the house
are long. 3. The flowers on the table are red, yellow and white. 4. The
leaves are long and green. 5. The men are-sitting (sit) on chairs in the
garden. 6. In the garden are yellow roses. 7. The birds in the field are
doves. 8. The boys in the room in the house seem tall. 9. Fresh violets
are beautiful flowers. 10. The horses in the green fields seem strong.
11. Doves are-singing (sing) in the garden. 12. The men in the large
house sleep. 13. The house is long and high, and the rooms in the house
are large. 14. Red and yellow apples lie on the big table. 15. Green
leaves are on the trees in the large garden.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------028.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON IV.</b></center>

<center>TRANSITIVE VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>22.</b> The verbs so far given have been <i>intransitive verbs</i>,
expressing a state or an action limited to the subject, and not
immediately affecting any other person or thing, as <b>la knabo
kuras</b>, <i>the boy runs</i>. On the other hand a <i>transitive
verb</i> expresses an act of the subject upon some person or thing;
as, <b>la knabo trovas &mdash; &mdash;</b>, <i>the boy finds &mdash;
&mdash;</i>.
</p>

<center>THE ACCUSATIVE CASE.</center>

<p>
<b>23.</b> The person or thing acted upon is called the <i>direct
object</i> of a transitive verb, and is given the ending <b>-n</b>. This
is called the accusative ending; and the word to which it is attached is
said to be in the <i>accusative case</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La viro havas se&#285;on</b>, <i>the man has a chair</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo trovas florojn</b>, <i>the boy finds flowers</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The ending <b>-n</b> follows the ending <b>-j</b>, if the word
to be put in the accusative case is in the plural number.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>24.</b> An attributive adjective modifying a noun in the accusative
case is made to agree in case, by addition of the same accusative ending
<b>-n</b>. This prevents any doubt as to which of two or more nouns in a
sentence is modified by the adjective, and permits of variation in the
order of the words:
</p>

<p>
<b>La knabo trovas belan floron</b>, <i>the boy finds a beautiful flower</i>.<br>
<b>Florojn belajn la viro havas</b>, <i>the man has beautiful flowers</i>.<br>
<b>La viro havas grandan se&#285;on</b>, <i>the man has a large chair</i>.<br>
<b>Ru&#285;an rozon la knabo havas</b>, <i>the boy has a red rose</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>25.</b> A predicate adjective or noun (19) is never in the accusative
case, nor is the accusative ending ever attached to the article, which
is invariable as stated in 18.
</p>

<center>THE CONJUNCTION <b>KAJ</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>26.</b> In the expression <i>both ... and ...</i>, the conjunction
<b>kaj</b> is used for both words, being merely repeated:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------029.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>La viro kaj mar&#349;as kaj kuras</b>, <i>the man both walks and runs</i>.<br>
<b>La &#265;evalo estas kaj granda kaj forta</b>, <i>the horse is both large and strong</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo havas kaj rozojn kaj violojn</b>, <i>the boy has both roses and violets</i>.<br>
<b>Kaj la knabo kaj la viro estas altaj</b>, <i>both the boy and the man are tall</i>.
</p>

<center>THE NEGATIVE <b>NE</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>27.</b> The negative word meaning "not" when forming part of a
sentence, and "no" when used as an answer to a question, is <b>ne</b>.
When used as a sentence-negative, it usually immediately precedes the
verb. For emphatic negation of some other word than the verb, <b>ne</b>
may precede that word:
</p>

<p>
<b>Violoj ne estas ru&#285;aj</b>, <i>violets are not red</i>.<br>
<b>La viroj ne sidas sur se&#285;oj</b>, <i>the men are-not-sitting on chairs</i>.<br>
<b>La kolombo kantas, ne flugas</b>, <i>the dove is-singing, not flying</i>.<br>
<b>La domo estas blanka, ne verda</b>, <i>the house is white, not green</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>apud</b>, <i>near, in the vicinity of</i>.<br>
            <b>benko</b>, <i>bench</i>.<br>
            <b>bran&#265;o</b>, <i>branch</i>.<br>
            <b>diversa</b>, <i>various</i>.<br>
            <b>feli&#265;a</b>, <i>happy</i>.<br>
            <b>frukto</b>, <i>fruit</i>.<br>
            <b>havas</b>, <i>have, has</i>.<br>
            <b>herbo</b>, <i>grass</i>.<br>
            <b>ili</b>, <i>they</i>.<br>
            <b>kolektas</b>, <i>gather, collect</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>koloro</b>, <i>color</i>.<br>
            <b>lar&#285;a</b>, <i>wide, broad</i>.<br>
            <b>man&#285;as</b>, <i>eat, eats</i>.<br>
            <b>mola</b>, <i>soft</i>.<br>
            <b>nigra</b>, <i>black</i>.<br>
            <b>ne</b>, <i>not, no</i>.<br>
            <b>rompas</b>, <i>break, breaks</i>.<br>
            <b>sed</b>, <i>but</i>.<br>
            <b>trovas</b>, <i>find, finds</i>.<br>
            <b>vidas</b>, <i>see, sees</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------030.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. La knaboj ne estas en la &#265;ambro en la blanka domo. 2. Ili estas
en la granda &#285;ardeno. 3. La &#285;ardeno &#349;ajnas kaj longa kaj
lar&#285;a. 4. La feli&#265;aj knaboj vidas la belan &#285;ardenon.
5. Ili vidas florojn apud alta arbo. 6. La floroj havas diversajn
kolorojn. 7. La knaboj kolektas kaj ru&#285;ajn kaj flavajn florojn. 8.
Sed ili ne trovas fruktojn en la &#285;ardeno. 9. Florojn blankajn ili
ne vidas. 10. La alta arbo havas verdajn foliojn sur la bran&#265;oj.
11. La knaboj rompas bran&#265;on, kaj kolektas la fruktojn. 12. Ili
vidas florojn sur la bran&#265;oj, sed la florojn ili ne kolektas.
13. La knaboj ne sidas sur benkoj en la &#285;ardeno, sed ku&#349;as
sur la mola herbo. 14. La kolomboj sidas sur la arboj, kaj ili estas
feli&#265;aj. 15. La knaboj vidas la belajn birdojn. 16. Fortaj nigraj
&#265;evaloj man&#285;as la herbon en la kampo. 17. La knaboj vidas
la &#265;evalojn, sed la &#265;evaloj ne vidas la knabojn. 18. La
&#265;evaloj ne dormas, ili man&#285;as. 19. La fre&#349;a herbo
estas verda kaj mola. 20. Feli&#265;aj estas kaj la knaboj kaj la
&#265;evaloj. 21. La pomo estas bona frukto.
</p>


<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Green leaves are on the trees. 2. The boys break branches and gather
the apples. 3. They are near the tall tree in the garden. 4. They find
leaves on the tree, but they do not see the fruit. 5. The house is long,
broad and high. 6. The rooms in the house are both long and wide. 7. The
men have strong black horses. 8. The horses eat the fresh green grass in
the field. 9. The men sit on benches in the garden. 10. The boys do not
sleep, but they lie on the soft grass. 11. They see both the birds and
the flowers, and they seem happy. 12. The flowers have various colors,
but the grass is green. 13. The doves are not sitting on the tree, they
are flying near the trees. 14. Beautiful red roses are lying on the
table in the house. 15. The large red apples are near the yellow roses.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------031.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON V.</b></center>

<center>THE COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>28.</b> The infinitive is a form of the verb which expresses merely
the general idea of the action or condition indicated, and has some
of the characteristics of a noun. The ending of the infinitive is
<b>-i</b>, as <b>kuri</b>, <i>to run</i>, <b>esti</b>, <i>to be</i>,
<b>havi</b>, <i>to have</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>29.</b> An infinitive used to complete the meaning of another
verb, serving as a direct object to a transitive verb, is called a
<i>complementary infinitive</i>. If the complementary infinitive is from
a transitive verb, it may itself have a direct object:
</p>

<p>
<b>La knabo volas kuri</b>, <i>the boy wishes to run</i>.<br>
<b>Birdoj &#349;atas kanti</b>, <i>birds like to sing</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo volas havi &#265;evalon</b>, <i>the boy wishes to have a horse</i>.<br>
<b>Ili volas trovi florojn</b>, <i>they wish to find flowers</i>.
</p>

<center>INTERROGATION.</center>

<p>
<b>30.</b> An interrogative sentence is one which asks a question.
Unless some directly interrogative word (as "who," "when," "why," etc.)
is used, the sentence is rendered interrogative by use of the word
<b>&#265;u</b>. This interrogative particle is placed at the beginning
of a sentence, the words of which are left in the same order as for a
statement. Since there is no inversion of order, there is no necessity
for a word like English "do" or "does," to introduce the verb:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u la knabo estas bona?</b> <i>Is the boy good?</i><br>
<b>&#264;u ili havas florojn?</b> <i>Have they flowers?</i><br>
<b>&#264;u la kolomboj kantas?</b> <i>Do the doves sing? (Are the doves singing?)</i>
</p>


<center>THE CONJUNCTION <b>NEK</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>31.</b> In the expression <i>neither ... nor ...</i>, the conjunction
<b>nek</b> is used for both words. Since an adjective modifier of two
or more words connected by <b>nek</b> must necessarily modify them
separately, the adjective remains in the singular number:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------032.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Ili nek mar&#349;as nek kuras</b>, <i>they neither walk nor run</i>.<br>
<b>La viro havas nek domon nek &#285;ardenon</b>, <i>the man has neither a house nor a garden</i>.<br>
<b>Nek la rozo nek la violo estas verda</b>, <i>neither the rose nor the violet is green</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span><br>
   (Verbs will hereafter be quoted in the infinitive form.)
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bruna</b>, <i>brown</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;erizo</b>, <i>cherry</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;u</b>, (<b>30</b>).<br>
            <b>dol&#265;a</b>, <i>sweet</i>.<br>
            <b>gusto</b>, <i>taste</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;i</b>, <i>it</i>.<br>
            <b>Gertrude</b>, <i>Gertrude</i>.<br>
            <b>knabino</b>, <i>girl</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>matura</b>, <i>ripe</i>.<br>
            <b>Mario</b>, <i>Mary</i>.<br>
            <b>nek</b>, <i>neither, nor</i>.<br>
            <b>persiko</b>, <i>peach</i>.<br>
            <b>jes</b>, <i>yes</i>.<br>
            <b>preferi</b>, <i>to prefer</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ati</b>, <i>to like</i>.<br>
            <b>voli</b>, <i>to wish</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. &#264;u persiko estas ru&#285;a? 2. Jes, &#285;i estas kaj ru&#285;a
kaj dol&#265;a. 3. &#264;u &#265;erizoj estas brunaj? 4. Ne, ili estas
nek brunaj nek nigraj, sed flavaj. 5. &#264;u la pomo estas frukto? Jes,
&#285;i estas bona frukto. 6. &#264;u la viro kaj la knabo havas pomojn?
7. Ne, ili havas nek pomojn nek persikojn. 8. &#264;u Mario havas la
maturan frukton? 9. Mario kaj Gertrudo havas la frukton. 10. Ili estas
en la domo, kaj man&#285;as la maturan frukton. 11. La persikoj havas
dol&#265;an guston. 12. La knabinoj volas havi florojn, sed la knaboj
preferas kolekti diversajn fruktojn. 13. Ili volas trovi maturajn
&#265;erizojn kaj flavajn persikojn. 14. La &#265;erizoj havas belan
ru&#285;an koloron. 15. La persikoj &#349;ajnas molaj kaj bonaj. 16.
Mario rompas bran&#265;on, kaj vidas &#265;erizojn sur la bran&#265;oj.
17. Gertrudo estas feli&#265;a, kaj volas havi la belan frukton. 18.
Gertrudo estas alta, bela knabino. 19. Mario &#349;atas &#265;erizojn.
20. La knaboj kaj knabinoj sidas sur la verda herbo, kaj man&#285;as
la &#265;erizojn. 21. Ili ne volas man&#285;i pomojn, ili preferas la
dol&#265;ajn &#265;erizojn. 22. La folioj apud la &#265;erizoj estas nek
lar&#285;aj nek longaj.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------033.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Have the girls beautiful flowers? 2. No, they have fresh fruit. 3.
The boys do not wish to gather flowers. 4. They prefer to break the
branches, and find the sweet cherries. 5. Gertrude wishes to eat apples,
but Mary has neither apples nor peaches. 6. Do the girls like to sit in
the house and eat fruit? 7. Yes, they like to sit in the house, but they
prefer to walk in the field. 8. Are ripe peaches brown? 9. No, they are
red and yellow. 10. Has the peach a sweet taste? 11. Do the girls see
the beautiful black horses in the fields? 12. Yes, they see the horses,
but the horses seem not to see the girls. 13. Mary sits on the soft
green grass, and eats ripe fruit.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON VI.</b></center>

<center>PERSONAL PRONOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>32.</b> Words which stand in the place of nouns, as "you," "he,"
"who," "which," are called <i>pronouns</i>. Pronouns referring to the
person speaking (<i>I</i>, <i>we</i>), the person addressed (<i>you</i>,
<i>thou</i>), or the person or thing spoken of (<i>he</i>, <i>she</i>,
<i>it</i>, <i>they</i>), are called <i>personal pronouns</i>. They are
considered singular or plural, according to whether they refer to one or
more persons. Since the meaning of such pronouns indicates the number,
no plural ending is ever attached to them. The personal pronouns are:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap align="center">Singular.</td><td nowrap align="center">Plural.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="right">First person:</td><td nowrap><b>mi</b>, <i>I</i> (<i>me</i>).</td><td nowrap><b>ni</b>, <i>we</i> (<i>us</i>).</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="right">Second person:</td><td nowrap><b>vi</b>, <i>you</i>.</td><td nowrap><b>vi</b>, <i>you</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="right" valign="middle">Third person:</td><td nowrap><b>li</b>, <i>he</i> (<i>him</i>).<br><b>&#349;i</b>, <i>she</i> (<i>her</i>).<br><b>&#285;i</b>, <i>it</i>.</td><td nowrap valign="middle"><b>ili</b>, <i>they</i> (<i>them</i>).</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
There is another pronoun <b>ci</b>, <i>thou</i>, for the second person
singular, used in solemn style, as in the Bible, in poetry, and also for
intimate or familiar address when desired, like German <i>du</i>, French
<i>tu</i>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------034.png---------------------------- -->

<center>AGREEMENT WITH PRONOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>33.</b> Nouns in predicate relation with pronouns, or adjectives
modifying such pronouns, are made to agree with them in number:
</p>

<p>
<b>Ni estas bonaj kaj feli&#265;aj</b>, <i>we are good and happy</i>.<br>
<b>Rozoj estas floroj, ill ne estas fruktoj</b>, <i>roses are flowers, they are not fruits</i>.<br>
<b>Gertrudo, vi estas bona</b>, <i>Gertrude, you are good</i>.<br>
<b>Knabinoj, &#265;u vi estas feli&#265;aj?</b> <i>Girls, are you happy?</i>
</p>

<center>CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.</center>

<p>
<b>34.</b> Any pronoun may serve as the subject of a verb. The
combination of the verb with each of the personal pronouns in succession
for its subject, is called the <i>conjugation</i> of the verb. Following
is the conjugation of the present tense of <b>esti</b>, and of
<b>vidi</b>:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estas</b>, <i>I am</i>.<br>
            <b>vi estas</b>, <i>you are</i>.<br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estas</b>, <i>he (she, it) is</i>.<br>
            <b>ni estas</b>, <i>we are</i>.<br>
            <b>vi estas</b>, <i>you (plural) are</i>.<br>
            <b>ili estas</b>, <i>they are</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi vidas</b>, <i>I see</i>.<br>
            <b>vi vidas</b>, <i>you see</i>.<br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) vidas</b>, <i>he (she, it) sees.</i><br>
            <b>ni vidas</b>, <i>we see</i>.<br>
            <b>vi vidas</b>, <i>you (plural) see</i>.<br>
            <b>ili vidas</b>, <i>they see</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>al</b>, <i>to, toward</i>.<br>
            <b>Arturo</b>, <i>Arthur</i>.<br>
            <b>a&#365;</b>, <i>or</i> (a&#365;.. a&#365;.., <i>either.. or..</i>)<br>
            <b>&#265;ar</b>, <i>because</i>.<br>
            <b>doni</b>, <i>to give</i>.<br>
            <b>fali</b>, <i>to fall</i>.<br>
            <b>fenestro</b>, <i>window</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>hodia&#365;</b>, <i>today</i>.<br>
            <b>kudri</b>, <i>to sew</i>.<br>
            <b>Roberto</b>, <i>Robert</i>.<br>
            <b>skui</b>, <i>to shake</i>.<br>
            <b>stari</b>, <i>to stand</i>.<br>
            <b>sub</b>, <i>under, beneath</i>.<br>
            <b>virino</b>, <i>woman</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------035.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. Knaboj, &#265;u vi volas sidi en la domo, a&#365; en la &#285;ardeno?
2. Ni preferas sidi hodia&#365; en la &#285;ardeno, sub la granda
arbo. 3. &#264;u vi havas pomojn, a&#365; &#265;erizojn? 4. Ni havas
nek pomojn nek &#265;erizojn, sed ni havas dol&#265;ajn persikojn. 5.
Arturo donas al vi la maturajn persikojn, &#265;ar li &#349;atas kolekti
frukton. 6. Arturo, &#265;u vi rompas la bran&#265;ojn? 7. Ne, sed mi
skuas bran&#265;on, kaj la persikoj falas. 8. Mi staras sub la arbo,
kaj kolektas la dol&#265;an frukton. 9. La frukton mi donas al Mario
kaj Gertrudo. 10. Mi volas doni persikon al Heleno, sed hodia&#365;
&#349;i estas en la domo. 11. &#348;i sidas apud la fenestro kaj kudras.
12. &#348;i preferas kudri, kaj volas nek mar&#349;i nek sidi en la
&#285;ardeno. 13. Kaj &#349;i kaj la virino apud &#349;i volas kudri
hodia&#365;. 14. Ili estas feli&#265;aj, &#265;ar ili vidas la birdojn
en la arbo apud la fenestro. 15. La birdoj estas kolomboj, kaj sidas
sur la arbo. 16. Sub la arboj en la kampo staras &#265;evaloj, kaj ili
man&#285;as la verdan molan herbon. 17. Ni donas pomojn al ili, &#265;ar
ili &#349;atas pomojn. 18. Ni estas feli&#265;aj, &#265;ar ni havas
belajn persikojn maturajn kaj bonajn. 19. Roberto, vi estas alta, sed
vi, knabinoj, ne estas altaj.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Does Arthur break the branch and gather the apples? 2. No, he shakes
the branch, and the apples fall. 3. They are ripe and sweet. 4. Robert,
do you wish to stand beneath the tree? 5. No, I do not wish to stand
under it, but near it. 6. I wish to give both the peaches and the apples
to the woman. 7. She is sitting in the house, near the window. 8. Mary
is sitting in (on) a chair near her. 9. Both Mary and the woman are
sewing. 10. They prefer to sew, and do not wish to walk in the garden
to-day. 11. They are happy because they like to sew. 12. They do not
wish to gather flowers, or walk, or see the birds. 13. They have neither
apples nor peaches, but they do not wish to eat. 14. They give the fruit
to the boys and girls.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------036.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON VII.</b></center>

<center>THE PAST TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>35.</b> The past tense of the verb expresses an action which took
place in past time, or a condition which existed in past time. The
ending of this tense is <b>-is</b>, as <b>kuris</b>, ran, <b>flugis</b>,
flew, <b>brilis</b>, shone. The conjugation of <b>esti</b> and also of
<b>vidi</b> in the past tense is as follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estis</b>, <i>I was</i>.<br>
            <b>vi estis</b>, <i>you were</i>.<br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estis</b>, <i>he (she, it) was</i>.<br>
            <b>ni estis</b>, <i>we were</i>.<br>
            <b>vi estis</b>, <i>you (plural) were</i>.<br>
            <b>ili estis</b>, <i>they were</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi vidis</b>, <i>I saw</i>.<br>
            <b>vi vidis</b>, <i>you saw</i>.<br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) vidis</b>, <i>he (she, it) saw</i>.<br>
            <b>ni vidis</b>, <i>we saw</i>.<br>
            <b>vi vidis</b>, <i>you (plural) saw</i>.<br>
            <b>ili vidis</b>, <i>they saw</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>PREPOSITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>36.</b> A preposition is a word like "in," "on," placed before a
noun or pronoun to indicate some relation between this and another
word. The preposition is said to <i>govern</i> the noun or pronoun,
which is called its <i>complement</i>. In English, the complement of a
preposition seems to be put in the accusative case if it is a pronoun,
but to remain unchanged in form if it is a noun. In Esperanto the
preposition does not affect the form of the word governed, which remains
in the nominative case:
</p>

<p>
<b>La arbo estas en la &#285;ardeno</b>, <i>the tree is in the garden</i>.<br>
<b>Bonaj pomoj estas sur &#285;i</b>, <i>good apples are on it</i>.<br>
<b>Mi donis &#265;erizojn al li</b>, <i>I gave cherries to him</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo estas apud mi</b>, <i>the boy is near me</i>.<br>
<b>Sub la arbo staris &#265;evalo</b>, <i>under the tree stood a horse</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------037.png---------------------------- -->

<center>ACCUSATIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>37.</b> For use as the object of a verb, any pronoun may be put in
the accusative case by addition of the accusative ending <b>-n</b> (23):
</p>

<p>
<b>La viro vidis vin kaj min</b>, <i>the man saw you and me</i>.<br>
<b>Li vidis ilin kaj nin</b>, <i>he saw them and us</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vidis nek lin nek &#349;in</b>, <i>I saw neither him nor her</i>.<br>
<b>Ni volas havi &#285;in</b>, <i>we wish to have it</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>agrabla</b>, <i>pleasant, agreeable</i>.<br>
            <b>bildo</b>, <i>picture</i>.<br>
            <b>blua</b>, <i>blue</i>.<br>
            <b>danki</b>, <i>to thank</i>.<br>
            <b>de</b>, <i>from</i>.<br>
            <b>diri</b>, <i>to say</i>.<br>
            <b>infano</b>, <i>child</i>.<br>
            <b>interesa</b>, <i>interesting</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>luma</b>, <i>light (not dark)</i>.<br>
            <b>muro</b>, <i>wall</i>.<br>
            <b>nun</b>, <i>now</i>.<br>
            <b>planko</b>, <i>floor</i>.<br>
            <b>pordo</b>, <i>door</i>.<br>
            <b>rigardi</b>, <i>to look (at)</i>.<br>
            <b>tapi&#349;o</b>, <i>carpet</i>.<br>
            <b>tra</b>, <i>through</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------038.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. Hodia&#365; la knaboj kaj knabinoj estas en la granda domo. 2. Ili
staras apud la tablo, en agrabla luma &#265;ambro. 3. &#284;i havas
altajn lar&#285;ajn fenestrojn. 4. Sub la tablo kaj se&#285;oj, mola
tapi&#349;o ku&#349;as sur la planko. 5. La tapi&#349;o havas belajn
kolorojn, ru&#285;an, bluan, flavan, kaj verdan. 6. Virino mar&#349;is
tra la pordo, kaj staris apud la tablo. 7. &#348;i havis interesajn
bildojn, kaj donis ilin al la knaboj kaj la knabinoj. 8. &#348;i diris
"&#264;u vi volas rigardi la bildojn?" 9. "Jes, ni dankas vin," diris
la infanoj, kaj &#349;i donis al ili la bildojn. 10. Granda bildo falis
de la tablo, sed Arturo nun havas &#285;in. 11. Li donas &#285;in al
Mario, &#349;i dankas lin, kaj donas &#285;in al Roberto. 12. Ili volis
doni &#285;in al Gertrudo, sed &#349;i diris "Ne, mi dankas vin, mi ne
&#349;atas rigardi bildojn." 13. &#348;i mar&#349;is de la tablo al la
fenestro kaj diris "Mi preferas kudri." 14. &#348;i volis sidi en granda
se&#285;o apud la fenestro. 15. La virino rigardis &#349;in kaj diris
"Mi donis la bildojn al vi, knaboj kaj knabinoj," &#265;ar ili estas
interesaj bildoj. 16. Gertrudo diris "Vi estas bona al ni, sed mi volas
sidi apud la pordo a&#365; la fenestro. 17. Mi kolektis dol&#265;ajn
violojn en la &#285;ardeno, kaj nun mi volas rigardi la dol&#265;ajn
florojn, kaj kudri."
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Do the boys and girls wish to be good? 2. They gathered fresh flowers
and gave them to the woman. 3. The happy children were in the garden,
but now they are in the house. 4. The rooms in the house are light,
because they have large wide windows. 5. The doors in the room are
wide and high. 6. The carpets on the floor seem soft, and have various
beautiful colors. 7. A large strong table stands near the door. 8.
We can sit near the table and look through the windows. 9. Gertrude
is-looking-at the various pictures. 10. She looks-at them, and seems
to be happy. 11. She gave a picture to me and I thanked her. 12. Helen
walked near the table and shook it. 13. Arthur did not see the pictures
because they were lying on the floor. 14. He looked-at the pictures on
the wall, but they are neither interesting nor beautiful. 15. Robert
looked through the window, and saw us in the pleasant garden.
</p>


<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON VIII.</b></center>

<center>REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>38.</b> A pronoun which refers to the same person or thing as the
subject of the verb in the sentence, but is used in some other relation
than subject of that verb, is said to be used <i>reflexively</i>, or to
be a <i>reflexive pronoun</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------039.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>39.</b> The first and second personal pronouns, <b>mi</b>, <b>ni</b>,
and <b>vi</b>, (<b>ci</b>) are used for the reflexive pronouns of the
first and second persons. There can be no ambiguity, since words such as
"me, myself, us, ourselves," can refer to no one else than the person
or persons speaking; while words such as "you, yourself, yourselves
(thee, thyself)," can refer to no one else than the person or persons
addressed:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi vidas min</b>, <i>I see myself</i>.<br>
<b>Mi diris al mi</b>, <i>I said to myself</i>.<br>
<b>Ni havas tapi&#349;on sub ni</b>, <i>we have a carpet under us</i>.<br>
<b>Ni amuzis nin</b>, <i>we amused ourselves</i>.<br>
(<b>Ci trovas domon apud ci</b>, <i>thou findest a house near thee</i>.)<br>
<b>Vi diras al vi</b>, <i>you say to yourself (yourselves)</i>.<br>
<b>Vi amuzas vin</b>, <i>you amuse yourself (yourselves)</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>40.</b> When the verb is in the third person, a pronoun of the
third person, used otherwise than as the subject, might or might not
refer to the subject of that verb. For example, "He sees a bird near
him," may mean that the subject sees a bird near himself, or near
another person. If such a pronoun of the third person is intended to
refer to the subject of the verb, Esperanto uses a special reflexive
pronoun <b>si</b> (accusative <b>sin</b>), which means <i>him(self)</i>,
<i>her(self)</i>, <i>it(self)</i>, <i>them(selves)</i>, according to the
gender and number of the verb:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------040.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Li amuzas sin</b>, <i>he amuses himself</i>.<br>
<b>Arturo vidis birdon apud si</b>, <i>Arthur saw a bird near him(self)</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i trovas floron apud si</b>, <i>she finds a flower near her(self)</i>.<br>
<b>Mario trovis sin sur blua tapi&#349;o</b>, <i>Mary found herself on a blue carpet</i>.<br>
<b>La tapi&#349;o havas diversajn kolorojn en si</b>, <i>the carpet has various colors in it(self)</i>.<br>
<b>La birdo ka&#349;as sin sub la folioj</b>, <i>the bird hides itself under the leaves</i>.<br>
<b>Ili amuzas sin</b>, <i>they amuse themselves</i>.<br>
<b>La viroj havas se&#285;ojn apud si</b>, <i>the men have chairs near them(selves)</i>.<br>
<b>La virinoj trovas florojn apud si</b>, <i>the women find flowers near them(selves)</i>.<br>
<b>La arboj havas &#265;erizojn sur si</b>, <i>the trees have cherries on them(selves)</i>.<br>
<b>Sub si la infanoj trovis molan tapi&#349;on</b>, <i>under them(selves) the children found a soft carpet</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
From the very fact that <b>si</b> always <i>refers to</i> the subject
of the verb, it is evident that <b>si</b> can never itself be used as
subject or part of the subject of the verb.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>REFLEXIVE VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>41.</b> A verb having a reflexive pronoun for its direct object
is sometimes called a <i>reflexive verb</i>, from the fact that some
languages have had or still have a special reflexive or middle form of
the verb, to express an act of the subject on or for itself, or they
have certain verbs whose use is chiefly or exclusively reflexive. The
conjugation of a verb reflexively is therefore as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi amuzas min (mi min amuzas)</b>, <i>I amuse myself</i>.<br>
<b>vi amuzas vin (vi vin amuzas)</b>, <i>you amuse yourself</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) amuzas sin (sin amuzas)</b>, <i>he (she, it) amuses him (her, it)self</i>.<br>
<b>ni amuzas nin (ni nin amuzas)</b>, <i>we amuse ourselves</i>.<br>
<b>vi amuzas vin (vi vin amuzas)</b>, <i>you amuse yourselves</i>.<br>
<b>ili amuzas sin (ili sin amuzas)</b>, <i>they amuse themselves</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
As Greek
<!-- <i>[Greek: etraponto]</i>, --> <i>&#949;&#964;&#961;&#940;&#960;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#959;</i>,
<i>they turned themselves</i>;
Latin <i>exerceor</i>, <i>I exercise myself</i>, <i>vescor</i>, <i>I
eat</i> (<i>I feed myself</i>); German <i>ich h&uuml;te mich</i>,
<i>I beware</i> (<i>I guard myself</i>); Spanish <i>me alegro</i>, or
<i>al&eacute;grome</i>, <i>I rejoice</i> (<i>I gladden myself</i>); French
<i>il s'arr&#234;te</i>, <i>he halts</i> (<i>he stops himself</i>).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Alfredo</b>, <i>Alfred</i>.<br>
            <b>amuzi</b>, <i>to amuse</i>.<br>
            <b>anta&#365;</b>, <i>before, in front of</i>.<br>
            <b>aparteni</b>, <i>to belong</i>.<br>
            <b>griza</b>, <i>gray</i>.<br>
            <b>iri</b>, <i>to go</i>.<br>
            <b>Johano</b>, <i>John</i>.<br>
            <b>ka&#349;i</b>, <i>to hide, to conceal</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>komenci</b>, <i>to begin</i>.<br>
            <b>la&#365;di</b>, <i>to praise</i>.<br>
            <b>legi</b>, <i>to read</i>.<br>
            <b>libro</b>, <i>book</i>.<br>
            <b>perdi</b>, <i>to lose</i>.<br>
            <b>skatolo</b>, <i>small box or case</i>.<br>
            <b>strato</b>, <i>street</i>.<br>
            <b>si</b>, <i>himself, etc.</i> (40).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------041.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. Johano kaj Alfredo amuzis sin en la &#285;ardeno. 2. Johano
ka&#349;is sin, kaj Alfredo trovis Johanon. 3. Alfredo sin ka&#349;is
en alta arbo, kaj Johano trovis Alberton. 4. Mario kaj Gertrudo sin
ka&#349;is apud la floroj, kaj la knaboj trovis la knabinojn. 5. La
knabinoj ne volas perdi sin en la agrabla kampo. 6. Johano komencis
amuzi sin en luma &#265;ambro en la domo. 7. La muro havas interesajn
bildojn sur si. 8. Tra la fenestro anta&#365; si Johano rigardas
la virojn kaj la virinojn sur la strato. 9. Li havas molan grizan
tapi&#349;on sub si, kaj ne volas se&#285;on. 10. Li kaj Alfredo volis
iri al la strato kaj amuzi sin. 11. Ili mar&#349;is al la pordo, kaj
trovis ru&#285;an skatolon anta&#365; si. 12. En la skatolo estis libro,
kaj Johano diris al si "La libro ne apartenas al mi." 13. Li diris al
Alfredo "&#264;ar ni trovis &#285;in, mi volas legi la libron." 14.
Virino anta&#365; pordo komencis rigardi la knabojn, kaj ili diris
al &#349;i "&#264;u la libro apartenas al vi? Ni trovis &#285;in en
skatolo." 15. La virino diris "Jes, ni perdis &#285;in, kaj mi dankas
vin, &#265;ar vi donas al mi la skatolon kaj la libron." 16. &#348;i
iris al la strato, kaj la knaboj iris al la domo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------042.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The book in the gray box does not belong to me. 2. I found it in
front of me, near the door. 3. You began to praise yourselves, but I do
not praise myself. 4. They hid themselves, and I stood near them. 5. The
birds sit on the tree, because it has ripe cherries on it. 6. Alfred
amused himself on the street, but we like to amuse ourselves in the
house. 7. The trees have good fruit on them. 8. She found herself in a
beautiful light room. 9. The carpet on the floor had various colors in
it, and the high wall had pictures on it. 10. The pictures had boys and
girls in them. 11. The book belongs to her, but it fell from the box.
12. The table has red and blue and yellow flowers on it. 13. Did you see
the doves near the flowers in front of (before) you? 14. The birds saw
the fruit on the tree in front of them, and flew to the branches. 15. I
sat on the bench in the garden, and began to read an interesting book.
16. They hid themselves in the leaves and began to sing. 17. The child
is in a pleasant room.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON IX.</b></center>

<center>LIMITATION OF THE THIRD PERSONAL PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>42.</b> Since there is a special reflexive pronoun of the third
person, the third personal pronouns, <b>li</b>, <b>&#349;i</b>,
<b>&#285;i</b>, <b>ili</b>, when used otherwise than as subjects, never
refer to the subject of the verb, but always to some other person or
thing:
</p>

<p>
<b>La knabo la&#365;das lin</b>, <i>the boy praises him</i> (another person).<br>
<b>&#348;i donas pomojn al &#349;i</b>, <i>she gives apples to her</i> (to another person).<br>
<b>La birdo vidis &#285;in</b>, <i>the bird saw it</i> (something else than the bird).<br>
<b>La knaboj ka&#349;is ilin</b>, <i>the boys hid them</i> (other persons or things).<br>
<b>Ili trovis ilin apud si</b>, <i>they found them</i> (other persons or things) <i>near them(selves)</i>.<br>
<b>La birdoj flugis al ili</b>, <i>the birds flew to them</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------043.png---------------------------- -->

<center>POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.</center>

<p>
<b>43.</b> Words like "my," "his," "your," which indicate ownership
or some possessive relation, are called <i>possessive adjectives</i>.
Possessive adjectives are formed from the personal pronouns by adding
the adjective ending <b>-a</b>, as <b>mia</b>, <i>my</i>, <b>via</b>,
<i>your</i> (<b>cia</b>, <i>thy</i>), <b>lia</b>, <i>his</i>,
<b>&#349;ia</b>, <i>her</i>, <b>&#285;ia</b>, <i>its</i>, <b>nia</b>,
<i>our</i>, <b>via</b>, <i>your (plural)</i>, <b>ilia</b>, <i>their</i>.
The limitation in the use of the third personal pronouns (<b>42</b>) is
also true of the adjectives derived from them:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mia domo kaj miaj &#285;ardenoj estas grandaj</b>, <i>my house and my gardens are large</i>.<br>
<b>Johano sidas sur via se&#285;o</b>, <i>John is sitting in your chair</i>.<br>
<b>Li havas lian &#265;evalon</b>, <i>he has his</i> (another person's) <i>horse</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u vi legis &#349;iajn librojn?</b> <i>Did you read her books</i>?
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Sometimes these words are called possessive pronouns, although really
they are not pronouns at all, but pronominal adjectives with a
possessive meaning.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>44.</b> Reflexive possessive adjectives, like the reflexive pronoun,
refer to the subject of the verb in the sentence. For the first and
second persons, they are the same as the personal possessive adjectives.
The reflexive possessive adjective of the third person is <b>sia</b>,
<i>his</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>its</i>, <i>their</i>, formed by adding the
ending <b>-a</b> to the reflexive pronoun <b>si</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi havas miajn librojn sur mia tablo</b>, <i>I have my books on my table</i>.<br>
<b>Johano perdis siajn librojn</b>, <i>John lost his (John's) books</i>.<br>
<b>Mario estas en sia &#265;ambro</b>, <i>Mary is in her room</i>.<br>
<b>La birdoj flugis al sia arbo</b>, <i>the birds flew to their tree</i>.
</p>

<center>PRONOMINAL USE OF POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.</center>

<p>
<b>45.</b> Possessive adjectives may be used predicatively, as "the
book is mine," or may modify some word or words not expressed, as "mine
are large." Instead of having special forms, like English <i>mine</i>,
<i>yours</i>, <i>hers</i>, etc., Esperanto uses the regular possessive
adjectives preceded by the article:
</p>

<p>
<b>La granda libro estas la mia</b>, <i>the large book is mine</i>.<br>
<b>La via estas granda, la miaj estas belaj</b>, <i>yours is large, mine are beautiful</i>.<br>
<b>Ili havas la sian, sed ne la lian</b>, <i>they have theirs, but not his</i>.<br>
<b>La iliaj &#349;ajnas esti bonaj</b>, <i>theirs seem to be good</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------044.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>diro</b>, <i>saying, remark</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;is</b>, <i>as far as, up to, down to</i>.<br>
            <b>hiera&#365;</b>, <i>yesterday</i>.<br>
            <b>juna</b>, <i>young</i>.<br>
            <b>kapti</b>, <i>to catch, to seize</i>.<br>
            <b>kato</b>, <i>cat</i>.<br>
            <b>kolera</b>, <i>angry</i>.<br>
            <b>lavi</b>, <i>to wash</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>man&#285;o</b>, <i>meal</i>.<br>
            <b>nesto</b>, <i>nest</i>.<br>
            <b>pasero</b>, <i>sparrow</i>.<br>
            <b>patro</b>, <i>father</i>.<br>
            <b>post,</b> <i>after, behind</i>.<br>
            <b>surprizi</b>, <i>to surprise</i>.<br>
            <b>teni</b>, <i>to hold, to keep</i>.<br>
            <b>viza&#285;o</b>, <i>face</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>READING LESSON.</b></center>

<p>
1. Hiera&#365; mi perdis mian grizan katon. 2. Ilia kato kaptis nian
birdon. 3. Via kolera diro surprizis mian patron. 4. &#264;u la granda
kampo apartenas al &#349;ia patro? 5. Ne, &#285;i ne estas la lia. 6.
La lia estas bela, sed mi preferas la mian. 7. &#264;u vi &#349;atas
vian libron a&#365; la ilian? 8. Li havas nek siajn &#265;evalojn nek la
iliajn. 9. La knabinoj &#349;ajnas esti koleraj. 10. Ili komencis legi
siajn librojn. 11. La viro kaptis kaj tenis siajn &#265;evalojn, sed li
ne trovis iliajn &#265;evalojn. 12. &#348;ia libro ku&#349;as sur la
planko, post &#349;ia se&#285;o. 13. &#348;i ne trovis ilian libron, sed
la junaj infanoj trovis la nian.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------045.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA KATO KAJ LA PASERO.</b></center>

<p>
Griza kato iris de la domo &#285;is la strato. &#284;i vidis paseron
anta&#365; si, kaj volis man&#285;i &#285;in. La kato staris post
granda arbo, kaj kaptis la paseron. La pasero diris "Bona kato lavas
sin anta&#365; sia man&#285;o, sed vi ne lavis vian viza&#285;on." La
interesa diro surprizis la katon. La kato ne tenis la paseron, sed
komencis lavi sian viza&#285;on. La pasero flugis de la kato &#285;is
la arbo. La kolera kato diris "Mi perdis mian man&#285;on, &#265;ar mi
komencis lavi min anta&#365; la man&#285;o!" Nun la katoj ne lavas sin
anta&#365; la man&#285;oj. Ili havas siajn man&#285;ojn, kaj post la
man&#285;oj ili lavas la viza&#285;ojn. La paseroj ne surprizas ilin
nun, sed ili tenas la paserojn. La katoj estas feli&#265;aj, sed la
paseroj ne estas feli&#265;aj. La junaj paseroj volas flugi al la nestoj
en la arboj.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The boys are not in their (own) house, but they are in his. 2 Is the
large beautiful house yours? 3. The woman walked through the door of
their house, as far as her room. 4. The room has interesting pictures on
its walls. 5. We praised their flowers yesterday, and they gave them to
us. 6. Their books are in their (the books') box. 7. They are on their
(the boys') table. 8. The gray cat was angry because it did not hold the
bird. 9. The sparrow surprised it, and it commenced to wash its face.
10. The sparrow wished to fly as far as the tall tree, but the cat held
it. 11. The sparrow said "A good cat washes its face, but you are not a
good cat." 12. The sparrow was angry because the cat seized it and held
it. 13. The bird did not lose its meal, but the angry cat lost its meal.
14. Do you see his cat or hers? 15. I see both his and hers, but ours
is not in our garden. 16. My father is a tall strong man. 17. I like to
look at him. 18. The children saw the young birds in the nest.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------046.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON X.</b></center>

<center>THE ACCUSATIVE OF DIRECTION.</center>

<p>
<b>46.</b> When the verb in a sentence expresses motion, the word
indicating the place, person or thing toward which the motion is
directed is given the accusative ending. This is also true if the word
is the complement of any preposition which does not itself sufficiently
indicate motion in a certain direction. (The prepositions <b>al</b>,
<i>to, toward,</i> <b>&#285;is</b>, <i>as far as,</i> <b>tra</b>,
<i>through,</i> express motion in the direction of their complements,
and could not well be used except in a sentence whose verb expresses
motion. Consequently the accusative is not used after any of these
three):
</p>

<p>
<b>Li iris &#285;ardenon</b>, <i>he went to the garden ("gardenward").</i><br>
<b>La viro iros Bostonon</b>, <i>the man will go to Boston ("Bostonward").</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote" style="margin-top: 0; text-align: right">
<i>Cf.</i> English "he went home," "he went homeward," etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>Li estis en la &#285;ardeno</b>, kaj kuris en la domon, <i>he was in the garden and ran into the house.</i><br>
<b>&#284;i ne estas sur la tablo</b>, &#285;i falis sur la plankon, <i>it is not on the table, it fell upon the floor.</i><br>
<b>Ili falis sub la tablon &#285;is la planko</b>, <i>they fell under the table as far as the floor</i> (direction expressed by whole prepositional phrase).<br>
<b>Mi iris tra la domo en mian &#265;ambron</b>, <i>I went through the house into my room.</i>
</p>

<center>THE ARTICLE FOR THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>47.</b> In many sentences where the possessor is already sufficiently
indicated, English nevertheless uses a possessive adjective, as in "I
wash my face," "he shakes his head," but on the other hand omits it
entirely with certain words indicating relationship, as in "Brother gave
it to me," etc. In both cases Esperanto uses the article instead of the
possessive adjective, unless the fact of possession is to be emphasized:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi lavas la viza&#285;on</b>, <i>I wash my face.</i><br>
<b>Li skuas la kapon</b>, <i>he shakes his head.</i><br>
<b>La patro estas alta</b>, <i>Father is tall.</i><br>
<b>Mi donis &#285;in al la patro</b>, <i>I gave it to Father.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------047.png---------------------------- -->

<center>APPOSITION.</center>

<p>
<b>48.</b> English often uses the preposition "of" between two words
where no idea of possession really exists, as "the city of Boston."
Since nouns used in apposition refer to the same thing, and are in the
same grammatical construction, Esperanto does not use a preposition:
</p>

<p>
<b>La urbo Bostono estas granda</b>, <i>the city</i> (of) <i>Boston is large.</i><br>
<b>Mia amiko Johano estas alta</b>, <i>my friend John is tall.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi ne konas min</b>, vian amikon? <i>do you not know me, your friend?</i>
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>arabo</b>, <i>arab.</i><br>
            <b>balda&#365;</b>, <i>soon.</i><br>
            <b>Bostono</b>, <i>Boston.</i><br>
            <b>frato</b>, <i>brother.</i><br>
            <b>kamelo</b>, <i>camel.</i><br>
            <b>kapo</b>, <i>head.</i><br>
            <b>kolo</b>, <i>neck.</i><br>
            <b>korpo</b>, <i>body.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>meti</b>, <i>to put, to place.</i><br>
            <b>nazo</b>, <i>nose.</i><br>
            <b>nur</b>, <i>only, merely.</i><br>
            <b>pu&#349;i</b>, <i>to push.</i><br>
            <b>trans</b>, <i>across.</i><br>
            <b>tuta</b>, <i>whole, entire, all.</i><br>
            <b>urbo</b>, <i>city.</i><br>
            <b>varma</b>, <i>warm.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------048.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA ARABO KAJ LA KAMELO.</b></center>

<p>
Arabo sidis en sia domo en la urbo. Apud domo trans la strato li vidis
kamelon. La kamelo iris trans la straton &#285;is la pordo, kaj diris al
la arabo, "Frato, mi ne estas varma, mi volas meti nur la nazon en vian
varman domon." La arabo skuis la kapon, sed la kamelo metis la nazon tra
la pordo en la &#265;ambron. La kamelo komencis pu&#349;i sian tutan
viza&#285;on en la domon. Balda&#365; li havis la kapon &#285;is la
kolo en la domo. Post la kapo iris la kolo en &#285;in, kaj balda&#365;
la tuta korpo estis en la domo. La arabo estis kolera, &#265;ar li ne
volis havi tutan kamelon en sia domo. Li kuris al la kamelo, kaptis
lin, tenis lin, kaj diris, "Frato, vi volis meti nur la nazon en mian
domon. La &#265;ambro ne estas granda sed &#285;i estas la mia, kaj mi
preferas sidi en &#285;i." "Via diro estas bona," diris la kamelo, "via
domo ne estas granda, sed &#285;i estas varma, kaj mi &#349;atas stari
en &#285;i. Mi preferas stari kaj ku&#349;i en &#285;i, kaj mi donos al
vi mian arbon trans la strato. &#264;u vi ne volas iri sub la arbon?"
Kaj la kamelo pu&#349;is la arabon de lia domo en la straton de la urbo.
La kamelo nun trovis sin en varma &#265;ambro, sed la juna arabo staris
trans la strato kaj ne estis varma.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The cat ran across the street. 2. Across the street it found a
sparrow. 3. It caught the bird, but began to wash its face, and the
sparrow flew to the nest. 4. I went into the garden as far as the large
tree. 5. I did not hold my book, and it fell upon the floor. 6. It began
to fall under the table, but I seized it. 7. My brother pushed the
books into their box, and put it on the table. 8. We went to the city
of Boston yesterday and into a beautiful house. 9. The arab shook his
head and said, "No." 10. But the camel commenced to go through the door.
11. His remark did not seem to surprise the camel. 12. The camel pushed
its head and neck, and soon its whole body into the warm house. 13. It
wished to put merely its nose into it. 14. The arab was angry, because
it pushed itself into his house. 15. He said, "Brother, the house is
mine, and I do not wish to have you in it." 16. But soon after the
remark, the whole camel was in the house. 17. He pushed the young arab
into the street. 18. He went across the street and stood upon the grass
under a tree.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------049.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XI.</b></center>

<center>POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>49.</b> The preposition <b>de</b> is used to express possession or
connection:
</p>

<p>
<b>La muroj de la domo</b>, <i>the walls of the house.</i><br>
<b>La koloroj de la floroj</b>, <i>the colors of the flowers.</i><br>
<b>La libro de la knabo</b>, <i>the book of the boy (the boy's book).</i><br>
<b>Bran&#265;o de la arbo</b>, <i>a branch of the tree.</i><br>
<b>La &#285;ardeno de la viroj</b>, <i>the garden of the men (the men's garden).</i>
</p>

<center>IMPERSONAL VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>50.</b> Verbs with an impersonal or indeterminate subject, as "it
rains," "it is snowing," are called impersonal, because there is
no actual subject, the word "it" serving merely as an introductory
particle. No such particle is used with impersonal verbs in Esperanto:
</p>

<p>
<b>Pluvas</b>, <i>it rains, it is raining.</i><br>
<b>Ne&#285;is hiera&#365;</b>, <i>it snowed yesterday.</i>
</p>

<center>VERBS PRECEDING THEIR SUBJECTS.</center>

<p>
<b>51.</b> When the verb in a sentence precedes its subject, English
often uses an introductory particle, such as "there," "it." In Esperanto
no such particles are needed:
</p>

<p>
<b>Estas floroj sur la tablo</b>, <i>there are flowers on the table.</i><br>
<b>Estis Johano, ne Alfredo, en la &#285;ardeno</b>, <i>it was John, not Alfred, in the garden.</i><br>
<b>Estas domo en la kampo</b>, <i>there is a house in the field.</i><br>
<b>Estis mi</b>, <i>it was I.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------050.png---------------------------- -->

<center>COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>52.</b> Words like <b>a&#365;, kaj, nek, sed,</b> which join words,
word-groups, or sentences together are conjunctions. All the
conjunctions given so far connect words, phrases, or sentences of
similar rank or kind. These are called coordinating conjunctions, and
the words, phrases, or sentences connected by them are said to be
coordinate:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u vi mar&#349;as a&#365; kuras?</b><br>
(<b>A&#365;</b> connects the verbs.)
</p>

<p>
<b>&#348;i iris, kaj ni estis feli&#265;aj.</b><br>
(<b>Kaj</b> connects the sentences.)
</p>

<p>
<b>Nek vi nek mi vidis &#285;in.</b><br>
(The second <b>nek</b> connects the pronouns, the first being introductory and adverbial.)
</p>

<p>
<b>A&#365; li a&#365; &#349;i perdis la libron.</b><br>
(The second <b>a&#365;</b> connects the pronouns, the first being introductory and adverbial.)
</p>

<p>
<b>&#284;i falis sur la se&#285;on, sed ne sur la plankon.</b><br>
(<b>Sed</b> connects the phrases.)
</p>

<p>
<b>Li ne &#349;atis &#285;in. Tamen li tenis &#285;in.</b><br>
(<b>Tamen</b> connects the sentences.)
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
A phrase is a word-group forming an expression, but not containing a
verb, as "through the house," "of the man," "before me," etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Coordinating conjunctions may be further classified according to
their meaning: <b>A&#365;</b> is disjunctive, connecting alternates,
and expressing separation. <b>Kaj</b> is copulative, expressing
union. <b>Nek</b> is disjunctive, expressing separation and also
negation. <b>Sed</b> is adversative, expressing opposition, contrast,
or modification of a previous statement. <b>Tamen</b> is adversative,
affirming something in spite of a previous objection or concession.
<b>Do,</b> <i>so, then, consequently,</i> is argumentative, expressing a
logical inference or result in a somewhat conversational manner.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>akvo</b>, <i>water.</i><br>
            <b>amiko</b>, <i>friend.</i><br>
            <b>anka&#365;</b>, <i>also.</i><br>
            <b>bezoni</b>, <i>to need.</i><br>
            <b>dezerto</b>, <i>desert.</i><br>
            <b>fidela</b>, <i>faithful.</i><br>
            <b>mono</b>, <i>money.</i><br>
            <b>ne&#285;i</b>, <i>to snow.</i><br>
            <b>pluvi</b>, <i>to rain.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>porti</b>, <i>to carry.</i><br>
            <b>ri&#265;a</b>, <i>rich, wealthy.</i><br>
            <b>sablo</b>, <i>sand.</i><br>
            <b>sako</b>, <i>sack, bag.</i><br>
            <b>seka</b>, <i>dry.</i><br>
            <b>tamen</b>, <i>nevertheless.</i><br>
            <b>trinki</b>, <i>to drink.</i><br>
            <b>veni</b>, <i>to come.</i><br>
            <b>vojo</b>, <i>road, way.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------051.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA ARABO EN LA DEZERTO.</b></center>

<p>
Arabo iris trans grandan sekan dezerton. Kamelo, lia fidela amiko,
portis lin. La kamelo anka&#365; portis belajn tapi&#349;ojn, &#265;ar
la arabo estis ri&#265;a viro. La arabo havis ne nur tapi&#349;ojn, sed
anka&#365; sakojn. En la sakoj estis akvo, &#265;ar en la dezerto nek
pluvas nek ne&#285;as. La viro trinkis akvon, kaj anka&#365; donis akvon
al sia kamelo. La kamelo mar&#349;is kaj mar&#349;is, sed ne venis al
la domo de la arabo, &#265;ar ili perdis la vojon. La suno brilis, kaj
la sablo de la dezerto &#349;ajnis varma. La arabo ne trovis la vojon,
kaj balda&#365; li ne havis akvon. Tamen la kamelo mar&#349;is kaj
mar&#349;is, kaj balda&#365; la arabo vidis sakon anta&#365; si, sur la
seka sablo. Li estis feli&#265;a kaj diris al si "&#264;u estas akvo en
&#285;i? Mi volas trinki, kaj volas doni akvon al mia fidela kamelo."
Li anka&#365; volis lavi la tutan viza&#285;on en la akvo, &#265;ar li
estis varma. Post sia diro li kaptis la sakon, kaj komencis rigardi en
&#285;in. Li metis la nazon en &#285;in, sed ne trovis akvon en la sako.
Nek li nek lia fidela kamelo havis akvon, &#265;ar estis nur mono en
la sako. La arabo estis kolera, &#265;ar li ne volis monon, li bezonis
akvon. Li havis monon en sia domo en la urbo, kaj volis trovi akvon.
&#264;u li tamen metis la sakon trans la kolon de sia kamelo? Ne, li ne
volis meti &#285;in sur sian kamelon, &#265;ar li estis kolera. Li ne
tenis la sakon, sed &#285;i falis sur la sablon, kaj ku&#349;is apud li.
La sako nun ku&#349;as sur la sablo de la granda dezerto, kaj la mono
estas en &#285;i.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------052.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Today it is raining, but yesterday it was snowing. 2. Did your friend
John carry his chair into the house? 3. I saw your good friends on the
way to the city. 4. Is the large sack behind the door theirs? 5. Neither
she nor her brother saw the whole city. 6. They went to the city of
Boston and lost their way. 7. There are interesting houses across the
street. 8. The body of a camel is large, and its neck is long. 9. The
camel pushed its head into the house of the arab, and he was angry. 10.
On the sand in the desert there lies a sack. 11. In the sack there is
money. 12. The arab was warm, and wished to drink water. 13. He also
wished to give water to the faithful camel. 14. Nevertheless, he found
only money in the sack. 15. He was angry, and did not keep the sack.
16. Yesterday he wished to find money, but today he prefers water. 17.
Nevertheless there is only sand in the desert. 18. He wished to come
from the dry desert to the house of a faithful friend. 19. Both he and
his friends are rich. 20. They went to his house yesterday, and came to
theirs today. 21. They do not need money.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XII.</b></center>

<center>INDIRECT STATEMENTS.</center>

<p>
<b>53.</b> A statement made indirectly by means of a clause dependent upon a
verb meaning "say," "think," "know," "believe," or a similar expression,
as in "I know that he came," "I hear that he is good," is called an
<i>indirect statement.</i> (The <i>direct</i> statement is "he came,"
"he is good.") An indirect statement is joined to the main verb or
sentence by the subordinating conjunction <b>ke,</b> <i>that.</i>
</p>

<b>Mi diras ke li estas bona</b>, <i>I say that he is good.</i><br>
<b>Johano diras ke vi venis hiera&#365;</b>, <i>John says that you came yesterday.</i><br>
<b>&#348;i opinias ke estas mono en la sako</b>, <i>she thinks that there is money in the bag.</i><br>
<b>Ni vidas ke ne&#285;as</b>, <i>we see that it is snowing.</i>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
A clause is a group of words including a verb, which is dependent upon
or subordinate to a main verb or sentence, as "&mdash;that he came,"
"&mdash;when he went," "&mdash;that he is good," etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
In English the subordinating conjunction may sometimes be omitted,
either "I think that he is good," or "I think he is good," being usually
permissible. But in Esperanto there is no variation, and the conjunction
<b>ke</b> is never omitted.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------053.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE INDEFINITE PERSONAL PRONOUN <b>ONI</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>54.</b> When an indefinite personal pronoun is desired, as in the
expressions "one knows," "they say," "people say," "you can see," etc.,
the indefinite personal pronoun <b>oni</b> is used. This pronoun may
also be used in translating such expressions as "it is said," "I am
told," etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>Oni diras ke li estas ri&#265;a</b>, <i>they say (one says) that he is rich.</i><br>
<b>Oni vidas ke ili estas amikoj</b>, <i>one sees that they are friends.</i><br>
<b>Mi opinias ke oni &#349;atas lin</b>, <i>I think that people like him (that he is liked).</i><br>
<b>Oni diris al mi ke estas sablo en la dezerto</b>, <i>I was told (people said to me) that there is sand in the desert.</i><br>
<b>Oni opinias ke &#349;i estas feli&#265;a</b>, <i>it is thought (one thinks) that she is happy.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u oni vidis nin en la &#285;ardeno?</b> <i>Were we seen (did people see us) in the garden?</i><br>
<b>Oni &#349;atas agrablajn infanojn</b>, <i>people like agreeable children (agreeable children are liked).</i>
</p>

<center>THE FUTURE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>55.</b> The future tense of the verb expresses an act or state as
about to take place, or as one that will take place in future time. The
ending of this tense is <b>-os,</b> as <b>kuros,</b> <i>will run,</i>
<b>flugos,</b> <i>will fly,</i> <b>brilos,</b> <i>will shine.</i> The
conjugation of <b>esti</b> and also of <b>vidi</b> in the future tense
is as follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estos</b>, <i>I shall be.</i><br>
            <b>vi estos</b>, <i>you will be.</i><br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estos</b>, <i>he (she, it) will be.</i><br>
            <b>ni estos</b>, <i>we shall be.</i><br>
            <b>vi estos</b>, <i>you (plural) will be.</i><br>
            <b>ili estos</b>, <i>they will be.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi vidos</b>, <i>I shall see.</i><br>
            <b>vi vidos</b>, <i>you will see.</i><br>
            <b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) vidos</b>, <i>he (she, it) will see.</i><br>
            <b>ni vidos</b>, <i>we shall see.</i><br>
            <b>vi vidos</b>, <i>you (plural) will see.</i><br>
            <b>ili vidos</b>, <i>they will see.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------054.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>a&#365;di</b>, <i>to hear.</i><br>
            <b>blovi</b>, <i>to blow.</i><br>
            <b>greno</b>, <i>grain</i> (wheat, corn, etc.).<br>
            <b>ke</b>, <i>that</i> (conjunction).<br>
            <b>kontra&#365;</b>, <i>against</i>.<br>
            <b>montri</b>, <i>to show, to point out</i>.<br>
            <b>norda</b>, <i>north, northern</i>.<br>
            <b>nova</b>, <i>new</i>.<br>
            <b>okcidenta</b>, <i>west, western</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>oni</b>, (see <b>54</b>).<br>
            <b>opinii</b>, <i>to think, to opine</i>.<br>
            <b>orienta</b>, <i>east, eastern</i>.<br>
            <b>pluvo</b>, <i>rain</i>.<br>
            <b>suda</b>, <i>south, southern</i>.<br>
            <b>velki</b>, <i>to wilt, to wither</i>.<br>
            <b>vento</b>, <i>wind</i>.<br>
            <b>ventoflago</b>, <i>weathercock</i>.<br>
            <b>vetero</b>, <i>weather</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------055.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA VENTOFLAGO.</b></center>

<p>
Estis varma vetero, la suno brilis, kaj suda vento blovis. Tamen la nova
ventoflago sur la domo diris al si, "La sudan venton mi ne &#349;atas.
Mi preferas orientan venton." La vento orienta a&#365;dis la diron
kaj &#285;i venis kontra&#365; la ventoflagon. Pluvis kaj pluvis, kaj
oni estis kolera kontra&#365; la ventoflago, &#265;ar &#285;i montras
orientan venton. &#284;i diris, "Pluvas nun, sed la greno en la kampoj
bezonos sekan veteron. Oni estos kolera kontra&#365; mi, &#265;ar mi
montras orientan venton." La okcidenta vento a&#365;dis la ventoflagon,
kaj balda&#365; venis. &#284;i ne estis forta, sed &#285;i estis seka
kaj agrabla vento, kaj ne portis pluvon. La viroj, virinoj, kaj junaj
infanoj volis trinki, sed ili ne havis akvon. La greno kaj la floroj
velkis, kaj la frukto anka&#365; falis. La nova ventoflago diris, "Oni
estos kolera kontra&#365; mi, &#265;ar ne pluvas. Oni opinios ke,
&#265;ar mi montras okcidentan venton, la frukto falas, kaj la greno
kaj floroj velkas. Mi &#349;atas montri nek okcidentan nek orientan
venton!" Norda vento a&#365;dis kaj venis al la ventoflago. La vetero
ne estis agrabla, kaj la virinoj kaj la junaj infanoj ne estis varmaj.
Ne&#285;is, kaj oni estis kolera. Oni diris "La greno kaj la frukto
bezonas varman veteron, sed hodia&#365; ne&#285;as. Ni preferas la
sudan venton. Ni havis &#285;in, anta&#365; la orienta, la okcidenta,
kaj la norda ventoj. La ventoflago ne estas fidela amiko al ni. &#284;i
ne montras bonajn ventojn, kaj ni volas rompi &#285;in!" Oni kuris al
la domo, kaptis la novan ventoflagon, kaj anka&#365; rompis &#285;in.
&#284;i falis, kaj ku&#349;is sur la vojo anta&#365; la domo.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. One can see that the weathercock points-out the winds. 2. They say
that the west wind will be a dry wind. 3. The weathercock now shows that
an agreeable south wind blows. 4. People will be angry with (against)
the weathercock, because it points-out a north wind. 5. A north wind is
not warm, and the grain and fruit will need a warm wind. 6. It snowed,
and the young children were not warm, because the north wind blew. 7.
People will like a south wind, but an east wind will carry rain. 8.
Can one find money in the desert? 9. Do you think (that) he is in the
house? 10. He is said to be (they say that he is) on the street. 11.
It is thought (people think) that the camel is a faithful friend. 12.
I am told (people tell me) that the camel has a large body, and a long
neck. 13. One can see that it is not beautiful. 14. People do not like
to drink warm water. 15. Nevertheless we shall drink warm water in the
city. 16. It was beautiful weather yesterday, but today we shall have
good weather also. 17. I think that a warm wind will blow soon. 18. My
friend has a beautiful new house.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XIII.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN <b>TIU</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>56.</b> The demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b>, <i>that,</i> is used
to indicate a person or a definitely specified thing. The plural is
<b>tiuj</b>, <i>those:</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------056.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Tiu estas la via, kaj mi volas tiun</b>, <i>that is yours, and I wish that one.</i><br>
<b>Tiuj estos koleraj kontra&#365; vi</b>, <i>those will be angry with you.</i><br>
<b>Li a&#365;dis tiujn</b>, <i>he heard those (persons, or things).</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>57.</b> The demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b> is also used as a
<i>pronominal adjective</i>, in agreement with a noun:
</p>

<p>
<b>Tiu vento estos varma</b>, <i>that wind will be warm.</i><br>
<b>Mi vidas tiun ventoflagon</b>, <i>I see that weathercock.</i><br>
<b>Tiuj infanoj estas junaj</b>, <i>those children are young.</i><br>
<b>Mi trovos tiujn librojn</b>, <i>I shall find those books.</i>
</p>

<center>TENSES IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>58.</b> The verb in an indirect statement (53) or an indirect question
remains in the same tense in which it would be if the statement or
question were direct. (In English this is true only if the introductory
verb is present or future, since after an introductory past tense the
tense of the indirect quotation is changed, and <i>am, is, are, have,
will</i> become <i>was, were, had, would,</i> etc.)
</p>

<table class="novmargins">
   <tr><td align="center"><b>Mi</b></td> <td align="center"><b>diras</b></td> <td align="center"><b>ke</b></td> <td align="center"><b>li</b></td> <td align="center"><b>estas</b></td> <td align="center"><b>bona</b></td> <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>I say that he is good.</i></td></tr>
   <tr><td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>diris</b></td> <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>     <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>    <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>I said that he was good.</i></td></tr>
   <tr><td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>diros</b></td> <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>     <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>    <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>I shall say that he is good.</i></td></tr>
</table>

<table class="novmargins">
   <tr><td align="center"><b>Li</b></td> <td align="center"><b>miras</b></td> <td align="center"><b>&#265;u</b></td> <td align="center"><b>mi</b></td> <td align="center"><b>a&#365;das</b></td> <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>he wonders whether I hear.</i></td></tr>
   <tr><td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>miris</b></td> <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>       <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>          <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>he wondered whether I heard.</i></td></tr>
   <tr><td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>miros</b></td> <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>       <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>  <td align="center"><b>"</b></td>          <td align="left" nowrap>, <i>he will wonder whether I hear.</i></td></tr>
</table>

<!-- The next two lines don't really need to be in tables, but it keeps the spacing consistent here -->

<table class="novmargins">
   <tr><td nowrap><b>Mi opiniis ke &#285;i estas bona</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I thought that it was good</i> (I thought "<i>it is good</i>").</td></tr>
</table>

<table class="novmargins">
   <tr><td nowrap><b>Oni miris &#265;u li venos</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>they wondered whether he would come</i> (they wondered "<i>will he come?</i>").</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
An indirect question is introduced by <b>&#265;u</b>, whether, after
verbs meaning "ask," "wonder," "know," etc.: Mi miras &#265;u li
venis, <i>I wonder whether he came.</i> Oni demandas &#265;u li estas
ri&#265;a, <i>people ask whether he is rich.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------057.png---------------------------- -->

<center>FORMATION OF FEMININE NOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>59.</b> Feminine nouns corresponding to distinctly masculine nouns
such as <b>frato</b>, <b>knabo</b>, <b>viro</b>, may be formed from
these by inserting the suffix <b>-in-</b> just before the noun-ending
<b>-o:</b>
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>fratino</b>, <i>sister</i> (from frato, <i>brother</i>).<br>
            <b>knabino</b>, <i>girl</i> (from knabo, <i>boy</i>).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>patrino</b>, <i>mother</i> (from patro, <i>father</i>).<br>
            <b>virino</b>, <i>woman</i> (from viro, <i>man</i>).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> English names similarly formed from masculine names,
as <i>Pauline, Josephine, Ernestine, Geraldine,</i> etc., also
German <i>K&ouml;nigin</i>, queen, from <i>K&ouml;nig</i>, king;
<i>L&ouml;win</i>, lioness, from <i>L&ouml;we</i>, lion, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>almena&#365;</b>, <i>at least.</i><br>
            <b>&#265;apelo</b>, <i>hat.</i><br>
            <b>&#265;ielo</b>, <i>sky, heaven.</i><br>
            <b>filo</b>, <i>son.</i><br>
            <b>konstrui</b>, <i>to build.</i><br>
            <b>miri</b>, <i>to wonder.</i><br>
            <b>morga&#365;</b>, <i>tomorrow.</i><br>
            <b>nubo</b>, <i>cloud.</i><br>
            <b>ombrelo</b>, <i>umbrella.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>paroli</b>, <i>to talk, to speak.</i><br>
            <b>parko</b>, <i>park.</i><br>
            <b>preska&#365;</b>, <i>almost.</i><br>
            <b>pri</b>, <i>concerning, about.</i><br>
            <b>promeni</b>, <i>to take a walk.</i><br>
            <b>super</b>, <i>above.</i><br>
            <b>timi</b>, <i>to fear, to be afraid (of).</i><br>
            <b>tiu</b>, <i>that (56).</i><br>
            <b>zorga</b>, <i>careful.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>


<!-- -----------------------------058.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>EN LA PARKO.</b></center>

<p>
Miaj junaj amiko kaj amikino, kaj anka&#365; ilia patrino, iris
hiera&#365; al la parko. La infanoj diris al la patrino ke la parko
estas agrabla, kaj ke ili volas promeni en &#285;i. La knabino parolis
al sia frato pri la belaj floroj. &#348;i diris al li ke la floroj
velkas, kaj ke la herbo en preska&#365; la tuta parko bezonas pluvon.
La knabo diris hodia&#365; al mi ke hiera&#365; li kaj lia fratino
a&#365;dis la birdojn en la arboj super siaj kapoj. Li diris ke li
miris pri tiuj birdoj, tamen li opinias ke la birdoj balda&#365;
konstruos siajn nestojn en tiuj arboj. La infanoj promenis, kaj
balda&#365; ili vidis ke grizaj nuboj venas sur la &#265;ielon, kaj
mia juna amikino timis ke pluvos. &#348;i parolis al la patrino pri la
nuboj kaj la pluvo, montris al &#349;i la grizajn nubojn, kaj diris
ke si volas iri al la domo. Ili komencis mar&#349;i al la strato, kaj
preska&#365; kuris, &#265;ar ili ne havis ombrelon. Tra la fenestroj
de la domoj oni rigardis ilin, kaj la knabo miris &#265;u li kaj
liaj patrino kaj fratino amuzas tiujn virojn kaj virinojn. Tamen la
patrino diris ke &#349;i ne timas ke &#349;i amuzos tiujn, sed ke
&#349;i timas la pluvon. &#348;i kaj la filino volas esti zorgaj pri
almena&#365; la novaj &#265;apeloj. La filo diris al &#349;i ke li
anka&#365; estas zorga, sed ke li opinias ke ne pluvos. Balda&#365;
la patro venis al ili, kaj portis ombrelojn, &#265;ar li anka&#365;
timis la pluvon. Li miris &#265;u la infanoj kaj ilia patrino havas
ombrelojn. Balda&#365; pluvis, sed ili estis sekaj, &#265;ar ili havis
la ombrelojn. Morga&#365; ili ne promenos en la parko, sed iros al la
urbo.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The east wind is dry and the south wind will be too warm. 2. A
west wind blew against the weathercock, but the grain needed a south
wind. 3 A north wind is blowing and I think that it will soon snow. 4.
It (51) will be beautiful weather tomorrow, because a pleasant wind
is now blowing. 5. The flowers will wither because those children
gathered them. 6. They are talking about that park, but I do not wish to
take-a-walk, because there are clouds in (on) the sky. 7. At least we
shall take an umbrella, and my brother will hold it over our heads. 8.
My sister said "Mother and I are-afraid that it will rain." 9. My young
sister will be careful about that new umbrella. 10. I wonder whether
she will take-a-walk tomorrow. 11. That park is pleasant and the grass
is soft and green. 12. The birds are building their nests now, in those
branches above our heads. 13. The sky above us is blue, and a west wind
is beginning to blow. 14. I can see that weathercock, on that large
house near the park. 15. Mother says that my sister will have a new hat
tomorrow. 16. She will be careful of (about) that hat. 17. My father's
friend is very careful of his son. 18. One sees that he is not a strong
boy.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------059.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XIV.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN <b>&#264;I TIU</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>60.</b> The demonstrative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) meaning
"this" is formed by using with <b>tiu</b> (56) the word <b>&#265;i</b>,
which expresses the general idea of nearness or proximity. (Consequently
the literal meaning of <b>&#265;i tiu</b> is <i>that one nearby</i>,
<i>that one here</i>.) The word <b>&#265;i</b> may either precede or
follow the pronoun:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;i tiu estas la mia</b>, <i>this is mine</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vidis &#265;i tiun</b>, <i>I saw this one</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u vi volas tiujn &#265;i?</b> <i>Do you wish these?</i><br>
<b>&#264;i tiu knabino estas mia fratino</b>, <i>this girl is my sister</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vidis &#265;i tiujn &#265;apelojn</b>, <i>I saw these hats</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;i tiuj amikoj promenos</b>, <i>these friends will take a walk</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>61.</b> The words <b>tiu</b> and <b>&#265;i tiu</b> may be used to
distinguish between persons or things <i>previously</i> mentioned and
<i>just</i> mentioned:
</p>

<p class="leftjustified1">
<b>Gertrude kaj Mario estas en la parko. Tiu rigardas la florojn, &#265;i tiu kolektas ilin.</b><br>
<i>Gertrude and Mary are in the park. The former (that one) looks at the flowers, the latter (this one) gathers them.</i>
</p>

<center>POSSESSIVE FORM OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>62.</b> To express possession, the demonstrative pronouns <b>tiu</b>
and <b>&#265;i tiu</b> have the special possessive or genitive forms
<b>ties</b>, <i>that one's</i>, and <b>&#265;i ties</b>, <i>this
one's</i>. The use of <b>ties</b> and <b>&#265;i ties</b> to mean
"the former" and "the latter" is similar to the use of <b>tiu</b> and
<b>&#265;i tiu</b> shown in 61:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------060.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Mi iris al ties domo</b>, <i>I went to that one's house</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;i ties filoj estas junaj</b>, <i>this person's (this one's) sons are young</i>.<br>
<b>Mi &#349;atas ties koloron, sed preferas &#265;i tiun floron</b>, <i>I like that one's color, but prefer this flower</i>.<br>
<b>La patro kaj lia amiko parolas pri siaj domoj. Ties estas nova, sed &#265;i ties &#349;ajnas bela</b>, <i>Father and his friend are talking about their houses. The former's is new, but the latter's seems beautiful</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-IL-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>63.</b> Names of instruments, tools or utensils may be formed by
adding the suffix <b>-il-</b> (followed by the ending <b>-o</b>) to
roots whose meaning permits:
</p>

<p>
<b>flugilo</b>, <i>wing</i> (from <b>flugi</b>, <i>to fly</i>).<br>
<b>kaptilo</b>, <i>snare, trap</i> (from <b>kapti</b>, <i>to catch</i>).<br>
<b>kudrilo</b>, <i>needle</i> (from <b>kudri</b>, <i>to sew</i>).<br>
<b>montrilo</b>, <i>indicator, (clock) hand</i> (from <b>montri</b>, <i>to point out, show</i>).<br>
<b>tenilo</b>, <i>handle</i> (from <b>teni</b>, <i>to hold</i>).
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The root of a word is that part of it which contains the essential
meaning, and to which the verb endings <b>-i</b>, <b>-as</b>,
<b>-is</b>, <b>-os</b>, the noun ending <b>-o</b>, the adjective
ending <b>-a</b>, etc., are attached, when no suffix intervenes. Thus,
<b>vir-</b> is the root of <b>viro</b> and of <b>virino</b>; <b>kur-</b>
is the root of <b>kuri</b>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE EXPRESSION OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENTALITY.</center>

<p>
<b>64.</b> The means or instrumentality through which an act is
accomplished is expressed by use of the preposition <b>per</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Oni kudras per kudrilo</b>, <i>one sews by means of (with) a needle</i>.<br>
<b>La birdoj flugas per flugiloj</b>, <i>the birds fly by (with) wings</i>.<br>
<b>Li amuzas sin per tiuj bildoj</b>, <i>he amuses himself with (by) those pictures</i>.<br>
<b>Mi trovis &#285;in per via helpo</b>, <i>I found it by (through) your help</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bu&#349;o</b>, <i>mouth</i>.<br>
            <b>dekstra</b>, <i>right (not left)</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;i</b> (see 60).<br>
            <b>forko</b>, <i>fork</i>.<br>
            <b>helpo</b>, <i>help</i>.<br>
            <b>kafo</b>, <i>coffee</i>.<br>
            <b>kulero</b>, <i>spoon</i>.<br>
            <b>mano</b>, <i>hand</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>per</b>, <i>by means of</i> (64).<br>
            <b>supo</b>, <i>soup</i>.<br>
            <b>telero</b>, <i>plate</i>.<br>
            <b>terpomo</b>, <i>potato</i>.<br>
            <b>ties</b>, <i>that one's</i> (62).<br>
            <b>tran&#265;i</b>, <i>to cut</i>.<br>
            <b>tre</b>, <i>very, exceedingly</i>.<br>
            <b>viando</b>, <i>meat</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------061.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA MAN&#284;O.</b></center>

<p>
Hiera&#365; mi miris &#265;u mi havos bonan man&#285;on en la domo de
mia amiko. Sed mi opiniis ke mi havos tre bonan man&#285;on, &#265;ar
mia amiko &#349;atas doni bonajn man&#285;ojn al siaj amikoj. Oni metis
tre bonan supon anta&#365; mi, kaj mi man&#285;is tiun per granda
kulero. Post la supo mi havis viandon. &#264;i tiun mi tenis per forko,
kaj tran&#265;is per akra tran&#265;ilo. La forko, tran&#265;ilo kaj
kulero estas man&#285;iloj. Mi havis ne nur viandon, sed anka&#365;
novajn terpomojn. Mi tran&#265;is tiujn &#265;i per la tran&#265;ilo,
sed mi metis ilin en la bu&#349;on per forko. Mi tenis la forkon en
la dekstra mano, kaj metis la tran&#265;ilon trans mian teleron. Oni
bezonas akran tran&#265;ilon, sed oni ne bezonas tre akran forkon.
Post la viando kaj la terpomoj, oni donis al mi fre&#349;ajn maturajn
&#265;erizojn. Ili ku&#349;is sur granda telero, kaj havis belan
koloron. Ilia gusto estis anka&#365; bona. Mi preska&#365; ne diris
ke mi anka&#365; havis kafon. Mi parolos morga&#365; al mia amiko pri
lia kafo, kaj la&#365;dos &#285;in. Post la man&#285;o, najbaro de mia
amiko venis en &#265;i ties domon, kaj ili parolis al mi pri siaj novaj
domoj. Per la helpo de sia patro, mia amiko konstruos grandan domon. Lia
najbaro volas konstrui belan sed ne tre grandan domon. Ties nova domo
estos bela, sed mi opinias ke mi preferos &#265;i ties domon. Mia amiko
volis doni almena&#365; kafon al sia najbaro, sed li diris ke li ne
volas trinki kafon. Tamen li volis persikon. Li tenis tiun en la mano,
kaj man&#285;is tiun.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------062.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The birds have very strong wings on their bodies, but they do not
have hands. 2. They will build their nests, and sing about the young
birds. 3. Those children were talking to me yesterday about their cat.
4. They said that it likes to catch and eat sparrows. 5. Tomorrow it
will hide (itself) behind a tree, and will catch a young sparrow. 6. The
children will gather peaches in that-person's garden, and will put them
upon a plate. 7. They will shake the whole tree by means of a branch. 8.
The sweet fruit above them will fall upon the soft green grass. 9. The
children wondered whether the cherries were ripe. 10. They seem almost
ripe, and tomorrow the children will pick (gather) them, with the help
of their father. 11. It is said (54) that the grain in that-man's field
very [much] needs rain. 12. People also think that the flowers will
wither, for (because) it did not rain yesterday or today. 13. My careful
young friend will carry an umbrella in his hand tomorrow, because he
fears the rain. 14. He sees those gray clouds in (on) the sky. 15. He
holds the umbrella by its handle. 16. The weathercock is an indicator
concerning the weather. 17. One eats meat with a fork, and soup with a
spoon. 18. One holds the spoon in the right hand. 19. A knife is sharp,
but one does not need a sharp fork. 20. We shall have a very good meal,
and also very good coffee.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XV.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>65.</b> The demonstrative adjective related to the demonstrative
pronoun <b>tiu</b> (56) is <b>tia</b>, <i>that kind of, that sort of,
such:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Tia floro estas bela</b>, <i>that kind of a flower is beautiful.</i><br>
<b>Mi &#349;atas tian viandon</b>, <i>I like that sort of meat.</i><br>
<b>Tiaj najbaroj estas agrablaj</b>, <i>such (that kind of) neighbors are pleasant.</i><br>
<b>Mi volas a&#365;di tiajn birdojn</b>, <i>I wish to hear such birds.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------063.png---------------------------- -->

<center>ADVERBS DEFINED AND CLASSIFIED.</center>

<p>
<b>66.</b> An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb,
adjective, another adverb, or phrase. It may express manner, time,
degree, negation, etc. Adverbs are either primary, as "now," "almost,"
or derived, as "glad-ly," "sweet-ly," The Esperanto primary adverbs
given in this and in preceding lessons may be classified as follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="2" align="center">(<i>a</i>) Temporal Adverbs (expressing time).</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>balda&#365;</b>, <i>soon</i>.<br>
            <b>hiera&#365;</b>, <i>yesterday</i>.<br>
            <b>hodia&#365;</b>, <i>today</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>morga&#365;</b>, <i>tomorrow</i>.<br>
            <b>nun</b>, <i>now</i>.<br>
            <b>tuj</b>, <i>immediately</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="2" align="center">(<i>b</i>) Adverbs of Degree.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>almena&#365;</b>, <i>at least</i>.<br>
            <b>nur</b>, <i>merely</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>preska&#365;</b>, <i>almost</i>.<br>
            <b>tre</b>, <i>very, much</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="2" align="center">(<i>c</i>) Adverbs Expressing Other Ideas.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            addition: <b>anka&#365;</b>, <i>also</i>.<br>
            interrogation: <b>&#265;u</b>, (<b>30</b>).<br>
            proximity: <b>&#265;i</b>, (<b>60</b>).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            emphasis: <b>e&#265;</b>, <i>even</i>.<br>
            affirmation: <b>jes</b>, <i>yes</i>.<br>
            negation: <b>ne</b>, <i>not, no</i>, (<b>27</b>).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>a.</b> An adverb usually precedes, but may also follow, the word
or words which it modifies. It must be so placed as to leave no doubt
about which of two words or word-groups it is intended to modify. Thus,
<b>mi preska&#365; volis havi tiun</b> clearly means <i>I almost wished
to have that</i>; but <b>mi volis preska&#365; havi tiun</b> might
mean either "I <i>almost wished</i> to have that," or more probably
"I wished <i>almost to have</i> that." An example of permissible
variation in the position of adverbs is shown in questions to which
an affirmative answer is expected. Such questions may be put in the
form of a statement, followed by <b>&#265;u ne</b> (instead of having
<b>&#265;u</b> introduce the sentence, with <b>ne</b> in its normal
position):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------064.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Li venos, &#265;u ne?</b> <i>He will come, will he not?</i><br>
<b>La vetero estas bela, &#265;u ne?</b> <i>The weather is beautiful, is it not?</i><br>
<b>Vi a&#365;dis tiun diron, &#265;u ne?</b> <i>You heard that remark, did you not?</i>
</p>

<center>FORMATION OF OPPOSITES.</center>

<p>
<b>67.</b> If the meaning of a word is such that it can have a direct
opposite, such opposite may be formed from it by use of the prefix
<b>mal-</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>malalta</b>, <i>low, short</i> (from <b>alta</b>, <i>high, tall</i>).<br>
<b>malamiko</b>, <i>enemy</i> (from <b>amiko</b>, <i>friend</i>).<br>
<b>maldekstra</b>, <i>left</i> (from <b>dekstra</b>, <i>right</i>).<br>
<b>malhelpi</b>, <i>to hinder</i> (from <b>helpi</b>, <i>to help</i>).<br>
<b>maljuna</b>, <i>aged, old</i> (from <b>juna</b>, <i>young</i>).<br>
<b>malnova</b>, <i>old, not new</i> (from <b>nova</b>, <i>new</i>).
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> English <i>malcontent</i>, "discontented," <i>maladroit</i>,
"clumsy."
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dum</b>, <i>during</i>.<br>
            <b>e&#265;</b>, <i>even</i>.<br>
            <b>gardi</b>, <i>to guard</i>.<br>
            <b>helpi</b>, <i>to help, to aid</i>.<br>
            <b>honti</b>, <i>to be ashamed</i>.<br>
            <b>kara</b>, <i>dear</i>.<br>
            <b>kontenta</b>, <i>satisfied</i>.<br>
            <b>kura&#285;a</b>, <i>courageous</i>.<br>
            <b>nokto</b>, <i>night</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>povi</b>, <i>to be able</i>.<br>
            <b>preni</b>, <i>to take</i>.<br>
            <b>propono</b>, <i>proposal</i>.<br>
            <b>respondi</b>, <i>to answer</i>.<br>
            <b>ruza</b>, <i>sly, cunning</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;teli</b>, <i>to steal</i>.<br>
            <b>tia</b>, <i>that kind of</i> (65).<br>
            <b>tuj</b>, <i>immediately</i>.<br>
            <b>vo&#265;o</b>, <i>voice</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------065.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA RUZA JUNA VIRO.</b></center>

<p>
Ruza juna viro kaj bona maljuna viro iris trans dezerton. Tiu havis
nigran &#265;evalon, &#265;i tiu havis blankan &#265;evalon. "Vi gardos
niajn &#265;evalojn dum la nokto, &#265;u ne?" diris la juna viro per
dol&#265;a vo&#265;o al sia amiko, "&#264;ar dum la nokto oni ne povos
vidi mian nigran &#265;evalon, sed malamikoj povos tuj vidi vian blankan
&#265;evalon. Oni povos &#349;teli tian &#265;evalon, &#265;ar vi estas
maljuna kaj malforta, kaj ne povos malhelpi malamikojn." Tia propono
ne &#349;ajnis agrabla al la maljuna viro. Li ne estis kontenta, tamen
li ne volis perdi sian &#265;evalon, &#265;ar li estis malri&#265;a.
Li diris al si ke li donos sian blankan &#265;evalon al la juna viro,
kaj prenos ties nigran &#265;evalon. Tuj li diris al &#265;i tiu "Sed
per via helpo mi ne perdos mian &#265;evalon: mi donos la mian al vi,
kaj prenos vian &#265;evalon. La via estas malbela, sed &#285;i estas
almena&#365; nigra; vi donos &#285;in al mi, &#265;u ne?" "Jes,"
respondis la ruza juna viro, kaj li donis sian nigran &#265;evalon al
tiu, kaj prenis la blankan &#265;evalon. "Nun," diris la maljuna viro,
"Vi estas kura&#285;a kaj forta, kaj vi gardos la &#265;evalojn, &#265;u
ne? Vi povos malhelpi malamikojn per tiu granda akra tran&#265;ilo, kaj
oni ne povos &#349;teli vian blankan &#265;evalon." La ruza juna viro
ne hontis. Li respondis "Mia kara amiko, mi nun dormos, &#265;ar oni
ne &#349;telos blankan &#265;evalon. Mi povos vidi tian &#265;evalon
dum la nokto, kaj malhelpi malamikojn. Sed tiu &#265;evalo via (<i>that
horse of yours</i>) havas la koloron de la nokto, kaj e&#265; nun oni
povas &#349;teli &#285;in." La malkontenta maljuna viro diris per kolera
vo&#265;o "&#264;u vi ne hontas pri tia propono?" Tamen la ruza juna
viro tuj komencis dormi, kaj la maljuna viro gardis la &#265;evalojn dum
la tuta nokto.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------066.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b><br>
   (Words to be formed with the prefix mal- are italicised.)
</center>

<p>
1. Does one eat potatoes and meat with a fork or a spoon? 2. One puts
soup into the mouth by means of a spoon. 3. One cuts fruit with a knife,
and puts the fruit upon a plate. 4. The coffee was <i>cold</i>, and I
was much <i>dissatisfied</i>. 5. My knife was <i>dull</i>, nevertheless
I almost immediately cut my (the) <i>left</i> hand. 6. I was ashamed,
but I think that the handle of that knife was very <i>short</i>. 7.
The grass is <i>wet</i> today, and I fear that we shall not be able
to take a walk, even in that <i>small</i> park. 8. I <i>dislike</i>
to go-walking upon the <i>hard</i> streets. 9. The courageous young
man and his <i>aged</i> friend talked about their <i>enemies</i>. 10.
They wished to be careful about their horses. 11. The young man was
very sly, and wished to sleep during the night. 12. He said that one
can steal a black horse during the <i>dark</i> night. 13. He said
that either (<i>a&#365;</i>) he or the <i>old</i> man would guard the
horses. 14. The <i>old</i> man answered that he would give to him his
[own] white horse. 15. He took that one's black horse. 16. He was
ashamed, and was very angry at his <i>faithless</i> friend. 17. But he
<i>stayed-awake</i>, and guarded the horses.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XVI.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.</center>

<p>
<b>68.</b> The demonstrative adverbs of place related to the pronouns
<b>tiu</b> and <b>&#265;i tiu</b> are <b>tie</b>, <i>there, in (at) that
place</i>, and <b>&#265;i tie</b>, <i>here, in (at) this place</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La telero estas tie</b>, <i>the plate is there (in that place)</i>.<br>
<b>La libroj ku&#349;as &#265;i tie</b>, <i>the books lie here (in this place)</i>.<br>
<b>Mi trovis vin tie kaj lin tie &#265;i</b>, <i>I found you there and him here.</i><br>
<b>Tie la vetero &#349;ajnas tre agrabla</b>, <i>there the weather seems very pleasant.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>69.</b> If the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place
indicated by <b>tie</b> or <b>&#265;i tie</b>, the ending <b>-n</b> is
added to the adverb (46), forming <b>tien</b>, <i>thither, there</i>,
and <b>&#265;i tien</b>, <i>hither, here</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li iros tien</b>, <i>he will go there (thither)</i>.<br>
<b>Mi venis &#265;i tien</b>, <i>I came here (hither)</i>.<br>
<b>Ni estis tie, kaj venis &#265;i tien</b>, <i>we were there and came here
(hither)</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------067.png---------------------------- -->

<center>ACCOMPANIMENT.</center>

<p>
<b>70.</b> Accompaniment or association is expressed by the preposition
<b>kun</b>, <i>with, along with</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La viro venis kun sia amiko</b>, <i>the man came with his friend</i>.<br>
<b>Mi promenos kun vi</b>, <i>I shall go walking with you</i>.<br>
<b>La knabo kun tiu viro estas lia frato</b>, <i>the boy with that man is his brother</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>Kun</b> must not be confused with <b>per</b> (64), which expresses
instrumentality, although per may often be translated by English
"with." The English preposition "with" may be said to have three rather
clearly defined different meanings. In the linguistic history of this
word, the original meaning was "against," still shown in <i>fight
with, strive with, contend with, withstand</i>, etc. (<i>Cf.</i>
German <i>widerstreiten</i>, to strive with, <i>widerhalten</i>, to
resist, etc.) Gradually this word "with" usurped the meaning of the
original preposition "mid," expressing association or accompaniment
(<i>cf.</i> German <i>mit</i>, "with", which it crowded out of
the language except in one unimportant compound). The word "by"
was also encroaching upon "mid" from another direction, and so
"mid's" successor "with" came to be interchangeable with "by" in
expressing instrumentality. Thus, English "with" indicates opposition,
accompaniment, or instrumentality, for which three senses Esperanto has
the three prepositions <b>kontra&#365;</b>, <b>kun</b>, and <b>per</b>,
respectively.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE ADVERB <b>FOR</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>71.</b> The adverb <b>for</b>, <i>away</i>, may be used
independently, as <b>Li iris for de mi</b>, <i>he went away from me</i>,
but it is more frequently used as a prefix to give a sense of departure,
loss or somewhat forcible removal:
</p>

<p>
<b>foriri</b>, <i>to go away, to depart</i>.<br>
<b>forkuri</b>, <i>to run away, to escape</i>.<br>
<b>forlasi</b>, <i>to leave alone, to abandon, to desert</i>.<br>
<b>forman&#285;i</b>, <i>to eat away, to eat up</i>.<br>
<b>forpreni</b>, <i>to take away, to remove</i>.<br>
<b>fortrinki</b>, <i>to drink away, to drink up</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. the prefix <i>for-</i> in English "forfend," <i>to keep away,
to avert</i>, "forbid," <i>to exclude from, to command against</i>,
"forbear," <i>to refrain from</i>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------068.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE MEANING OF <b>POVI</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>72.</b> The verb <b>povi</b>, to be able, is used to translate
English <i>can</i>, which is defective, that is, does not occur in all
of the forms a verb may have:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi povas paroli</b>, <i>I am able to talk, I can talk.</i><br>
<b>Mi povis paroli</b>, <i>I was able to talk, I could talk.</i><br>
<b>Mi povos paroli</b>, <i>I shall be able to talk,</i> &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;.<br>
<b>Mi volas povi paroli</b>, <i>I wish to be able to talk,</i> &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>el</b>, <i>out of, out</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;irka&#365;</b>, <i>around, roundabout</i>.<br>
            <b>for</b>, <i>away</i> (71).<br>
            <b>frua</b>, <i>early</i>.<br>
            <b>glavo</b>, <i>sword</i>.<br>
            <b>horo</b>, <i>hour</i>.<br>
            <b>kun</b>, <i>with</i> (70).<br>
            <b>lasi</b>, <i>to leave</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>peli</b>, <i>to drive, to chase</i>.<br>
            <b>po&#349;o</b>, <i>pocket</i>.<br>
            <b>rajdi</b>, <i>to ride</i>.<br>
            <b>rapidi</b>, <i>to hasten</i>.<br>
            <b>resti</b>, <i>to remain, to stay</i>.<br>
            <b>sa&#285;a</b>, <i>wise</i>.<br>
            <b>tie</b>, <i>there</i> (68).<br>
            <b>voki</b>, <i>to call</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------069.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>MALAMIKOJ EN LA DEZERTO.</b></center>

<p>
Juna viro kaj lia sa&#285;a patro volis iri trans la dezerton, kun siaj
amikoj. La amikoj estis fortaj, kaj la juna viro estis tre kura&#285;a.
Ili restis en malgranda urbo dum la nokto, kaj forrajdis kun tiuj
amikoj. La patro kaj la filo opiniis ke la amikoj kun ili povos helpi
per siaj akraj glavoj. Ili opiniis ke ili povos forpeli la malamikojn.
E&#265; en la dezerto oni trovas malamikojn. Tiaj malamikoj forprenas
la monon de bonaj viroj. La juna viro estis kontenta, &#265;ar li
estis kun la amikoj. La maljuna viro estis kontenta &#265;ar li estis
kun sia filo. Balda&#365; la nokto venis. Estis tre malluma tie en la
dezerto, kaj ili preska&#365; ne povis vidi. Dum la fruaj horoj de la
nokto la patro a&#365;dis vo&#265;ojn, kaj preska&#365; tuj li vidis la
malamikojn. La ruzaj malbonaj viroj rapidis tien, kaj vokis la maljunan
viron. La malkura&#285;aj amikoj de la patro kaj filo nek restis tie,
nek helpis forpeli la malamikojn. Ili tuj forkuris. La malamikoj staris
&#265;irka&#365; la patro, kaj forpu&#349;is lin de lia &#265;evalo.
La filo volis malhelpi ilin, sed li ne povis. Li povis nur resti kun
la patro, kaj gardi lin tie kontra&#365; la glavoj de la malamikoj.
Balda&#365; la malamikoj komencis forpreni la monon el la po&#349;oj
de la sa&#285;a maljuna viro. La kolera filo diris per maldol&#265;a
(<i>bitter</i>) vo&#265;o "&#264;u vi ne hontas? &#264;u vi lasos al
ni nek la &#265;evalojn nek nian monon?" Sed la malamikoj respondis
"Ne, ni lasos al vi nek la &#265;evalojn nek la monon. Ni ne estas
malsa&#285;aj." Post tiu diro ili tuj forrapidis, kaj prenis kun si la
&#265;evalojn.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------070.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The foolish friends of the young man and his aged father did not
stay with them. 2. They did not help them with their swords, but ran
away at once (<i>tuj</i>), and were not ashamed. 3. The old man heard
disagreeable voices behind him, and soon he saw the enemy. 4. The enemy
called them, and hastened there (69). 5. Those sly bad men took the
money out of the pockets of the courageous young man. 6. They stood
around him, and also around his father. 7. The father and son could not
even guard their horses. 8. The enemy did not leave (to) these their
horses, but took both the horses and the money. 9. Soon the enemy rode
away, during the late hours of the night. 10. The father and son were
angry and dissatisfied. 11. They said "We fear and dislike such men."
12. The father said "By the help of our neighbors we can (<i>povos</i>)
find those bad men, and drive them away, out of the desert." 13. The son
replied, "Dear Father, such a proposal seems good, and I will help with
my long sharp sword. 14. But we are now in the desert, and the road to
the city is long. 15. We cannot ride thither, but we can walk thither.
16. Can you not hasten, with (<i>per</i>) my help?" 17. The wise old man
answered, "Yes, my son, with such help I can walk thither."
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XVII.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>73.</b> The demonstrative temporal adverb related to the
demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b> is <b>tiam</b>, <i>then, at that
time:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Tiam li rajdos al la urbo</b>, <i>then he will ride to the city.</i><br>
<b>Nun ili estas sa&#285;aj, sed tiam ili estis malsa&#285;aj</b>, <i>now they are wise, but at that time they were foolish.</i>
</p>

<center>COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.</center>

<p>
<b>74.</b> An adjective may have three degrees, <i>positive</i>,
<i>comparative</i> and <i>superlative.</i> English has various ways of
forming the comparative and superlative degrees (as by the suffixes
<i>-er, -est,</i> the adverbs <i>more, most,</i> and irregular methods
as in <i>good, better, best,</i> etc.). Esperanto has only one method,
using the adverbs <b>pli</b>, <i>more</i>, and <b>plej</b>, <i>most:</i>
</p>

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Positive.</td><td nowrap align="center">Comparative.</td><td nowrap align="center">Superlative.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>bela</b>, <i>beautiful</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli bela</b>, <i>more beautiful</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej bela</b>, <i>most beautiful.</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>bona</b>, <i>good</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli bona</b>, <i>better</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej bona</b>, <i>best</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>malbona</b>, <i>bad</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli malbona</b>, <i>worse</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej malbona</b>, <i>worst</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>sa&#285;a</b>, <i>wise</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli sa&#285;a</b>, <i>wiser</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej sa&#285;a</b>, <i>wisest</i>.</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>75.</b> The preposition <b>el</b> is used with words expressing the
group or class out of which a superlative is selected and mentioned:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li estas la plej juna el tiuj</b>, <i>he is the youngest of (out of) those.</i><br>
<b>Vi estas la plej feli&#265;a el ni</b>, <i>you are the happiest of us.</i><br>
<b>Tiu estis la plej ruza el la viroj</b>, <i>that one was the craftiest of the men.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------071.png---------------------------- -->

<center>MANNER AND CHARACTERISTIC.</center>

<p>
<b>76.</b> The actions or feelings which accompany an act or state, or
the characteristic which permanently accompanies a person or thing, may
be expressed by a substantive with the preposition <b>kun</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li prenis &#285;in kun la plej granda zorgo</b>, <i>he took it with the greatest care</i>.<br>
<b>Mi a&#365;dis lin kun intereso kaj plezuro</b>, <i>I heard him with interest and pleasure</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i estas virino kun bona gusto</b>, <i>she is a woman with (of) good taste</i>.<br>
<b>Mi havas &#265;evalon kun forta korpo</b>, <i>I have a horse with a strong body</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Sometimes the manner of an action may be expressed by the instrument of
it, expressed by the preposition <b>per</b> with a substantive modified
by an adjective: <b>Li kantis per dol&#265;a vo&#265;o</b>, <i>he sang
with (by means of) a sweet voice</i>. <b>Vi pu&#349;is min per forta
mano</b>, <i>you pushed me with a strong hand</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center><b>DIRI</b>, <b>PAROLI</b> AND <b>RAKONTI</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>77.</b> The verbs <b>diri</b>, <i>to say</i>, <b>paroli</b>, <i>to
talk, to speak</i>, and <b>rakonti</b>, <i>to relate</i>, having in
common the general idea of speech or expression, must not be confused in
use:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi diris al vi ke pluvas</b>, <i>I said to (told) you that it was raining</i>.<br>
<b>Mi diris &#285;in al vi</b>, <i>I said it to you (I told you)</i>.<br>
<b>Mi parolis al vi pri &#285;i</b>, <i>I talked (spoke) to you about it</i>.<br>
<b>Mi rakontis &#285;in al vi</b>, <i>I related (told) it to you</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ami</b>, <i>to love</i>.<br>
            <b>ekster</b>, <i>outside (of)</i>.<br>
            <b>Frederiko</b>, <i>Frederick</i>.<br>
            <b>gratuli</b>, <i>to congratulate</i>.<br>
            <b>intereso</b>, <i>interest</i>.<br>
            <b>letero</b>, <i>letter</i>.<br>
            <b>plej</b>, <i>most</i> (<b>74</b>).<br>
            <b>plezuro</b>, <i>pleasure</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pli</b>, <i>more</i> (<b>74</b>).<br>
            <b>plumo</b>, <i>pen</i>.<br>
            <b>rakonti</b>, <i>to relate</i> (<b>77</b>).<br>
            <b>re&#285;o</b>, <i>king</i>.<br>
            <b>servisto</b>, <i>servant</i>.<br>
            <b>skribi</b>, <i>to write</i>.<br>
            <b>tiam</b>, <i>then</i> (<b>73</b>).<br>
            <b>zorgo</b>, <i>care</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------072.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>FREDERIKO GRANDA KAJ LA JUNA SERVISTO.</b></center>

<p>
Hiera&#365; mi legis interesan libron pri Frederiko Granda (<i>the
Great</i>). En &#285;i oni rakontas ke la re&#285;o kun plezuro legis
a&#365; skribis per sia plumo, dum malfruaj horoj de la nokto. Agrabla
juna knabo, la plej juna el la servistoj, tiam restis ekster la pordo.
&#264;ar la re&#285;o legis plej interesan novan libron, li ne opiniis
ke la horo estas malfrua. Li vokis sian malgrandan serviston, sed la
knabo, nek venis nek respondis. La re&#285;o iris tien, kaj trovis
la knabon ekster la pordo. Li vidis ke la knabo dormas sur malalta
se&#285;o. Tiam Frederiko Granda ne estis kolera, sed hontis &#265;ar li
vokis la infanon. La re&#285;o Frederiko vidis leteron en la po&#349;o
de la knabo. Tuj li prenis la leteron el lia po&#349;o, kaj rigardis
&#285;in. &#284;i estis letero al la servisto, de lia patrino. &#348;i ne
estis ri&#265;a virino, &#349;i &#349;ajnis esti tre malri&#265;a. En
&#265;i tiu letero la patrino diris per la plumo ke &#349;i amas la
filon. &#348;i dankis lin &#265;ar li skribis al &#349;i longan leteron.
&#348;i anka&#365; dankis lin &#265;ar li donis al &#349;i monon. La
re&#285;o volis esti tre bona al tia filo. Kun la plej granda zorgo li
metis monon el sia po&#349;o kun la letero kaj tiam lasis la leteron en
ties po&#349;o. Tiam li formar&#349;is al sia &#265;ambro, kaj vokis la
malgrandan serviston. La knabo tuj a&#365;dis, kaj rapidis tra la pordo.
Li kuris trans la &#265;ambron, kaj staris anta&#365; la re&#285;o. "&#264;u
vi dormis?" diris Frederiko Granda. "Jes, mi timas ke mi preska&#365;
dormis," respondis la knabo, "kaj mi tre hontas." Tiam li metis la manon
en la po&#349;on, kaj trovis la monon. Li &#349;ajnis pli malfeli&#265;a
kaj diris kun granda timo "Malamiko metis &#265;i tiun monon en mian
po&#349;on! Oni opinios ke mi &#349;telis &#285;in! Oni malamos min,
kaj forpelos min!" Frederiko respondis, "Ne, mi donis &#285;in al vi,
&#265;ar mi amas bonajn knabojn. Mi gratulas vian patrinon, &#265;ar
&#349;i havas tian filon."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------073.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. An interesting story is related (54) about Frederick the Great. 2.
His youngest servant stayed outside of the door. 3. The king called him,
and he hastened thither and stood before him. 4. Yesterday he did not
hear the king. 5. The king called him, but he did not answer. 6. The
king thought that the boy had gone away with the older servants, and he
was angry. 7. He left his book on the table, and went to the door. 8.
Then he saw that the little boy was sleeping there. 9. He looked at him
with greater interest, and saw a letter in his pocket. 10. The letter
was from the boy's mother. 11. He had written a letter to her, with his
pen, and had given (to) her money, because she was poor. 12. He wrote
longer letters with pleasure, because he was a most faithful son. 13.
The king congratulated the mother of the boy, concerning such a son. 14.
(The) king Frederick wished to be kinder (<i>pli bona</i>) to the boy.
15. He placed his book upon the table, near his sword, and talked to the
little servant. 16. Then the older servants came, and stood around the
king. 17. They walked with great care, and the younger servant did not
hear them. 18. They loved the little boy, and wished to help him.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XVIII.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF MOTIVE OR REASON.</center>

<p>
<b>78.</b> The demonstrative adverb of motive or reason, related to the
demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b>, is <b>tial</b>, <i>therefore</i>,
<i>for that reason</i>, <i>so</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Tial la servisto foriris</b>, <i>therefore the servant went away</i>.<br>
<b>Tial mi gratulis lin</b>, <i>for that reason I congratulated him</i>.<br>
<b>Tial oni forpelis lin</b>, <i>so they drove him away</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------074.png---------------------------- -->

<center>DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>79.</b> Adverbs may be derived from roots whose meaning permits,
by addition of the adverb-ending <b>-e</b>, as <b>feli&#265;e</b>,
<i>happily</i>, <b>kolere</b>, <i>angrily</i>. The comparison of adverbs
is similar to that of adjectives:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Positive.</td><td nowrap align="center">Comparative.</td><td nowrap align="center">Superlative.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>sa&#285;e</b>, <i>wisely</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli sa&#285;e</b>, <i>more wisely</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej sa&#285;e</b>, <i>most wisely</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>bone</b>, <i>well</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli bone</b>, <i>better</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej bone</b>, <i>best</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>malbone</b>, <i>badly</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli malbone</b>, <i>worse</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej malbone</b>, <i>worst</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>ruze</b>, <i>slyly</i></td><td nowrap><b>pli ruze</b>, <i>more slyly</i></td><td nowrap><b>plej ruze</b>, <i>most slyly</i></td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>MALPLI</b> AND <b>MALPLEJ</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>80.</b> The opposites (67) of <b>pli</b> and <b>plej</b> are
<b>malpli</b>, <i>less</i>, and <b>malplej</b>, <i>least</i>. Their use
is similar to that of <b>pli</b> and <b>plej</b>. (These adverbs may
also modify verbs):
</p>

<p>
<b>Li estas malpli kura&#285;a</b>, <i>he is less courageous</i>.<br>
<b>Tiuj estis malplej akraj</b>, <i>those were least sharp</i>.<br>
<b>La vento blovis malpli forte</b>, <i>the wind blew less strongly</i>.<br>
<b>Li skribis malplej zorge</b>, <i>he wrote least carefully</i>.<br>
<b>Mi malpli timas ilin</b>, <i>I fear them less</i>.<br>
<b>Vi malplej bezonos helpon</b>, <i>you will need help least</i>.
</p>

<center>COMPARISON OF WORDS EXPRESSING QUANTITY.</center>

<p>
<b>81.</b> Since in their precise sense the words <b>pli</b>,
<b>malpli</b>, <b>plej</b>, <b>malplej</b>, express <i>degree</i>, a
<i>quantitative</i> meaning is given by <b>multe</b>, <i>much</i>, in
the desired degree of comparison:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap>multe, much</td><td nowrap>pli multe, more (in amount)</td><td nowrap>plej multe, most</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap>malpli multe, less&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td><td nowrap>malplej multe, least</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap>malmulte, little</td><td nowrap>pli malmulte, less&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td><td nowrap>plej malmulte, least</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------075.png---------------------------- -->

<center>COMPARISONS CONTAINING <b>OL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>82.</b> In a comparison made by the use of <b>pli</b> or
<b>malpli</b>, the case used after <b>ol</b>, <i>than</i>, must indicate
clearly the sense intended:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi amas ilin pli multe ol &#349;in</b>, <i>I love them more than</i> (I love) <i>her</i>.<br>
<b>Mi amas ilin pli multe ol &#349;i</b>, <i>I love them more than she</i> (loves them).<br>
<b>Vi helpis la viron malpli multe ol la knabo</b>, <i>you helped the man less than the boy</i> (helped him).<br>
<b>Vi helpis la viron malpli multe ol la knabon</b>, <i>you helped the man less than</i> (you helped) <i>the boy</i>.
</p>

<center>CAUSAL CLAUSES.</center>

<p>
<b>83.</b> A clause giving a cause or reason is introduced by
<b>&#265;ar</b>, <i>because, for</i>, or by the combination <b>tial
ke</b>, <i>for this reason that, because, for</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi venis frue, &#265;ar mi volis vidi vin</b>, <i>I came early, for I wished to see you</i>.<br>
<b>La floroj velkis tial, ke ne pluvis</b>, <i>the flowers wilted for this reason, that it did not rain</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>anstata&#365;</b>, <i>instead of</i>.<br>
            <b>aprilo</b>, <i>April</i>.<br>
            <b>a&#365;gusto</b>, <i>August</i>.<br>
            <b>jaro</b>, <i>year</i>.<br>
            <b>junio</b>, <i>June</i>.<br>
            <b>julio</b>, <i>July</i>.<br>
            <b>majo</b>, <i>May</i>.<br>
            <b>marto</b>, <i>March</i>.<br>
            <b>monato</b>, <i>month</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>multa</b>, <i>much</i> (<b>multaj</b>, <i>many</i>).<br>
            <b>ofta</b>, <i>frequent</i> (<b>ofte</b>, <i>often</i>).<br>
            <b>ol</b>, <i>than</i> (<b>82</b>).<br>
            <b>printempo</b>, <i>spring</i> (season).<br>
            <b>tago</b>, <i>day</i>.<br>
            <b>sezono</b>, <i>season</i>.<br>
            <b>somero</b>, <i>summer</i>.<br>
            <b>tial</b>, <i>therefore</i> (<b>78</b>).<br>
            <b>vintro</b>, <i>winter</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------076.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>PRI LA SEZONOJ.</b></center>

<p>
La vintro estas la malplej agrabla sezono el la tuta jaro. Ne&#285;as
tre multe, kaj tial oni nur malofte promenas, &#265;ar la stratoj
estas tro malsekaj. Oni mar&#349;as kun granda zorgo, kaj malrapide
(<i>slowly</i>), tial ke oni ne volas fali kaj preska&#365; rompi la
kolon. Oni zorge gardas sin tiam kontra&#365; la malvarmaj nordaj
ventoj. La manojn oni metas en la po&#349;ojn, sed la viza&#285;on oni
ne povas bone gardi. Mi ne &#349;atas resti ekster la domo dum tia
vetero. Mi multe preferas sidi en varma luma &#265;ambro, kaj skribi
leterojn per bona plumo. La monatoj de la printempo estas marto, aprilo
kaj majo. La bela printempo &#349;ajnas pli agrabla ol la vintro.
&#284;iaj tagoj estas pli longaj kaj pli varmaj, &#285;iaj ventoj blovas
malpli forte. En &#265;i tiu sezono la kampoj kaj arboj frue komencas
montri plej belajn kolorojn. La birdoj konstruas siajn nestojn, kaj
dol&#265;e kantas. Oni povas promeni sur la mola herbo, anstata&#365;
sur malsekaj malagrablaj stratoj. Pluvas pli multe en aprilo, tamen
post la pluvo la herbo &#349;ajnas pli verda, kaj la nuboj balda&#365;
forflugas de la blua &#265;ielo. Dum majo oni trovas violojn, kaj en
junio oni vidas tre multajn rozojn. Sed la plej agrabla el la sezonoj
estas la somero. Anstata&#365; malvarmaj ventoj la somero havas la plej
belan veteron, kun suda a&#365; okcidenta ventoj. La longaj tagoj estas
varmaj, sed la noktoj estas tute agrablaj. Tiam oni havas pli bonajn
fruktojn ol dum la printempo. La monatoj de la somero estas junio, julio
kaj a&#365;gusto. Mi plej &#349;atas junion. &#264;u vi &#349;atas &#285;in
pli multe ol mi? &#264;u vi &#349;atas a&#365;guston pli multe ol
julion?
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------077.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. I read a most interesting book about Frederick the Great. 2. It
relates that he often stayed-awake and read with great interest during
the later hours of the night. 3. His youngest servant was a small boy.
4. The king loved this boy more than [he loved] the older servants. 5.
The winter is a less pleasant season than the spring, but the summer is
more pleasant than that [season]. 6. During March the east winds blow
most strongly, and shake the trees very much. 7. In April one needs his
umbrella, for (the reason that) there are often clouds in the sky and
it rains a great deal (very much). 8. The streets are very wet, but the
water does not seem to wash them. 9. In May one begins to find sweet
violets, and the birds in the trees above our heads sing very sweetly.
10. In June the most beautiful roses are seen (54). 11. July and August
are the warmest months of the whole year. 12. The days are longer than
the nights, and the weathercock shows west and south winds, instead of
those disagreeable north and east winds. 13. One stays outside [of] the
house then with greater pleasure, and goes walking in the parks. 14.
I think that I like the summer better than you [do]. 15. Therefore I
praise the summer more than you [do]. 16. However, I praise you more
than [I praise] your younger brother. 17. He is less wise than you.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XIX.</b></center>

<center><b>JU</b> AND <b>DES</b> IN COMPARISONS.</center>

<p>
<b>84.</b> In clauses expressing a comparison between two objects, acts
or states, the adverbial use of English "the ... the ..." (meaning "by
how much ... by that much ...") is rendered by the adverbs <b>ju</b> and
<b>des</b>, respectively:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------078.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Ju pli bona li estas, des pli feli&#265;a li estos</b>, <i>the better he is, the happier he will be.</i><br>
<b>Ju pli ofte mi rigardas, des pli mi volas rigardi</b>, <i>the oftener I look, the more I wish to look.</i><br>
<b>Ju pli bele la luno brilas, des pli oni &#349;atas la nokton</b>, <i>the more beautifully the moon shines, the more one likes the night.</i><br>
<b>Ju malpli pluvas, des pli la floroj velkas</b>, <i>the less it rains, the more the flowers wither.</i><br>
<b>Ju malpli multe vi helpas, des malpli multe mi la&#365;dos vin</b>, <i>the less you help, the less I shall praise you.</i><br>
<b>&#264;ar vi helpis, mi des pli multe la&#365;dos vin</b>, <i>because you helped, I shall praise you the (that much) more.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> Shakespeare, As You Like It, V, II, 49, <i>By so much the more
shall I tomorrow be at the height of heart-heaviness, by how much I
shall think my brother happy in having what he wishes for.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>INTER</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>85.</b> In English, the preposition "between" is used in reference
to two persons or things, and "among" in reference to three or more. As
the difference in meaning is not essential, Esperanto has but the one
preposition inter to express both <i>between</i> and <i>among:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Li sidas inter vi kaj mi</b>, <i>he is sitting between you and me.</i><br>
<b>Li sidas inter siaj amikoj</b>, <i>he is sitting among his friends.</i><br>
<b>La monato majo estas inter aprilo kaj junio</b>, <i>the month of May is between April and June.</i><br>
<b>Inter tiuj libroj estas tre interesa libro</b>, <i>among those books there is a very interesting book.</i>
</p>

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>PRO</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>86.</b> Cause or reason may be expressed not only by an adverb
(78) or a clause (83), but also by use of the preposition <b>pro</b>,
<i>because of, on account of, for the sake of, for</i>. It directs the
thought away from the complement toward the action, feeling or state
caused by it, or done in its interest or behalf:
</p>

<p>
<b>La floroj velkas pro la seka vetero</b>, <i>the flowers wilt because of the dry weather.</i><br>
<b>Mi skribis la leteron pro vi</b>, <i>I wrote the letter for you (for your sake).</i><br>
<b>Pro tiuj nuboj mi timas ke pluvos</b>, <i>on account of those clouds I fear that it will rain.</i><br>
<b>Oni &#349;atas &#265;erizojn pro la dol&#265;a gusto</b>, <i>people like cherries because of the sweet taste.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------079.png---------------------------- -->

<center>PREPOSITIONS WITH ADVERBS AND OTHER PREPOSITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>87.</b> Prepositions may be used with adverbs or with prepositional
phrases when the meaning permits:
</p>

<p>
<b>La kato kuris el sub la tablo</b>, <i>the cat ran out-from under the table</i>.<br>
<b>Li venos el tie</b>, <i>he will come out of there</i>.<br>
<b>De nun li estos zorga</b>, <i>from now he will be careful</i>.<br>
<b>Li staris dekstre de la vojo</b>, <i>he stood on the right of the road</i>.<br>
<b>Mi iros for de &#265;i tie</b>, <i>I shall go away from here</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>a&#365;tuno</b>, <i>autumn, fall</i>.<br>
            <b>decembro</b>, <i>December</i>.<br>
            <b>des</b>, (see <b>84</b>).<br>
            <b>februaro</b>, <i>February</i>.<br>
            <b>glacio</b>, <i>ice</i>.<br>
            <b>inter</b>, <i>between, among</i> (<b>85</b>).<br>
            <b>januaro</b>, <i>January</i>.<br>
            <b>ju</b>, (see <b>84</b>).<br>
            <b>kovri</b>, <i>to cover</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ne&#285;o</b>, <i>snow</i>.<br>
            <b>novembro</b>, <i>November</i>.<br>
            <b>nuda</b>, <i>bare, naked</i>.<br>
            <b>oktobro</b>, <i>October</i>.<br>
            <b>pro</b>, <i>because of</i> (<b>86</b>).<br>
            <b>rikolti</b>, <i>to harvest</i>.<br>
            <b>rivero</b>, <i>river</i>.<br>
            <b>septembro</b>, <i>September</i>.<br>
            <b>tero</b>, <i>ground, earth</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------080.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA A&#364;TUNO KAJ LA VINTRO.</b></center>

<p>
La sezonoj de la jaro estas la vintro, la printempo, la somero, kaj
la a&#365;tuno. La a&#365;tuno estas inter la somero kaj la vintro.
&#284;iaj monatoj estas septembro, oktobro kaj novembro. En septembro
oni povas kolekti maturajn fruktojn. Tiam anka&#365; oni rikoltas la
flavan grenon de la kampoj. Dum &#265;i tiu monato kaj dum oktobro
la folioj sur la bran&#265;oj komencas esti ru&#285;aj kaj flavaj,
anstata&#365; verdaj. La herbo velkas, kaj bruna tapi&#349;o &#349;ajnas
kovri la teron. Balda&#365; la folioj falas al la tero, kaj en novembro
la arboj estas tute nudaj. Pli a&#365; malpli frue ne&#285;as. La glacio
ofte kovras la akvon en la riveroj, kaj restas sur la stratoj kaj la
vojoj. La mola blanka ne&#285;o kovras la teron, kaj ku&#349;as sur la
bran&#265;oj de la arboj. Tiam, pro la fortaj ventoj, &#285;i falas
de la bran&#265;oj al la tero. La birdoj frue lasas tian veteron, kaj
flugas de &#265;i tie al pli sudaj kampoj kaj arboj. Ili ne povas resti,
pro la malvarmaj tagoj kaj noktoj. Ili mal&#349;atas la ne&#285;on kaj
la glacion pli multe ol ni. Ju pli multe ne&#285;as; des pli malofte
ni volas promeni. Ni preferas resti en la domo, anstata&#365; ekster
&#285;i. Ju pli ni rigardas la nudajn bran&#265;ojn de la arboj, des pli
malagrabla &#349;ajnas la vintro. Tamen la junaj infanoj tre &#349;atas
tian veteron, kaj ju pli ne&#285;as, kaj ju pli forte la norda vento
blovas, des malpli ili estas kontentaj en la domo. Ili volas kuri sur
la ne&#285;o, &#265;irka&#365; la arboj kaj inter ili, kun siaj junaj
amikoj. Ili povas bone amuzi sin per la ne&#285;o. La monatoj de la
vintro estas decembro, januaro kaj februaro. &#284;i estas la plej
malvarma sezono.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------081.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. September, October and November are the months of autumn. 2. In these
months, people harvest the yellow grain and gather various fruits. 3.
The leaves on the trees around us begin to have red and yellow colors.
4. They begin to fall from the branches and lie upon the ground. 5. The
more strongly the cold north wind blows through the branches, the sooner
the leaves fall from there. 6. They lie under the bare trees, with the
brown grass. 7. The sooner it snows, the sooner the ground will seem to
have a white carpet. 8. The snow will completely (<i>tute</i>) cover the
grass during the months of the winter. 9. These months are December,
January and February. 10. From that time (<i>de tiam</i>) the ice and
snow will cover the roads, and altogether (<i>tute</i>) hide them. 11.
There will often be ice on the water of the river. 12. We like this
season of the year more than March, April and May. 13. We like it even
more than the summer. 14. The months of the latter (62) are June, July
and August. 15. The summer is the warmest season of the entire year.
16. Therefore we often say that the summer is the pleasantest season.
17. Because of its many pleasures, the summer is dear to me. 18. It is
between the spring and the autumn.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XX.</b></center>

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER AND DEGREE.</center>

<p>
<b>88.</b> The demonstrative adverb of manner and degree, related
to the demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b>, is <b>tiel</b>, <i>in that
(this) manner, in such a way, thus, so</i>. Like English "thus," "so,"
<b>tiel</b> may modify adjectives and other adverbs, by indicating
degree:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u oni tiel helpas amikon?</b> <i>Does one help a friend in that (this) way?</i><br>
<b>Mi &#285;in skribis tiel</b>, <i>I wrote it thus (in such a way).</i><br>
<b>La vetero estas tiel bela</b>, <i>the weather is so beautiful.</i><br>
<b>Tiel mallonge li parolis</b>, <i>thus briefly he spoke.</i><br>
<b>Mi trovis tiel belan floron</b>, <i>I found such a beautiful flower.</i><br>
<b>Li prenis tiel multe</b>, <i>he took that much (so much).</i>
</p>

<center>PREPOSITIONS EXPRESSING TIME-RELATIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>89.</b> The relations which prepositions express may be of various
kinds. As in English, a certain number of prepositions primarily
expressing place may also express time-relations. Such prepositions
are <b>anta&#365;</b>, <b>&#265;irka&#365;</b>, <b>de</b>, <b>en</b>,
<b>&#285;is</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>post</b>, and <b>je</b> (whose use in
other than time-relations will be explained later):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------082.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Mi foriros &#265;irka&#365; junio</b>, <i>I shall depart about June.</i><br>
<b>De tiu horo mi estis via amiko</b>, <i>from that hour I was your friend.</i><br>
<b>Li ne parolis al mi de tiu semajno</b>, <i>he did not speak to me since from) that week.</i><br>
<b>En la tuta monato ne ne&#285;is</b>, <i>it did not snow in (at any time within) the entire month.</i><br>
<b>Mi dormis &#285;is malfrua horo</b>, <i>I slept until (up to) a late hour.</i><br>
<b>&#284;is nun li ne vidis vin</b>, <i>until now he did not see you.</i><br>
<b>Inter marto kaj junio mi iros tien</b>, <i>between March and June I shall go there.</i><br>
<b>Je malfrua horo li foriris</b>, <i>at a late hour he went away.</i><br>
<b>Mi iros tien je diman&#265;o</b>, <i>I shall go there on Sunday.</i><br>
<b>Je tiu horo li vokis min</b>, <i>at that hour he called me.</i><br>
<b>&#348;i ne restis tie post julio</b>, <i>she did not stay there after July.</i><br>
<b>Post ne longe mi vokos vin</b>, <i>soon (after not long) I shall call you.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>90.</b> When a definite date or point in time is expressed,
<b>anta&#365;</b> means "before." When used with an expression of an
<i>amount</i> of time, it is to be translated by "ago" following the
expression (not by "before" preceding it):
</p>

<p>
<b>Anta&#365; diman&#265;o mi foriros</b>, <i>before Sunday I shall go away.</i><br>
<b>Mi vidis lin anta&#365; tiu horo</b>, <i>I saw him before that hour.</i><br>
<b>Li skribos &#285;in anta&#365; la nova jaro</b>, <i>he will write it before New Year.</i><br>
<b>Anta&#365; multaj jaroj mi trovis &#285;in</b>, <i>many years ago I found it.</i><br>
<b>Mi rompis &#285;in anta&#365; longa tempo</b>, <i>I broke it a long time ago.</i><br>
<b>Anta&#365; tre longe vi legis tiun libron</b>, <i>you read that book very long ago.</i><br>
<b>Li venis anta&#365; ne longe</b>, <i>he came recently (not long ago).</i><br>
<b>Anta&#365; malmultaj jaroj li forkuris</b>, <i>a few years ago he escaped.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
As already shown, <b>kun</b> expresses accompaniment, <b>per</b>
expresses instrumentality, <b>pro</b> expresses cause,
<b>kontra&#365;</b> expresses opposition, <b>anstata&#365;</b> expresses
substitution, <b>sur</b>, <b>apud</b>, <b>sub</b>, etc., express place,
<b>dum</b> expresses time, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>diman&#265;o</b>, <i>Sunday.</i><br>
            <b>energia</b>, <i>energetic.</i><br>
            <b>frosto</b>, <i>frost.</i><br>
            <b>je</b>, <i>at, on</i> (89).<br>
            <b>kota</b>, <i>muddy.</i><br>
            <b>labori</b>, <i>to work, to labor</i>.<br>
            <b>laca</b>, <i>tired, weary.</i><br>
            <b>lundo</b>, <i>Monday.</i><br>
            <b>mardo</b>, <i>Tuesday.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mateno</b>, <i>morning.</i><br>
            <b>promeno</b>, <i>walk, promenade.</i><br>
            <b>rakonto</b>, <i>story, narrative.</i><br>
            <b>ripozi</b>, <i>to rest, to repose.</i><br>
            <b>semajno</b>, <i>week.</i><br>
            <b>tempo</b>, time.<br>
            <b>tiel</b>, <i>thus, so</i> (88)<br>
            <b>tro</b>, <i>too, too much.</i><br>
            <b>vespero</b>, <i>evening.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------083.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>EN SEPTEMBRO.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; multaj jaroj ni preferis resti en nia malgranda domo trans
la rivero, dum la tuta a&#365;tuno. Sed nun ni restas tie nur &#285;is
oktobro. De a&#365;gusto &#285;is oktobro la vetero estas tre agrabla
tie, sed balda&#365; post tiu monato la fortaj ventoj blovas, kaj
la folioj komencas fali. La frosto kovras la teron, kaj balda&#365;
ne&#285;as tre ofte. Ju pli nudaj estas la arboj, des pli malbelaj ili
&#349;ajnas. La vetero anta&#365; novembro ne estas tro malvarma, sed
post tiu monato ni opinias ke la urbo estas pli agrabla ol domo inter
kampoj kaj arboj, trans lar&#285;a rivero. La frosto, ne&#285;o kaj
glacio kovras la teron en decembro, januaro kaj februaro. Sed la monato
septembro &#349;ajnas tre agrabla, pro siaj multaj plezuroj. La viroj
laboras energie en la kampoj, de la mateno &#285;is la vespero. Ili
rikoltas la flavan grenon, kaj kolektas la fruktojn. Sed je diman&#265;o
oni ne laboras tiel energie, sed dormas &#285;is malfrua horo, tial ke
je tiu tago oni ripozas. Je lundo oni komencas labori tre frue, kaj je
mardo oni anka&#365; laboras energie. En septembro la vojoj ne estas
tro kotaj, kaj longaj promenoj estas ofte agrablaj. Ju pli ofte mi
promenas kun miaj amikoj, des pli multe mi &#349;atas tiajn promenojn.
Sed hiera&#365; mi estis tre laca post la promeno, tial mi ripozis sur
granda mola se&#285;o. Anta&#365; ne longe la patro promenis kun mi,
sed ni ne estis tiel lacaj je tiu tago. &#348;ajnas ke ju pli ofte ni
promenas, des malpli lacaj ni estas post la promenoj. Post ne longe mi
estos pli forta.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------084.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Many years ago we had a small house across the river. 2. We did not
remain there during the entire year, but only in the warmer months of
the summer. 3. Often we stayed until September or even until October. 4.
My younger brothers and sisters amused themselves very well there from
(the) morning until (the) evening. 5. They amused themselves among the
flowers and trees, or went from there into the large fields. 6. Here the
men work energetically, and harvest the ripe yellow grain. 7. Only on
Sunday do they rest, because on that day one does not work. 8. Between
August and November the men work more than in the winter. 9. In December
and after that month they rest, for (83) from that time the frost, ice
and snow cover the ground. 10. Because of the snow on the ground, long
walks are not pleasant in the winter. 11. Recently (90) we went walking
in the park across the river, but we were so tired after that walk! 12.
The longer the walk is, the sooner one wishes to rest. 13. On Monday it
rained, so (78) we read stories and wrote letters, in a pleasant light
room in our house. 14. Before evening, however, the sun shone, and the
streets were not so muddy. 15. On Tuesday these streets were almost dry,
and soon the roads near the river and between the fields will also be
dry. 16. A few years ago those roads were very good.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------085.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXI.</b></center>

<center>THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.</center>

<p>
<b>91.</b> Duration of time and a date or point in time may be expressed
not only by use of the prepositions <b>dum</b>, <i>during</i>, and
<b>je</b>, <i>at, on</i>, but also (as in English) without the use
of any preposition. When no preposition is used, the word or words
indicating time are put in the accusative case:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li restis tie la tutan semajnon (dum la tuta semajno)</b>, <i>he stayed there the whole week (during the whole week)</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i estis feli&#265;a longan tempon (dum longa tempo)</b>, <i>she was happy a long time</i> (<i>during a long time</i>; <i>for a long time</i>).<br>
<b>Ni rajdos tagon kaj nokton (dum tago kaj nokto)</b>, <i>we shall ride a day and a night</i> (<i>during a day and a night</i>; <i>for a day and a night</i>).<br>
<b>Mi venis diman&#265;on (je diman&#265;o)</b>, <i>I came Sunday</i> (<i>on Sunday</i>).<br>
<b>Tiun horon (je tiu horo), li forkuris</b>, <i>that hour</i> (<i>at that hour</i>) <i>he escaped</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>92.</b> Although generally preferable, an accusative construction
must be carefully placed, or avoided altogether, if confusion with other
accusatives (expressing direction of motion, direct object, etc.) might
result:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi volas iri Bostonon je lundo</b>, <i>I wish to go to Boston on Monday</i>.<br>
<b>Mi volas iri al Bostono lundon</b>, <i>I wish to go to Boston Monday</i>.<br>
<b>Lundon mi volas iri Bostonon</b>, <i>Monday I wish to go to Boston</i>.
</p>

<center>ADVERBS AND THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.</center>

<p>
<b>93.</b> An accusative of time, as well as a temporal adverb, may
further define or be defined by another expression of time:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li venis longan tempon anta&#365; tiu horo</b>, <i>he came a long time before that hour</i>.<br>
<b>Jaron post jaro ili restis tie</b>, <i>year after year they stayed there</i>.<br>
<b>hodia&#365; matene</b>, <i>this morning</i>.<br>
<b>hodia&#365; vespere</b>, <i>this evening</i>.<br>
<b>hodia&#365; nokte</b>, <i>tonight</i>.<br>
<b>hiera&#365; vespere</b>, <i>last evening</i>.<br>
<b>hiera&#365; nokte</b>, <i>last night</i>.<br>
<b>diman&#265;on matene</b>, <i>Sunday morning</i>.<br>
<b>lundon vespere</b>, <i>Monday evening</i>.<br>
<b>mardon nokte</b>, <i>Tuesday night</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>94.</b> An accusative of time does not necessarily imply that the act
or state mentioned occurs oftener than the instance cited. An adverb
from the same root usually gives an idea of frequency or repetition:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li iros al ilia domo diman&#265;on</b>, <i>he will go to their house Sunday</i>.<br>
<b>Li iras al ilia domo diman&#265;e</b>, <i>he goes to their house Sundays</i>.<br>
<b>Li laboris tagon kaj nokton</b>, <i>he worked a day and a night</i>.<br>
<b>Li laboras tage kaj nokte</b>, <i>he works day and night</i> (<i>by day and by night</i>).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------086.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>POR</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>95.</b> The object or purpose with reference to which an act is
performed or a condition exists is expressed by the preposition
<b>por</b>, <i>for</i>. It directs the thought toward its complement,
contrasting thus with <b>pro</b> (86):
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi havas libron por vi</b>, <i>I have a book for you</i>.<br>
<b>Mi ne havas la tempon por tiel longa promeno</b>, <i>I have not the time for so long a (such a long) walk</i>.<br>
<b>Ili faris &#285;in por via plezuro</b>, <i>they did it for your pleasure</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>brila</b>, <i>brilliant</i>.<br>
            <b>Dio</b>, <i>God</i>.<br>
            <b>dividi</b>, <i>to divide</i>.<br>
            <b>fari</b>, <i>to make</i>.<br>
            <b>forgesi</b>, <i>to forget</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;ojo</b>, <i>joy</i>.<br>
            <b>konstanta</b>, <i>constant</i>.<br>
            <b>kvieta</b>, <i>quiet, calm</i>.<br>
            <b>lando</b>, <i>land, country</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>merkredo</b>, <i>Wednesday</i>.<br>
            <b>mezo</b>, <i>middle</i>.<br>
            <b>mondo</b>, <i>world</i>.<br>
            <b>paci</b>, <i>to be at peace</i>.<br>
            <b>por</b>, <i>for</i> (95).<br>
            <b>plori</b>, <i>to weep</i>.<br>
            <b>preta</b>, <i>ready</i>.<br>
            <b>ridi</b>, <i>to laugh</i>.<br>
            <b>ripro&#265;i</b>, <i>to reproach</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------087.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA SEZONOJ KAJ LA MONDO.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; tre longa tempo Dio faris la mondon. Li vidis ke la floroj
havas belajn kolorojn, ke la arboj estas altaj kaj verdaj. Tiam li
vokis la sezonojn kaj diris "Belan mondon mi faris por vi. &#264;u vi
gardos &#285;in tage kaj nokte, kaj estos tre zorgaj pri &#285;i?" La
sezonoj respondis "Jes," kaj ridis pro &#285;ojo. Mallongan tempon ili
&#349;ajnis esti tre feli&#265;aj inter la arboj kaj floroj de la nova
mondo. Sed ne multajn semajnojn ili tiel zorge gardis la mondon. Ili
komencis malpaci (<i>quarrel</i>) inter si, de la mateno &#285;is la
vespero, kaj ofte forgesis la arbojn kaj florojn. Ju pli ili malpacis,
des malpli zorge ili gardis la mondon. La malkonstanta printempo ne
&#349;atis la kvietan vintron, kaj ploris pri la malvarma ne&#285;o. La
varma brila somero diris ke la a&#365;tuno estas tro malbrila. La laca
a&#365;tuno volis ripozi, kaj ripro&#265;is la malkonstantan printempon
pri &#265;i ties kota vetero. Pli kaj pli multe ili malpacis, kaj post
ne longe ili tute ne restis amikoj. Tiam la a&#365;tuno diris "Mi ne
povas pli longan tempon labori kun vi pro la mondo. Niaj gustoj estas
tro diversaj. Tial hodia&#365; matene ni dividos la mondon inter ni." La
vintro respondis "Bone! Mi estas preta," kaj la somero kaj la printempo
ridis pro &#285;ojo. Tiun tagon ili dividis la mondon inter si. La
vintro konstruis sian domon en la plej nordaj kaj sudaj landoj. Tie la
frosto, ne&#285;o kaj glacio kovras la tutan landon, dum la tuta jaro.
La brila energia somero prenis por si la mezon de la mondo. Tial la
vetero tie estas plej varma kaj brila. La a&#365;tuno kaj la printempo
prenis por si la landojn inter la vintro kaj la somero. Tial la vetero
estas nek tro varma nek tro malvarma en &#265;i tiuj landoj. Tiam la
sezonoj rakontis al Dio ke ili tiel dividis la mondon inter si.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------088.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Tuesday my brother heard an interesting story, and Wednesday evening
after a pleasant walk he related it to me. 2. The story is, that many
years ago God made the beautiful new world, and gave it to the seasons.
3. They laughed for joy, and said that they would guard it well. 4. They
were ready for pleasure, and also were willing (<i>volis</i>) to work
energetically for-the-sake-of the new young world. 5. Almost a year
they were happy, but these seasons were too diverse, and could not long
remain friends. 6. The brilliant summer wept and reproached the tired
autumn. 7. The autumn preferred to rest, and disliked the muddy weather
of the inconstant spring. 8. The quiet winter concealed itself beneath
the frost and soft white snow, and wished to sleep. 9. The longer they
kept the world among them, the more they quarreled. 10. Soon the autumn
made the proposition, "We will divide the world." 11. Immediately that
morning the seasons divided the world among themselves. 12. The northern
and southern lands now belong to the winter, and the middle of the world
belongs to the summer. 13. The spring and autumn took for themselves
those lands between the winter and summer.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXII.</b></center>

<center>CLAUSES EXPRESSING DURATION OF TIME.</center>

<p>
<b>96.</b> The time during which an act takes place or a condition
exists may be expressed not only by an adverb or accusative of time
(91), or by use of the preposition <b>dum</b>, but also by a clause
introduced by <b>dum</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li venis dum vi forestis</b>, <i>he came while (during-the-time-that) you were away</i>.<br>
<b>Dum la sezonoj malpacis, ili forgesis pri la mondo</b>, <i>while the seasons quarreled, they forgot about the world</i>.<br>
<b>Ni ridas pro &#285;ojo dum ne&#285;as</b>, <i>we laugh for joy while it is snowing</i>.
</p>

<center>CLAUSES EXPRESSING ANTICIPATION.</center>

<p>
<b>97.</b> A clause expressing an action or condition as preceding
or anticipating that of the main verb is introduced by <b>anta&#365;
ol</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi foriros anta&#365; ol vi venos</b>, <i>I shall depart before you (will) come</i>.<br>
<b>Anta&#365; ol vi ripro&#265;is lin, li ne ploris</b>, <i>before you reproached him, he did not weep</i>.<br>
<b>Vi ploris anta&#365; ol vi ridis</b>, <i>you wept before (sooner than) you laughed</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------089.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE INFINITIVE WITH <b>ANSTATA&#364;</b>, <b>POR</b>, <b>ANTA&#364; OL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>98.</b> An infinitive may be substantively used with
<b>anstata&#365;</b> to express substitution, with <b>por</b> to
express purpose (<i>Cf.</i> Old English "But what went ye out <i>for to
see</i>," <i>Matt. xi, 8</i>), and with <b>anta&#365; ol</b> to express
anticipation. It is usually translated by the English infinitive in
<i>-ing</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Anstata&#365; resti li foriris</b>, <i>instead of staying he went away</i>.<br>
<b>Vi malhelpas anstata&#365; helpi min</b>, <i>you hinder instead of helping me</i>.<br>
<b>Ni venis por helpi vin</b>, <i>we came to help (in order to help) you</i>.<br>
<b>Mi estas preta por iri merkredon</b>, <i>I am ready to go (for going) Wednesday</i>.<br>
<b>Li havos tro multe por fari</b>, <i>he will have too much to do</i>.<br>
<b>Mi laboros anta&#365; ol ripozi</b>, <i>I shall work before resting</i>.<br>
<b>Anta&#365; ol foriri, li dankis min</b>, <i>before going away, he thanked me</i>.<br>
<b>Dio faris la mondon anta&#365; ol doni &#285;in al la sezonoj</b>, <i>God made the world before giving it to the seasons</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Substantive</i> is the general name for nouns and pronouns,
that is, for words which indicate persons, things, etc., and may be
used as subject or object of a verb, complement of a preposition,
etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The infinitive may be used with <b>anta&#365; ol</b> if its subject
is the same as the subject of the main verb. Otherwise the
construction explained in <b>97</b> must be used.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE EXPRESSION OF A PART OF THE WHOLE.</center>

<p>
<b>99.</b> After nouns indicating a quantity or portion of some
indefinite whole, the substantive expressing that indefinite whole is
preceded by the preposition <b>da</b>, <i>of</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Estas skatolo da &#265;erizoj tie</b>, <i>there is a box of cherries there</i>.<br>
<b>Mi trovis grandan sakon da mono</b>, <i>I found a large bag of money</i>.<br>
<b>Li havas teleron da viando</b>, <i>he has a plate of meat</i>.<br>
<b>Post horoj da &#285;ojo ofte venas horoj da mal&#285;ojo</b>, <i>after hours of joy there often come hours of sorrow</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------090.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>100.</b> The preposition <b>da</b> must not be used if a quantity or
portion of a <i>definite</i> or <i>limited</i> whole is expressed. If
the word indicating the whole is limited by <b>la</b>, it is thereby
made definite:
</p>

<p>
<b>Telero de la maturaj pomoj</b>, <i>a plate of the ripe apples</i>.<br>
<b>Sako de la bona kafo</b>, <i>a sack of the good coffee</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Aleksandro</b>, <i>Alexander</i>.<br>
            <b>barelo</b>, <i>barrel</i>.<br>
            <b>bruo</b>, <i>noise</i>.<br>
            <b>da</b>, <i>of</i> (99).<br>
            <b>demandi</b>, <i>to inquire, to ask</i>.<br>
            <b>Diogeno</b>, <i>Diogenes</i>.<br>
            <b>greka</b>, <i>Greek</i>.<br>
            <b>kelkaj</b>, <i>several, some</i>.<br>
            <b>kvankam</b>, <i>although</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;ifono</b>, <i>rag</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>koni</b>, <i>to be acquainted with</i>.<br>
            <b>la&#365;ta</b>, <i>loud</i>.<br>
            <b>lito</b>, <i>bed</i>.<br>
            <b>lo&#285;i</b>, <i>to dwell, to reside</i>.<br>
            <b>nombro</b>, <i>number (quantity)</i>.<br>
            <b>pura</b>, <i>clean</i>.<br>
            <b>sufi&#265;a</b>, <i>sufficient, enough</i>.<br>
            <b>veki</b>, <i>to wake</i>.<br>
            <b>viziti</b>, <i>to visit</i>.<br>
            <b>vesto</b>, <i>garment, clothes</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------091.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>DIOGENO KAJ ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; multaj jaroj sa&#285;a greka viro, Diogeno, lo&#285;is
en granda urbo. Li opiniis ke ju pli malmulte oni bezonas, des pli
feli&#265;a oni estas. Por montri al la mondo ke li ne bezonas multe,
kaj ke tial li havas sufi&#265;e por esti feli&#265;a, li lo&#285;is
en granda malnova barelo, anstata&#365; havi domon. Anstata&#365;
ku&#349;i nokte sur lito a&#365; almena&#365; sur mola tapi&#349;o, li
e&#265; dormis en tiu barelo. Oni multe parolis pri Diogeno en la urbo,
ne nur &#265;ar li tiel lo&#285;is, sed anka&#365; pro liaj sa&#285;aj
diroj. Post kelke da tempo (<i>some time</i>) la re&#285;o Aleksandro
Granda venis tien por viziti la urbon. Dum li estis tie li a&#365;dis
pri Diogeno, kaj demandis pri li. "&#264;u li lo&#285;as en la urbo?"
Aleksandro diris. "Kvankam vi ne konas lin, mi opinias ke mi volas
vidi tian viron." Oni respondis "Diogeno estas sa&#285;a viro, sed
anstata&#365; lo&#285;i en domo, li preferas sidi la tutan tempon en
malnova barelo. Anstata&#365; porti (<i>wearing</i>) purajn vestojn,
li portas nur malpurajn &#265;ifonojn, &#265;ar li opinias ke ju pli
malmulte li bezonas, des pli feli&#265;a li estos." Aleksandro diris
"Anta&#365; ol foriri de via lando mi vizitos tiun viron." Anta&#365;
ol li foriris de la urbo, Aleksandro iris kun nombro da amikoj por
viziti Diogenon, kaj trovis lin en lia barelo. "&#264;u tiu viro volas
paroli al mi?" demandis Diogeno per la&#365;ta vo&#265;o. Aleksandro
Granda respondis "Mi estas la re&#285;o Aleksandro, kaj mi volas koni
vin. Mi vidas ke kvankam vi estas sa&#285;a vi estas tre malri&#265;a.
&#264;u vi ne volas kelkajn novajn vestojn anstata&#365; tiuj malpuraj
&#265;ifonoj?" Diogeno tuj diris "Anta&#365; ol vi venis kaj staris
inter mi kaj la suno, &#265;i tiu tre varme brilis sur min. &#264;u vi
venis por fari bruon kaj por veki min?" Aleksandro ridis kaj diris "Mi
vidas ke vi havas sufi&#265;e por esti feli&#265;a. Tial mi estas preta
por foriri."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------092.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Diogenes was a wise man who dwelt in a Greek city, many years ago. 2.
In order to show to the inconstant world that one does not need much in
order to be happy, he did not have even a house or a bed. 3. He stayed
day and night in a big barrel, instead of residing in a house. 4. He
preferred to wear old rags, instead of good clean clothes. 5. He said
"The less one needs, the happier he will be." 6. While Alexander the
Great was visiting that city, people talked to him about Diogenes. 7.
They asked "Are you acquainted-with that wise man?" 8. Soon the king
went with a number of his friends to that-man's big barrel, in the
middle of the city. 9. Diogenes was asleep, but the noise of the loud
voices waked him, and he said angrily "You are standing between me and
the sun! Will you not go away at once?" 10. Although several of the men
laughed, Alexander said "We did not come to quarrel with you. 11. I see
that you have enough to be happy, so instead of talking and making a
noise we shall leave (go away from) you at once." 12. Before Diogenes
could answer, Alexander had quietly walked away.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXIII.</b></center>

<center>ADVERBS EXPRESSING A PART OF THE WHOLE.</center>


<p>
<b>101.</b> After adverbs used to indicate a quantity or portion of
some indefinite whole, as well as after nouns of such meaning (99),
the substantive expressing the indefinite whole is preceded by the
preposition <b>da</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Multe da bruo</b>, <i>much (a quantity of) noise</i>.<br>
<b>Tiel malmulte da tempo</b>, <i>so little (such a small quantity of) time</i>.<br>
<b>Kelke da pomoj</b>, <i>some (an indefinite number of) apples</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>102.</b> Verbs may be modified by an adverb and prepositional phrase
containing <b>da</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li trinkis malmulte da akvo</b>, <i>he drank little (not much) water</i>.<br>
<b>Estas multe da sablo en la dezerto</b>, <i>there is much sand in the desert</i>.<br>
<b>Ju pli ne&#285;as, des pli multe da ne&#285;o ku&#349;as sur la vojoj</b>, <i>the more it snows, the more snow lies on the roads</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
A prepositional phrase containing <b>da</b>, whether following a noun or
an adverb, is sometimes called a <i>partitive</i> construction.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>103.</b> It is evident from the above examples that an adverb
followed by <b>da</b> has a somewhat collective sense, indicating a
general sum, mass, or portion of the whole, without distinction of
particulars. An <i>adjective</i> of quantitative meaning, on the other
hand, usually indicates consideration of the individuals composing the
sum or mass named:
</p>

<p>
<b>En urbo oni havas multe da bruo</b>, <i>in a city one has much noise</i>.<br>
<b>Ni a&#365;dis multajn bruojn</b>, <i>we heard many (different) noises</i>.<br>
<b>Tie oni havas multe da plezuro</b>, <i>there one has much pleasure</i>.<br>
<b>Oni havas multajn plezurojn tie</b>, <i>people have many (different) pleasures there</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------093.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY.</center>

<p>
<b>104.</b> The demonstrative adverb of quantity related to the
demonstrative pronoun <b>tiu</b> is <b>tiom</b>, <i>that (this) much,
that many, that quantity, so much</i>, etc.:&mdash;
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi donis tiom da mono al vi</b>, <i>I gave that much (that amount of) money to you.</i><br>
<b>Mi a&#265;etis tiom da viando</b>, <i>I bought that much meat</i>.<br>
<b>Tiom de la libroj mi legis</b>, <i>that many of the books I read</i>.
</p>

<center>RESULT CLAUSES.</center>

<p>
<b>105.</b> A clause of result (also called a consecutive clause)
expresses an action or condition as due to, or resulting from, something
indicated in the main sentence, as "he is so strong that he can do it,"
"I had so much pleasure that I laughed heartily." In Esperanto a result
clause is introduced by <b>ke</b>, preceded (directly or in the main
sentence) by an adverb or adjective of manner, degree, or quantity:
</p>

<p>
<b>Diogeno estis tiel sa&#285;a greka viro ke Aleksandro la&#365;dis lin</b>, <i>Diogenes was such a wise Greek man that Alexander praised him</i>.<br>
<b>Mi havis tiom da plezuro ke mi tre ridis</b>, <i>I had so much pleasure that I laughed very much</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;i estas tia vila&#285;o ke mi &#349;atas lo&#285;i tie</b>, <i>it is such (that sort of) a village that I like to live there</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>a&#265;eti</b>, <i>to buy</i>.<br>
            <b>asparago</b>, <i>asparagus</i>.<br>
            <b>brasiko</b>, <i>cabbage</i>.<br>
            <b>butiko</b>, <i>store, shop</i>.<br>
            <b>frago</b>, <i>strawberry</i>.<br>
            <b>funto</b>, <i>pound</i>.<br>
            <b>glaso</b>, <i>glass, tumbler</i>.<br>
            <b>&#309;a&#365;do</b>, <i>Thursday</i>.<br>
            <b>kremo</b>, <i>cream</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kontuzo</b>, <i>bruise</i>.<br>
            <b>lakto</b>, <i>milk</i>.<br>
            <b>legomo</b>, <i>vegetable</i>.<br>
            <b>ovo</b>, <i>egg</i>.<br>
            <b>pizo</b>, <i>pea</i>.<br>
            <b>sabato</b>, <i>Saturday</i>.<br>
            <b>tiom</b>, <i>that much</i> (104).<br>
            <b>vendredo</b>, <i>Friday</i>.<br>
            <b>vila&#285;o</b>, <i>village</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------094.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>EN LA BUTIKO.</b></center>

<p>
Hodia&#365; matene mi iris kun la patrino al la plej granda butiko en
nia vila&#285;o. Tie &#349;i a&#265;etis tiom da legomoj kaj fruktoj ke
ni tute ne povis porti ilin. Tial juna knabo venis kun ni, kaj portis
kelke da ili por ni. La patrino ne a&#265;etis tiel multe je vendredo,
sed hodia&#365; estas sabato, kaj &#349;i volis a&#265;eti legomojn por
diman&#265;o, &#265;ar diman&#265;e oni ne povas iri en la butikojn.
Tial sabate oni kutime a&#265;etas sufi&#265;e por la man&#285;oj de
sabato kaj diman&#265;o. Meze de la butiko staras multe da bareloj. En
&#265;i tiuj oni trovas grandan nombron da fre&#349;aj puraj legomoj.
La patrino a&#265;etis tiel multe da asparago kaj novaj pizoj, kaj
tiel grandan sakon da terpomoj, ke la tablo restis preska&#365; nuda.
Mi vidis brasikon tie, sed tiun legomon mi mal&#349;atas, kvankam oni
diras ke &#285;i estas tre bona legomo. Anta&#365; ol foriri de la
butiko la patrino a&#265;etis kelke da ovoj, kaj rigardis la fruktojn en
bareloj apud la pordo. Ili &#349;ajnis tiel bonaj ke &#349;i a&#265;etis
kelkajn maturajn pomojn kaj skatolon da fragoj. Dum oni donis al &#349;i
la fruktojn, mi a&#265;etis kelkajn funtojn da sukero. Tiam ni estis
pretaj por foriri el la butiko. Sur la vojo ni a&#365;dis tiel grandan
bruon ke mi lasis la patrinon kaj kuris trans la straton. Mi trovis tie
infanon,la filon de nia najbaro. Li faris la bruon, &#265;ar li falis
de la arbo anta&#365; sia domo, kaj tre la&#365;te ploris. Li diris al
mi ke li havas multajn kontuzojn sur la kapo. &#264;ar mi bone konas
la infanon, mi demandis "&#264;u vi volas grandan ru&#285;an pomon? Mi
havas tian pomon por vi." Li tuj kaptis la pomon, kaj mi foriris. Tiam
la patrino kaj mi iris al la domo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------095.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. I shall go to the village today with my younger sister. 2. We wish
to buy some eggs, vegetables and fruit for Mother. 3. Mother prefers to
remain in the house, because it is raining. 4. It rained on Thursday and
Friday, but today it is not raining very much. 5. The air is warm and
pleasant, and we shall carry umbrellas with us. 6. We shall buy some
new peas, a box of strawberries and several pounds of sugar. 7. Thus
we shall have enough for the meals of Saturday and Sunday. 8. I wonder
whether we shall see such asparagus and such cabbage on the tables or
in the barrels. 9. Although I do not often eat such vegetables, Father
and Mother are very fond of (<i>multe &#349;atas</i>) both cabbage and
asparagus. 10. We shall also buy enough milk for several glasses of
milk, and we shall need much cream for the strawberries. 11. It seems
that we shall buy such a number of vegetables that we cannot carry them.
12. While we were standing near the door, ready to go toward the village
(46), we heard a loud voice. 13. A child was standing in the street, and
crying. 14. He wished to go with his mother to visit some friends. 15.
I suppose that a noise on the street waked him, and he did not wish to
remain in his bed.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXIV.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>106.</b> The interrogative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is
<b>kiu</b>, <i>who, which</i>. Since the use of this pronoun indicates
a question, the sentence containing it does not need the interrogative
adverb <b>&#265;u</b> (30):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------096.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Kiu vokas vin?</b> <i>Who calls you?</i><br>
<b>Kiun vi vokas?</b> <i>Whom do you call?</i><br>
<b>Kiuj el vi vokis nin?</b> <i>Which (ones) of you called us?</i><br>
<b>Kiujn li helpis?</b> <i>Whom (which ones) did he help?</i><br>
<b>Kiun tagon vi venos?</b> <i>What day will you come?</i><br>
<b>Kiujn legomojn vi preferas?</b> <i>What vegetables do you prefer?</i><br>
<b>Mi miras kiun libron vi a&#265;etis</b>, <i>I wonder which book you bought?</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>107.</b> The interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b> has a possessive or
genitive form <b>kies</b>, <i>whose</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>En kies domo vi lo&#285;as?</b> <i>In whose house do you reside?</i><br>
<b>Kies amikojn vi vizitis?</b> <i>Whose friends did you visit?</i>
</p>

<center>THE PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>108.</b> A participle is a <i>verbal adjective</i>, as in "a
<i>crying</i> child." It agrees like other adjectives with the word
modified (19, 24). The participle from a transitive verb (22) may take
a direct object, and a participle expressing motion may be followed by
an accusative indicating direction of motion (46). The present active
participle, expressing what the word modified <i>is doing</i>, ends
in <b>-anta,</b> as <b>vidanta</b>, <i>seeing</i>, <b>iranta</b>,
<i>going:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>La ploranta infano volas dormi</b>, <i>the crying child wishes to sleep.</i><br>
<b>Mi vidas la falantajn foliojn</b>, <i>I see the falling leaves.</i><br>
<b>Kiu estas la virino a&#265;etanta ovojn?</b> <i>Who is the woman buying eggs?</i><br>
<b>Mi parolis al la viroj irantaj vila&#285;on</b>, <i>I talked to the men (who were) going toward the village.</i>
</p>

<center>COMPOUND TENSES.</center>

<p>
<b>109.</b> A participle may be used predicatively with a form of
<b>esti</b>, as <b>Mi estas demandanta</b>, <i>I am asking</i>,
<b>La viro estas a&#265;etanta</b>, <i>the man is buying</i>. Such
combinations are called <i>compound tenses</i>, in contrast to the
<i>simple</i> or <i>aoristic</i> tenses.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
An aoristic tense consists of but one word (ending in <b>-as</b>,
<b>-os</b>, etc.) and expresses an act or state as a whole, without
specifying whether it is finished, still in progress, or yet begun.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------097.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Compound tenses occur less often in Esperanto than in English, and an
aoristic Esperanto tense may often be translated by an English compound
tense, as <b>La birdoj flugas</b>, <i>the birds are flying</i>. When
used to form a compound tense, the verb <b>esti</b> is called the
<i>auxiliary verb</i>. No other verb is ever used as an auxiliary (a
simpler method than in English, which uses <i>be</i>, <i>have</i>,
<i>do</i>, <i>will</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>would</i>, etc.).
</p>

<center>THE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>110.</b> The compound tense formed by using the present active
participle with the present tense of <b>esti</b> is called the
<i>progressive present tense</i>. It differs from the aoristic present
by expressing an action as definitely in progress, or a condition as
continuously existing, at the moment of speaking. The conjugation of
<b>vidi</b> in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estas vidanta</b>, <i>I am seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidanta</b>, <i>you are seeing</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estas vidanta</b>, <i>he (she, it) is seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ni estas vidantaj</b>, <i>we are seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidantaj</b>, <i>you (plural) are seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ili estas vidantaj</b>, <i>they are seeing</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-EJ-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>111.</b> Words expressing the place where the action indicated by the
root occurs, or where the object indicated by the root may be found, are
formed by inserting the suffix <b>-ej-</b> before the noun-ending:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#265;evalejo</b>, <i>stable</i> (from <b>&#265;evalo</b>, <i>horse</i>).<br>
<b>dormejo</b>, <i>dormitory</i> (from <b>dormi</b>, <i>to sleep</i>).<br>
<b>herbejo</b>, <i>meadow</i> (from <b>herbo</b>, <i>grass</i>).<br>
<b>lo&#285;ejo</b>, <i>lodging-place, dwelling</i> (from <b>lo&#285;i</b>, <i>to dwell, to lodge</i>).
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Similar formations are made in English with the suffix <i>-y</i>, as
<i>bakery</i>, <i>bindery</i>, <i>grocery</i>, etc. This suffix is
equivalent to the <i>-ei</i> in German <i>B&auml;ckerei</i>, bakery,
<i>Druckerei</i>, printing-office, etc., and to the <i>-ie</i> in French
<i>patisserie</i>, pastry-shop, <i>imprimerie</i>, printing-shop, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------098.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>alia</b>, <i>other, another.</i><br>
            <b>baki</b>, <i>to bake.</i><br>
            <b>dika</b>, <i>thick.</i><br>
            <b>facila</b>, <i>easy.</i><br>
            <b>familio</b>, <i>family.</i><br>
            <b>kanapo</b>, <i>sofa.</i><br>
            <b>kies</b>, <i>whose</i> (107).<br>
            <b>kiu</b>, <i>who</i> (106).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kuiri</b>, <i>to cook.</i><br>
            <b>kurteno</b>, <i>curtain.</i><br>
            <b>kutimo</b>, <i>custom.</i><br>
            <b>leciono</b>, <i>lesson.</i><br>
            <b>lerni</b>, <i>to learn.</i><br>
            <b>pano</b>, <i>bread.</i><br>
            <b>persono</b>, <i>person.</i><br>
            <b>salono</b>, <i>parlor.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------099.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>EN NIA DOMO.</b></center>

<p>
Oni ofte miras kies domo en nia vila&#285;o estas plej bela, kaj kiu
domo estas la plej agrabla lo&#285;ejo. Nia domo ne estas tre granda,
sed &#285;i estas nova kaj ni multe &#349;atas &#285;in. &#284;ia salono
estas granda, kun belaj puraj kurtenoj kovrantaj la fenestrojn, kaj
mola dika tapi&#349;o kovranta la plankon. &#264;i tie estas kelkaj
se&#285;oj, malgranda tablo, kaj longa kanapo. Personoj vizitantaj nin
kutime sidas en &#265;i tiu &#265;ambro, kaj dum ni estas sidantaj tie
ni nur parolas, anstata&#365; skribi a&#365; legi. Alia &#265;ambro
en la domo estas tre luma kaj agrabla, sed malpli granda. &#264;i
tie staras tablo sufi&#265;e granda por nia tuta familio, kaj en tiu
&#265;ambro oni man&#285;as. Ofte ni restas tie longan tempon post la
man&#285;o, &#265;ar la patro rakontas interesajn rakontojn al ni, kaj
ni multe ridas, kaj demandas pri tiuj rakontoj, kaj tiel bone amuzas
nin ke mi preska&#365; forgesas pri miaj lecionoj. Tamen mi havas multe
da lecionoj por lerni, kaj ili tute ne estas facilaj. Je tre frua
horo matene mi iras al la lernejo, kun miaj fratoj kaj fratinoj. Nur
sabate kaj diman&#265;e ni ne iras tien. La lernejo estas malnova kaj
malgranda, sed oni estas nun konstruanta novan pli grandan lernejon apud
nia domo. Dum la infanoj estas lernantaj siajn lecionojn tie, la patrino
kutime iras al la bakejon, por a&#265;eti sufi&#265;e da pano, por la
man&#285;oj de la tago. Ofte &#349;i iras anka&#365; al aliaj butikoj.
&#308;a&#365;don &#349;i a&#265;etis kelke da novaj pizoj, kaj da
asparago. Vendredon &#349;i a&#265;etis kelkajn funtojn da sukero, skatolon
da fragoj, kaj sufi&#265;e da kremo kaj lakto. Hodia&#365; &#349;i estas
a&#265;etanta brasikon kaj sakon da terpomoj. &#348;i volas kuiri tre
bonan man&#285;on, tamen &#349;i havas tro multe por fari en la kuirejo,
&#265;ar &#349;i ne havas servistinon.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Who is the woman sitting on the sofa in the parlor? 2. I can not
easily see her, but I hear her voice. 3. I wonder whose voice that is.
4. However, I think that it is the voice of a friend of Mother's. 5. Now
I can see her, although she does not see me. 6. I am well acquainted
with her. 7. She is a friend of our whole family, and is visiting a
neighbor of ours (<i>najbaron nian</i>) in this city. 8. My sister is
sitting on the sofa in another room, and learning her lessons. 9. Soon
she will go to school. 10. Whose book is she reading? 11. That thick
book is mine, but the other books on the table near her are hers. 12.
She prefers to sit in the sewing-room (111) to read or write (98),
because the curtains in front of the windows are not too thick, and so
(78) that room is very light and pleasant. 13. She also likes to look at
the falling snow, and the men and women walking on the muddy streets.
14. On account of the cold weather, people are wearing thick clothes.
15. The men and boys are keeping their hands in their pockets while
they walk. 16. The girls walking toward the school are friends of my
sister's. 17. In that school they learn to cook. Soon they will be able
to bake bread, and even to cook a whole meal. 18. I think such a custom
is very good. 19. Many persons can not cook well enough (<i>sufi&#265;e
bone</i>).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------100.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXV.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>112.</b> The interrogative adjective related to the interrogative
pronoun <b>kiu</b>, is <b>kia</b>, <i>what kind of</i>, <i>what sort
of</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Kiajn vestojn li portis?</b> <i>What sort of clothes did he wear?</i><br>
<b>Kian panon vi preferas?</b> <i>What kind of bread do you prefer?</i><br>
<b>Mi miras kia persono li estas</b>, <i>I wonder what sort of a person he is</i>.<br>
<b>Kia vetero estas?</b> <i>What sort of weather is it?</i><br>
<b>Kia plezuro!</b> <i>What a pleasure!</i>
</p>

<center>THE IMPERFECT TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>113.</b> The compound tense formed by using the present active
participle with the past tense of <b>esti</b> represents an act or
condition as in progress in past time, but not perfected, and is called
the <i>imperfect tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense
is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estis vidanta</b>, <i>I was seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estis vidanta</b>, <i>you were seeing</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estis vidanta</b>, <i>he (she, it) was seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ni estis vidantaj</b>, <i>we were seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estis vidantaj</b>, <i>you were seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ili estis vidantaj</b>, <i>they were seeing</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PROGRESSIVE FUTURE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>114.</b> The compound tense formed by using the present active
participle with the future tense of <b>esti</b> represents an
act or condition as in progress&mdash;or a condition as existing
continuously&mdash;at a future time, and is called the <i>progressive
future</i> tense. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as
follows:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------101.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>mi estos vidanta</b>, <i>I shall be seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos vidanta</b>, <i>you will be seeing</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estos vidanta</b>, <i>he (she, it) will be seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ni estos vidantaj</b>, <i>we shall be seeing</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos vidantaj</b>, <i>you will be seeing</i>.<br>
<b>ili estos vidantaj</b>, <i>they will be seeing</i>.
</p>

<center>SALUTATIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS.</center>

<b>115.</b> When the word or words expressing a salutation or
exclamation may be regarded as the direct object of a verb
which is not expressed; these words are put in the accusative
case:

<p>
<b>Bonan matenon!</b> <i>Good morning!</i> (I wish you "good morning.")<br>
<b>Bonan nokton!</b> <i>Good night!</i> (I wish you a "good night.")<br>
<b>Multajn salutojn al via patro!</b> (I send) <i>many greetings to your father!</i><br>
<b>Dankon!</b> <i>Thanks!</i> (I give to you "thanks.")<br>
<b>&#264;ielon!</b> <i>Heavens!</i> (I invoke the "heavens.")
</p>

<center>WORD FORMATION.</center>

<p>
<b>116.</b> The majority of roots have such a meaning that at least two
kinds of words, and often three or four, may be formed from them by
use of the general endings for verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
(Each root will hereafter be quoted but once in the vocabularies, with a
hyphen separating it from the ending with which it appears first in the
reading lesson, or with which it is most frequently used.) Following are
examples of word formation from roots already familiar:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td align="center">Verb.</td><td align="center">Noun.</td><td align="center">Adjective.</td><td align="center">Adverb.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>brili</b>, <i>to shine</i></td><td nowrap><b>brilo</b>, <i>shine, brilliance</i></td><td nowrap><b>brila</b>, <i>shining, brilliant</i></td><td nowrap><b>brile</b>, <i>brilliantly</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>flori</b>, <i>to bloom</i></td><td nowrap><b>floro</b>, <i>flower, blossom</i></td><td nowrap><b>flora</b>, <i>floral</i></td><td nowrap><b>flore</b>, <i>florally</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>&#285;oji</b>, <i>to rejoice</i></td><td nowrap><b>&#285;ojo</b>, <i>joy, gladness</i></td><td nowrap><b>&#285;oja</b>, <i>joyful, glad</i></td><td nowrap><b>&#285;oje</b>, <i>gladly</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>kontuzi</b>, <i>to bruise</i></td><td nowrap><b>kontuzo</b>, <i>bruise, contusion</i></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
      <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>tuto</b>, <i>whole</i></td><td nowrap><b>tuta</b>, <i>entire, whole, all</i></td><td nowrap><b>tute</b>, <i>entirely</i></td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------102.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>KONI</b> AND <b>SCII</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>117.</b> The verb <b>koni</b>, which means "to know" in the sense of "to
be acquainted with" is used in speaking of persons, languages, places,
etc. <b>Koni</b> always has a direct object. It is never followed by
<b>ke</b>, <b>&#265;u</b>, <b>kiu</b>, or any other interrogative word.
<b>Scii</b> means "to know" in the sense of "to be aware," "to have
knowledge." It is not used in speaking of persons.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>Koni</b> is equivalent to German <i>kennen</i>, French
<i>connaitre</i>, Spanish <i>conocer</i>, while <b>scii</b> is
equivalent to German <i>wissen</i>, French <i>savoir</i>, Spanish
<i>saber</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>&#264;u vi konas tiun personon?</b> <i>Do you know that person?</i><br>
<b>Mi scias ke li estas nia najbaro</b>, <i>I know that he is our neighbor.</i><br>
<b>Mi bone konas Bostonon</b>, <i>I am well acquainted with Boston.</i><br>
<b>Mi ne scias &#265;u li konas ilin</b>, <i>I do not know whether he knows them.</i>
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>av-o</b>, <i>grandfather</i>.<br>
            <b>buked-o</b>, <i>bouquet</i>.<br>
            <b>ekzamen-o</b>, <i>examination</i>.<br>
            <b>ferm-i</b>, <i>to close</i>.<br>
            <b>frap-i</b>, <i>to strike, to knock</i>.<br>
            <b>geometri-o</b>, <i>geometry</i>.<br>
            <b>german-a</b>, <i>German</i>.<br>
            <b>hejm-o</b>, <i>home</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kia</b>, <i>what kind of</i> (112).<br>
            <b>lingv-o</b>, <i>language</i>.<br>
            <b>nep-o</b>, <i>grandson</i>.<br>
            <b>nu!</b> <i>Well!</i><br>
            <b>paper-o</b>, <i>paper</i>.<br>
            <b>salut-i</b>, <i>to greet</i>.<br>
            <b>sci-i</b>, <i>to know</i> (117).<br>
            <b>stud-i</b>, <i>to study</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------103.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA NEPO VIZITAS LA AVINON.</b></center>

<p>
Hiera&#365; matene mi vizitis la avinon. &#348;ia hejmo estas apud la
granda nova bakejo. Mi vidis &#349;in tra la fenestro, &#265;ar la
kurtenoj kovrantaj &#285;in estas tre maldikaj. &#348;i estis sidanta
sur la kanapo, kaj skribanta per plumo sur granda papero. Anta&#365;
ol frapi sur la pordo mi vokis &#349;in kaj diris "Bonan matenon,
kara avino!" Tuj &#349;i demandis "Kiu estas tie? Kies vo&#265;on mi
a&#365;das?" Mi respondis "Estas via nepo. &#264;u vi ne konas mian
vo&#265;on?" Anta&#365; ol &#349;i povis veni al la pordo mi estis
malfermanta &#285;in. Mi iris en la salonon kaj donis al la avino
bukedon da floroj. "La patrino donas &#265;i tiujn al vi, kun siaj plej
bonaj salutoj," mi diris. La avino respondis "Nu, kia plezuro! Multan
dankon al &#349;i pro la bela bukedo, kaj anka&#365; al vi, &#265;ar
vi portis &#285;in &#265;i tien por mi!" Dum &#349;i estis metanta la
florojn en glason da akvo la avino diris "Nu, kiajn lecionojn vi havis
hodia&#365; en la lernejo?" Mi respondis ke mi bone konis la lecionojn,
&#265;ar mi zorge studis ilin. "Ni estas lernantaj la germanan lingvon,"
mi diris, "kaj ju pli longe ni studas &#285;in, des pli multe mi
&#285;in &#349;atas, kvankam &#285;i estas tre malfacila." Mi rakontis
anka&#365; pri la lecionoj de geometrio, kaj aliaj lecionoj, sed diris
ke la ekzamenoj estos balda&#365; komencantaj. "Je tiu tempo," mi diris,
"mi estos skribanta la respondojn al la ekzamenoj, preska&#365; la tutan
semajnon." La avino demandis kun intereso "&#264;u la demandoj de la
ekzamenoj estos malfacilaj?" Mi respondis "Mi ne scias, sed mi timas ke
ni estos tre lacaj post tiom da laboro." Post kelke da aliaj demandoj
kaj respondoj, mi opiniis ke estas la horo por foriri. Dum mi estis
foriranta, la avino diris "Multajn salutojn al la tuta familio!" Mi
dankis &#349;in, diris "Bonan tagon!" kaj tiam foriris.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------104.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. What sort of noise do I hear outside the door? 2. Are some of my
friends knocking? 3. We were talking yesterday about the examinations in
our school, and these boys came home to study with me. 4. I shall go to
the door to open it and to greet my friends. 5. Good morning! Did you
come to study geometry, or the German language? 6. Which of these is
usually more difficult, and in which will the examination be the longer?
7. Well, we brought our German books, because we prefer to study these.
8. We wish to know this language thoroughly. 9. We shall go into the
writing-room (111), for (83) some friends of my grandmother are in the
parlor. 10. We can hear their voices here, and we can not study very
well while they are talking. 11. They were carrying many flowers, and
gave a beautiful bouquet to my grandmother. 12. She said "Many thanks
for (86) the sweet violets! In whose garden did they bloom?" 13. Her
friend's granddaughter is a friend of my youngest sister. 14. Well,
shall we begin to study? Have you enough paper, and have you a good pen?
15. I shall close this other door, because they are baking bread in the
kitchen, and cooking meat. 16. We shall be hearing the voices of so many
persons that I know that we can not study.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXVI.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.</center>

<p>
<b>118.</b> The interrogative adverb of place, related to the
interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b> is <b>kie</b>, <i>where</i>, <i>in (at)
what place</i>. If the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the
place indicated by <b>kie</b>, the ending <b>-n</b> is added, forming
<b>kien</b>, <i>whither</i> (<i>where</i>):
</p>

<p>
<b>Kie li estis kaj kien oni forpelis lin?</b> <i>Where was he and whither did they drive him (away)?</i><br>
<b>Li miros kie lia nepo estas</b>, <i>he will wonder where his grandson is</i>.<br>
<b>Mi ne scias kien li kuris</b>, <i>I do not know where (whither) he ran</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------105.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>119.</b> The past active participle, (for the characteristics of a
participle see 108) expressing what the word modified <i>did</i> or
<i>has done</i>, ends in <b>-inta</b>, as <b>vidinta</b>, <i>having
seen</i>, <b>irinta</b>, <i>gone, having gone</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La falintaj folioj estas brunaj</b>, <i>the fallen leaves are brown</i>.<br>
<b>Kiu estas la viro salutinta nin?</b> <i>who is the man having greeted (who greeted) us?</i><br>
<b>Oni forgesas la foririntajn personojn</b>, <i>one forgets the departed persons (the persons who have gone away)</i>.
</p>

<center>ADVERB DERIVATION FROM PREPOSITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>120.</b> Adverbs may be derived from prepositions whose sense
permits, by use of the adverb ending <b>-e</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Anta&#365;e li studis la geometrion</b>, <i>previously he studied geometry</i>.<br>
<b>Poste li studis la germanan</b>, <i>afterwards he studied German</i>.<br>
<b>Li mar&#349;is anta&#365;e, ne malanta&#365;e</b>, <i>he walked in front, not behind</i>.<br>
<b>Dume la viroj staris &#265;irka&#365;e</b>, <i>meanwhile the men stood roundabout</i>.<br>
<b>Ili venis kune kaj sidis apude</b>, <i>they came together and sat near by</i>.
</p>

<center>ADVERBS EXPRESSING DIRECTION OF MOTION.</center>

<p>
<b>121.</b> An adverb expressing place or direction is given the ending
<b>-n</b> when used with a verb expressing motion toward that place or
direction (<b>69</b>, <b>118</b>, etc.):
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u li rajdis norden a&#365; suden?</b> <i>Did he ride north or south(ward)?</i><br>
<b>Ni kuris anta&#365;en, ne malanta&#365;en</b>, <i>we ran forward, not back</i>.<br>
<b>La bukedo falis eksteren kaj suben</b>, <i>the bouquet fell out and underneath</i>.<br>
<b>Li estis mar&#349;anta hejmen</b>, <i>he was walking home (homeward)</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverb may precede the verb and be united with it by simple
juxtaposition, if the resulting word is not too long: <b>Li
hejmeniris</b>, <i>he went home (he "home-went")</i>. <b>Ni
anta&#365;eniros</b>, <i>we shall advance (go forward)</i>. <b>La bukedo
subenfalis</b>, <i>the bouquet fell underneath</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------106.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-EG-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>122.</b> The suffix <b>-eg-</b> may be added to a root to augment or
intensify its meaning, thus forming an <i>augmentative</i> of the root:
</p>

<p>
<b>barelego</b>, <i>hogshead</i> (from <b>barelo</b>, <i>barrel</i>).<br>
<b>bonega</b>, <i>excellent</i> (from <b>bona</b>, <i>good</i>).<br>
<b>malbonege</b>, <i>wickedly, wretchedly</i> (from <b>malbone</b>, <i>badly, poorly</i>).<br>
<b>domego</b>, <i>mansion</i> (from <b>domo</b>, <i>house</i>).<br>
<b>ploregi</b>, <i>to sob, to wail</i> (from <b>plori</b>, <i>to weep</i>).<br>
<b>treege</b>, <i>exceedingly</i> (from <b>tre</b>, <i>very</i>).
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>aer-o</b>, <i>air.</i><br>
            <b>danc-i</b>, <i>to dance.</i><br>
            <b>fulm-o</b>, <i>lightning.</i><br>
            <b>gut-o</b>, <i>drop</i> (of water, etc.).<br>
            <b>kie</b>, <i>where</i> (118).<br>
            <b>okaz-i</b>, <i>to happen, to occur.</i><br>
            <b>okul-o</b>, <i>eye.</i><br>
            <b>pec-o</b>, <i>piece.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pez-a</b>, <i>heavy.</i><br>
            <b>polv-o</b>, <i>dust.</i><br>
            <b>sekv-i</b>, <i>to follow.</i><br>
            <b>ser&#265;-i</b>, <i>to hunt for, to search.</i><br>
            <b>silent-a</b>, <i>still, silent.</i><br>
            <b>subit-a</b>, <i>sudden.</i><br>
            <b>tegment-o</b>, <i>roof.</i><br>
            <b>tondr-o</b>, <i>thunder.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------107.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA PLUVEGO.</b></center>

<p>
Nu, kia pluvego okazis hiera&#365; vespere! Post kvieta varmega mateno,
subite multaj nuboj kovris la &#265;ielon. La aero &#349;ajnis peza, kaj
estis tute silenta kelkan tempon. Tiam forte blovanta vento frapegis la
arbojn, kaj komencis fortege skui la bran&#265;ojn. Multege da polvo
kaj malgrandaj pecoj da papero dancis kaj flugis &#265;irka&#365;en en
la aero, kaj anka&#365; &#265;ielen. Falis tiam kelkaj grandaj gutoj
da pluvo, kaj ni sciis ke la pluvego estas venanta. Ni malfermis niajn
ombrelojn, kaj kuris anta&#365;en, por iri hejmen anta&#365; ol falos
multe da pluvo. La fulmo tiel ofte brilis ke ni fermis la okulojn pro
&#285;i, kaj treege &#285;in timis. Preska&#365; tuj la tondro sekvis
&#285;in. Tondris tiom kaj tiel la&#365;tege ke la bruo &#349;ajnis
frapi kontra&#365; niajn kapojn. Tiam komencis subite pluvegi, sed je
tiu tempo ni estis preska&#365; sub la tegmento de nia domo. Dume la
vento pli kaj pli blovegis, kaj ju pli forte &#285;i blovis, des pli
peze la gutoj da pluvo falis teren, kun multege da bruo. Mi opinias
ke mi malofte anta&#365;e vidis tian pluvegon. La sekvintan tagon mi
promenis tre frue, kaj vidis ke la pordego al la &#285;ardeno de mia avo
estas ku&#349;anta sur la tero. Apude mi vidis ventoflagon falintan de
la tegmento de tiu granda &#265;evalejo. Velkintaj floroj ku&#349;is sur
la tero &#265;irka&#365; mi, kaj inter ili estis bran&#265;oj falintaj
de la arboj, &#265;ar la grandega forto de la vento forrompis e&#265;
&#265;i tiujn. Sur malgranda bran&#265;o restis nesto, sed kie estis la
birdoj! Mi ser&#265;is la junajn birdojn sed tute ne povis trovi ilin,
tial mi opinias ke ili forflugis anta&#365; ol la ventoj forrompis de
la arbo ilian malgrandan hejmon. Mi ne scias kien ili flugis, sed mi
opinias ke ili flugis suden al la arboj en tiu granda kampo trans la
rivero.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------108.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. While we were walking home (121) from school yesterday, it rained
very suddenly. 2. What a storm it was! 3. We were talking about the
lessons in geometry, and were looking at these books about the German
language. 4. So we did not see the clouds in (on) the sky. 5. Well, we
forgot about examinations and began to wonder where to go. 6. We did
not know whether we had enough time to run even to Grandfather's house
before it would rain. 7. Many papers fell out of our books, and the
wind caught them. 8. The wind chased them away from us, and they seemed
to dance around in the air. 9. However, we easily caught and gathered
them, and then we ran forward. 10. Suddenly it thundered very loudly,
and we saw the brilliant lightning in the sky. 11. We almost closed our
eyes for the lightning. 12. Big drops of rain fell heavily and struck
the dust violently. 13. The air was heavy and still then, and the storm
immediately followed the few drops of rain. 14. We hastened across the
street, and ran faster and faster. 15. We were exhausted (<b>122</b>)
and our clothes were exceedingly wet before we were in the house. 16.
The rain was dropping from the roof, but we ran through it, and knocked
on the door. 17. We rested some time here, before going home.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXVII.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB</center>

<p>
<b>123.</b> The interrogative temporal adverb, related to the
interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b>, is <b>kiam</b>, <i>when, at what
time?</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Kiam li ser&#265;os min?</b> <i>When will he look for me?</i><br>
<b>Oni miras kiam li venos</b>, <i>they wonder when he is coming (will come).</i><br>
<b>Kiam falis tiuj gutoj da pluvo?</b> <i>When did those drops of rain fall?</i>
</p>

<center>THE PERFECT TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>124.</b> The compound tense formed by using the past active
participle with the present tense of <b>esti</b> is called the
<i>perfect tense</i>. It differs from the aoristic past tense
(<b>35</b>) and from the imperfect (<b>113</b>) by expressing an act
or condition as definitely completed or perfected. The conjugation of
<b>vidi</b> in the perfect tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estas vidinta</b>, <i>I have seen (I am having-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidinta</b>, <i>you have seen (you are having-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estas vidinta</b>, <i>he (she, it) has seen (is having-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>ni estas vidintaj</b>, <i>we have seen (we are having-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidintaj</b>, <i>you have seen (you are having-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>ili estas vidintaj</b>, <i>they have seen (they are having-seen)</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------109.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>&#264;E</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>125.</b> The general situation of a person, object or action is
expressed by the use of the preposition <b>&#265;e</b>, <i>at, at the
house of, in the region or land of, among, with</i>, etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li staris silente &#265;e la pordego</b>, <i>he stood silently at the gate</i>.<br>
<b>Li lo&#285;as &#265;e mia avo</b>, <i>he lives (dwells) at my grandfather's</i>.<br>
<b>Ili estas &#265;e la lernejo</b>, <i>they are at the school</i>.<br>
<b>Li restos &#265;e amikoj</b>, <i>he will stay with (at the house of) friends</i>.<br>
<b>Li vizitos &#265;e ni morga&#365;</b>, <i>he will visit at-our-house tomorrow</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-AR-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>126.</b> Words expressing a collection, group or assemblage of
similar persons or things, as <i>forest</i> (collection of trees),
<i>army</i> (assemblage of soldiers), etc., may be formed by the use
of the suffix <b>-ar-</b>. This suffix may itself be used as a root to
form <b>aro</b>, <i>group, flock</i>, etc., <b>are</b>, <i>in a group,
by throngs</i>, etc. Words formed with the suffix <b>-ar-</b> are called
collectives:
</p>

<p>
<b>arbaro</b>, <i>forest</i> (from <b>arbo</b>, <i>tree</i>).<br>
<b>&#265;evalaro</b>, <i>herd of horses</i> (from <b>&#265;evalo</b>, <i>horse</i>).<br>
<b>kamparo</b>, <i>country</i> (from <b>kampo</b>, <i>field</i>).<br>
<b>libraro</b>, <i>collection of books, library</i> (from <b>libro</b>, <i>book</i>).<br>
<b>amikaro</b>, <i>circle of friends</i> (from <b>amiko</b>, <i>friend</i>).
</p>

<center><b>TEMPO</b> AND <b>FOJO</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>127.</b> The general word for "time" in the sense of duration,
or suitability (as "the proper time"), is <b>tempo</b>. The word
<b>fojo</b>, <i>time, occasion</i>, refers to the performance or
occurrence of an act or event, in repetition or series:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------110.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Mi ne havas multe da tempo</b>, <i>I have not much time</i>.<br>
<b>Li venis multajn fojojn, kaj la lastan fojon li restis longan tempon</b>, <i>he came many times, and the last time he remained a long time</i>.<br>
<b>Kelkajn fojojn la&#365;te tondris</b>, <i>several times it thundered loudly</i>.<br>
<b>Multe da fojoj ni fermis la okulojn pro la fulmo</b>, <i>many times we closed our eyes on account of the lightning</i>.
</p>

<center>THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF PROPER NOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>128.</b> Proper nouns, that is, nouns which are names of persons,
cities, countries, etc., are given Esperanto spelling if they are names
of continents, countries, large or very well-known cities, or if they
are first (Christian) names of persons, as <b>Azio</b>, <i>Asia</i>,
<b>Skotlando</b>, <i>Scotland</i>, <b>Bostono</b>, <i>Boston</i>,
<b>Johano</b>, <i>John</i>, <b>Mario</b>, <i>Mary</i>. Surnames and
names of places which are small or not well known are more often
quoted in the national spelling. The pronunciation may be indicated in
parentheses, as <b>Mt. Vernon</b> (<b>Ma&#365;nt Vernon</b>), <b>Roberto
Bruce</b> (<b>Brus</b>), <b>Martinique</b> (<b>Martinik'</b>), etc.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>arane-o</b>, <i>spider</i>.<br>
            <b>Azi-o</b>, <i>Asia</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;e</b>, <i>at</i> (125).<br>
            <b>fin-o</b>, <i>end, ending</i>.<br>
            <b>foj-o</b>, <i>time, instance</i> (127).<br>
            <b>kiam</b>, <i>when</i> (123).<br>
            <b>pacienc-o</b>, <i>patience</i>.<br>
            <b>pied-o</b>, <i>foot</i>.<br>
            <b>plafon-o</b>, <i>ceiling</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ramp-i</b>, <i>to crawl</i>.<br>
            <b>rekt-a</b>, <i>direct, straight</i>.<br>
            <b>rimark-i</b>, <i>to notice</i>.<br>
            <b>send-i</b>, <i>to send</i>.<br>
            <b>Skotland-o</b>, <i>Scotland</i>.<br>
            <b>soldat-o</b>, <i>soldier</i>.<br>
            <b>sukces-i</b>, <i>to succeed</i>.<br>
            <b>supr-e</b>, <i>above</i>.<br>
            <b>venk-i</b>, <i>to conquer</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------111.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>ROBERTO BRUCE KAJ LA ARANEO.</b></center>

<p>
Oni rakontas la sekvantan interesan rakonton pri Roberto Bruce,
re&#285;o anta&#365; multaj jaroj en Skotlando. Okazis ke li estis
rigardanta la soldataron de siaj malamikoj, de la fenestro de granda
&#265;evalejo. Por povi rigardi plej facile, kaj anka&#365; por sin
ka&#349;i, li forsendis siajn soldatojn kaj restis la tutan tagon sub
tiu tegmento. Kvankam la &#265;evalejo estis granda &#285;i estis
malnova, kaj li opiniis ke la malamikoj ne ser&#265;os lin tie. Je
la fino de la tago li subite rimarkis araneon sur la muro apud si.
La araneo estis rampanta supren, sed balda&#365; &#285;i falis en
la polvon &#265;e liaj piedoj. Tuj la falinta araneo komencis alian
fojon supren rampi. Alian fojon &#285;i falis teren, sed post ne longe
&#285;i komencis rampi alian fojon. "Kia pacienco!" diris la re&#285;o
al si. "Mi ne sciis ke la araneo havas tiel multe da pacienco! Sed
kien &#285;i nun estas falinta?" Li rigardis &#265;irka&#365;en
kaj fine (<i>finally</i>) li vidis la falintan araneon. Kun granda
surprizo li rimarkis ke &#285;i estas komencanta supren rampi.
Multajn fojojn &#285;i supren rampis, kaj tiom da fojoj &#285;i falis
malsupren. Fine, tamen, &#285;i sukcese rampis &#285;is la plafono. La
re&#285;o malfermis la bu&#349;on pro surprizo, kaj diris al si "Kiam
anta&#365;e mi vidis tiom da pacienco! Mi opinias ke la fina sukceso
de tiu malgranda araneo donas al mi bonegan lecionon. Mi estas ofte
malsukcesinta, sed malpli ofte ol tiu araneo sur la muro. Mi estas
perdinta multe da soldatoj, kaj la malamikoj estas venkintaj multajn
fojojn, &#265;ar ili havas multe pli grandan nombron da soldatoj.
Tamen, mi estos pacienca, &#265;ar oni ne scias kiam li fine sukcesos."
La sekvintan tagon, la re&#285;o Roberto Bruce komencis treege labori
kontra&#365; siaj malamikoj. Post mallonga tempo li bone sukcesis,
kaj tute venkis la malamikoj en granda venko &#265;e Bannockburn
(Banokb'rn).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------112.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Although the enemies of Robert Bruce conquered him many times, he
finally conquered them in Scotland, because he was patient and very
courageous. 2. He was sitting in a large stable, to hide (himself), and
also in order to (98) look directly from its roof (at) the soldiery
(126) of the enemy. 3. At the end of the day he noticed a spider
crawling up (ward) on the wall. 4. The spider fell suddenly into the
dust and lay at the king's feet, but soon began to crawl up. 5. "Where
does it wish to go?" said the king to himself. 6. "What patience it
shows! It has crawled up and fallen down a great many times." 7. Finally
however the spider succeeded, and crawled up to the ceiling. 8. The
king said that he had learned a lesson from the patient spider. 9. He
said "Although the enemy have conquered many times, because they have a
larger number of soldiers, I shall finally succeed against them." 10.
Soon it happened that the wind blew violently, and a rainstorm occurred.
11. The blast shook the foliage (126) on the trees, and broke away many
small branches. 12. A group of soldiers ran right (<i>rekte</i>) toward
the stable, and Robert Bruce was much afraid that they would find him.
13. But they merely stole the horses there, and rode away.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXVIII.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF MOTIVE OR REASON.</center>

<p>
<b>129.</b> The interrogative adverb of motive or reason related to the
interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b> is <b>kial</b>, <i>why, wherefore, for
what reason</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Kial la araneo supren rampis?</b> <i>why did the spider crawl up?</i><br>
<b>Mi demandos kial li rimarkis &#285;in</b>, <i>I will ask why he noticed it.</i>
</p>

<center>THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.</center>

<p>
<b>130.</b> The infinitive may be used as the subject of a verb.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. the complementary infinitive (28), equivalent to the object
of a verb, and the use of the infinitive after the prepositions
<b>por</b>, <b>anstata&#365;</b>, <b>anta&#365; ol</b> (98).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------113.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Any modifier of the infinitive is necessarily adverbial. An indefinite
personal object (or pronominal complement of a preposition) after
an infinitive used as subject is expressed by the reflexive pronoun
<b>si</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Promeni estas granda plezuro</b>, <i>to go walking is a great pleasure</i>.<br>
<b>Promeni estas agrable</b>, <i>to go walking is pleasant</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u estas facile rigardi la plafonon?</b> <i>Is it easy to look at the ceiling?</i><br>
<b>Estas bone sin helpi</b>, <i>it is well to help oneself</i>.<br>
<b>Paroli al si estas malsa&#285;e</b>, <i>to talk to oneself is silly</i>.
</p>

<center>PRESENT ACTION WITH PAST INCEPTION.</center>

<p>
<b>131.</b> A present act or state which began in the past is expressed
by the present tense (instead of by the past as in English):
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi estas &#265;i tie de lundo</b>, <i>I have been (I am) here since Monday</i>.<br>
<b>De Marto mi studas tiun lingvon</b>, <i>since March I have been (I am) studying that language</i>.<br>
<b>Ili estas amikoj de tiu tago</b>, <i>they have been (they are) friends from that day</i>.<br>
<b>Ni lo&#285;as tie de anta&#365; kelkaj monatoj</b>, <i>we have been living (we are living) here since some months ago</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> German <i>er ist schon lange hier</i>, he has already been
here a long time, French <i>je suis ici depuis deux ans</i>, I have been
here two years, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-UL-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>132.</b> The suffix <b>-ul-</b> is used to form nouns indicating
a person characterized by or possessing the distinguishing trait,
character or quality in the root:
</p>

<p>
<b>junulo</b>, <i>a youth, a young man</i> (from <b>juna</b>, <i>young</i>).<br>
<b>belulino</b>, <i>a beauty, a belle</i> (from <b>bela</b>, <i>beautiful</i>).<br>
<b>maljunulo</b>, <i>an old man</i> (from <b>maljuna</b>, <i>old</i>).<br>
<b>sa&#285;ulo</b>, <i>a sage, a wise man</i> (from <b>saga</b>, <i>wise</i>).<br>
<b>malri&#265;ulino</b>, <i>a poor woman</i> (from <b>malri&#265;a</b>, <i>poor</i>).
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. the English adjectives <i>quer-ul-ous</i>, <i>cred-ul-ous</i>,
<i>garr-ul-ous</i>, etc., and the Latin nouns <i>fam-ul-us</i>, a servant,
<i>fig-ul-us</i>, a potter, and <i>leg-ul-us</i>, a gatherer.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------114.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LO&#284;I</b> AND <b>VIVI</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>133.</b> The verb <b>lo&#285;i</b>, <i>to reside, to dwell, to
lodge</i>, must not be confused with <b>vivi</b>, which means <i>to
live</i> in the sense of "to be alive:"
</p>

<p>
<b>Li lo&#285;as apude</b>, <i>he lives near by</i>.<br>
<b>Li vivis longan tempon</b>, <i>he lived a long time</i>.<br>
<b>Vivi feli&#265;e estas pli bone ol lo&#285;i ri&#265;e</b>, <i>to live happily is better than to live (lodge) richly</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>afabl-a</b>, <i>amiable, affable</i>.<br>
            <b>afer-o</b>, <i>thing, matter, affair</i>.<br>
            <b>balanc-i</b>, <i>to balance, to nod</i>.<br>
            <b>barb-o</b>, <i>beard</i>.<br>
            <b>batal-o</b>, <i>battle</i>.<br>
            <b>brov-o</b>, <i>eyebrow</i>.<br>
            <b>bukl-o</b>, <i>curl</i> (of hair).<br>
            <b>har-o</b>, <i>hair</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kial</b>, <i>why</i> (129).<br>
            <b>mejl-o</b>, <i>mile</i>.<br>
            <b>okulhar-o</b>, <i>eyelash</i>.<br>
            <b>okulvitr-oj</b>, <i>spectacles</i>.<br>
            <b>pens-i</b>, <i>to think, to ponder</i>.<br>
            <b>vang-o</b>, <i>cheek</i>.<br>
            <b>verand-o</b>, <i>porch, veranda</i>.<br>
            <b>viv-i</b>, <i>to live</i> (133).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------115.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>PRI LA AVO KAJ LA AVINO.</b></center>

<p>
Mia avo estas tre afabla persono. Li estas maljunulo kun blankaj haroj
kaj blanka barbo. Li havas bluajn okulojn, kaj la brovoj super ili
estas e&#265; pli blankaj ol liaj haroj. Kvankam li lo&#285;as en nia
vila&#285;o de anta&#365; kelkaj jaroj, li anta&#365;e lo&#285;is en
Skotlando. Anta&#365; multaj jaroj li estis soldato, kaj li ofte parolas
al mi pri la bataloj kaj venkoj de tiu tempo. Sidi kviete sur la verando
kaj rakonti tiajn rakontojn al la nepo &#349;ajne donas al li multe da
plezuro. Multajn fojojn je la fino de la tago li sidas tie, kaj parolas
pri tiaj aferoj &#285;is malfrua horo de la vespero. Sidi &#265;e liaj
piedoj kaj a&#365;di liajn rakontojn estas tre interese al mi. Komence,
dum mi estas &#265;e li, mi kutime demandas "&#264;u oni sukcesis en
tiu batalo?" Tuj li balancas la kapon kaj komencas pacience rakonti pri
la venkoj kaj malvenkoj (<i>defeats</i>). Li malofte respondas "Mi ne
scias," al miaj demandoj "Kiam," kaj "Kial." Kelkajn fojojn li diras "Mi
havas tiun opinion, sed mi ne bone scias pri la tuta afero, kaj mi miras
&#265;u aliaj personoj scias pli bone." &#264;ar li estas multe studinta
kaj pensinta, liaj opinioj estas treege interesaj. Li &#285;ojas tial
ke mi demandas pri aferoj okazintaj (<i>things that have happened</i>),
&#265;ar tiaj demandoj montras ke mi anka&#365; pensas pri ili. Mia
avino estas malgranda, kun belaj bukloj da tute blankaj haroj. &#348;i
havas belajn brunajn okulojn, kun longaj nigraj okulharoj. Oni diras
ke anta&#365; multaj jaroj &#349;i estis belulino. E&#265; nun estas
plezure rigardi &#349;in, kaj vidi &#349;iajn ru&#285;ajn vangojn. De
anta&#365; kelkaj jaroj &#349;i portas okulvitrojn por legi a&#365;
skribi a&#365; kudri, kaj &#349;i bezonas ripozon post malmulte da
laboro. Promeno de e&#265; mejlo estas tro longa nun por la avino.
Oni diras ke &#349;i ne vivos tre longan tempon, kaj tia penso donas
mal&#285;ojon al ni, &#265;ar ni treege amas la afablan paciencan
avinon.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------116.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Our grandfather is an old man, and they say that he will not live
much longer. 2. He is not very strong, and can not take (<i>fari</i>)
long walks. 3. The mile between his house and ours now seems long to
him. 4. He prefers to sit quietly in the house or on the veranda, and
think, nearly all day long (the whole day). 5. He is very amiable,
and can tell exceedingly interesting stories, about the victories and
defeats which happened (119) many years ago. 6. Such things are wicked I
think, and I am very glad that (83) such battles do not happen now. 7.
Grandfather has a long white beard and much white hair. 8. It is very
interesting to hear his stories, and also to look directly at him while
he is telling them. 9. He tells such stories with great pleasure. 10.
Although he has lived with (125) us since February (131), he does not
know (117) a great many of the neighbors, or of the other persons living
(133) near. 11. Grandmother has blue eyes, red cheeks, and soft white
curls. 12. She speaks slowly, with a sweet voice, and is very patient.
13. Today she said to me "Good morning, my dear (132), I have lost my
spectacles. Will you look-for them for me?" I nodded (the head) and soon
found the spectacles.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXIX.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER AND DEGREE.</center>

<p>
<b>134.</b> The interrogative adverb of manner or degree, related to the
interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b>, is <b>kiel</b>, <i>how, in what way,
to what degree:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Kiel oni vivas en tia aero?</b> <i>How do people live in such air?</i><br>
<b>Kiel afabla &#349;i estas!</b> <i>How amiable she is!</i><br>
<b>Mi miras kiel la batalo okazis</b>, <i>I wonder how the battle happened.</i><br>
<b>Kiel longe li pensis pri &#285;i?</b> <i>How long did he think about it?</i>
</p>

<center>THE PLUPERFECT TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>135.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the past active
participle with the past tense of <b>esti</b> represents an act or
condition as having been completed at some time in the past, and is
called the <i>pluperfect tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in
this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estis vidinta</b>, <i>I had seen (I was having-seen).</i><br>
<b>vi estis vidinta</b>, <i>you had seen (you were having-seen).</i><br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estis vidinta</b>, <i>he (she, it) had seen (was having-seen).</i><br>
<b>ni estis vidintaj</b>, <i>we had seen (we were having-seen).</i><br>
<b>vi estis vidintaj</b>, <i>you had seen (you were having-seen).</i><br>
<b>ili estis vidintaj</b>, <i>they had seen (they were having-seen).</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------117.png---------------------------- -->

<center>CARDINAL NUMERALS.</center>

<p>
<b>136.</b> Cardinals are numeral adjectives which answer the question
"How many?" The cardinals from one to twelve are as follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>unu</b>, <i>one.</i><br>
            <b>du</b>, <i>two.</i><br>
            <b>tri</b>, <i>three.</i><br>
            <b>kvar</b>, <i>four.</i><br>
            <b>kvin</b>, <i>five.</i><br>
            <b>ses</b>, <i>six.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>sep</b>, <i>seven.</i><br>
            <b>ok</b>, <i>eight.</i><br>
            <b>na&#365;</b>, <i>nine.</i><br>
            <b>dek</b>, <i>ten.</i><br>
            <b>dek unu</b>, <i>eleven.</i><br>
            <b>dek du</b>, <i>twelve.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>137.</b> With the exception of <b>unu</b>, none of the cardinals may
receive the plural ending <b>-j</b> or the accusative ending <b>-n</b>.
That is, they are invariable in form. <b>Unuj</b> may be used to mean
<i>some</i> in contrast to <b>aliaj</b>, <i>others:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Unuj mar&#349;is</b>, aliaj kuris, <i>some walked, others ran.</i><br>
<b>Mi prenis unujn kaj lasis la aliajn</b>, <i>I took some and left the others.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>138.</b> The preposition <b>el</b> is used after numeral adjectives
expressing a number <i>out of</i> some larger number or quantity:
</p>

<p>
<b>Ses el la knaboj venis</b>, <i>six of the boys came.</i><br>
<b>Ok el tiuj libroj estas la miaj</b>, <i>eight of those books are mine.</i><br>
<b>El tiuj &#265;apeloj mi &#349;atas nur unu</b>, <i>of those hats I like only one.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The cardinal <b>unu</b> must not be used in the sense of the English
pronominal "one," as in <i>I am searching for a book, but not the one on
the table</i>, which should be translated <b>Mi ser&#265;as libron, sed
ne tiun sur la tablo.</b>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------118.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE ACCUSATIVE OF MEASURE.</center>

<p>
<b>139.</b> A substantive in the accusative case may be used, instead
of a prepositional phrase or an adverb, not only to express measure
(duration) of time (91), but also to express measure of weight, price,
length, etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li mar&#349;is dek unu mejlojn</b>, <i>he walked eleven miles</i>.<br>
<b>La parko estas lar&#285;a tri mejlojn, kaj longa kvar mejlojn</b>, <i>the park is three miles wide and four miles long</i>.<br>
<b>La tablo pezas dek du funtojn</b>, <i>the table weighs (is heavy) twelve pounds</i>.
</p>

<center><b>NIA FAMILIO.</b></center>

<p>
Mi rakontos al vi kian familion ni havas. Ni estas ses personoj kaj ni
lo&#285;as en &#265;i tiu domo de anta&#365; preska&#365; kvar jaroj.
Anta&#365; ol veni &#265;i tien al la urbo, ni estis lo&#285;intaj
tri jarojn en kvieta vila&#285;o en la kamparo. Mia patro estas alta,
kun grizaj haroj kaj griza barbo. Kvankam li ne estas ri&#265;ulo, li
tamen havas sufi&#265;e da mono por vivi kontente kaj feli&#265;e. Li
&#349;atas mar&#349;i, kaj ofte li estas mar&#349;inta kvin a&#365; ses
mejlojn por unu promeno. Unu fojon mi demandis "Kiel vi povas mar&#349;i
tiel multe?" Li respondis "Dum mi estis junulo mi estis soldato, kaj
tiam mi estis tre multe mar&#349;anta. Tial mi ne forgesas la plezurojn
de longaj promenoj." La patrino estas malpli alta ol mi, kaj kiel bluajn
okulojn &#349;i havas, sub nigraj okulharoj kaj nigraj brovoj! &#348;iaj
haroj estas nigraj kaj buklaj, kaj &#349;iaj vangoj estas ru&#285;aj.
&#348;i havas dol&#265;an vo&#265;on, kaj estas plezuro a&#365;di
&#349;iajn kantojn. Por legi a&#365; skribi &#349;i kutime portas
okulvitrojn. Mi havas du fratojn kaj unu fratinon. La fratino havas dek
unu jarojn.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Like French and some other languages, Esperanto commonly uses the verb
<i>to have</i> rather than the verb <i>to be</i>, in expressing age: Li
havas sep jarojn, <i>he is seven years old (he has seven years)</i>.
Mi havis dek jarojn tiam, <i>I was ten years old (I had ten years)
then</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------119.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Unu el la fratoj havas ok jarojn, la alia havas dek du jarojn. Ili povas
bonege kuri, rajdi, kaj fari aliajn interesajn aferojn. Ili lernis
siajn lecionojn en la lernejo tiel bone ke ses fojojn en unu monato
oni la&#365;dis ilin. Ni multe &#285;ojis pri tiom da la&#365;do por
la fratoj. La fratino estas malpli forta, tamen &#349;i ofte promenas
kun ni e&#265; du a&#365; tri mejlojn. La avino anka&#365; lo&#285;as
&#265;e ni de anta&#365; sep a&#365; ok jaroj. Unu el ni kutime restas
&#265;e la hejmo kun &#349;i, dum la aliaj promenas, &#265;ar &#349;i ne
estas sufi&#265;e forta por mar&#349;i e&#265; unu mejlon. Mi ofte miras
kial &#349;i preferas sidi sur la verando, kaj mi demandas al &#349;i
"&#264;u vi estas tro laca por mar&#349;i?" &#348;i kutime balancas la
kapon kaj diras "Jes, mia nepo, mi estas tro laca."
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Three and four make seven. 2. Two and six make eight. Five and six
make eleven. 3. Seven and five make twelve. 4. I have been studying
geometry since five months ago, and German since January. 5. I have read
three German books, but I shall not be able to talk in this language
until after August. 6. To learn how to speak such a language is a
difficult matter. 7. Nine of the children in our school are now studying
German with me. 8. Some learn it easily, others do not like it. 9. Three
of the boys and two of the girls in that school are German. 10. They
had resided four years in a large city, but I think (that) they live
more contentedly in our quiet village. 11. They can not talk with us
very well, but merely nod their heads when we talk to them. 12. I had
not seen them before they came to school, although they are neighbors
of ours. 13. They are amiable children, with blue eyes, red cheeks, and
yellow hair. 14. They can ride very well, and often ride eight or ten
miles in one day. 15. They usually ride in a park three miles wide and
four miles long, where there is but little (<i>nur malmulte da</i>)
dust.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------120.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXX.</b></center>

<center>THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY.</center>

<p>
<b>140.</b> The interrogative adverb of quantity related to the
interrogative pronoun <b>kiu</b> is <b>kiom</b>, <i>how much, how
many</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Kiom da tempo vi ripozis?</b> <i>How much time did you rest?</i><br>
<b>Kiom da sukero kaj kiom da fragoj vi a&#265;etis?</b> <i>How much sugar and how many strawberries did you buy?</i><br>
<b>Ni miras kiom da mono li havos</b>, <i>we wonder how much money he will have</i>.<br>
<b>Kiom de la leciono vi lernis?</b> <i>How much of the lesson did you learn?</i>
</p>

<center>MODIFIERS OF IMPERSONALLY USED VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>141.</b> Any modifier of an impersonal verb (<b>50</b>) or of a
verb used impersonally, that is, with an infinitive or clause for its
subject, or without any definitely expressed or personal subject (as in
"it is cold," "it seems too early"), must necessarily be adverbial:
</p>

<p>
<b>Estas varme en la domo</b>, <i>it is warm in the house.</i><br>
<b>Estos malvarme morga&#365;</b>, <i>it will be cold tomorrow.</i><br>
<b>Estas bone ke li venis</b>, <i>it is well that he came.</i><br>
<b>Estas amuze ke ni forgesis lin</b>, <i>it is amusing that we forgot him.</i><br>
<b>Ke vi venis estis tre sa&#285;e</b>, <i>that you came was very wise.</i><br>
<b>Estos pli agrable en la salono</b>, <i>it will be pleasanter in the parlor.</i>
</p>

<center>FORMATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS.</center>

<p>
<b>142.</b> The cardinal numerals for the tens, hundreds and thousands
are formed by prefixing <b>du</b>, <b>tri</b>, <b>kvar</b>, etc., to
<b>dek</b>, <i>ten</i>, <b>cent</b>, <i>hundred</i>, and <b>mil</b>,
<i>thousand</i>, respectively.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------121.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <table border="0" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="2" align="center">Tens.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dudek</b>, <i>twenty</i>.<br>
            <b>tridek</b>, <i>thirty</i>.<br>
            <b>kvardek</b>, <i>forty</i>.<br>
            <b>kvindek</b>, <i>fifty</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>sesdek</b>, <i>sixty</i>.<br>
            <b>sepdek</b>, <i>seventy</i>.<br>
            <b>okdek</b>, <i>eighty</i>.<br>
            <b>na&#365;dek</b>, <i>ninety</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Hundreds.</td><td nowrap align="center">Thousands.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ducent</b>, <i>two hundred</i>.<br>
            <b>kvincent</b>, <i>five hundred</i>.<br>
            <b>sepcent</b>, <i>seven hundred</i>, etc.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>trimil</b>, <i>three thousand</i>.<br>
            <b>kvarmil</b>, <i>four thousand</i>.<br>
            <b>sesmil</b>, <i>six thousand</i>, etc.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>143.</b> The cardinals between ten and twenty, twenty and thirty,
etc., are formed by placing <b>unu, du, tri</b>, etc., after <b>dek,
dudek, tridek</b>, etc. (<i>Cf</i>. <b>dek unu</b>, <i>eleven</i>,
<b>dek du</b>, <i>twelve</i>, <b>136</b>):
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dek kvar</b>, <i>fourteen</i>.<br>
            <b>dek na&#365;</b>, <i>nineteen</i>.<br>
            <b>dudek tri</b>, <i>twenty-three</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tridek kvin</b>, <i>thirty-five</i>.<br>
            <b>sepdek ok</b>, <i>seventy-eight</i>.<br>
            <b>na&#365;dek ses</b>, <i>ninety-six</i>, etc.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>144.</b> Cardinals containing more than two figures begin with the
largest number and descend regularly, as in English:
</p>

<p>
<b>cent tridek kvin</b>, <i>one hundred and thirty-five</i>.<br>
<b>kvarcent na&#365;dek sep</b>, <i>four hundred and ninety-seven</i>.<br>
<b>sescent du</b>, <i>six hundred and two</i>.<br>
<b>mil okdek</b>, <i>one thousand and eighty</i>.<br>
<b>mil naucent dek du</b>, <i>one thousand nine hundred and twelve (nineteen hundred and twelve)</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-AN-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>145.</b> The suffix <b>-an-</b> is used to form words indicating an
inhabitant or resident of the place denoted by the root, or a member
or adherent of the party, organization, etc., denoted by the root. The
suffix <b>-an-</b> may itself be used as a root, forming <b>ano</b>,
<i>member</i>, etc.
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bostonano</b>, <i>Bostonian</i>.<br>
            <b>kamparano</b>, <i>countryman, peasant</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>domano</b>, <i>inmate of a house</i>.<br>
            <b>vila&#285;ano</b>, <i>villager</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. English <i>urb-an</i>, <i>suburb-an</i>, <i>Rom-an</i>,
<i>republic-an</i>, <i>Mohammed-an</i>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------122.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>aritmetik-o</b>, <i>arithmetic.</i><br>
            <b>cent</b>, <i>hundred</i> (142).<br>
            <b>erar-o</b>, <i>error, mistake.</i><br>
            <b>grad-o</b>, <i>grade, degree. </i><br>
            <b>kalkul-i</b>, <i>to calculate, to reckon.</i><br>
            <b>kiom</b>, <i>how much (140).</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>memor-i</b>, <i>to remember.</i><br>
            <b>mil</b>, <i>thousand</i> (142).<br>
            <b>minut-o</b>, <i>minute.</i><br>
            <b>ricev-i</b>, <i>to receive.</i><br>
            <b>sekund-o</b>, <i>second.</i><br>
            <b>superjar-o</b>, <i>leap-year.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------123.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LECIONO PRI ARITMETIKO.</b></center>

<p>
Estas malvarme hodia&#365;, kaj tute ne agrable ekster la domo. La
urbanoj ne estas promenantaj en la parko, &#265;ar ili preferas resti
en la domoj. Mi anka&#365; restis en la domo, kaj parolis al mia
juna frato. Mi helpis lin pri la leciono en aritmetiko, tial ke li
balda&#365; havos ekzamenojn, kaj li volas esti preta por skribi tre
bonajn respondojn. Mi demandis al li "Kiom faras dek tri kaj dek kvar?"
Li respondis ke tiuj faras dudek sep. Tiam mi demandis kiom faras
dudek unu kaj tridek kvar. Li kalkulis kvin a&#365; ses sekundojn,
per malla&#365;ta vo&#265;o, kaj diris "Ili faras kvindek kvin." Mi
demandis kiom faras ducent tri kaj sepcent ok, kaj li respondis ke ili
faras na&#365;cent dek unu. Li tute ne faris erarojn al mi, kaj fine mi
diris al li ke li povas bonege kalkuli. Mi opinias ke li ricevos bonan
gradon en la ekzamenoj. Post kelkaj minutoj ni komencis paroli pri aliaj
aferoj. Mi demandis "Kiom da tagoj en la monato septembro?" La frato
respondis "Septembro, novembro, aprilo kaj junio havas tridek tagojn.
Kvankam tiuj monatoj havas tiom da tagoj, la aliaj monatoj havas tridek
unu tagojn. Sed la monato februaro havas nur dudek ok tagojn." Estas
interese lerni pri &#265;i tiu monato februaro. Dum tri jaroj &#285;i
havas dudek ok tagojn, sed en la sekvanta jaro &#285;i havas dudek
na&#365; tagojn. La jaro havanta tian februaron estas la "superjaro."
Mi rakontis tiun interesan aferon al la frato, kaj li diris ke li bone
memoros &#285;in. Li diris ke li ne anta&#365;e sciis pri la superjaro.
Li ne sciis ke la superjaro havas tricent sesdek ses tagojn, kvankam
la aliaj jaroj havas nur tricent sesdek kvin tagojn. Li diris ke li
anka&#365; memoros pri la nombro da tagoj en la superjaro, kaj ke li
rakontos la aferon al la aliaj knaboj.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. (To be written out in full): 14, 18, 42, 86, 79, 236, 431, 687, 788,
1240, 1885, 9872, 4500, 1912. 2. There are twelve months in a year, and
in most of the months of the year there are thirty-one days. 3. There
are only thirty days in the months April, June, September and November.
4. There are seven days in a week, and twenty-four hours in a day. 5.
Twelve of these hours make the day, and the others make the night. 6.
There are sixty minutes in one hour, and sixty seconds in one minute.
7. There are four weeks and also two or three days in one month. 8.
In the year there are fifty-two weeks. 9. How many weeks are there in
ten years? 10. At least one year in ten years is a leap-year. 11. In a
leap-year there are three hundred and sixty-six days, instead of three
hundred and sixty-five. 12. Wise men calculated about this matter, many
years ago. 13. It is well for us that they liked to study arithmetic.
15. I have often received good grades in this study. 16. I remember it
easily, and seldom make mistakes.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------124.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXI.</b></center>

<center>THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>146.</b> A connecting pronoun referring to something which precedes
(or follows) is called a <i>relative pronoun</i>. The person or thing to
which it refers is called its <i>antecedent.</i> The relative pronoun,
identical in form with the interrogative pronoun (106), as in English,
is <b>kiu</b>, <i>which, who.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Sometimes English uses "that" for a relative pronoun, as "I saw the book
<i>that</i> you have." This must always be translated by <b>kiu</b>.
Likewise, English sometimes omits the relative pronoun, as "I saw the
book you have." The relative pronoun is never thus omitted in Esperanto.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
The relative pronoun agrees <i>in number</i> with its antecedent.
Whether it is in the accusative case or not depends upon its relation to
its own verb or to other words in its own clause (called the relative
clause):
</p>

<p>
<b>La junuloj, kiuj venis, estas afablaj</b>, <i>the youths who came are amiable.</i><br>
<b>La personoj, kiujn li vidos, estas amikoj miaj</b>, <i>the persons (whom) he will see are friends of mine.</i><br>
<b>Mi kalkulis la gradon, kiun li ricevos</b>, <i>I calculated the grade (which) he will receive.</i><br>
<b>Mi memoras tiun aferon, pri kiu vi parolas</b>, <i>I remember that matter about which you speak.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>147.</b> Like English "whose" the genitive form <b>kies</b> of the
interrogative pronoun (107) is also used as a relative, referring to a
substantive (singular or plural) for its antecedent:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li estas la viro, kies libron vi trovis</b>, <i>he is the man whose book you found.</i><br>
<b>Mi konas la infanojn, kies patro estas amiko via</b>, <i>I know the children whose father is a friend of yours.</i>
</p>

<center>THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>148.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the past participle
with the future tense of the auxiliary verb <b>esti</b> represents
an act or condition as having been already completed or perfected at
a future time, and is called the <i>future perfect tense.</i> The
conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------125.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>mi estos vidinta</b>, <i>I shall have seen (I shall be having-seen).</i><br>
<b>vi estos vidinta</b>, <i>you will have seen (you will be having-seen).</i><br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estos vidinta</b>, <i>he (she, it) will have seen (will be having-seen).</i><br>
<b>ni estos vidintaj</b>, <i>we shall have seen (shall be having-seen).</i><br>
<b>vi estos vidintaj</b>, <i>you will have seen (will be having-seen).</i><br>
<b>ili estos vidintaj</b>, <i>they will have seen (will be having-seen).</i>
</p>

<center>ORDINAL NUMERALS.</center>

<p>
<b>149.</b> Ordinal numerals are adjectives which answer the question
"Which in order?" as "first", "third", etc. They are formed by adding
the adjectival suffix <b>-a</b> to the cardinals. The various parts
of an ordinal must be connected by hyphens, since it is to the entire
cardinal, and not any part of it, that the adjective ending <b>-a</b> is
attached:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>unua</b>, <i>first.</i><br>
            <b>dua</b>, <i>second.</i><br>
            <b>tria</b>, <i>third.</i><br>
            <b>oka</b>, <i>eighth.</i><br>
            <b>dek-unua</b>, <i>eleventh.</i><br>
            <b>dek-na&#365;a</b>, <i>nineteenth.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dudek-sepa</b>, <i>twenty-seventh.</i><br>
            <b>kvardek-sesa</b>, <i>forty-sixth.</i><br>
            <b>cent-okdek-kvina</b>, <i>hundred and eighty-fifth.</i><br>
            <b>mil-okcent-kvara</b>, <i>one thousand eight hundred and fourth.</i><br>
            <b>sesmil-sepa</b>, <i>six thousand and seventh.</i><br>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Ordinal numerals may be abbreviated thus: <b>la</b>, <i>1st</i>,
<b>2a</b>, <i>2nd</i>, <b>3a</b>, <i>3rd</i>, <b>5a</b>, <i>5th</i>,
<b>1912a</b>, <i>1912th</i>, <b>233a</b>, <i>233rd</i>, etc. If the
ordinal number is used in an accusative construction, the abbreviation
is given the accusative ending, as <b>lan</b>, <b>2an</b>, <b>3an</b>,
<b>1912an</b>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>angl-a</b>, <i>English.</i><br>
            <b>dezir-i</b>, <i>to desire.</i><br>
            <b>dolar-o</b>, <i>dollar.</i><br>
            <b>gajn-i</b>, <i>to win, to gain.</i><br>
            <b>kost-i</b>, <i>to cost.</i><br>
            <b>last-a</b>, <i>last.</i><br>
            <b>latin-a</b>, <i>Latin.</i><br>
            <b>mar-o</b>, <i>sea.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neces-a</b>, <i>necessary.</i><br>
            <b>paf-i</b>, <i>to shoot.</i><br>
            <b>pafark-o</b>, <i>bow</i> (for shooting).<br>
            <b>part-o</b>, <i>part, share.</i><br>
            <b>pen-i</b>, <i>to strive, to try.</i><br>
            <b>traduk-i</b>, <i>to translate.</i><br>
            <b>sag-o</b>, <i>arrow.</i><br>
            <b>sam-a</b>, <i>same.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>ALFREDO GRANDA KAJ LA LIBRO.</b></center>

<!-- -----------------------------126.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Anta&#365; pli multe ol mil jaroj vivis Alfredo Granda, unu el la
plej interesaj personoj pri kiuj ni estas a&#365;dintaj. Li estis la
unua angla re&#285;o, kiu deziris legi librojn. Li estis anka&#365;
la lasta, kiu povis legi ilin, &#285;is post multaj jaroj. Unu tagon,
dum li estis malgranda knabo kun flavaj buklaj haroj, lia patrino,
tre sa&#285;a re&#285;ino, montris al li kaj al liaj fratoj belegan
libron. &#348;i diris ke la libro kostis multe da mono en lando trans
la maro, kaj ke &#285;i nun apartenas al &#349;i. Si diris "Miaj filoj,
mi donos &#265;i tiun libron al tiu el vi, kiu lernos legi &#285;in.
Kiu el vi estos la unua, kiu povos legi? Tiu ricevos la libron." Nu,
Alfredo komencis studi, kaj post ne longe li gajnis la belegan libron.
Liaj fratoj e&#265; ne penis gajni &#285;in. Tiam oni tre malmulte
pensis pri libroj. La re&#285;oj kaj iliaj filoj nur malofte povis
legi, kaj treege malofte povis skribi. Oni la&#365;dis nur personojn,
kiuj bone rajdis kaj batalis per sagoj kaj pafarkoj. Sed oni opiniis
ke tute ne estis necese scii pri la aferoj, kiujn la libroj rakontas.
Tial Alfredo ne ricevis la&#365;don pro sia deziro por legi. La sesan
a&#365; sepan jaron post sia ricevo de la libro, Alfredo volis lerni
la latinan lingvon, &#265;ar tiam oni skribis latine (<i>in Latin</i>)
la librojn, kiuj estis plej bonaj. Oni ser&#265;is &#285;is la finoj
de la lando, kaj iris multajn mejlojn, sed preska&#365; ne povis trovi
personon, kiu e&#265; estis a&#365;dinta pri tia lingvo. Fine oni trovis
personon por helpi Alfredon, kiu tiam lernis la latinan lingvon. Tiu
sama Alfredo estis re&#285;o multajn jarojn, kaj estis unu el la plej
bonaj re&#285;oj, kiujn la angla lando estas havinta. Alfredo skribis
librojn en la latina lingvo, kaj anka&#365; tradukis latinajn librojn en
la anglan lingvon.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------127.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. (To be written out in full): 37th, 59th, 73rd, 92nd, 846th, 119th,
1274th, 1910th, 14235th. 2. Before my friend will have finished that
mansion (122), it will have cost twenty thousand dollars. 3. Before
coming to visit you, I shall have ridden twelve miles on my horse. 4.
The grade which you will have received in arithmetic soon after the
first of March will be excellent. 5. You do not make mistakes very
often in the lessons. 6. I shall try after a few minutes to translate
that Latin book, for (<i>&#265;ar</i>) it seems interesting. 7. It is
necessary to study Latin, for I desire to read the stories which are
in my Latin book. 8. The one thousand nine hundred and fourth year was
a leap-year. 9. The fourth year after that year was also a leap-year.
10. The 1912th year will be a leap-year. There are three hundred and
sixty-six days in such a year. 12. Alfred won the book which his mother
had bought. 13. Such a book now costs four or five hundred dollars. 14.
Alfred the Great was the last king until many years afterward (until
after many years) who could read or write. 15. He was the first king
in that land who even wished to be able to read books. 16. We often
talk about this same King Alfred, and say that he was the father of
the English language. 17. People say so (<i>diras tiel</i>) because he
translated Latin books into the language of his land, and because he
also wrote books in that language.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXII.</b></center>

<center><b>KIA</b> AS A RELATIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>150.</b> The interrogative adjective <b>kia</b> (112) is also used
as a relative adjective, referring back to <b>tia,</b> or to some
equivalent phrase or word indicating quality, such as <b>sama</b>, etc.
In this use it may often be translated "as", or "which":
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------128.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Mi havas tian libron, kian mi volas</b>, <i>I have such a (that kind of) book as (which kind) I wish.</i><br>
<b>Tiaj amikoj, kiajn vi havas, estas afablaj</b>, <i>such friends as (of which kind) you have are amiable.</i><br>
<b>Li deziras tian &#265;apelon, kia kostas ses dolarojn</b>, <i>he desires that kind of hat which (kind) costs six dollars.</i><br>
<b>Mi havas la saman deziron, kian vi</b>, <i>I have the same desire as you (same kind which you have).</i>
</p>

<center><b>KIE</b> AS A RELATIVE ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>151.</b> The interrogative adverb <b>kie</b>, <b>kien</b> (118) is
also used as a relative adverb of place with <b>tie</b>, <b>tien</b>, or
some other expression of place for its antecedent.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Any interrogative adverb may also be used to introduce an indirect
question, thus serving as a subordinating conjunction (<i>cf.</i>
<b>&#265;u</b>).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>Kien</b> is used when the verb in the relative clause expresses
motion toward the place indicated, whether or not its antecedent has
this ending. Similarly, <b>kie</b> may refer to <b>tie</b> or to
<b>tien</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi iros tien, kie vi estas</b>, <i>I shall go there where you are.</i><br>
<b>Mi estis tie, kien vi iros</b>, <i>I was there (at that place) where you will go.</i><br>
<b>Mi iros tien, kien vi iris</b>, <i>I shall go to that place to which you went (I shall go where you went).</i><br>
<b>Mi trovis lin en la urbo, kie li lo&#285;as</b>, <i>I found him in the city where he lives.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi venos &#265;i tien, kie ni estas?</b> <i>Are you coming here where we are?</i>
</p>

<center>THE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>152.</b> The future active participle, expressing what the
word modified will do or is about to do, ends in <b>-onta,</b> as
<b>vidonta</b>, <i>about to see</i>, <b>ironta</b>, <i>about to go</i>:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------129.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>La forironta viro vokis sian serviston</b>, <i>the man going to depart (the about-to-depart man) called his servant.</i><br>
<b>La virino salutonta vin estas tre afabla</b>, <i>the woman about to greet you is very affable.</i><br>
<b>La venonta monato estas marto</b>, <i>the coming month is March.</i><br>
<b>La venontan semajnon mi foriros</b>, <i>the coming (next) week I shall depart.</i>
</p>

<center>THE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE TENSES.</center>

<p>
<b>153.</b> The compound tenses formed by combining the future active
participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of <b>esti</b>
represent an act or state as about to occur in the present, past, or
future, respectively, and are called <i>periphrastic future tenses.</i>
Except when great accuracy is desired, these tenses are not often used.
A synopsis of <b>vidi</b> in the first person singular and plural of
these tenses is as follows:
</p>

<!--

                          Present Periphrastic Future.

   mi estas vidonta,                   ni estas vidontaj,
   I am about to (going                we are about to (going
                     to) see.                              to) see.

                           Past Periphrastic Future.

   mi estis vidonta,                   ni estis vidontaj,
   I was about to (going               we were about to (going
                      to) see.                              to) see.

                          Future Periphrastic Future.

   mi estos vidonta,                   ni estos vidontaj,
   I shall be about to (going          we shall be about to (going
                           to) see.                             to) see.

-->

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="2">Present Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estas vidonta</b>,<br>
            <i>I am about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ni estas vidontaj</b>,<br>
            <i>we are about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="2">Past Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estis vidonta</b>,<br>
            <i>I was about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ni estis vidontaj</b>,<br>
            <i>we were about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="2">Future Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mi estos vidonta</b>,<br>
            <i>I shall be about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ni estos vidontaj</b>,<br>
            <i>we shall be about to (going to) see.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-IND-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>154.</b> The suffix <b>-ind-</b> is used to form words expressing
<i>worthy of, deserving of,</i> that which is indicated in the root.
It may also be used as a root, to form <b>inda</b>, <i>worthy</i>,
<b>malinda</b>, <i>unworthy</i>, <b>indo</b>, <i>worth, merit,</i> etc.:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dezirinda</b>, <i>desirable.</i><br>
            <b>la&#365;dinda</b>, <i>praiseworthy. </i><br>
            <b>malla&#365;dinda</b>, <i>blameworthy.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>rimarkinda</b>, <i>noteworthy, remarkable.</i><br>
            <b>ridinde</b>, <i>ridiculously, laughably.</i><br>
            <b>tradukinda</b>, <i>worth translating.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------130.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ankora&#365;</b>, <i>still, yet.</i><br>
            <b>atak-i</b>, <i>to attack.</i><br>
            <b>bat-i</b>, <i>to beat.</i><br>
            <b>cert-a</b>, <i>sure, certain.</i><br>
            <b>defend-i</b>, <i>to defend.</i><br>
            <b>difekt-i</b>, <i>to spoil.</i><br>
            <b>edz-o</b>, <i>husband.</i><br>
            <b>fajr-o</b>, <i>fire.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>flar-i</b>, <i>to smell.</i><br>
            <b>gast-o</b>, <i>guest.</i><br>
            <b>ho!</b> <i>Oh!</i><br>
            <b>kri-i</b>, <i>to exclaim, to cry.</i><br>
            <b>kruel-a</b>, <i>cruel.</i><br>
            <b>kuk-o</b>, <i>cake.</i><br>
            <b>lign-o</b>, <i>wood.</i><br>
            <b>suspekt-i</b>, <i>to suspect.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>


<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverb <b>ankora&#365;</b> expresses the ideas "until and during
the present time", "in the future as now and before", "in constant or
uniform succession", "in an increasing or additional degree", given
sometimes by English <i>yet</i>, sometimes by <i>still</i>: Mi estas
ankora&#365; sidanta &#265;i tie, <i>I am still sitting here.</i>
Li ankora&#365; ne venis, <i>still he has not come (he has not come
yet).</i> Li ankora&#365; restos tie, <i>he will still stay there.</i>
Ankora&#365; ili venas, <i>still they come.</i> Li estos ankora&#365;
pli ruza, <i>he will be still (yet) more crafty.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------131.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>ALFREDO GRANDA KAJ LA KUKOJ.</b></center>

<p>
Unu fojon anta&#365; pli multe ol mil jaroj, soldatoj venis de trans
la maro por ataki la anglan re&#285;on Alfredon Grandan. Ili nek konis
nek malamis lin, sed ili sciis ke li estas persono kies landon ili
deziras gajni. &#264;i tiuj malamikoj estis venintaj tiel subite ke
Alfredo ne estis preta por defendi sian landon kontra&#365; ili. Tial li
forkuris kelkajn mejlojn de la urbo, kaj sin ka&#349;is en granda arbaro
malanta&#365; vila&#285;o. Anstata&#365; porti re&#285;ajn vestojn li
a&#265;etis tiajn &#265;ifonojn kiajn kamparanoj kaj malri&#265;uloj
portas. Li lo&#285;is &#265;e malri&#265;a sed la&#365;dinda kamparano,
kiu ne konis la re&#285;on, kaj tute ne suspektis kia persono lia
gasto estas. Unu memorindan tagon Alfredo estis sidanta apud la
fajro, kaj estis rigardanta siajn sagojn kaj pafarkon dum li pensis
mal&#285;oje pri sia lando. La edzino de la arbarano demandis "&#264;u
vi ankora&#365; sidos tie dekkvin a&#365; dudek minutojn?" "Jes,"
respondis la re&#285;o. &#348;i diris "Nu, estos necese fari pli
varmegan fajron por tiaj kukoj kiajn mi nun estas bakonta. &#264;u vi
gardos tiujn kukojn kiuj nun estas super la fajro, dum mi kolektos pli
multe da ligno?" Alfredo respondis "Certe mi gardos ilin kontra&#365;
la fajro." La virino ser&#265;onta lignon foriris en alian parton de la
arbaro, kie estis multe da ligno, kaj la re&#285;o penis zorgi pri la
kukoj. Sed balda&#365; li forgesis ilin, kaj la fajro ilin difektis.
Kiam la virino venis kaj flaris la kukojn &#349;i kriis "ho, vi
ripro&#265;inda viro! Kvankam vi ankora&#365; sidas tie, vi ne pensas
pri la kukoj, kaj la fajro estas difektinta ilin!" &#348;i estis kruele
batonta la re&#285;on, kiam li diris al &#349;i kiu li estas, kaj kial
li forgesis la kukojn. Tiam &#349;i tre hontis, kaj anstata&#365;
malla&#365;di lin &#349;i volis esti ankora&#365; pli bona al li.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<!-- -----------------------------132.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
1. Alfred the Great was a praiseworthy king who lived more than a
thousand years ago. 2. People still talk about him because he not only
translated many Latin books into the English language, but also wrote in
English. 3. He wished to help the peasants still more. 4. But enemies
often attacked him, and finally they conquered his soldiers. 5. Then
they hastened to where (151) Alfred was. 6. They were about to attack
him, when he rode away secretly (<i>ka&#349;e</i>) into a large forest.
7. There he dwelt some time in the house of a poor forester. 8. He wore
such rags as a peasant usually wears, and did not tell the forester who
he was. 9. One day he was sitting near the fire and wondering, "Will the
enemy have conquered my soldiers next week?" 10. The forester's wife
said, "Will you sit there yet a while and take-care of those cakes? I am
about to gather more wood." 11. He replied, "Certainly, I will try to
help you." 12. But when after a few minutes the woman smelled the cakes,
she knew that the fire had spoiled them. 13. She exclaimed "Oh, what a
blame-worthy man!" 14. She commenced to beat the king cruelly, but he
did not defend himself. 15. Instead (120), he told her who he was.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXIII.</b></center>

<center><b>KIAM</b> AS A RELATIVE ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>155.</b> The interrogative temporal adverb <b>kiam</b> (123) is also
used as a relative temporal adverb, with <b>tiam</b> or an equivalent
word or phrase for its antecedent. (It may not be omitted as in English
"at the time he came"):
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi suspektis lin je la tempo kiam li venis</b>, <i>I suspected him at the time when he came (the time that he came)</i>.<br>
<b>Li defendis sin tiam, kiam oni atakis lin</b>, <i>he defended himself then, when he was attacked</i>.<br>
<b>Mi ankora&#365; sidos tie &#285;is kiam vi venos</b>, <i>I shall still sit there until when you come (until you come)</i>.<br>
<b>Post kiam li tiel la&#365;te kriis, li komencis plori</b>, <i>after he shouted so loudly, he began to cry</i>.
</p>

<center><b>KIEL</b> AS A RELATIVE ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>156.</b> The interrogative adverb <b>kiel</b> (134) is also used as a
relative adverb of manner and degree, with <b>tiel</b>, or <b>same</b>,
or an equivalent adverb or phrase for its antecedent. It may often be
translated "as:"
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi defendis min tiel, kiel li defendis sin</b>, <i>I defended myself in that way in which (way) he defended himself</i>.<br>
<b>Vi ne estas tiel kruela kiel li</b>, <i>you are not so cruel as he (is)</i>.<br>
<b>Ili batis lin same kiel vi</b>, <i>they beat him in the same way as you (did)</i>.<br>
<b>Ili batis lin same kiel vin</b>, <i>they beat him the same as (they did) you</i>.<br>
<b>Kiel mi diris al li, mi estas feli&#265;a</b>, <i>as I told him, I am happy</i> (antecedent not expressed).<br>
<b>Li parolis tiel malla&#365;te kiel anta&#365;e</b>, <i>he spoke as softly as before</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i estas tiel bona kiel &#349;i estas bela</b>, <i>she is as good as she is fair</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------133.png---------------------------- -->

<center>NUMERAL NOUNS AND ADVERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>157.</b> Nouns may be formed from the cardinals by addition of
the ending <b>-o.</b> After such nouns the preposition <b>da</b> or
<b>de</b> is used:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>dekduo</b>, <i>a dozen.</i><br>
            <b>dudeko</b>, <i>a score.</i><br>
            <b>deko</b>, <i>a ten, half a score.</i><br>
            <b>cento</b>, <i>a hundred.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>milo</b>, <i>a thousand.</i><br>
            <b>unuo</b>, <i>a unit.</i><br>
            <b>kvaro</b>, <i>a four, a quartette.</i><br>
            <b>trio</b>, <i>a three, a trio.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The prepositions <b>da</b> and <b>de</b> follow nouns (<b>99, 100</b>)
or adverbs (<b>101</b>), while <b>el</b> follows adjectives in the
superlative degree (<b>75</b>), cardinal numerals (<b>138</b>), and
the pronouns tiu, kiu (<b>106</b>), etc.: dekduo da ovoj, <i>a dozen
(of) eggs.</i> dekduo de la ovoj, <i>a dozen of the eggs.</i> dek du el
tiuj ovoj, <i>twelve of those eggs.</i> kiu el la ovoj? <i>which one
of the eggs?</i> tiu el la ovoj, <i>that one of the eggs.</i> la plej
fre&#349;a el la ovoj, <i>the freshest of the eggs.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>158.</b> Adverbs may be formed from the cardinals by addition of the
ending <b>-e</b>:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>unue</b>, <i>firstly, at first.</i><br>
            <b>due</b>, <i>secondly, in the second place.</i><br>
            <b>kvine</b>, <i>fifthly, in the fifth place.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>deke</b>, <i>tenthly.</i><br>
            <b>sesdeke</b>, <i>sixtiethly.</i><br>
            <b>okdek-kvare</b>, <i>eighty-fourthly.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>WORD DERIVATION FROM PREPOSITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>159.</b> Adjectives, verbs and nouns, as well as adverbs
(<b>120</b>), may be derived from prepositions by addition of the
formative endings (<b>116</b>), with sometimes a special suffix also:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------134.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>anstata&#365;i</b>, <i>to replace, to take the place of.</i><br>
<b>anstata&#365;ulo</b>, <i>a substitute.</i><br>
<b>anta&#365;a</b>, <i>previous, preceding.</i><br>
<b>apuda</b>, <i>near, contiguous, adjacent.</i><br>
<b>&#265;irka&#365;i</b>, <i>to surround, to encircle.</i><br>
<b>&#265;irka&#365;o</b>, <i>a circuit, a circumference.</i><br>
<b>kontra&#365;a</b>, <i>adverse, opposite, contrary.</i><br>
<b>kontra&#365;ulo</b>, <i>adversary, opponent.</i><br>
<b>kunulo</b>, <i>comrade, companion.</i><br>
<b>superi</b>, <i>to surpass, to exceed, to be above.</i><br>
<b>superege</b>, <i>surpassingly, exceedingly.</i>
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>adia&#365;</b>, <i>farewell, goodbye.</i><br>
            <b>akcept-i</b>, <i>to accept, to receive.</i><br>
            <b>elekt-i</b>, <i>to choose, to select.</i><br>
            <b>fest-i</b>, <i>to celebrate, to entertain.</i><br>
            <b>gant-o</b>, <i>glove.</i><br>
            <b>&#285;entil-a</b>, <i>courteous.</i><br>
            <b>invit-i</b>, <i>to invite.</i><br>
            <b>&#309;us</b>, <i>just, at the moment.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kuz-o</b>, <i>cousin.</i><br>
            <b>malgra&#365;</b>, <i>notwithstanding.</i><br>
            <b>par-o</b>, <i>pair.</i><br>
            <b>pend-i</b>, <i>to hang.</i><br>
            <b>prez-o</b>, <i>price.</i><br>
            <b>renkont-i</b>, <i>to meet.</i><br>
            <b>&#349;u-o</b>, <i>shoe.</i><br>
            <b>uz-i</b>, <i>to use.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverb <b>&#309;us</b> indicates the elapsing of the least possible
time since the act or condition indicated, or between the two acts or
conditions indicated. Ni &#309;us venis, <i>we just came (we came but
a moment ago).</i> Mi havas la saman opinion kian vi &#309;us diris,
<i>I have the same opinion as you just gave (said).</i> Mi vidis lin
&#309;us kiam li estis forironta, <i>I saw him just when he was about to
depart.</i> &#308;us kiam vi venis li foriris, <i>just as you came he
went away.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------135.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA INVITO.</b></center>

<p>
Hiera&#365; matene mia kuzo vizitis &#265;e ni, kaj invitis min al
malgranda festo kiu okazos morga&#365; vespere. Tiam li festos la
lastan tagon de la jaro. Li diris ke la gastoj sidos &#265;irka&#365;
la fajrejo kaj rakontos rakontojn &#285;is malfrua horo. Mi akceptis
lian &#285;entilan inviton, kaj diris ke mi certe venos. Mia kuzo
lo&#285;as en la sama urbo kie nia familio lo&#285;as, sed en alia
parto. Lia hejmo estas preska&#365; du mejlojn de la nia. Tamen, ni
estas bonaj kunuloj, kaj ofte promenas kune. &#308;us kiam li estis
elironta el la pordo hiera&#365;, mi uzis la okazon (<i>opportunity</i>)
por proponi mallongan promenon. Li respondis ke li &#285;oje promenos
kun mi, malgra&#365; la ne&#285;a vetero. Tial ni formar&#349;is tien,
kie la stratoj estis malplej kotaj. La kuzo havas dek ok jarojn, sed
mi estas preska&#365; tiel alta kiel li. Mi estas certa ke mi estas
anka&#365; tiel forta kiel li. Ni parolis pri multaj interesaj aferoj,
kaj bonege nin amuzis, &#285;is kiam estis necese hejmen iri. La kuzo
diris "adia&#365;," kaj iris rekte hejmen, sed mi iris al granda butiko.
Unue, mi volis a&#265;eti paron da novaj gantoj, por anstata&#365;i
la malnovajn gantojn kiujn mi ankora&#365; estis portanta, kvankam
mi a&#265;etis ilin anta&#365; tri monatoj. Due, mi bezonis paron da
novaj &#349;uoj. Mi iris en la butikon kie pendis tiaj gantoj, kiajn
mi &#349;atas, kaj oni tuj venis por renkonti min, kaj demandis "Kiajn
vestojn vi volas a&#265;eti?" Oni montris al mi preska&#365; dudekon
da paroj da gantoj. Mi elektis tre bonan paron, kaj estis &#309;us
a&#265;etonta ilin, malgra&#365; la tro granda prezo, kiam mi vidis
alian pli belan paron. Tial mi a&#265;etis &#265;i tiun, kaj poste mi
rigardis la &#349;uojn. Mi trovis rimarkinde bonan paron, &#265;ar estas
centoj da &#349;uoj en tiu butiko. Mi tuj a&#265;etis tiun paron, kaj
tiam hejmen iris.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------136.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. My friend likes to live in the city, but his wife prefers to live
in their little wooden house in the country. 2. There she can see and
smell the flowers, and can take (<i>fari</i>) long walks in the adjacent
fields and forest. 3. There are often hundreds of persons in a village,
but there are thousands of persons in a city. 4. The larger a city is,
the larger and better its stores are. 5. In the second place, one can
buy better bread, vegetables and cake in the city. 6. Thirdly, one can
also find better gloves, hats and shoes there, and the price is often
less. 7. Therefore I make use of the opportunity when I go to the city,
and usually buy a pair of new gloves. 8. I am still wearing a pair of
gloves which the rain spoiled. 9. Notwithstanding their ugly color,
they are still thick and good. 10. But soon I shall buy such a pair as
(150) is hanging in the window of that store. 11. The price is low, and
I need a new pair now, for my cousin has invited me to a small party
(<i>festo</i>) at his house. 12. I accepted his invitation courteously,
and said that I would gladly be his guest. 13. We are good comrades,
although he is younger than I am. 14. My (girl) cousin, his sister, is
older than he is, but he is as tall as she. 15. I was just about to send
a letter to him at the minute that (155) he knocked on our door. 16. His
visit will take the place of (159) my letter. 17. Just as (just when) he
was going away, I said goodbye to him, and said that I would meet him
in the park tomorrow. 18. I think that we shall have a pleasant walk,
although the weather is still remarkably cold, the same as (156) it was
two or three months ago.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXIV.</b></center>

<center>PREPOSITIONS AS PREFIXES.</center>

<p>
<b>160.</b> Any preposition may be used as a prefix to a verb, provided
the resulting compound is intelligible. A few prepositional compounds
are given below, only verbs being shown, although nouns, adjectives and
adverbs may be formed from these (116):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------137.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>alveni</b>, <i>to arrive.</i><br>
            <b>aldoni</b>, <i>to add.</i><br>
            <b>anta&#365;diri</b>, <i>to predict.</i><br>
            <b>&#265;irka&#365;preni</b>, <i>to embrace.</i><br>
            <b>&#265;eesti</b>, <i>to be present.</i><br>
            <b>dependi</b>, <i>to hang from, to depend.</i><br>
            <b>demeti</b>, <i>to lay aside.</i><br>
            <b>depreni</b>, <i>to subtract.</i><br>
            <b>enhavi</b>, <i>to contain.</i><br>
            <b>eliri</b>, <i>to go out.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>interparoli</b>, <i>to converse.</i><br>
            <b>kontra&#365;diri</b>, <i>to contradict.</i><br>
            <b>kunlabori</b>, <i>to collaborate.</i><br>
            <b>kunveni</b>, <i>to assemble.</i><br>
            <b>priskribi</b>, <i>to describe.</i><br>
            <b>subteni</b>, <i>to support.</i><br>
            <b>surmeti</b>, <i>to put on.</i><br>
            <b>traguti</b>, <i>to percolate.</i><br>
            <b>travidi</b>, <i>to see through</i><br>
            <b>transiri</b>, <i>to cross.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Like English "out" the preposition <b>el</b> often develops in
composition a secondary sense of "thoroughly" or "completely"
(<i>cf.</i> "I am tired out"): eltrovi, <i>to find out, to discover.</i>
elpensi, <i>to think out, to invent.</i> ellabori, <i>to work out, to
elaborate.</i> ellerni, <i>to learn thoroughly, to master.</i> eluzi,
<i>to use completely, to wear out</i> (transitive).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-EBL-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>161.</b> The suffix <b>-ebl-</b> is used to form adjectives, adverbs,
etc., expressing the likelihood or possibility of that which is
indicated by the root. It may be used as a root, to form <b>ebla</b>,
<i>possible,</i> etc.
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>eltrovebla</b>, <i>discoverable.</i><br>
            <b>legebla</b>, <i>legible.</i><br>
            <b>man&#285;ebla</b>, <i>edible.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>rompebla</b>, <i>breakable.</i><br>
            <b>videbla</b>, <i>visible.</i><br>
            <b>travidebla</b>, <i>transparent.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The suffix <b>-ebl-</b> is often equivalent to the English suffixes
<i>-able</i>, <i>-ible</i>, but these suffixes have other meanings also,
as in "readable," <i>worth reading</i> (<b>leginda</b>), "lovable,"
<i>deserving of love</i> (<b>aminda</b>), etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>EXPRESSION OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE POSSIBLE.</center>

<p>
<b>162.</b> The adverb <b>plej</b>, <i>most</i> (74), modified by
<b>kiel eble</b> (<i>as possible</i>), is used to express the highest
degree possible:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#284;i estas kiel eble plej bona</b>, <i>it is the best possible.</i><br>
<b>Ni estos kiel eble plej sa&#285;aj</b>, <i>we shall be as wise as possible.</i><br>
<b>Li uzis kiel eble plej malmulte</b>, <i>he used the least possible.</i><br>
<b>Mi skribis kiel eble plej legeble</b>, <i>I wrote as legibly as possible.</i>
</p>

<center>TITLES AND TERMS OF ADDRESS.</center>

<p>
<b>163.</b> The words <b>sinjoro,</b> <i>gentleman,</i>
<b>sinjorino,</b> <i>lady,</i> <b>fra&#365;lino,</b> <i>miss,</i> are
used like English <i>Mr., Mrs., Miss,</i> before proper names, and are
also used as terms of address, without being followed by the name:
Adia&#365;, Sinjoro. Adia&#365;, Sinjorino, <i>Goodbye (Sir). Goodbye,
Madam.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------138.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Fra&#365;lino B&mdash;&mdash;, &#265;u vi konas tiun sinjoron kun Sinjorino C&mdash;&mdash;?</b> <i>Miss B&mdash;&mdash;, do you know that gentleman with Mrs. C&mdash;&mdash;?</i><br>
<b>Mi ne konas tiun fra&#365;linon</b>, <i>I do not know that young lady.</i><br>
<b>Kien vi volas iri, Fra&#365;lino?</b> <i>Where do you wish to go (Miss)?</i><br>
<b>Sinjoro A&mdash;&mdash; estas tre afabla</b>, <i>Mr. A&mdash;&mdash; is very amiable.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> English <i>Doctor, Professor, Madam,</i> as terms of
address, and also German <i>Mein Herr, gn&auml;dige Frau, gn&auml;diges
Fr&auml;ulein,</i> French <i>Monsieur, Mademoiselle,</i> Spanish,
<i>Se&ntilde;or, Se&ntilde;ora,</i> Italian <i>Signore,</i> etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>atent-a</b>, <i>attentive.</i><br>
            <b>a&#365;skult-i</b>, <i>to listen.</i><br>
            <b>babil-i</b>, <i>to chatter.</i><br>
            <b>doktor-o</b>, <i>doctor.</i><br>
            <b>fra&#365;l-o</b>, <i>bachelor.</i><br>
            <b>gaj-a</b>, <i>merry, gay.</i><br>
            <b>grup-o</b>, <i>group.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>onkl-o</b>, <i>uncle.</i><br>
            <b>san-a</b>, <i>in good health.</i><br>
            <b>sent-i</b>, <i>to feel.</i><br>
            <b>sinjor-o</b>, <i>gentleman.</i><br>
            <b>&#349;tup-o</b>, <i>step (of stairs).</i><br>
            <b>tas-o</b>, <i>cup.</i><br>
            <b>voja&#285;-o</b>, <i>voyage, journey.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------139.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>&#264;E LA FESTO.</b></center>

<p>
Hiera&#365; vespere mi iris al la hejmo de mia kuzo, kiu estis invitinta
min al malgranda festo &#265;e li. &#264;ar mi deziris alveni kiel eble
plej frue, mi foriris de mia lo&#285;ejo kiel eble plej balda&#365;,
malgra&#365; la ne&#285;a vetero. Mi estis surmetinta paron da dikaj
gantoj, kaj mi portis dikajn &#349;uojn. Mi anka&#365; havis mian
ombrelon, kvankam pro la vento mi ne povis uzi tiun. Tuj kiam mi
supreniris la &#349;tuparon &#265;e la hejmo de la kuzo, li a&#365;dis
min, kaj venis por malfermi la pordon kaj akcepti min. "Bonan vesperon,
kia estas via sano?" li diris. Mi respondis "Mi sanas bonege, dankon,"
kaj eniris la domon kun li. Ni supren iris per granda &#349;tuparo al
&#265;ambro kie mi lasis la &#265;apelon, gantojn kaj ombrelon, tiam
ni malsupren venis kaj eniris la salonon. Mi salutis la onklinon, kiu
afable parolis al mi, kaj anka&#365; la du kuzinojn. Unu kuzino estis
&#309;us priskribonta interesan libron, kiun &#349;i anta&#365; ne longe
tralegis, kiam la aliaj gastoj komencis alveni. Sinjoro B&mdash;&mdash;
&#265;eestis, kaj Doktoro C&mdash;&mdash;, kun sia filino Fra&#365;lino
Mario, kaj multe da aliaj sinjoroj kaj sinjorinoj. La gastoj sidis
a&#365; staris en malgrandaj grupoj, kaj interparolis kun videbla
plezuro. Unu rakontis pri voja&#285;o, kaj tiam oni komencis priparoli
la prezojn de aferoj en aliaj landoj. Mi atente a&#365;skultis kelkajn
minutojn, kaj tiam foriris al alia grupo, kie oni gaje babilis pri
estontaj (<i>future</i>) promenoj kaj festoj. Post unu a&#365; du horoj,
la servistinoj alportis al ni bonan malgrandan man&#285;on, kune kun
tasoj da bonega kafo. Fine, je malfrua horo ni &#285;entile dankis la
familion de mia kuzo, kaj diris adia&#365;. Tiam ni foriris hejmen, kun
sentoj da granda plezuro pro la agrabla festo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------140.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. There are dozens of edible fruits, but the fruits of hundreds of
trees are not at all (<i>tute ne estas</i>) edible. 2. The transparent
cup and plate upon the table are very breakable. 3. I predict that you
will break them as soon as you seize them. 4. That letter is worth
reading. 5. But it is difficult to read it, for it is not very legible.
6. It is from my uncle, who wishes to arrive at-our-house as early as
possible. 7. He is still in the city, but soon he will be here, and will
go up the steps (<i>&#349;tuparon</i>) of our porch and knock on the
door. 8. There are very few persons who contradict his opinions. 9. His
opinions, however, are worthy of attention (154) and usually I listen
courteously while he is talking. 10. Now, however, I prefer to listen
to the group of ladies in the adjacent room. 11. They are chattering
gaily, and listening to the young lady who is about to sing. 12. Madam,
do you feel the wind? I notice that it is blowing the curtains which
hang before that window. 13. I will close the window, because I am not
very well (<i>sana</i>) today. 14. Is that gentleman across the room a
bachelor? 15. Yes. He is describing a voyage and the people whom he met.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXV.</b></center>

<center><b>KIOM</b> AS A RELATIVE ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>164.</b> The interrogative adverb <b>kiom</b> (140) is used as a
relative adverb of quantity, with <b>tiom</b> or some equivalent word or
phrase for its antecedent. In this use it is commonly translated "as":
</p>

<p>
<b>La taso enhavis tiom da kafo, kiom mi povis trinki</b>, <i>the cup contained as much coffee as I could drink</i>.<br>
<b>Mi havos tiom da tempo, kiom mi bezonos</b>, <i>I shall have as much time as I shall need</i>.<br>
<b>Li sendis tiom, kiom vi volis</b>, <i>he sent as much as you wished</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PRESENT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>165.</b> The present passive participle (for the present
<i>active</i> participle see 108), expressing that which is <i>undergone
by</i> the person or thing indicated by the word modified, ends in
<b>-ata</b>, as <b>vidata</b>, <i>being seen</i>:
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The verb <b>iri</b>, <i>to go</i>, used to illustrate the active
participles (108, 119, 152), cannot be used to illustrate a
<i>passive</i> participle, since passive participles can be made from
<i>transitive verbs</i> (<b>22</b>) <i>only</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>La la&#365;data knabo estas feli&#265;a</b>, <i>the boy being praised is happy</i>.<br>
<b>Mi ser&#265;os la deziratan libron</b>, <i>I shall look for the desired book</i>.<br>
<b>La vestoj farataj por vi estas belaj</b>, <i>the clothes being made for you are beautiful</i>.
</p>

<center>FRACTIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>166.</b> Fractions are formed from the cardinals by the use of the
suffix <b>-on-</b> followed by the ending <b>-o</b>. Adjectives and
adverbs may be derived from these by use of the endings <b>-a</b> or
<b>-e</b>:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------141.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>La duono de ses estas tri</b>, <i>the half of six is three</i>.<br>
<b>Li estis nur duone atenta</b>, <i>he was only half attentive</i>.<br>
<b>La triona parto de ses estas du</b>, <i>the third part of six is two</i>.<br>
<b>Dek unu dekduonoj</b>, <i>eleven twelfths</i>.<br>
<b>Mi dudekone finis la laboron</b>, <i>I one-twentieth finished the work</i>.
</p>

<center>DESCRIPTIVE COMPOUNDS.</center>

<p>
<b>167.</b> A compound word whose first element <i>modifies</i> the
second in an adjectival or adverbial relation is called a <i>descriptive
compound</i>. The final <b>-a</b> or <b>-e</b> of the first element
may be omitted, unless the resulting combination would be ambiguous or
harsh-sounding.
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> When the first element is adverbial (an adverb or
preposition), the second element may be either an adverb or adjective:
</p>

<p>
<b>multekosta</b>, <i>expensive</i>.<br>
<b>duonkolere</b>, <i>half angrily</i>.<br>
<b>nevidebla</b>, <i>invisible</i>.<br>
<b>nevole</b>, <i>involuntarily</i>.<br>
<b>ru&#285;flava (ru&#285;eflava)</b>, <i>reddish yellow</i>.<br>
<b>survoje</b>, <i>on the way, en route</i>.<br>
<b>anta&#365;hiera&#365;</b>, <i>day before yesterday</i>.<br>
<b>postmorga&#365;</b>, <i>day after tomorrow</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> An <i>adjective</i> may be used for the first element, if the
second is an adverb or adjective <i>derived from a noun-root</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>samtempa</b>, <i>contemporaneous</i>.<br>
<b>unufoje</b>, <i>once, one time</i>.<br>
<b>trifoje</b>, <i>thrice, three times</i>.<br>
<b>unutaga</b>, <i>one day's, of one day</i>.<br>
<b>unuataga</b>, <i>the first day's</i>.<br>
<b>frutempe</b>, <i>at an early time</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>c.</b> A <i>noun</i> may be used for the second element, if the
resulting word has not merely unity of form, but also unity of meaning
with a slightly different sense from that expressed by the noun and
adjective uncombined:
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
In national languages a change of accent often accompanies such
change in meaning, as <i>bla'ckberry</i> (not <i>black be'rry</i>),
<i>blu'ebird</i> (not <i>blue bi'rd</i>), <i>swee'theart</i> (not
<i>sweet hea'rt</i>), German <i>ju'ngfrau</i>, <i>virgin</i> (not
<i>jung frau'</i>, <i>young woman</i>), etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------142.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>bonveno</b>, <i>a welcome</i> (not "bona veno", <i>a good coming</i>).<br>
<b>libertempo</b>, <i>a vacation, leisure</i> (not "libera tempo", <i>free time</i>).<br>
<b>superjaro</b>, <i>leap-year</i> (not "super jaro", <i>above a year</i>).<br>
<b>bondeziroj</b>, <i>good wishes, felicitations</i> (not "bonaj deziroj", <i>good desires</i>).<br>
<b>plimulto</b>, <i>a majority</i> (adverb and noun combined).
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#293;in-o</b>, <i>Chinaman</i>.<br>
            <b>jam</b>, <i>already</i>.<br>
            <b>kler-a</b>, <i>enlightened, learned</i>.<br>
            <b>komerc-o</b>, <i>trade, commerce</i>.<br>
            <b>lanc-o</b>, <i>spear, lance</i>.<br>
            <b>liber-a</b>, <i>free</i>.<br>
            <b>metod-o</b>, <i>method, way</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>naci-o</b>, <i>nation</i>.<br>
            <b>pa&#285;-o</b>, <i>page</i>.<br>
            <b>pres-i</b>, <i>to print</i>.<br>
            <b>pulv-o</b>, <i>gunpowder</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;an&#285;-i</b>, <i>to change</i>.<br>
            <b>te-o</b>, <i>tea</i>.<br>
            <b>ted-a</b>, <i>tiresome, tedious</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverb <b>jam</b> indicates a change from some preceding action
or state to the different one expressed in the sentence, clause or
phrase containing <b>jam</b>. It may often be translated "yet," "now,"
etc. Mi jam vidis lin, <i>I already saw (have already seen) him</i>.
&#264;u vi jam trovis &#285;in? Ne, mi ankora&#365; ne trovis &#285;in.
<i>Have you yet (have you already) found it? No, I have not yet (still
not) found it</i>. Li jam ne vivas, <i>he no longer lives (he already
is-not-alive)</i>. Jam ne ne&#285;as, <i>it is not snowing now (already
not snowing)</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------143.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA &#292;INOJ.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; miloj da jaroj la &#293;inoj estis la plej klera nacio en
la mondo. Dum aliaj nacioj ankora&#365; ne konis metodojn por presi
librojn, kaj ankora&#365; faris ilin skribe, la samtempaj &#293;inoj
jam estis forlasintaj tiun multekostan kaj tedan metodon. Ili jam estis
presantaj la pa&#285;ojn de miloj da libroj. Aliaj nacioj tiam estis
batalantaj kiel eble plej kruele, per sago kaj pafarko, kaj per lanco.
Sed ili ankora&#365; ne havis pafilojn, &#265;ar pulvo estis tute
nekonata al ili. Tamen la &#293;inoj jam bone konis metodojn por fari
kaj por uzi pulvon, kaj faris tiajn amuzajn flavru&#285;ajn fajrojn,
kiajn ni ankora&#365; hodia&#365; a&#265;etas de ili, por uzi je festaj
tagoj. Sed la &#293;inoj ne multe &#349;atis la komercon, kaj ne deziris
a&#265;eti a&#365; lerni de aliaj nacioj. Ili ankora&#365; nun havas la
samajn metodojn por presi librojn kaj por fari pulvon, kiajn ili havis
anta&#365; mil jaroj. Ili malofte &#349;an&#285;as siajn kutimojn. Tial
la aliaj nacioj, kiuj anta&#365;e ne estis tiel kleraj, anta&#365;eniras
pli rapide ol la &#293;inoj. La lando de la &#293;inoj enhavas tiom da
personoj, kiom tri a&#365; kvar aliaj nacioj. Granda parto de tiu lando
estas ankora&#365; nekonata al okcidentaj nacioj, kvankam plej multe da
nia teo elvenas el la &#293;ina lando. Oni diras ke la parolata lingvo
kaj la skribata lingvo de la &#293;inoj estas du tre malsamaj aferoj.
La lingvo estas almena&#365; treege malfacila, kaj post kiam oni estas
longe studinta &#285;in, oni tamen estas nur duone lerninta &#285;in. Mi
&#285;ojas tial ke la lingvoj studataj en la lernejoj de nia lando ne
estas tiel malfacilaj kiel la &#293;ina lingvo. La latina kaj germana
lingvoj estas sufi&#265;e malfacilaj, kvankam ili estas tre interesaj
kaj anka&#365; konataj de la kleruloj en multaj landoj. La latina lingvo
jam ne estas parolata lingvo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------144.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Why are the persons in that merry group laughing and chattering
instead of listening to Mr. B&mdash;&mdash;? 2. I think that the doctor
is telling stories about a bachelor who was once a good friend of
his. 3. The gentleman being talked about (160, 165) will visit us
this evening, possibly. 4. My aunt and cousin will come down stairs
and converse with him. 5. We shall drink as many cups of tea or of
coffee as we wish. 6. He will say "How is your health, Madam?" My
aunt will reply half-angrily that she is seldom ill. 7. We shall sit
on the veranda, for the sun is still shining, although it is already
setting. 8. That young lady who came with Mrs. C&mdash;&mdash; relates
the best possible stories. 9. She says that the Chinese were already
an enlightened nation hundreds of years ago, while other nations were
still cruelly fighting. 10. A method for printing the pages of books,
instead of writing them, was a discovery of the Chinese. They printed
books in their printing-shops, a thousand years ago. 12. They also
were-acquainted-with gunpowder, which they made and used for such fires
as we use on national days of-celebration, when we have leisure and wish
to enjoy (to amuse) ourselves. 13. But the Chinese have not changed
these methods. 14. Their ways of commerce, work and pleasure are the
same as they were long ago. 15. Such a nation does not progress rapidly,
even though its life is very long.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXVI.</b></center>

<center>THE PRESENT PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>168.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the present passive
participle with the present tense of the auxiliary verb <b>esti</b>
expresses an act or condition as <i>being undergone</i> by the subject
of the verb, and is called the <i>present passive tense</i>. The
conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estas vidata</b>, <i>I am (being) seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidata</b>, <i>you are (being) seen</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estas vidata</b>, <i>he (she, it) is (being) seen</i>.<br>
<b>ni estas vidataj</b>, <i>we are (being) seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas vidataj</b>, <i>you are (being) seen</i>.<br>
<b>ili estas vidataj</b>, <i>they are (being) seen</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------145.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE USE OF <b>DE</b> TO EXPRESS AGENCY.</center>

<p>
<b>169.</b> The person by whom (or the thing by which) an act, indicated
by a passive verb or participle, is performed is called the <i>agent</i>
of the passive voice, and is expressed by a substantive preceded by
<b>de</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La lanco estas portata de mi</b>, <i>the spear is carried by me</i>.<br>
<b>La libroj estas jam presataj de li</b>, <i>the books are already being printed by him</i>.<br>
<b>La vojoj estas kovrataj de ne&#285;o</b>, <i>the roads are being covered by snow</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i estas la&#365;data de la sinjoro</b>, <i>she is being praised by the gentleman</i>.
</p>

<center>THE GENERAL MEANING OF <b>DE</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>170.</b> The preposition <b>de</b> conveys the general idea of
separation from a source or starting point, in space (literal or
figurative), or in time (89, 131). This meaning develops into that of
the source from which connection or ownership arises (49), and also
into that of the agency from which an act is done or a condition caused
(169). The prepositional phrase containing <b>de</b> must be so placed
as to avoid ambiguity in its meaning, or must be reinforced by an adverb
or other word:
</p>

<p>
<b>La arbo estas malproksima de la domo</b>, <i>the tree is far from the house</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;i estas proksima de la &#285;ardeno</b>, <i>it is near to (from) the garden</i>.<br>
<b>Mi prenas la libron for de la knabo</b>, <i>I take the book away from the boy</i>.<br>
<b>Mi prenas la libron de la knabo</b>, <i>I take the book of the boy</i>.<br>
<b>La afero dependas de vi</b>, <i>the matter depends upon (from) you</i>.
</p>

<center>WORD DERIVATION FROM PRIMARY ADVERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>171.</b> Adjectives, verbs, and nouns may be derived from primary
adverbs (66), as well as from prepositions (120, 159):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------146.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>La nunaj metodoj</b>, <i>the present methods (methods of-now)</i>.<br>
<b>Mi adia&#365;is lin per adia&#365;a saluto</b>, <i>I bade farewell to him by a farewell salute</i> (see also 273).<br>
<b>Ni faris tujan inter&#349;an&#285;on</b>, <i>we made an immediate exchange</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u li skribis jesan a&#365; nean respondon?</b> <i>Did he write an affirmative or a negative answer</i>?<br>
<b>Anstata&#365; nei, li respondis jese</b>, <i>instead of denying, he answered affirmatively</i>.<br>
<b>La morga&#365;a festo estos pli agrabla ol la hiera&#365;a</b>, <i>tomorrow's (the morrow's) celebration will be more pleasant than that of yesterday</i>.<br>
<b>La tiamaj personoj estis liaj samtempuloj</b>, <i>the persons of-that-time were his contemporaries</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-IST-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>172.</b> The suffix <b>-ist-</b> is added to roots to express the
profession, trade or occupation connected with the idea in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>floristo</b>, <i>florist</i>.<br>
            <b>komercisto</b>, <i>trader, merchant</i>.<br>
            <b>servisto</b>, <i>servant</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>okulisto</b>, <i>oculist</i>.<br>
            <b>presisto</b>, <i>printer</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;telisto</b>, <i>thief</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>administr-i</b>, <i>to manage</i>.<br>
            <b>antikv-a</b>, <i>ancient</i><br>
            <b>E&#365;rop-o</b>, <i>Europe</i>.<br>
            <b>grav-a</b>, <i>important, serious</i>.<br>
            <b>ital-a</b>, <i>Italian</i>.<br>
            <b>kvadrat-a</b>, <i>square</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mont-o</b>, <i>mountain</i>.<br>
            <b>nom-o</b>, <i>name</i>.<br>
            <b>proksim-a</b>, <i>near</i>.<br>
            <b>reprezent-i</b>, <i>to represent</i>.<br>
            <b>respublik-o</b>, <i>republic</i>.<br>
            <b>tiran-o</b>, <i>tyrant</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The words <b>antikva</b>, <b>maljuna</b>, <b>malnova</b>, all of
which may at times be translated "old," must not be confused in use:
Mi havas malnovan &#265;apelon, <i>I have an old hat (a hat which
is not new)</i>. Li estas maljuna sinjoro, <i>he is an old (aged)
gentleman</i>. Li estas malnova amiko mia, <i>he is an old friend of
mine (a friend of long standing)</i>. La &#293;inoj estis kleraj e&#265;
en la antikva tempo, <i>the Chinese were learned even in the olden
time (in ancient time)</i>. La antikvaj kleruloj jam sciis tre multe,
<i>the ancient learned (enlightened) men already knew a great deal</i>.
La maljuna sinjoro en la malnovaj vestoj estas antikvisto, <i>the old
gentleman with the old clothes is an antiquary</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------147.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>ANTIKVA RESPUBLIKO.</b></center>

<p>
La plej antikva respubliko en E&#365;ropo ku&#349;as en la norda parto
de la bela itala lando, inter la maro kaj la rivero, proksime de la
montoj. &#284;ia nomo estas San Marino, kaj &#285;i estas respubliko de
anta&#365; mil kvarcent jaroj. Kvankam la &#265;irka&#365;aj landoj kaj
nacioj apartenis en antikva tempo al la tiamaj re&#285;oj, San Marino
jam estis libera. &#284;iaj aferoj estas ankora&#365; administrataj
tiel, kiel la anoj (145) volas, ne kiel unu a&#365; alia re&#285;o
a&#365; tirano deziras. Dufoje en la jaro la anoj elektas personojn,
kiuj administros la gravajn aferojn de la respubliko dum la sekvontaj
ses monatoj. Kvardek ses el tiuj personoj reprezentas la anojn, kaj unu
alia estas re&#285;o tiun duonon da jaro. Per tia metodo, la anoj estas
bone reprezentataj, kaj la aferoj estas administrataj kiel eble plej
sa&#285;e. La tuta respubliko enhavas nur dudek du kvadratajn mejlojn da
tero. En la respubliko kaj la tiea (171) urbo kiu havas la saman nomon,
ne estas tiom da personoj kiom en multaj italaj urboj. Tamen &#265;i
tiu respubliko estas pli granda ol multaj antikvaj grekaj respublikoj.
La grekaj respublikoj estis bonekonataj, kaj enhavis multe da kleruloj
inter siaj anoj. Sed en la nuna tempo la grekoj havas re&#285;on. Oni
ne trovas tre klerajn personojn en San Marino, tamen la laboristoj
estas energiaj, kaj laboras kiel eble plej multe. La rikoltistoj plej
ofte havas bonajn rikoltojn, kaj la plimulto da personoj estas treege
kontenta kaj feli&#265;a. Oni ne pensas pri komerco a&#365; eksterlandaj
(167, a) aferoj kaj ne volas voja&#285;i malproksimen de la bone
amata hejmo. Oni preferas gaje amuzi sin &#265;ehejme (167, a), en la
libertempo inter la rikoltoj, kaj la vivo tute ne &#349;ajnas malfacila
a&#365; teda.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------148.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The serious affairs of a republic are managed by persons representing
the persons who live there. 2. The inhabitants are well represented,
and as free as possible. 3. Enlightened persons often prefer to live
in a republic. 4. Persons who have a good king are very happy, but
those who have a bad king are as unhappy as possible. 5. Nowadays
(<i>nuntempe</i>) there are very few tyrants. 6. The majority of
the kings of Europe are praiseworthy. 7. That nation which was most
enlightened a thousand years ago was the Chinese nation. 8. The Chinese
of-that-time already had good printers among them. 9. It is said (54)
that the Chinese drink as much tea as two or three contemporary nations.
10. The oldest republic in Europe is named San Marino. 11. It is near
the mountains, in the northern part of the much praised Italian land.
12. It contains only twenty-two square miles, and is therefore one of
the smallest republics in the world. 13. Fourteen hundred years ago it
was already a republic, and it is still that same republic. 14. The
inhabitants are energetic and patient, and have as much to eat as they
need. 15. There are bakers and shopkeepers (172) and many laborers among
them. 16. They do not think about commerce, or greatly (<i>multe</i>)
change their customs. 17. They seldom take (<i>faras</i>) tiresome
journeys, but remain peacefully (<i>pace</i>) at home.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------149.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXVII.</b></center>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>173.</b> The distributive pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is
<b>&#265;iu</b>, <i>each (one)</i>, <i>every (one)</i>. Sometimes it
is equivalent to English <i>any</i>, as in "Any one who studies can
learn," etc. The plural is <b>&#265;iuj</b>, <i>every</i>, <i>all</i>.
The article is never interposed between <b>&#265;iuj</b> and the
noun modified (as in English "all the men"), and is used only if
<b>&#265;iuj</b> is pronominal and followed by <b>el</b>:
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The use of <b>&#265;iu</b> and <b>&#265;iuj</b> must be distinguished
from that of the adjective <b>tuta</b>, which means "all" in the sense
of "entire": &#264;iuj viroj laboras la tutan tagon, <i>all men work all
(the whole) day</i>. Mi vidis &#265;iun viza&#285;on, sed mi ne vidis la
tutan viza&#285;on de &#265;iu viro, <i>I saw every face, but I did not
see all the face of each man</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>&#264;iu, kiu studos, lernos</b>, <i>every one who studies will learn</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vidis &#265;iun el ili, kaj parolis al &#265;iu knabo</b>, <i>I saw each of them, and talked to every boy</i>.<br>
<b>Mi dankas vin &#265;iujn</b>, <i>I thank you all (I thank all of you)</i>.<br>
<b>Ni &#265;iuj estas reprezentataj</b>, <i>we are all (all of us are) represented</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;iuj el la maristoj alvenis</b>, <i>all (every one) of the sailors arrived</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>174.</b> The distributive pronoun has a possessive or genitive form
<b>&#265;ies</b>, <i>every-one's</i>, <i>every-body's</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li konas &#265;ies nomon</b>, <i>he knows every-one's name</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;ies opinio estis diversa</b>, <i>every-body's opinion was different</i>.<br>
<b>Kies vo&#265;ojn mi a&#365;das? &#264;ies</b>, <i>whose voices do I hear? Everybody's</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>PO</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>175.</b> The preposition <b>po</b>, <i>at the rate of</i>, <i>at</i>,
is used chiefly before cardinals and has a distributive sense:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li mar&#349;as po kvar mejloj &#265;iutage</b>, <i>he walks at the rate of four miles daily (every-day)</i>.<br>
<b>Mi a&#265;etis kafon po malalta prezo</b>, <i>I bought coffee at a low price</i>.<br>
<b>Mi a&#265;etis viandon po kvarono da dolaro por funto</b>, <i>I bought meat at a quarter of a dollar for (per) pound</i>.<br>
<b>La &#265;apelisto a&#265;etas &#265;apelojn pogrande</b>, <i>the hatter buys hats wholesale</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------150.png---------------------------- -->

<center>DEPENDENT COMPOUNDS.</center>

<p>
<b>176.</b> A compound word whose first element is a substantive,
dependent upon the second element in some prepositional relation, is
called a <i>dependent compound</i>. (If the two words were not united
into one, the first element would be preceded by a preposition, or would
be in the accusative case.) The ending <b>-o</b> may be omitted from the
first element of a dependent compound:
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
A personal pronoun serving as the first element of a dependent
compound may keep the accusative ending, to indicate its
construction: sinla&#365;do, <i>self-praise</i>. sinekzameno,
<i>self-examination</i>. sindefendo, <i>self-defence</i>.
sinkontra&#365;dira, <i>self-contradictory</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>jarcento</b>, <i>century</i> (cento da jaroj).<br>
<b>man&#285;o&#265;ambro</b>, <i>dining-room</i> (&#265;ambro por man&#285;oj).<br>
<b>noktomezo</b>, <i>midnight</i> (mezo de la nokto).<br>
<b>paperfaristo</b>, <i>papermaker</i> (faristo de papero).<br>
<b>sunbrilo</b>, <i>sunshine</i> (brilo de la suno).<br>
<b>tagmezo</b>, <i>noon</i> (mezo de la tago).<br>
<b>vesperman&#285;o</b>, <i>supper</i> (man&#285;o je la vespero).<br>
<b>ventoflago</b>, <i>weathercock</i> (flago por la vento).
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;ies</b>, <i>every body's</i> (174).<br>
            <b>&#265;iu</b>, <i>every-body</i> (173).<br>
            <b>decid-i</b>, <i>to decide</i>.<br>
            <b>dev-o</b>, <i>duty</i>.<br>
            <b>fleks-i</b>, <i>to bend</i>.<br>
            <b>genu-o</b>, <i>knee</i>.<br>
            <b>intenc-i</b>, <i>to intend</i>.<br>
            <b>ju&#285;-i</b>, to <i>judge</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>lag-o</b>, <i>lake</i>.<br>
            <b>po</b>, <i>at the rate of</i> (175).<br>
            <b>sever-a</b>, <i>severe</i>.<br>
            <b>stang-o</b>, <i>pole</i>.<br>
            <b>svis-o</b>, <i>Swiss</i>.<br>
            <b>vend-i</b>, <i>to sell</i>.<br>
            <b>Vilhelm-o</b>, <i>William</i>.<br>
            <b>vort-o</b>, <i>word</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>


<!-- -----------------------------151.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA &#264;APELO SUR LA STANGO.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; ol Svislando estis tiel libera kiel la nuna svisa respubliko,
&#285;iaj aferoj estis administrataj de personoj kiuj reprezentis aliajn
naciojn. Ofte tiuj personoj estis kiel eble plej severaj ju&#285;istoj
al la svisoj. Unufoje plej kruela tirano estis administranta aferojn
svisajn. Li elpensis rimarkindan metodon por montri sian povon
(<i>power</i>), kaj por esti malagrabla al la svisoj. Li decidis meti
sian &#265;apelon sur altan stangon en la vendejo (<i>market-place</i>),
en malgranda vila&#285;o apud bela lago inter la altaj montoj. Li diris
ke de nun tiu &#265;apelo reprezentas lin, kaj portos lian nomon.
Saluti la &#265;apelon estos la grava devo de &#265;iu persono en la
vila&#285;o. Estos &#265;ies devo ne nur saluti la &#265;apelon, sed
anka&#365; genufleksi (<i>kneel</i>) anta&#365; la stango. La tirano
diris ke li forprenos la domon, la kampojn kaj tiom da mono, kiom
li povos, de &#265;iu vila&#285;ano a&#365; kamparano kiu forgesos
genufleksi. "Mi intencas sendi gardistojn," li diris, "kiuj rimarkos
&#265;u vi &#265;iuj genufleksos kiam vi estas proksimaj de la stango."
Je tagmezo alvenis gardistoj, por rimarki &#265;u la necesaj salutoj
estos farataj de &#265;iuj, kaj por kapti &#265;iujn svisojn kiuj ne
genufleksis. Balda&#365; la kamparanoj komencis eniri la vendejon, por
vendi legomojn po kiel eble altaj prezoj, kaj por a&#265;eti vestojn
kaj aliajn aferojn po treege plej malaltaj prezoj. &#264;iu, kiu iris
proksimen de la stango, zorge genufleksis anta&#365; la &#265;apelo
de la malamata tirano, pro timo pri la hejmoj kaj la familioj. Fine,
kamparano, kies nomo estis Vilhelmo Tell, eniris la vendejon, kaj
staris du a&#365; tri minutojn proksime de la stango, dum li diris
kelkajn vortojn al amiko. Sed anstata&#365; fari tujan saluton, a&#365;
genufleksi, li tute ne rigardis la stangon.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------152.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The day before yesterday my youngest cousin was sitting on my knee,
and I told him that a rainbow (<i>&#265;ielarko</i>) is made by the
sunshine and the rain. 2. My cousin goes to school every day, after
he has breakfast in the dining-room. 3. A new school is being built,
not far from the home of the judge. 4. It is my cousin's duty to study
those books at the rate of ten pages a day. 5. My cousin and I decided
last night (93) to buy new hats for ourselves. 6. We intend to go
to the hatter's early tomorrow morning. 7. I think that all clothes
are being sold at a low price at-the-present-time. 8. During a visit
at a friend's, I read an interesting book about ancient Europe. 9.
It relates that several centuries ago a severe and cruel tyrant was
managing affairs in Switzerland. 10. Once he put his hat on a pole in
the market-place, and said that it was the duty of-every-one to kneel
before it. 11. This serious affair happened in a village one or two
miles square, on (<i>&#265;e</i>) the lake not far from the mountains
through which one goes on the way (167, a) to the Italian land. 12.
William Tell did not kneel or even look at the hat representing the
tyrant.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXVIII.</b></center>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>177.</b> The distributive adjective related to the distributive
pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, giving a comprehensive idea of the quality of
some person or thing, is <b>&#265;ia</b>, <i>every kind of, every sort
of</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Oni vendas &#265;iajn fruktojn tie</b>, <i>they sell every sort of fruit there.</i><br>
<b>Estas &#265;iaj personoj en la mondo</b>, <i>there are all sorts of persons in the world.</i>
</p>

<center>THE IMPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>178.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the present passive
participle with the past tense of the auxiliary verb <b>esti</b>
expresses an act or condition as being undergone by the subject of the
verb <i>at some time in the past</i>. It is called the <i>imperfect
passive tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as
follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estis vidata</b>, <i>I was (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>vi estis vidata</b>, <i>you were (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estis vidata</b>, <i>he (she, it) was (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>ni estis vidataj</b>, <i>we were (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>vi estis vidataj</b>, <i>you were (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>ili estis vidataj</b>, <i>they were (being) seen.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------153.png---------------------------- -->

<center>COMPOUND TENSES OF IMPERSONAL VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>179.</b> When impersonal verbs, or other verbs used impersonally,
are in compound tenses, the participial element is given the ending
<b>-e</b>, like other modifiers of impersonally used verbs (141):
</p>

<p>
<b>Estis pluvante anta&#365; unu minuto</b>, <i>it was raining a minute ago.</i><br>
<b>Estis multe ne&#285;inte</b>, <i>it had snowed a great deal.</i><br>
<b>Estis vidate ke &#265;iu ploras</b>, <i>it was seen that every one wept.</i>
</p>

<center>RECIPROCAL EXPRESSIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>180.</b> To give a reciprocal sense, when there are two or more
subjects and the action goes from one to the other (expressed in English
by "each other," "one another," "mutually," "reciprocally"), the
phrases <b>unu la alian</b>, <b>unu al la alia</b>, etc., or the adverb
<b>reciproke</b>, is used:
</p>

<p>
<b>Estas nia devo helpi unu la alian</b>, <i>it is our duty to help one another.</i><br>
<b>Ili parolas unu al la alia</b>, <i>they are talking to each other.</i><br>
<b>La viroj reciproke uzis siajn pafilojn</b>, <i>the men used each other's guns.</i><br>
<b>Ili falis unu sur la alian</b>, <i>they fell upon each other.</i>
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-UJ-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>181.</b> The suffix <b>-uj-</b> may be used to form words indicating
<i>that which contains, bears, or is a receptacle for</i>, some number
or quantity of that which is expressed by the root. It may be used
instead of <b>-lando</b> to form the name of a region containing any one
race or tribe, and instead of <b>-arbo</b> to form the names of fruit
trees:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ujo</b>, <i>a receptacle</i>.<br>
            <b>monujo</b>, <i>purse</i>.<br>
            <b>supujo</b>, <i>soup-tureen</i>.<br>
            <b>leterujo</b>, <i>letter-case</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>patrujo (patrolando)</b>, <i>fatherland</i>.<br>
            <b>sukerujo</b>, <i>sugar-bowl</i>.<br>
            <b>pomujo (pomarbo)</b>, <i>apple-tree</i>.<br>
            <b>sagujo</b>, <i>quiver</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>
<!-- -----------------------------154.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ag-i</b>, <i>to act</i>.<br>
            <b>ceter-a</b>, <i>remaining</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;ia</b>, <i>of every kind</i> (177).<br>
            <b>fier-a</b>, <i>proud</i>.<br>
            <b>imag-i</b>, <i>to imagine</i>.<br>
            <b>konduk-i</b>, <i>to lead</i>.<br>
            <b>kor-o</b>, <i>heart</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mort-i</b>, <i>to die</i>.<br>
            <b>pet-i</b>, <i>to plead, to request</i>.<br>
            <b>prepar-i</b>, <i>to prepare</i>.<br>
            <b>pun-i</b>, <i>to punish</i>.<br>
            <b>reciprok-a</b>, <i>reciprocal, mutual</i>.<br>
            <b>simil-a</b>, <i>like, similar</i>.<br>
            <b>tu&#349;-i</b>, <i>to touch</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------155.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>VILHELMO TELL KAJ LA POMO.</b></center>

<p>
Tuj kiam la gardistoj rimarkis ke la &#265;apelo sur la stango ne
estis salutata de Vilhelmo Tell, ili kaptis lin, kaj kondukis lin
al la tirano, por esti ju&#285;ata. La tirano demandis de Tell kial
li ne genufleksis anta&#365; la &#265;apelo, simile al la aliaj
vila&#285;anoj. Tell respondis fiere ke li ne sciis pri la &#265;iutagaj
genufleksoj de la aliaj personoj. Li diris ke li tute ne intencis agi
kontra&#365; la deziroj de la ju&#285;istoj. Sed la tirano malamis
la altan fortan svison, tial li decidis puni lin per severa puno,
kaj demandis "Kiun el viaj infanoj vi plej amas?" Vilhelmo Tell
ne povis imagi kial la demando estas farata al li, kaj respondis
"Mi amas &#265;iujn el ili, sinjoro." La tirano diris "Nu, estas
rakontate inter la vila&#285;anoj ke vi estas rimarkinda arkpafisto
(<i>archer</i>). Ni eltrovos kia arkpafisto vi estas. Ni vidos &#265;u
vi povos forpafi pomon de sur la kapo de via plej juna filo. Aldone
(<i>in addition</i>), estos via devo forpafi la pomon per la unua
sago, alie (<i>otherwise</i>) mi punos vin kaj vian filon per tuja
morto." Tell diris ke li estas preta por ricevi &#265;ian alian punon,
anstata&#365; tia puno, sed malgra&#365; &#265;ies petoj la tirano
estis jam elektanta pomon de apuda pomarbo. Li kondukis la knabon
malproksimen de la ceteraj personoj, kaj metis la pomon sur lian kapon.
Tell kaj la filo reciproke rigardis sin, dum la patro diris ke li ne
tu&#349;os haron de lia kapo. Tiam li elprenis sagon el la sagujo,
faris la necesajn preparojn, kaj rapide pafis. Tuj la pomo forfalis de
la kapo de la infano, kaj &#265;iu havis feli&#265;an koron. Dum Tell
&#265;irka&#365;prenis la filon, la tirano demandis "Kial vi havas tiun
ceteran sagon en la mano." Tell la&#365;te respondis "Por mortpafi vin,
tuj post la infano, &#265;ar mi treege timis pro la vivo de mia kara
filo."
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. William Tell had a strong flexible (161) bow. 2. He could
shoot-with-a-bow (<i>arkpafi</i>) excellently, therefore he was a
well-known archer. 3. He put six or eight arrows into his quiver, and
went with his sons to the village. 4. Possibly he saw the hat upon the
pole, but he did not kneel before it. 5. It was being noticed already
in the village that Tell hated the tyrant very much. 6. When the guards
seized him for that act, and led him before the tyrant, who was also
the judge, Tell said "I did not know about this new duty, and could not
imagine why the hat was on the pole there." 7. The tyrant replied with
(<i>per</i>) angry words, for he hated the proud Swiss whom every one
else loved. 8. He said severely "It is said that you are a praiseworthy
archer. 9. Therefore I was wondering whether you could shoot an apple
from your son's head. 10. Now we shall see whether you can shoot off
the apple, or whether you will touch the child's head." 11. Amid the
pleadings of all, Tell successfully shot off the apple. 12. A similar
second arrow was ready in his hand. 13. The tyrant saw the remaining
arrow, and prepared to punish Tell by death. 14. But he escaped, and the
Swiss congratulated each other heartily (<i>kore</i>). 15. After some
time they followed him, at the rate of six miles an hour.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------156.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XXXIX.</b></center>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.</center>

<p>
<b>182.</b> The distributive adverb of place, related to the
distributive pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, is <b>&#265;ie</b>, everywhere.
The ending <b>-n</b> may be added to <b>&#265;ie</b> to show direction
of motion (121):
</p>

<p>
<b>Oni trovas tiajn virojn &#265;ie</b>, <i>such men are found everywhere</i>.<br>
<b>Li iris &#265;ien, kie mi estis estinta</b>, <i>he went everywhere where I had been</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vidas lin &#265;ie, kien mi iras</b>, <i>I see him everywhere I go</i>.
</p>

<center>THE FUTURE PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>183.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the present passive
participle with the future tense of <b>esti</b> indicates that an act
or condition <i>will be undergone</i> by the subject of the verb. It is
called the <i>future passive tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b>
in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estos vidata</b>, <i>I shall be seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos vidata</b>, <i>you will be seen</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estos vidata</b>, <i>he (she, it) will be seen</i>.<br>
<b>ni estos vidataj</b>, <i>we shall be seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos vidataj</b>, <i>you will be seen</i>.<br>
<b>ili estos vidataj</b>, <i>they will be seen</i>.
</p>

<center>POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS.</center>

<p>
<b>184.</b> Compound adjectives may be formed with an adjectival root
for the first element, and a noun-root for the second element. Such
adjectives have the meaning "possessed of" that which is indicated in
the compound. (Similar adjectives are formed in English, with <i>-ed</i>
as the final syllable):
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>belbrova</b>, <i>beautiful-browed</i>.<br>
            <b>bonintenca</b>, <i>good-intentioned</i>.<br>
            <b>dumana</b>, <i>two-handed</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>longnaza</b>, <i>long-nosed</i>.<br>
            <b>kvarpieda</b>, <i>four-footed</i>.<br>
            <b>ru&#285;hara</b>, <i>red-haired</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------157.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE TIME OF DAY.</center>

<p>
<b>185.</b> The ordinals are used in expressing the hour of the day,
with <b>horo</b> expressed or understood. The minutes are expressed
by the cardinals. In questions the adjective <b>kioma</b> (from
<b>kiom</b>, <i>how much</i>) is used:
</p>

<p>
<b>Kioma horo estas?</b> <i>What hour (what o'clock, what time) is it?</i><br>
<b>Je kioma horo vi venos?</b> <i>At what time (what o'clock) will you come?</i><br>
<b>Estas la dua horo</b>, <i>it is two o'clock (it is the second hour)</i>.<br>
<b>Estas la tria kaj kvin minutoj</b>, <i>it is five minutes past three</i>.<br>
<b>Ni iris je la sesa kaj duono</b>, <i>we went at half past six</i>.<br>
<b>Estas la oka kaj kvardek kvin (</b><i>or:</i><b> estas unu kvarono anta&#365; la na&#365;a)</b>, <i>it is eight forty-five (a quarter of nine)</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-OBL-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>186.</b> The suffix <b>-obl-</b> is used to form multiples indicating
how many fold, as "two fold," "double," "triple," etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>duoblo</b>, <i>a double</i>.<br>
<b>duobla</b>, <i>double</i>.<br>
<b>duoble</b>, <i>doubly</i>.<br>
<b>kvarobla</b>, <i>quadruple</i>.<br>
<b>kvindekobla</b>, <i>fifty-fold</i>.<br>
<b>multobla</b>, <i>manifold</i>.<br>
<b>Trioble du estas ses</b>, <i>three times two is six</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bilet-o</b>, <i>ticket</i>.<br>
            <b>cend-o</b>, <i>cent</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;ie</b>, <i>everywhere</i> (182).<br>
            <b>esprim-o</b>, <i>expression</i>.<br>
            <b>gi&#265;et-o</b>, <i>wicket, ticket-window</i>.<br>
            <b>horlo&#285;-o</b>, <i>clock</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pag-i</b>, <i>to pay</i>.<br>
            <b>preter</b>, <i>beyond, past</i>.<br>
            <b>staci-o</b>, <i>station</i>.<br>
            <b>telefon-i</b>, <i>to telephone</i>.<br>
            <b>vagon-o</b>, <i>car</i>.<br>
            <b>valiz-o</b>, <i>valise</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The preposition <b>preter</b> indicates the movement of something
alongside of and passing beyond something else. Since it does not
express motion <i>toward</i> its complement, it cannot be followed by
the accusative.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------158.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>EN LA STACIDOMO.</b></center>

<p>
Du bonkoraj (184) amikoj miaj lo&#285;as en la urbo B&mdash;&mdash;.
Ni reciproke konas nin de anta&#365; ses jaroj. Mi estis duoble
&#285;oja hiera&#365; kiam mi ricevis leteron de ili, &#265;ar en tiu
ili petis de mi balda&#365;an viziton. Tial mi telefonis hiera&#365;
posttagmeze al la stacidomo, por demandi je kioma horo foriros la
vagonaro (<i>train</i>) al B&mdash;&mdash;. Oni respondis per la
telefono ke la vagonaro foriros je la tria kaj tridek kvin. Tuj poste
mi enmetis kelkajn vestojn en mian jam preska&#365; eluzitan valizon,
kaj faris &#265;iujn preparojn por la mallonga voja&#285;o. Je la dua
horo, tuj post la tagman&#285;o (<i>midday meal</i>), mi mar&#349;is
stacidomon. Survoje mi eniris butikon kaj a&#265;etis paron da novaj
gantoj. Kiam mi eniris la stacidomon, mi kuris preter la aliaj personoj
al la gi&#265;eto kie biletoj estas vendataj. Mi diris al la sinjoro
&#265;e la gi&#265;eto "Mi deziras bileton al B&mdash;&mdash;. Kiom
estos necese pagi?" La brunokula sinjoro respondis "Tia bileto kostos
dolaron dudek cendojn." Mi pu&#349;is tiom da mono tra la gi&#265;eto,
kaj tuj ricevis la bileton, kiun la sinjoro jam havis en la mano.
Tiam mi iris proksimen de la pordego tra kiu oni estos enlasata al
la vagonaro. "Kiom da tempo anta&#365; la foriro de la vagonaro al
B&mdash;&mdash;?" mi demandis al la gardisto. Li la&#365;tvo&#265;e
respondis "Nur sep minutojn. &#264;u vi ne vidas tiun horlo&#285;on?"
Mi ne estis rimarkinta la horlo&#285;on, tial mi almetis la montrilojn
de mia po&#349;horlo&#285;o (<i>watch</i>) por montri la saman horon.
Mi estis multe tu&#349;ata de &#265;iaj bonintencaj personoj kurantaj
&#265;ien preter mi, kaj pu&#349;antaj unu la alian. Fine oni malfermis
la pordegon. Mi kaj la ceteraj personoj rapidis al la vagonaro kaj kiel
eble plej balda&#365; eniris &#285;in.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>Posttagmezo</b>, <i>afternoon</i>, is a descriptive compound (167, a)
whose second element <b>tagmezo</b> is a dependent compound (176).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------159.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Because of the request of my friend whose brother died recently, I
went last (<i>la anta&#365;an</i>) week to visit him. 2. The remaining
persons of his family were not at home. 3. I telephoned to find out at
what time the train would depart. 4. I was told (54) that it would leave
at four twenty-seven. 5. I put enough money into my purse, and carried
along (<i>kunportis</i>) a valise into which I had put some clothes.
6. When I entered the station, I hurried past the other people to the
wicket, and asked for (<i>petis</i>) a ticket to B&mdash;&mdash;. 7. The
ticket seller said "Two dollars and forty cents." 8. I could not imagine
why it was necessary to pay so much, but I at once pushed that much
money through the window, and received the ticket. 9. Then I looked at
my watch and went near the gate, but the yellowhaired guard who conducts
persons to the trains said "Persons who go through that gate before the
train arrives will be severely punished." 10. So all of us stood near
the double gate. 11. The trains are much like each other, and it is
better to act as the guards request, and not express impatience.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XL.</b></center>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>187.</b> The distributive adverb of time, related to the distributive
pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, is <b>&#265;iam</b>, <i>always</i>, <i>at all
times</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Vi &#265;iam pagas tro multe</b>, <i>you always pay too much</i>.<br>
<b>Mi estas &#265;iam preta por helpi vin</b>, <i>I am always ready to help you</i>.
</p>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB <b>&#264;IAL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>188.</b> The distributive adverb of motive or reason, related to the
pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, is <b>&#265;ial</b>, <i>for every reason</i>,
<i>for all reasons</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;ial li estas feli&#265;a hodia&#365;</b>, <i>for every reason he is happy today</i>.<br>
<b>La mia &#265;ial estas la plej bona</b>, <i>mine is for all reasons the best</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------160.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>189.</b> The past passive participle expresses an act or condition
as <i>having been undergone</i> by the person or thing indicated by the
word modified. This participle ends in <b>-ita</b>, as <b>vidita</b>,
<i>having been seen</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>La prezo pagita de vi estis tro granda</b>, <i>the price paid by you was too great</i>.<br>
<b>La punita infano ploras</b>, <i>the (having-been) punished child is crying</i>.<br>
<b>Mi a&#265;etos bonefaritajn gantojn</b>, <i>I shall buy well-made gloves</i>.<br>
<b>Li ser&#265;is la forgesitan bileton</b>, <i>he looked for the forgotten ticket</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>190.</b> The compound tense formed by combining the past passive
participle with the present tense of the verb <b>esti</b> expresses an
act or condition which <i>has been undergone</i> by the subject of the
verb. It is called the <i>perfect passive tense</i>. The conjugation of
the verb <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estas vidita</b>, <i>I have been seen</i> (<i>I am having-been-seen</i>).<br>
<b>vi estas vidita</b>, <i>you have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estas vidita</b>, <i>he</i> (<i>she, it</i>) <i>has been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ni estas viditaj</b>, <i>we have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estas viditaj</b>, <i>you have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ili estas viditaj</b>, <i>they have been seen</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>LA&#364;</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>191.</b> In expressing that <i>in accordance with which</i> something
is done, takes place, moves, etc., the preposition <b>la&#365;</b> is
used:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------161.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Li agis la&#365; sia opinio</b>, <i>he acted in accordance with his own opinion</i>.<br>
<b>Mi faros &#285;in la&#365; bona metodo</b>, <i>I shall do it according to a good method</i>.<br>
<b>La&#365; kia maniero li agis?</b> <i>In what manner did he act?</i><br>
<b>Mi mar&#349;is la&#365; la strato</b>, <i>I walked down (or up) the street</i>.<br>
<b>Li iris la&#365; la rivero per tiu vojo</b>, <i>he went along the river by that road</i>.<br>
<b>Nuboj nigraj kuris la&#365; la &#265;ielo</b>, <i>black clouds raced along the sky</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;i ku&#349;as la&#365;longe de la domo</b>, <i>it lies lengthwise of the house</i>.
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-EM-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>192.</b> The suffix <b>-em-</b> indicates a <i>tendency</i> or
<i>inclination</i> toward that which is expressed in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>agema</b>, <i>active</i>.<br>
            <b>mallaborema</b>, <i>lazy</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pacema</b>, <i>peaceful, pacific</i>.<br>
            <b>pensema</b>, <i>pensive, thoughtful</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>atend-i</b>, <i>to wait (for), to expect</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;ial</b>, <i>for every reason</i> (188).<br>
            <b>&#265;iam</b>, <i>always</i> (187).<br>
            <b>gazet-o</b>, <i>magazine, gazette</i>.<br>
            <b>&#309;urnal-o</b>, <i>journal, paper</i>.<br>
            <b>kompat-i</b>, <i>to pity</i>.<br>
            <b>larm-o</b>, <i>tear</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>la&#365;</b>, <i>according to</i> (191).<br>
            <b>manier-o</b>, <i>manner, way</i>.<br>
            <b>mov-i</b>, <i>to move</i> (transitive)<br>
            <b>okup-i</b>, <i>to occupy</i>.<br>
            <b>pal-a</b>, <i>pale</i>.<br>
            <b>polic-o</b>, <i>police</i>.<br>
            <b>trankvil-a</b>, <i>calm, tranquil</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------162.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA PERDITA INFANO.</b></center>

<p>
Dum mi estis atendanta hiera&#365; posttagmeze en la stacidomo, mi
subite rimarkis palan sinjorinon kun larmoj en &#349;iaj okuloj. &#348;i
rigardis &#265;ien kun esprimo de neka&#349;ebla timo, kaj estis videble
maltrankvila. &#348;i ser&#265;is du a&#365; tri minutojn inter la
personoj &#265;irka&#365; si, kaj fine &#349;i vidis bluevestitan
policanon, kiu estis parolanta al unu el la gardistoj. &#348;i rapide
diris kelkajn vortojn al li, kaj tuj li anka&#365; komencis ser&#265;i
cie. Mi tre kompatis la ploreman sinjorinon, kaj kiam la policano
preteriris, mi demandis &#265;u mi ne povas helpi. Mi diris ke mi ne
estos okupata (<i>busy</i>) &#285;is la alveno de la vagonaro. Li
respondis ke la filo de tiu virino estas perdita, kaj li donis al mi la
sekvantan priskribon de la infano, la&#365; la vortoj de la patrino: la
knabo estas agema brunhara sesjarulo, kun bluaj okuloj, kaj li estas
ru&#285;e vestita (<i>dressed in red</i>). Lia patrino estis &#309;us
a&#265;etinta sian bileton &#265;e la gi&#265;eto, kaj post kiam &#349;i
pagis la na&#365;dek cendojn por &#285;i, subite &#349;i rimarkis
ke la infano ne estis kun &#349;i. Kvankam &#349;i jam ser&#265;is
&#265;ie, la filo &#349;ajnas ankora&#365; netrovebla. &#348;i multe
timas pro li, kvankam li &#265;iam estas bona knabo. Mi tuj komencis
mar&#349;i &#265;ien inter la personoj &#265;irka&#365; mi, kaj fine
eniris malgrandan &#265;ambron apud la horlo&#285;o &#265;e la fino de
la stacidomo, kie estas vendataj tag&#309;urnaloj (<i>newspapers</i>),
gazetoj kaj libroj. Tie anta&#365; nemovebla tablo kovrita de brile
koloritaj &#309;urnaloj staris malgranda ru&#285;evestita knabo. Mi
diris al li "Mia studema juna amiko, oni ne voja&#285;as la&#365; tiu
metodo. Via patrino jam de longe atendas vin. Mi montros al vi kie
&#349;i estas." Li venis kun mi, kaj proksime de la pordo kie mi estis
lasinta mian valizon staris la sinjorino. &#348;i estis &#265;ial
&#285;oja kiam &#349;i vidis nin, kaj dankeme &#265;irka&#365;prenis la
infanon.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------163.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

1. The poor (to-be-pitied) lady whose little boy (son) was
lost in the station yesterday afternoon was very uneasy
about him for every reason. 2. She was pale and tearful
(<i>plorema</i>) when I saw her, and looked in every direction
in a most impatient manner. 3. There was an expression
of fear upon her face and she went as quickly as possible
to a nearby policeman, and said a few (<i>kelkajn</i>) words
to him. 4. I heard the last words, and at once said to myself
"It is now only ten minutes past two. 5. My train
will leave (<i>foriros</i>) at half-past two, so I have time to help."
6. I said to the blue-garbed policeman "During the next
(<i>sekvontajn</i>) twenty minutes I shall not be busy. Do you
desire my help?" 7. He answered "Yes, you are very
kind (<i>&#285;entila</i>). The son of that lady has been lost. 8.
According to her description, he is a yellow-haired blue-eyed
five-year-old, and apparently (<i>&#349;ajne</i>) too restless
(<i>movema</i>). 9. I shall find him as soon as possible, nevertheless
I shall gladly accept your help. 10. The child is
dressed in white and wears a red hat." 11. As (<i>&#265;ar</i>) I am
not at all lazy (<i>mallaborema</i>), I went along the stationary
(<i>nemoveblaj</i>) tables as-far-as the end of the station, and
there I saw that-sort-of child, looking at the magazines and
newspapers. 12. I led him to the lady, who with tears in
her eyes was just going to telephone to her husband.

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLI.</b></center>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB <b>&#264;IEL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>193.</b> The distributive adverb of manner, related to the
distributive pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, is <b>&#265;iel</b>, <i>in every
way, in every manner</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li povas &#265;iel prepari &#285;in</b>, <i>he can prepare it in every manner</i>.<br>
<b>Li estos &#265;iel helpata</b>, <i>he will be helped in every way</i>.
</p>

<center>THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB <b>&#264;IOM</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>194.</b> The distributive adverb of quantity, related to the
distributive pronoun <b>&#265;iu</b>, is <b>&#265;iom</b>, <i>every
quantity, the whole, all</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li prenis multe da sukero, sed ne &#265;iom da &#285;i</b>, <i>he took a great deal of sugar, but not all of it</i>.<br>
<b>Li elprenis &#265;iom de la teo el la teujo</b>, <i>he took all of the tea out of the tea caddy</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------164.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PLUPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>195.</b> The compound tense made by combining the past passive
participle with the past tense of the verb <b>esti</b> expresses an
act or condition which <i>had been undergone</i> by the subject of the
verb at some point in past time. It is called the <i>pluperfect passive
tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estis vidita</b>, <i>I had been seen (I was having-been-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>vi estis vidita</b>, <i>you had been seen</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estis vidita</b>, <i>he (she, it) had been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ni estis viditaj</b>, <i>we had been seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estis viditaj</b>, <i>you had been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ili estis viditaj</b>, <i>they had been seen</i>.
</p>

<center>THE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.</center>

<p>
<b>196.</b> The compound tense made by combining the past passive
participle with the future tense of the verb <b>esti</b> expresses an
act or condition which <i>will have been undergone</i> by the subject
of the verb at some point in future time. It is called the <i>future
perfect passive tense</i>. The conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in this tense
is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi estos vidita</b>, <i>I shall have been seen (shall be having-been-seen)</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos vidita</b>, <i>you will have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) estos vidita</b>, <i>he (she, it) will have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ni estos viditaj</b>, <i>we shall have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>vi estos viditaj</b>, <i>you will have been seen</i>.<br>
<b>ili estos viditaj</b>, <i>they will have been seen</i>.
</p>

<center>THE EXPRESSION OF MATERIAL.</center>

<p>
<b>197.</b> The material <i>out of which</i> something is made or
constructed is expressed by use of the preposition <b>el</b>. As in
English, an adjective may be used instead of the prepositional phrase
unless a verb or participle lays stress upon the fact of construction:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------165.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>La tablo estas farita el ligno</b>, <i>the table is made out of wood</i>.<br>
<b>La tablo estas ligna (el ligno)</b>, <i>the table is wooden (of wood)</i>.<br>
<b>La infanoj konstruis domon el ne&#285;o</b>, <i>the children built a house of (out of) snow.</i><br>
<b>Oni faras supon el asparago</b>, <i>they make soup out of asparagus.</i>
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-ET-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>198.</b> The suffix <b>-et-</b> indicates diminution of degree
in that which is expressed by the root. It is thus in contrast to
the augmentative suffix <b>-eg-</b> (122). Sometimes an affectionate
significance is given:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>beleta</b>, <i>pretty.</i><br>
            <b>dormeti</b>, <i>to doze.</i><br>
            <b>floreto</b>, <i>floweret, floret.</i><br>
            <b>lageto</b>, <i>pond, small lake.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>libreto</b>, <i>booklet.</i><br>
            <b>monteto</b>, <i>hill.</i><br>
            <b>rideti</b>, <i>to smile.</i><br>
            <b>vojeto</b>, <i>path.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>best-o</b>, <i>animal</i>.<br>
            <b>&#265;iel</b>, <i>in every way</i> (193).<br>
            <b>&#265;iom</b>, <i>the whole, all</i> (194).<br>
            <b>donac-o</b>, <i>gift, present</i>.<br>
            <b>drap-o</b>, <i>cloth</i>.<br>
            <b>hund-o</b>, <i>dog</i>.<br>
            <b>konsist-i</b>, <i>to consist</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>leon-o</b>, <i>lion</i>.<br>
            <b>lud-i</b>, <i>to play</i>.<br>
            <b>material-o</b>, <i>material</i>.<br>
            <b>posed-i</b>, <i>to own, to possess</i>.<br>
            <b>pup-o</b>, <i>doll</i>.<br>
            <b>rost-i</b>, <i>to roast</i>.<br>
            <b>ver&#349;-i</b>, <i>to pour</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------166.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA DONACO.</b></center>

<p>
Mi volas doni beletan donacon al mia plej juna fratino morga&#365;,
sed ju pli mi pensas pri &#285;i, des pli malfacile estas decidi
pri la afero. Estas duoble malfacile, &#265;ar &#349;i jam posedas
&#265;iun ludilon (<i>toy</i>) kiun oni povas imagi. &#264;iu el
&#349;iaj amikoj &#285;oje donacas (<i>make presents</i>) al tiel afabla
knabino. Tamen mi iris hiera&#365; matene al ludilobutiko, kaj rigardis
la ludilojn tie. Multaj konsistis el diversaj pupoj, grandaj kaj
malgrandaj, kaj belege vestitaj. Sed mi estas certa ke la fratineto jam
posedas sufi&#265;e da pupoj&mdash;tial mi ne a&#265;etis tian ludilon,
kvankam ili estas &#265;iam interesaj al knabinetoj. Sur unu tablo
ku&#349;is &#265;iaj malgrandaj bestoj, faritaj el ligno, drapo, kaj
diversaj materialoj. Estis &#265;evaletoj, hundetoj, katetoj, kaj flavaj
leonetoj. Proksime de tiuj staris malgrandaj brile koloritaj vagonaroj,
kiujn oni povis rapide movi, la&#365; la maniero de grandaj vagonaroj.
Etaj policanoj staris apude, kaj estis &#265;ial malfacile elekti la
plej interesan el tiom da interesaj ludiloj. Balda&#365; mi rimarkis
knabineton apud mi. &#264;iel &#349;i tre similis al mia fratino, kaj
tial mi decidis elekti tian ludilon, kia estos elektita plej frue de
la nekonata knabineto. Mi atendis trankvile, kaj e&#265; legis unu
a&#365; du pa&#285;ojn de miaj &#309;us a&#265;etitaj gazetoj kaj
tag&#309;urnaloj. Fine la beleta infano estis rigardinta preska&#365;
&#265;iom de la ludiloj kiuj okupis la tablojn, dum la kompatinda
servistino lace &#349;in sekvis. Tiam la knabineto kriis "Ho, kiel
beleta pupodomo! Estas litoj en la dormo&#265;ambroj; legomoj kaj
rostita viando, faritaj el papero, ku&#349;as sur la tablo en la
man&#285;o-&#265;ambro; kaj mi vidas tie pupon, kiu certe &#309;us faris
la teon, kaj estas elver&#349;onta &#285;in en tiujn tasetojn!" Tuj mi
faris decidon la&#365; la plezuro de la knabineto, kaj balda&#365; la
pupodomo estis a&#265;etita por mia fratineto.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------167.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. My pale delicate (<i>malsanema</i>) little sister is always happy
when she has a new toy. 2. Her dolls were made out of cloth when
she was a very little girl, because otherwise she could too easily
break them. 3. But yesterday my grandmother made a present of a doll
(presented a doll) to her, and since that moment she has been as happy
as possible. 4. I have not seen tears in her eyes, or heard a cross
(<i>koleretan</i>) word. 5. This new doll is made out of cloth, and its
dress consists of very pretty material. 6. My sister decided that she
likes it better than her other playthings, and I think that those poor
(<i>kompatindaj</i>) other dolls will soon have been forgotten. 7. The
doll seems in every way more interesting than the little animals made
out of cloth or wood, which are on the table with her dolls. 8. She
possesses a little dog and a little cat, and a little lion, and until
yesterday she had a wooden pony. 9. The pony is already broken, and has
been given away to a poor (<i>malri&#265;a</i>) child, the daughter
of our laundress (<i>lavistino</i>). 10. My sister possesses a small
train of cars which she can move everywhere, and she is very fond of
(<i>ametas</i>) this toy. 11. There are small sacks of sand in the cars,
and usually she is happy when she is pouring the sand out of one of
these into another, or putting all of the sand into a box, by means of
a small spoon. 12. For every reason I am doubly glad today that she is
busied in this manner (<i>tiamaniere</i>). 13. I wish to take a walk
along that pleasant path toward the hill, instead of waiting for my
little sister. 14. I must buy the meat to roast for supper, before I
come home from my walk.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLII.</b></center>

<center>THE FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>199.</b> The future passive participle, expressing that which <i>will
be or is about to be undergone</i> by the person or thing indicated by
the word modified, ends in <b>-ota</b>, as <b>vidota</b>, about to be
seen:
</p>

<p>
<b>La punota infano malla&#365;te ploretas</b>, <i>the child about to be punished whimpers softly.</i><br>
<b>La formovota tablo estas peza</b>, <i>the table about to be moved away is heavy.</i><br>
<b>La domo konstruota de li estos bela</b>, <i>the house going to be built by him will be beautiful</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------168.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE TENSES.</center>

<p>
<b>200.</b> The compound tenses formed by combining the future passive
participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of <b>esti</b>
represent an act or condition as <i>about to be undergone</i> in the
present, past, or future, respectively. These are called <i>passive
periphrastic future tenses</i>. Except when great accuracy is desired,
these tenses, like those of the active voice (153) are not often used. A
synopsis of <b>vidi</b> in the first person singular of these tenses is
as follows:
</p>

<!--

                          Present Periphrastic Future.

             mi estas vidota, I am about to be (going to be) seen.

                           Past Periphrastic Future.

             mi estis vidota, I was about to be (going to be) seen.

                          Future Periphrastic Future.

          mi estos vidota, I shall be about to be (going to be) seen.

-->

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Present Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estas vidota</b>, <i>I am about to be (going to be) seen.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Past Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estis vidota</b>, <i>I was about to be (going to be) seen.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Future Periphrastic Future.</td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estos vidota</b>, <i>I shall be about to be (going to be) seen.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE GENERIC ARTICLE.</center>

<p>
<b>201.</b> The article is placed before nouns used in a comprehensive
or universal sense, indicating a whole class, kind, substance, or
abstract quality. In such use it is called the <i>generic article:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>La pacienco estas la&#365;dinda</b>, <i>patience is praiseworthy.</i><br>
<b>La vivo surtera estas nur parto de la vivo &#265;iama</b>, <i>life on earth is merely a part of the life eternal.</i><br>
<b>La viro estas pli forta ol la virino</b>, <i>man is stronger than woman.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> French <i>La patience est am&egrave;re, mais son fruit est
doux, patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet</i>, German <i>Das
Leben ist kurtz, life is short</i>, Italian <i>La speranza &egrave; il
pan de miseri, hope is the poor man's bread</i>, Spanish <i>Las riquezas
son bagajes de la fortuna, riches are the baggage of fortune</i>, etc.
In English the generic article (as in "the life eternal" above) may
often be replaced by omission of both "a" and "the."
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-EC-</b>.</center>

<!-- -----------------------------169.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>202.</b> The suffix <b>-ec-</b> is used to form words indicating
the <i>abstract quality</i> of that which is expressed in the root, or
formation, to which it is attached:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>amikeco</b>, <i>friendship</i>.<br>
            <b>ofteco</b>, <i>frequency</i>.<br>
            <b>indeco</b>, <i>worthiness</i>.<br>
            <b>dankemeco</b>, <i>thankfulness</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>fleksebleco</b>, <i>flexibility</i>.<br>
            <b>patreco</b>, <i>fatherhood</i>.<br>
            <b>patrineco</b>, <i>motherhood</i>.<br>
            <b>maltrankvileco</b>, <i>uneasiness</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bord-o</b>, <i>bank, shore</i>.<br>
            <b>brak-o</b>, <i>arm</i>.<br>
            <b>fabrik-i</b>, <i>to manufacture</i>.<br>
            <b>krut-a</b>, <i>steep</i>.<br>
            <b>lan-o</b>, <i>wool</i>.<br>
            <b>mebl-o</b>, <i>piece of furniture</i>.<br>
            <b>pas-i</b>, <i>to pass</i> (intrans.).<br>
            <b>pitoresk-a</b>, <i>picturesque</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pont-o</b>, <i>bridge</i>.<br>
            <b>sonor-i</b>, <i>to ring</i> (intrans.).<br>
            <b>surtut-o</b>, <i>overcoat</i>.<br>
            <b>sving-i</b>, <i>to swing, to brandish</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ip-o</b>, <i>ship</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ton-o</b>, <i>stone</i>.<br>
            <b>vapor-o</b>, <i>steam</i>.<br>
            <b>vetur-i</b>, <i>to travel</i> (in a vehicle).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------170.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SUR LA VAPOR&#348;IPO.</b></center>

<p>
Unu el la plezuroj de la kampara vivo konsistas el la multenombraj
(<i>numerous</i>) okazoj por veturi &#265;ien, kien oni volas iri,
per kvietaj pitoreskaj vojoj. Ni havas ankora&#365; unu (<i>still
one, yet another</i>) okazon por plezuro en nia vila&#285;o, &#265;ar
ni povas veturi per vapor&#349;ipo sur la bela lago &#265;e kies
bordo ku&#349;as la vila&#285;o. Hiera&#365; du kuzinoj venis por
viziti &#265;e ni, kaj tuj post la tagman&#285;o ni decidis promeni
la&#365; tiu pitoreska vojeto al la lago. Kiam ni alvenis al la lago,
ni rimarkis ke beleta vapor&#349;ipeto estis &#309;us forironta. Tial
mi a&#265;etis tri biletojn, kaj kiel eble plej rapide ni suriris la
&#349;ipeton. La sonoriloj (<i>bells</i>) estis jam sonorintaj, kaj tuj
post kiam ni transmar&#349;is la ponteton, de la tero al la planko de
la &#349;ipeto, oni forprenis la ponteton. Kelkaj personoj kiuj estis
ankora&#365; sur la tero kuris kun granda rapideco al la ponteto. Ili
svingis la brakojn kaj la ombrelojn tre energie, sed la &#349;ipeto ne
atendis e&#265; unu minuton. La personoj &#349;ajnis tre koleraj pro sia
malfrueco, kaj ankora&#365; pli koleraj pro la trankvila foriro de la
&#349;ipeto. &#264;iu sur la &#349;ipeto ridetis, &#265;ar la koleremo
(<i>irascibility</i>) estas &#265;iam amuza. Tiam &#265;iu komencis sin
amuzi tiel, kiel li deziris. Mi estis kunportinta dikan lanan surtuton,
sed pro la varmeco de la vetero mi ne bezonis &#285;in, kaj lasis
&#285;in sur apuda se&#285;o. Ni atendis kun plezuro por vidi la krutajn
montetojn kiuj estos videblaj tuj kiam la &#349;ipeto estos pasinta
preter malgranda arbaro. La pitoreskeco de la belaj montetoj estas
difektota, &#265;ar grandaj fabrikejoj estas jam konstruataj &#265;e la
montpiedoj. La &#349;tonoj por la muroj jam ku&#349;as pretaj apude,
kune kun grandaj stangoj kaj aliaj pecoj da ligno. Tie oni fabrikos
tablojn, se&#285;ojn, kaj aliajn meblojn el zorge elektita ligno.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------171.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. It is difficult in every way to select a present for a child who
already possesses enough toys. 2. In a toy-shop yesterday I examined the
dolls made out of woolen cloth and other material, and also looked at
the various little animals. 3. There were ponies, little dogs and little
lions and camels. 4. There were also little sets of furniture (126),
which consisted of tables, sofas and chairs. 5. On the tables were small
plates containing vegetables, fruits and roast (189) meat, entirely made
out of colored paper. 6. There were also little cups and tumblers of
thin glass, into which one could pour water or milk. 7. As (&#265;ar)
one dollar was all (194) of the money which I had in my purse, I left
the shop. 8. I walked along a stony picturesque path toward the lake,
swinging my overcoat on my arm, while I thought over (<i>pripensis</i>)
the difficulty, and tried to decide what sort of present to choose. 9.
The steamboat to B&mdash;&mdash; was just leaving, so I went across the
footbridge (<i>ponteto</i>) on to the pretty little ship, while its
bells were ringing, and rode an hour in the open (<i>libera</i>) air.
10. The shore which we passed is very picturesque, but its beauty is
about to be spoiled, for a large furniture factory is going to be built
between that steep hill and the lake. 11. Its proximity to the water is
necessary, for water-power (<i>akvoforto</i>) will be used.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLIII.</b></center>

<center>THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>203.</b> The indefinite pronoun (and pronominal adjective) <b>iu</b>,
<i>any one, a certain one</i>, presents the idea of some person or
thing, without definitely characterizing it:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi parolas pri iu, kiun vi konas</b>, <i>I am talking about a certain one whom you know</i>.<br>
<b>Mi vizitis iujn el viaj amikoj</b>, <i>I visited some of your friends</i>.<br>
<b>Mi havas kelkajn pomojn, sed iuj ne estas bonaj</b>, <i>I have several apples, but certain ones are not good</i>.<br>
<b>Iuj pontoj estas bone faritaj</b>, <i>some bridges are well made</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>204.</b> The indefinite pronoun <b>iu</b> has a possessive or
genitive form <b>ies</b>, <i>somebody's, someone's, a certain one's</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi tu&#349;is ies brakon</b>, <i>I touched someone's arm</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u ies surtuto ku&#349;as sur la tablo?</b> <i>Is anybody's overcoat lying on the table?</i><br>
<b>Ies ludiloj estas rompitaj</b>, <i>someone's playthings are broken</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------172.png---------------------------- -->

<center>PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>205.</b> Nouns may be formed from participles, by substituting
the noun ending <b>-o</b> for the adjectival ending <b>-a</b>. Such
participial nouns indicate persons temporarily or non-professionally
performing or undergoing that which is expressed by the root:
</p>

<p>
<b>helpanto</b>, <i>one who is helping, an assistant.</i><br>
<b>elpensinto</b>, <i>one who has thought out something, an inventor.</i><br>
<b>legonto</b>, <i>one who is about to read.</i><br>
<b>vidato</b>, <i>one (being) seen.</i><br>
<b>sendito</b>, <i>one (having been) sent, an envoy.</i><br>
<b>la ju&#285;oto</b>, <i>the one about to be judged, the accused.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Participial nouns must not be confused with nouns formed by the
suffix <b>-ist-</b> (172) expressing professional or permanent
occupation: <b>rajdanto</b>, <i>a rider</i>, <b>rajdisto</b>,
<i>jockey, horseman</i>, <b>ju&#285;anto</b>, <i>a judge</i> (of
something), <b>ju&#285;isto</b>, <i>judge</i> (professional),
<b>laboranto</b>, <i>a person working</i>, <b>laboristo</b>,
<i>laborer</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE PREFIX <b>EK-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>206.</b> Sudden or momentary action, or the beginning of an action or
state, is indicated by the prefix <b>ek-</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>ekdormi</b>, <i>to fall asleep.</i><br>
<b>ekkanti</b>, <i>to burst into song.</i><br>
<b>ekiri</b>, <i>to set out, to start.</i><br>
<b>ekridi</b>, <i>to burst into a laugh</i><br>
<b>ekrigardi</b>, <i>to glance at.</i>
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-ID-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>207.</b> Words indicating the <i>young of, the child of, the
descendant of,</i> are formed by use of the suffix <b>-id-</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#265;evalido</b>, <i>colt</i> (from <b>&#265;evalo</b>, <i>horse</i>).<br>
<b>hundido</b>, <i>puppy</i> (from <b>hundo</b>, <i>dog</i>).<br>
<b>katido</b>, <i>kitten</i> (from <b>kato</b>, <i>cat</i>).<br>
<b>leonido</b>, <i>a lion's whelp</i> (from <b>leono</b>, <i>lion</i>).<br>
<b>re&#285;idino</b>, <i>a king's daughter, a princess</i> (from <b>re&#285;o</b>, <i>king</i>).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------173.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>amas-o</b>, <i>heap, throng.</i><br>
            <b>da&#365;r-i</b>, <i>to continue.</i><br>
            <b>hirund-o</b>, <i>swallow.</i> (bird).<br>
            <b>hom-o</b>, <i>human being.</i><br>
            <b>humor-o</b>, <i>temper, humor.</i><br>
            <b>ies</b>, <i>some one's</i> (204).<br>
            <b>iu</b>, <i>some one</i> (203).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kugl-o</b>, <i>bullet.</i><br>
            <b>milit-i</b>, <i>to fight, to make war.</i><br>
            <b>ost-o</b>, <i>bone.</i><br>
            <b>renvers-i</b>, <i>to upset, to overturn.</i><br>
            <b>sign-o</b>, <i>sign, mark.</i><br>
            <b>tend-o</b>, <i>tent.</i><br>
            <b>tru-o</b>, <i>hole.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. the difference between <b>viro</b>, <i>man</i> (in contrast
to <b>virino</b>, <i>woman</i>), and <b>homo</b>, <i>man in the generic
sense</i>, including both men and women.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------174.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA NESTO SUR LA TENDO.</b></center>

<p>
Unufoje iu re&#285;o estis farinta militon kontra&#365; la homoj de
lando &#265;e la bordo de pitoreska rivero. La soldatoj ne venis tien
per vapor&#349;ipoj, sed estis konstruintaj ponton trans la rivero, por
la veturiloj (<i>vehicles</i>). Estis necese resti kelkan tempon apud
urbo kiun la re&#285;o volis ekataki, kaj li havis grandan tendaron
(<i>encampment</i>) anta&#365; tiu urbo. Unu tagon en la da&#365;ro
(<i>course</i>) de la milito, iuj el la soldatoj pasis preter la
tendo de la re&#285;o, la&#365; la &#349;tona vojeto la&#365; kiu ili
&#265;iutage mar&#349;is por gardi la tendaron. Unu el &#265;i tiuj
ekrimarkis ke hirundo estas konstruinta sian neston sur la re&#285;a
tendo. Sur la nesto, kiu estis bone konstruita el koto, sidis trankvile
la hirundo. Dum la soldatoj svingis la brakojn kaj ekridis unu post la
alia, pri la kura&#285;a birdo, la re&#285;o a&#365;dis ies vo&#265;on.
Li elvenis el sia tendo por eltrovi kial la parolantoj faras tiom da
bruo, kaj kial ili tiel ekkriis kaj ekridis. Kiam la viroj montris al
li la birdon, li diris kun bonhumora rideto, "Tiu hirundo estos mia
gasto. &#264;iuj el la militistoj certe zorgos de nun pri la hirundo kaj
la hirundidoj." Tial la nesto restis netu&#349;ata en la da&#365;ro de
&#265;iu batalo. Kelkaj kugloj pasis preter &#285;i, sed la trankvileco
de la birdo da&#365;ris same kiel anta&#365;e. Fine la re&#285;o
venkis, per kruelega batalo. Tuj la venkintoj forportis la tendojn,
kune kun multaj militkaptitoj (<i>prisoners of war</i>). Nur la tendon
de la re&#285;o oni lasis tie, &#265;ar la re&#285;o diris ke &#285;i
nun apartenas al la hirundo. &#284;i jam estis malnova kaj eluzita,
tra kiu la pluvo eniris per multe da truoj. Sed &#285;i ankora&#365;
staris, &#285;is iu tago somera kiam la hirundidoj povis jam bone flugi.
Tiam la vento subite renversis &#285;in, kaj &#285;i ekfalis, kaj
ku&#349;is, amaso da &#265;ifonoj, inter multe da kugloj, homaj ostoj,
kaj la ceteraj malgajaj postsignoj (<i>traces</i>) de ies venko sur la
batalejo.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. There is a pretty story about a swallow which built its nest for its
young (<i>idoj</i>) on the king's tent. 2. The soldiers who were walking
along the steep path past the tent glanced at it, and caught sight
of (206) the bird. 3. Some of them burst into a laugh, and gestured
(<i>svingis la brakon</i>) toward the bird, to point it out to their
comrades. 4. The good-humored king put on a thick woolen overcoat, and
came out of his tent, to inquire why his soldiers were conversing so
noisily there. 5. The tent was an expensive one, and contained handsome
furniture, as well as (<i>kaj ankau</i>) a bell which always rang as
soon as (<i>tuj kiam</i>) one touched it. 6. The king immediately
noticed the swallow's nest, and said with an amiable smile "Surely such
a courageous bird is a worthy (154) guest for a king." 7. The warriors
(172) cared for the swallow as much as possible during the course of the
war. 8. When the victors departed, they left that tent there. 9. Finally
the wind upset it, and it fell to the ground. 10. The young swallows
already could fly, by (<i>je</i>) that time. 11. The battleground is
covered with bullets, piles of human bones, and similar melancholy signs
of war. 12. War (201) is wicked and shameful (154). 13. Why do kings and
princes wish to make war upon each other (180)? 14. When their sons have
gone away to (make) war, the mothers of the soldiers are very uneasy.
15. Perhaps those sons will be prisoners of war.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------175.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLIV.</b></center>

<center>THE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>208.</b> The indefinite adjective, related to the indefinite pronoun
<b>iu</b>, is <b>ia</b>, <i>of any kind, some kind of, a certain kind
of,</i> expressing indefinitely the quality of a person or thing:
</p>

<p>
<b>Estas ia birdo sur tiu arbo</b>, <i>there is a bird of some sort on that tree.</i><br>
<b>Mi vidis iajn ostojn sur la tero</b>, <i>I saw some kind of bones on the ground.</i><br>
<b>Estas ia homo en tiu tendo</b>, <i>there is some sort of human being in that tent.</i>
</p>

<center>THE INDEFINITE ADVERB OF PLACE.</center>

<p>
<b>209.</b> The indefinite adverb of place, related to the indefinite
pronoun <b>iu</b>, is <b>ie</b>, <i>anywhere, somewhere, in (at) a
certain place.</i> If the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward
the place indicated by <b>ie</b>, the ending <b>-n</b> is added (121):
</p>

<p>
<b>Ie en tiu arbaro estas leono</b>, <i>somewhere in that forest is a lion.</i><br>
<b>Ie malanta&#365; la soldatoj vi trovos amason da kugloj</b>, <i>somewhere behind the soldiers you will find a heap of bullets.</i><br>
<b>La hirundo flugis ien</b>, <i>the swallow flew somewhere (in some direction).</i><br>
<b>Mi iros ien, sed mi ankora&#365; ne scias kien</b>, <i>I am going somewhere, but I do not yet know where.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------176.png---------------------------- -->

<center>PREDICATE NOMINATIVES.</center>

<p>
<b>210.</b> An adjective may stand in predicate relation to the
<i>direct object of a transitive verb,</i> as well as to the subject
of an intransitive verb (19). Such a predicate adjective, agreeing
in number (21) with the object of the verb, <i>but remaining in the
nominative case,</i> indicates the result produced by the verb upon
the object, or the condition, quality or temporary state in which this
object is found:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li faris la mondon feli&#265;a</b>, <i>he made the world happy (made-happy the world).</i><br>
<b>Mi lasis la knabon trankvila</b>, <i>I left the boy calm (undisturbed).</i><br>
<b>Mi trovis la truon jam farita</b>, <i>I found the hole already made.</i><br>
<b>Mi lasis ilin bone punitaj</b>, <i>I left them well punished.</i>
<p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the difference between the examples given and sentences with
the same words in an attributive (13) use:
</p>
<p class="footnote">
Dio faris la mondon feli&#265;an, <i>God made the happy world.</i><br>
Mi lasis la knabon trankvilan, <i>I left the calm boy.</i><br>
Mi trovis la jam faritan truon, <i>I found the already made hole.</i><br>
Mi lasis ilin bone punitajn, <i>I left those who had been well punished.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>211.</b> A <i>noun</i> may be used similarly in predicate relation
after a transitive verb, as well as after an intransitive verb (20):
</p>

<p>
<b>&#348;i nomis sian filinon Mario</b>, <i>she named her daughter Mary.</i><br>
<b>Oni elektis tiun reprezentanto</b>, <i>they elected that one representative.</i><br>
<b>Mi vidos lin venkinto</b>, <i>I shall see him a conqueror.</i><br>
<b>Mi trovis lin &#349;telisto</b>, <i>I found him a thief.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the examples given and the following sentences using the same
words in apposition (48) or attributive relation (13):
</p>
<p class="footnote">
<b>&#348;i nomis sian filinon Marion</b>, <i>she named (mentioned) her daughter Mary.</i><br>
<b>Oni elektis tiun reprezentanton</b>, <i>they elected that representative.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>anonc-i</b>, <i>to announce.</i><br>
            <b>ia</b>, <i>some kind of</i> (208).<br>
            <b>ie</b>, <i>somewhere</i> (209).<br>
            <b>just-a</b>, <i>upright, just</i>.<br>
            <b>klar-a</b>, <i>distinct, clear.</i><br>
            <b>kresk-i</b>, <i>to grow.</i><br>
            <b>oportun-a</b>, <i>convenient.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pa&#349;t-i</b>, <i>to feed</i> (flocks, etc.).<br>
            <b>plend-i</b>, <i>to complain.</i><br>
            <b>proces-o</b>, <i>legal process.</i><br>
            <b>rajt-o</b>, <i>right, privilege.</i><br>
            <b>ripar-i</b>, <i>to mend, to repair.</i><br>
            <b>sufer-i</b>, <i>to suffer.</i><br>
            <b>&#349;nur-o</b>, <i>string.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------177.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA &#264;EVALO KAJ LA SONORILO.</b></center>

<p>
Unufoje en malgranda urbeto (<i>town</i>) en Italujo, la re&#285;o,
kiun oni estis nominta Johano, metis grandan sonorilon en la vendejon.
Li anoncis ke &#265;iu plendanto pri maljusteco havos la rajton alvoki
(<i>to summon</i>) ju&#285;iston per tiu sonorilo. Tiam la ju&#285;isto
faros proceson en la ju&#285;ejo pro tiaj plendantoj. Oni multe uzis la
sonorilon, la&#365; la anonco de la re&#285;o, kaj multe da plendantoj
ricevis justecon. Sammaniere, granda nombro da maljustuloj estis punata
per &#285;ia helpo. Kiam okazis ke iu homo montris sin maljusta al
alia, &#265;i tiu anoncis la aferon per la oportuna sonorilo. Kiam iu
faris la edzinon malfeli&#265;a, la sonorilo tuj sonoris por anonci
&#349;iajn suferojn, kaj por alvoki la ju&#285;iston. Fine, oni tiom
uzis la sonorilon justecan, ke la &#349;nurego (<i>rope</i>) estis tute
eluzita, kaj &#285;ia lasta uzinto okaze forrompis &#285;in. Sed iu
preterpasinto vidis la duonon de la &#349;nurego ku&#349;anta sur la
tero, kaj riparis &#285;in per kelkaj bran&#265;etoj de apuda arbo. Li
pensis en si "Iu plendonto nun trovos &#285;in preta por esti uzata."
Rimarkinde, la bran&#265;etoj ne velkis, sed restis verdaj, kaj kreskis
kiel anta&#365;e.
</p>

<p>
En la sama urbo lo&#285;is ri&#265;ulo kiu estis forvendinta
preska&#365; &#265;iom de siaj domoj, &#265;evaloj, &#265;evaletoj,
&#265;evalidoj, hundoj kaj multekostaj vestoj, &#265;ar en sia maljuneco
li amis nur la monon, kaj tiun li amegis. Li ankora&#365; posedis nur
unu maljunan &#265;evalon, kaj fine li forsendis e&#265; tiun, por sin
pa&#349;ti la&#365; la vojo. En la da&#365;ro de la tago, la &#265;evalo
ekrimarkis la bran&#265;etojn kreskantajn sur la &#349;nurego de la
sonorilo. Tuj &#285;i kaptis la bran&#265;etojn, por man&#285;i ilin,
kaj tuj la ju&#285;isto a&#365;dis la sonorilon klare sonoranta.
Li rapidis al la vendejo, kaj la&#365;te ekridis kiam li vidis ies
&#265;evalon tie. Li decidis puni la ri&#265;ulon &#265;ar tiu &#265;i
ne donis sufi&#265;e por man&#285;i al la maljuna milit&#265;evalo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------178.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The horse caught sight of the twigs with which a passer-by had mended
the bellrope. 2. Because it wished to eat the green leaves, it seized
the rope, and the bell immediately rang loudly and clearly. 3. The horse
almost upset the poles which supported (160) the roof over the bell
of-justice. 4. Any one (173) had the right to use this bell, to announce
any kind of injustice. 5. The judge burst into a laugh as soon as he saw
that sort of plaintiff standing there. 6. More often he saw human beings
as plaintiffs, instead of animals. 7. When a laborer showed himself
unkind to his wife and children, they could announce their sufferings by
means of the convenient bell. 8. People called it the bell of justice.
9. According to everyone's opinion, it is the duty of a just judge
to punish evildoers and unjust persons. 10. He decided that he would
institute proceedings (<i>faros proceson</i>) against the owner (205)
of the horse. 11. The man had driven away the horse, and it was grazing
(<i>sin pa&#349;tanta</i>) along the road. 12. It was some one's duty to
give some sort of home to his horse. 13. The judge said, "I will find
out whose horse that poor beast is, and will put a mark opposite the
name of that man. I will not leave him alone (<i>trankvila</i>), but
will show myself very severe."
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLV.</b></center>

<center>THE INDEFINITE TEMPORAL ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>212.</b> The indefinite temporal adverb, related to the indefinite
pronoun <b>iu</b>, is <b>iam</b>, <i>sometime, any time, ever, once upon
a time</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Iam mi rakontos la aferon al vi</b>, <i>sometime I will tell you the affair.</i><br>
<b>Re&#285;o iam lo&#285;is tie</b>, <i>a king once (upon a time) dwelt there.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi iam faris proceson kontra&#365; li?</b> <i>Did you ever go to law against him?</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------179.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE INDEFINITE ADVERB <b>IAL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>213.</b> The indefinite adverb of motive or reason, related to the
indefinite pronoun <b>iu</b>, is <b>ial</b>, <i>for any reason, for some
reason, for certain reasons:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Ial li ne riparis la tendon</b>, <i>for some reason he did not repair the tent.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi opinias ke ial li maljuste suferas?</b> <i>Do you think that for any reason he is suffering unjustly?</i>
</p>

<center>CAUSATIVE VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>214.</b> The suffix <b>-ig-</b> is used to form verbs indicating the
<i>causing, rendering or bringing about</i> of that which is expressed
in the root or formation to which it is attached. Verbs containing the
suffix <b>-ig-</b> are called <i>causative verbs</i> and are always
transitive (22).
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> Causative verbs from <i>adjectival</i> roots indicate that the
quality or condition expressed in the root is produced in the object of
the verb:
</p>

<p>
<b>dol&#265;igi</b>, <i>to sweeten, to assuage</i> (from <b>dol&#265;a</b>, <i>sweet</i>).<br>
<b>moligi</b>, <i>to soften</i> (from <b>mola</b>, <i>soft</i>).<br>
<b>plilongigi</b>, <i>to lengthen, to make longer</i> (from <b>pli longa</b>, <i>longer</i>).<br>
<b>faciligi</b>, <i>to facilitate</i> (from <b>facila</b>, <i>easy</i>).<br>
<b>beligi</b>, <i>to beautify</i> (from <b>bela</b>, <i>beautiful</i>).
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The meaning often resembles that of the predicate nominative (210), as:
</p>
<p class="footnote">
<b>Li faris la mondon &#285;oja</b>, <i>he made the world glad.</i><br>
<b>Li &#285;ojigis la mondon</b>, <i>he gladdened the world.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>b.</b> Causative verbs from <i>verbal</i> roots indicate that the
action expressed in the root is made to take place:
</p>

<p>
<b>dormigi</b>, <i>to put to sleep</i> (from <b>dormi</b>, <i>to sleep</i>).<br>
<b>konigi</b>, <i>to make acquainted with</i> (from <b>koni</b>, <i>to know</i>).<br>
<b>mirigi</b>, <i>to astonish</i> (from <b>miri</b>, <i>to wonder</i>).<br>
<b>mortigi</b>, <i>to kill</i> (from <b>morti</b>, <i>to die</i>).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------180.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>c.</b> Causative verbs may be formed from noun-roots, prepositions,
adverbs, prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits:
</p>

<p>
<b>amasigi</b>, <i>to amass, to heap up</i> (from <b>amaso</b>, <i>pile</i>).<br>
<b>kunigi</b>, <i>to unite, to bring together</i> (from <b>kun</b>, <i>with</i>).<br>
<b>forigi</b>, <i>to do away with</i> (from <b>for</b>, <i>away</i>).<br>
<b>ebligi</b>, <i>to render possible</i> (<b>-ebl-</b>, 161).
</p>

<center>EMPHASIS BY MEANS OF <b>JA</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>215.</b> The emphatic form of the verb, expressed in English by
"do", "did", as in "I do study", "I did find it", "Do tell me", and by
adverbs such as "certainly", "indeed", etc., is expressed in Esperanto
by placing the adverb <b>ja</b>, <i>indeed</i>, before the verb:
</p>

<p>
<b>Vi ja mirigas min!</b> <i>You do astonish me!</i><br>
<b>Li ja estas justa ju&#285;isto</b>, <i>he is indeed an upright judge</i>.<br>
<b>Li ja havis tiun rajton</b>, <i>he did have that right</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>akompan-i</b>, <i>to accompany</i>.<br>
            <b>dan&#285;er-o</b>, <i>danger</i>.<br>
            <b>gvid-i</b>, <i>to guide</i>.<br>
            <b>ial</b>, <i>for some reason</i> (213).<br>
            <b>iam</b>, <i>sometimes</i> (212).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>indiferent-a</b>, <i>indifferent</i>.<br>
            <b>ja</b>, <i>indeed</i> (215).<br>
            <b>kred-i</b>, <i>to believe</i>.<br>
            <b>salt-i</b>, <i>to leap, to jump</i>.<br>
            <b>tir-i</b>, <i>to draw, to pull</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the difference in meaning and use between <b>esti
indiferenta</b>, <i>to be indifferent</i>, and <b>ne esti zorga</b>,
<i>not to be careful</i>, both of which may be translated "not to
care for":
</p>
<p class="footnote">
<b>Li estas indiferenta al la libro</b>, <i>he does not care about (is indifferent to) the book</i>.<br>
<b>Li ne zorgas pri la libro</b>, <i>he does not care for (take care of) the book</i>.<br>
<b>Estas indiferente al mi &#265;u li venos, a&#365; ne</b>, <i>I do not care whether he is coming or not</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------181.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>&#264;E LA MALNOVA PONTO.</b></center>

<p>
Iam lo&#285;is en nia urbeto junulo kiu havis afablan pli junan
fratinon. Unu tagon en la da&#365;ro de la bela printempa vetero
la junulo invitis la fratinon veturi ien en veturilo tirata de du
&#265;evaloj. La invito &#285;ojigis la knabinon, kaj &#349;i respondis
ke &#349;i kun plezuro akompanos la fraton. Tuj &#349;i pretigis sin
por iri, kaj ili ekveturis. Ili pasis preter pitoreskaj kampoj kaj
arbaretoj, kaj fine alvenis al ponto trans la rivero. Ili kredis
&#285;in malnova kaj ne tre forta, kaj ial la junulino estis treege
timigita (<i>frightened</i>). "Ho, kara frato," &#349;i ekkriis, kun
eksalteto pro timo, "tiu ponto ja estas dan&#285;era! Mi deziras
mar&#349;i trans &#285;in, &#265;ar iam la pezeco de unu persono estos
tiom tro multe por veturilo sur malforta ponto!" Sed la timemaj petoj de
lia fratino &#349;ajne kolerigis la junulon, kaj li respondis malafable,
"Nu, vi ja mirigas min! Vi montras vin tre malsa&#285;a, &#265;ar la
konstruintoj de tiu ponto certe faris &#285;in sufi&#265;e forta por
tia veturilo kia la nia. Ne estos necese eksalti de &#285;i, kaj piede
transiri la ponton." Tiamaniere li penis trankviligi la kompatindan
knabinon, sed tiaj vortoj nur silentigis &#349;in, kaj &#349;i komencis
malla&#365;te ploreti. Tamen la frato montris sin indiferenta al
&#349;iaj timemaj sentoj, kaj tute malatentis &#349;iajn larmojn. Li
gvidis la &#265;evalojn rekte trans la ponton, dum la fratino atendis la
bruegon de rompigita ligno, kaj imagis ke &#349;i estas tuj mortigota.
Tamen, la ponto estis tiel forta kiel la junulo estis klariginta,
kaj tute ne estis dan&#285;era. Sed pro la malafableco de la frato
al la fratino, ili tute ne agrable pasigis la ceterajn horojn de la
posttagmezo, malgra&#365; la beleco de la vetero kaj de la kamparo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------182.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Somewhere in that same town, there lived another youth, who also had
an amiable sister. 2. One convenient day, she accompanied him for a ride
in a vehicle drawn by a fast horse. 3. When they reached (<i>alvenis
al</i>) the bridge, this girl also was frightened for some reason, the
same as the girl in the other story. 4. She said "I do not intend to
complain, but the carriage will certainly be too heavy while we are in
it. I am afraid that that bridge is dangerous, so I will jump out and
walk. I will also pick (<i>kolektos</i>) some sort of flowers, among
the flowers growing there, near where someone's horses are grazing. I
will not delay (<i>atendigi</i>) you long." He replied, "That bridge
is entirely safe (<i>nedan&#285;era</i>) but instead of explaining
(<i>making-clear</i>) to you about it, I will lead the horse across
the bridge, while you walk across, for I am not indifferent to your
fear." Then he helped his sister get out (<i>eliri</i>) of the carriage,
and guided the horse across. Then he said with a pleasant smile, "It
was not necessary to cross on foot." She replied, "No, but you showed
yourself a courteous brother, and were very patient." Then they rode on
(<i>anta&#365;en</i>), and talked to each other very amiably.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLVI.</b></center>

<center>THE INDEFINITE ADVERB <b>IEL</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>216.</b> The indefinite adverb of manner, related to the indefinite
pronoun <b>iu</b>, is <b>iel</b>, <i>somehow, in any way, in some (any)
manner:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi penis vin iel gvidi tien</b>, <i>I tried somehow to guide you thither.</i><br>
<b>Iel ni anoncos la decidon</b>, <i>we shall announce the decision in some way.</i>
</p>

<center>THE INDEFINITE ADVERB <b>IOM</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>217.</b> The indefinite adverb of quantity, related to the indefinite
pronoun <b>iu</b>, is <b>iom</b>, <i>some, any quantity, a certain
amount:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u vi havas iom da tempo?</b> <i>Have you some time?</i><br>
<b>&#348;i varmigos iom da akvo</b>, <i>she will heat some water.</i><br>
<b>Tiu metodo estas iomete dan&#285;era</b>, <i>that way is a little dangerous</i> (198).<br>
<b>La &#349;nuro estas iom tro longa</b>, <i>the string is somewhat too long.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------183.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-AD-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>218.</b> The suffix <b>-ad-</b> is used to form words indicating
that the action expressed in the root is <i>continuous, habitual or
repeated.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> Verbs formed with the suffix <b>-ad-</b> are called
<i>frequentative verbs</i>, and may often be translated by the root
meaning, preceded by "keep (on)", "used to", etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>frapadi</b>, <i>to keep knocking, to knock repeatedly.</i><br>
<b>rigardadi</b>, <i>to keep on looking, to gaze.</i><br>
<b>vizitadi</b>, <i>to keep visiting, visit repeatedly, frequent, haunt.</i><br>
<b>Anta&#365; du jaroj &#349;i tre dol&#265;e kantadis</b>, <i>two years ago she used to sing very sweetly.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> Nouns formed with the suffix <b>-ad-</b> are often equivalent
to English verbal nouns ending in <i>-ing</i>, and (with the generic
article, 201) may replace the infinitive as subject (130) and sometimes
as object (29):
</p>

<p>
<b>kriado</b>, <i>crying, shouting</i> (from <b>krio</b>, <i>cry, shout</i>).<br>
<b>movado</b>, <i>motion, movement in general</i> (from <b>movo</b>, <i>a movement</i>).<br>
<b>pafado</b>, <i>shooting, fusillade</i> (from <b>pafo</b>, <i>a shot</i>).<br>
<b>parolado</b>, <i>a speech, address</i> (from <b>parolo</b>, <i>a word spoken</i>).<br>
<b>pensado</b>, <i>thought, contemplation</i> (from <b>penso</b>, <i>a thought</i>).<br>
<b>La promenado donas plezuron</b>, <i>the taking of walks gives pleasure.</i><br>
<b>Mi preferas la legadon de tiaj libroj</b>, <i>I prefer the reading of (to read) such books.</i>
</p>

<center>THE USE OF <b>MEM</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>219.</b> The invariable pronoun <b>mem</b>, <i>self, selves</i>,
is intensive, and lays stress upon the substantive which immediately
precedes it, or which it obviously modifies. (The combination of
<b>mem</b> with personal pronouns must not be confused with reflexive
pronouns, 39, 40):
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------184.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Mi mem akompanos vin</b>, <i>I myself shall accompany you.</i><br>
<b>La gvidisto mem perdis la vojon</b>, <i>the guide himself lost the way.</i><br>
<b>Mi kredos al la viro mem</b>, <i>I shall give credence to the man himself.</i><br>
<b>La viroj mem defendis sin</b>, <i>the men themselves defended themselves.</i><br>
<b>&#284;i pendas sur la muro mem</b>, <i>it hangs on the very wall (the wall itself).</i><br>
<b>&#348;i venis mem por vidi vin</b>, <i>she came herself to see you.</i><br>
<b>Mi ekvidis la &#349;teliston mem</b>, <i>I caught a glimpse of the thief himself.</i>
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Ar&#293;imed-o</b>, <i>Archimedes.</i><br>
            <b>ban-i</b>, <i>to bathe</i> (trans.).<br>
            <b>fals-i</b>, <i>to debase, to forge.</i><br>
            <b>Hieron-o</b>, <i>Hiero.</i><br>
            <b>honest-a</b>, <i>honest.</i><br>
            <b>ide-o</b>, <i>idea.</i><br>
            <b>iel</b>, <i>somehow</i> (216).<br>
            <b>iom</b>, <i>some</i> (217).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#309;et-i</b>, <i>to throw, to cast.</i><br>
            <b>kompren-i</b>, <i>to understand.</i><br>
            <b>kron-o</b>, <i>crown.</i><br>
            <b>lev-i</b>, <i>to lift, to raise.</i><br>
            <b>lok-o</b>, <i>place.</i><br>
            <b>mem</b>, <i>self, selves</i> (219).<br>
            <b>or-o</b>, <i>gold.</i><br>
            <b>Sikeli-o</b>, <i>Sicily.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------185.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>AR&#292;IMEDO KAJ LA KRONOJ.</b></center>

<p>
Iam bonekonata re&#285;o, nomita Hierono, vivadis en granda urbo en
Sikelio, kiu estas sudokcidenta de Italujo. Li suspektis ke iam la
kronfaristoj, kiuj fabrikadis kronojn por li, ne uzis &#265;iom de
la oro donita al ili de la re&#285;o, sed falsadis &#285;in per la
uzado de iu alia materialo. Tamen, Hierono ne povis per si mem eltrovi
&#265;u oni falsadas la oron. Tial li venigis grekan klerulon, kies
nomo estis Ar&#293;imedo, kaj rakontis al li sian timon pri la falsita
oro. Ar&#293;imedo certigis lin ke iel li ja eltrovos pri la falsado,
kaj helpos la re&#285;on kontra&#365; la falsintoj, kiuj estis tiel
indiferentaj al la honesteco. &#264;iutage li multe pensadis pri la
afero, sed ju pli longe li pensadis, des malpli sukcesaj estis liaj
penoj, &#285;is iu tago, kiam li okaze faris interesan eltrovon. Li
estis &#309;us baninta sin, kaj subite ekrimarkis ke dum li mem restis
en la akvo, ial &#349;ajnis esti iomete pli multe da akvo en la banujo
ol anta&#365;e. Tuj li komprenis ke lia korpo estas forpu&#349;inta
iom de la akvo el &#285;ia loko. Li komprenis ke tiom da akvo estas
elpu&#349;ita, kiom anta&#365;e estis en tiu loko kie li mem estas. Tia
levado de la akvo per lia korpo donis al li sa&#285;an ideon, kaj li
prenis en la mano du a&#365; tri orajn kronojn. Li &#309;etis ilin unu
post la alia en la banujon, kaj zorge rimarkis al kiu alteco &#265;iu
el ili levis la akvon. Tiam li eltiris ilin, kaj enmetis la kronon pri
kiu Hierono estis plej suspektema. Li rimarkis ke &#265;i tiu ne tiel
alten levis la akvon, tial li estis certa ke la oro en &#285;i estas
multe falsita. Oni diras ke kiam li eltrovis &#265;i tiun metodon por
montri la falsadon de la malhonestaj kronfaristoj, li eksaltetis pro
&#285;ojo kaj ekkriis "e&#365;reka," kiu estas la greka vorto por "mi
estas trovinta." Tiun saman vorton oni ankora&#365; nun uzadas en la
angla lingvo.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------186.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Several centuries ago, a rich and powerful (<i>multepova</i>) king,
named Hiero, lived in Sicily. 2. Sometimes he was suspicious about
the crown-makers who wrought (<i>faris</i>) crowns for him, out of
the gold which he himself gave them. 3. He wondered whether these men
were honest. 4. He suspected that perhaps (<i>eble</i>) they did not
use all of the gold which was given them, but kept some of it for
themselves. 5. He could not of himself (<i>per si mem</i>) discover
whether they were debasing the gold in his crowns, so he summoned
a wise man from (<i>el</i>) Greece. 6. To this well-informed man,
whose name was Archimedes, he made clear his fears. 7. Archimedes
assured the king that he would find out somehow about the matter.
8. He meditated several hours every day, and tried to discover a
satisfactory (<i>kontentiga</i>) method, but for some reason he did
not succeed. 9. One day, however, when he was bathing (himself), he
noticed that there seemed to be a little more water in the bathtub
when he himself was in it, than before. 10. The rising of the water
gave him an idea. 11. He threw the crowns one after another into the
water, and noticed how much water each displaced. 12. In this manner
(<i>tiamaniere</i>) he understood how much each had been alloyed by the
local (<i>lokaj</i>) crown-makers, whom Hiero soon threw into prison
(<i>la malliberejon</i>).
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLVII.</b></center>

<center>THE NEGATIVE PRONOUN.</center>

<p>
<b>220.</b> The negative pronoun (and pronominal adjective) is
<b>neniu</b>, <i>no one</i>, <i>nobody</i>, <i>no</i> (formed of
<b>ne</b> and <b>iu</b>, with a medial <b>n</b> inserted for the sake of
euphony):
</p>

<p>
<b>Neniu el vi komprenas min</b>, <i>no one of you understands me</i>.<br>
<b>Mi trovis neniun preta por iri</b>, <i>I found nobody ready to go</i>.<br>
<b>Li havis neniun honestan serviston</b>, <i>he had no honest servant</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>221.</b> The negative pronoun <b>neniu</b> has a possessive or
genitive form, <b>nenies</b>, <i>nobody's</i>, <i>no one's</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;ies afero estas nenies afero</b>, <i>everybody's affair is nobody's affair</i>.<br>
<b>Li la&#365;dos nenies ideojn</b>, <i>he will praise no one's ideas</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------187.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE.</center>

<p>
<b>222.</b> A participle may be equivalent not only to a clause
describing or determining the substantive modified, as in <b>la
parolanta viro</b>, <i>the man who-is-talking</i>, <b>la sendota
knabo</b>, <i>the boy who-will-be-sent</i>, but also to an
<i>adverbial</i> clause.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
An adverbial clause modifies a verb, as in <b>dum vi atendis, li
foriris</b>, <i>while you waited, he went away</i>; <b>&#265;ar mi
&#285;ojis, mi ridis</b>, <i>because I was happy, I laughed</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
Such a participle has for its subject the subject of the verb in the
sentence (though not in attributive or predicate relation with it), and
indicates some relation of time, cause, manner, situation, etc., between
the action of the participle and that of the main verb in the sentence.
An <i>adverbial participle</i> is given the ending <b>-e</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#284;ojante, mi ridis</b>, <i>rejoicing, I laughed</i>.<br>
<b>Forironte, ni adia&#365;is lin</b>, <i>being about to depart, we bade him farewell</i>.<br>
<b>Baninte la infaneton, &#349;i dormigis &#285;in</b>, <i>after bathing (having bathed) the baby, she put it to sleep</i>.<br>
<b>Estante ruzaj, ili falsis la oron</b>, <i>being sly, they debased the gold</i>.<br>
<b>Tiel helpate de vi, mi sukcesos</b>, <i>thus helped by you, I shall succeed</i>.<br>
<b>Silentigite de li, ili ne plendis</b>, <i>(having been) silenced by him, they did not complain</i>.<br>
<b>Punote, li ekkriis</b>, <i>being about to be punished, he gave a cry</i>.<br>
<b>Ne parolinte, li foriris</b>, <i>without speaking (not having spoken), he left</i>.<br>
<b>Li venis, ne vokite</b>, <i>he came without being (came not-having-been) called</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverbial participle must not be used in rendering the English
"nominative absolute" construction of a participial clause referring
to something else than the subject. In such a sentence a clause
must be used: <i>The youth being young, everyone watched him</i>,
<b>&#265;ar la junulo estis juna, &#265;iu rigardadis lin</b>; <i>the
work being finished, he went away</i>, <b>kiam la lahoro estis finita,
li foriris</b>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE PREFIX <b>RE-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>223.</b> The prefix <b>re-</b> indicates the repetition of an action
or state, or the <i>return</i> of a person or thing to its original
place or state. (<i>Cf.</i> English prefix <b>re-</b>; meaning either
"again" or "back.")
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>rekapti</b>, <i>to recapture</i>.<br>
            <b>renovigi</b>, <i>to renew</i>.<br>
            <b>rekoni</b>, <i>to recognize</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;is la revido</b>, <i>au revoir</i>.<br>
            <b>ree</b>, <i>again, anew</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>rebrili</b>, <i>to shine back, to reflect</i>.<br>
            <b>reteni</b>, <i>to hold back, to retain</i>.<br>
            <b>reveni</b>, <i>to come back, to return</i>.<br>
            <b>reiri</b>, <i>to go back, to return</i>.<br>
            <b>re&#309;eti</b>, <i>to throw back, to reject</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------188.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>brul-i</b>, <i>to be in flames, to burn</i>.<br>
            <b>cilindr-o</b>, <i>cylinder</i>.<br>
            <b>detru-i</b>, <i>to destroy</i>.<br>
            <b>fam-a</b>, <i>famous</i>.<br>
            <b>filozof-o</b>, <i>philosopher</i>.<br>
            <b>fizik-o</b>, <i>physics</i>.<br>
            <b>insul-o</b>, <i>island</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ma&#349;in-o</b>, <i>machine</i>.<br>
            <b>nenies</b>, <i>nobody's</i> (221).<br>
            <b>neniu</b>, <i>no one</i> (220).<br>
            <b>problem-o</b>, <i>problem</i>.<br>
            <b>Sirakuz-o</b>, <i>Syracuse</i>.<br>
            <b>spegul-o</b>, <i>mirror</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ra&#365;b-o</b>, <i>screw</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------189.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA FILOZOFO AR&#292;IMEDO.</b></center>

<p>
Eble neniu greka klerulo estis pli fama ol la filozofo Ar&#293;imedo.
Longe studadinte la problemojn de la geometrio kaj de la fiziko, li
faris multe da eltrovoj. Li tiel multe komprenis pri la uzado de la
levilo (<i>lever</i>) ke oni rakontas la sekvantan rakonteton pri li:
Li diris al la re&#285;o Hierono "Kiam oni donos al mi lokon sur kiu mi
povos stari, mi mem ekmovos la mondon per mia levilo!" Zorge ekzameninte
la ecojn (202) de la &#349;ra&#365;bo kaj de la cilindro, li elpensis
diversajn ma&#349;inojn en kiuj &#349;ra&#365;boj kaj cilindroj estas
iamaniere kunigitaj. Uzante unu el tiuj ma&#349;inoj, oni povis facile
pu&#349;i al la akvo la &#349;ipojn (necese konstruitajn sur la tero);
kiujn anta&#365;e la viroj mem enpu&#349;is en la akvon, kun multe da
laboro, a&#365; tiris tien per &#265;evaloj. Uzante alian ma&#349;inon
elpensitan de tiu greko, oni povis levi akvon de unu loko al alia.
Ankora&#365; nun oni nomas tian ma&#349;inon la "&#349;ra&#365;bo de
Ar&#293;imedo." En la da&#365;ro de granda militado kontra&#365; la
urbo Sirakuzo, sur la insulo Sikelio, Ar&#293;imedo elpensis diversajn
ma&#349;inojn por helpi la Sirakuzanojn. Vidinte ke la sunlumo rebrilas
de spegulo, li faris el speguloj ma&#349;inon per kiu li ekbruligis
(<i>set on fire</i>) la &#349;ipojn de la malamikoj. &#264;i tiuj,
ne komprenante <b>kiamaniere</b> la &#349;ipoj ekbrulis, estis multe
timigitaj. Sed e&#265; helpite de Ar&#293;imedo la Sirakuzanoj ne
venkis. Post iom da tempo, la malamikoj kaptis kaj tute detruis la urbon
Sirakuzon. Nenies domo restis netu&#349;ita, kaj centoj da personoj
estis mortigataj. Oni ne scias per kia morto Ar&#293;imedo mortis, sed
eble la malamikoj, iel rekoninte la elpensinton de la spegulma&#349;ino,
&#309;etis lin en la maron a&#365; alimaniere lin mortigis.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<!-- I treated this footnote a little bit differently. I didn't want
to break the flow of the text, but the footnote did refer specifically
to a particular word in the text. So I bolded it in the text, and since
it is the only bolded word in the text, I'm hoping the link will be
obvious! -->
<p class="footnote">
The use of <b>kiamaniere</b>, <i>in what manner</i>, <i>how</i>, is
preferable to that of <b>kiel</b> in indirect questions, as the latter
might be confused with the use of <b>kiel</b>, meaning "as" (156).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The Greek philosopher Archimedes was not only famous long ago, among
his contemporaries (167, b, 132), but even today his name is well known
everywhere. 2. No one's knowledge about the problems of geometry and
physics was greater. 3. No one understood better the properties of
the cylinder and the screw. 4. Having studied these properties a long
time, and having meditated a great deal about them, he understood them
a little (217) better than any one else (<i>iu alia</i>). 5. The story
about the debasing of the gold crowns has already been told. 6. There is
another anecdote, namely (<i>nome</i>), that he remarked to Hiero, king
of Syracuse, that with a lever he would move the world, as soon as he
had a place on which he himself could stand. 7. Having discovered how
(<i>kiamaniere</i>) the sunlight is reflected by a mirror, and heats the
wood upon which it shines, he invented a machine made out of mirrors.
8. Aided by this machine, the Syracusans were able to set on fire the
wooden ships of the enemy. 9. The enemy, however, were not repulsed
from the island, but at once rebuilt and repaired their ships, and sent
them back to attack the city again. 10. Finally, having captured the
city, they destroyed it, and killed a large number of the inhabitants
(<i>lo&#285;antoj</i>), also Archimedes himself.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------190.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLVIII.</b></center>

<center>THE NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>224.</b> The negative adjective, related to the negative pronoun
<b>neniu,</b> is <b>nenia</b>, <i>no kind of, no sort of</i>, expressing
a negative idea concerning the quality of a person or thing:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi havas nenian spegulon</b>, <i>I have no sort of mirror.</i><br>
<b>Nenia problemo estas tro malfacila por li</b>, <i>no sort of problem is too difficult for him.</i>
</p>

<center>THE NEGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.</center>

<p>
<b>225.</b> The negative adverb of place is <b>nenie</b>,
<i>nowhere.</i> The ending <b>-n</b> may be added, as to other adverbs
(121), to indicate direction:
</p>

<p>
<b>Nenie estas pli bona ma&#349;ino</b>, <i>nowhere is there a better machine.</i><br>
<b>Mi iros nenien morga&#365;</b>, <i>I shall go nowhere tomorrow.</i>
</p>

<center>THE NEGATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.</center>

<p>
<b>226.</b> The negative adverb of time is <b>neniam</b>, <i>never, at
no time</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Neniam vivis pli fama filozofo</b>, <i>there never lived a more famous philosopher.</i><br>
<b>Vi neniam trovos tiajn &#349;ra&#365;bojn a&#365; cilindrojn</b>, <i>you will never find that kind of screws or cylinders.</i>
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-A&#308;-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>227.</b> The suffix <b>-a&#309;-</b> is used to form <i>concrete</i>
words. It is thus in contrast to the abstract-forming suffix <b>-ec-</b>
(202).
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------191.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>a.</b> A word formed from a <i>verbal</i> root by means of the suffix
<b>-a&#309;-</b> expresses a concrete example of <i>a thing which
undergoes</i> (or, in the case of intransitives, <i>results from</i>)
the action indicated in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>konstrua&#309;o</b>, <i>a building.</i><br>
            <b>senda&#309;o</b>, <i>consignment, thing sent.</i><br>
            <b>man&#285;a&#309;o</b>, <i>food.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kreska&#309;o</b>, <i>a plant, a growth.</i><br>
            <b>rebrila&#309;o</b>, <i>a reflection.</i><br>
            <b>resta&#309;o</b>, <i>remainder.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>b.</b> A word formed from an <i>adjectival</i> root or formation by
means of the suffix <b>-a&#309;-</b> indicates <i>a thing characterized
by</i> or <i>possessing the quality</i> expressed in the root or
formation to which it is attached:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bela&#309;o</b>, <i>a thing of beauty.</i><br>
            <b>maljusta&#309;o</b>, <i>an injustice.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mirinda&#309;o</b>, <i>a marvel.</i><br>
            <b>okazinta&#309;o</b>, <i>an occurrence.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>c.</b> A word formed from a <i>noun-root</i> by means of the suffix
<b>-a&#309;-</b> indicates <i>a thing made</i> or <i>derived from</i>
that which is expressed in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>sukera&#309;o</b>, <i>a sweet, confection.</i><br>
            <b>ova&#309;o</b>, <i>an omelet.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ora&#309;o</b>, <i>a gold object.</i><br>
            <b>aranea&#309;o</b>, <i>a spider-web.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE ADVERB <b>JEN</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>228.</b> The adverb <b>jen</b>, <i>behold, here, there</i>, is used
to point out or call attention to something:
</p>

<p>
<b>Jen estas la problemo!</b> <i>There is the problem!</i><br>
<b>Jen la filozofo!</b> <i>Behold the philosopher!</i><br>
<b>Jen &#349;i ludas, jen &#349;i studas</b>, <i>now she plays, now she studies.</i><br>
<b>Mi faris &#285;in jene</b>, <i>I did it as follows.</i><br>
<b>Mi agis la&#365; la jena metodo</b>, <i>I acted in the following way.</i><br>
<b>Li diris la jenajn vortojn</b>, <i>he spoke the following words.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------192.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>aran&#285;-i</b>, <i>to arrange.</i><br>
            <b>art-o</b>, <i>art.</i><br>
            <b>ber-o</b>, <i>berry.</i><br>
            <b>jen</b>, <i>there, behold</i> (228).<br>
            <b>&#309;aluz-a</b>, <i>jealous.</i><br>
            <b>konkurs-o</b>, <i>competition.</i><br>
            <b>lert-a</b>, <i>skilled, clever.</i><br>
            <b>nenia</b>, <i>no kind of</i> (224).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neniam</b>, <i>never</i> (226).<br>
            <b>nenie</b>, <i>nowhere</i> (225).<br>
            <b>pentr-i</b>, <i>to paint.</i><br>
            <b>postul-i</b>, <i>to demand.</i><br>
            <b>precip-a</b>, <i>principal, chief.</i><br>
            <b>regul-o</b>, <i>rule.</i><br>
            <b>tromp-i</b>, <i>to deceive.</i><br>
            <b>vin-o</b>, wine.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center><b>DU ARTKONKURSOJ.</b></center>

<p>
Vivadis en Grekujo anta&#365; multaj jarcentoj du lertaj famaj
pentristoj. Ili estis reciproke &#309;aluzaj, kaj neniam povis
interparoli paceme. Ne povinte decidi la problemon, kaj eltrovi kiu
el ili estas la plej lerta, ili fine aran&#285;is konkurson pri
la pentrado. La&#365; &#285;iaj reguloj, &#265;iu el ili pentris
pentra&#309;on, por montri sian lertecon. Unu pentris teleron da
vinberoj (<i>grapes</i>). &#284;i estis tiel mirinde kolorigita ke
e&#265; la birdoj venis kaj penis &#285;in man&#285;i, pensinte &#285;in
ne nur pentra&#309;o, sed la vinberoj mem. "Nenia pentra&#309;o povos
superi la mian," &#285;ojege ekkriis la pentristo, "jen, la birdoj mem
rekonas mian lertecon!" Tiam li diris al la alia artisto, "Nu, kial vi
ne fortiras tiun kurtenon? Mi volas rigardi vian pentra&#309;on." La dua
pentristo respondis kun rideto, "Jen estas mia pentra&#309;o. Nenie apud
vi estas kurteno, sed vi vidas nur pentra&#309;on de kurteno anta&#365;
tiu konstrua&#309;o." Tre mirigite, la pentrinto de la vinberoj diris
"Vi ja superas min en la pentrado. Mi trompis la birdojn per mia
pentra&#309;o, sed vi trompas e&#265; aliajn artistojn! Tia lerteco
estas ja mirinda&#309;o!"
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------193.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Oni rakontas similan okazinta&#309;on pri fama artisto kiu pentris
multe da pentra&#309;oj por Aleksandro Granda. Malgajninte en konkurso
kontra&#365; iuj aliaj artistoj, li opiniis ke la ju&#285;intoj estas
maljustaj al li, precipe pro la &#309;aluzeco. Li ekkriis "&#264;ar
niaj pentra&#309;oj estas bildoj de &#265;evaloj, ili certe postulas
&#265;evalajn ju&#285;antojn!" Tial oni enkondukis du a&#365; tri
&#265;evalojn. La &#265;evaloj, tute ne rigardinte la pentra&#309;ojn de
la aliaj artistoj, kuris rekte al tiu de la plendinta artisto, kaj klare
montris sian rekonadon de la tie pentritaj &#265;evaloj. Surprizite,
oni diris "Jen estas justaj ju&#285;antoj!" Tuj oni la&#365;dis la
pentriston kaj severe punis la malhonestajn homajn ju&#285;intojn.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION</b></center>

<p>
1. Syracuse was the largest city on the island of Sicily. 2. The famous
philosopher and physicist Archimedes lost his life when that city was
destroyed and entirely burned. 3. At least, no sort of trace of him
seems to have been found after that occurrence. 4. Never, perhaps, was
there a more learned man in Syracuse. 5. Greece was also famous for
its skilled painters, and there are many anecdotes about them. 6. A
painter who failed in a certain competition believed that none of the
judges had been just to him. 7. He exclaimed "Behold this iniquity
(injustice)! Nowhere can I find a human being who is not jealous. 8.
Since the paintings are chiefly of horses, do they not require horses
for judges?" 9. His proposal was accepted (54), and some horses were
led in. 10. Without noticing (222) the other paintings, the horses
walked at once to the picture of the unsuccessful artist, and showed
immediate recognition of the horses painted there. 11. This act showed
which competitor (<i>konkursinto</i>) was the most skilful. 12. The
painter, having deceived the horses, as another artist had once deceived
birds by a picture of grapes, said "Animals decide not by rules, but by
feelings."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------194.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON XLIX.</b></center>

<center>THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS <b>NENIAL</b>, <b>NENIEL</b>, <b>NENIOM</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>229.</b> The negative adverb of motive or reason, related to the
negative pronoun <b>neniu</b>, is <b>nenial</b>, <i>for no reason:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Li estas nenial &#309;aluza</b>, <i>he is jealous for no reason.</i><br>
<b>Nenial li trompis vin</b>, <i>for no reason he deceived you.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>230.</b> The negative adverb of manner is <b>neniel</b>, <i>in no
way.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi povos neniel aran&#285;i konkurson</b>, <i>I can in no way arrange a competition.</i><br>
<b>Tiu ago estas neniel la&#365;regula</b>, <i>That act is in no way regular.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>231.</b> The negative adverb of quantity is <b>neniom</b>, <i>no
amount of, not any, none, no:</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>Tiu pentra&#309;o postulas neniom da lerteco</b>, <i>such a painting requires no skill.</i><br>
<b>Estas neniom da vino en lia glaso</b>, <i>there is no wine in his glass.</i>
</p>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-I&#284;-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>232.</b> The suffix <b>-i&#285;-</b> is used to form intransitive
verbs of an <i>inchoative</i> nature.
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> Inchoative verbs from the roots of <i>intransitive verbs</i>
indicate the <i>beginning</i> or <i>coming into existence</i> of the act
or condition expressed in the root:
</p>

<p>
<b>sidi&#285;i</b>, <i>to become sitting, to sit down, to take a seat.</i><br>
<b>stari&#285;i</b>, <i>to become standing, to stand up.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------195.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>b.</b> Intransitive verbs may be similarly formed from the roots
of <i>transitive</i> verbs, and indicate an action of the verb not
immediately due to the subject's acting upon itself (as in the case of
reflexive verbs, 41) and not caused by any direct agency (as in the case
of the passive voice, 169):
</p>

<p>
<b>La pordo fermi&#285;as</b>, <i>the door closes (goes shut).</i><br>
<b>La veturilo movi&#285;as</b>, <i>the vehicle moves.</i><br>
<b>La bran&#265;o rompi&#285;as</b>, <i>the branch breaks.</i><br>
<b>Grupo da personoj kolekti&#285;is</b>, <i>a group of persons gathered.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the examples given and the following sentences in which the
same verbal roots are used in the simple form and in the passive voice:
</p>
<p class="footnote">
<b>Ni fermas la pordon</b>, <i>we close the door.</i> <b>La pordo estas fermita</b>, <i>the door is (has been) closed.</i><br>
<b>Oni movas la veturilon</b>, <i>they move the vehicle.</i> <b>La veturilo estas movata</b>, <i>the vehicle is being moved.</i><br>
<b>Mi rompas la bran&#265;on</b>, <i>I break the branch.</i> <b>La bran&#265;o estas rompita</b>, <i>the branch is (has been) broken.</i><br>
<b>Li kolektis florojn</b>, <i>he gathered flowers.</i> <b>Floroj estas kolektitaj</b>, <i>flowers have been gathered.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>c.</b> Intransitive verbs may similarly be formed from
<i>adjectival</i> roots, and indicate the acquiring of the
characteristic or quality expressed in the root:
</p>

<p>
<b>laci&#285;i</b>, <i>to become tired, to get tired.</i><br>
<b>varmi&#285;i</b>, <i>to become warm, to get warm.</i><br>
<b>maljuni&#285;i</b>, <i>to become old, to age.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>d.</b> Verbs may similarly be formed from noun-roots, adverbs,
prepositions, prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>amiki&#285;i</b>, <i>to become a friend.</i><br>
            <b>fori&#285;i</b>, <i>to go away, to disappear.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kuni&#285;i</b>, <i>to become joined.</i><br>
            <b>ebli&#285;i</b>, <i>to become possible.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>apena&#365;</b>, <i>hardly, scarcely.</i><br>
            <b>atmosfer-o</b>, <i>atmosphere.</i><br>
            <b>dub-i</b>, <i>to doubt.</i><br>
            <b>efektiv-a</b>, <i>effective, real.</i><br>
            <b>hel-a</b>, <i>clear, bright.</i><br>
            <b>horizont-o</b>, <i>horizon.</i><br>
            <b>krepusk-o</b>, <i>twilight.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenial</b>, <i>for no reason</i> (229).<br>
            <b>neniel</b>, <i>in no way</i> (230).<br>
            <b>neniom</b>, <i>none, no</i> (231).<br>
            <b>ombr-o</b>, <i>shadow.</i><br>
            <b>pejza&#285;-o</b>, <i>landscape.</i><br>
            <b>radi-o</b>, <i>ray.</i><br>
            <b>tropik-a</b>, <i>tropical.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------196.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA KREPUSKO.</b></center>

<p>
Estas tre agrable sidi&#285;i sur la herbon, kaj rigardi la
plilongi&#285;antajn ombrojn, en la da&#365;ro de bela somera vespero.
La suno grade mallevi&#285;as post la montetoj, la nuboj fari&#285;as
(<i>become</i>) bele kolorigitaj, kaj la tuta pejza&#285;o pli kaj
pli beli&#285;as. Malrapide la krepusko anstata&#365;as la helan
sunlumon, kaj fine &#265;ie nokti&#285;as. La krepusko estas la
rebrilado de la sunlumo tra la atmosfero, post la mallevi&#285;o de
la suno mem, la&#365; la jena maniero: la radioj suprenbriladas, en
la aeron super niaj kapoj, en la okcidenta parto de la &#265;ielo.
De tie ili rebriladas tiamaniere ke la &#265;ielo lumi&#285;as.
Kiam estas iom da nuboj sur la &#265;ielo okcidenta, la sunradioj
briladas rekte kontra&#365; ilin, belege kolorigante tiujn nubojn. En
tropikaj landoj la krepuski&#285;o okazas tre rapide. &#284;i ne nur
komenci&#285;as subite, sed anka&#365; da&#365;ras tre mallongan tempon.
La nokti&#285;o preska&#365; tuj sekvas la taglumon, kun rimarkinda
subiteco. Apena&#365; komenci&#285;as la krepusko, kiam la subiranta
suno &#349;ajnas fali preter la horizonto. Tute male (<i>quite on the
contrary</i>), en landoj treege nordaj, krepuski&#285;as tre frue en
la tago, kaj la krepusko da&#365;ras longan tempon anta&#365; ol la
nokto venas. Efektive (<i>really</i>), en tiuj landoj la krepusko
tute anstata&#365;as la nokton, dum ses monatoj de la jaro. Tie oni
havas krepuskon dum la unua duonjaro, kaj la taglumon dum la sekvinta
duonjaro. Krepusko da&#365;ranta tiom da tempo estas tiel rimarkinda
kiel tago de tia sama longeco. Mi dubas &#265;u tia dividado de la
tempo inter tago kaj malhela nokto estas agrabla, sed oni povas
neniel malhelpi &#285;in. &#264;iu tre norda lando havas la saman
traviva&#309;on (<i>experience</i>), &#265;iujare, kaj efektive oni
apena&#365; rimarkas &#285;in. Pri &#265;iu plendanto oni nur diras "Li
estas nenial malkontenta."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------197.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

1. Nowhere have I read a more amusing story than that
of (<i>pri</i>) the two painters who, being mutually (180) jealous,
arranged a competition.  2. One painted a cluster (126)
of grapes, so excellently that the birds flew to it.  3. The
other deceived his rival (competitor) himself, by a painting
of a curtain.  4. The most famous artists, however, often
show their skill by painting (222) pictures of the sunset,
chiefly, I think, because of the brilliant colors.  5. In fact
(<i>efektive</i>), I doubt whether there is a more beautiful sight
(227, b) than the sunset.  6. It is made by the bright rays
of the sun, which shine back through the atmosphere, long
after the sun itself has passed below the horizon.  7. The
more moisture (<i>malseka&#309;o</i>) there is in the air, the more
brilliant the colors are, and the more beautiful the entire
landscape becomes.  8. In tropical lands, night falls very
suddenly, and there is almost no sort of twilight.  9. In
fact, a twilight scarcely occurs there.  10. In the lands far
north, on the contrary, the twilight lasts six months, and
the remainder of the year is the day.  11. To dwell in such
a land is surely a remarkable experience.  12. It can in no
way be understood by persons who have never lived there.
13. Such things increase (make greater) my desire to visit
those northern lands.  14. For no reason, however, do I
wish to reside in the tropical countries.

<!-- -----------------------------198.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON L.</b></center>

<center>THE PRONOUNS ENDING IN <b>-O</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>233.</b> In contrast to the pronouns ending in <b>-u</b> (<b>tiu</b>,
<b>kiu</b>, <b>&#265;iu</b>, <b>iu</b>, <b>neniu</b>), a similar series
ending in <b>-o</b> refers to an object, fact or action not definitely
specified (but never to a person), like English <i>what, anything,
something, nothing,</i> etc. Because of their somewhat vague meaning,
these pronouns do not occur in the plural, nor are they ever used as
pronominal adjectives:
</p>

<!-- Tables weren't really needed for all five blocks below,
but consistency improves alignment. -->

<table>
   <tr>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         Demonstrative:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>tio</b>, <i>that (thing, fact or action)</i>.<br>
         <b>&#265;i tio</b>, <i>this (thing, fact or action)</i>.
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table>
   <tr>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         Interrogative and Relative:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>kio</b>, <i>what.</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table>
   <tr>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         Distributive:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>&#265;io</b>, <i>everything.</i><br>
         <b>&#265;io &#265;i</b>, <i>all this.</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table>
   <tr>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         Indefinite:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>io</b>, <i>anything, something.</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table>
   <tr>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         Negative:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>nenio</b>, <i>nothing.</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<p>
<b>234.</b> A pronoun (not personal) in predicate or relative relation
to a pronoun ending in <b>-o</b> must itself be of the same series:
</p>

<p>
<b>Kio estas &#265;i tio, kion vi diras?</b> <i>What is this, which you say?</i><br>
<b>&#348;i vidis tion, kio &#309;us okazis</b>, <i>she saw that which just occurred.</i><br>
<b>&#264;io &#265;i, kion vi vidas, estas farita de ili</b>, <i>everything here (all this), which you see, was done by them.</i><br>
<b>Li havas ion por vi, sed nenion por mi</b>, <i>he has something for you, but nothing for me.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------199.png---------------------------- -->

<center>CORRELATIVE WORDS.</center>

<p>
<b>235.</b> Pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, which are related to each
other as corresponding demonstratives, interrogatives, relatives, etc.,
are called <i>correlatives</i>. In Esperanto the correlative system
is more complete than in any other language, and may be summarized as
follows:
</p>

<!--
Demonstrative  Interrogative  Distributive  Indefinite  Negative
               and Relative

tio (233)      kio (233)      &#265;io (233)    io (233)    nenio (233)
<i>that (thing)</i> <i>what, which</i>  <i>everything</i>  <i>anything</i>  <i>nothing</i>

tiu (56)       kiu (146)      &#265;iu (173)    iu (203)    neniu (220)
<i>that (one)</i>   <i>who, which</i>   <i>every, each</i> <i>any (one)</i> <i>no (one)</i>

ties (62)      kies (147)     &#265;ies (174)   ies (204)   nenies(221)
<i>that one's</i>   <i>whose</i>        <i>every one's</i> <i>any one's</i> <i>no one's</i>

tia (65)       kia (150)      &#265;ia (177)    ia (208)    nenia (224)
<i>that kind of</i> <i>what kind of</i> <i>every kind</i>  <i>any kind</i>  <i>no kind of</i>

tie (68)       kie (151)      &#265;ie (182)    ie (209)    nenie (225)
<i>there</i>        <i>where</i>        <i>everywhere</i>  <i>anywhere</i>  <i>nowhere</i>

tiam (73)      kiam (155)     &#265;iam (187)   iam (212)   neniam (226)
<i>then</i>         <i>when</i>         <i>always</i>      <i>any time</i>  <i>never</i>

tial (78)      kial (129)     &#265;ial (188)   ial (213)   nenial (229)
<i>therefore,</i>   <i>wherefore,</i>   <i>for every</i>   <i>for any</i>   <i>for no</i>
  <i>so</i>           <i>why</i>          <i>reason</i>      <i>reason</i>    <i>reason</i>

tiel (88), (156)    kiel (156)     &#265;iel (193)   iel (216)   neniel (230)
<i>thus, so</i>     <i>how, as</i>      <i>every way</i>   <i>any way</i>   <i>in no way</i>


tiom (104)     kiom (164)     &#265;iom (194)   iom (217)   neniom (231)
<i>that much,</i>   <i>how much,</i>    <i>all, the</i>    <i>some, any</i> <i>none, no</i>
  <i>so much</i>    <i>as</i>           <i>whole of</i>    <i>amount</i>    <i>quantity</i>
-->

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td align="center" valign="top">Demonstrative</td><td align="center" valign="top">Interrogative<br>and<br>Relative</td><td align="center" valign="top"> Distributive</td><td align="center" valign="top"> Indefinite</td><td align="center" valign="top"> Negative</tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tio (233)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>that (thing)</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kio (233)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>what, which</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;io (233)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>everything</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>io (233)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>anything</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenio (233)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>nothing</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tiu (56)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>that (one)</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kiu (146)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>who, which</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;iu (173)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>every, each</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>iu (203)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>any (one)</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neniu (220)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>no (one)</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ties (62)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>that one's</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kies (147)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>whose</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;ies (174)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>every one's</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ies (204)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>any one's</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenies (221)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>no one's</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tia (65)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>that kind of</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kia (150)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>what kind of</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;ia (177)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>every kind</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ia (208)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>any kind</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenia (224)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>no kind of</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tie (68)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>there</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kie (151)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>where</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;ie (182)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>everywhere</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ie (209)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>anywhere</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenie (225)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>nowhere</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tiam (73)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>then</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kiam (155)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>when</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;iam (187)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>always</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>iam (212)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>any time</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neniam (226)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>never</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tial (78)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>therefore,</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>so</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kial (129)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>wherefore,</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>why</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;ial (188)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>for every</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>reason</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ial (213)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>for any</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>reason</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenial (229)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>for no</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>reason</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tiel (88), (156)</b>,<br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>thus, so</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kiel (156)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>how, as</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;iel (193)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>every way</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>iel (216)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>any way</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neniel (230)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>in no way</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>tiom (104)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>that much,</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>so much</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kiom (164)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>how much,</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>as</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;iom (194)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>all, the</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>whole of</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>iom (217)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>some, any</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>amount</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>neniom (231)</b><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>none, no</i><br>
            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>quantity</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------200.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE USE OF <b>AJN</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>236.</b> The word <b>ajn</b> may be placed after any
interrogative-relative or indefinite correlative word, to give a
generalizing sense. In order to avoid confusion with the accusative
plural ending, <b>ajn</b> is <i>never attached</i> to the correlative
which it follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kio ajn</b>, <i>whatever</i>.<br>
            <b>kies ajn</b>, <i>whosesoever</i>.<br>
            <b>kie ajn</b>, <i>wherever</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kiam ajn</b>, <i>whenever</i>.<br>
            <b>kiom ajn</b>, <i>however much</i>.<br>
            <b>ia ajn</b>, <i>any kind whatever</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-ING-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>237.</b> The suffix <b>-ing-</b> is used to form words indicating
that which holds <i>one</i> specimen of what is expressed in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>glavingo</b>, <i>scabbard</i>.<br>
            <b>lumingo</b>, <i>torch-holder</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>plumingo</b>, <i>pen-holder</i>.<br>
            <b>ingo</b>, <i>sheath, case, socket</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;io</b>, <i>everything</i> (233).<br>
            <b>Gordio</b>, <i>Gordius</i>.<br>
            <b>io</b>, <i>anything</i> (233).<br>
            <b>jug-o</b>, <i>yoke</i>.<br>
            <b>klin-i</b>, <i>to bend, incline</i> (trans).<br>
            <b>kio</b>, <i>what</i> (233).<br>
            <b>lig-i</b>, <i>to tie, to bind</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nenio</b>, <i>nothing</i> (233).<br>
            <b>ofer-o</b>, <i>offering</i>.<br>
            <b>reg-i</b>, <i>to rule, to govern</i>.<br>
            <b>sankt-a</b>, <i>sacred, holy</i>.<br>
            <b>templ-o</b>, <i>temple</i>.<br>
            <b>tio</b>, <i>that (thing)</i> (233).<br>
            <b>util-a</b>, <i>useful</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------201.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA GORDIA LIGA&#308;O.</b></center>

<p>
Unufoje en antikva tempo la regatoj de iu re&#285;olando en Azio ne
havis re&#285;on. Ne sciante kion fari, ili demandis de la dioj. La dioj
respondis, "Kiu ajn venos unue en nian sanktan templon hodia&#365;,
por fari oferojn, estos via re&#285;o." Okaze kamparano nomita Gordio
venis al la templo, &#309;us post la tagi&#285;o. La regatoj tuj
rekonis la estontan re&#285;on, kvankam li veturis sur peza malbela
veturilo. Salutinte la surprizitan kamparanon, oni nomis lin re&#285;o.
Decidinte fari dankoferon al la dioj, Gordio metis en la templon la
veturilon mem sur kiu li tien veturis, anta&#365; ol li komencis regi
kiel la nova re&#285;o. La jugo estis alligita (<i>tied fast</i>) per
granda liga&#309;o el &#349;nurego. Post la morto de Gordio oni grade
komencis kredi ion tre interesan pri tio. Oni diris ke tiu, kiu povos
iel ajn malligi tiun liga&#309;on, fari&#285;os reganto super &#265;iuj
re&#285;oj de Azio.
</p>

<p>
Post kelkaj jaroj Aleksandro Granda decidis fari grandan militadon
kontra&#365; Azio, kaj alproksimi&#285;is al la lando kie estis reginta
Gordio. Kiam li demandis, "Kio estas &#265;i tie la plej interesa
vidinda&#309;o?" oni rakontis al li tion, kion oni diras pri la
&#349;nurega liga&#309;o sur la veturilo de Gordio. Kompreneble (<i>of
course</i>) Aleksandro deziris fari ion ajn utilan por venki Azion, tial
li tuj venigis gvidiston por konduki lin al la templo. Alveninte tien,
li zorge rigardadis la liga&#309;on, kaj ekzamenis la &#349;nuregon el
kiu &#285;i estis farita. Tiam, elpreninte sian glavon el la glavingo,
subite klini&#285;ante li rekte tratran&#265;is la tutan liga&#309;on.
"Nenio estas pli facila ol tio," li diris, "kaj nun mi ne dubas &#265;u
mi certe regos super &#265;iuj re&#285;oj de Azio." Pro tio, kion faris
Aleksandro Granda, oni ankora&#365; nuntempe diras, kiam iu ajn superas
malfacila&#309;on per kia ajn subita metodo, "Li tran&#265;is la gordian
liga&#309;on."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------202.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. One often hears the remark "I will cut the Gordian knot." 2. There
is an interesting story about this. 3. A wagon whose yoke was tied to
the pole by a large knot had been put in the middle of the temple. 4.
It was a thank-offering to the sacred gods, by whose help Gordius had
in olden time become king. 5. It was said that whoever would be able to
untie that rope would no doubt become ruler over the whole of Asia. 6.
Alexander the Great, having begun a campaign against Asia, approached
the city where this temple was. 7. Having heard the story, he at once
had a guide come, and went thither, guided by him. 8. He desired to
do everything which was useful to the conquering of Asia. 9. Having
examined the knot carefully, he bent over and tried for a few minutes
to untie it. 10. Then he chose another method. 11. He seized his sword,
and suddenly cut through the whole knot. 12. Having done this, he put
the sword back into the scabbard. 13. This he did, instead of continuing
(<i>da&#365;rigi</i>) his efforts to untie the knot. 14. In fact,
having no patience, he had become tired. 15. Perhaps the conquering
of Asia did not in any way become possible on account of this, but at
least the story is interesting, whatever actually (<i>efektive</i>)
happened. 16. Nothing is impossible, whenever one tries enough. 17. In a
tropical country, such as part of Asia is, the landscapes are beautiful.
18. A tropical twilight is very short, however, and the shadows have
scarcely become long when the sun seems to sink suddenly below the
horizon, although the last bright rays continue to shine back through
the atmosphere for a few minutes.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LI.</b></center>

<center>THE PRONOUN <b>AMBA&#364;</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>238.</b> The pronoun (and pronominal adjective) <b>amba&#365;</b>,
<i>both</i>, indicates two persons or things considered together. It is
invariable in form:
</p>

<p>
<b>Ili amba&#365; venis al la templo</b>, <i>they both came to the temple</i>.<br>
<b>Amba&#365; faris oferojn al la dioj</b>, <i>both made offerings to the gods</i>.<br>
<b>Vidante kaj la plumon kaj la plumingon, mi prenis la amba&#365;</b>, <i>seeing both the pen and the penholder, I took both</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
This pronoun must not be confused with the use of <b>kaj</b>, translated
<i>both</i> in the combination <b>kaj ... kaj ...</b>, <i>both ... and
...</i> (26).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------203.png---------------------------- -->

<center>FORMATIONS WITH <b>-IG-</b> AND <b>-I&#284;-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>239.</b> Some verbs may be used in the simple form, and also with
both the suffix <b>-ig-</b> and the suffix <b>-i&#285;-</b>. Thus from
one verb-root three verbs of distinct meaning may be made, and the
formation with <b>-ig-</b>, being transitive, may also be used in the
passive:
</p>

<!--
sidi, <i>to sit, to be sitting</i>.
  sidi&#285;i, <i>to become sitting, to take a seat</i>.
  sidigi, <i>to cause to sit, to seat</i>.
  esti sidigata, <i>to be caused to sit</i>.
silenti, <i>to be silent</i>.
  silenti&#285;i, <i>to become silent</i>.
  silentigi, <i>to cause to be silent, to silence</i>.
  esti silentigita, <i>to be silenced</i>.
ku&#349;i, <i>to lie, to be lying</i>.
  ku&#349;i&#285;i, <i>to lie down, to go to bed</i>.
  ku&#349;igi, <i>to cause to lie, to lay</i>.
  esti ku&#349;igita, <i>to be laid</i>.
stari, <i>to stand, to be standing</i>.
  stari&#285;i, <i>to rise, to stand up, to become erect</i>.
  starigi, <i>to raise, to cause to stand up, to erect</i>.
  esti starigita, <i>to be raised, to be erected</i>.
-->

<table>
   <tr><td nowrap><b>sidi</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>to sit, to be sitting</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>sidi&#285;i</b>, <i>to become sitting, to take a seat</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>sidigi</b>, <i>to cause to sit, to seat</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>esti sidigata</b>, <i>to be caused to sit</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td nowrap colspan="2"><b>silenti</b>, <i>to be silent</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>silenti&#285;i</b>, <i>to become silent</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>silentigi</b>, <i>to cause to be silent, to silence</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>esti silentigita</b>, <i>to be silenced</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td nowrap colspan="2"><b>ku&#349;i</b>, <i>to lie, to be lying</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>ku&#349;i&#285;i</b>, <i>to lie down, to go to bed</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>ku&#349;igi</b>, <i>to cause to lie, to lay</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>esti ku&#349;igita</b>, <i>to be laid</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td nowrap colspan="2"><b>stari</b>, <i>to stand, to be standing</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>stari&#285;i</b>, <i>to rise, to stand up, to become erect</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>starigi</b>, <i>to raise, to cause to stand up, to erect</i>.</td></tr>
   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td nowrap><b>esti starigita</b>, <i>to be raised, to be erected</i>.</td></tr>
</table>

<center>FACTUAL CONDITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>240.</b> A conditional sentence consists of two parts, an
<i>assumption</i> and a <i>conclusion</i>. The assumption is a clause
(introduced usually by the conjunction <b>se</b>, <i>if</i>) which
assumes something as true or realized. The conclusion is a statement
whose truth or realization depends upon the truth or realization of the
assumption. <i>Factual conditions</i> (conditions of fact) may deal with
the present, past or future time:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------204.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Se li vidas tion, li ploras</b>, <i>if he sees that, he weeps (is weeping)</i>.<br>
<b>Se li vidis tion, li ploris</b>, <i>if he saw that, he wept</i>.<br>
<b>Li ploros, se li vidos tion</b>, <i>he will weep, if he sees that</i>.<br>
<b>Se li venis hiera&#365;, li foriros morga&#365;</b>, <i>if he came yesterday, he will go away tomorrow</i>.<br>
<b>Se li estas vidinta tion, li nun ploras</b>, <i>if he has seen that, he now is weeping</i>.<br>
<b>Se tio estas vidota, li estas punota</b>, <i>if that is going to be seen, he is going to be punished</i>.<br>
<b>Se li estas kaptita, li estos jam punita</b>, <i>if he has been captured, he will already have been punished</i>.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>amba&#365;</b>, <i>both</i> (238).<br>
            <b>azen-o</b>, <i>ass, donkey</i>.<br>
            <b>ben-i</b>, <i>to bless</i>.<br>
            <b>dors-o</b>, <i>back</i>.<br>
            <b>form-o</b>, <i>form</i>.<br>
            <b>halt-i</b>, <i>to stop</i> (intrans.).<br>
            <b>mona&#293;-o</b>, <i>monk</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mut-a</b>, <i>dumb, mute</i>.<br>
            <b>orel-o</b>, <i>ear</i>.<br>
            <b>petol-a</b>, <i>mischievous</i>.<br>
            <b>propr-a</b>, <i>own, one's own</i>.<br>
            <b>se</b>, <i>if</i>.<br>
            <b>spir-i</b>, <i>to breathe</i>.<br>
            <b>turment-i</b>, <i>to torment</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------205.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA MONA&#292;OJ KAJ LA AZENO.</b></center>

<p>
Iam du mona&#293;oj reiris tra la arbaro al la mona&#293;ejo, dum grade
krepuski&#285;is. Amba&#365; portis pezajn sakojn da terpomoj, kaj
balda&#365; laci&#285;is, sed ne sciis kion fari. Okaze ili ekvidis
azenon ligitan al arbo, kaj unu mona&#293;o, haltinte, diris petole al
la alia "Se vi anstata&#365;os la beston, mi havos portanton por miaj
propraj sakoj, kaj anka&#365; por la viaj." Lia kunulo respondis "Nu,
se la azeno portos miajn sakojn, mi mem &#285;oje restos en &#285;ia
loko." &#308;us dirite, tuj farite (<i>no sooner said than done</i>).
Malliginte la liga&#309;ojn kiuj tenis la azenon, ili &#309;etis
la sakojn trans la dorson de la utila besto. Unu mona&#293;o tuj
forkondukis la azenon, dum amba&#365; viroj la&#365;te ridis. Post tio,
la dua mona&#293;o sin ligis per la sama &#349;nurego kiu anta&#365;e
tenis la azenon. Kiam revenis la kamparano, kies azeno estis &#309;us
&#349;telita, li ekhaltis, multe mirigite, vidante homon tie ligita.
La mona&#293;o anoncis al li, "&#264;ar mi estis tro man&#285;ema,
Dio faris azenon el mi, anta&#365; du jaroj. Mi &#309;us rericevis
mian propran formon." Tuj la kredema kamparano invitis la petolan
mona&#293;on al sia hejmo. La mona&#293;o restis tiun nokton &#265;e la
kamparano, kaj la sekvintan tagon li foriris, beninte la kamparanon, sed
ka&#349;e ridante pri la afero. Tiam la kamparano iris vendejon, por
a&#265;eti alian azenon. Li ekvidis sian propran azenon, kiun la unua
mona&#293;o estis sendinta tien, post sia reveno al la mona&#293;ejo.
La malsa&#285;a kamparano, klini&#285;inte al la besto, diris "Ho, bona
mona&#293;o, mi vidas ke duan fojon vi jam estis tro man&#285;ema!" La
muta besto forte svingis la orelojn kaj skuis la kapon, pro la varma
elspira&#309;o apud sia orelo. Tio &#349;ajne estis respondo al la
&#309;us diritaj vortoj, tial la malsa&#285;a kamparano ree a&#265;etis
sian propran azenon. &#264;iam poste li nek turmentis nek e&#265;
laborigis &#285;in, kredante la azenon la sankta mona&#293;o mem.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------206.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

1. If the subjects of any kingdom whatever did not have a king, in
ancient times, they usually asked the sacred gods about it. 2. If the
gods informed (<i>sciigis</i>) them that whatever man would come to the
temple first would become their king, they immediately chose the first
comer (<i>la unuan veninton</i>) king. 3. Whoever was chosen king made
the blessed gods a thank-offering, which consisted of something out
of his own possessions (227, a). 4. Gordius did not offer to the gods
merely the yoke of his wagon, but the whole wagon. 5. A knot of rope was
tied between the yoke and the pole. 6. People soon began to say, "If
any one soever can untie that knot, he will become ruler of Asia." 7.
If any other men tried to untie that rope, they failed. 8. Alexander,
though (<i>tamen</i>), had scarcely arrived when he drew (out) his sword
from the scabbard, and cut the knot. 9. If you will take-a-seat, I will
tell you about the two mischievous monks, returning to the monastery.
10. Both were breathing with difficulty, and stopped to rest. 11. Having
noticed a donkey near by, they untied it. 12. One led the long-eared
dumb animal away, while the other tied himself in its own place. 13. The
credulous (192) peasant believed everything which was told (54) him,
even that the monk had formerly had the form of an ass.

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LII.</b></center>

<center>THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.</center>

<p>
<b>241.</b> That indication of the speaker's frame of mind which
is given by the form of the verb is called the <i>mood</i> of the
verb. All verbs given so far have been in the <i>indicative mood</i>,
which represents an act or state as a reality or fact, or in the
<i>infinitive mood</i>, which expresses the verbal idea in a general
way, resembling that of a substantive. The <i>conditional mood</i> does
not indicate whether or not the act or state mentioned is a fact, but
merely expresses the speaker's idea of its likelihood or certainty, or
is used in an assumption or conclusion dealing with suppositions, not
with actual facts. The ending of the conditional mood is <b>-us</b>. The
conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in the aoristic tense of the conditional mood
is as follows:
</p>

<p>
<b>mi vidus</b>, <i>I should see.</i><br>
<b>vi vidus</b>, <i>you would see.</i><br>
<b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) vidus</b>, <i>he (she, it) would see.</i><br>
<b>ni vidus</b>, <i>we should see.</i><br>
<b>vi vidus</b>, <i>you would see.</i><br>
<b>ili vidus</b>, <i>they would see.</i>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------207.png---------------------------- -->

<center>COMPOUND TENSES OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.</center>

<p>
<b>242.</b> In addition to the aoristic tense, the conditional mood has
three active and three passive compound tenses, formed by combining the
participles with the aoristic tense of <b>esti</b> in the conditional
mood. A synopsis of <b>vidi</b> in these compound tenses is as follows:
</p>

<!--
                             Active Voice.
  Present: mi estus vidanta,  <i>I should be seeing</i>.
  Past:    mi estus vidinta,  <i>I should have seen</i>.
  Future:  mi estus vidonta,  <i>I should be about to see</i>.
                               Passive Voice.
  Present: mi estus vidata,   <i>I should be seen</i>.
  Past:    mi estus vidita,   <i>I should have been seen</i>.
  Future:  mi estus vidota,   <i>I should be about to be seen</i>.
-->

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="3" align="center">Active Voice.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Present:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidanta</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should be seeing</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Past:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidinta</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should have seen</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Future:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidonta</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should be about to see</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap colspan="3" align="center">Passive Voice.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Present:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidata</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should be seen</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Past:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidita</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should have been seen</i>.</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Future:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estus vidota</b>,</td><td nowrap><i>I should be about to be seen</i>.</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>LESS VIVID CONDITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>243.</b> A conditional sentence dealing with <i>suppositions</i>
concerning events in <i>present</i> or <i>future</i> time is called
a <i>less vivid condition</i> (<i>Less vivid</i>, in contrast to
factual conditions (240), which are <i>vivid</i>, because they deal
with facts.), and the conditional mood is used in both the assumption
and the conclusion:
</p>

<p>
<b>Se li vidus tion, li plorus</b>, <i>if he should see that, he would weep</i>.<br>
<b>Mi &#285;oje helpus vin, se mi povus</b>, <i>I would gladly help you, if I could</i>.<br>
<b>Se vi metus ilin sur la dorson de la azeno, &#285;i portus ilin</b>, <i>if you should put them on the donkey's back, it would carry them</i>.<br>
<b>La petola junulo turmentus la mona&#293;on, se li revenus</b>, <i>the mischievous youth would torment the monk, if he should return</i>.<br>
<b>Se li estus kaptata, li estus punata</b>, <i>if he should be caught, he would be punished</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------208.png---------------------------- -->

<center>INDEPENDENT USE OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.</center>

<p>
<b>244.</b> The conditional mood may be used in a conclusion whose
assumption is merely <i>implied</i>, serving thus to soften or make
vague the statement or question in which it is used:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi &#285;oje helpus vin</b>, <i>I would gladly help you.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi bonvole dirus al mi?</b> <i>Would you kindly tell me?</i><br>
<b>Kiu volus enspiri tian aeron?</b> <i>Who would wish to inhale such air?</i><br>
<b>Estus bone reteni vian propran</b>, <i>it would be well to keep your own.</i><br>
<b>La &#265;ielo vin benus pro tio</b>, <i>Heaven would bless you for that.</i>
</p>

<center>THE PREFIX <b>DIS-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>245.</b> The prefix <b>dis-</b> indicates separation or movement in
several different directions at once:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>disdoni</b>, <i>to distribute.</i><br>
            <b>dispeli</b>, <i>to dispel.</i><br>
            <b>disigi</b>, <i>to separate</i> (trans.).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>disi&#285;i</b>, <i>to separate</i> (intrans.).<br>
            <b>disi&#285;o</b>, <i>separation, schism.</i><br>
            <b>dissendi</b>, <i>to send around.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the English prefix <i>dis-</i> in <i>disperse</i>,
<i>disseminate</i>, <i>distribute,</i> etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>&#265;es-i</b>, <i>to cease, to leave off.</i><br>
            <b>dens-a</b>, <i>dense.</i><br>
            <b>difin-i</b>, <i>to define.</i><br>
            <b>ekzist-i</b>, <i>to exist.</i><br>
            <b>flu-i</b>, <i>to flow.</i><br>
            <b>gravit-i</b>, <i>to gravitate.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ka&#365;z-i</b>, <i>to cause.</i><br>
            <b>le&#285;-o</b>, <i>law.</i><br>
            <b>natur-o</b>, <i>nature.</i><br>
            <b>objekt-o</b>, <i>object.</i><br>
            <b>plu</b>, further, <i>more.</i><br>
            <b>turn-i</b>, <i>to turn</i> (trans.).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The adverb <b>plu</b> gives an idea of <i>continuance</i> to the word
which it modifies. When used with <b>ne</b>, the two together give
an idea of cessation concerning a previous continuous act or state:
<b>Amba&#365; parolos plu morga&#365;</b>, <i>both will talk further
tomorrow.</i> <b>Mi ne plu haltos</b>, <i>I shall not stop (any)
more.</i> <b>Li ne plu &#349;ajnis muta</b>, <i>he no longer seemed
mute.</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------209.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>PRI LA GRAVITADO.</b></center>

<p>
1. Ofte oni parolas pri la pezeco de diversaj objektoj. Tia pezeco estas
ka&#365;zata de la forto kiun oni nomas la gravitado. Pro tiu forto ne
nur objektoj sur la tero, sed anka&#365; la tero mem, havas konatan
pezecon, kiun la kleruloj jam anta&#365; longe kalkulis. La suno kaj la
luno simile havas pezecon, &#265;ar ili amba&#365;, same kiel la tero,
movi&#285;as la&#365; tiu sama gravitado kiu efektive regas &#265;iujn
el la &#265;ielaj korpoj. Se la gravitado &#265;esus ekzisti, la riveroj
ne plu fluus anta&#365;en en siaj fluejoj (<i>beds</i>). Ne fluante de
altaj &#285;is malaltaj lokoj, la akvo disfluus, a&#365; restus tie,
kie ajn &#285;i okaze estus. Neniom da pluvo falus; kontra&#365;e,
la malseka&#309;o en la aero ankora&#365; restus tie, en la formo
de densaj mallumaj &#265;iamaj nuboj. &#264;iuj vivaj esta&#309;oj
(<i>beings</i>), &#265;iuj konstrua&#309;oj, efektive &#265;io,
balda&#365; disflugus de la rapide turni&#285;anta mondo. &#264;iuj
&#265;i (<i>all these</i>) nun devas resti sur la tero, tial ke la
gravitado restigas ilin &#265;i tie. Se la gravitado ne plu ekzistus,
nenio restus plu sur la tero. La aero mem ne plu &#265;irka&#365;us
nin, sed &#285;i anka&#365; forlasus la mondon, tuj maldensi&#285;inte
(<i>having become rarefied</i>). La fama angla filozofo Newton estis
la unua, kiu studadis la kialon (<i>reason</i>) de la falado de objektoj.
Li komencis, la&#365; la rakonto, per okaza ekrigardo al falantaj pomoj en
sia propra pomarbejo. Anta&#365; tri jarcentoj, li eltrovis ke estas tia
forto kia la gravitado, kaj difinis la naturajn le&#285;ojn la&#365;
kiuj la gravitado sin montras. &#264;i tiu forto, kiu restigas &#265;ion
sur la tero, estas tamen la ka&#365;zo de nia laci&#285;ado, kiam ni
mar&#349;as a&#365; kuras, &#265;ar &#285;i faras nin pezaj, kaj tial
ni ofte deziras halti kaj ripozi. Estas anka&#365; la malfacileco en la
superado de tiu sama forto, kiu faras tiel malfacila la konstruadon de
utilaj aer&#349;ipoj.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------210.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Newton was an Englishman who lived three centuries ago. 2. One day he
was walking in his orchard, and, noticing the falling apples, he stood
still (<i>ekhaltis</i>) and began to wonder why they fall. 3. He studied
the cause of their falling, wishing to discover whatever laws of nature
he could. 4. He watched various falling objects, and tried to calculate
their velocity (<i>rapideco</i>). 5. Finally he recognized that
force which is called gravitation. 6. Of course (<i>kompreneble</i>)
gravitation had always existed, but its laws were not noticed or clearly
defined until Newton studied the matter. 7. If gravitation should
not exist any more, no rain would fall, but instead of condensing,
the moisture would remain above our heads in eternal clouds. 8. But
gradually the moisture and the air itself, becoming rarefied, would fly
away from the earth, being held no longer by the force of gravitation.
9. The water in the rivers would leave off flowing (cease to flow) on
toward the sea, because now the water flows from high to low places
only on account of gravitation. 10. Instead of gravitating toward the
sea, in fact, the water would flow in every direction (245) out of the
riverbeds, or would remain there, without moving at all (<i>tute ne
movante</i>). 11. Nothing on earth would remain here very long, but
everything would fly off the quickly moving world, and leave it entirely
bare. Soon, also, the earth itself would break-into-pieces (245).
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LIII.</b></center>

<center>CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO FACT.</center>

<p>
<b>246.</b> A <i>condition contrary to fact</i> indicates that the
opposite of what is mentioned has really taken place or is taking place.
It expresses the speaker's certainty that an act or state would have
been realized, if some other act or state were also realized. Such
conditions cannot refer to the future, but only to present or past time.
The conditional mood is used:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------211.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>Se vi estus turninta vin, vi estus vidinta tion</b>, <i>if you had turned, you would have seen that</i>.<br>
<b>Se la malseka&#309;o ne estus densi&#285;inta, ne estus pluvinte</b>, <i>if the moisture had not condensed, it would not have rained</i>.<br>
<b>Se li estus kaptita, li estus punita</b>, <i>if he had been caught, he would have been punished</i>.<br>
<b>Se li estus sidanta tie, mi vidus lin</b>, <i>if he were (if he should be) sitting there, I should see him</i>.<br>
<b>Se la gravitado ne ekzistus, tiu pluvo ne estus falanta</b>, <i>if gravitation did not (should not) exist, that rain would not be falling</i>.
</p>

<center>THE VERB <b>DEVI</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>247.</b> The verb <b>devi</b> (<i>cf.</i> devo, <i>duty</i>) is
equivalent to the verb <i>must</i> (which in English has no future,
past, infinitive, etc.), and to <i>to have to</i>, <i>to be obliged
to</i>, etc., carrying the idea of <i>must</i> into all tenses
and moods. In the conditional mood its meaning is softened into a
vaguer sense (of <i>moral</i> obligation), and carries the idea of
<i>ought</i>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Objektoj en la aero devas fali</b>, <i>objects in the air have to fall</i>.<br>
<b>Ni devis agi la&#365; la le&#285;oj</b>, <i>we had to act according to the laws</i>.<br>
<b>Vi devos iri</b>, <i>you must (will have to) go</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i ne volas devi fari tion</b>, <i>she does not wish to have to do that</i>.<br>
<b>Ili devigis min iri</b>, <i>they compelled me to go</i>.<br>
<b>Vi devus iri</b>, <i>you should go (you ought to go)</i>.<br>
<b>Oni devus pensi anta&#365; ol paroli</b>, <i>one ought to think before speaking</i>.<br>
<b>Li estus devinta veni</b>, <i>he ought to have come</i>.<br>
<b>Tio devus esti farita</b>, <i>that ought to have been done</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------212.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>SEN</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>248.</b> The preposition <b>sen</b>, <i>without</i>, indicates
the omission, absence or exclusion of that which is expressed by
its complement. It may be used as a prefix (160), giving a sense
of deprivation or exclusion (like that given by the English suffix
<i>-less</i>):
</p>

<p>
<b>Li difinis la vorton sen eraro</b>, <i>he defined the word without an error</i>.<br>
<b>La rivero sen&#265;ese fluas</b>, <i>the river flows without ceasing</i>.<br>
<b>Tio estas ne nur senutila sed e&#265; malutila</b>, <i>that is not only useless but even harmful</i>.<br>
<b>Li ne plu estas senmona</b>, <i>he is no longer penniless</i>.<br>
<b>Li sentime alproksimi&#285;is al &#285;i</b>, <i>he fearlessly approached it</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
English phrases containing "without" as in "without reading," must
be changed to phrases clearly containing verbal nouns, as "without
the reading of," before translating into an Esperanto phrase with
<b>sen</b>. Otherwise a participle with <b>ne</b> should replace the
phrase (<b>222</b>): <b>Sen la legado de tio, mi ne komprenus</b>,
<i>without (the) reading (of) that, I should not understand</i>. <b>Ne
leginte tion, mi ne komprenus</b>, <i>without reading (not having read)
that, I should not understand</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>akuz-i</b>, <i>to accuse</i>.<br>
            <b>instru-i</b>, <i>to teach</i>.<br>
            <b>kondamn-i</b>, <i>to condemn</i>.<br>
            <b>konfes-i</b>, <i>to confess, to admit</i>.<br>
            <b>konscienc-o</b>, <i>conscience</i>.<br>
            <b>kulp-o</b>, <i>guilt</i>.<br>
            <b>merit-i</b>, <i>to deserve</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nobl-a</b>, <i>noble</i>.<br>
            <b>pardon-i</b>, <i>to pardon</i>.<br>
            <b>pek-i</b>, <i>to sin</i>.<br>
            <b>prav-a</b>, <i>right, correct</i>.<br>
            <b>sen</b>, <i>without</i> (248).<br>
            <b>So-krato</b>, <i>Socrates</i>.<br>
            <b>venen-o</b>, <i>poison</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------213.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA FILOZOFO SOKRATO.</b></center>

<p>
Unu el la plej famaj grekaj filozofoj estis nomita Sokrato. Li
estis malbela malalta persono, kun senhara kapo kaj dika korpo,
sed malgra&#365; tio li estis treege bona, nobla kaj sa&#285;a. Li
instruadis per interparolado kun la lernantoj. Kutime li komencis per
demando pri io ajn, pri kio la a&#365;skultanto respondos. Fine, la
lernanto grade komprenis &#265;u liaj propraj opinioj pri la afero
estas pravaj. Ankora&#365; nun oni nomas tiun metodon de instruado per
la interparolado "la Sokrata metodo." Sokrato diradis tute sen timo
&#265;ion, kion li pensis, e&#265; pri la dioj kaj pri la nekredeblaj
rakontoj pri la dioj. Se li ne estus tiel multe klariginta, eble li
estus vivinta pli longan tempon. Sed multaj personoj malamis lin,
precipe &#265;ar li donis novajn ideojn al la junuloj, kiuj sekve
komencis pensi por si mem, anstata&#365; fari tion kion faras &#265;iu
alia. Tial oni akuzis Sokraton en la ju&#285;ejo, nomante lin pekanto
kaj malbonfaranto, unue, &#265;ar li ne disdonas oferojn al la dioj,
due, &#265;ar li enkondukas novajn diojn (&#265;ar li diris ke
supernatura vo&#265;o, kiu sendube estis lia nomo por la konscienco,
parolis malla&#365;te &#265;e lia orelo), trie, &#265;ar li malbonigas
la junularon de la urbo. Se li estus konfesinte la kulpon kaj petinte
pardonon, tiam la ju&#285;istoj eble estus punintaj lin per nura
(<i>mere</i>) monpago (<i>fine</i>). Sed li fiere respondis ke efektive
li multe plibonigas la junularon, kaj anstata&#365; esti malutila,
a&#365; e&#265; neutila, li treege utilas al la urbo. Li diris ke oni
havas nenian rajton puni lin, sed ke, ka&#365;ze de sia bonfarado
al la urbo, li efektive meritas &#265;iutagan man&#285;on senpagan.
Tamen, tute ne kompreninte kiel prava Sokrato estas, la ju&#285;istoj
mortkondamnis lin. Oni devigis lin trinki la venenon. Iom poste, en la
malliberejo, li trankvile adia&#365;is siajn plorantajn amikojn, kaj
akceptinte la venenan trinka&#309;on, sentime &#285;in trinkis.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------214.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Socrates believed that if one knows about good and evil (201) he
will do good, but will not do evil. 2. Therefore he wished to help
mankind (<i>la homaron</i>), teaching them what the good is. 3. He
also wished to discover for himself what is right and what is wrong.
4. So he asked every one whom he met (about) his opinions, and the
one-talking-with [him] would also notice whether his own ideas were
right or not. 5. But the fellow-citizens of Socrates were jealous,
and hated him, because they did not understand him. 6. Therefore they
accused him, called him a sinner, and sent around (245) false reports
(<i>falsajn sciigojn</i>) about him. 7. Because he said that conscience
guided him (in the form of a soft voice at his ear), they accused him
of (<i>pri</i>) introducing (218, b) new gods. 8. They also said that
he was corrupting the youth of the city. 9. If Socrates had pleaded
guilty, and begged for a fine instead of the death-punishment, without
doubt he would have been pardoned and fined (<i>monpunita</i>). 10. But
he said "I have never in my life sinned in any way, and I do not deserve
any sort of punishment." So the judges condemned him to death by the
drinking of poison.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LIV.</b></center>

<center>SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS</center>

<b>249.</b> The three kinds of conditional sentences, together
with the moods and tenses used in them, may be tabulated
as follows:

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap><i>Name</i></td><td nowrap><b>Factual</b></td><td nowrap><b>Less Vivid</b></td><td nowrap><b>Contrary to Fact</b></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><i>Subject Matter</i></td><td nowrap>facts</td><td nowrap>suppositions</td><td nowrap>opposite of facts</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><i>Time</i></td><td nowrap>any</td><td nowrap>(usually) future</td><td nowrap>present or past</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><i>Mood</i></td><td nowrap>indicative</td><td nowrap>conditional</td><td nowrap>conditional</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><i>Tense</i></td><td nowrap>any</td><td nowrap>(usually) aoristic</td><td nowrap>(usually) compound</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>CLAUSES OF IMAGINATIVE COMPARISON.</center>

<p>
<b>250.</b> Clauses of imaginative comparison are introduced by the
conjunction <b>kvaza&#365;</b>, <i>as though</i>, <i>as if</i>.
Sometimes the verb in the comparison may be left unexpressed or merely
implied:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li trinkas la venenon kvaza&#365; &#285;i estus vino</b>, <i>he drinks the poison as though it were wine</i>.<br>
<b>La kondamnito mar&#349;is kvaza&#365; kun malfacileco</b>, <i>the condemned man walked as if with difficulty</i>.<br>
<b>Li konfesis kvaza&#365; kulpulo</b>, <i>he confessed like a culprit</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------215.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE USE OF <b>AL</b> TO EXPRESS REFERENCE.</center>

<p>
<b>251.</b> Personal pronouns, and less frequently nouns, may be
used with the preposition <b>al</b> to express <i>concern</i> or
<i>interest</i> on the part of the person indicated by the complement of
this preposition:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li bruligis al si la manon</b>, <i>he burned his hand</i>.<br>
<b>Hi tran&#265;is al li la barbon</b>, <i>they cut his beard (the beard for him)</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i preparas al ni bonan man&#285;on</b>, <i>she is preparing us a good meal</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;u vi faros servon al mi?</b> <i>Will you do me a service?</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The use of <b>al</b> in this sense, approaching that of <b>por</b>
but less purposeful and definite, resembles the "dative of reference"
and "ethical dative" of other languages, as in French <i>je me
suis brul&eacute; la langue</i>, <i>I have burned my tongue</i>,
German <i>ich wasche mir die H&auml;nde</i>, <i>I wash my hands</i>,
Latin <i>sese Caesari ad pedes proicerunt</i>, <i>they threw
themselves at the feet of C&aelig;sar</i>, Greek
<!-- [Greek: ti soi mathesomai]; --> <i>&#964;&#943; &#963;&#959;&#953; &#956;&#945;&#952;&#942;&#963;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#953;</i>,
<i>what am I to learn for you?</i> etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>252.</b> By an extension of its use in expressing reference,
<b>al</b> may often be used in the place of <b>de</b> expressing
separation (170), when the use of <b>de</b> might seem to indicate
agency (169) or possession (49):
</p>

<p>
<b>La luno estas ka&#349;ata al ni de la nuboj</b>, <i>the moon is hidden from us (to us) by the clouds</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;i estas stelita al mi de li</b>, <i>it has been stolen from me by him</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
This use resembles the "dative of separation" of other languages, as in
German <i>es stahl mir das Leben</i>, <i>it stole the life from me</i>,
French <i>il me prend la vie</i>, <i>it takes my life</i>, Latin <i>hunc
mihi timorem eripe</i>, <i>remove this fear from me</i>, Greek
<!-- [Greek: dexato oi skaeptron], --> <i>&#948;&#941;&#958;&#945;&#964;&#972; &#959;&#953; &#963;&#954;&#942;&#960;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#957;</i>,
<i>he took his sceptre from him</i>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-ESTR-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>253.</b> The suffix <b>-estr-</b> is used to indicate the
<i>chief</i>, <i>head</i>, or <i>one in control</i> of that which is
expressed in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>lernejestro</b>, <i>(school) principal</i>.<br>
            <b>mona&#293;estro</b>, <i>abbot</i>.<br>
            <b>policestro</b>, <i>chief of police</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>urbestro</b>, <i>mayor</i>.<br>
            <b>estraro</b>, <i>governing body</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ipestro</b>, <i>ship-captain</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------216.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Aristejd-o</b>, <i>Aristeides.</i><br>
            <b>ekzil-i</b>, <i>to exile.</i><br>
            <b>enu-i</b>, <i>to be wearied, bored.</i><br>
            <b>&#285;ust-a</b>, <i>exact.</i><br>
            <b>kvaza&#365;</b>, <i>as though, as if</i> (250).<br>
            <b>ostr-o</b>, <i>oyster.</i><br>
            <b>ostracism-o</b>, <i>ostracism.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>popol-o</b>, <i>a people.</i><br>
            <b>pot-o</b>, <i>pot.</i><br>
            <b>senc-o</b>, <i>meaning, sense.</i><br>
            <b>signif-i</b>, <i>to signify.</i><br>
            <b>son-i</b>, <i>to sound.</i><br>
            <b>strang-a</b>, <i>strange.</i><br>
            <b>&#349;el-o</b>, <i>shell, bark, peel.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Care must be taken to distinguish <b>&#285;usta</b>, <i>exact</i>,
<b>&#285;uste</b>, <i>exactly, just</i>, from <b>justa</b>, <i>upright,
just</i>, <b>juste</b>, <i>justly,</i> and also from the adverb
<b>&#309;us</b> <i>just</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center><b>LA OSTRACISMO DE ARISTEJDO.</b></center>

<p>
La vorto ostracismo havas interesan devenon (<i>origin</i>). En &#285;ia
komenco oni rekonas la grekan vorton kiu signifas "&#349;elon de la
ostro." En &#285;ia fino oni vidas la saman "-ismon " kiu, deveninte
de la greka, ankora&#365; estas uzata kiel vortfino en multaj diversaj
lingvoj. La nuna senco de la vorto, facile trovebla en anglaj vortaroj
(<i>dictionaries</i>), devenas de la jena greka kutimo:
</p>

<p>
Sepdek jarojn anta&#365; ol vivadis Sokrato, oni faris strangan
le&#285;on en lia urbo. La&#365; tiu, oni povis ekzili iun ajn estron
kies ideoj pri la administrado de la urbo ne &#349;ajnis pravaj. &#264;i
tion oni povis fari, tute sen ju&#285;ado a&#365; e&#265; akuzado,
&#265;ar oni havis la jenan metodon: se &#265;e popola kunveno ses mil
urbanoj vo&#265;donis (<i>vote</i>) kontra&#365; iun ajn, tiu estis
devigata foriri de la urbo, kaj forresti dek jarojn. Li povis neniel
havigi (<i>get</i>) al si pardonon, sed devis tuj foriri kvaza&#365;
konfesinta kulpulo. Por vo&#265;donoj, oni skribis la nomon de la
kondamnoto sur peco da pota&#309;o (<i>pottery</i>), a&#365; pli ofte
sur ostro&#349;elo. &#284;uste tial oni nomas la kutimon ostracismo.
Unufoje, kelkaj malamikoj proponis vo&#265;donadon pri la ostracismo
de tre bona kaj nobla viro, nomita Aristejdo, kiu tute ne meritis tian
punadon.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------217.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
Anta&#365; ol la kunveno disi&#285;is, kamparano alproksimi&#285;is
al Aristejdo (kiu mem &#265;eestis), petante lian helpon, &#265;ar la
neinstruita kamparano ne povis skribi. La sa&#285;ulo diris "Kion vi
volas skribi sur la &#349;elo?" La kamparano, ne sciante ke li parolas
al la viro mem, respondis "Aristejdon." Skribinte &#285;in, Aristejdo
demandis kun trankvila konscienco "Pro &#285;uste kiaj pekoj vi malamas
Aristejdon?" La kamparano respondis, "Ho, mi ne ka&#349;os al vi ke mi
e&#265; ne konas lin! Sed mi deziras ekzili lin nur &#265;ar min enuigas
la sono de lia nomo. Mi tre enuas &#265;iam a&#365;dante lin nomata
Aristejdo la justa!"
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------218.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Aristeides had just arrived at the popular assembly when a peasant
approached him. 2. If Aristeides had not had a pleasant countenance
and musical (<i>belsonan</i>) voice, doubtless the peasant would not
have asked his help. 3. Ought Aristeides to have written his own name
on the oyster-shell or piece of pottery which was going to be used as
a vote against him? 4. Without just (exactly) this help, the peasant
could not have voted. 5. Doing him the service requested, Aristeides
said, as if (<b>250</b>) he himself were not the man under-discussion
(<b>205</b>), "Why do you hate Aristeides? 6. Could you tell me how
he has sinned against the city?" 7. The silly-creature (<b>132</b>)
replied, "Oh, I know nothing about him, but I am weary [of] always
hearing him called the just." 8. Ought such persons as that ignorant
peasant have-the-right to vote about important affairs? 9. The ancient
law about ostracism was a strange [one]. 10. The name of the person
to-be-exiled (<b>199</b>) was usually written upon an oyster-shell,
and the meaning of the word signifying the custom comes from that. 11.
Through (<i>per</i>) ostracism, any leader could be banished, justly or
unjustly, without trial of any kind, or explanation of the reasons.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LV.</b></center>

<center>THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.</center>

<p>
<b>254.</b> For expressions of command, exhortation, entreaty, etc.,
there is an <i>imperative mood</i>, as in English. The ending of the
imperative mood is <b>-u</b>. Beside the aoristic tense, six compound
tenses are formed by combining the participles with the imperative mood
<b>estu</b> of the auxiliary verb, but these tenses are seldom used. The
conjugation of <b>vidi</b> in the aoristic tense of this mood, together
with a synopsis in the compound tenses, is as follows:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="4">Aoristic Tense.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>mi vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>let me see!</i></td><td nowrap><b>ni vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>let us see!</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>(vi) vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>(you) see!</i></td><td nowrap><b>(vi) vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>(you) see!</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap><b>li (&#349;i, &#285;i) vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>let him (her, it) see!</i></td><td nowrap><b>ili vidu!</b></td><td nowrap><i>let them see!</i></td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="4">Compound Tenses.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Active.</i></td><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Passive.</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap>Present:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidanta</b>,</td><td nowrap>Present:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidata</b>,</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap>Past:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidinta</b>,</td><td nowrap>Past:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidita</b>,</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap>Future:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidonta</b>.</td><td nowrap>Future:</td><td nowrap><b>mi estu vidota</b>.</td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------219.png---------------------------- -->

<center>RESOLVE AND EXHORTATION.</center>

<p>
<b>255.</b> The <i>first person singular</i> of the imperative mood is
used to express the speaker's resolve concerning his own action, or
an exhortation to himself concerning such action. The <i>first person
plural</i> is used to express resolve or exhortation concerning the
joint action of the speaker and the person or persons addressed:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi pensu pri tio!</b> <i>Let me think about that!</i><br>
<b>Mi ne forgesu tion!</b> <i>I must not (do not let me) forget that!</i><br>
<b>Ni ekzilu lin!</b> <i>Let us exile him!</i><br>
<b>Ni ne sidi&#285;u tie!</b> <i>Let us not sit down there!</i><br>
<b>Ni estu grize vestitaj!</b> <i>Let us be dressed in gray!</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
This force is usually expressed in English by "let" with an accusative
and infinitive construction.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>256.</b> The <i>second and third</i> persons of the imperative are
used to express peremptory commands and prohibitions.
</p>

<b>a.</b> In the <i>second</i> person the pronoun is usually omitted, as
in English, unless special emphasis is placed upon it:

<p>
<b>Estu trankvila!</b> <i>Be calm!</i> (One person is addressed.)<br>
<b>Estu pretaj por akompani min!</b> <i>Be ready to accompany me!</i> (Two or more persons are addressed.)<br>
<b>Parolu kvaza&#365; vi komprenus!</b> <i>Talk as though you understood!</i><br>
<b>Ne fermu tiun pordon!</b> <i>Do not shut that door!</i><br>
<b>Ne estu vidata tie!</b> <i>Do not be seen there!</i>
</p>

<b>b.</b> In the <i>third</i> person a circumlocution in English is
necessary in translation (as <i>let</i>, <i>must</i>, <i>are to</i>,
<i>is to</i>, etc.):

<p>
<b>Li estu zorga!</b> <i>Let him be careful (he must be careful)!</i><br>
<b>&#348;i ne faru tion!</b> <i>Do not let her do that (she is not to do that)!</i><br>
<b>&#264;io estu pardonata!</b> <i>Let everything be forgiven!</i><br>
<b>Oni lasu min trankvila!</b> <i>People are to let me alone!</i><br>
<b>Ili neniam revenu!</b> <i>Let them never (do not let them ever) return!</i><br>
<b>La kulpuloj estu punataj!</b> <i>Let the culprits be punished!</i>
</p>

<center>LESS PEREMPTORY USES OF THE IMPERATIVE.</center>

<p>
<b>257.</b> By an extension of its use in resolve, exhortation, command
and prohibition, the imperative mood may be employed for less peremptory
expressions, such as <i>request</i>, <i>wish</i>, <i>advice</i>, etc.,
and in <i>questions of deliberation or perplexity</i>, or <i>requests
for instruction</i>:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------220.png---------------------------- -->

<table border="0" cellspacing="8">
   <tr>
      <td valign="top">
         Request:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>&#264;esu tiun bruon, mi petas!</b> <i>Stop that noise, I beg!</i><br>
         <b>Bonvolu fari tion!</b> <i>Please do that!</i><br>
         <b>Pardonu al ni niajn pekojn!</b> <i>Forgive us our sins!</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td valign="top">
         Wish:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>Ili estu feli&#265;aj!</b> <i>May they be happy!</i><br>
         <b>Dio vin benu!</b> <i>God bless you!</i><br>
         <b>Vivu la re&#285;o!</b> <i>(Long) live the king!</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td valign="top">
         Advice:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>Pensu anta&#365; ol agi!</b> <i>Think before acting!</i><br>
         <b>Foriru, se vi ne estas kontenta!</b> <i>Go away, if you are not satisfied!</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td valign="top">
         Consent:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>Nu, parolu, sed mi ne a&#365;skultos!</b> <i>Well, talk, but I shall not listen!</i><br>
         <b>Iru tuj, se vi volas.</b> <i>Go at once, if you like.</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
      <td valign="top">
         Question:
      </td>
      <td nowrap valign="top">
         <b>&#264;u mi faru tion a&#365; ne?</b> <i>Am I to do that or not?</i><br>
         <b>&#264;u ni disdonu la librojn?</b> <i>Shall we distribute the books?</i><br>
         <b>&#264;u li estu kondamnita?</b> <i>Shall he be condemned?</i><br>
         <b>&#264;u ili venu &#265;i tien?</b> <i>Are they to (shall they) come here?</i>
      </td>
   </tr>
</table>

<center>THE USE OF <b>MO&#348;TO</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>258.</b> The word <b>mo&#349;to</b> may be used alone, or after a
title, to denote respect. When used after a title, the title becomes an
adjective:
</p>

<p>
<b>Lia re&#285;a mo&#349;to</b>, <i>his majesty</i>.<br>
<b>Lia ju&#285;ista mo&#349;to</b>, <i>his honor the judge.</i><br>
<b>&#348;ia re&#285;ina mo&#349;to</b>, <i>her majesty</i>.<br>
<b>Lia urbestra mo&#349;to</b>, <i>his honor the mayor.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u via mo&#349;to lin a&#365;dis?</b> <i>Did your honor (excellency, etc.) hear him?</i>
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Afrik-o</b>, <i>Africa.</i><br>
            <b>barbar-o</b>, <i>barbarian.</i><br>
            <b>Damokl-o</b>, <i>Damocles.</i><br>
            <b>flank-o</b>, <i>side.</i><br>
            <b>imperi-o</b>, <i>empire.</i><br>
            <b>konsent-i</b>, <i>to consent.</i><br>
            <b>konsil-i</b>, <i>to advise.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>mo&#349;t-o</b>, a title (see 258).<br>
            <b>ordon-i</b>, <i>to order, to bid.</i><br>
            <b>permes-i</b>, <i>to permit.</i><br>
            <b>pla&#265;-i</b>, <i>to please.</i><br>
            <b>sklav-o</b>, <i>slave.</i><br>
            <b>sol-a</b>, <i>sole, only.</i><br>
            <b>volont-e</b>, <i>willingly.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------221.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA GLAVO DE DAMOKLO.</b></center>

<p>
Anta&#365; pli multe ol dumil jaroj vivis en Sirakuzo, sur la insulo
Sikelio, tre kruela tirano. Li diris al si "Mi estu &#265;iopova
(<i>all-powerful</i>)!" Tial li faris multe da militadoj, kaj venkis
ne nur barbarajn popolojn, sed anka&#365; multajn urbojn en Italujo
kaj norda Afriko. Detruinte &#265;ion sen kompato, li ordonis "La
lo&#285;antoj estu vendataj por sklavoj!" Li deziris fari por si, el la
venkitaj kaj sklavigitaj popoloj, unu grandan imperion. Sed la urboj
&#265;ie, e&#265; en Grekujo, ne ka&#349;is al li sian grandan malamon
al tia tirano. Tial li &#265;iam timis pri sia vivo, timante ke iu
subite mortigos lin. Unufoje Damoklo, amiko de la tirano, diris al li,
"Se mi estus tiel ri&#265;a kaj pova kiel via re&#285;a mo&#349;to,
mi estus treege feli&#265;a!" La tirano respondis, "Venu al festo
&#265;e mi, se tio pla&#265;as al vi, kaj eltrovu &#265;u mi devus esti
feli&#265;a a&#365; ne." "Mi venos tre volonte," ekkriis Damoklo, "kaj
mi dankas vian mo&#349;ton pro tia afableco!" La tirano &#285;entile
respondis "Ho, estas nenio (=<i>you are welcome</i>)! Nur ne forgesu
la deciditan horon!" Je la &#285;usta horo Damoklo iris al la festo,
kie oni donis al li se&#285;on flanke de la tirano mem. "Man&#285;u kaj
trinku kiom ajn vi volas," konsilis la tirano, "kaj poste ni parolos
pri la feli&#265;eco." Damoklo tuj konsentis al tia propono, kaj agis
la&#365; la permeso tiel afable donita al li. Man&#285;ante bonegan
man&#285;a&#309;on, kaj trinkante dol&#265;an vinon, li tute ne enuis
&#265;e la festo. Balda&#365; la tirano diris "Rigardu supren, kaj vidu
&#285;uste kian feli&#265;econ mi havas!" Supren rigardinte, Damoklo
ekvidis akran glavon, anta&#365;e ka&#349;itan al li de kurteno.
Subtenate de unu sola haro, la glavo &#349;ajnis kvaza&#365; tuj falonta
sur la kapon de Damoklo. "La dioj min helpu!" li ekkriis, forsaltinte de
la tablo. Pro la &#309;us dirita stranga rakonto, oni ankora&#365; nun
nomas la atendadon por io timeginda, kio &#349;ajnas &#265;iam okazonta
sed efektive ne okazas, "la glavo de Damoklo."
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------222.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. The word ostracism comes from the Greek word signifying
"oyster-shell." 2. It has its present meaning because oyster-shells
or pieces of pottery were used for the voting. 3. The story about
Aristeides is interesting, but that about the sword of Damocles is also
interesting. 4. His friend, the Syracusan tyrant, had permitted all
sorts of injustices, against not only barbarians but even Greeks. 5.
His only bidding usually was "Let every inhabitant be sold as a slave!"
6. He thought "Let me make one sole empire out of Africa, Italy and
Sicily!" 7. Damocles said to him "Your royal highness ought to be very
happy!" 8. The tyrant answered, "Come to a feast tomorrow, and find
out. I will give you a seat (214, b) beside me." 9. Damocles willingly
consented, and went thither. 10. The tyrant advised "Let us eat and
drink until midnight, if that would be-pleasing to you. Then let us
discuss the problem about happiness." 11. After a few hours Damocles
heard a slight sound over his head, and the tyrant said to him, "Look
up and you will see what kind of happiness mine is." 12. "Heaven defend
me!" exclaimed Damocles, catching sight of a sharp sword hanging by a
single (sole) hair.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LVI.</b></center>

<center>THE IMPERATIVE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.</center>

<p>
<b>259.</b> The imperative mood is used in a subordinate clause,
with a meaning similar to that in its independent use, after a main
verb expressing <i>command</i>, <i>exhortation</i>, <i>resolve</i>,
<i>consent</i>, <i>wish</i>, etc., or after any word or general
expression of <i>command</i>, <i>intention</i>, <i>necessity</i>,
<i>expedience</i>, etc. Such clauses are introduced by the conjunction
ke:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------223.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. Looks best *not* centered in HTML -->
Command and Prohibition.<br>
<b>Li diras ke vi iru</b>, <i>he says that you are to go</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i skribis al li ke li venu</b>, <i>she wrote him to come</i>.<br>
<b>Mi malpermesas ke vi restu</b>, <i>I forbid you to remain</i>.<br>
<b>Ni ordonos ke li estu punata</b>, <i>we shall order that he be punished.</i>
</p>

<p>
<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. Looks best *not* centered in HTML -->
Request and Wish.<br>
<b>Mi petas ke vi ne lasu min</b>, <i>I beg that you do not leave me.</i><br>
<b>Mi petegas ke vi estu trankvilaj</b>, <i>I implore you to be calm.</i><br>
<b>Li deziras ke ili estu sklavigitaj</b>, <i>he desires that they be enslaved</i>.<br>
<b>Ni volis ke li ne forgesu tion</b>, <i>we wished him not to forget that</i>.
</p>

<p>
<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. Looks best *not* centered in HTML -->
Advice, Consent, Permission.<br>
<b>Mi konsilis al li ke li iru</b>, <i>I advised him to go</i>.<br>
<b>Mi konsentis ke li restu</b>, <i>I consented that he remain.</i><br>
<b>Ili permesos ke la barbaroj forkuru</b>, <i>they will permit the barbarians to escape (that the barbarians escape)</i>.
</p>

<p>
<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. Looks best *not* centered in HTML -->
Questions.<br>
<b>Li demandas &#265;u ili foriru</b>, <i>he inquires whether they are to go away</i>.<br>
<b>Oni demandis &#265;u lia mo&#349;to eniru</b>, <i>they asked whether his honor was to enter</i>.<br>
<b>Mi miras &#265;u mi faru tion</b>, <i>I wonder whether I am to do that</i>.
</p>

<p>
<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. Looks best *not* centered in HTML -->
Intention, Expedience, Necessity, etc.<br>
<b>Ni intencas ke vi estu helpata</b>, <i>we intend that you shall be helped</i>.<br>
<b>Lia propono estas ke ni ricevu la duonon</b>, <i>his proposal is, that we receive the half</i>.<br>
<b>Lia lasta ordono estis</b>, ke vi venu, <i>his last order was that you come</i>.<br>
<b>Estos bone ke vi ne plu nomu lin</b>, <i>it will be well for you not to (that you do not) mention him any more</i>.<br>
<b>Estas dezirinde ke ni havu bonan imperiestron</b>, <i>it is desirable that we have a good emperor</i>.<br>
<b>Estis necese ke &#265;iu stari&#285;u</b>, <i>it was necessary for everyone to rise</i>.<br>
<b>Pla&#265;os al li ke vi iru</b>, <i>he will be pleased to have you go</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
In English and some other languages an imperative idea may often be
expressed by the infinitive, as "I wish you to go," but in Esperanto
this must be expressed by the equivalent of "I wish <i>that</i> you go."
The infinitive may not be used except when it can itself be the subject
of the verb in such general statements as "it is necessary to go."
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------224.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE PREPOSITION <b>JE</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>260.</b> Since prepositional uses are not exactly alike in any two
languages, it is not always possible to translate a preposition of
one language by what is its equivalent in some senses in another. In
order to insure some means of translating correctly into Esperanto
any prepositional phrase of the national languages, the preposition
<b>je</b> is regarded as of rather indefinite meaning. In addition to
its use in dates and allusions to time (<b>89</b>, <b>185</b>), it may
be employed when no other preposition gives the exact sense required,
especially in protestations and exclamations, expressions of measure
(see also <b>139</b>), and of indefinite connection:
</p>

<p>
<b>Je la nomo de &#265;ielo!</b> <i>In the name of Heaven!</i><br>
<b>Je mia honoro mi ja elfaros tion!</b> <i>On my honor I will accomplish that!</i><br>
<b>&#284;i estas longa je du mejloj</b>, <i>it is two miles long (long by two miles)</i>.<br>
<b>Ili venis je grandaj nombroj</b>, <i>they came in great numbers</i>.<br>
<b>Li estas tenata de la policano, je la brako, per forta &#349;nurego</b>, <i>he is held by the policemen, by the arm, with (by) a strong rope</i>.
</p>

<p>
The preposition <b>je</b> is used to express indefinite connection after
the following words (other prepositions sometimes used are given in
parentheses):
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ekkrii je (pro)</b>, <i>to cry out at</i>.<br>
            <b>enui je</b>, <i>to be bored with</i>.<br>
            <b>fiera je (pri)</b>, <i>proud of</i>.<br>
            <b>fidi je (al)</b>, <i>to rely upon</i>.<br>
            <b>&#285;oji je (pri)</b>, <i>to rejoice at</i>.<br>
            <b>gratuli je (pri)</b>, <i>congratulate on</i>.<br>
            <b>honti je (pri)</b>, <i>to be ashamed of</i>.<br>
            <b>inda je</b>, <i>worthy of</i>.<br>
            <b>interesi&#285;i je</b>, <i>to take interest in</i>.<br>
            <b>kapti je</b>, <i>to seize by</i>.<br>
            <b>kontenta je (kun)</b>, <i>content with</i>.<br>
            <b>kredi je</b>, <i>to believe in</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>(sin) okupi je</b>, <i>to busy (oneself) at</i>.<br>
            <b>plena je (de)</b>, <i>full of</i>.<br>
            <b>preni je</b>, <i>to take by</i>.<br>
            <b>provizi je (per)</b>, <i>to provide with</i>.<br>
            <b>ri&#265;igi je (per)</b>, <i>to enrich with</i>.<br>
            <b>ridi je</b>, <i>to laugh at</i>.<br>
            <b>sati&#285;i je</b>, <i>to be sated with</i>.<br>
            <b>senigi je</b>, <i>to deprive of</i>.<br>
            <b>simila je (al)</b>, <i>similar to</i>.<br>
            <b>sopiri je (al)</b>, <i>to yearn for</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;ar&#285;i je</b>, <i>to load with</i>.<br>
            <b>teni je</b>, <i>to hold by</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The translation given for a preposition in any dictionary is the general
one which serves in the majority of cases. The finer shades of meaning
and real or apparent exceptions can merely be touched upon if mentioned
at all.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-OP-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>261.</b> The suffix <b>-op-</b> is used to form <i>collective</i>
numerals:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>duope</b>, <i>by twos</i>, <i>in pairs</i>.<br>
            <b>kvarope</b>, <i>by fours</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>milope</b>, <i>by thousands</i>.<br>
            <b>sesopigi</b>, <i>to form into groups of six</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------225.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>cel-i</b>, <i>to aim.</i><br>
            <b>Cirus-o</b>, <i>Cyrus.</i><br>
            <b>fidi</b>, <i>to rely.</i><br>
            <b>&#285;u-i</b>, <i>to enjoy.</i><br>
            <b>honor-o</b>, <i>honor.</i><br>
            <b>krom</b>, <i>beside, save, but.</i><br>
            <b>plen-a</b>, <i>full.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>prokrast-i</b>, <i>to delay</i> (trans.).<br>
            <b>proviz-i</b>, <i>to provide.</i><br>
            <b>rezult-i</b>, <i>to result.</i><br>
            <b>sopir-i</b>, <i>to yearn, to sigh.</i><br>
            <b>spac-o</b>, <i>space.</i><br>
            <b>terur-a</b>, <i>terrible.</i><br>
            <b>ver-o</b>, <i>truth.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------226.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA MAR&#348;ADO DE LA DEKMIL GREKOJ.</b></center>

<p>
Iam Ciruso, nepo de Ciruso Granda, sopiris je la imperio de sia pli
maljunafrato, kiu sekvis la patron de amba&#365; fratoj kiel re&#285;o,
a&#365; pli &#285;uste imperiestro. Decidinte forigi de la re&#285;eco
(<i>to dethrone</i>) sian fraton, Ciruso petis la grekojn ke ili
partoprenu (<i>take part</i>) en kelkaj negravaj militadoj. Multaj
tiamaj grekoj tre volonte sin okupis je la batalado, pro la granda
pago ricevata. La venditaj sklavoj kaj la detruitaj konstrua&#309;oj
&#265;iam provizis ilin je multe da ri&#265;a&#309;o, kaj krom tio la
militistoj &#349;ajnis &#285;ui e&#265; la militadon mem. Estis tute
indiferente al ili &#265;u la ka&#365;zo de la militado estas prava kaj
justa a&#365; ne. Unue Ciruso nur petis ke ili helpu liajn proprajn
soldatojn kontra&#365; iuj najbaroj. Li ka&#349;is al ili sian veran
celon, &#265;ar se la grekoj estus suspektintaj tion, kion li intencis
fari, ili neniam estus akompanintaj lin tiel malproksimen de sia
patrolando. Grade li kondukis ilin trans tutan Azion, kaj fine la dekmil
grekoj komprenis &#265;ion, kaj treege koleri&#285;is. Paroladante al
ili, Ciruso tuj diris "Mi ne permesas ke vi reiru, kaj mi petegas ke vi
anta&#365;en mar&#349;adu kun mi, sen plua (<i>further</i>) prokrasto!
Se mi sukcesos kontra&#365; mia frato, mi certigas vin je mia honoro
ke &#265;iu el vi revenos havante sakojn plenajn je ri&#265;a&#309;o!
Estas nur necese ke vi fidu je mi, kaj &#265;io estos bona!" Tiam la
soldatoj hontis je sia anta&#365;a timo, kaj kura&#285;e anta&#365;en
mar&#349;adis. Fine, apud granda urbo, la frato de Ciruso elvenis
havante okcentmil soldatojn, por batali kontra&#365; la centmil de
Ciruso. Per la helpo de siaj grekoj, Ciruso estis preska&#365; venkinta
en terura batalo, kiam subite li ekvidis sian fraton, je malgranda
interspaco. Ekkriante "Mi vidas la viron!" li rajdis rekte al la
re&#285;o, &#309;etante sian pezan lancon al li. La sola rezulto estis
la morto de Ciruso mem, &#265;ar la amikoj de la re&#285;o, kvinope kaj
sesope atakinte Ciruson, lin tuj mortigis.
</p>

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Cyrus did not desire that his brother should remain king. 2. He
decided, "Let me myself become (<i>fari&#285;i</i>) king! I should much
enjoy that!" 3. So he asked the Greeks to help him in some battles
against nearby enemies. 4. Gradually an army (126) of a hundred thousand
men, ten thousand of whom were Greeks, gathered (232, b) around him. 5.
He led them farther and farther, into the middle of Asia, until finally
the Greeks suspected his true aim. 6. They said to each other in terror,
"He did not at first propose that we fight against the Great King. Let
us return home without delay!" 7. Cyrus addressed (218) them as follows:
"Must I permit you to go back? I implore you to be courageous, and I
do advise you not to forget your longing for (260) honor! 8. Only be
worthy of your leader, and rely upon me! Do you not wish to return home
provided with wealth, beside the money which I shall pay to you?" 9.
Immediately the soldiers were ashamed of their fear, and advanced by
hundreds, full of courage. 10. Soon the brother of Cyrus approached,
with (<i>havante</i>) eight hundred thousand men. 11. By the aid of
the Greeks, Cyrus won the battle, but he himself lost his life. 12. So
neither he nor the Greeks could enjoy the result of their efforts.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------227.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LVII.</b></center>

<center>CLAUSES EXPRESSING PURPOSE.</center>

<p>
<b>262.</b> <i>Purpose</i> may be expressed by a subordinate imperative
clause, introduced by <b>por ke</b>:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi faras &#285;in por ke li helpu vin</b>, <i>I do it in order that he may help you</i>.<br>
<b>Mi ekkriis por ke vi a&#365;du</b>, <i>I cried out in order that you should hear</i>.<br>
<b>Li venos por ke ni estu feli&#265;aj</b>, <i>he will come that we may be happy</i>.<br>
<b>Mi studas por ke mi lernu</b>, <i>I study that I may learn</i>.<br>
<b>Ili restu por ke ni punu ilin</b>, <i>let them stay for us to punish them</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the expression of purpose by the <i>infinitive</i> with
<b>por</b> (<b>98</b>), which however cannot be used except when the
subject of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb, or when
the object of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE.</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the accusative of direct object (<b>23</b>), direction
of motion (<b>46</b>, <b>121</b>), time (<b>91</b>), and measure
(<b>139</b>).
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>263.</b> The accusative of direction of motion is used after
<i>nouns</i> from roots expressing motion:
</p>

<p>
<b>Lia eniro en la urbon estis subita</b>, <i>his entrance into the city was sudden</i>.<br>
<b>La irado tien estos plezuro</b>, <i>(the) going thither will be a pleasure</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;ia falado teren timigis min</b>, <i>its falling earthward terrified me</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>264. a.</b> An intransitive verb may be followed by a noun in the
accusative case, if the meaning of the noun is related to that of the
verb:
</p>

<p>
<b>Li vivas agrablan vivon</b>, <i>he lives an agreeable life</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i dancis belan dancon</b>, <i>she danced a beautiful dance</i>.<br>
<b>Ili ploris maldol&#265;ajn larmojn</b>, <i>they wept bitter tears</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------228.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>b.</b> Verbs of motion (<b>iri</b>, <b>veni</b>, <b>pasi</b>,
<b>mar&#349;i</b>, <b>veturi</b>, etc.) compounded with prepositions or
adverbs (<b>121</b>) indicating direction, also compounds of such verbs
as <b>esti</b> and <b>stari</b> with prepositions expressing situation,
may be followed by the accusative, instead of by a prepositional phrase
in which the preposition is repeated:
</p>

<p>
<b>La viro preterpasis la domon</b>, <i>the man passed (by) the house</i>.<br>
<b>Lin anta&#365;venis du sklavoj</b>, <i>there preceded (came before) him two slaves</i>.<br>
<b>Ni supreniru la &#349;tuparon</b>, <i>let us go up the stairs</i>.<br>
<b>Mi &#265;eestis la feston</b>, <i>I attended (was present at) the entertainment</i>.<br>
<b>Mi kontra&#365;staras vian opinion</b>, <i>I oppose (withstand) your opinion</i>.
</p>

<p>
<b>c.</b> The slight change in meaning given by <b>pri</b> used as a
prefix may render intransitive verbs transitive. The same is true of
<b>el</b> prefixed to intransitive verbs not expressing motion:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#348;i priploris la mortintan birdon</b>, <i>she mourned the dead bird</i>.<br>
<b>Mi pripensos la aferon</b>, <i>I shall consider (think over) the matter</i>.<br>
<b>Ni &#285;in priparolos</b>, <i>we shall talk it over</i>.<br>
<b>Li klare elparolas la vortojn</b>, <i>he pronounces the words clearly</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
In this use <b>pri</b> resembles the English and German inseparable
prefix <i>be-</i>, as in English <i>bemoan</i>, <i>bewail</i>,
<i>bethink</i>, <i>bespeak</i>, German <i>beklagen</i>,
<i>besprechen</i>, <i>sich</i> , etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>265.</b> The accusative may be used after verbs of such meaning that
either a prepositional phrase or an accusative would seem correct:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi pardonas lin (al li)</b>, <i>I pardon (grant pardon to) him</i>.<br>
<b>Mi helpis lin (al li)</b>, <i>I helped (gave aid to) him</i>.<br>
<b>&#284;i pla&#265;as min (al mi)</b>, <i>it pleases (is pleasing to) me</i>.<br>
<b>Li obeis nin (al ni)</b>, <i>he obeyed (was obedient to) us</i>.<br>
<b>&#348;i ridis mian timon (je mia timo)</b>, <i>she ridiculed (laughed at) my fear</i>.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
When ambiguity would be caused, as by the presence of another
accusative, this construction may not be employed. One may say
<b>pardonu nin</b>, but must say <b>pardonu al ni niajn pekojn</b>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<p>
<b>266.</b> The accusative may be used after certain adverbs which are
normally followed by a prepositional phrase:
</p>

<p>
<b>Rilate tion (rilate al tio)</b>, <i>in regard to that</i>.<br>
<b>Escepte tion (escepte de tio)</b>, <i>with the exception of that</i>.<br>
<b>Koncerne la aferon (koncerne je la afero)</b>, <i>concerning the affair</i>.<br>
<b>Kompare la alian (kompare kun la alia)</b>, <i>in comparison with the other</i>.<br>
<b>Konforme la le&#285;on (konforme al la le&#285;o)</b>, <i>in conformity to the law</i>.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------229.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------230.png---------------------------- -->

<table border="0" width="100%" style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0">
   <tr><td nowrap align="center" colspan="3">SYNOPSIS OF THE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.</td></tr>
   <tr><td width="20%" align="left"><b>267.</b></td><td nowrap width="60%" align="center"><b>vidi</b>, to see.</td><td width="20%">&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>

<!--

     ACTIVE.                           PASSIVE.

                     INDICATIVE.

                     <i>Present.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) mi vidas               mi estas vidata
(<i>Progressive</i>) mi estas vidanta

                       <i>Past.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) mi vidis               mi estis vidata
(<i>Imperfect</i>) mi estis vidanta

                      <i>Future.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) mi vidos               mi estos vidata
(<i>Progressive</i>) mi estos vidanta

                      <i>Perfect.</i>
mi estas vidinta                    mi estas vidita

                    <i>Pluperfect.</i>
mi estis vidinta                    mi estis vidita

                  <i>Future Perfect.</i>
mi estos vidinta                    mi estos vidita

               <i>Periphrastic Futures.</i>

                     <i>(Present).</i>
mi estas vidonta                    mi estas vidota

                      <i>(Past).</i>
mi estis vidonta                    mi estis vidota

                     <i>(Future).</i>
mi estos vidonta                    mi estos vidota


                      CONDITIONAL.

                      <i>Present.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) mi vidus                mi estus vidata
(<i>Progressive</i>) mi estus vidanta

                      <i>Past.</i>
mi estus vidinta                     mi estus vidita

                      <i>Future.</i>
mi estus vidonta                     mi estus vidota

                      IMPERATIVE.

                      <i>Present.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) mi vidu                 mi estu vidata
(<i>Progressive</i>) mi estu vidanta

                      <i>Past.</i>
mi estu vidinta                      mi estu vidita

                      <i>Future.</i>
mi estu vidonta                      mi estu vidota

                      INFINITIVE.

                      <i>Present.</i>
(<i>Aoristic</i>) vidi                    esti vidata
(<i>Progressive</i>) esti vidanta

                      <i>Perfect.</i>
esti vidinta                         esti vidita

                      <i>Future.</i>
esti vidonta                         esti vidota

-->

<center style="margin-top: 0">
   <table border="1" style="margin-top: 0" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td align="center" width="50%">ACTIVE.</td><td align="center" width="50%">PASSIVE.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">INDICATIVE.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Present.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>mi vidas</b><br>
            (<i>Progressive</i>) <b>mi estas vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>mi estas vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Past.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>mi vidis</b><br>
            (<i>Imperfect</i>) <b>mi estis vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>mi estis vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Future.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>mi vidos</b><br>
            (<i>Progressive</i>) <b>mi estos vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>mi estos vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Perfect.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estas vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estas vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Pluperfect.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estis vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estis vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Future Perfect.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estos vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estos vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Periphrastic Futures.</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>(Present).</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estas vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estas vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>(Past).</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estis vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estis vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>(Future).</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estos vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estos vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">CONDITIONAL.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Present.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>mi vidus</b><br>
            (<i>Progressive</i>) <b>mi estus vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>mi estus vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Past.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estus vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estus vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Future.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estus vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estus vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">IMPERATIVE.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Present.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>mi vidu</b><br>
            (<i>Progressive</i>) <b>mi estu vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>mi estu vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Past.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estu vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estu vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Future.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>mi estu vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>mi estu vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">INFINITIVE.</td></tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Present.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            (<i>Aoristic</i>) <b>vidi</b><br>
            (<i>Progressive</i>) <b>esti vidanta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center" valign="top">
            <b>esti vidata</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Perfect.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>esti vidinta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>esti vidita</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Future.</i></td></tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap>
            <b>esti vidonta</b>
         </td>
         <td nowrap align="center">
            <b>esti vidota</b>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------231.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-UM-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>268.</b> The indefinite suffix <b>-um-</b> serves the same general
purpose in word formation which <b>je</b> serves as an indefinite
preposition (260):
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>aerumi</b>, <i>to air</i>.<br>
            <b>bu&#349;umo</b>, <i>muzzle</i>.<br>
            <b>gustumi</b>, <i>to taste</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>kolumo</b>, <i>collar</i>.<br>
            <b>plenumi</b>, <i>to fulfil</i>.<br>
            <b>proksimume</b>, <i>approximately</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>eben-a</b>, <i>level, even</i>.<br>
            <b>escept-o</b>, <i>exception</i>.<br>
            <b>esper-i</b>, <i>to hope</i>.<br>
            <b>fremd-a</b>, <i>foreign</i>.<br>
            <b>histori-o</b>, <i>history</i>.<br>
            <b>kompar-i</b>, <i>to compare</i>.<br>
            <b>koncern-i</b>, <i>to concern</i>.<br>
            <b>konform-i</b>, <i>to conform</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>nepr-e</b>, <i>inevitably, certainly</i>.<br>
            <b>obe-i</b>, <i>to obey</i>.<br>
            <b>obstin-a</b>, <i>obstinate</i>.<br>
            <b>promes-i</b>, <i>to promise</i>.<br>
            <b>rilat-o</b>, <i>relation</i>.<br>
            <b>sat-a</b>, <i>satiated</i>.<br>
            <b>sav-i</b>, <i>to save</i>.<br>
            <b>verk-i</b>, <i>to compose</i> (books or music).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------232.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>LA REIRADO DE LA DEKMILO.</b></center>

<p>
La grekaj militistoj sentis grandan teruron kiam Ciruso ne plu vivis.
La celo de la longa mar&#349;ado ne povis esti plenumata, pro la morto
de la obstina trokura&#285;a militestro mem. Kvankam la grekoj estis
venkintoj, ili estis tute solaj en fremda lando, &#265;irka&#365;itaj
de barbaroj kiuj, per trompemaj proponoj kaj falsaj promesoj pri amikaj
interrilatoj, tuj okazigis la morton de la grekaj estroj. Senigite je
siaj estroj, la kompatindaj viroj tute malesperis. Sed kelkaj subestroj,
rapide kunveniginte la soldatojn, diris, "Ni mem kondukos vin per
kiel eble plej rekta vojo hejmen! Ni faros nian eblon (<i>utmost</i>)
por ke ni &#265;iuj estu savitaj!" &#264;ar restis nenio alia por
fari, la malfacila malgaja reirado de la grekoj komenci&#285;is sen
prokrasto. Ili transiris varmegajn ebena&#309;ojn (<i>plains</i>),
supreniris kaj malsupreniris krutajn ne&#285;kovritajn montojn, meze de
la vintro, kaj sen pontoj transiris lar&#285;ajn riverojn. &#264;ie la
malfidindaj barbaroj atakis ilin, kvaza&#365; por ke neniu greko restu
viva. Krom tio, la grekoj mortis dekope kaj dudekope &#265;iutage,
pro varmegeco, malvarmegeco, laceco kaj malsateco (<i>hunger</i>).
Fine, post nekredeblaj suferoj, la resta&#309;o de la dekmil soldatoj
alvenis sur monton, kaj ekvidis la maron. La&#365;ta ekkriego "La maro!
La maro!" eksonis inter la lacaj viroj, el kiuj multaj ploris larmojn
de &#285;ojo. De infaneco ili alkutimis al la voja&#285;ado per akvo,
kaj post iom da ripozo ili sin provizis je &#349;ipoj, por transiri
la maron al la patrujo je kiu ili estis tiel longe sopirintaj. Treege
interesa historio koncerne la tutan aferon estas verkita de fama greka
verkisto (<i>writer</i>), kiu estis akompaninta Ciruson por ke li povu
&#285;ui kaj studi &#265;ion interesan sur la vojo. Tiu azia militado
de Ciruso nepre estas unu el la plej rimarkindaj okazinta&#309;oj iam
priskribitaj, e&#265; sen escepto de la posta irado tien de Aleksandro
Granda.
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------233.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. After the death of Cyrus, the leaders of the Greek warriors did not
know what to do. 2. In the course of the following day, one of the
leaders of the enemy sent a messenger (205) with deceitful promises
about help. 2. He said "Assemble in our leader's tent, in order that
you may all discuss the matter." 3. The Greek leaders went, although
they suspected danger, because they did not know how else to save
their men. 4. But they never returned, and soon the Greeks understood
that the barbarians had killed them. 5. They wept tears of despair,
and said "The barbarians will inevitably destroy us, for we are in
a foreign land, where we know neither the languages nor the roads,
and the peoples are without exception hostile to us." 6. But the
leaders-of-lesser-rank said "Obey us and follow us, and we shall do our
best to save you!" 7. Their return, across hot plains and snow-covered
mountains, made-more-difficult by hunger and by the unceasing attacks
of the barbarians, is related in the history written by a famous Greek
historian. 8. One can still read this interesting narrative, in Greek or
in a translation.
</p>

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LVIII.</b></center>

<center>PERMISSION AND POSSIBILITY.</center>

<p>
<b>269.</b> Permission is usually expressed by the use of
<b>permesi</b>, <b>lasi</b>, or the imperative mood:
</p>

<p>
<b>&#264;u vi permesas ke mi restu?</b> <i>May I</i> (<i>do you permit me to</i>) <i>stay?</i><br>
<b>Jes, mi permesas (jes, restu)</b>, <i>yes, you may</i> (<i>yes, stay</i>).<br>
<b>Ne estas permesate eniri tien</b>, <i>it is not allowed to enter there.</i><br>
<b>Lasu lin veni</b>, <i>let him come.</i>
</p>

<p>
<b>270.</b> The idea of possibility or probability is given by
the use of some such adverb as <b>eble</b>, <b>kredeble</b>,
<b>ver&#349;ajne</b>, etc.:
</p>

<p>
<b>Eble li obeos al vi</b>, <i>he may</i> (<i>perhaps he will</i>) <i>obey you.</i><br>
<b>Kredeble li sukcesos</b>, <i>probably he will succeed.</i><br>
<b>Ver&#349;ajne vi estas prava</b>, <i>you are probably right.</i><br>
<b>Eble oni lin savus</b>, <i>they might</i> (<i>possibly they would</i>) <i>save him.</i><br>
<b>Ili nepre ne batis lin</b>, <i>they could not have</i> (<i>surely did not</i>) <i>beat him.</i><br>
<b>Tio estas neebla!</b> <i>That can not be</i> (<i>that is impossible</i>)!
</p>

<center>THE PREFIX <b>GE-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>271.</b> Words formed with the prefix <b>ge-</b> indicate the two
sexes together:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>gepatroj</b>, <i>parents.</i><br>
            <b>geavoj</b>, <i>grandparents.</i><br>
            <b>genepoj</b>, <i>grandchildren.</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>gefiloj</b>, <i>son(s) and daughter(s)</i>.<br>
            <b>gefratoj</b>, <i>brother(s) and sister(s).</i><br>
            <b>geedzoj</b>, <i>husband(s) and wife (wives).</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
         <td nowrap colspan="2">
            <b>gesinjoroj</b>, <i>Mr. and Mrs., lady (ladies) and gentleman (gentlemen).</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------234.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-A&#264;-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>272.</b> The suffix <b>-a&#265;-</b> has a disparaging significance:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>doma&#265;o</b>, <i>a hovel</i>.<br>
            <b>hunda&#265;o</b>, <i>a cur</i>.<br>
            <b>obstina&#265;a</b>, <i>obstinate</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>pentra&#265;i</b>, <i>to daub</i>.<br>
            <b>popola&#265;o</b>, <i>rabble, mob</i>.<br>
            <b>rida&#265;i</b>, <i>to guffaw</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>INTERJECTIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>273.</b> Interjections are words used to express feeling or call
attention. Among the more common interjections are:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Adia&#365;!</b> <i>Farewell!</i> (171).<br>
            <b>Fi!</b> <i>Fie!</i><br>
            <b>Ho!</b> <i>Oh! Ho!</i>
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Hura!</b> <i>Hurrah!</i><br>
            <b>Nu!</b> <i>Well!</i><br>
            <b>Ve!</b> <i>Woe!</i> (Ho ve! <i>Alas!</i>).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
Verbs in the imperative, and adverbs, are frequently used as
interjections, as <b>Atentu!</b> <i>Look out!</i> <b>A&#365;skultu!</b>
<i>Hark!</i> <b>Bonvenu!</b> <i>Welcome!</i> <b>Anta&#365;en!</b>
<i>Forward!</i> <b>Bone!</b> <i>Good!</i> <b>For!</b> <i>Away!</i>
<b>Ja!</b> <i>Indeed!</i> <b>Jen!</b> <i>There! Behold!</i>
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The interjection <b>fi</b> is sometimes used as a disparaging prefix,
like <b>-a&#265;-</b> (272), as <b>fibirdo</b>, <i>ugly bird</i>,
<b>fi&#265;evalo</b>, <i>a sorry nag</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Aleksandri-o</b>, <i>Alexandria</i>.<br>
            <b>Amerik-o</b>, <i>America</i>.<br>
            <b>Aristotel-o</b>, <i>Aristotle</i>.<br>
            <b>A&#365;strali-o</b>, <i>Australia</i>.<br>
            <b>bibliotek-o</b>, <i>library</i>.<br>
            <b>eduk-i</b>, <i>to bring up, educate</i>.<br>
            <b>Egipt-o</b>, <i>Egypt</i>.<br>
            <b>estim-i</b>, <i>to esteem</i>.<br>
            <b>firm-a</b>, <i>firm</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>fond-i</b>, <i>to found, establish</i>.<br>
            <b>hispan-o</b>, <i>Spaniard</i>.<br>
            <b>kapabl-a</b>, <i>capable</i>.<br>
            <b>komun-a</b>, <i>common, mutual</i>.<br>
            <b>kontinent-o</b>, <i>continent</i>.<br>
            <b>Krist-o</b>, <i>Christ</i>.<br>
            <b>milion-o</b>, <i>million</i>.<br>
            <b>spite</b>, <i>in spite of</i>.<br>
            <b>vast-a</b>, <i>vast, extensive</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------235.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------236.png---------------------------- -->

<center><b>ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.</b></center>

<p>
Permesu ke mi diru kelkajn vortojn pri la vivo de Aleksandro Granda, kiu
ne estis matura viro sed havis nur dudek jarojn kiam li fari&#285;is
re&#285;o. Liaj gepatroj estis tre zorge edukintaj lin, kaj la filozofo
Aristotelo, kiun li tre alte estimis, estis unu el liaj instruistoj.
Aleksandro firme tenadis sian propran re&#285;olandon, kaj anka&#365;
Grekujon, kiun lia patro estis venkinta; krom tio, li faris militadojn
kontra&#365; diversaj fremdaj landoj, unue en Azio, tiam en Afriko,
kie li fondis urbon, kaj &#285;in nomis Aleksandrio. Aleksandrio nepre
estis belega ri&#265;a urbo. Tie <b>trovi&#285;is</b> poste la fama
Aleksandria biblioteko. Se &#285;i ne estus detruita de fajro, en la
da&#365;ro de iuj militadoj, ni sendube konus multe pli bone la sciadon
de la antikvaj grekoj, kiuj ver&#349;ajne estis la plej klera popolo iam
vivinta en E&#365;ropo. Venkinte Egipton, Aleksandro reiris en Azion,
&#285;is tre orienta kaj suda partoj, venkante &#265;iujn &#265;ie,
kvaza&#365; ili estus la plej malkura&#285;aj popola&#265;oj en la
mondo. Sed spite &#265;ies petoj li estis obstina&#265;e nezorgema
pri sia sano, kaj subite, ho ve, li mortis pro febro, tricent dektri
jarojn anta&#365; Kristo. Se li ne estus tiel frue mortinta, kiel
multe li estus eble elfarinta! Li esperis venki Hispanujon, Italujon,
kaj, mallongavorte, tiom de la okcidenta mondo kiom li jam posedis de
la orienta. Tiam li celis kunigi &#265;ion en unu vastan imperion,
kvaza&#365; por fari el la mondo unu grandan familion. Li intencis
ke la milionoj da enlo&#285;antoj akceptu komunajn le&#285;ojn kaj
kutimojn, e&#265; komunan lingvon, &mdash; kredeble la grekan. Eble
li ja havis la kapablecon por fari &#265;ion &#265;i. Estas pro tio
ke oni ofte a&#365;das la diron "Aleksandro sopiris je aliaj mondoj
por venki." Tamen, kiel malgranda estis tiu mondo kiun li konis! La
tiamuloj konis nur malgrandan parton de Afriko, de Azio, e&#265; de
E&#365;ropo. Ili sciis nenion pri Anglujo, a&#365; pri la vastaj
kontinentoj A&#365;stralio, norda kaj suda Amerikoj.
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<!-- I treated this footnote a little bit differently. I didn't want
to break the flow of the text, but the footnote did refer specifically
to a particular word in the text. So I bolded it in the text, and since
it is the only bolded word in the text, I'm hoping the link will be
obvious! -->
<p class="footnote">
The use of <b>trovi&#285;i</b>, and also of <b>sin trovi</b>,
<b>ku&#349;i</b>, <b>stari</b> and <b>sidi</b>, in a sense not greatly
differing from that of <b>esti</b>, avoids the monotonous repetition
of forms of <b>esti</b>, just as English uses <i>lie</i>, <i>sit</i>,
<i>perch</i>, etc., in narration for similar reasons:
</p>
<p class="footnote">
<b>Multaj vila&#285;oj trovi&#285;as tie</b>, <i>many villages are (situated) there</i>.<br>
<b>Egipto trovi&#285;as en la nordorienta parto de Afriko</b>, <i>Egypt is (found) in the northeastern part of Africa</i>.<br>
<b>Li sin trovis sola en la dezerto</b>, <i>he found himself (he was) alone in the desert</i>.<br>
<b>La urbo ku&#349;is inter du lagoj</b>, <i>the city lay between two lakes</i>.<br>
<b>Sur la montflanko sidis vila&#285;eto</b>, <i>on the mountainside perched a tiny village</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center><b>SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.</b></center>

<p>
1. Alexander the Great wished to unite the whole world into one vast
empire. 2. He intended that all the different peoples should conform to
common laws and that their sons-and-daughters should speak one common
language, and in spite of their love for their national languages,
should leave-off speaking them. 3. Possibly he might have accomplished
his object to some extent (217), if he had not died suddenly when he
was only thirty-two years old. 4. His soldiers marched weeping past his
tent, to bid farewell to their dying leader. 5. They must have esteemed
him very highly! 6. It was Alexander who founded the city of Alexandria,
in Egypt, where approximately three hundred years before Christ the
famous Alexandrian library was located. 7. It contained an enormous
collection-of-books &mdash; almost seven hundred thousand. 8. Alas, this
extensive library was destroyed by fire! 9. Alexander, who "sighed for
other worlds to conquer," did not even know of the existence of North
and South America, Australia, or even of England and Northern Europe.
10. Beside his Asiatic empire, he knew very little of Asia, even of
China, with its millions of inhabitants. 11. How small the world was in
those days!
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------237.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LIX.</b></center>

<center>THE POSITION OF UNEMPHATIC PRONOUNS.</center>

<p>
<b>274.</b> An unemphatic personal, indefinite or demonstrative pronoun
very frequently precedes the verb of which it is the object. This is
especially true if the verb in question is an infinitive:
</p>

<p>
<b>Mi volas lin vidi</b>, <i>I wish to see him.</i><br>
<b>Li povos tion fari</b>, <i>he will be able to do that.</i><br>
<b>Vi devus ion man&#285;i</b>, <i>you ought to eat something.</i><br>
<b>&#264;u vi &#285;in kredis?</b> <i>Did you believe it?</i><br>
<b>Se li min vidus</b>, li min savus, <i>if he should see me, he would save me.</i>
</p>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf</i>. in other languages, as in German <i>ich m&ouml;chte ihn
sehen</i>, French <i>je veux le voir</i>, Latin <i>se alunt, me
defendi</i>, etc. That such pronouns <i>are</i> unemphatic can be seen
from English <i>let her come</i> (= <i>let'er come</i>), <i>make him
stop</i> (= <i>make'im stop</i>), etc., in which the unemphatic forms
<i>er, im</i>, replace <i>him, her</i>, in pronunciation (<i>cf</i>.
the Greek enclitic pronouns
<!-- [Greek: <i>mou, moi, me, son, soi, se, ou, oi, e,</i>,] --> <i>&#956;&#959;&#971;, &#956;&#959;&#943;, &#956;&#941;, &#963;&#959;&#957;, &#963;&#959;&#953;, &#963;&#941;, &#959;&#971;, &#959;&#953;, &#941;</i>,
the Sanskrit enclitic forms
<!-- [Sanskrit: <i>ma, me, tva, te, nas, vas, enam, enat, enam,</i> also <i>sim</i>, ] --> <i>m&#257;, me, tv&#257;, te, nas, vas, enam, enat, en&#257;m,</i> also <i>s&#299;m</i>,
and the Avestan
<!-- [Avestan: <i>i, im</i>). ] --> <i>&#299;, &#299;m</i>).
The same
phenomenon is indicated in <i>prithee</i> (= <i>pray thee</i>), and in
the spellings <i>gimme</i> (= <i>give me</i>), <i>lemme</i> (= <i>let
me</i>), in dialect stories.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>SOME INTRANSITIVE VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>275.</b> Some intransitive verbs have English meanings which do not
differ in form from the <i>transitive</i> English verbs to which they
are related. In Esperanto the suffix <b>-ig-</b> (214) must be used
when the transitive meaning is desired. Some examples are given in the
following table:
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------238.png---------------------------- -->

<center>
   <table border="1" cellpadding="8">
      <tr><td nowrap align="center">Verb.</td><td nowrap align="center">Intransitive Use.</td><td nowrap align="center">Transitive Use.</td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Boli . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La akvo bolas</b><br><i>The water boils</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li boligas la akvon</b><br><i>He boils the water</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Bruli . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La fajro brulas</b><br><i>The fire burns</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li bruligis la paperon</b><br><i>He burned the paper</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>&#264;esi . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La bruo &#265;esas</b><br><i>The noise stops</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li &#265;esigas la bruon</b><br><i>He stops the noise</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Da&#365;ri . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La bruo da&#365;ras</b><br><i>The noise continues</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li da&#365;rigas la bruon</b><br><i>He continues the noise</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Degeli . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La glacio degelas</b><br><i>The ice thaws</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li &#285;in degeligas per fajro</b><br><i>He thaws it with fire</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Droni . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La knabino dronis</b><br><i>The girl drowned</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La viro &#349;in dronigis</b><br><i>The man drowned her</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Eksplodi . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Pulvo eksplodas</b><br><i>Gunpowder explodes</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li &#285;in eksplodigos</b><br><i>He will explode it</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Halti . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li haltis timigite</b><br><i>He halted in alarm</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li haltigis la soldatojn</b><br><i>He halted the soldiers</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Lumi . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La suno lumas</b><br><i>The sun shines</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li lumigis la lampon</b><br><i>He lighted the lamp</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Pasi . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La tempo pasas</b><br><i>Time passes</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Tiel li pasigis la tagon</b><br><i>Thus he passed the day</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Pendi . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>&#284;i pendas de bran&#265;o</b><br><i>It hangs on a branch</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Li &#285;in pendigis de bran&#265;o</b><br><i>He hung it on a branch</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Soni . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La saluta pafo sonis</b><br><i>The salute sounded</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Oni sonigis la salutan pafon</b><br><i>They sounded the salute</i></td></tr>
      <tr><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Sonori . . .</b></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>La sonorilo sonoris</b><br><i>The bell rang</i></td><td nowrap valign="top"><b>Oni sonorigis la sonorilon</b><br><i>They rang the bell</i></td></tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
A transitive use of such intransitive verbs would be like using the
English intransitive verb "learn" for the transitive verb "teach," as in
the "I'll learn you" (for "I'll teach you") of illiterate speech.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<center>THE SUFFIX <b>-ER-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>276.</b> The suffix <b>-er-</b> is used to form words expressing
units or component parts of that which is indicated in the root:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>fajrero</b>, <i>spark</i> (of fire).<br>
            <b>monero</b>, <i>coin</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>ne&#285;ero</b>, <i>snowflake</i>.<br>
            <b>sablero</b>, <i>grain of sand</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE PREFIXES <b>BO-</b> AND <b>DUON-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>277.</b> The prefix <b>bo-</b> indicates relationship by marriage.
To indicate half-blood relationship, or step-relationship, <b>duon-</b>
(166) is used:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>bopatro</b>, <i>father-in-law</i>.<br>
            <b>bofratino</b>, <i>sister-in-law</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>duonpatro</b>, <i>stepfather</i>.<br>
            <b>duonfrato</b>, <i>half-brother</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------239.png---------------------------- -->

CORRESPONDENCE.

<p>
<b>278.</b> a. Letters should be dated as indicated in the following:
</p>

<p>
<b>Bostono, je la 24a de decembro, 1912a.</b><br>
<b>Nov-Jorko, la 24an decembro, 1912a.</b><br>
<b>Sirakuzo, 24/XII/1912.</b>
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> The usual methods of address are (to strangers and in business
letters): <b>Sinjoro, Sinjorino, Estimata Sinjoro, Karaj Sinjoroj, Tre
estimata Fra&#365;lino,</b> etc.; (to friends and relatives) <b>Kara
Fra&#365;lino, Karaj Gefratoj, Kara Amiko, Kara Mario, Patrino mia,</b>
(placing the possessive adjective after the noun in this way gives
an affectionate sense, as in English "Mother mine," etc) etc.; (to
persons whose opinions on some subject are known to agree with those of
the writer) <b>Estimata (Kara) Samideano</b> (<i>follower of the same
idea</i>).
</p>

<p>
<b>c.</b> Among the more usual forms of conclusion are (to strangers and
in business letters): <b>Tre fidele la via, Tre vere, Kun granda estimo,
Kun plej alta estimo,</b> etc., (to friends): <b>Kun amika saluto, Kun
&#265;iuj bondeziroj, Kun samideanaj salutoj, Frate la via,</b> etc.
</p>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>adres-o</b>, <i>address.</i><br>
            <b>apart-a</b>, <i>separate.</i><br>
            <b>bedaur-i</b>, <i>to regret.</i><br>
            <b>&#265;ef-a</b>, <i>chief.</i><br>
            <b>do</b>, <i>so, then.</i><br>
            <b>fontan-o</b>, <i>fountain.</i><br>
            <b>hotel-o</b>, <i>hotel.</i><br>
            <b>ink-o</b>, <i>ink.</i><br>
            <b>konven-a</b>, <i>suitable.</i><br>
            <b>kovert-o</b>, <i>envelope</i> (for letters).
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>krajon-o</b>, <i>pencil.</i><br>
            <b>mend-i</b>, <i>to order</i> (of stores, etc).<br>
            <b>Nov-Jorko</b>, <i>New York.</i><br>
            <b>numer-o</b>, <i>number</i> (numeral).<br>
            <b>ofic-o</b>, <i>office, employment.</i><br>
            <b>po&#349;t-o</b>, <i>post</i> (letters, etc.).<br>
            <b>respekt-o</b>, <i>respect.</i><br>
            <b>special-a</b>, <i>special.</i><br>
            <b>stat-o</b>, <i>state</i> (political body)<br>
            <b>tram-o</b>, <i>tram.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<b>&#264;ef-</b> is often used in descriptive compounds
(167, b), as <b>&#265;efkuiristo</b>, <i>chief (head) cook,
chef</i>, <b>&#265;efurbo</b>, <i>chief city, capital</i>,
<b>&#265;efan&#285;elo</b>, <i>archangel</i>.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------240.png---------------------------- -->

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between adjacent blocks, wants to add it all up instead of figuring
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<hr align="center" width="38%" style="margin-bottom: 0">

<center style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em">KELKAJ LETEROJ.</center>

<hr align="center" width="38%" style="margin-top: 0">

<p class="rightjustified2">Sirakuzo, la 2an de marto, 1911.</p>

<p>
Kara Amiko,
</p>

<p class="indented">
Sendube vin surprizos ricevi leteron skribitan de mi &#265;e hotelo
en &#265;i tiu urbo, ne tre malproksime de via propra oficejo! Via
bofrato, kiun mi okaze renkontis hiera&#365; en la po&#349;toficejo,
donis al mi vian adreson. &#284;is nun, mi estas tiel okupata ke mi ne
havis la tempon e&#265; por telefoni al vi. Sed nun mi havas du a&#365;
tri minutojn da libera tempo, kaj mi tuj ekkaptas la okazon por skribi
letereton, petante ke vi vesperman&#285;u kun mi hodia&#365; vespere,
&#265;e la hotelo kie, kiel vi vidas, mi lo&#285;as de anta&#365; unu
tago. (Pardonu, mi petas, <b>ke</b> mi finas &#265;i tiun leteron
per krajono, sed mi &#309;us eltrovis ke restas neniom plu da inko
en mia fontanplumo.) Venu je la sesa, se tiu horo estas konvena.
Beda&#365;rinde (<i>unfortunately</i>), mi devos forresti de la hotelo
la tutan posttagmezon, pri komercaj aferoj, alie mi vin renkontus
&#265;e la tramvojo, kie haltas la tramveturiloj (<i>streetcars</i>).
Estos plej bone, mi opinias, ke vi iru rekte al mia &#265;ambro, numero
26, kie mi senprokraste vin renkontos, se mi ne estos efektive jam
vin atendanta. Ni esperu ke la &#265;efkuiristo preparos al ni bonan
man&#285;on! Mi esperas ke vi malatentos la falantajn ne&#285;erojn,
kaj nepre venos, responde al mia iomete subita invito, &#265;ar ni ja
havos multe da komunaj traviva&#309;oj por priparoli. Do &#285;is la
balda&#365;a revido je la vesperman&#285;o!
</p>

<p class="rightjustified2">Kun plej amikaj salutoj,</p>

<p class="rightjustified1">Roberto.</p>


<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The word <b>tial</b> may be omitted from the combination <b>tial ke</b>
(83), if the meaning is obvious.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------241.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<p class="rightjustified2">Boston, 13/VII/1911.</p>

<div>Wilson kaj Jones,</div> <!-- This div seems silly, but it makes Opera happy. -->
<div class="leftjustified1">Nov-Jorko.</div>
Estimataj Sinjoroj:&mdash;
<div class="indented">
Bonvolu sendi al mi per revenanta po&#349;to vian plej novan prezaron
(<i>price-list</i>). Ni balda&#365; bezonos iujn novajn meblojn por niaj
oficejoj, precipe skribtablojn, tablojn konvenajn por skribma&#349;inoj
(<i>typewriters</i>), kaj specialajn librujojn, farotajn la&#365; niaj
bezonoj. Se viaj prezoj estas konvenaj, ni sendube volos mendi de vi
tian meblaron.
</div>
<div style="text-align: center">Kun respekto,</div>
<div class="rightjustified3">J. F. Smith,</div>
<div class="rightjustified2">&#265;e Brown kaj Brown.</div>

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<p class="rightjustified2">Nov-Jorko, 17/VII/1911.</p>

<div>Sinjoro J. F. Smith,</div> <!-- This div seems silly, but it makes Opera happy. -->
<div class="leftjustified1">&#265;e Brown kaj Brown,</div>
<div class="leftjustified2">Nov-Jorko.</div>
Estimata Sinjoro:&mdash;
<div class="indented">
Ni havas la honoron sendi al vi en aparta koverto nian plej novan
prezaron, al kiu ni petas ke vi donu vian atenton, precipe al pa&#285;oj
15-29. Tie vi trovos priskribitaj niajn plej bonajn oficejajn meblarojn.
Ni senpage metos &#265;iujn a&#265;etitajn meblojn sur la vagonaron, sed
kompreneble ni ne pagos la koston de la sendado.
</div>
<div class="indented">
Ni plezure fabrikos specialajn librujojn la&#365; viaj bezonoj, kaj
volonte ricevos viajn ordonojn pri tio. Niaj prezoj estos kiel eble plej
malaltaj.
</div>
<div class="indented">
Esperante ke la meblaroj priskribitaj en nia prezaro, kune kun la
tie-presitaj prezoj, estos plene kontentigaj, kaj certigante al vi ke ni
zorge plenumos &#265;iun mendon, ni restas,
</div>
<div style="text-align: center">Tre respekte la viaj,</div>
<div class="rightjustified4">Wilson kaj Jones.</div>

<!-- -----------------------------242.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<p class="rightjustified2">Bostono, la 27an Majo.</p>

<div>Sinjoro B. F. Brown,</div> <!-- This div seems silly, but it makes Opera happy. -->
<div class="leftjustified2">Sirakuzo, Nov-Jorka &#348;tato.</div>
Kara Sinjoro:&mdash;
<div class="indented">
Vian adreson ni dankas al niaj komunaj amikoj Sinjoroj Miller kaj White,
kaj per &#265;i tio ni permesas al ni proponi al vi niajn servojn por
la vendado de tiaj infanludiloj, kiajn vi fabrikas. Ni havas bonegajn
montrajn fenestrojn (<i>show-windows</i>), en nia butiko, preska&#365;
meze de la &#265;efstrato en la urbo, kaj en nia butiko trovi&#285;as
sufi&#265;e da grandaj vitramebloj (<i>show-cases</i>). Tial ni povus
tre oportune administri tian aferon. Ni multe &#285;ojos se vi respondos
kiel eble plej balda&#365;, sciigante al ni kiom da procento vi donos,
kaj kiajn aran&#285;ojn vi volus fari. Ni certigas al vi ke en &#265;iu
okazo ni penos fari nian eblon por via plej bona intereso.
</div>
<div style="text-align: center">Kun alta estimo,</div>
<div class="rightjustified4">D. Rose.</div>

<!-- -----------------------------243.png---------------------------- -->

<center class="lesson"><b>LESSON LX.</b></center>

<center>SOME TRANSITIVE VERBS.</center>

<p>
<b>279.</b> Some transitive verbs have English meanings which do not
differ in form from the <i>intransitive</i> English verbs to which they
are related (conversely to the use explained in 275). In Esperanto the
suffix <b>-i&#285;-</b> (232), or a different root, must be used when
an intransitive meaning is desired. Following are the more common verbs
of this character, together with examples of the intransitive use of
several of them:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>balanci</b>, <i>to balance</i>.<br>
            <b>etendi</b>, <i>to extend, to expand</i>.<br>
            <b>fermi</b>, <i>to close, to shut</i>.<br>
            <b>fini</b>, <i>to end, to finish</i>.<br>
            <b>fleksi</b>, <i>to bend, to flex</i>.<br>
            <b>hejti</b>, <i>to heat</i>.<br>
            <b>klini</b>, <i>to incline, to bend</i>.<br>
            <b>kolekti</b>, <i>to gather</i>, <i>to collect</i>.<br>
            <b>komenci</b>, <i>to begin</i>, <i>to commence</i>.<br>
            <b>mezuri</b>, <i>to measure</i>.<br>
            <b>montri</b>, <i>to show</i>.<br>
            <b>movi</b>, <i>to move</i>.<br>
            <b>pa&#349;ti</b>, <i>to pasture, to feed</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>renversi</b>, <i>to upset</i>, <i>to overturn</i>.<br>
            <b>rompi</b>, <i>to break</i>.<br>
            <b>ruli</b>, <i>to roll, (a wheel,</i> <i>ball, etc.)</i>.<br>
            <b>skui</b>, <i>to shake</i>.<br>
            <b>stre&#265;i</b>, <i>to stretch</i>.<br>
            <b>svingi</b>, <i>to swing</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;anceli</b>, <i>to cause to</i> <i>vacillate</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;an&#285;i</b>, <i>to change</i>.<br>
            <b>&#349;iri</b>, <i>to tear</i>.<br>
            <b>turni</b>, <i>to turn</i>.<br>
            <b>veki</b>, <i>to wake</i>.<br>
            <b>ver&#349;i</b>, <i>to pour</i>.<br>
            <b>volvi</b>, <i>to roll</i> (around something).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<p>
<b>La laboro nun fini&#285;as</b>, <i>the work is now coming to an end</i>.<br>
<b>La glavo fleksi&#285;is</b>, <i>the sword bent</i>.<br>
<b>La folioj disvolvi&#285;as</b>, <i>the leaves unroll (develop)</i>.<br>
<b>&#264;iu kutimo &#349;an&#285;i&#285;os</b>, <i>every custom will change</i>.<br>
<b>La vintro jam komenci&#285;as</b>, <i>the winter is already beginning</i>.<br>
<b>Mi veki&#285;os je la sesa</b>, <i>I shall awake at six (o'clock)</i>.<br>
<b>La montrilo &#349;anceli&#285;is</b>, <i>the indicator trembled (vacillated)</i>.<br>
<b>Vasta ebena&#309;o etendi&#285;is anta&#365; li</b>, <i>a vast plain extended before him</i>.
</p>

<center>ELISION.</center>

<p>
<b>280.</b> Elision is not common, and its use in writing as well as in
speaking is best avoided. It occurs most frequently in poetry.
</p>

<p>
<b>a.</b> The <b>-a</b> of the article may be elided before a word
beginning with a vowel, or after a preposition ending in a vowel:
</p>

<p>
<b>"L' espero, l' obstino kaj la pacienco."</b><br>
<b>"De l' montoj riveretoj fluas."</b><br>
<b>"Kaj kantas tra l' pura aero."</b>
</p>

<p>
<b>b.</b> The final <b>-o</b> of a noun may be elided in poetry. The
original accent of the noun remains unchanged:
</p>

<p>
<b>"Ho, mia kor', ne batu maltrankvile."</b><br>
<b>"Sur la kampo la rozet'."</b>
</p>

<!-- -----------------------------244.png---------------------------- -->

<p>
<b>c.</b> The final <b>-e</b> of an adverb is very rarely elided (except
in the expression <b>dank' al</b>, which occurs in prose as well as in
poetry):
</p>

<p>
<b>"Ke povu mi foj' je eterno ekdormi!"</b><br>
<b>Dank' al vi, mi sukcesis</b>, <i>thanks to you, I succeeded</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PREFIX <b>EKS-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>281.</b> The prefix <b>eks-</b> is used to form words expressing a
previous incumbent of a position, or removal from such position:
</p>

<p>
<b>eksprezidanto</b>, <i>ex-president</i>.<br>
<b>eksre&#285;o</b>, <i>ex-king</i>.<br>
<b>eksigi</b>, <i>to put out of office, to discharge</i>.<br>
<b>eksi&#285;i</b>, <i>to withdraw from one's office, to resign</i>.
</p>

<center>THE PREFIX <b>PRA-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>282.</b> The prefix <b>pra-</b> is used to form words expressing
precedence in the line of descent, or general remoteness in past time:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>praavo</b>, <i>great grandfather</i>.<br>
            <b>pranepo</b>, <i>great grandson</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>prapatroj</b>, <i>forefathers, ancestors</i>.<br>
            <b>pratempa</b>, <i>primeval</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>THE SUFFIXES <b>-&#264;J-</b> AND <b>-NJ-</b>.</center>

<p>
<b>283.</b> The suffix <b>-&#265;j-</b> is used to form affectionate
diminutives, from the first syllable or syllables of masculine names
or terms of address. The suffix <b>-nj-</b> forms similar feminine
diminutives:
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Jo&#265;jo</b>, <i>Johnnie, Joe</i>.<br>
            <b>Pa&#265;jo</b>, <i>Papa</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Manjo</b>, <i>May, Mamie</i>.<br>
            <b>Panjo</b>, <i>Mamma</i>.
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------245.png---------------------------- -->

<center>WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.</center>

<b>284.</b> National systems of weights and measures translated into
international form (as <b>mejlo</b>, <i>mile</i>, <b>funto</b>,
<i>pound</i>) cannot convey a very definite meaning to one not familiar
with the particular system used. Consequently the metric system
(already used by scientists everywhere and by the general public in
many countries) is adopted for the international system of weights and
measures:

<center>Length and Surface.</center>

<center> <!-- leftjustified in book -->
   <table>
      <tr>
         <td>
            <b>milimetro</b>, <i>millimeter</i> (.0394 inch).<br>
            <b>centimetro</b>, <i>centimeter</i> (.3937 inch).<br>
            <b>decimetro</b>, <i>decimeter</i> (3.937 inches).<br>
            <b>metro</b>, <i>meter</i> (39.37 inches).<br>
            <b>dekametro</b>, <i>dekameter</i> (393.7 inches).<br>
            <b>hektometro</b>, <i>hektometer</i> (328 feet 1 inch).<br>
            <b>kilometro</b>, <i>kilometer</i> (3280 feet 10 inches; .62137 mile).<br>
            <b>kvadrata metro</b>, <i>square meter</i> (1550 square inches).<br>
            <b>hektaro</b>, <i>hektare</i> (2.471 acres).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>Weight.</center>

<center> <!-- leftjustified in book -->
   <table>
      <tr>
         <td>
            <b>gramo</b>, <i>gram</i> (15.432 grains avoirdupois).<br>
            <b>dekagramo</b>, <i>dekagram</i> (.3527 ounce avoirdupois).<br>
            <b>hektogramo</b>, <i>hektogram</i> (3.5274 ounce avoirdupois).<br>
            <b>kilogramo</b>, <i>kilogram</i> (2.2046 pounds avoirdupois).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>Capacity.</center>

<center> <!-- leftjustified in book -->
   <table>
      <tr>
         <td>
            <b>decilitro</b>, <i>deciliter</i> (6.1022 cubic inches; .845 gill).<br>
            <b>litro</b>, <i>liter</i> (.908 quart, dry measure; 1.0567 quart, liquid).<br>
            <b>dekalitro</b>, <i>dekaliter</i> (9.08 quart, dry measure; 2.6417 gallons).<br>
            <b>hektolitro</b>, <i>hektoliter</i> (2 bushels 3.35 pecks; 26.417 gallons).<br>
            <b>kilolitro</b>, <i>kiloliter</i> (1.308 cubic yards; 264.17 gallons).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- -----------------------------246.png---------------------------- -->

<center>THE INTERNATIONAL MONEY SYSTEM.</center>

<p>
<b>285.</b> Names of national coins translated into international
form (as <b>dolaro</b>, <i>dollar</i>, <b>cendo</b>, <i>cent</i>)
cannot convey a very definite meaning to persons not familiar with
these coins. Consequently the system devised for international use
(not for actual coins, but for calculation and price quotations) is
based upon a unit called the <b>speso</b>. The multiples of this
unit are the <b>spesdeko</b> (10 <b>spesoj</b>), <b>spescento</b>
(100 <b>spesoj</b>), and <b>spesmilo</b> (1000 <b>spesoj</b>). Ten
<i>spesmiloj</i> have approximately the value of a five-dollar gold
piece, twenty marks, twenty-five francs, one pound sterling, etc. The
<i>spesmilo</i>, equivalent to about $0.4875 in the money of the United
States and Canada, is the unit commonly used. (To reduce dollars to
<i>spesmiloj</i>, multiply by 2.051.)
</p>

<center>ABBREVIATIONS.</center>

<p>
<b>286.</b> The following abbreviations are often used (for those of the
metric system see any English dictionary):
</p>

<center>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Dro.</b>, Doktoro, <i>Dr.</i><br>
            <b>Fino.</b>, Fra&#365;lino, <i>Miss</i>.<br>
            <b>Pro.</b>, Profesoro, <i>Prof.</i><br>
            <b>Sro.</b>, Sinjoro, <i>Mr.</i><br>
            <b>Sino.</b>, Sinjorino, <i>Mrs.</i><br>
            <b>Ko.</b>, K-io., Kompanio, <i>Co.</i><br>
            <b>No.</b>, N-ro., Numero, <i>No.</i><br>
            <b>&amp;</b>, kaj, &amp;.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>Sm.</b>, spesmilo(j).<br>
            <b>Sd.</b>, spesdeko(j).<br>
            <b>k. t. p.</b>, kaj tiel plu, <i>and so forth</i>.<br>
            <b>k. c.</b>, kaj ceteraj, <i>etc.</i><br>
            <b>k. sim.</b>, kaj simila(j), <i>et. sim.</i><br>
            <b>t. e.</b>, tio estas, <i>i.e.</i><br>
            <b>e.</b>, ekzemple, <i>e.g.</i><br>
            <b>p.s.</b>, postskriba&#309;o, <i>P.S.</i>
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<center>
   <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vocabulary.</span>
   <table border="0" cellspacing="8">
      <tr>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>abon-i</b>, <i>to subscribe to, take</i>.<br>
            <b>aparat-o</b>, <i>apparatus</i>.<br>
            <b>a&#365;tomat-a</b>, <i>automatic</i>.<br>
            <b>bov-o</b>, <i>ox</i>.<br>
            <b>dimensi-o</b>, <i>dimension</i>.<br>
            <b>ekzempl-o</b>, <i>example</i>.<br>
            <b>fokus-o</b>, <i>focus</i>.<br>
            <b>fotograf-i</b>, <i>to photograph</i>.<br>
            <b>funkci-i</b>, <i>to function, work</i>.<br>
            <b>kamer-o</b>, <i>camera</i>.
         </td>
         <td nowrap valign="top">
            <b>led-o</b>, <i>leather</i>.<br>
            <b>metal-o</b>, <i>metal</i>.<br>
            <b>moment-o</b>, <i>moment</i>.<br>
            <b>negativ-o</b>, <i>negative</i>.<br>
            <b>objektiv-o</b>, <i>lens, objective</i>.<br>
            <b>original-o</b>, <i>original</i>.<br>
            <b>plat-o</b>, <i>plate</i> (photographic, etc)<br>
            <b>prov-i</b>, <i>to try</i>.<br>
            <b>reklam-i</b>, <i>to advertise</i>.<br>
            <b>stre&#265;-i</b>, <i>to stretch</i> (trans.).
         </td>
      </tr>
   </table>
</center>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
<i>Cf.</i> the difference between <b>provi</b>, <i>to try</i> in
the sense of testing, making an essay or endeavor, <b>peni</b>,
<i>to try</i> in the sense of taking pains or making an effort, and
<b>ju&#285;i</b>, <i>to try</i> in a judicial sense.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<!-- -----------------------------247.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<center>PRI LA KAMERO.</center>

<p class="rightjustified1">Bostono, 12/XI/1910.</p>

<div>Brown kaj Ko.,</div> <!-- This div seems silly, but it makes Opera happy. -->
<div class="leftjustified2">Nov-Jorko.</div>
Sinjoroj:&mdash;
<div class="indented1">
Vidinte vian reklamon en gazeto al kiu mi abonas, mi skribas por peti
ke vi sendu al mi priskriba&#309;on de via kamero nomita "La Infaneto,"
kiun eble mi deziros provi.
</div>
<div class="indented">
Bonvolu anka&#365; sendi dekduonon da platoj, 6 x 9 centimetrojn, por
kiu mi <b>&#265;i</b> kune sendas spesmilon kaj duonon.
</div>
<div style="text-align: center">Kun respekto,</div>
<div class="rightjustified4">J. C. Smith.</div>

<!-- [Footnote: -->
<p class="footnote">
The particle <b>&#265;i</b> (used with <b>tiu, tio, ties, &#265;iu,
&#265;io</b>) may also be used with certain adverbs, as <b>&#265;i
sube</b>, <i>here below</i>, <b>&#265;i supre</b>, <i>here above</i>,
<b>&#265;i kune</b>, <i>herewith</i>, etc.
</p>
<!-- ] -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<p class="rightjustified1">Nov-Jorko, 18an novembro, 1910.</p>

<div>Kara Sinjoro:&mdash;</div> <!-- This div seems silly, but it makes Opera happy. -->
<div class="indented">
Respondante al via estimata letero de la 12a, ni donas &#265;i sube
mallongan priskriba&#309;on de nia bonega fotografilo nomita "La
Infaneto."
</div>
<div class="indented">
"La Infaneto" kamero havis neesperitan sukceson, kaj estas vendita po
miloj da ekzempleroj. &#264;ie oni unuvo&#265;e la&#365;das &#285;ian
malgrandan kaj tamen bonegan konstruon, kaj anka&#365; &#285;ian firman
samtempe facilan funkciadon. &#284;i ne estas pli granda ol monujo, tial
&#285;i ne bezonas pli multe da spaco ol tiu, kaj povas esti portata kaj
uzata treege konvene.
</div>

<!-- -----------------------------248.png---------------------------- -->

<div class="indented">
La dimensioj de la fermita kamero estas 8 x 5 x 6.5 centimetroj. La
pezo, kun objektivo, tri platingoj, kaj malbrila (<i>ground</i>) vitro,
estas 365 gramoj. "La Infaneto" estas konstruita tute el metalo, kaj
kovrita de bonega bovledo. Kiam oni malfermas la aparaton, la objektivo
samtempe enfokusi&#285;as, tiamaniere ke la kamero estas preta por uzado
post unu sekundo, &#265;ar la objektivfermilo (<i>shutter</i>) estas
&#265;iam stre&#265;ita. Sekve: neniaj preparadoj, nenia prokrasto je la
ekfotografado.
</div>
<div class="indented">
La negativoj estas klaraj &#285;is la bordo, kaj tial konvenaj por
pligrandigo. Cetere, oni scias ke bona pligrandigo ofte pli kontentigas
ol malgranda originalo. Precipe &#265;e promenoj kaj voja&#285;oj oni
tial volonte preferas la malgrandan "Infaneton," por poste pligrandigi
la negativojn.
</div>
<div class="indented">
Por la pligrandigo ni fabrikas specialajn taglum-pligrandigajn
aparatojn, kies prezoj estas malaltaj (vidu en nia prezaro).
</div>
<div class="indented">
Ni ne &#349;an&#285;is la konstruon de "La Infaneto" de post 1909,
&#265;ar &#285;is nun &#285;i estas &#265;iurilate kontentiga. Sole la
rapideca reguligo de la momenta (<i>instantaneous</i>) fermilo estas
plibonigita, &#265;ar ni &#285;in fabrikas kun speciala a&#365;tomata
fermilo, kiu estas aran&#285;ita por malfermoj da&#365;raj (<i>time
exposures</i>), kaj momentaj, je unu sekundo &#285;is unu centono da
sekundo.
</div>
<div class="indented">
Esperante ke ni balda&#365; ricevos mendon de vi, kaj certigante al vi
ke ni tre zorge plenumos iun ajn mendon, ni restas.
</div>
<div class="rightjustified4">Tre respekte la viaj,</div>
<div class="rightjustified3">Brown &amp; Ko.</div>
<div class="rightjustified2">Per C.</div>

<!-- -----------------------------249.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- <center style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: large">Vocabulary.</center> -->

<!-- -----------------------------250.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------251.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<center><b>ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.</b></center>

<p>
The following vocabulary includes all roots used in the preceding
Lessons, all primary words of the language, and a large number of
additional roots (to facilitate original composition). No attempt has
been made, however, to include all of the roots in the language, for
which an Esperanto-English Dictionary should be consulted.
</p>

<p>
References are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. For other
parts of speech than those indicated under each root or primary word,
see Word Formation, <b>116</b>, <b>120</b>, <b>159</b>, <b>171</b>. See
also the references given under each prefix and suffix. For formation of
compound words, see <b>160</b>, <b>167</b>, <b>176</b>, <b>184</b>. The
following abbreviations are used: adj. = adjective; adv. = adverb; conj.
= conjunction; intrans. = intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. =
transitive; &mdash; = repetition of the word.
</p>

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<p><b>A.</b></p>

<b>abel-o</b>, bee.<br>
<b>abi-o</b>, fir.<br>
<b>abiturient-o</b>, bachelor of arts (A.B.).<br>
<b>abomen-a</b>, abominable.<br>
<b>abon-i</b>, to subscribe to, take (magazine, etc.).<br>
<b>abrikot-o</b>, apricot.<br>
<b>acer-o</b>, maple (tree).<br>
<b>acid-a</b>, acid, sour.<br>
<b>-a&#265;-</b>, <i>derogatory suffix</i> (<b>272</b>).<br>
<b>a&#265;et-i</b>, to buy.<br>
<b>-ad-</b>, <i>suffix indicating duration</i> (<b>218</b>).<br>
<b>adia&#365;</b>, (<i>adv. and interjection</i>), farewell, good-bye (<b>171</b>, <b>273</b>).<br>
<b>adjektiv-o</b>, adjective.<br>
<b>administr-i</b>, to administer, to manage.<br>
<b>admir-i</b>, to admire.<br>
<b>admon-i</b>, to exhort, admonish.<br>
<b>ador-i</b>, to worship, adore.<br>
<b>adres-o</b>, address (on letters, etc.).<br>
<b>adverb-o</b>, adverb.<br>
<b>advokat-o</b>, lawyer, barrister.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------252.png---------------------------- -->

<b>aer-o</b>, air.<br>
<b>afabl-a</b>, affable, amiable.<br>
<b>afer-o</b>, affair, matter, thing, cause.<br>
<b>afi&#349;-o</b>, handbill, placard, poster.<br>
<b>afrank-i</b>, to frank (letters), prepay; <b>&mdash;ite</b>, post-paid.<br>
<b>Afrik-o</b>, Africa.<br>
<b>ag-i</b>, to act, perform action.<br>
<b>agac-i</b>, to set on edge (of teeth).<br>
<b>agent-o</b>, agent.<br>
<b>agit-i</b>, to agitate.<br>
<b>agl-o</b>, eagle.<br>
<b>agoni-o</b>, agony.<br>
<b>agrabl-a</b>, agreeable, pleasant.<br>
<b>a&#285;-o</b>, age.<br>
<b>ajn</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ever (<b>236</b>).<br>
<b>-a&#309;-</b>, <i>suffix forming concrete words</i> (<b>227</b>).<br>
<b>akademi-o</b>, academy.<br>
<b>akcel-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to accelerate, hasten.<br>
<b>akcent-o</b>, accent, stress.<br>
<b>akcept-i</b>, to accept, receive, welcome.<br>
<b>akcident-o</b>, accident.<br>
<b>akir-i</b>, to acquire.<br>
<b>akompan-i</b>, to accompany.<br>
<b>akr-a</b>, sharp, acute, shrill.<br>
<b>akrid-o</b>, grasshopper.<br>
<b>aks-o</b>, axis, axle.<br>
<b>akt-o</b>, act (of a play).<br>
<b>aktiv-a</b>, active (grammatical).<br>
<b>aktor-o</b>, actor (player).<br>
<b>akurat-a</b>, accurate, exact.<br>
<b>akuz-i</b>, to accuse.<br>
<b>akuzativ-o</b>, accusative.<br>
<b>akv-o</b>, water.<br>
<b>akvarel-o</b>, water-color painting.<br>
<b>akvari-o</b>, aquarium.<br>
<b>al</b> (<i>prep.</i>), to, toward (<b>46, 160, 251, 252</b>).<br>
<b>ala&#365;d-o</b>, lark (bird).<br>
<b>ale-o</b>, avenue, walk, path (of garden, park, etc.).<br>
<b>Aleksandri-o</b>, Alexandria.<br>
<b>Aleksandr-o</b>, Alexander.<br>
<b>alfabet-o</b>, alphabet.<br>
<b>Alfred-o</b>, Alfred.<br>
<b>algebr-o</b>, algebra.<br>
<b>ali-a</b>, other.<br>
<b>alk-o</b>, elk.<br>
<b>alkohol-o</b>, alcohol.<br>
<b>alkov-o</b>, alcove, recess.<br>
<b>almanak-o</b>, almanac.<br>
<b>almena&#365;</b>, (<i>adv.</i>), at least (<b>66</b>).<br>
<b>almoz-o</b>, alms; <b>&mdash;ulo</b>, beggar.<br>
<b>alt-a</b>, high, tall.<br>
<b>altar-o</b>, altar.<br>
<b>alud-i</b>, to allude to.<br>
<b>alumet-o</b>, match (for fire).<br>
<b>am-i</b>, to love.<br>
<b>amas-o</b>, crowd, throng, mass.<br>
<b>amba&#365;</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), both (of two objects naturally in pairs, or of persons or things assumed or already known to be thus grouped) (<b>238</b>).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------253.png---------------------------- -->

<b>ambos-o</b>, anvil.<br>
<b>amel-o</b>, starch.<br>
<b>Amerik-o</b>, America.<br>
<b>amfibi-a</b>, amphibious.<br>
<b>amfiteatr-o</b>, amphitheatre.<br>
<b>amik-o</b>, friend.<br>
<b>amindum-i</b>, to woo, make love.<br>
<b>ampleks-o</b>, extent, dimension.<br>
<b>amuz-i</b>, to amuse.<br>
<b>-an-</b>, <i>suffix denoting membership, etc.</i> (<b>145</b>).<br>
<b>analiz-i</b>, to analyse.<br>
<b>ananas-o</b>, pineapple.<br>
<b>anas-o</b>, duck.<br>
<b>anekdot-o</b>, anecdote.<br>
<b>Angl-o</b>, Englishman.<br>
<b>angul-o</b>, angle, corner.<br>
<b>an&#285;el-o</b>, angel.<br>
<b>anim-o</b>, soul.<br>
<b>anka&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), also.<br>
<b>ankora&#365;</b> (<i>adv</i>), still, yet.<br>
<b>ankr-o</b>, anchor.<br>
<b>anonc-i</b>, to announce.<br>
<b>ans-o</b>, latch, door-handle.<br>
<b>anser-o</b>, goose.<br>
<b>anstata&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), instead of (<b>98, 159</b>).<br>
<b>anta&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), before (<b>89, 90, 120, 159, 160</b>), <b>anta&#365; ol</b> (<i>conj.</i>), <b>97, 98</b>.<br>
<b>antikv-a</b>, ancient, antique.<br>
<b>antilop-o</b>, antelope.<br>
<b>antipati-o</b>, antipathy.<br>
<b>aparat-o</b>, apparatus.<br>
<b>apart-a</b>, separate.<br>
<b>apartament-o</b>, apartment, suite (of rooms).<br>
<b>aparten-i</b>, to belong.<br>
<b>apati-o</b>, apathy.<br>
<b>apena&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), scarcely, hardly.<br>
<b>aper-i</b>, to appear.<br>
<b>apetit-o</b>, appetite.<br>
<b>apla&#365;d-i</b>, to applaud.<br>
<b>aplomb-o</b>, assurance, self-command.<br>
<b>apog-i</b>, to lean, to rest (upon).<br>
<b>apologi-o</b>, apology, vindication.<br>
<b>apotek-o</b>, pharmacy, drugstore, chemist's shop.<br>
<b>april-o</b>, April.<br>
<b>aprob-i</b>, to approve.<br>
<b>apud</b> (<i>prep.</i>), near to, close by (<b>120, 159</b>).<br>
<b>-ar-</b>, <i>suffix forming collectives</i> (<b>126</b>).<br>
<b>Arab-o</b>, Arab.<br>
<b>arane-o</b>, spider.<br>
<b>aran&#285;-i</b>, to arrange.<br>
<b>arb-o</b>, tree.<br>
<b>arbitraci-i</b>, to arbitrate.<br>
<b>ardez-o</b>, slate (stone).<br>
<b>aren-o</b>, arena.<br>
<b>arest-i</b>, to arrest.<br>
<b>argil-o</b>, clay.<br>
<b>argument-i</b>, to argue.<br>
<b>ar&#285;ent-o</b>, silver (metal).<br>

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<b>ar&#293;itektur-o</b>, architecture.<br>
<b>Ar&#293;imed-o</b>, Archimedes.<br>
<b>ari-o</b>, tune, air (music).<br>
<b>Aristejd-o</b>, Aristeides.<br>
<b>aristokrat-o</b>, aristocrat.<br>
<b>Aristotel-o</b>, Aristotle.<br>
<b>aritmetik-o</b>, arithmetic.<br>
<b>ark-o</b>, arc.<br>
<b>arkad-o</b>, arcade.<br>
<b>arm-i</b>, to arm.<br>
<b>arme-o</b>, army.<br>
<b>armoraci-o</b>, horse-radish.<br>
<b>arogant-a</b>, arrogant.<br>
<b>arom-o</b>, aroma, fragrance.<br>
<b>art-o</b>, art.<br>
<b>artik-o</b>, joint.<br>
<b>artikol-o</b>, article (grammatical or literary).<br>
<b>Artur-o</b>, Arthur.<br>
<b>asekur-i</b>, to insure (with a company).<br>
<b>asoci-o</b>, association (organization).<br>
<b>asparag-o</b>, asparagus.<br>
<b>aspekt-o</b>, aspect, appearance.<br>
<b>astr-o</b>, heavenly body, star.<br>
<b>atak-i</b>, to attack.<br>
<b>atend-i</b>, to wait, wait for, expect.<br>
<b>atent-a</b>, attentive.<br>
<b>atest-i</b>, to attest, give witness, certify.<br>
<b>ating-i</b>, to attain, reach.<br>
<b>atlas-o</b>, satin.<br>
<b>atlet-o</b>, athlete.<br>
<b>atmosfer-o</b>, atmosphere.<br>
<b>atribut-o</b>, attribute.<br>
<b>a&#365;</b> (<i>conj.</i>), or, either.<br>
<b>a&#365;d-i</b>, to hear.<br>
<b>a&#365;gust-o</b>, August.<br>
<b>a&#365;skult-i</b>, to listen.<br>
<b>A&#365;strali-o</b>, Australia.<br>
<b>a&#365;tomat-a</b>, automatic.<br>
<b>a&#365;tor-o</b>, author.<br>
<b>a&#365;tun-o</b>, autumn.<br>
<b>av-o</b>, grandfather.<br>
<b>avar-a</b>, avaricious, miserly.<br>
<b>avel-o</b>, hazel-nut.<br>
<b>aven-o</b>, oats.<br>
<b>avert-i</b>, to warn, caution.<br>
<b>avid-a</b>, eager.<br>
<b>aviz-i</b>, to give notice.<br>
<b>azen-o</b>, ass, donkey.<br>
<b>Azi-o</b>, Asia.<br>
<b>azot-o</b>, nitrogen.<br>

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<p><b>B.</b></p>

<b>babil-i</b>, to chatter, babble.<br>
<b>bagatel-o</b>, trifle, bagatelle.<br>
<b>bal-o</b>, ball (dance).<br>
<b>bak-i</b>, to bake.<br>
<b>bala-i</b>, to sweep (a floor, etc.).<br>
<b>balanc-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to balance, poise; <b>&mdash;i la kapon</b>, to nod the head.<br>
<b>balda&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), soon.<br>
<b>balen-o</b>, whale.<br>
<b>ban-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to bathe.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------255.png---------------------------- -->

<b>banan-o</b>, banana.<br>
<b>banda&#285;-i</b>, to bandage.<br>
<b>bank-o</b>, bank (financial).<br>
<b>bankrot-i</b>, to become bankrupt, fail.<br>
<b>bant-o</b>, bow (of ribbon).<br>
<b>bar-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to bar, to obstruct.<br>
<b>barakt-i</b>, to wrestle, struggle.<br>
<b>barb-o</b>, beard.<br>
<b>barbar-o</b>, barbarian.<br>
<b>barel-o</b>, barrel.<br>
<b>bariton-o</b>, barytone.<br>
<b>bas-o</b>, bass (voice).<br>
<b>baston-o</b>, stick.<br>
<b>bat-i</b>, to beat.<br>
<b>batal-i</b>, to fight, battle.<br>
<b>batat-o</b>, sweet potato.<br>
<b>beda&#365;r-i</b>, to regret.<br>
<b>bek-o</b>, beak, bill.<br>
<b>bel-a</b>, beautiful, handsome.<br>
<b>belg-o</b>, Belgian.<br>
<b>ben-i</b>, to bless.<br>
<b>benk-o</b>, bench.<br>
<b>ber-o</b>, berry.<br>
<b>best-o</b>, animal, beast.<br>
<b>bet-o</b>, beet.<br>
<b>bezon-i</b>, to need, want.<br>
<b>bibliotek-o</b>, library.<br>
<b>bicikl-o</b>, bicycle.<br>
<b>bien-o</b>, land, property, estate.<br>
<b>bier-o</b>, beer.<br>
<b>bifstek-o</b>, beefsteak.<br>
<b>bild-o</b>, picture, image.<br>
<b>bilet-o</b>, ticket, note; <b>bank&mdash;</b>, bank-note, bill.<br>
<b>bird-o</b>, bird.<br>
<b>bis</b> (<i>adv.</i>), once more, a second time, encore.<br>
<b>biskvit-o</b>, biscuit.<br>
<b>blank-a</b>, white.<br>
<b>blek-i</b>, to neigh, bleat, give its cry (of any animal).<br>
<b>blind-a</b>, blind.<br>
<b>blov-i</b>, to blow.<br>
<b>blu-a</b>, blue (color).<br>
<b>bluz-o</b>, blouse.<br>
<b>bo-</b>, <i>prefix expressing relationship by marriage</i> (<b>277</b>).<br>
<b>boat-o</b>, boat.<br>
<b>boj-i</b>, to bark (of dogs).<br>
<b>bol-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to boil.<br>
<b>bombon-o</b>, bonbon, sweet.<br>
<b>bon-a</b>, good; <b>&mdash;veni</b>, to welcome.<br>
<b>bor-i</b>, to bore (holes).<br>
<b>bord-o</b>, shore, bank, edge (of rivers, etc.).<br>
<b>Boston-o</b>, Boston.<br>
<b>bot-o</b>, boot.<br>
<b>botel-o</b>, bottle.<br>
<b>bov-o</b>, ox; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, beef; <b>&mdash;ida&#309;o</b>, veal; <b>&mdash;viro</b>, bull.<br>
<b>brak-o</b>, arm (of the body).<br>
<b>bran&#265;-o</b>, branch, bough.<br>
<b>brand-o</b>, brandy.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------256.png---------------------------- -->

<b>brasik-o</b>, cabbage; <b>florbrasiko</b>, cauliflower.<br>
<b>brav-a</b>, brave.<br>
<b>bret-o</b>, shelf, bracket.<br>
<b>brid-o</b>, bridle (of harness).<br>
<b>brik-o</b>, brick, tile.<br>
<b>bril-i</b>, to shine (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>Brit-o</b>, Briton.<br>
<b>brod-i</b>, to embroider.<br>
<b>bronz-o</b>, bronze.<br>
<b>bros-i</b>, to brush.<br>
<b>bro&#349;ur-o</b>, pamphlet, brochure.<br>
<b>brov-o</b>, eyebrow.<br>
<b>bru-o</b>, noise.<br>
<b>brul-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to burn (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>brun-a</b>, brown.<br>
<b>brut-o</b>, cattle, dumb animal.<br>
<b>bub-o</b>, street arab, gamin.<br>
<b>bu&#265;-i</b>, to slaughter, butcher.<br>
<b>buf-o</b>, toad.<br>
<b>buk-o</b>, buckle (metal).<br>
<b>buked-o</b>, bouquet.<br>
<b>bukl-o</b>, curl, ringlet (of hair).<br>
<b>bulb-o</b>, onion, bulb.<br>
<b>bulgar-o</b>, Bulgarian.<br>
<b>bulk-o</b>, roll (bread).<br>
<b>bulvard-o</b>, boulevard.<br>
<b>bur&#285;on-o</b>, bud, young shoot.<br>
<b>bu&#349;-o</b>, mouth.<br>
<b>buter-o</b>, butter.<br>
<b>butik-o</b>, shop, store.<br>
<b>buton-o</b>, button.<br>

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<p><b>C.</b></p>

<b>cel-i</b>, to aim, have as purpose or goal.<br>
<b>celeri-o</b>, celery.<br>
<b>cend-o</b>, cent (coin).<br>
<b>cent</b>, hundred (<b>142</b>).<br>
<b>centigram-o</b>, centigram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>centilitr-o</b>, centiliter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>centimetr-o</b>, centimeter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>centr-o</b>, center.<br>
<b>cerb-o</b>, brain.<br>
<b>cert-a</b>, certain, sure.<br>
<b>cerv-o</b>, stag, deer.<br>
<b>ceter-a</b>, remaining.<br>
<b>ci</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), thou (<b>40</b>).<br>
<b>cidoni-o</b>, quince.<br>
<b>cifer-o</b>, cipher.<br>
<b>cigar-o</b>, cigar.<br>
<b>cigared-o</b>, cigarette.<br>
<b>cign-o</b>, swan.<br>
<b>cilindr-o</b>, cylinder.<br>
<b>cinam-o</b>, cinnamon.<br>
<b>cindr-o</b>, ashes.<br>
<b>cir-o</b>, blacking (for shoes).<br>
<b>cirkonstanc-o</b>, circumstance.<br>
<b>cirkuler-o</b>, circular (letter).<br>
<b>Cirus-o</b>, Cyrus.<br>
<b>cit-i</b>, to quote.<br>
<b>citron-o</b>, lemon.<br>
<b>civiliz-i</b>, to civilize.<br>
<b>col-o</b>, inch (measure).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------257.png---------------------------- -->

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<p><b>&#264;.</b></p>

<b>&#265;agren-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to grieve, vex, annoy.<br>
<b>&#265;ambr-o</b>, room.<br>
<b>&#265;ap-o</b>, cap.<br>
<b>&#265;apel-o</b>, hat.<br>
<b>&#265;apitr-o</b>, chapter (of book).<br>
<b>&#265;ar</b> (<i>conj.</i>), because, since (<b>83</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;arm-a</b>, charming, delightful.<br>
<b>&#265;arnir-o</b>, hinge.<br>
<b>&#265;as-i</b>, to hunt (game or wild animals).<br>
<b>&#265;e</b> (<i>prep.</i>), at, in the house or presence of (<b>125, 160</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;ef-a</b>, chief, principal, head.<br>
<b>&#265;ek-o</b>, cheque.<br>
<b>&#265;emiz-o</b>, shirt, chemise.<br>
<b>&#265;en-o</b>, chain (for watch, etc.).<br>
<b>&#265;eriz-o</b>, cherry.<br>
<b>&#265;es-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to cease, leave off (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;eval-o</b>, horse; <b>&mdash;viro</b>, stallion.<br>
<b>&#265;i</b> (<i>adv.</i>), <i>expresses proximity</i> (<b>60, 66</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;ia</b>, of every kind (<b>177</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;ial</b> (<i>adv.</i>), for every reason (<b>188</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;iam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), always (<b>187</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;ie</b> (<i>adv.</i>), everywhere (<b>182</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;iel</b> (<i>adv.</i>), in every way (<b>193</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;iel-o</b>, heaven, sky.<br>
<b>&#265;ies</b> (<i>pronoun, possessive</i>), everybody's (<b>174</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;ifon-o</b>, rag.<br>
<b>&#265;io</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), everything, all (<b>233</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;iom</b> (<i>adv.</i>), all (<b>194</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;irka&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), around, roundabout (<b>89, 120, 159, 160</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;iu</b> (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), every one, each (<b>173</b>).<br>
<b>-&#265;j-</b>, <i>suffix forming affectionate diminutives</i> (<b>283</b>).<br>
<b>&#265;okolad-o</b>, chocolate.<br>
<b>&#265;u</b> (<i>adv.</i>), whether (<i>when translated</i>) (<b>30, 66</b>).<br>

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<p><b>D.</b></p>

<b>da</b> (<i>prep.</i>), of (<i>after quantitative noun or adv.</i>) (<b>99, 101, 103</b>).<br>
<b>daktil-o</b>, date (fruit).<br>
<b>Damokl-o</b>, Damocles.<br>
<b>dan-o</b>, Dane.<br>
<b>danc-i</b>, to dance.<br>
<b>dan&#285;er-o</b>, danger.<br>
<b>dank-i</b>, to thank.<br>
<b>dat-o</b>, date (chronological).<br>
<b>da&#365;r-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to continue, last.<br>
<b>de</b> (<i>prep.</i>), of, from, by (49, 89, l00, 160, 169, 170).<br>
<b>dec-i</b>, to be proper, decent; <b>ne decas ke vi iru</b>, it is not proper for you to go.<br>
<b>decembr-o</b>, December.<br>
<b>decid-i</b>, to decide.<br>
<b>decigram-o</b>, decigram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>decilitr-o</b>, deciliter (<b>284</b>).<br>

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<b>decimetr-o</b>, decimeter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>defend-i</b>, to defend.<br>
<b>degel-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to thaw (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>de&#309;or-i</b>, to be on duty (of officer, attendant, etc.).<br>
<b>dek</b> (<i>adj.</i>), ten (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>dekagram-o</b>, dekagram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>dekalitr-o</b>, dekaliter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>dekametr-o</b>, dekameter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>deklam-i</b>, to declaim, recite.<br>
<b>dekstr-a</b>, right (not left).<br>
<b>deleg-i</b>, to delegate.<br>
<b>delikat-a</b>, delicate, dainty, nice.<br>
<b>demand-i</b>, to ask, inquire.<br>
<b>dens-a</b>, dense, thick, close.<br>
<b>dent-o</b>, tooth.<br>
<b>depe&#349;-o</b>, a dispatch.<br>
<b>des</b> (<i>adv.</i>), the more (<i>used with</i> pli, 84).<br>
<b>desert-o</b>, dessert.<br>
<b>detal-o</b>, detail.<br>
<b>detru-i</b>, to destroy.<br>
<b>dev-i</b>, to have to, must (<b>247</b>).<br>
<b>dezert-o</b>, desert, waste.<br>
<b>dezir-i</b>, to desire.<br>
<b>Di-o</b>, God.<br>
<b>diamant-o</b>, diamond.<br>
<b>difekt-i</b>, to damage, spoil.<br>
<b>diferenc-a</b>, different.<br>
<b>difin-i</b>, to define, to destine.<br>
<b>dik-a</b>, thick, corpulent.<br>
<b>dikt-i</b>, to dictate (letters, etc.)<br>
<b>diligent-a</b>, diligent.<br>
<b>diman&#265;-o</b>, Sunday.<br>
<b>dimensi-o</b>, dimension.<br>
<b>Diogen-o</b>, Diogenes.<br>
<b>diplom-o</b>, diploma.<br>
<b>diplomat-o</b>, diplomat.<br>
<b>dir-i</b>, to say (<b>77</b>).<br>
<b>direkt-i</b>, to direct, guide, manage.<br>
<b>dis-</b>, <i>prefix expressing separation</i> (<b>245</b>).<br>
<b>diskut-i</b>, to discuss.<br>
<b>distanc-o</b>, distance.<br>
<b>disting-i</b>, to distinguish.<br>
<b>distr-i</b>, to distract, take away the attention.<br>
<b>diven-i</b>, to guess.<br>
<b>divers-a</b>, varied, diverse, different.<br>
<b>divid-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to divide.<br>
<b>do</b>, consequently, then, so.<br>
<b>doktor-o</b>, doctor.<br>
<b>dolar-o</b>, dollar.<br>
<b>dol&#265;-a</b>, sweet, pleasant.<br>
<b>dolor-o</b>, pain, ache.<br>
<b>dom-o</b>, house.<br>
<b>doma&#285;-o</b>, pity, regrettable affair.<br>
<b>don-i</b>, to give.<br>
<b>donac-i</b>, to make a gift, present.<br>
<b>dorlot-i</b>, to caress, fondle, pet.<br>
<b>dorm-i</b>, to sleep.<br>
<b>dorn-o</b>, thorn.<br>
<b>dors-o</b>, back (of the body).<br>
<b>dot-i</b>, to endow.<br>

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<b>drap-o</b>, cloth.<br>
<b>drog-o</b>, drug.<br>
<b>dron-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to drown (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>du</b> (<i>adj.</i>), two (<b>136</b>)<br>
<b>dub-i</b>, to doubt.<br>
<b>dum</b> (<i>prep and conj.</i>), during, while (<b>96, 120, 159</b>).<br>
<b>dung-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to hire (persons).<br>

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<p><b>E.</b></p>

<b>eben-a</b>, even, flat, level.<br>
<b>-ebl-</b>, <i>suffix expressing possibility</i> (<b>161, 162</b>).<br>
<b>ebri-a</b>, inebriate, intoxicated.<br>
<b>-ec-</b>, <i>suffix forming abstracts</i> (<b>202</b>).<br>
<b>e&#265;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), even.<br>
<b>eduk-i</b>, to bring up, educate.<br>
<b>edz-o</b>, husband, married man.<br>
<b>efekt-o</b>, effect.<br>
<b>efektiv-a</b>, real, actual.<br>
<b>efik-i</b>, to be efficacious, act (on), produce a result.<br>
<b>-eg-</b>, <i>suffix forming augmentatives</i> (<b>122</b>).<br>
<b>egal-a</b>, equal.<br>
<b>Egipt-o</b>, Egypt.<br>
<b>e&#293;-o</b>, echo.<br>
<b>-ej-</b>, <i>suffix forming words indicating place</i> (<b>III</b>).<br>
<b>ek-</b>, <i>prefix expressing suddenness or beginning</i> (<b>206</b>).<br>
<b>eks-</b>, <i>prefix expressing former incumbency</i> (<b>281</b>).<br>
<b>ekscit-i</b>, to excite.<br>
<b>eksperiment-i</b>, to experiment.<br>
<b>eksplod-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to explode.<br>
<b>ekster</b> (<i>prep.</i>), outside of (<b>120, 121</b>).<br>
<b>ekzamen-i</b>, to examine, test.<br>
<b>ekzempl-o</b>, example.<br>
<b>ekzempler-o</b>, copy (of book or magazine).<br>
<b>ekzerc-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to exercise.<br>
<b>ekzil-i</b>, to exile, banish<br>
<b>ekzist-i</b>, to exist.<br>
<b>el</b> (<i>prep.</i>), out of, of, out (75, 106, 138, 197, 264, c).<br>
<b>elekt-i</b>, to choose.<br>
<b>elektr-a</b>, electric.<br>
<b>elokvent-a</b>, eloquent.<br>
<b>-em-</b>, <i>suffix expressing propensity or inclination</i> (<b>192</b>).<br>
<b>eminent-a</b>, eminent.<br>
<b>en</b> (<i>prep.</i>), in (<b>89,160</b>), into (<b>46</b>).<br>
<b>energi-o</b>, energy.<br>
<b>entrepren-i</b>, to undertake.<br>
<b>entuziasm-o</b>, enthusiasm.<br>
<b>enu-i</b>, to be wearied, be bored.<br>
<b>envi-i</b>, to envy.<br>
<b>epok-o</b>, epoch, period, time.<br>
<b>-er-</b>, <i>suffix expressing a component part</i> (<b>276</b>).<br>
<b>erar-i</b>, to err, make a mistake.<br>
<b>escept-i</b>, to except (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>esper-i</b>, to hope.<br>

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<b>esplor-i</b>, to investigate, explore.<br>
<b>esprim-i</b>, to express.<br>
<b>est-i</b>, to be (<b>109</b>).<br>
<b>establ-i</b>, to establish.<br>
<b>estim-i</b>, to esteem.<br>
<b>esting-i</b>, to extinguish.<br>
<b>-estr-</b>, <i>suffix expressing leadership or authority</i> (<b>253</b>).<br>
<b>-et-</b>, <i>suffix forming diminutives</i> (<b>198</b>).<br>
<b>eta&#285;-o</b>, story (of a house); tereta&#285;o, ground floor; unua eta&#285;o, second story.<br>
<b>etend-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to extend, lengthen, widen.<br>
<b>etern-a</b>, eternal.<br>
<b>E&#365;rop-o</b>, Europe.<br>
<b>evangeli-o</b>, gospel, evangel.<br>
<b>evit-i</b>, to avoid, shun.<br>
<b>evoluci-o</b>, evolution.<br>

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<p><b>F.</b></p>

<b>fab-o</b>, bean (leguminous fruit).<br>
<b>fabel-o</b>, story, tale.<br>
<b>fabl-o</b>, fable.<br>
<b>fabrik-i</b>, to manufacture.<br>
<b>facil-a</b>, easy.<br>
<b>faden-o</b>, thread.<br>
<b>fajf-i</b>, to whistle.<br>
<b>fajr-o</b>, fire.<br>
<b>fak-o</b>, department, specialty.<br>
<b>fakt-o</b>, fact.<br>
<b>fal-i</b>, to fall.<br>
<b>fald-i</b>, to fold.<br>
<b>fals-i</b>, to falsify, forge, debase.<br>
<b>fam-o</b>, fame, renown, rumor.<br>
<b>famili-o</b>, family.<br>
<b>familiar-a</b>, familiar, accustomed.<br>
<b>fand-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to smelt, fuse (metals, etc.).<br>
<b>fanfaron-i</b>, to boast, vaunt oneself, brag.<br>
<b>fantom-o</b>, phantom, ghost.<br>
<b>far-i</b>, to make, do, render.<br>
<b>faraon-o</b>, pharaoh (Egyptian ruler).<br>
<b>farm-i</b>, to farm (as a tenant).<br>
<b>farmaci-o</b>, pharmacy (knowledge of the use of drugs).<br>
<b>fart-i</b>, to be in (good or bad) health.<br>
<b>farun-o</b>, flour.<br>
<b>fask-o</b>, bundle, bunch.<br>
<b>fason-o</b>, cut, mode, fashion.<br>
<b>fatal-a</b>, fatal, predestined.<br>
<b>fa&#365;k-o</b>, jaw (literal and figurative).<br>
<b>favor-a</b>, favorable.<br>
<b>fazeol-o</b>, bean (garden bean).<br>
<b>fe-o</b>, fairy, fay; <b>&mdash;ino</b>, fairy.<br>
<b>febr-o</b>, fever.<br>
<b>februar-o</b>, February.<br>
<b>fel-o</b>, skin, hide (of animals).<br>
<b>feli&#265;-a</b>, happy.<br>
<b>femur-o</b>, thigh.<br>
<b>fend-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to split.<br>
<b>fenestr-o</b>, window.<br>

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<b>fer-o</b>, iron; <b>&mdash;vojo</b>, railway.<br>
<b>ferdek-o</b>, deck (of ship).<br>
<b>ferm-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to close, shut.<br>
<b>fervor-o</b>, zeal, fervor.<br>
<b>fest-i</b>, to celebrate.<br>
<b>festen-o</b>, banquet.<br>
<b>fi</b> (<i>interjection</i>), fie! (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>fiakr-o</b>, cab.<br>
<b>fian&#265;-o</b>, betrothed man, fiance.<br>
<b>fid-i</b>, to rely upon, trust.<br>
<b>fidel-a</b>, faithful, loyal.<br>
<b>fier-a</b>, proud, haughty.<br>
<b>fil-o</b>, son.<br>
<b>filozof-o</b>, philosopher.<br>
<b>fin-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to finish, end.<br>
<b>fingr-o</b>, finger; <b>dika fingro</b>, thumb; <b>montra fingro</b>, index finger; <b>longa fingro</b>, middle finger; <b>ringa fingro</b>, ring-finger; <b>malgranda fingro</b>, little finger.<br>
<b>firm-a</b>, firm, steady.<br>
<b>fi&#349;-o</b>, fish.<br>
<b>fizik-o</b>, physics, physical science.<br>
<b>flag-o</b>, flag, banner, small standard.<br>
<b>flank-o</b>, side.<br>
<b>flar-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to smell, scent.<br>
<b>flav-a</b>, yellow.<br>
<b>fleks-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to bend, flex.<br>
<b>flik-i</b>, to patch.<br>
<b>flor-o</b>, flower (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>flu-i</b>, to flow.<br>
<b>flug-i</b>, to fly.<br>
<b>fluid-a</b>, fluid, liquid.<br>
<b>foj-o</b>, time, occasion (<b>127</b>).<br>
<b>fojn-o</b>, hay.<br>
<b>fokus-o</b>, focus.<br>
<b>foli-o</b>, leaf.<br>
<b>fond-i</b>, to found, establish.<br>
<b>font-o</b>, spring (of water), fount.<br>
<b>fontan-o</b>, fountain (artificial).<br>
<b>for</b> (<i>adv.</i>), away (<b>71</b>).<br>
<b>forges-i</b>, to forget.<br>
<b>fork-o</b>, fork.<br>
<b>form-o</b>, shape, form.<br>
<b>formik-o</b>, ant.<br>
<b>forn-o</b>, stove.<br>
<b>fort-a</b>, strong.<br>
<b>fos-i</b>, to dig.<br>
<b>fotograf-i</b>, to photograph<br>
<b>frag-o</b>, strawberry.<br>
<b>frak-o</b>, evening dress (for men).<br>
<b>frakas-i</b>, to shatter, break to pieces.<br>
<b>framb-o</b>, raspberry.<br>
<b>franc-o</b>, Frenchman.<br>
<b>frand-i</b>, to be fond of sweets, be an epicure.<br>
<b>fran&#285;-o</b>, fringe.<br>
<b>frap-i</b>, to knock, strike.<br>
<b>frat-o</b>, brother.<br>
<b>fra&#365;l-o</b>, bachelor, unmarried man.<br>
<b>fraz-o</b>, sentence, phrase.<br>
<b>Frederik-o</b>, Frederick.<br>

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<b>fremd-a</b>, foreign.<br>
<b>frenez-a</b>, crazy, mad.<br>
<b>fre&#349;-a</b>, fresh, new.<br>
<b>fripon-o</b>, rogue, rascal, knave.<br>
<b>frit-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to fry.<br>
<b>froma&#285;-o</b>, cheese.<br>
<b>frost-o</b>, frost.<br>
<b>frot-i</b>, to rub.<br>
<b>fru-a</b>, early.<br>
<b>frukt-o</b>, fruit.<br>
<b>frunt-o</b>, forehead.<br>
<b>fulm-o</b>, lightning.<br>
<b>fum-i</b>, to smoke.<br>
<b>fund-o</b>, bottom.<br>
<b>fundament-o</b>, foundation, base.<br>
<b>funebr-o</b>, mourning.<br>
<b>fung-o</b>, mushroom.<br>
<b>funkci-i</b>, to function, work.<br>
<b>funt-o</b>, pound.<br>
<b>furioz-a</b>, furious, raging.<br>
<b>fu&#349;-i</b>, to bungle.<br>
<b>fut-o</b>, foot (measure).<br>

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<p><b>G.</b></p>

<b>gaj-a</b>, gay, merry.<br>
<b>gajn-i</b>, to gain.<br>
<b>galeri-o</b>, gallery.<br>
<b>galop-i</b>, to gallop.<br>
<b>gant-o</b>, glove.<br>
<b>gard-i</b>, to guard, watch over.<br>
<b>gas-o</b>, gas.<br>
<b>gast-o</b>, guest.<br>
<b>gazet-o</b>, gazette, magazine.<br>
<b>ge-</b>, <i>prefix indicating both sexes together</i> (<b>271</b>).<br>
<b>general-o</b>, general (military).<br>
<b>genu-o</b>, knee; <b>&mdash;fleksi</b>, to kneel.<br>
<b>geometri-o</b>, geometry.<br>
<b>german-o</b>, German.<br>
<b>Gertrud-o</b>, Gertrude.<br>
<b>gi&#265;et-o</b>, wicket, ticket-window, turnstile.<br>
<b>girland-o</b>, garland, wreath.<br>
<b>glaci-o</b>, ice; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, an ice (food).<br>
<b>glad-i</b>, to iron (linen, etc.).<br>
<b>glas-o</b>, tumbler, glass.<br>
<b>glat-a</b>, smooth, polished, flat.<br>
<b>glav-o</b>, sword.<br>
<b>glit-i</b>, to glide, slide.<br>
<b>glob-o</b>, globe.<br>
<b>glor-o</b>, glory.<br>
<b>glu-o</b>, glue.<br>
<b>glut-i</b>, to swallow.<br>
<b>gor&#285;-o</b>, throat.<br>
<b>graci-a</b>, graceful.<br>
<b>grad-o</b>, grade, degree.<br>
<b>graf-o</b>, count; <b>&mdash;lando</b>, county.<br>
<b>gram-o</b>, gram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>gramatik-o</b>, grammar.<br>
<b>grand-a</b>, great, large, big.<br>
<b>gras-o</b>, fat.<br>
<b>gratul-i</b>, to congratulate.<br>
<b>grav-a</b>, important, serious, grave.<br>
<b>gravit-i</b>, to gravitate.<br>
<b>grek-o</b>, Greek.<br>

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<b>gren-o</b>, grain (wheat, corn, etc.).<br>
<b>grimp-i</b>, to climb up, creep up.<br>
<b>grinc-i</b>, to grind, gnash.<br>
<b>griz-a</b>, gray.<br>
<b>grup-o</b>, group.<br>
<b>gurd-o</b>, hurdy-gurdy, barrel organ.<br>
<b>gust-o</b>, taste.<br>
<b>gut-i</b>, to drip.<br>
<b>gvid-i</b>, to guide.<br>

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<p><b>&#284;.</b></p>

<b>&#285;arden-o</b>, garden.<br>
<b>&#285;em-i</b>, to groan.<br>
<b>&#285;en-i</b>, to disturb, incommode.<br>
<b>&#285;eneral-a</b>, general, common.<br>
<b>&#285;entil-a</b>, courteous, polite.<br>
<b>&#285;i</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), it (<b>32, 37, 42, 274</b>).<br>
<b>&#285;is</b> (<i>prep.</i>), as far as, until (<b>46, 89</b>).<br>
<b>&#285;oj-i</b>, to rejoice, be glad (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>&#285;u-i</b>, to enjoy, find pleasure in.<br>
<b>&#285;ust-a</b>, exact, just.<br>

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<p><b>H.</b></p>

<b>hajl-o</b>, hail (frozen rain).<br>
<b>hak-i</b>, to chop, hack; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, axe.<br>
<b>halt-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to halt, stop.<br>
<b>har-o</b>, a hair.<br>
<b>ha&#365;t-o</b>, skin (human).<br>
<b>hav-i</b>, to have.<br>
<b>haven-o</b>, harbor, port.<br>
<b>hazard-o</b>, chance, hazard.<br>
<b>hebre-o</b>, Hebrew.<br>
<b>hejm-o</b>, home.<br>
<b>hejt-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to heat (a place).<br>
<b>hektar-o</b>, hektare (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektogram-o</b>, hektogram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektolitr-o</b>, hektoliter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektometr-o</b>, hektometer (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hel-a</b>, bright, clear.<br>
<b>help-i</b>, to help, aid, assist.<br>
<b>herb-o</b>, grass, herb.<br>
<b>hero-o</b>, hero.<br>
<b>hezit-i</b>, to hesitate.<br>
<b>hiera&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), yesterday (<b>93, 171</b>).<br>
<b>Hieron-o</b>, Hiero.<br>
<b>hipokrit-i</b>, to play the hypocrite.<br>
<b>hirund-o</b>, swallow (bird).<br>
<b>hispan-o</b>, Spaniard.<br>
<b>histori-o</b>, history.<br>
<b>ho</b> (<i>interjection</i>), ho, oh (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>hodia&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), today (<b>93, 171</b>).<br>
<b>Holand-o</b>, Holland.<br>
<b>hom-o</b>, human being.<br>
<b>honest-a</b>, honest.<br>
<b>honor-i</b>, to honor.<br>
<b>hont-i</b>, to be ashamed.<br>
<b>hor-o</b>, hour (<b>185</b>).<br>
<b>horizont-o</b>, horizon.<br>
<b>horizontal-a</b>, horizontal.<br>
<b>horlo&#285;-o</b>, clock; po&#349;horlo&#285;o, watch.<br>

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<b>hotel-o</b>, hotel.<br>
<b>humil-a</b>, humble.<br>
<b>humor-o</b>, humor, temper.<br>
<b>hund-o</b>, dog.<br>
<b>hura!</b> (<i>interjection</i>), hurrah!<br>

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<p><b>&#292;.</b></p>

<b>&#293;emi-o</b>, chemistry.<br>
<b>&#293;in-o</b>, Chinaman.<br>
<b>&#293;or-o</b>, choir.<br>

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<p><b>I.</b></p>

<b>ia</b>, any kind of (<b>208</b>).<br>
<b>ial</b> (<i>adv.</i>), for any reason (<b>213</b>).<br>
<b>iam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ever, at any time, once (<b>212</b>).<br>
<b>-id-</b>, <i>suffix indicating descendant or young of</i> (<b>207</b>).<br>
<b>ide-o</b>, idea.<br>
<b>ideal-o</b>, ideal.<br>
<b>ident-a</b>, identical.<br>
<b>idiom-o</b>, idiom.<br>
<b>idiot-o</b>, idiot.<br>
<b>ie</b> (<i>adv.</i>), somewhere (<b>209</b>).<br>
<b>iel</b> (<i>adv.</i>), somehow (<b>216</b>).<br>
<b>ies</b> (<i>pronoun, possessive</i>), somebody's (<b>204</b>).<br>
<b>-ig-</b>, <i>suffix forming causative verbs</i> (<b>214, 239, 275</b>).<br>
<b>ignor-i</b>, to ignore.<br>
<b>-i&#285;-</b>, <i>suffix forming inchoative and intransitive verbs</i> (<b>232, 239, 279</b>).<br>
<b>-il-</b>, <i>suffix forming names of instruments</i> (<b>63</b>).<br>
<b>ili</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), they (<b>32, 37, 42</b>).<br>
<b>ilustr-i</b>, to illustrate.<br>
<b>iluzi-o</b>, illusion, delusion.<br>
<b>imag-i</b>, to imagine, fancy.<br>
<b>imit-i</b>, to imitate.<br>
<b>imperi-o</b>, empire.<br>
<b>implik-i</b>, to implicate.<br>
<b>impost-o</b>, tax, impost.<br>
<b>impres-i</b>, to impress.<br>
<b>impuls-o</b>, impulse.<br>
<b>-in-</b>, <i>suffix forming feminines</i> (<b>59</b>).<br>
<b>incit-i</b>, to incite, arouse, provoke.<br>
<b>-ind-</b>, <i>suffix expressing worth or merit</i> (<b>154</b>).<br>
<b>indian-o</b>, Indian (American).<br>
<b>indiferent-a</b>, indifferent, unconcerned, unimportant.<br>
<b>industri-o</b>, industry (trade, business).<br>
<b>infan-o</b>, child.<br>
<b>infekt-i</b>, to infect, contaminate.<br>
<b>influ-i</b>, to influence.<br>
<b>inform-i</b>, to give information.<br>
<b>-ing-</b>, <i>suffix expressing a holder or container</i> (<b>237</b>).<br>
<b>in&#285;enier-o</b>, engineer.<br>
<b>ink-o</b>, ink.<br>
<b>insekt-o</b>, insect.<br>
<b>insist-i</b>, to insist.<br>
<b>inspir-i</b>, to inspire.<br>
<b>instru-i</b>, to instruct, teach.<br>

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<b>insul-o</b>, island.<br>
<b>insult-i</b>, to insult.<br>
<b>inteligent-a</b>, intelligent.<br>
<b>intend-i</b>, to intend.<br>
<b>inter</b> (<i>prep.</i>), between, among (<b>85, 89, 160</b>).<br>
<b>interes-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to interest.<br>
<b>intermit-i</b>, to be intermittent.<br>
<b>intern-a</b>, internal; <b>&mdash;e</b>, inside.<br>
<b>interpret-i</b>, to interpret.<br>
<b>intim-a</b>, intimate.<br>
<b>invit-i</b>, to invite.<br>
<b>io</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), something (<b>233</b>).<br>
<b>iom</b> (<i>adv.</i>), some, a certain amount; iom post iom, little by little (<b>217</b>).<br>
<b>ir-i</b>, to go.<br>
<b>-ist-</b>, <i>suffix indicating profession, etc.</i> (<b>172</b>).<br>
<b>ital-o</b>, Italian.<br>
<b>iu</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), some one, a certain (one) (<b>203</b>).<br>

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<p><b>J.</b></p>

<b>ja</b> (<i>adv.</i>), indeed, in fact (<b>215</b>).<br>
<b>jak-o</b>, jacket, short coat.<br>
<b>jam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), already.<br>
<b>januar-o</b>, January.<br>
<b>jar-o</b>, year.<br>
<b>je</b>, <i>prep. of indefinite meaning</i> (<b>89, 185, 260</b>).<br>
<b>jen</b> (<i>adv.</i>), there, behold (<b>228</b>).<br>
<b>jes</b> (<i>adv.</i>), yes (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>Jesu-o</b>, Jesus.<br>
<b>Johano</b>, John.<br>
<b>ju</b> (<i>adv.</i>), the more (<i>used with</i> pli, 84).<br>
<b>jug-o</b>, yoke.<br>
<b>ju&#285;-i</b>, to judge.<br>
<b>juli-o</b>, July.<br>
<b>jun-a</b>, young.<br>
<b>jung-i</b>, to harness.<br>
<b>juni-o</b>, June.<br>
<b>jup-o</b>, skirt.<br>
<b>jurist-o</b>, jurist.<br>
<b>just-a</b>, just, upright.<br>
<b>juvel-o</b>, jewel.<br>

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<p><b>&#308;.</b></p>

<b>&#309;aluz-a</b>, jealous.<br>
<b>&#309;a&#365;d-o</b>, Thursday.<br>
<b>&#309;et-i</b>, to throw, cast, hurl.<br>
<b>&#309;ongl-i</b>, to juggle.<br>
<b>&#309;ur-i</b>, to take oath, swear.<br>
<b>&#309;urnal-o</b>, newspaper, journal.<br>
<b>&#309;us</b> (<i>adv.</i>), a moment before, just.<br>

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<p><b>K.</b></p>

<b>kadavr-o</b>, corpse.<br>
<b>kadr-o</b>, frame (of pictures).<br>
<b>kaduk-a</b>, decaying, in ruin.<br>
<b>kaf-o</b>, coffee.<br>
<b>ka&#285;-o</b>, cage.<br>

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<b>kahel-o</b>, tile (for paving).<br>
<b>kaj</b> (<i>conj.</i>), and; kaj..kaj.., both..and.. (<b>26</b>).<br>
<b>kajer-o</b>, notebook.<br>
<b>kaldron-o</b>, caldron.<br>
<b>kalendar-o</b>, calendar.<br>
<b>kale&#349;-o</b>, carriage.<br>
<b>kalkan-o</b>, heel (of the foot); <b>&mdash;umo</b>, heel of a shoe.<br>
<b>kalkul-i</b>, to calculate, reckon.<br>
<b>kamel-o</b>, camel.<br>
<b>kamen-o</b>, chimney.<br>
<b>kamer-o</b>, camera.<br>
<b>kamp-o</b>, field.<br>
<b>kanajl-o</b>, scoundrel, rascal.<br>
<b>kanap-o</b>, sofa.<br>
<b>kand-o</b>, candy.<br>
<b>kandel-o</b>, candle.<br>
<b>kanot-o</b>, canoe.<br>
<b>kant-i</b>, to sing.<br>
<b>kap-o</b>, head.<br>
<b>kapabl-a</b>, capable.<br>
<b>kapel-o</b>, chapel (for prayer).<br>
<b>kapital-o</b>, capital (money).<br>
<b>kapitol-o</b>, capitol.<br>
<b>kapt-i</b>, to catch, seize.<br>
<b>kar-a</b>, dear, prized.<br>
<b>karakter-o</b>, character.<br>
<b>karb-o</b>, coal.<br>
<b>karcer-o</b>, jail.<br>
<b>kares-i</b>, to caress.<br>
<b>karn-o</b>, flesh.<br>
<b>karot-o</b>, carrot.<br>
<b>kart-o</b>, card; po&#349;tkarto, postcard; vizitkarto, visiting card.<br>
<b>karton-o</b>, pasteboard.<br>
<b>karusel-o</b>, merry-go-round.<br>
<b>kas-o</b>, money-box, treasury; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, cashier, treasurer.<br>
<b>kaskad-o</b>, waterfall, cascade.<br>
<b>kastel-o</b>, castle.<br>
<b>ka&#349;-i</b>, to hide, conceal (<b>252</b>).<br>
<b>ka&#349;tan-o</b>, chestnut.<br>
<b>kat-o</b>, cat.<br>
<b>katen-o</b>, fetter, chain.<br>
<b>ka&#365;z-o</b>, cause.<br>
<b>kav-o</b>, cavity, hole.<br>
<b>kaz-o</b>, case (grammatical).<br>
<b>ke</b> (<i>conj.</i>), that (<b>53, 83, 105, 259, 262</b>).<br>
<b>kel-o</b>, cellar.<br>
<b>kelk-a</b>, some; <b>&mdash;aj</b>, several, more than one or two.<br>
<b>kelner-o</b>, waiter (in hotel or restaurant).<br>
<b>kest-o</b>, chest; tirkesto, drawer.<br>
<b>kia</b>, what kind of (<b>112, 150</b>); kiamanier-e, how.<br>
<b>kial</b> (<i>adv.</i>), why (<b>129</b>).<br>
<b>kiam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), when (<b>123, 155</b>).<br>
<b>kie</b> (<i>adv.</i>), where (<b>118, 151</b>).<br>
<b>kiel</b> (<i>adv.</i>), how, in which way, as (<b>134, 156</b>).<br>
<b>kies</b> (<i>pronoun, possessive</i>), whose (<b>107, 147</b>).<br>
<b>kilogram-o</b>, kilogram (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>kilolitr-o</b>, kiloliter (<b>284</b>).<br>

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<b>kilometr-o</b>, kilometer (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>kio</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), what (<b>233</b>).<br>
<b>kiom</b> (<i>adv.</i>), how much (<b>140, 164, 185</b>).<br>
<b>kis-i</b>, to kiss.<br>
<b>kiu</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), who (<b>106, 146</b>).<br>
<b>klak-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to clap, clatter.<br>
<b>klar-a</b>, clear, distinct.<br>
<b>klav-o</b>, key (of piano, etc.).<br>
<b>klas-o</b>, class.<br>
<b>kler-a</b>, enlightened, well-in-formed.<br>
<b>klimat-o</b>, climate.<br>
<b>klin-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to incline, bend.<br>
<b>kling-o</b>, blade (of knife, etc.).<br>
<b>klopod-i</b>, to undertake initiative work, take steps toward, labor for the success or completion of something.<br>
<b>klub-o</b>, club (organization)<br>
<b>knab-o</b>, boy.<br>
<b>kobold-o</b>, sprite, kobold, brownie.<br>
<b>kofr-o</b>, trunk, chest with a lid.<br>
<b>kok-o</b>, cock (domestic fowl).<br>
<b>koket-a</b>, coquettish.<br>
<b>koks-o</b>, hip.<br>
<b>kol-o</b>, neck.<br>
<b>kolbas-o</b>, sausage.<br>
<b>kolegi-o</b>, college.<br>
<b>kolekt-i</b> (trans.), to collect, gather.<br>
<b>koler-i</b>, to be angry, lose the temper.<br>
<b>kolomb-o</b>, pigeon, dove.<br>
<b>kolon-o</b>, column, pillar.<br>
<b>kolonel-o</b>, colonel.<br>
<b>kolor-o</b>, color.<br>
<b>kolport-i</b>, to peddle.<br>
<b>komand-i</b>, to command (military and naval).<br>
<b>komb-i</b>, to comb.<br>
<b>komedi-o</b>, comedy.<br>
<b>komenc-i</b> (trans.), to begin, commence.<br>
<b>komerc-i</b>, to trade, engage in commerce.<br>
<b>komfort-o</b>, comfort (freedom from pain, want, etc.).<br>
<b>komisi-i</b>, to entrust with, put in charge of, give the agency for.<br>
<b>komitat-o</b>, committee.<br>
<b>komiz-o</b>, clerk, employee, assistant.<br>
<b>kompani-o</b>, company (commercial organization).<br>
<b>kompar-i</b>, (<i>trans.</i>) to compare, (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>kompat-i</b>, to pity, have compassion for.<br>
<b>komplet-o</b>, suit (of clothes).<br>
<b>komplez-o</b>, kindness, courtesy, disposition to oblige.<br>
<b>komplik-i</b>, to complicate.<br>
<b>kompost-i</b>, to compose, set (type); <b>&mdash;isto</b>, compositor.<br>
<b>kompot-o</b>, jam, preserve,<br>
<b>kompren-i</b>, to understand.<br>

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<b>komun-a</b>, common, mutual.<br>
<b>komunik-i</b>, to communicate.<br>
<b>kon-i</b>, to be acquainted with, know; <b>&mdash;ati&#285;i kun</b>, to become acquainted with (<b>117</b>).<br>
<b>koncern-i</b>, to concern (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>koncert-o</b>, concert (musical).<br>
<b>kondamn-i</b>, to condemn.<br>
<b>kondi&#265;-o</b>, terms specified, stipulation, condition.<br>
<b>konduk-i</b>, to conduct, lead.<br>
<b>konduktor-o</b>, conductor (of car, train, etc.).<br>
<b>kondut-i</b>, to behave, conduct oneself.<br>
<b>konfes-i</b>, to confess, admit.<br>
<b>konfid-i</b>, to trust, have confidence in.<br>
<b>konfit-i</b>, to preserve, pickle (fruits, etc.).<br>
<b>konform-i</b>, to be in conformity with (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>konfuz-i</b>, to confuse, confound.<br>
<b>kongres-o</b>, congress (assembly).<br>
<b>konk-o</b>, shell (of mollusk, etc.).<br>
<b>konkur-i</b>, to vie, compete.<br>
<b>konkurenc-o</b>, competition (in business, etc.).<br>
<b>konkurs-o</b>, prearranged trial of skill, formal competition (for prizes, etc.).<br>
<b>konsci-i</b>, to be conscious.<br>
<b>konscienc-o</b>, conscience.<br>
<b>konsent-i</b>, to consent, agree.<br>
<b>konserv-i</b>, to keep, preserve, save.<br>
<b>konservativ-a</b>, conservative.<br>
<b>konsil-i</b>, to advise, counsel.<br>
<b>konsist-i</b>, to consist.<br>
<b>konsol-i</b>, to console, comfort.<br>
<b>konsonant-o</b>, consonant.<br>
<b>konspir-i</b>, to conspire, plot.<br>
<b>konstant-a</b>, constant.<br>
<b>konstat-i</b>, to verify, ascertain the truth of, certify.<br>
<b>konstituci-o</b>, constitution.<br>
<b>konstru-i</b>, to build.<br>
<b>konsul-o</b>, consul.<br>
<b>konsult-i</b>, to seek advice of, consult.<br>
<b>kont-o</b>, account (book-keeping, commercial).<br>
<b>kontent-a</b>, content, satisfied.<br>
<b>kontinent-o</b>, continent (geographical).<br>
<b>kontrakt-i</b>, to contract, agree.<br>
<b>kontralt-o</b>, contralto.<br>
<b>kontra&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), against, opposite, opposed to (<b>159, 160</b>).<br>
<b>kontrol-i</b>, to control, inspect, examine and check.<br>
<b>kontur-o</b>, outline, contour.<br>
<b>kontuz-i</b>, to bruise.<br>
<b>konven-i</b>, to be suitable, be fitting or convenient.<br>
<b>konvink-i</b>, to convince, persuade.<br>
<b>kopi-i</b>, to copy.<br>
<b>kor-o</b>, heart (of the body).<br>
<b>korb-o</b>, basket.<br>

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<b>korekt-i</b>, to correct.<br>
<b>korespond-i</b>, to exchange letters, correspond.<br>
<b>koridor-o</b>, corridor, passage.<br>
<b>kork-o</b>, cork (bark).<br>
<b>korn-o</b>, horn.<br>
<b>korp-o</b>, body, <b>&mdash;a</b>, corporeal.<br>
<b>korpus-o</b>, corps (military).<br>
<b>kort-o</b>, courtyard, court.<br>
<b>kortego</b>, court (royal, etc.).<br>
<b>korv-o</b>, raven.<br>
<b>kost-i</b>, to cost.<br>
<b>kostum-o</b>, costume.<br>
<b>kot-o</b>, mud.<br>
<b>kotiz-i</b>, to pay dues, pay one's share of an assessment.<br>
<b>kotlet-o</b>, cutlet, chop.<br>
<b>koton-o</b>, cotton.<br>
<b>kov-i</b>, to brood (of birds).<br>
<b>kovert-o</b>, envelope<br>
<b>kovr-i</b>, to cover.<br>
<b>krab-o</b>, crab.<br>
<b>krad-o</b>, grating, grate, lattice.<br>
<b>krajon-o</b>, pencil.<br>
<b>krak-i</b>, to clack, crackle.<br>
<b>kran-o</b>, faucet, tap.<br>
<b>kravat-o</b>, cravat.<br>
<b>kre-i</b>, to create.<br>
<b>kred-i</b>, to believe (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>krem-o</b>, cream.<br>
<b>krepusk-o</b>, twilight, half-light of dawn or evening.<br>
<b>kresk-i</b>, to grow.<br>
<b>krestomati-o</b>, chrestomathy, collection of selected passages.<br>
<b>kret-o</b>, chalk.<br>
<b>krev-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to burst, crack open (suddenly and with noise).<br>
<b>kri-i</b>, to cry out.<br>
<b>kribr-i</b>, to sift (with a sieve).<br>
<b>krim-o</b>, crime.<br>
<b>kring-o</b>, ring-shaped biscuit.<br>
<b>kripl-a</b>, crippled.<br>
<b>Krist-o</b>, Christ.<br>
<b>kritik-i</b>, to criticise.<br>
<b>kro&#265;-i</b>, to hook.<br>
<b>krom</b> (<i>prep.</i>), beside, aside from, except, save, but.<br>
<b>kron-o</b>, crown.<br>
<b>kruc-o</b>, cross; <b>&mdash;umi</b>, to crucify.<br>
<b>kru&#265;-o</b>, pitcher, jug; tekru&#265;o, tea-pot.<br>
<b>kruel-a</b>, cruel.<br>
<b>krur-o</b>, leg.<br>
<b>krust-o</b>, crust.<br>
<b>krut-a</b>, steep.<br>
<b>kubut-o</b>, elbow.<br>
<b>kudr-i</b>, to sew.<br>
<b>kugl-o</b>, bullet.<br>
<b>kuir-i</b>, to cook.<br>
<b>kuk-o</b>, cake; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, pastry.<br>
<b>kukum-o</b>, cucumber.<br>
<b>kukurb-o</b>, pumpkin.<br>
<b>kuler-o</b>, spoon.<br>
<b>kulp-a</b>, guilty.<br>

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<b>kultur-i</b>, to cultivate; terkulturi, to till the soil, farm.<br>
<b>kun</b> (<i>prep.</i>), with (<b>70, 76, 120, 160, 159</b>).<br>
<b>kunikl-o</b>, rabbit.<br>
<b>kupon-o</b>, coupon.<br>
<b>kupr-o</b>, copper (metal).<br>
<b>kur-i</b>, to run.<br>
<b>kurac-i</b>, to treat for illness, cure; <b>&mdash;ato</b>, a patient; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, a physician, medical man.<br>
<b>kura&#285;-o</b>, courage.<br>
<b>kurb-o</b>, curve.<br>
<b>kurioz-a</b>, uncommon, curious.<br>
<b>kurs-o</b>, course (of lessons).<br>
<b>kurten-o</b>, curtain.<br>
<b>kusen-o</b>, cushion.<br>
<b>ku&#349;-i</b>, to lie, recline (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>kutim-o</b>, custom, habit.<br>
<b>kuv-o</b>, tub, large basin.<br>
<b>kuz-o</b>, cousin.<br>
<b>kvadrat-o</b>, square (equilateral rectangle).<br>
<b>kvalit-o</b>, quality, texture.<br>
<b>kvankam</b> (<i>conj.</i>), though, although, while (concessive).<br>
<b>kvant-o</b>, quantity, amount.<br>
<b>kvar</b>, (<i>adj.</i>), four (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>kvartal-o</b>, quarter (of a city).<br>
<b>kvaza&#365;</b> (<i>conj.</i>), as though, as if (<b>250</b>).<br>
<b>kverk-o</b>, oak.<br>
<b>kviet-a</b>, calm, quiet.<br>
<b>kvin</b>, (<i>adj.</i>), five (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>kvitanc-o</b>, receipt (for payment).<br>

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<p><b>L.</b></p>

<b>la</b> (article), the (<b>II, 47, 201, 280, a</b>).<br>
<b>labor-i</b>, to work, labor.<br>
<b>lac-a</b>, tired, weary.<br>
<b>la&#265;-o</b>, string, lace (of shoe, etc.).<br>
<b>lad-o</b>, tin plate (sheet iron covered with tin).<br>
<b>lag-o</b>, lake.<br>
<b>lakt-o</b>, milk.<br>
<b>laktuk-o</b>, lettuce.<br>
<b>lam-a</b>, lame.<br>
<b>lamp-o</b>, lamp.<br>
<b>lan-o</b>, wool.<br>
<b>lanc-o</b>, lance, spear.<br>
<b>land-o</b>, land, country.<br>
<b>lang-o</b>, tongue (of the body).<br>
<b>lantern-o</b>, lantern.<br>
<b>lanug-o</b>, down (hairs, feathers).<br>
<b>lard-o</b>, bacon.<br>
<b>lar&#285;-a</b>, wide, broad.<br>
<b>larm-o</b>, tear (of the eye).<br>
<b>las-i</b>, (<i>trans.</i>), to leave, let, permit.<br>
<b>last-a</b>, last (in a series).<br>
<b>latin-a</b>, Latin.<br>
<b>la&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), in accordance with, along, by (<b>191</b>).<br>
<b>la&#365;b-o</b>, arbor, summer-house.<br>
<b>la&#365;d-i</b>, to praise.<br>

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<b>la&#365;t-a</b>, loud.<br>
<b>lav-i</b>, to wash.<br>
<b>lecion-o</b>, lesson.<br>
<b>led-o</b>, leather.<br>
<b>leg-i</b>, to read.<br>
<b>legom-o</b>, vegetable.<br>
<b>le&#285;-o</b>, law.<br>
<b>lek-i</b>, to lick.<br>
<b>leon-o</b>, lion.<br>
<b>lepor-o</b>, hare.<br>
<b>lern-i</b>, to learn.<br>
<b>lert-a</b>, clever, skilful.<br>
<b>leter-o</b>, letter (epistle).<br>
<b>lev-i</b>, to raise, lift.<br>
<b>li</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), he, him (<b>32, 37, 42</b>).<br>
<b>liber-a</b>, free.<br>
<b>libr-o</b>, book.<br>
<b>lig-i</b>, to tie, bind, fasten; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, bond; that which ties or fastens; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, knot; <b>&mdash;o</b>, league, alliance.<br>
<b>lign-o</b>, wood.<br>
<b>lim-o</b>, limit, boundary.<br>
<b>limonad-o</b>, lemonade.<br>
<b>lingv-o</b>, language.<br>
<b>lini-o</b>, line; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, ruler.<br>
<b>lip-o</b>, lip; <b>&mdash;haroj</b>, moustache.<br>
<b>lit-o</b>, bed (for sleeping).<br>
<b>liter-o</b>, letter of the alphabet; la&#365;litera, literal.<br>
<b>literatur-o</b>, literature.<br>
<b>litr-o</b>, liter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>liver-i</b>, to deliver, supply, furnish.<br>
<b>log-i</b>, to allure.<br>
<b>lo&#285;-i</b>, to dwell, reside (<b>133</b>).<br>
<b>lok-o</b>, place; <b>&mdash;a</b>, local.<br>
<b>lokomotiv-o</b>, locomotive.<br>
<b>long-a</b>, long.<br>
<b>lonicer-o</b>, honeysuckle.<br>
<b>lorn-o</b>, telescope, spyglass; <b>&mdash;eto</b>, opera-glasses.<br>
<b>lu-i</b>, to hire, rent (engage and pay rent for).<br>
<b>lud-i</b>, to play.<br>
<b>luks-o</b>, luxury.<br>
<b>lul-i</b>, to lull to sleep; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, cradle.<br>
<b>lum-i</b>, to shine (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>lun-o</b>, moon.<br>
<b>lunatik-o</b>, lunatic.<br>
<b>lund-o</b>, Monday.<br>
<b>lup-o</b>, wolf.<br>

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<p><b>M.</b></p>

<b>ma&#265;-i</b>, to chew, masticate.<br>
<b>magazen-o</b>, warehouse.<br>
<b>magi-o</b>, magic.<br>
<b>magistr-o</b>, master of arts (A.M.).<br>
<b>maiz-o</b>, maize, Indian corn.<br>
<b>maj-o</b>, May.<br>
<b>majest-a</b>, majestic.<br>
<b>majones-a</b>, mayonnaise.<br>
<b>majstr-o</b>, master (of his art or profession).<br>
<b>makaroni-o</b>, macaroni.<br>
<b>maksimum-o</b>, maximum.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------272.png---------------------------- -->

<b>makul-o</b>, spot, stain.<br>
<b>makzel-o</b>, jaw; <b>&mdash;osto</b>, jawbone.<br>
<b>mal-</b>, <i>prefix forming opposites</i> (<b>67</b>).<br>
<b>maleol-o</b>, ankle.<br>
<b>malgra&#365;</b> (<i>prep.</i>), notwithstanding.<br>
<b>malic-a</b>, malicious.<br>
<b>man-o</b>, hand.<br>
<b>mandat-o</b>, money-order.<br>
<b>man&#285;-i</b>, to eat.<br>
<b>manier-o</b>, manner, way.<br>
<b>manik-o</b>, sleeve.<br>
<b>mank-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to be lacking, wanting.<br>
<b>mantel-o</b>, cloak, mantle.<br>
<b>manuskript-o</b>, manuscript.<br>
<b>mar-o</b>, sea.<br>
<b>mar&#265;-o</b>, swamp, marsh.<br>
<b>mard-o</b>, Tuesday.<br>
<b>Mari-o</b>, Mary.<br>
<b>mark-o</b>, mark.<br>
<b>marmelad-o</b>, marmalade.<br>
<b>marmor-o</b>, marble (stone),<br>
<b>mar&#349;-i</b>, to walk.<br>
<b>mart-o</b>, March.<br>
<b>martel-o</b>, hammer.<br>
<b>mastr-o</b>, master (of a house, etc.)<br>
<b>ma&#349;in-o</b>, machine.<br>
<b>maten-o</b>, morning (<b>93</b>).<br>
<b>material-o</b>, material.<br>
<b>matur-a</b>, ripe, mature.<br>
<b>mebl-o</b>, piece of furniture.<br>
<b>medicin-o</b>, medicine (the science).<br>
<b>me&#293;anik-o</b>, mechanics.<br>
<b>mejl-o</b>, mile.<br>
<b>meleagr-o</b>, turkey.<br>
<b>melk-i</b>, to milk.<br>
<b>melodi-o</b>, melody.<br>
<b>melon-o</b>, melon.<br>
<b>mem</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), self, selves (<b>219</b>).<br>
<b>membr-o</b>, limb, member.<br>
<b>memor-i</b>, to remember, keep in mind; rememori, to recall to memory.<br>
<b>mend-i</b>, to order (of a store, etc.).<br>
<b>mensog-i</b>, to lie, tell lies.<br>
<b>menton-o</b>, chin.<br>
<b>menu-o</b>, menu.<br>
<b>merit-i</b>, to deserve, merit.<br>
<b>merkred-o</b>, Wednesday.<br>
<b>merl-o</b>, blackbird.<br>
<b>met-i</b>, to put, place.<br>
<b>metal-o</b>, metal.<br>
<b>meti-o</b>, trade, handicraft.<br>
<b>metod-o</b>, method, way.<br>
<b>metr-o</b>, meter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>mez-o</b>, middle.<br>
<b>mezur-i</b>, to measure.<br>
<b>mi</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), I, me (<b>32, 37</b>).<br>
<b>miel-o</b>, honey.<br>
<b>mien-o</b>, appearance, mien.<br>
<b>miks-i</b> (trans.), to mix.<br>
<b>mil</b> (<i>adj.</i>), thousand (<b>142</b>).<br>
<b>mild-a</b>, mild.<br>
<b>milimetr-o</b>, millimeter (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>milion-o</b>, million.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------273.png---------------------------- -->

<b>milit-i</b>, to fight, wage war.<br>
<b>min-o</b>, mine (of coal, silver, etc.).<br>
<b>minac-i</b>, to threaten.<br>
<b>mineral-o</b>, mineral.<br>
<b>minimum-o</b>, minimum.<br>
<b>ministr-o</b>, minister (political).<br>
<b>minut-o</b>, minute.<br>
<b>miop-a</b>, shortsighted.<br>
<b>mir-i</b>, to wonder.<br>
<b>mister-o</b>, mystery.<br>
<b>mizer-o</b>, misery.<br>
<b>mod-o</b>, mode, fashion.<br>
<b>model-o</b>, model.<br>
<b>moder-a</b>, moderate.<br>
<b>modest-a</b>, modest.<br>
<b>mok-i</b>, to mock.<br>
<b>mol-a</b>, soft.<br>
<b>moment-o</b>, moment; <b>&mdash;a</b>, momentary, instantaneous.<br>
<b>mon-o</b>, money.<br>
<b>mona&#293;-o</b>, monk.<br>
<b>monar&#293;i-o</b>, monarch.<br>
<b>monat-o</b>, month.<br>
<b>mond-o</b>, world.<br>
<b>mont-o</b>, mountain.<br>
<b>montr-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to show.<br>
<b>mor-o</b>, conduct (in regard to right or wrong); <b>&mdash;oj</b>, morals.<br>
<b>moral-a</b>, moral; <b>&mdash;eco</b>, morality.<br>
<b>mord-i</b>, to bite.<br>
<b>morga&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tomorrow (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>mort-i</b>, to die; <b>&mdash;igi</b>, to kill.<br>
<b>mo&#349;t-o</b>, <i>title of respect</i> (<b>258</b>).<br>
<b>mov-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to move, put in motion.<br>
<b>muel-o</b>, mill (for grinding).<br>
<b>mu&#285;-i</b>, to roar, bellow.<br>
<b>mult-a</b>, much (<b>81</b>).<br>
<b>mur-o</b>, wall.<br>
<b>murmur-i</b>, to murmur.<br>
<b>mus-o</b>, mouse.<br>
<b>mustard-o</b>, mustard.<br>
<b>mu&#349;-o</b>, fly.<br>
<b>mut-a</b>, dumb, mute.<br>
<b>muze-o</b>, museum.<br>
<b>muzik-o</b>, music.<br>

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<p><b>N.</b></p>

<b>naci-o</b>, nation.<br>
<b>na&#285;-i</b>, to swim.<br>
<b>naiv-a</b>, artless, naive, ingenuous.<br>
<b>najbar-o</b>, neighbor.<br>
<b>najl-o</b>, nail (of metal).<br>
<b>nap-o</b>, turnip.<br>
<b>nask-i</b>, to produce, bring forth, give birth to.<br>
<b>natur-o</b>, nature.<br>
<b>na&#365;</b> (<i>adj.</i>), nine (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>naz-o</b>, nose.<br>
<b>ne</b> (<i>adv.</i>), no, not (27, 66, a, 171).<br>
<b>nebul-o</b>, fog, mist.<br>
<b>neces-a</b>, necessary.<br>
<b>negativ-o</b>, negative (photographic).<br>
<b>ne&#285;-o</b>, snow.<br>

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<b>nek</b> (<i>negative conj.</i>), neither, nor (<b>31</b>).<br>
<b>nenia</b>, no kind of (<b>224</b>).<br>
<b>nenial</b> (<i>adv.</i>), for no reason (<b>229</b>).<br>
<b>neniam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), never (<b>226</b>).<br>
<b>nenie</b> (<i>adv.</i>), nowhere (<b>225</b>).<br>
<b>neniel</b> (<i>adv.</i>), in no way (<b>230</b>).<br>
<b>nenies</b> (<i>pronoun, possessive</i>), nobody's (<b>221</b>).<br>
<b>nenio</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), nothing (<b>233</b>).<br>
<b>neniom</b> (<i>adv.</i>), none, not any (<b>231</b>).<br>
<b>neniu</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), no one, nobody, no (<b>220</b>).<br>
<b>nep-o</b>, grandson.<br>
<b>nepr-e</b>, inevitably, certainly, unfailingly.<br>
<b>nerv-o</b>, nerve.<br>
<b>nest-o</b>, nest.<br>
<b>ne&#365;tral-a</b>, neutral, non-partisan.<br>
<b>nev-o</b>, nephew.<br>
<b>ni</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), we, us (<b>32, 37</b>).<br>
<b>nigr-a</b>, black.<br>
<b>nivel-o</b>, level.<br>
<b>-nj-</b>, <i>suffix forming affectionate diminutives</i> (<b>283</b>).<br>
<b>nobel-o</b>, nobleman.<br>
<b>nobl-a</b>, noble (in character).<br>
<b>nokt-o</b>, night.<br>
<b>nom-o</b>, name; <b>&mdash;i</b>, to name, mention.<br>
<b>nombr-o</b>, number (quantity).<br>
<b>nord-o</b>, north.<br>
<b>norveg-o</b>, Norwegian.<br>
<b>nostalgi-o</b>, homesickness.<br>
<b>not-o</b>, note.<br>
<b>nov-a</b>, new, recent, novel; denove, anew, again.<br>
<b>novembr-o</b>, November.<br>
<b>nu</b> (<i>interjection</i>), well! (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>nuanc-o</b>, shade, tint, hue.<br>
<b>nub-o</b>, cloud.<br>
<b>nud-a</b>, bare, naked, nude.<br>
<b>nuks-o</b>, nut.<br>
<b>nul-o</b>, zero, naught.<br>
<b>numer-o</b>, number, numeral (No.).<br>
<b>nun</b> (<i>adv.</i>), now (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>nur</b> (<i>adv.</i>), merely, only.<br>
<b>nutr-i</b>, to nourish, to feed.<br>

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<p><b>O.</b></p>

<b>obe-i</b>, to obey (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>objekt-o</b>, object, thing.<br>
<b>objektiv-o</b>, lens, objective.<br>
<b>-obl-</b>, <i>suffix forming multiples</i> (<b>186</b>).<br>
<b>oblikv-a</b>, oblique, slanting.<br>
<b>observ-i</b>, to observe, take note of.<br>
<b>obstin-a</b>, obstinate.<br>
<b>ocean-o</b>, ocean.<br>
<b>odor-i</b>, to smell (good or bad).<br>
<b>ofend-i</b>, to offend.<br>
<b>ofer-i</b>, to sacrifice, offer.<br>
<b>ofic-o</b>, office, employment; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, officer (of firm or organization); <b>&mdash;ejo</b>, office (the place).<br>
<b>oficial-a</b>, official.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------275.png---------------------------- -->

<b>oficir-o</b>, officer (military or naval).<br>
<b>oft-a</b>, frequent.<br>
<b>ok</b> (<i>adj.</i>), eight (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>okaz-i</b>, to happen, occur, take place.<br>
<b>okcident-o</b>, west.<br>
<b>oktobr-o</b>, October.<br>
<b>okul-o</b>, eye.<br>
<b>okup-i</b>, to occupy.<br>
<b>ol</b> (<i>conj.</i>), than (<b>82, 97, 98</b>).<br>
<b>ole-o</b>, oil.<br>
<b>oliv-o</b>, olive.<br>
<b>ombr-o</b>, shadow, shade.<br>
<b>ombrel-o</b>, umbrella.<br>
<b>-on-</b>, <i>suffix forming fractions</i> (<b>166</b>).<br>
<b>ond-o</b>, wave.<br>
<b>oni</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), one, they (<b>54</b>).<br>
<b>onkl-o</b>, uncle.<br>
<b>-op-</b>, <i>suffix forming collective numerals</i> (<b>261</b>).<br>
<b>oper-o</b>, opera.<br>
<b>opini-i</b>, to have the opinion, think.<br>
<b>oportun-a</b>, handy, convenient, opportune.<br>
<b>or-o</b>, gold.<br>
<b>oran&#285;-o</b>, orange (fruit).<br>
<b>ord-o</b>, order (methodical or proper arrangement).<br>
<b>ordinar-a</b>, ordinary; eksterordinara, extraordinary.<br>
<b>ordon-i</b>, to order, bid, command.<br>
<b>orel-o</b>, ear (of the body).<br>
<b>orf-o</b>, orphan.<br>
<b>organ-o</b>, organ (physical).<br>
<b>organiz-i</b>, to organize.<br>
<b>orgen-o</b>, organ, (musical instrument).<br>
<b>orient-o</b>, east.<br>
<b>original-o</b>, original.<br>
<b>orkestr-o</b>, orchestra.<br>
<b>ornam-i</b>, to ornament, adorn.<br>
<b>ort-a</b>, right-angled.<br>
<b>osced-i</b>, to gape, yawn.<br>
<b>ost-o</b>, bone.<br>
<b>ostr-o</b>, oyster.<br>
<b>ostracism-o</b>, ostracism.<br>
<b>ov-o</b>, egg.<br>

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<p><b>P.</b></p>

<b>pac-o</b>, peace.<br>
<b>pacienc-o</b>, patience.<br>
<b>padel-i</b>, to paddle.<br>
<b>paf-i</b>, to shoot (with gun, etc.).<br>
<b>pag-i</b>, to pay.<br>
<b>pa&#285;-o</b>, page (of a book, etc.).<br>
<b>pajl-o</b>, straw.<br>
<b>pak-i</b>, to pack.<br>
<b>pal-a</b>, pale.<br>
<b>palac-o</b>, palace.<br>
<b>palis-o</b>, stake; <b>&mdash;aro</b>, palisade.<br>
<b>palp-i</b>, to feel (with the fingers, etc.); <b>&mdash;ado</b>, touch (the sense).<br>
<b>palpebr-o</b>, eyelid.<br>
<b>pan-o</b>, bread.<br>

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<b>pantalon-o</b>, trousers.<br>
<b>pantofl-o</b>, slipper.<br>
<b>paper-o</b>, paper (material).<br>
<b>papili-o</b>, butterfly.<br>
<b>par-o</b>, pair.<br>
<b>paradiz-o</b>, paradise.<br>
<b>paragraf-o</b>, paragraph.<br>
<b>paralel-a</b>, parallel.<br>
<b>pardon-i</b>, to forgive, pardon (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>parenc-o</b>, relative (person).<br>
<b>parfum-o</b>, perfume.<br>
<b>park-o</b>, park.<br>
<b>parker-e</b>, by rote, by heart, from memory.<br>
<b>parol-i</b>, to speak (<b>77</b>).<br>
<b>part-o</b>, part, share.<br>
<b>particip-o</b>, participle.<br>
<b>pas-i</b>, (<i>intrans.</i>), to pass.<br>
<b>pasa&#285;er-o</b>, passenger.<br>
<b>paser-o</b>, sparrow.<br>
<b>pasi-o</b>, passion.<br>
<b>pasiv-a</b>, passive.<br>
<b>Pask-o</b>, Easter.<br>
<b>paste&#265;-o</b>, patty, small pie.<br>
<b>pastinak-o</b>, parsnip.<br>
<b>pastr-o</b>, pastor, clergyman, priest.<br>
<b>pa&#349;-i</b>, to step.<br>
<b>pa&#349;t-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to pasture, feed; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, shepherd.<br>
<b>pat-o</b>, pan, frying-pan.<br>
<b>patr-o</b>, father.<br>
<b>pa&#365;z-o</b>, pause.<br>
<b>pavim-o</b>, pavement.<br>
<b>pec-o</b>, piece, morsel.<br>
<b>pejza&#285;-o</b>, landscape.<br>
<b>pek-i</b>, to sin.<br>
<b>pekl-i</b>, to pickle (meat, etc.).<br>
<b>pel-i</b>, to chase away, drive off.<br>
<b>pelt-o</b>, coat or wrap of fur.<br>
<b>pen-i</b>, to strive, try.<br>
<b>pend-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to hang.<br>
<b>penetr-i</b>, to penetrate.<br>
<b>penik-o</b>, paintbrush, hair pencil.<br>
<b>pens-i</b>, to think.<br>
<b>pent-i</b>, to repent.<br>
<b>pentr-i</b>, to paint.<br>
<b>pep-i</b>, to chirp, twitter.<br>
<b>per</b> (<i>prep.</i>), by means of, with, by (<b>64</b>).<br>
<b>perd-i</b>, to lose.<br>
<b>pere-i</b>, to perish.<br>
<b>perfekt-a</b>, perfect.<br>
<b>perfid-i</b>, to betray; <b>&mdash;a</b>, perfidious, treacherous.<br>
<b>period-a</b>, periodic.<br>
<b>perl-o</b>, pearl.<br>
<b>permes-i</b>, to permit, allow, let.<br>
<b>peron-o</b>, platform (railway), stoop (entrance porch).<br>
<b>persekut-i</b>, to persecute, prosecute.<br>
<b>persik-o</b>, peach.<br>
<b>persist-i</b>, to persist, persevere.<br>
<b>person-o</b>, person.<br>
<b>peruk-o</b>, wig.<br>
<b>pes-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to ascertain the weight of; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, scales, balance.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------277.png---------------------------- -->

<b>pet-i</b>, to request, beg, ask.<br>
<b>petol-i</b>, to be mischievous, saucy, roguish.<br>
<b>petrol-o</b>, petroleum, kerosene.<br>
<b>petrosel-o</b>, parsley.<br>
<b>pez-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to be heavy, weigh.<br>
<b>pi-a</b>, pious.<br>
<b>pice-o</b>, spruce (tree).<br>
<b>pied-o</b>, foot; <b>&mdash;iranto</b>, pedestrian.<br>
<b>piedestal-o</b>, pedestal.<br>
<b>pik-i</b>, to prick, sting.<br>
<b>pilgrim-i</b>, to go on a pilgrimage.<br>
<b>pilk-o</b>, ball (to play with).<br>
<b>pin-o</b>, pine (tree).<br>
<b>pinakotek-o</b>, picture gallery.<br>
<b>pin&#265;-i</b>, to pinch.<br>
<b>pingl-o</b>, pin.<br>
<b>pint-o</b>, point, pinnacle, summit.<br>
<b>pionir-o</b>, pioneer.<br>
<b>pip-o</b>, pipe (for smoking).<br>
<b>pipr-o</b>, pepper.<br>
<b>pir-o</b>, pear.<br>
<b>pist-i</b>, to crush, mash; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, pur&eacute;e.<br>
<b>pitoresk-a</b>, picturesque.<br>
<b>piz-o</b>, pea.<br>
<b>plac-o</b>, public square, place (broad, short street or open space).<br>
<b>pla&#265;-i</b>, to please, to be pleasing (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>plad-o</b>, flat dish.<br>
<b>plafon-o</b>, ceiling.<br>
<b>plan-o</b>, plan, scheme.<br>
<b>pland-o</b>, sole (of the foot).<br>
<b>planed-o</b>, planet.<br>
<b>plank-o</b>, floor.<br>
<b>plant-i</b>, to plant.<br>
<b>plat-a</b>, flat, plane.<br>
<b>pla&#365;d-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to splash, dabble (a liquid).<br>
<b>plej</b> (<i>adv.</i>), most (<b>74, 79, 81, 162</b>); malplej, least (<b>80</b>).<br>
<b>plekt-i</b>, to weave, plait, braid.<br>
<b>plen-a</b>, full; plenum-i, to fulfil.<br>
<b>plend-i</b>, to complain.<br>
<b>plet-o</b>, tray.<br>
<b>plezur-o</b>, pleasure.<br>
<b>pli</b> (<i>adv.</i>), more (<b>74, 79, 81</b>); malpli, less (<b>80</b>).<br>
<b>plor-i</b>, to weep, cry.<br>
<b>plu</b> (<i>adv.</i>), further, more, any more.<br>
<b>plug-i</b>, to plow.<br>
<b>plum-o</b>, pen, feather.<br>
<b>plumb-o</b>, lead (metal); <b>&mdash;isto</b>, plumber.<br>
<b>pluv-o</b>, rain.<br>
<b>pne&#365;matik-o</b>, pneumatic tire.<br>
<b>po</b> (<i>prep.</i>), at the rate of (<b>175</b>).<br>
<b>poem-o</b>, poem.<br>
<b>poet-o</b>, poet.<br>
<b>poezi-o</b>, poetry, poesy.<br>
<b>pokal-o</b>, goblet, cup.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------278.png---------------------------- -->

<b>pol-o</b>, Pole.<br>
<b>polic-o</b>, police (force).<br>
<b>politik-o</b>, politics.<br>
<b>polm-o</b>, palm (of the hand).<br>
<b>polur-i</b>, to polish, make smooth and glossy.<br>
<b>polus-o</b>, pole (geographical).<br>
<b>polv-o</b>, dust.<br>
<b>pom-o</b>, apple.<br>
<b>pomp-o</b>, pomp, splendor.<br>
<b>pont-o</b>, bridge.<br>
<b>popol-o</b>, a people, folk.<br>
<b>popular-a</b>, popular.<br>
<b>por</b> (<i>prep.</i>), for (<b>95, 98, 262</b>).<br>
<b>porcelan-o</b>, porcelain, china.<br>
<b>porci-o</b>, portion, share.<br>
<b>pord-o</b>, door.<br>
<b>pork-o</b>, swine, pig, hog.<br>
<b>port-i</b>, to carry, bear.<br>
<b>portret-o</b>, portrait.<br>
<b>posed-i</b>, to possess, own.<br>
<b>post</b> (<i>prep.</i>), after, behind (<b>89, 120</b>).<br>
<b>postul-i</b>, to require, demand.<br>
<b>po&#349;-o</b>, pocket.<br>
<b>po&#349;t-o</b>, post (mail); <b>&mdash;kesto</b>, mailbox; <b>&mdash;marko</b>, postage stamp; <b>&mdash;mandato</b>, postal money order.<br>
<b>pot-o</b>, pot.<br>
<b>potenc-a</b>, powerful, mighty.<br>
<b>pov-i</b>, to be able, can (<b>72</b>).<br>
<b>pra-</b>, <i>prefix indicating remoteness in line of descent</i> (<b>282</b>).<br>
<b>praktik-o</b>, practice.<br>
<b>prav-a</b>, right, in the right.<br>
<b>precip-a</b>, principal, chief.<br>
<b>preciz-a</b>, precise.<br>
<b>predik-i</b>, to preach.<br>
<b>prefer-i</b>, to prefer.<br>
<b>prefiks-o</b>, prefix.<br>
<b>pre&#285;-i</b>, to pray; <b>&mdash;ejo</b>, church.<br>
<b>prem-i</b>, to press.<br>
<b>premi-o</b>, premium, prize.<br>
<b>pren-i</b>, to take.<br>
<b>prepar-i</b>, to prepare.<br>
<b>pres-i</b>, to print.<br>
<b>preska&#365;</b> (<i>adv.</i>), almost.<br>
<b>pret-a</b>, ready.<br>
<b>pretekst-i</b>, to make pretext of, pretend, sham.<br>
<b>pretend-i</b>, to make pretension to, lay claim to.<br>
<b>preter</b> (<i>prep.</i>), beyond, past, by.<br>
<b>prez-o</b>, price.<br>
<b>prezent-i</b>, to present, offer.<br>
<b>prezid-i</b>, to preside; <b>&mdash;anto</b>, presiding officer, president, chairman.<br>
<b>pri</b> (<i>prep.</i>), concerning, about, of (160, 264, c).<br>
<b>princ-o</b>, prince.<br>
<b>princip-o</b>, principle.<br>
<b>printemp-o</b>, spring (season).<br>
<b>pro</b> (<i>prep.</i>), on account of, because of, for (<b>86</b>).<br>
<b>problem-o</b>, problem.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------279.png---------------------------- -->

<b>procent-o</b>, interest, percentage.<br>
<b>proces-o</b>, lawsuit, legal process.<br>
<b>produkt-i</b>, to produce.<br>
<b>profesi-o</b>, profession, occupation, calling.<br>
<b>profesor-o</b>, professor.<br>
<b>profil-o</b>, profile.<br>
<b>profit-o</b>, profit; <b>&mdash;i</b>, to profit (by).<br>
<b>profund-a</b>, deep, profound.<br>
<b>progres-i</b>, to progress.<br>
<b>projekt-o</b>, project.<br>
<b>proklam-i</b>, to proclaim.<br>
<b>prokrast-i</b>, to delay, procrastinate.<br>
<b>proksim-a</b>, near.<br>
<b>promen-i</b>, to go walking, promenade.<br>
<b>promes-i</b>, to promise.<br>
<b>propon-i</b>, to propose, offer.<br>
<b>proporci-o</b>, proportion.<br>
<b>propr-a</b>, own (one's own); malpropra, other people's; <b>&mdash;igi al si</b>, to appropriate, make one's own.<br>
<b>prosper-i</b>, to have success, prosper.<br>
<b>protekt-i</b>, to protect.<br>
<b>protest-i</b>, to protest.<br>
<b>protokol-o</b>, minutes (of a meeting).<br>
<b>prov-i</b>, to try, attempt, test.<br>
<b>proviz-i</b>, to provide.<br>
<b>proz-o</b>, prose; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, prose composition, piece of prose.<br>
<b>prudent-a</b>, reasonable, sensible, rational.<br>
<b>prujn-o</b>, hoar frost.<br>
<b>prun-o</b>, plum.<br>
<b>prunt-o</b>, loan; <b>&mdash;i</b>, (<b>&mdash;e doni)</b>, to lend; <b>&mdash;e preni</b>, to borrow.<br>
<b>pruv-i</b>, to prove, give proof of.<br>
<b>psalm-o</b>, psalm.<br>
<b>publik-o</b>, public (the); <b>&mdash;igi</b>, to publish.<br>
<b>puding-o</b>, pudding.<br>
<b>pudr-i</b>, to powder.<br>
<b>pugn-o</b>, fist.<br>
<b>pulm-o</b>, lung.<br>
<b>pulv-o</b>, gunpowder.<br>
<b>pump-i</b>, to pump.<br>
<b>pun-i</b>, to punish.<br>
<b>punt-o</b>, lace (point, etc.).<br>
<b>pup-o</b>, doll.<br>
<b>pupitr-o</b>, desk.<br>
<b>pur-a</b>, clean, pure.<br>
<b>purpur-a</b>, purple.<br>
<b>pu&#349;-i</b>, to push; repu&#349;i, to repulse.<br>
<b>put-o</b>, well (for water).<br>

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<p><b>R.</b></p>

<b>rabarb-o</b>, rhubarb.<br>
<b>rab-i</b>, to pillage, plunder; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, robber.<br>
<b>rabat-i</b>, to rebate, give a reduction, discount or rebate.<br>
<b>rad-o</b>, wheel.<br>
<b>radi-o</b>, ray (of light), spoke (of wheel), radius.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------280.png---------------------------- -->

<b>radik-o</b>, root.<br>
<b>rafan-o</b>, radish.<br>
<b>rafin-i</b>, to refine; <b>&mdash;ejo</b>, refinery.<br>
<b>rajd-i</b>, to ride (horse, etc.).<br>
<b>rajt-o</b>, right (to something).<br>
<b>rakont-i</b>, to relate, narrate (<b>77</b>).<br>
<b>ramp-i</b>, to creep, crawl, clamber.<br>
<b>ran-o</b>, frog.<br>
<b>rand-o</b>, edge, border.<br>
<b>rang-o</b>, rank, grade, dignity.<br>
<b>rapid-a</b>, rapid, quick; <b>&mdash;o</b>, speed; <b>&mdash;emo</b>, haste.<br>
<b>raport-i</b>, to report, give a report.<br>
<b>ras-o</b>, race (tribe, people, nation).<br>
<b>rasp-i</b>, to rasp, grate; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, grater.<br>
<b>rat-o</b>, rat.<br>
<b>ra&#365;k-a</b>, hoarse, raucous.<br>
<b>rav-i</b>, to enchant.<br>
<b>raz-i</b>, to shave.<br>
<b>re-</b>, <i>prefix indicating repetition or return</i> (<b>223</b>).<br>
<b>real-a</b>, real.<br>
<b>reciprok-a</b>, reciprocal, mutual (<b>180</b>).<br>
<b>redakci-o</b>, editorial department.<br>
<b>redakt-i</b>, to edit.<br>
<b>redaktor-o</b>, editor.<br>
<b>redingot-o</b>, frock coat.<br>
<b>refut-i</b>, to refute.<br>
<b>reg-i</b>, to rule, govern, reign.<br>
<b>regal-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to regale, treat (to food or drink).<br>
<b>region-o</b>, region.<br>
<b>registr-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to register, enroll.<br>
<b>regn-o</b>, state, governed body; <b>&mdash;ano</b>, citizen, subject.<br>
<b>regul-o</b>, rule, regulation.<br>
<b>re&#285;-o</b>, king.<br>
<b>reklam-i</b>, to advertise.<br>
<b>rekomend-i</b>, to recommend, register (a letter).<br>
<b>rekompenc-i</b>, to recompense, reward.<br>
<b>rekt-a</b>, straight, undeviating, direct.<br>
<b>rel-o</b>, rail.<br>
<b>religi-o</b>, religion.<br>
<b>rem-i</b>, to row.<br>
<b>rembur-i</b>, to upholster, stuff, pad.<br>
<b>renkont-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to meet.<br>
<b>renvers-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to upset.<br>
<b>reprezent-i</b>, to represent.<br>
<b>respekt-i</b>, to respect.<br>
<b>respond-i</b>, to answer.<br>
<b>respublik-o</b>, republic.<br>
<b>rest-i</b>, to remain, stay.<br>
<b>restoraci-o</b>, restaurant.<br>
<b>resum-i</b>, to summarize, give in resum&eacute;.<br>
<b>ret-o</b>, net, netting.<br>
<b>rev-i</b>, to indulge in revery, dream, fancy.<br>
<b>revu-o</b>, journal, review, magazine.<br>
<b>rezon-i</b>, to reason (exert the power of reasoning).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------281.png---------------------------- -->

<b>rezult-i</b>, to result.<br>
<b>ricev-i</b>, to receive.<br>
<b>ri&#265;-a</b>, rich.<br>
<b>rid-i</b>, to laugh (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>rifuz-i</b>, to refuse.<br>
<b>rigard-i</b>, to look.<br>
<b>rigl-i</b>, to bolt (fasten).<br>
<b>rikolt-i</b>, to harvest, reap.<br>
<b>rilat-i</b>, to have relation (to) (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>rimark-i</b>, to notice, note.<br>
<b>rimed-o</b>, means, way; vivrimedoj, means of livelihood.<br>
<b>rimen-o</b>, thong, strap.<br>
<b>ring-o</b>, ring.<br>
<b>rip-o</b>, rib.<br>
<b>ripar-i</b>, to mend, repair.<br>
<b>ripet-i</b>, to repeat.<br>
<b>ripoz-i</b>, to repose, rest.<br>
<b>ripro&#265;-i</b>, to reproach.<br>
<b>river-o</b>, river.<br>
<b>riz-o</b>, rice.<br>
<b>rob-o</b>, dress, robe.<br>
<b>Robert-o</b>, Robert.<br>
<b>romp-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to break.<br>
<b>rond-o</b>, circle, ring, round.<br>
<b>ros-o</b>, dew.<br>
<b>rost-i</b>, to roast.<br>
<b>roz-o</b>, rose (flower).<br>
<b>ruband-o</b>, ribbon.<br>
<b>rubus-o</b>, blackberry.<br>
<b>ru&#285;-a</b>, red.<br>
<b>ruin-o</b>, ruin.<br>
<b>rul-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to roll (ball, etc.).<br>
<b>rus-o</b>, Russian.<br>
<b>rust-i</b>, to rust.<br>
<b>rutin-o</b>, routine.<br>
<b>ruz-a</b>, crafty, cunning, sly.<br>

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<p><b>S.</b></p>

<b>sabat-o</b>, Saturday.<br>
<b>sabl-o</b>, sand.<br>
<b>sag-o</b>, arrow.<br>
<b>sa&#285;-a</b>, wise.<br>
<b>sak-o</b>, sack, bag.<br>
<b>sal-o</b>, salt.<br>
<b>salajr-o</b>, salary, wages.<br>
<b>salat-o</b>, salad.<br>
<b>salon-o</b>, parlor, drawing-room.<br>
<b>salt-i</b>, to jump, leap.<br>
<b>salut-i</b>, to salute, greet.<br>
<b>sam-a</b>, same.<br>
<b>san-a</b>, healthy, well.<br>
<b>sang-o</b>, blood.<br>
<b>sankt-a</b>, sacred, holy.<br>
<b>sap-o</b>, soap.<br>
<b>sarden-o</b>, sardine.<br>
<b>sat-a</b>, sated; malsata, hungry.<br>
<b>sa&#365;c-o</b>, sauce, gravy, dressing.<br>
<b>sav-i</b>, to save; rescue.<br>
<b>sci-i</b>, to know (<b>117</b>).<br>
<b>scienc-o</b>, science.<br>
<b>se</b> (<i>conj.</i>), if (<b>240</b>).<br>
<b>sed</b> (<i>conj.</i>), but.<br>
<b>seg-i</b>, to saw.<br>
<b>se&#285;-o</b>, chair.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------282.png---------------------------- -->

<b>sek-a</b>, dry.<br>
<b>sekret-o</b>, secret.<br>
<b>sekretari-o</b>, secretary.<br>
<b>sekund-o</b>, second (of time).<br>
<b>sekv-i</b>, to follow.<br>
<b>sel-o</b>, saddle.<br>
<b>sem-o</b>, seed; <b>&mdash;i</b>, to sow.<br>
<b>semajn-o</b>, week.<br>
<b>sen</b> (<i>prep.</i>), without (<b>248</b>).<br>
<b>senat-o</b>, senate; <b>&mdash;ano</b>, senator.<br>
<b>senc-o</b>, sense, meaning.<br>
<b>send-i</b>, to send.<br>
<b>sent-i</b>, to feel, perceive.<br>
<b>sep</b> (<i>adj.</i>), seven (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>septembr-o</b>, September.<br>
<b>ser&#265;-i</b>, to seek, hunt, look for.<br>
<b>serur-o</b>, lock.<br>
<b>serv-i</b>, to serve.<br>
<b>servic-o</b>, course (of a meal).<br>
<b>ses</b> (<i>adj.</i>), six (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>sever-a</b>, severe, stern.<br>
<b>sezon-o</b>, season.<br>
<b>si</b> (<i>pronoun, reflexive</i>), himself, herself, etc. (<b>40, 44, 274</b>).<br>
<b>sibl-i</b>, to hiss, whistle (wind, etc.).<br>
<b>sid-i</b>, to sit (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>sigel-i</b>, to seal.<br>
<b>sign-o</b>, sign, trace, mark.<br>
<b>signif-i</b>, to signify, mean.<br>
<b>silab-o</b>, syllable.<br>
<b>silent-i</b>, to be silent (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>silk-o</b>, silk.<br>
<b>simi-o</b>, monkey.<br>
<b>simil-a</b>, like, similar.<br>
<b>simpl-a</b>, simple.<br>
<b>sinjor-o</b>, gentleman, Mr. (<b>163</b>).<br>
<b>Sirakuz-o</b>, Syracuse.<br>
<b>sitel-o</b>, pail, bucket.<br>
<b>skatol-o</b>, small box or case.<br>
<b>skiz-i</b>, to sketch.<br>
<b>sklav-o</b>, slave.<br>
<b>skot-o</b>, Scot, Scotchman.<br>
<b>skrap-i</b>, to scrape.<br>
<b>skrib-i</b>, to write.<br>
<b>sku-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to shake.<br>
<b>skulpt-i</b>, to carve, sculpture.<br>
<b>societ-o</b>, society.<br>
<b>soif-i</b>, to be thirsty.<br>
<b>sojl-o</b>, threshold.<br>
<b>Sokrat-o</b>, Socrates.<br>
<b>sol-a</b>, alone, sole, only.<br>
<b>soldat-o</b>, soldier.<br>
<b>solen-a</b>, formal, solemn.<br>
<b>somer-o</b>, summer.<br>
<b>son-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to sound.<br>
<b>son&#285;-i</b>, to dream (in sleep).<br>
<b>sonor-i</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), to ring, sound; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, bell.<br>
<b>sopir-i</b>, to yearn, long, sigh.<br>
<b>sorb-i</b>, to absorb; <b>&mdash;papero</b>, blotting-paper.<br>
<b>sor&#265;-o</b>, witchcraft; ensor&#265;i, to bewitch; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, sorcerer.<br>
<b>sort-o</b>, destiny, fate, lot.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------283.png---------------------------- -->

<b>sova&#285;-a</b>, wild, savage.<br>
<b>spac-o</b>, space.<br>
<b>spec-o</b>, kind, sort, species.<br>
<b>special-a</b>, special.<br>
<b>specimen-o</b>, specimen, sample.<br>
<b>spegul-o</b>, mirror.<br>
<b>spert-a</b>, experienced, expert.<br>
<b>spes-o</b>, speso (international unit of money, 284).<br>
<b>spez-o</b>, clearing (financial); elspezi, to disburse, expend, spend; enspezi, to take in, receive (funds).<br>
<b>spinac-o</b>, spinach.<br>
<b>spir-i</b>, to breathe; elspiri, to exhale.<br>
<b>spite</b> (<i>prep.</i>), in spite of.<br>
<b>sprit-a</b>, witty.<br>
<b>staci-o</b>, station (railway, boat, etc.).<br>
<b>stamp-i</b>, to mark officially, stamp.<br>
<b>standard-o</b>, standard, flag.<br>
<b>stan-o</b>, tin (metal).<br>
<b>stang-o</b>, pole.<br>
<b>star-i</b>, to stand (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>stat-o</b>, state (of being), condition.<br>
<b>stel-o</b>, star.<br>
<b>stenografi-o</b>, shorthand, stenography.<br>
<b>stil-o</b>, style.<br>
<b>stimul-i</b>, to stimulate.<br>
<b>stomak-o</b>, stomach.<br>
<b>strang-a</b>, strange, peculiar.<br>
<b>strat-o</b>, street.<br>
<b>stre&#265;-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to stretch.<br>
<b>strek-i</b>, to make a streak, or line; substreki, to underline; surstreki, trastreki, to cross off, strike out.<br>
<b>stri-o</b>, streak, stripe, band.<br>
<b>strik-o</b>, strike (of labor).<br>
<b>stud-i</b>, to study.<br>
<b>student-o</b>, student (college, etc.).<br>
<b>stuf-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to stew.<br>
<b>stump-o</b>, stump (of tree, etc.).<br>
<b>sub</b> (<i>prep.</i>), under, beneath (<b>121, 160</b>).<br>
<b>subit-a</b>, sudden, abrupt.<br>
<b>substanc-o</b>, substance.<br>
<b>sud-o</b>, south.<br>
<b>sufer-i</b>, to suffer, endure.<br>
<b>sufi&#265;-i</b>, to suffice; <b>&mdash;ega</b>, abundant.<br>
<b>sufiks-o</b>, suffix.<br>
<b>sufok-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to suffocate.<br>
<b>sugesti-i</b>, to suggest.<br>
<b>suk-o</b>, sap, juice (of plants, etc.); <b>&mdash;a</b>, succulent.<br>
<b>sukces-i</b>, to succeed.<br>
<b>suker-o</b>, sugar.<br>
<b>sulfur-o</b>, sulphur.<br>
<b>sulk-o</b>, furrow, wrinkle.<br>
<b>sum-o</b>, sum, amount.<br>
<b>sun-o</b>, sun.<br>
<b>sup-o</b>, soup.<br>
<b>super</b> (<i>prep.</i>), above, over (<b>159</b>); <b>&mdash;a</b>, superior.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------284.png---------------------------- -->

<b>supersti&#265;-o</b>, superstition.<br>
<b>supoz-i</b>, to suppose.<br>
<b>supr-e</b> (<i>adv.</i>), above; <b>&mdash;a</b>, upper, above; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, surface.<br>
<b>sur</b> (<i>prep.</i>), on, upon (<b>160</b>).<br>
<b>surd-a</b>, deaf.<br>
<b>surpriz-i</b>, to surprise.<br>
<b>surtut-o</b>, overcoat.<br>
<b>suspekt-i</b>, to suspect.<br>
<b>sved-o</b>, Swede.<br>
<b>sven-i</b>, to faint, swoon.<br>
<b>sving-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), swing, brandish.<br>
<b>svis-o</b>, Swiss.<br>

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<p><b>&#348;.</b></p>

<b>&#349;af-o</b>, sheep; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, mutton; <b>&mdash;ido</b>, lamb; <b>&mdash;ida&#309;o</b>, lamb (meat); <b>&mdash;viro</b>, ram.<br>
<b>&#349;ajn-i</b>, to seem, appear.<br>
<b>&#349;al-o</b>, shawl.<br>
<b>&#349;anc-o</b>, luck, chance; bon&#349;ance, luckily.<br>
<b>&#349;ancel-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to oscillate, vacillate, make tremble.<br>
<b>&#349;an&#285;-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to change, alter.<br>
<b>&#349;ar&#285;-i</b>, to burden, load.<br>
<b>&#349;at-i</b>, to like, prize.<br>
<b>&#349;a&#365;m-o</b>, foam, froth.<br>
<b>&#349;el-o</b>, shell, peeling, bark.<br>
<b>&#349;elk-o</b>, suspender, supporter.<br>
<b>&#349;erc-i</b>, to joke, jest.<br>
<b>&#349;i</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), she, her (<b>32, 37, 42</b>).<br>
<b>&#349;ild-o</b>, shield.<br>
<b>&#349;ink-o</b>, ham.<br>
<b>&#349;ip-o</b>, ship.<br>
<b>&#349;ir-i</b>, to tear.<br>
<b>&#349;irm-i</b>, to shelter, shield; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, screen.<br>
<b>&#349;lim-o</b>, slime.<br>
<b>&#349;los-i</b>, to lock; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, key.<br>
<b>&#349;mir-i</b>, to anoint, smear.<br>
<b>&#349;nur-o</b>, string.<br>
<b>&#349;ose-o</b>, broad roadway, drive.<br>
<b>&#349;ov-i</b>, to shove, push.<br>
<b>&#349;ovel-i</b>, to shovel.<br>
<b>&#349;par-i</b>, to spare, be economical of.<br>
<b>&#349;pin-i</b>, to spin.<br>
<b>&#349;pruc-i</b>, to gush, spout, spurt (of liquids).<br>
<b>&#349;rank-o</b>, cupboard, wardrobe.<br>
<b>&#349;ra&#365;b-o</b>, screw.<br>
<b>&#349;tal-o</b>, steel.<br>
<b>&#349;tat-o</b>, state (political).<br>
<b>&#349;tel-i</b>, to steal (<b>252</b>).<br>
<b>&#349;tip-o</b>, log, block of wood.<br>
<b>&#349;tof-o</b>, cloth, stuff.<br>
<b>&#349;ton-o</b>, stone.<br>
<b>&#349;top-i</b>, to stop up, cork; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, stopper.<br>
<b>&#349;trump-o</b>, stocking.<br>
<b>&#349;tup-o</b>, step, round; <b>&mdash;aro</b>, stair-case.<br>
<b>&#349;u-o</b>, shoe; super&#349;uo, overshoe.<br>
<b>&#349;uld-i</b>, to owe, be indebted.<br>
<b>&#349;ultr-o</b>, shoulder.<br>

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<b>&#349;ut-o</b>, chute; <b>&mdash;i</b>, to pour (as in a chute).<br>
<b>&#349;vel-i</b>, to swell, become swollen.<br>
<b>&#349;vit-i</b>, to perspire.<br>

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<p><b>T.</b></p>

<b>tabak-o</b>, tobacco.<br>
<b>tabel-o</b>, table, index, tabulation.<br>
<b>tabl-o</b>, table (furniture).<br>
<b>tabul-o</b>, board, plank.<br>
<b>tag-o</b>, day; <b>&mdash;i&#285;o</b>, dawn; <b>&mdash;mezo</b>, noon.<br>
<b>tajlor-o</b>, tailor.<br>
<b>taks-i</b>, to estimate, value, rate.<br>
<b>talent-o</b>, talent.<br>
<b>tali-o</b>, waist; beltalia, shapely, having a good figure.<br>
<b>tambur-o</b>, drum.<br>
<b>tamen</b> (<i>conj.</i>), nevertheless, however, yet, still.<br>
<b>tantiem-o</b>, percentage of profit, royalty.<br>
<b>tapi&#349;-o</b>, carpet.<br>
<b>tarif-o</b>, tariff, schedule of rates.<br>
<b>tas-o</b>, cup; subtaso, saucer.<br>
<b>task-o</b>, task.<br>
<b>ta&#365;g-i</b>, to be fit for, good for.<br>
<b>tavol-o</b>, layer.<br>
<b>te-o</b>, tea.<br>
<b>teatr-o</b>, theatre; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, play.<br>
<b>ted-i</b>, to be tedious.<br>
<b>teg-i</b>, to cover, put a covering upon.<br>
<b>tegment-o</b>, roof.<br>
<b>teks-i</b>, to weave.<br>
<b>telefon-i</b>, to telephone.<br>
<b>telegraf-i</b>, to telegraph.<br>
<b>teler-o</b>, plate; <b>&mdash;meblo</b>, sideboard.<br>
<b>tem-o</b>, theme, subject.<br>
<b>temp-o</b>, time.<br>
<b>tempi-o</b>, temple (of the head).<br>
<b>templ-o</b>, temple (building).<br>
<b>ten-i</b>, to hold, keep.<br>
<b>tend-o</b>, tent.<br>
<b>tenor-o</b>, tenor (voice).<br>
<b>tent-i</b>, to tempt.<br>
<b>teori-o</b>, theory.<br>
<b>ter-o</b>, earth, soil; enterigi, to inter.<br>
<b>teras-o</b>, terrace.<br>
<b>teritori-o</b>, territory.<br>
<b>termin-o</b>, term, definition (word).<br>
<b>tern-i</b>, to sneeze.<br>
<b>terpom-o</b>, potato.<br>
<b>terur-o</b>, terror.<br>
<b>tia</b>, that kind of, such (<b>65</b>).<br>
<b>tial</b> (<i>adv.</i>), therefore (<b>78, 83</b>).<br>
<b>tiam</b> (<i>adv.</i>), then, at that time (<b>73</b>).<br>
<b>tibi-o</b>, shin bone, tibia; <b>&mdash;karno</b>, calf (of the leg).<br>
<b>tie</b> (<i>adv.</i>), there (<b>68</b>).<br>
<b>tiel</b> (<i>adv.</i>), thus, so (<b>88, 156</b>).<br>
<b>tigr-o</b>, tiger.<br>
<b>tikl-i</b>, to tickle.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------286.png---------------------------- -->

<b>tili-o</b>, linden.<br>
<b>tim-i</b>, to fear, be afraid of.<br>
<b>timon-o</b>, pole, tongue, shaft.<br>
<b>tint-i</b>, to jingle, tinkle.<br>
<b>tio</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), that (<b>233, 234</b>).<br>
<b>tiom</b> (<i>adv.</i>), that much, so much (<b>104, 164</b>).<br>
<b>tir-i</b>, to pull, draw.<br>
<b>tiran-o</b>, tyrant.<br>
<b>titol-o</b>, title.<br>
<b>tiu</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), that one, that (<b>56</b>); tiu &#265;i, this one, this (<b>60</b>).<br>
<b>tost-o</b>, toast (sentiment).<br>
<b>tol-o</b>, linen.<br>
<b>toler-i</b>, to tolerate.<br>
<b>tomat-o</b>, tomato.<br>
<b>tomb-o</b>, tomb, grave.<br>
<b>ton-o</b>, tone.<br>
<b>tond-i</b>, to shear; <b>&mdash;ilo</b>, shears, scissors.<br>
<b>tondr-i</b>, to thunder.<br>
<b>tord-i</b>, to twist; <b>&mdash;a</b>, crooked, winding.<br>
<b>tra</b> (<i>prep.</i>), through (<b>46, 160</b>).<br>
<b>trab-o</b>, beam (wooden).<br>
<b>traduk-i</b>, to translate.<br>
<b>traf-i</b>, to reach, attain (that which was aimed at or sought); maltrafi, to miss.<br>
<b>trajt-o</b>, feature.<br>
<b>trakt-i</b>, to treat of (in essay, speech, etc.); <b>&mdash;ato</b>, treatise.<br>
<b>tram-o</b>, tram; <b>&mdash;vojo</b>, tramway, street-car line; <b>&mdash;veturilo</b>, street-car.<br>
<b>tran&#265;-i</b>, to cut, sever.<br>
<b>trankvil-a</b>, serene, tranquil, calm.<br>
<b>trans</b> (<i>prep.</i>), across, the other side of (<b>160</b>).<br>
<b>tre</b> (<i>adv.</i>), very, very much.<br>
<b>trem-i</b>, to tremble.<br>
<b>tremp-i</b>, to drench, dip.<br>
<b>tren-i</b>, to drag, haul, draw; <b>&mdash;a&#309;o</b>, train (of a dress).<br>
<b>trezor-o</b>, treasure.<br>
<b>tri</b> (<i>adj.</i>), three (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>trik-i</b>, to knit.<br>
<b>trink-i</b>, to drink.<br>
<b>tritik-o</b>, wheat.<br>
<b>triumf-o</b>, triumph.<br>
<b>tro</b> (<i>adv.</i>), too, too much.<br>
<b>tromp-i</b>, to deceive.<br>
<b>tron-o</b>, throne.<br>
<b>tropik-o</b>, tropic.<br>
<b>trot-i</b>, to trot.<br>
<b>trotuar-o</b>, sidewalk, pavement.<br>
<b>trov-i</b>, to find.<br>
<b>tru-o</b>, hole.<br>
<b>trud-i</b>, to force upon, impose; altrudema, importunate.<br>
<b>trunk-o</b>, trunk (of tree or body).<br>
<b>tualet-o</b>, toilet.<br>
<b>tub-o</b>, tube, pipe.<br>
<b>tuber-o</b>, bulb, knot, tuber.<br>
<b>tuj</b> (<i>adv.</i>), at once, immediately<br>
<b>tuk-o</b>, piece of cloth.<br>

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<b>tur-o</b>, tower.<br>
<b>turk-o</b>, Turk.<br>
<b>turment-i</b>, to torment.<br>
<b>turn-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to turn.<br>
<b>tus-i</b>, to cough.<br>
<b>tu&#349;-i</b>, to touch; kortu&#349;i, to touch (the heart of).<br>
<b>tut-a</b>, entire, whole, all.<br>

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<p><b>U.</b></p>

<b>-uj-</b>, <i>suffix indicating receptacle, that which bears or contains</i> (<b>181</b>).<br>
<b>-ul-</b>, <i>suffix indicating person characterized by that in the root</i> (<b>132</b>).<br>
<b>ulm-o</b>, elm.<br>
<b>-um-</b>, indefinite suffix (<b>268</b>).<br>
<b>ung-o</b>, nail (of finger); <b>&mdash;ego</b>, claw, talon.<br>
<b>univers-o</b>, universe.<br>
<b>universitat-o</b>, university.<br>
<b>unu</b> (<i>adj.</i>), one (<b>136, 137, 180</b>); unui&#285;o, union.<br>
<b>uragan-o</b>, hurricane.<br>
<b>urb-o</b>, city; &#265;efurbo, capital.<br>
<b>ur&#285;-i</b>, to be urgent or pressing.<br>
<b>urs-o</b>, bear.<br>
<b>Uson-o</b>, United States of America.<br>
<b>util-a</b>, useful.<br>
<b>uz-i</b>, to use; trouzi, to abuse.<br>

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<p><b>V.</b></p>

<b>vad-i</b>, to wade.<br>
<b>vafl-o</b>, waffle.<br>
<b>vag-i</b>, to wander, to roam; <b>&mdash;isto</b>, vagabond.<br>
<b>vagon-o</b>, car, railway carriage.<br>
<b>vak-i</b>, to be vacant.<br>
<b>vaks-o</b>, wax.<br>
<b>val-o</b>, valley.<br>
<b>valiz-o</b>, valise, satchel, bag.<br>
<b>valor-i</b>, to be worth.<br>
<b>vals-i</b>, to waltz.<br>
<b>van-a</b>, vain, fruitless.<br>
<b>vang-o</b>, cheek.<br>
<b>vant-a</b>, vain, conceited.<br>
<b>vapor-o</b>, steam, vapor.<br>
<b>varb-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to enlist, recruit.<br>
<b>varm-a</b>, warm.<br>
<b>vast-a</b>, vast, spacious, extensive.<br>
<b>vaz-o</b>, vase, basin.<br>
<b>ve!</b> (<i>interjection</i>), woe! ho ve! alas! (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>veget-i</b>, to vegetate, grow (as plants).<br>
<b>vegetar-a</b>, vegetarian.<br>
<b>vejn-o</b>, vein.<br>
<b>vek-i</b> (<i>trans.</i>), to wake, awake.<br>
<b>vel-o</b>, sail.<br>
<b>velk-i</b>, to fade, wither, wilt.<br>
<b>velur-o</b>, velvet.<br>
<b>ven-i</b>, to come.<br>
<b>vend-i</b>, to sell.<br>

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<b>vendred-o</b>, Friday.<br>
<b>venen-o</b>, poison.<br>
<b>ven&#285;-i</b>, to avenge.<br>
<b>venk-i</b>, to conquer, vanquish.<br>
<b>vent-o</b>, wind.<br>
<b>ver-o</b>, truth.<br>
<b>verand-o</b>, veranda, porch.<br>
<b>verd-a</b>, green.<br>
<b>verk-i</b>, to compose (music or literature).<br>
<b>verm-o</b>, worm.<br>
<b>vermi&#265;el-o</b>, vermicelli.<br>
<b>vers-o</b>, verse.<br>
<b>ver&#349;-i</b>, to pour (a liquid).<br>
<b>vertikal-a</b>, vertical.<br>
<b>vesper-o</b>, evening (<b>93</b>).<br>
<b>vest-i</b>, to clothe, dress.<br>
<b>ve&#349;t-o</b>, vest, waistcoat.<br>
<b>vet-i</b>, to wager, bet.<br>
<b>veter-o</b>, weather.<br>
<b>vetur-i</b>, to ride, go (in vehicle, boat, etc.).<br>
<b>vi</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), you (<b>32, 37, 274</b>).<br>
<b>viand-o</b>, meat.<br>
<b>vibr-i</b>, to vibrate.<br>
<b>vic-o</b>, turn, place in a series; la&#365;vice, in turn; siavice, in his (her, its, their) turn; vicprezidanto, vice-president.<br>
<b>vid-i</b>, to see.<br>
<b>vidv-o</b>, widower; <b>&mdash;ino</b>, widow.<br>
<b>vigl-a</b>, alert, brisk.<br>
<b>vila&#285;-o</b>, village.<br>
<b>vin-o</b>, wine.<br>
<b>vinagr-o</b>, vinegar.<br>
<b>vinber-o</b>, grape; sekvinbero, raisin.<br>
<b>vintr-o</b>, winter.<br>
<b>viol-o</b>, violet.<br>
<b>violon-o</b>, violin.<br>
<b>vip-i</b>, to whip.<br>
<b>vir-o</b>, man<br>
<b>virt-o</b>, virtue.<br>
<b>vi&#349;-i</b>, to wipe.<br>
<b>vitr-o</b>, glass (material).<br>
<b>viv-i</b>, to live (<b>133</b>).<br>
<b>viza&#285;-o</b>, face, visage.<br>
<b>vizit-i</b>, to visit.<br>
<b>vo&#265;-o</b>, voice; <b>&mdash;doni</b>, to vote.<br>
<b>voj-o</b>, road, way.<br>
<b>voja&#285;-i</b>, to journey, travel, voyage.<br>
<b>vok-i</b>, to call.<br>
<b>vokal-o</b>, vowel.<br>
<b>vol-i</b>, to be willing, will, wish.<br>
<b>volont-e</b>, willingly.<br>
<b>volum-o</b>, volume (book).<br>
<b>volumen-o</b>, volume (of a body).<br>
<b>volv-i</b>, to roll (something around something).<br>
<b>vort-o</b>, word; <b>&mdash;aro</b>, dictionary.<br>
<b>vost-o</b>, tail.<br>
<b>vual-o</b>, veil.<br>
<b>vulgar-a</b>, common, vulgar.<br>
<b>vulp-o</b>, fox.<br>
<b>vund-i</b>, to wound.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------289.png---------------------------- -->

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<p><b>Z.</b></p>

<b>zenit-o</b>, zenith.<br>
<b>zigzag-o</b>, zigzag.<br>
<b>zingibr-o</b>, ginger.<br>
<b>zink-o</b>, zinc.<br>
<b>zon-o</b>, girdle, belt, zone.<br>
<b>zoologi-o</b>, zoology.<br>
<b>zorg-i</b>, to care (for), be anxious (about).<br>
<b>zum-i</b>, to hum, buzz.<br>

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<!-- -----------------------------291.png---------------------------- -->

<hr align="center" width="38%">

<center><b>ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.</b></center>

<p>
The following vocabulary includes all Esperanto roots used in the
preceding lessons, all primary words of the language, and a large number
of additional roots (to facilitate original composition). No attempt
has been made, however, to include all of the roots of the language,
or their various English meanings, for which an English-Esperanto
Dictionary should be consulted.
</p>

<p>
References are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. <!-- Since
page numbers have no relevance in this etext version, such references
were deleted. --> For other parts of speech than those indicated, see
Word Formation, 116, 120, 159, 171, also the references under Prefixes
and Suffixes in the Index. For formation of compound words other than
those given, see 160, 167, 176, 184. The following abbreviations are
used: adj. = adjective; adv. = adverb; conj. = conjunction; intrans.
= intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. = transitive; &mdash; =
repetition of the English word.
</p>

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<p><b>A.</b></p>

<b>abandon</b>, forlas-i.<br>
<b>abash</b>, hontig-i.<br>
<b>(be) able</b>, pov-i (<b>72</b>).<br>
<b>abominable</b>, abomen-a.<br>
<b>about</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#265;irka&#365;; (<b>concerning</b>) pri; (<i>adv.</i>), (approximately, proksimum-e.<br>
<b>above</b> (<i>prep.</i>), super (<b>159</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), supr-e; &#265;i supre.<br>
<b>abrupt</b>, subit-a.<br>
<b>absorb</b>, sorb-i.<br>
<b>abundant</b>, sufi&#265;eg-a.<br>
<b>academy</b>, akademi-o.<br>
<b>accelerate</b> (<i>trans.</i>), akcel-i.<br>
<b>accent</b>, akcent-o.<br>
<b>accept</b>, akcept-i.<br>
<b>accident</b>, akcident-o; (<b>chance</b>) okaz-o.<br>
<b>accompany</b>, akompan-i.<br>
<b>(in) accordance with</b> (<i>prep.</i>), la&#365; (<b>191</b>).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------292.png---------------------------- -->

<b>account</b>, kont-o; (<b>bill</b>) kalkul-o; (<b>story</b>) rakont-o.<br>
<b>(on) account of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), pro (<b>86</b>).<br>
<b>accurate</b>, akurat-a.<br>
<b>accusative</b>, akuzativ-o.<br>
<b>accuse</b>, akuz-i, kulpig-i.<br>
<b>accustomed</b>, familiar-a, kutimit-a.<br>
<b>ache</b>, dolor-o.<br>
<b>acid</b>, acid-o.<br>
<b>(be) acquainted with</b>, kon-i (<b>117</b>); <b>become &mdash;</b>, konati&#285;-i. acquire, akir-i.<br>
<b>across</b> (<i>prep.</i>), trans.<br>
<b>act</b>, ag-i; <b>&mdash;on</b>, efik-i; (<b>behave</b>) kondut-i; (<b>of play</b>) akt-o.<br>
<b>active</b>, agema; (<b>grammatical</b>), aktiv-a.<br>
<b>actor</b>, aktor-o.<br>
<b>actual</b>, efektiv-a, ver-a.<br>
<b>acute</b>, akr-a.<br>
<b>add</b>, aldon-i (<b>160</b>).<br>
<b>address</b> (<b>on letters, etc.</b>) adres-o; (<b>lecture</b>) parolad-o.<br>
<b>adequate</b>, sufi&#265;-a.<br>
<b>adjacent</b>, apud-a (<b>159</b>).<br>
<b>adjective</b>, adjektiv-o.<br>
<b>administer</b> (<b>manage</b>), administr-i.<br>
<b>admire</b>, admir-i.<br>
<b>admit</b>, konfes-i; (<b>let in</b>) allas-i.<br>
<b>admonish</b>, admon-i.<br>
<b>adore</b>, ador-i.<br>
<b>adorn</b>, ornam-i.<br>
<b>adverb</b>, adverb-o.<br>
<b>advantage</b>, util-o, profit-o.<br>
<b>advertise</b>, reklam-i.<br>
<b>advise</b>, konsil-i.<br>
<b>affable</b>, afabl-a.<br>
<b>affair</b>, afer-o; <b>regrettable &mdash;</b>, doma&#285;-o.<br>
<b>affirmative</b>, jes-a (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>(be) afraid</b>, tim-i.<br>
<b>Africa</b>, Afrik-o.<br>
<b>after</b> (<i>prep.</i>), post (<b>89</b>).<br>
<b>afternoon</b>, posttagmez-o.<br>
<b>again</b>, denov-e, re-e (<b>223</b>).<br>
<b>against</b> (<i>prep.</i>), kontra&#365;.<br>
<b>age</b>, a&#285;-o; <b>of &mdash;</b>, plena&#285;-a; <b>old &mdash;</b>, maljunec-o.<br>
<b>(give an) agency</b>, komisi-i.<br>
<b>agent</b>, agent-o.<br>
<b>agitate</b>, agit-i.<br>
<b>agony</b>, agoni-o.<br>
<b>agree</b>, konsent-i; (<b>contract</b>) kontrakt-i.<br>
<b>agreeable</b>, agrabl-a.<br>
<b>aid</b>, help-i.<br>
<b>aim at</b>, cel-i.<br>
<b>air</b>, aer-o; <b>to &mdash;</b>, aerum-i; (<b>music</b>) ari-o.<br>
<b>alas!</b>, ho ve (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>alcohol</b>, alkohol-o.<br>
<b>alcove</b>, alkov-o.<br>
<b>alert</b>, vigl-a.<br>
<b>Alexander</b>, Aleksandr-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------293.png---------------------------- -->

<b>Alexandria</b>, Aleksandri-o.<br>
<b>Alfred</b>, Alfred-o.<br>
<b>algebra</b>, algebr-o.<br>
<b>alive</b>, viv-a.<br>
<b>all</b> (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), &#265;iuj (<b>173</b>); (<i>indefinite pronoun</i>) &#265;io (<b>233</b>); (<i>adv. of quantity</i>) &#265;iom (<b>194</b>); (<b>whole, entire</b>) tut-a.<br>
<b>alliance</b>, lig-o.<br>
<b>allow</b>, permes-i.<br>
<b>allude</b>, alud-i.<br>
<b>allure</b>, log-i.<br>
<b>almanac</b>, almanak-o.<br>
<b>almost</b> (<i>adv.</i>), preska&#365;.<br>
<b>alms</b>, almoz-o.<br>
<b>alone</b>, sol-a.<br>
<b>along</b> (<i>prep.</i>), la&#365; (<b>191</b>); <b>&mdash; with</b>, kune kun.<br>
<b>aloud</b>, la&#365;t-e.<br>
<b>alphabet</b>, alfabet-o.<br>
<b>already</b> (<i>adv.</i>), jam.<br>
<b>also</b> (<i>adv.</i>), anka&#365;.<br>
<b>altar</b>, altar-o.<br>
<b>alter</b> (<i>trans.</i>), &#349;an&#285;-i, aliig-i.<br>
<b>although</b> (<i>conj.</i>), kvankam.<br>
<b>always</b> (<i>adv.</i>), &#265;iam (<b>187</b>).<br>
<b>America</b>, Amerik-o.<br>
<b>amiable</b>, afabl-a, amind-a.<br>
<b>amid</b>, meze de, inter (<b>85</b>).<br>
<b>among</b> (<i>prep.</i>), inter (<b>85</b>).<br>
<b>amount</b>, sum-o, kvant-o; <b>a certain &mdash;</b>, iom (<b>217</b>).<br>
<b>amphibious</b>, amfibi-a.<br>
<b>amphitheatre</b>, amfiteatr-o.<br>
<b>amuse</b>, amuz-i.<br>
<b>analyse</b>, analiz-i.<br>
<b>ancestor</b>, prapatr-o (<b>282</b>).<br>
<b>anchor</b>, ankr-o.<br>
<b>ancient</b>, antikv-a.<br>
<b>and</b> (<i>conj.</i>), kaj (<b>26</b>).<br>
<b>anecdote</b>, anekdot-o.<br>
<b>anew</b>, denov-e.<br>
<b>angel</b>, an&#285;el-o.<br>
<b>angle</b>, angul-o.<br>
<b>angry</b>, koler-a.<br>
<b>animal</b>, best-o.<br>
<b>ankle</b>, maleol-o.<br>
<b>announce</b>, anonc-i.<br>
<b>annoy</b>, &#265;agren-i.<br>
<b>anoint</b>, &#349;mir-i.<br>
<b>answer</b>, respond-i.<br>
<b>ant</b>, formik-o.<br>
<b>antelope</b>, antilop-o.<br>
<b>antipathy</b>, antipati-o.<br>
<b>antique</b>, antikv-a.<br>
<b>anvil</b>, ambos-o.<br>
<b>anxious</b>, maltrankvil-a.<br>
<b>any</b> (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), iu (<b>203</b>); (<i>adv. of quantity</i>) iom (<b>217</b>); <b>&mdash;kind</b>, <b>&mdash;time</b>, <b>&mdash;thing</b>, etc., see table, 235.<br>
<b>any more</b> (<i>adv.</i>), plu.<br>
<b>apartment</b>, apartament-o.<br>
<b>apathy</b>, apati-o.<br>
<b>apologise</b>, pardonon pet-i.<br>
<b>apology</b> (<b>defence</b>), apologi-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------294.png---------------------------- -->

<b>apparatus</b>, aparat-o.<br>
<b>appear</b> (<b>come in sight</b>), aper-i; (<b>seem</b>) &#349;ajn-i.<br>
<b>appearance</b> (<b>aspect</b>), aspekt-o, mien-o, vidi&#285;-o.<br>
<b>appetite</b>, apetit-o.<br>
<b>applaud</b>, apla&#365;d-i.<br>
<b>apple</b>, pom-o.<br>
<b>apply</b> (<b>put on</b>), almet-i; <b>&mdash; to</b> (<b>for information, etc.</b>), sin turni al.<br>
<b>approach</b>, alproksimi&#285;-i al.<br>
<b>appropriate</b>, proprigi al si; (<b>suitable</b>), konven-a, dec-a.<br>
<b>approve</b>, aprob-i.<br>
<b>approximate</b>, proksimum-a.<br>
<b>apricot</b>, abrikot-o.<br>
<b>April</b>, april-o.<br>
<b>apron</b>, anta&#365;tuk-o.<br>
<b>aquarium</b>, akvari-o.<br>
<b>Arab</b>, arab-o; <b>street &mdash;</b>, bub-o.<br>
<b>arbitrate</b>, arbitraci-i.<br>
<b>arbor</b>, la&#365;b-o.<br>
<b>arc</b>, ark-o.<br>
<b>arcade</b>, arkad-o.<br>
<b>archer</b>, pafarkist-o.<br>
<b>Archimedes</b>, Ar&#293;imed-o.<br>
<b>architecture</b>, ar&#293;itektur-o.<br>
<b>arena</b>, aren-o.<br>
<b>argue</b>, argument-i.<br>
<b>Aristeides</b>, Aristejd-o.<br>
<b>aristocrat</b>, aristokrat-o.<br>
<b>Aristotle</b>, Aristotel-o.<br>
<b>arithmetic</b>, aritmetik-o.<br>
<b>arm</b> (<b>of the body</b>), brak-o; (<b>weapon</b>) armil-o.<br>
<b>army</b>, arme-o.<br>
<b>aroma</b>, arom-o.<br>
<b>around</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#265;irka&#365; (<b>89, 160</b>).<br>
<b>arouse</b>, incit-i, vek-i.<br>
<b>arrange</b>, aran&#285;-i.<br>
<b>arrest</b>, arest-i.<br>
<b>arrive</b>, alven-i.<br>
<b>arrogant</b>, arogant-a.<br>
<b>arrow</b>, sag-o.<br>
<b>art</b>, art-o.<br>
<b>Arthur</b>, Artur-o.<br>
<b>article</b> (<b>grammatical, literary</b>) artikol-o.<br>
<b>artificial</b>, artefarit-a.<br>
<b>artless</b>, naiv-a.<br>
<b>as</b> (<i>adv.</i>) kiel; as ... as ... tiel ... kiel ... (<b>156</b>); <b>&mdash; if</b>, <b>&mdash; though</b>, kvaza&#365; (<b>250</b>); <b>&mdash; far as</b>, &#285;is (prep., 46); <b>&mdash; much ... as ...</b>, tiom ... kiom (<b>164</b>).<br>
<b>ascertain</b>, certi&#285;-i; <b>&mdash; the truth of</b>, konstat-i.<br>
<b>(be) ashamed</b>, hont-i.<br>
<b>ashes</b>, cindr-o.<br>
<b>Asia</b>, Azi-o.<br>
<b>aside from</b> (<i>prep.</i>), krom.<br>
<b>ask</b> (<b>inquire</b>), demand-i; (<b>request</b>), pet-i.<br>
<b>asparagus</b>, asparag-o.<br>
<b>aspect</b>, aspekt-o, mien-o.<br>
<b>ass</b>, azen-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------295.png---------------------------- -->

<b>assemble</b>, kunven-i, kunvok-i.<br>
<b>assist</b>, help-i.<br>
<b>association</b> (<b>organization</b>), asoci-o.<br>
<b>assurance</b>, aplomb-o, certigo.<br>
<b>at</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#265;e (<b>125, 160</b>), je (<b>260</b>); <b>&mdash; the rate of</b>, po (<b>175</b>).<br>
<b>athlete</b>, atlet-o.<br>
<b>atmosphere</b>, atmosfer-o.<br>
<b>attack</b>, atak-i.<br>
<b>attain</b>, ating-i, traf-i.<br>
<b>attempt</b>, prov-i.<br>
<b>attentive</b>, atent-a.<br>
<b>attest</b>, atest-i.<br>
<b>attribute</b>, atribut-o.<br>
<b>August</b>, a&#365;gust-o.<br>
<b>Australia</b>, A&#365;strali-o.<br>
<b>author</b>, a&#365;tor-o, verkist-o.<br>
<b>automatic</b>, a&#365;tomat-a.<br>
<b>autumn</b>, a&#365;tun-o.<br>
<b>avaricious</b>, avar-a.<br>
<b>avenge</b>, ven&#285;-i.<br>
<b>avenue</b>, ale-o, bulvard-o.<br>
<b>avoid</b>, evit-i.<br>
<b>awake</b> (<i>trans.</i>), vek-i.<br>
<b>away</b> (<i>adv.</i>), for (<b>71</b>); (<b>distant</b>), malproksim-e (<b>170</b>).<br>
<b>axe</b>, hakil-o.<br>
<b>axis</b> (<b>axle</b>), aks-o.<br>

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<p><b>B.</b></p>

<b>babble</b>, babil-i.<br>
<b>baby</b>, infanet-o.<br>
<b>bachelor</b>, fra&#365;l-o; <b>&mdash; of arts (A.B.)</b>, abiturient-o.<br>
<b>back</b> (<b>of the body</b>), dors-o; to the rear (<i>adv.</i>), malanta&#365;en (<b>121</b>).<br>
<b>bacon</b>, lard-o.<br>
<b>bag</b>, sak-o, valiz-o.<br>
<b>bagatelle</b>, bagatel-o.<br>
<b>bake</b> (<i>trans.</i>), bak-i.<br>
<b>balance</b> (<i>trans.</i>), balanc-i; (<b>scales</b>), pesil-o.<br>
<b>ball</b> (<b>to play with</b>), pilk-o; (<b>dance</b>), bal-o; (<b>globe</b>), glob-o.<br>
<b>banana</b>, banan-o.<br>
<b>band</b> (<b>stripe</b>), stri-o; (<b>music</b>), orkestr-o; (<b>group</b>), ar-o (<b>126</b>).<br>
<b>bandage</b>, banda&#285;-i.<br>
<b>banish</b>, ekzil-i.<br>
<b>bank</b> (<b>financial</b>), bank-o; (<b>shore</b>), bord-o.<br>
<b>(become) bankrupt</b>, bankrot-i<br>
<b>banner</b>, flag-o, standard-o.<br>
<b>banquet</b>, festen-o.<br>
<b>bar</b>, bar-i.<br>
<b>barbarian</b>, barbar-o.<br>
<b>bare</b>, nud-a.<br>
<b>bark</b> (<b>of trees</b>), &#349;el-o; (<b>of dogs</b>), boj-i.<br>
<b>barrel</b>, barel-o; <b>&mdash; organ</b>, gurd-o.<br>
<b>barren</b>, senfrukt-a.<br>
<b>barrister</b>, advokat-o.<br>
<b>barytone</b>, bariton-o.<br>
<b>base</b> (<b>foundation</b>), fundament-o, baz-o; (<b>ignoble</b>), malnobl-a.<br>
<b>basin</b>, vaz-o, kuv-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------296.png---------------------------- -->

<b>basket</b>, korb-o.<br>
<b>bass</b> (<b>voice</b>), bas-o.<br>
<b>bathe</b> (<i>trans.</i>), ban-i.<br>
<b>battle</b>, batal-i.<br>
<b>be</b>, est-i (<b>109</b>).<br>
<b>beak</b>, bek-o.<br>
<b>beam</b> (<b>wooden</b>), trab-o; (<b>light</b>), radi-o.<br>
<b>bean</b> (<b>leguminous fruit</b>), fab-o; (<b>garden bean</b>), fazeol-o.<br>
<b>bear</b> (<b>animal</b>), urs-o; (<b>carry</b>), port-i; (<b>endure</b>), elport-i, sufer-i; (<b>produce, give birth to</b>), nask-i.<br>
<b>beard</b>, barb-o.<br>
<b>beast</b>, best-o.<br>
<b>beat</b>, bat-i; (<b>surpass</b>), super-i, venk-i.<br>
<b>beautiful</b>, bel-a.<br>
<b>because</b> (<i>conj.</i>), &#265;ar (<b>83</b>), tial ke  (<b>83</b>); <b>&mdash; of</b>  (<i>prep.</i>), pro (<b>86</b>).<br>
<b>become</b>, i&#285;-i, fari&#285;-i (<b>232</b>); (<b>be suitable</b>), konven-i, dec-i.<br>
<b>bed</b>, lit-o.<br>
<b>bee</b>, abel-o.<br>
<b>beef</b>, bova&#309;-o (227, c).<br>
<b>beefsteak</b>, bifstek-o.<br>
<b>beet</b>, bet-o.<br>
<b>before</b> (<i>prep.</i>), anta&#365; (<b>89, 90, 120, 159, 160</b>); (<i>conj.</i>), anta&#365; ol (<b>97, 98</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), anta&#365;e, &#309;us anta&#365;e.<br>
<b>beg</b> (request), pet-i; (ask alms), almozon pet-i.<br>
<b>beggar</b>, almozul-o.<br>
<b>begin</b> (<i>trans.</i>), komenc-i (<i>see also prefix</i> ek-, 206).<br>
<b>behave</b>, kondut-i.<br>
<b>behind</b> (<i>prep.</i>), post.<br>
<b>behold</b>, rigard-i, vid-i; (<i>adv.</i>), jen (<b>228</b>).<br>
<b>Belgian</b>, belg-o.<br>
<b>believe</b>, kred-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>bell</b>, sonoril-o.<br>
<b>belong</b>, aparten-i.<br>
<b>below</b> (<i>prep.</i>), sub; (<i>adv.</i>), sub-e, malsupr-e.<br>
<b>belt</b>, zon-o.<br>
<b>bench</b>, benk-o.<br>
<b>bend</b> (<i>trans.</i>), klin-i, fleks-i.<br>
<b>benevolence</b>, bonfar-o.<br>
<b>berry</b>, ber-o.<br>
<b>beside</b> (<i>prep.</i>), krom; (near), apud; (<b>at the side of</b>), flanke de.<br>
<b>bet</b>, vet-i.<br>
<b>betray</b>, perfid-i.<br>
<b>betrothed</b> (<b>man</b>), fian&#265;-o.<br>
<b>between</b> (<i>prep.</i>), inter (<b>85, 89</b>).<br>
<b>bewitch</b>, ensor&#265;-i.<br>
<b>beyond</b> (<i>prep.</i>), preter.<br>
<b>bicycle</b>, bicikl-o.<br>
<b>bid</b> (<b>order</b>), ordon-i; <b>&mdash; farewell</b>, adia&#365;-i.<br>
<b>big</b>, grand-a.<br>
<b>bill</b> (<b>of bird</b>), bek-o; <b>bank &mdash;</b>, bankbilet-o; <b>hand&mdash;</b>, afi&#349;-o; (<b>reckoning</b>), kalkul-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------297.png---------------------------- -->

<b>bind</b> (<b>fasten</b>), lig-i; (<b>wounds</b>), banda&#285;-i.<br>
<b>bird</b>, bird-o.<br>
<b>biscuit</b>, biskvit-o; (<b>ring-shaped</b>), kring-o.<br>
<b>bit</b> (<b>piece</b>), pec-o; (<i>adv.</i>), iom (<b>217</b>).<br>
<b>bite</b>, mord-i.<br>
<b>black</b>, nigr-a; <b>to &mdash;</b> (<b>shoes, etc.</b>), cir-i.<br>
<b>blackberry</b>, rubus-o.<br>
<b>blackbird</b>, merl-o.<br>
<b>blacking</b>, cir-o.<br>
<b>blade</b> (<b>of knife, etc.</b>), kling-o.<br>
<b>bleat</b>, blek-i.<br>
<b>bless</b>, ben-i.<br>
<b>blind</b>, blind-a.<br>
<b>block</b> (<b>of wood</b>), stip-o.<br>
<b>blood</b>, sang-o.<br>
<b>bloom</b>, flor-i (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>blot</b> (<b>spot</b>), makul-o.<br>
<b>blotter</b>, sorbil-o, sorbpaper-o.<br>
<b>blouse</b>, bluz-o, kitel-o.<br>
<b>blow</b>, blov-i; (<b>stroke</b>), bat-o.<br>
<b>blue</b>, blu-a; <b>&mdash;ish</b>, dubeblu-a.<br>
<b>blush</b>, ru&#285;i&#285;-i.<br>
<b>board</b> (<b>plank</b>), tabul-o; (<b>food</b>), nutrad-o.<br>
<b>boast</b>, fanfaron-i.<br>
<b>boat</b>, boat-o, &#349;ipet-o.<br>
<b>body</b>, korp-o.<br>
<b>boil</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), bol-i (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>bolt</b> (<b>fasten</b>), rigl-i.<br>
<b>bonbon</b>, bombon-o.<br>
<b>bond</b> (<b>fastening</b>), ligil-o.<br>
<b>bone</b>, ost-o.<br>
<b>book</b>, libr-o; <b>note&mdash;</b>, <b>copy&mdash;</b>, kajer-o.<br>
<b>boot</b>, bot-o.<br>
<b>border</b> (<b>edge</b>), rand-o.<br>
<b>bore</b> (<b>holes</b>), bor-i; (<b>weary</b>), enuig-i.<br>
<b>(be) born</b>, naski&#285;-i.<br>
<b>borrow</b>, pruntepren-i.<br>
<b>Boston</b>, Boston-o.<br>
<b>both</b> (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), amba&#365; (<b>238</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), kaj (<b>26</b>).<br>
<b>bottle</b>, botel-o.<br>
<b>bottom</b>, fund-o, malsupr-o.<br>
<b>bough</b>, bran&#265;-o.<br>
<b>boulevard</b>, bulvard-o.<br>
<b>boundary</b>, lim-o.<br>
<b>bouquet</b>, buked-o.<br>
<b>bow</b> (<b>of ribbon</b>), bant-o; (<b>for shooting</b>), pafark-o.<br>
<b>bow</b> (<b>bend</b>), klini&#285;-i, salut-i.<br>
<b>box</b>, kest-o; <b>small &mdash;</b>, skatol-o.<br>
<b>boy</b>, knab-o.<br>
<b>bracket</b> (<b>shelf</b>), bret-o.<br>
<b>brag</b>, fanfaron-i.<br>
<b>braid</b>, plekt-i.<br>
<b>brain</b>, cerb-o.<br>
<b>branch</b> (<b>of tree</b>), bran&#265;-o; (<b>of work or study</b>), fak-o.<br>
<b>brandish</b>, sving-i.<br>
<b>brandy</b>, brand-o.<br>
<b>brave</b>, brav-o.<br>
<b>bread</b>, pan-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------298.png---------------------------- -->

<b>break</b> (<i>trans</i>)., romp-i; <b>&mdash; to pieces</b>, frakas-i.<br>
<b>breakfast</b>, matenman&#285;-o.<br>
<b>breathe</b>, spir-i.<br>
<b>brick</b>, brik-o.<br>
<b>bridge</b>, pont-o.<br>
<b>bridle</b>, brid-o.<br>
<b>bright</b> (<b>clear</b>), hel-a.<br>
<b>bring</b>, alport-i; <b>&mdash; forth</b> (<b>produce</b>), nask-i; <b>&mdash; up</b> (<b>educate</b>), eduk-i.<br>
<b>brisk</b>, vigl-a.<br>
<b>Briton</b>, Brit-o.<br>
<b>broad</b>, lar&#285;-a.<br>
<b>brochure</b>, bro&#349;ur-o.<br>
<b>bronze</b>, bronz-o.<br>
<b>brood</b> (<b>birds</b>), kov-i.<br>
<b>brother</b>, frat-o.<br>
<b>brown</b>, brun-a.<br>
<b>brownie</b>, kobold-o.<br>
<b>bruise</b>, kontuz-i.<br>
<b>brush</b>, bros-i.<br>
<b>brute</b>, brut-o.<br>
<b>bucket</b>, sitel-o.<br>
<b>buckle</b>, buk-o.<br>
<b>bud</b>, bur&#285;on-o.<br>
<b>build</b>, konstru-i.<br>
<b>bulb</b>, tuber-o, bulb-o.<br>
<b>Bulgarian</b>, Bulgar-o.<br>
<b>bull</b>, bovvir-o.<br>
<b>bullet</b>, kugl-o.<br>
<b>bunch</b>, fask-o.<br>
<b>bundle</b>, fask-o, paka&#309;-o.<br>
<b>bungle</b>, fu&#349;-i.<br>
<b>burden</b>, &#349;ar&#285;-i.<br>
<b>burn</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), brul-i (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>burst</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), krev-i.<br>
<b>bury</b>, enterig-i.<br>
<b>but</b> (<i>conj.</i>), sed; (<i>prep.</i>), krom.<br>
<b>butcher</b>, bu&#265;-i.<br>
<b>butter</b>, buter-o.<br>
<b>butterfly</b>, papili-o.<br>
<b>button</b>, buton-o; <b>to &mdash;</b>, butonum-i.<br>
<b>buy</b>, a&#265;et-i.<br>
<b>buzz</b>, zum-i.<br>
<b>by</b> (<i>prep.</i>), per (<b>64</b>); de (<b>169, 170</b>); (<b>past</b>), preter; (<b>according to</b>), la&#365; (<b>191</b>).<br>

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<p><b>C.</b></p>

<b>cab</b>, fiakr-o.<br>
<b>cabbage</b>, brasik-o.<br>
<b>cage</b>, ka&#285;-o.<br>
<b>cake</b>, kuk-o.<br>
<b>calculate</b>, kalkul-i.<br>
<b>caldron</b>, kaldron-o.<br>
<b>calendar</b>, kalendar-o.<br>
<b>calf</b>, bovid-o; (<b>of the leg</b>), tibikarn-o.<br>
<b>call</b>, vok-i; (<b>visit</b>), vizit-i.<br>
<b>calling</b> (<b>profession</b>), profesi-o.<br>
<b>calm</b>, kviet-a, trankvil-a.<br>
<b>camel</b>, kamel-o.<br>
<b>camera</b>, kamer-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------299.png---------------------------- -->

<b>can</b> (be able), pov-i (<b>72</b>); (<b>preserve fruit, etc.</b>), konfit-i.<br>
<b>candle</b>, kandel-o.<br>
<b>candy</b>, kand-o.<br>
<b>canoe</b>, kanot-o.<br>
<b>cap</b>, &#265;ap-o.<br>
<b>capable</b>, kapabl-a.<br>
<b>capital</b> (<b>money</b>), kapital-o; (<b>excellent</b>), boneg-a; (<b>city</b>), &#265;efurb-o.<br>
<b>capitol</b>, kapitol-o.<br>
<b>car</b>, vagon-o.<br>
<b>card</b>, kart-o; <b>visiting &mdash;</b>, vizitkart-o.<br>
<b>care</b> (<b>for</b>), zorg-i (pri).<br>
<b>caress</b>, dorlot-i, kares-i.<br>
<b>carpet</b>, tapi&#349;-o.<br>
<b>carriage</b>, kale&#349;-o, veturil-o.<br>
<b>carrot</b>, karot-o.<br>
<b>carry</b>, port-i.<br>
<b>carve</b>, skulpt-i.<br>
<b>case</b> (<b>small box</b>), skatol-o; (<b>chest</b>), kest-o; (<b>legal</b>), proces-o; (<b>holder</b>), uj-o (<b>181</b>), ing-o (<b>237</b>); (<b>occasion</b>), okaz-o; (<b>grammatical</b>), kaz-o.<br>
<b>cashier</b>, kasist-o.<br>
<b>cascade</b>, kaskad-o.<br>
<b>cast</b>, &#309;et-i.<br>
<b>castle</b>, kastel-o.<br>
<b>cat</b>, kat-o.<br>
<b>catch</b>, kapt-i.<br>
<b>cattle</b>, brut-o, brutar-o.<br>
<b>cauliflower</b>, florbrasik-o.<br>
<b>cause</b>, ig-i (<b>214</b>); (<b>produce a result</b>), ka&#365;z-i; (<b>motive</b>), kial-o; tial-o; (<b>espoused or advocated</b>), afer-o; (<b>legal</b>), proces-o.<br>
<b>caution</b>, avert-i.<br>
<b>cavity</b>, kav-o.<br>
<b>cease</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), &#265;es-i.<br>
<b>ceiling</b>, plafon-o.<br>
<b>celebrate</b>, fest-i, solenig-i; <b>&mdash;ed</b>, fama.<br>
<b>celery</b>, celeri-o.<br>
<b>cellar</b>, kel-o.<br>
<b>cent</b>, cend-o.<br>
<b>center</b>, centr-o.<br>
<b>centigram</b>, centigram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>centiliter</b>, centilitr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>centimeter</b>, centimetr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>certain</b>, cert-a; <b>a &mdash;</b> (<b>one</b>), iu (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>, 203); <b>&mdash; amount, etc.</b>, <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>certainly</b>, nepr-e, cert-e, ja (<b>215</b>).<br>
<b>certify</b>, atest-i, certig-i, konstat-i.<br>
<b>chain</b>, &#265;en-o; (<b>fetter</b>), katen-o; (<b>of mountains</b>), montar-o.<br>
<b>chair</b>, se&#285;-o.<br>
<b>(be) chairman</b>, prezid-i.<br>
<b>chalk</b>, kret-o.<br>
<b>chance</b>, &#349;anc-o; (<b>hazard</b>), hazard-o; (<b>opportunity</b>), okazo.<br>
<b>change</b> (<i>trans.</i>), &#349;an&#285;-i; (<b>coins</b>), moner-oj.<br>
<b>chapel</b>, kapel-o.<br>
<b>chapter</b>, &#265;apitr-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------300.png---------------------------- -->

<b>character</b>, karakter-o.<br>
<b>charge</b> (<b>commission</b>), komisi-o; (<b>burden</b>), &#349;ar&#285;-o; (<b>price, cost</b>), prez-o, kost-o.<br>
<b>charm</b>, &#265;arm-i.<br>
<b>chase</b> (<b>game, etc.</b>), &#265;as-i; (<b>drive off</b>), forpel-i.<br>
<b>chatter</b>, babil-i.<br>
<b>check</b> (<b>on bank</b>), &#265;ek-o.<br>
<b>cheek</b>, vang-o.<br>
<b>cheese</b>, froma&#285;-o.<br>
<b>chemise</b>, &#265;emiz-o.<br>
<b>chemistry</b>, &#293;emi-o.<br>
<b>chemist's shop</b>, apotek-o.<br>
<b>cheque</b>, &#265;ek-o.<br>
<b>cherry</b>, &#265;eriz-o.<br>
<b>chest</b> (<b>box</b>), kest-o; (<b>with a lid</b>), kofr-o.<br>
<b>chestnut</b>, ka&#349;tan-o.<br>
<b>chew</b>, ma&#265;-i.<br>
<b>chief</b>, &#265;ef-a, precip-a; (<b>leader</b>), estr-o (<b>253</b>).<br>
<b>child</b>, infan-o, id-o (<b>207</b>).<br>
<b>chimney</b>, kamen-o.<br>
<b>chin</b>, menton-o.<br>
<b>china</b> (<b>porcelain</b>), porcelan-o; (<b>country</b>), &#292;inuj-o.<br>
<b>Chinaman</b>, &#293;in-o.<br>
<b>chirp</b>, pep-i.<br>
<b>chocolate</b>, &#265;okolad-o.<br>
<b>choir</b>, &#293;or-o.<br>
<b>choose</b>, elekt-i.<br>
<b>chop</b>, hak-i; (<b>cutlet</b>), kotlet-o.<br>
<b>chrestomathy</b>, krestomati-o.<br>
<b>Christ</b>, Krist-o.<br>
<b>church</b> (<b>building</b>), pre&#285;ej-o.<br>
<b>chute</b>, &#349;ut-o.<br>
<b>cigar</b>, cigar-o.<br>
<b>cigarette</b>, cigared-o.<br>
<b>cinnamon</b>, cinam-o.<br>
<b>cipher</b>, cifer-o.<br>
<b>circle</b>, cirkl-o, rond-o.<br>
<b>circular</b> (<b>letter, etc.</b>), cirkuler-o.<br>
<b>circumstance</b>, okaz-o, detal-o, cirkonstanc-o.<br>
<b>citizen</b>, regnan-o, urban-o.<br>
<b>city</b>, urb-o.<br>
<b>civilise</b>, civiliz-i.<br>
<b>clack</b>, krak-i.<br>
<b>claim</b>, pretend-i.<br>
<b>clamber</b>, ramp-i.<br>
<b>clap</b> (<i>trans.</i>), klak-i.<br>
<b>class</b>, klas-o.<br>
<b>clatter</b>, (<i>trans.</i>), klak-i.<br>
<b>claw</b>, ungeg-o.<br>
<b>clay</b>, argil-o.<br>
<b>clean</b>, pur-a.<br>
<b>clear</b> (<b>bright</b>), hela; (<b>distinct</b>), klar-a.<br>
<b>clearing</b> (<b>financial</b>), spez-o.<br>
<b>clergyman</b>, pastr-o.<br>
<b>clerk</b>, komiz-o.<br>
<b>clever</b>, lert-a.<br>
<b>climate</b>, klimat-o.<br>
<b>climb up</b>, grimp-i, supren ramp-i.<br>
<b>cloak</b>, mantel-o.<br>
<b>clock</b>, horlo&#285;-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------301.png---------------------------- -->

<b>close</b> (<i>trans.</i>), ferm-i; (<b>dense</b>), dens-a; <b>&mdash; to</b> (<i>prep.</i>), apud; proksim-e de (<b>170</b>).<br>
<b>cloth</b> (<b>in general</b>), &#349;tof-o; (woollen, etc.), drap-o; (<b>piece of</b>), tuk-o; <b>table&mdash;</b>, tablotuk-o.<br>
<b>clothe</b>, vest-i.<br>
<b>cloud</b>, nub-o.<br>
<b>club</b> (<b>organization</b>), klub-o; (<b>weapon</b>), bastoneg-o.<br>
<b>coal</b>, karb-o.<br>
<b>coat</b>, vest-o; (<b>short</b>), jak-o; (<b>frock</b>), redingot-o; <b>over&mdash;</b>, surtut-o.<br>
<b>cock</b> (<b>fowl</b>), kok-o.<br>
<b>coffee</b>, kaf-o.<br>
<b>collect</b> (<i>trans.</i>), kolekt-i.<br>
<b>college</b>, kolegi-o.<br>
<b>colonel</b>, kolonel-o.<br>
<b>color</b>, kolor-o.<br>
<b>column</b>, kolon-o.<br>
<b>comb</b>, komb-i.<br>
<b>come</b>, ven-i.<br>
<b>comedy</b>, komedi-o.<br>
<b>comfort</b> (<b>console</b>), konsol-i; (<b>freedom from pain, etc.</b>), komfort-o.<br>
<b>command</b>, ordon-i; (<b>military and naval</b>), komand-i.<br>
<b>commerce</b>, komerc-o.<br>
<b>commission</b> (<b>entrusted</b>), komisi-o; (<b>percentage of profit</b>), tantiem-o, komisipag-o.<br>
<b>committee</b>, komitat-o.<br>
<b>common</b> (<b>general</b>), &#285;eneral-a; (<b>mutual</b>), komun-a; (<b>vulgar</b>), vulgar-a.<br>
<b>communicate</b>, komunik-i.<br>
<b>company</b> (<b>commercial</b>), kompanio; (<b>guests</b>), gastar-o; (<b>presence</b>), &#265;eest-o.<br>
<b>compare</b> (<i>trans.</i>), kompar-i (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>compassion</b>, kompat-o.<br>
<b>compete</b>, konkur-i.<br>
<b>competition</b>, konkurad-o; (<b>for prizes</b>), konkurs-o; (<b>in business</b>), konkurenc-o.<br>
<b>complain</b>, plend-i.<br>
<b>complicate</b>, komplik-i.<br>
<b>compose</b> (<b>music or literature</b>), verk-i.<br>
<b>compositor</b> (<b>of type</b>), kompostist-o.<br>
<b>conceal</b>, ka&#349;-i (<b>252</b>).<br>
<b>concern</b>, koncern-i (<b>266</b>); (<b>anxiety</b>), maltrankvilec-o.<br>
<b>concerning</b> (<i>prep.</i>), pri. (264, c).<br>
<b>concert</b> (<b>musical</b>), koncert-o.<br>
<b>condemn</b>, kondamn-i.<br>
<b>condition</b>, cirkonstanc-o; (<b>stipulation</b>), kondi&#265;-o; (<b>state</b>), stat-o.<br>
<b>conduct</b> (<b>lead</b>), konduk-i; <b>&mdash; oneself</b> (<b>behave</b>), kondut-i.<br>
<b>conduct</b> (<b>behavior</b>), kondut-o; (<b>in regard to right or wrong</b>), mor-o.<br>
<b>conductor</b> (<b>of car, etc.</b>), konduktor-o.<br>
<b>confess</b>, konfes-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------302.png---------------------------- -->

<b>confide</b>, konfid-i.<br>
<b>conform</b>, konform-i (<b>266</b>).<br>
<b>confound</b> (<b>confuse</b>), konfuz-i.<br>
<b>congratulate</b>, gratul-i.<br>
<b>congress</b>, kongres-o.<br>
<b>conquer</b>, venk-i.<br>
<b>conscience</b>, konscienc-o.<br>
<b>(be) conscious</b>, konsci-i.<br>
<b>consent</b>, konsent-i.<br>
<b>consequently</b>, sekv-e, do; tial (<b>78</b>).<br>
<b>(be) conservative</b>, konservativ-a.<br>
<b>consist</b>, konsist-i.<br>
<b>console</b>, konsol-i.<br>
<b>consonant</b> (<b>letter</b>), konsonant-o.<br>
<b>conspire</b>, konspir-i.<br>
<b>constant</b>, konstant-a.<br>
<b>constitution</b>, konstituci-o.<br>
<b>consul</b>, konsul-o.<br>
<b>consult</b>, konsult-i, pet-i konsilon de.<br>
<b>contaminate</b>, infekt-i.<br>
<b>content</b>, kontent-a.<br>
<b>continent</b> (<b>land</b>), kontinent-o.<br>
<b>continue</b>, da&#365;r-i, da&#365;rig-i.<br>
<b>contour</b>, kontur-o.<br>
<b>contract</b> (<b>commercial and legal</b>), kontrakt-i.<br>
<b>contralto</b>, kontralt-o.<br>
<b>contrary</b>, mal-o (<b>67</b>); kontra&#365;starem-a.<br>
<b>control</b>, kontrol-i; (<b>govern</b>), reg-i.<br>
<b>convenient</b>, konven-a, oportun-a.<br>
<b>convince</b>, konvink-i.<br>
<b>cook</b>, kuir-i.<br>
<b>copper</b>, kupr-o.<br>
<b>copy</b>, kopi-i; (<b>of a book, etc.</b>), ekzempler-o.<br>
<b>coquettish</b>, koket-a.<br>
<b>cork</b>, &#349;top-i; (<b>bark of cork tree</b>), kork-o.<br>
<b>corner</b>, angul-o.<br>
<b>corporal</b>, corporeal, korp-a.<br>
<b>corps</b> (<b>military</b>), korpus-o.<br>
<b>corpse</b>, kadavr-o.<br>
<b>correct</b>, korekt-i; (<b>right</b>), prav-a.<br>
<b>correspond</b>, korespond-i.<br>
<b>corridor</b>, koridor-o.<br>
<b>cost</b>, kost-i.<br>
<b>costume</b>, kostum-o.<br>
<b>cotton</b>, koton-o.<br>
<b>cough</b>, tus-i.<br>
<b>counsel</b>, konsil-i.<br>
<b>count</b>, kalkul-i, sum-i, nombr-i; (<b>person</b>), graf-o.<br>
<b>county</b>, grafland-o.<br>
<b>country</b>, land-o; (<b>as opposed to city</b>), kampar-o.<br>
<b>coupon</b>, kupon-o.<br>
<b>(be) courageous</b>, kura&#285;-i.<br>
<b>course</b> (<b>of lessons</b>), kurs-o; (<b>of a meal</b>), servic-o; <b>of &mdash;</b>, kompreneble; <b>in the &mdash; of</b>, en la da&#365;ro de.<br>
<b>court</b>, kort-o, korteg-o, ju&#285;ej-o.<br>
<b>courteous</b>, &#285;entil-a.<br>
<b>courtesy</b>, &#285;entilec-o; (<b>kindness</b>), komplez-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------303.png---------------------------- -->

<b>cousin</b>, kuz-o.<br>
<b>cover</b>, kovr-i; (<b>put covering upon</b>), teg-i.<br>
<b>crab</b>, krab-o.<br>
<b>crack</b> (<b>split</b>) (<i>trans.</i>), fend-i; (<b>crackle</b>), krak-i; (<b>burst open</b>) (<i>intrans.</i>), krev-i.<br>
<b>cradle</b>, lulil-o.<br>
<b>crafty</b>, ruz-a.<br>
<b>cravat</b>, kravat-o.<br>
<b>crawl</b>, ramp-i.<br>
<b>crazy</b>, frenez-a.<br>
<b>cream</b>, krem-o.<br>
<b>create</b>, kre-i.<br>
<b>creep</b>, ramp-i; <b>&mdash; up</b>, grimp-i.<br>
<b>crime</b>, krim-o.<br>
<b>crippled</b>, kripl-a.<br>
<b>criticise</b>, kritik-i.<br>
<b>crooked</b>, tord-a, malrekt-a, kurb-a.<br>
<b>cross</b>, kruc-o; (<b>angry</b>), koler-a; <b>&mdash; off</b>, trastrek-i.<br>
<b>crowd</b>, amas-o, anar-o (<b>145, 126</b>).<br>
<b>crown</b>, kron-o.<br>
<b>crucify</b>, krucum-i.<br>
<b>cruel</b>, kruel-a.<br>
<b>crush</b>, pist-i, premeg-i.<br>
<b>crust</b>, krust-o.<br>
<b>cry</b> (<b>weep</b>), plor-i; (<b>shout</b>), kri-i; (<b>of animals</b>), blek-i.<br>
<b>cucumber</b>, kukum-o.<br>
<b>cultivate</b>, kultur-i; <b>&mdash; the soil</b>, terkultur-i.<br>
<b>cunning</b>, ruz-a.<br>
<b>cup</b>, tas-o; (<b>goblet</b>), pokal-o.<br>
<b>cupboard</b>, &#349;rank-o.<br>
<b>curious</b> (<b>odd</b>), kurioz-a; (<b>inquisitive</b>), scivol-a.<br>
<b>curl</b> (<b>of hair</b>), bukl-o.<br>
<b>curtain</b>, kurten-o.<br>
<b>curve</b>, kurb-o.<br>
<b>cushion</b>, kusen-o.<br>
<b>custom</b>, kutim-o; (<b>tax</b>), impost-o.<br>
<b>cut</b>, tran&#265;-i; (<b>of a garment</b>), fason-o.<br>
<b>cutlet</b>, kotlet-o.<br>
<b>cylinder</b>, cilindr-o.<br>
<b>Cyrus</b>, Cirus-o.<br>

<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. -->
<!-- But in HTML, it looks better leftjustified.         -->
<p><b>D.</b></p>

<b>dabble</b> (<b>a liquid</b>), pla&#365;d-i.<br>
<b>dainty</b>, delikat-a.<br>
<b>damage</b>, difekt-i.<br>
<b>Damocles</b>, Damokl-o.<br>
<b>Dane</b>, dan-o.<br>
<b>danger</b>, dan&#285;er-o.<br>
<b>dance</b>, danc-i.<br>
<b>date</b> (<b>fruit</b>), daktil-o; (<b>time</b>), dat-o.<br>
<b>dawn</b>, tagi&#285;-o.<br>
<b>day</b>, tag-o.<br>
<b>deaf</b>, surd-a.<br>
<b>dear</b> (<b>prized</b>), kar-a; (<b>expensive</b>), multekost-a.<br>
<b>debase</b> (<b>adulterate</b>), fals-i; (<b>make bad</b>), malbonig-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------304.png---------------------------- -->

<b>decay</b> (<b>mould</b>), &#349;im-o; (<b>in health</b>), kaduk-i.<br>
<b>deceive</b>, tromp-i.<br>
<b>December</b>, decembr-o.<br>
<b>decide</b>, decid-i.<br>
<b>decigram</b>, decigram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>deciliter</b>, decilitr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>decimeter</b>, decimetr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>deck (of ship)</b>, ferdek-o; (<b>adorn</b>), ornam-i.<br>
<b>declaim</b>, deklam-i.<br>
<b>deep</b>, profund-a.<br>
<b>deer</b>, cerv-o.<br>
<b>defend</b>, defend-i.<br>
<b>define</b>, defin-i, priskrib-i.<br>
<b>degree</b>, grad-o.<br>
<b>dekagram</b>, dekagram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>dekaliter</b>, dekalitr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>dekameter</b>, dekametr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>delay</b>, prokrast-i.<br>
<b>delegate</b>, deleg-i.<br>
<b>delicate</b>, delikat-a.<br>
<b>delightful</b>, &#265;arm-a, pla&#265;eg-a.<br>
<b>deliver (supply)</b>, liver-i; (<b>set free</b>), liberig-i.<br>
<b>delusion</b>, iluzi-o.<br>
<b>demand</b>, postul-i.<br>
<b>dense</b>, dens-a.<br>
<b>deny</b>, ne-i (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>department (of work, etc.)</b>, fak-o.<br>
<b>desert</b>, dezert-o; (<b>just reward</b>), merit-o.<br>
<b>deserve</b>, merit-i.<br>
<b>desire</b>, dezir-i.<br>
<b>desk</b>, pupitr-o, skribtabl-o.<br>
<b>dessert</b>, desert-o.<br>
<b>destine</b>, destin-i; difin-i.<br>
<b>destiny</b>, destin-o; (<b>lot</b>), sort-o.<br>
<b>destroy</b>, detru-i, neniig-i.<br>
<b>detail</b>, detal-o.<br>
<b>dew</b>, ros-o.<br>
<b>diamond</b>, diamant-o.<br>
<b>dictionary</b>, vortar-o.<br>
<b>dictate (letters)</b>, dikt-i.<br>
<b>die</b>, mort-i.<br>
<b>different</b>, divers-a, malsam-a, diferenc-a.<br>
<b>differentiate</b>, diferencig-i.<br>
<b>dig</b>, fos-i.<br>
<b>dignity (rank)</b>, rang-o.<br>
<b>diligent</b>, diligent-a.<br>
<b>dimension</b>, dimensio; (<b>size</b>), ampleks-o.<br>
<b>Diogenes</b>, Diogen-o.<br>
<b>dip (in liquid)</b>, tremp-i.<br>
<b>diploma</b>, diplom-o; <b>holder of &mdash;</b>, diplomit-o.<br>
<b>diplomat</b>, diplomat-o.<br>
<b>direct (guide)</b>, direkt-i; (<b>undeviating</b>), rekt-a.<br>
<b>disburse</b>, elspez-i, elpag-i.<br>
<b>discount</b>, rabat-i.<br>
<b>discuss</b>, diskut-i, priparol-i.<br>
<b>disdain</b>, mal&#349;at-i, malestim-i.<br>
<b>dish (flat)</b>, plad-o.<br>
<b>dispatch (letter)</b>, depe&#349;-o.<br>
<b>distance</b>, distanc-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------305.png---------------------------- -->

<b>distinct</b>, klar-a.<br>
<b>distinguish</b>, disting-i.<br>
<b>distract (the attention)</b>, distr-i; (<b>confuse</b>), konfuz-i.<br>
<b>disturb</b>, &#285;en-i, maltrankvilig-i.<br>
<b>diverse</b>, divers-a.<br>
<b>divide</b> (<i>trans.</i>), divid-i.<br>
<b>do</b>, far-i; (<b>suffice</b>), sufi&#265;-i.<br>
<b>doctor</b>, doktor-o; (<b>medical</b>), kuracist-o.<br>
<b>dog</b>, hund-o.<br>
<b>doll</b>, pup-o.<br>
<b>dollar</b>, dolar-o.<br>
<b>donkey</b>, azen-o.<br>
<b>door</b>, pord-o; <b>&mdash;handle,</b> ans-o.<br>
<b>doubt</b>, dub-i.<br>
<b>down (hair or feathers)</b>, lanug-o; (<b>downward</b>) (<i>adv.</i>), malsupren.<br>
<b>dove</b>, kolomb-o.<br>
<b>drag</b> (<i>trans.</i>), tren-i.<br>
<b>draw (pull)</b>, tir-i; (<b>sketch</b>), skiz-i.<br>
<b>drawer</b>, tirkest-o.<br>
<b>drawing-room</b>, salon-o.<br>
<b>dream (in sleep)</b>, son&#285;-i; (<b>fancy</b>), rev-i.<br>
<b>drench</b>, tremp-i.<br>
<b>dress</b>, vest-i (sin); (<b>frock</b>), rob-o; <b>&mdash;suit</b>, frak-o.<br>
<b>dressing (sauce)</b>, sa&#365;c-o.<br>
<b>drink</b>, trink-i.<br>
<b>drip</b>, gut-i.<br>
<b>drive (off)</b>, pel-i; (<b>vehicle</b>), veturig-i; (<b>roadway</b>), &#349;ose-o.<br>
<b>drown</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), dron-i.<br>
<b>drug</b>, drog-o; <b>&mdash;store</b>, apotek-o.<br>
<b>drum</b>, tambur-o.<br>
<b>dry</b>, sek-a.<br>
<b>duck</b>, anas-o.<br>
<b>dues</b>, kotiza&#309;-o; <b>pay &mdash;</b>, kotiz-i.<br>
<b>dumb</b>, mut-a; <b>&mdash; animal</b>, brut-o.<br>
<b>during</b> (<i>prep.</i>), dum (<b>96</b>); en la da&#365;ro de-.<br>
<b>dusk</b>, krepusk-o.<br>
<b>dust</b>, polv-o; <b>remove the &mdash;</b>, senpolvig-i.<br>
<b>duty</b>, dev-o; <b>be on &mdash;</b>, de&#309;or-i.<br>
<b>dwell</b>, lo&#285;-i.<br>

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<p><b>E.</b></p>

<b>each</b> (<i>adj. and pronoun</i>), &#265;iu (<b>173</b>).<br>
<b>eager</b>, avid-a.<br>
<b>eagle</b>, agl-o.<br>
<b>ear (of the body)</b>, orel-o.<br>
<b>early</b>, fru-a.<br>
<b>earth</b>, ter-o; (<b>the planet</b>), terglob-o.<br>
<b>east</b>, orient-o.<br>
<b>Easter</b>, Pask-o.<br>
<b>easy</b>, facil-a.<br>
<b>eat</b>, man&#285;-i.<br>
<b>echo</b>, e&#293;-o.<br>
<b>economical</b>, &#349;parem-a.<br>
<b>edge</b>, rand-o; (<b>of rivers, etc.</b>), bord-o.<br>
<b>edit</b>, redakt-i.<br>
<b>editor</b>, redaktor-o.<br>
<b>editorial body</b>, redakci-o.<br>

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<b>educate</b>, (<b>rear</b>), eduk-i; (<b>teach</b>), instru-i.<br>
<b>effect</b>, efekt-o.<br>
<b>effective</b>, efektiv-a.<br>
<b>(be) efficacious</b>, efik-i.<br>
<b>egg</b>, ov-o.<br>
<b>Egypt</b>, Egipt-o.<br>
<b>eight</b> (<i>adj.</i>), ok (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>either</b> (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), iu (<b>203</b>); &#265;iu (<b>173</b>); unu a&#365; la alia; (<i>adv.</i>), a&#365;; <b>on &mdash; side</b> (<i>adv.</i>), amba&#365;flanke (<b>238</b>).<br>
<b>elbow</b>, kubut-o.<br>
<b>electric</b>, elektr-a.<br>
<b>elk</b>, alk-o.<br>
<b>elm</b>, ulm-o.<br>
<b>eloquent</b>, elokvent-a.<br>
<b>embroider</b>, brod-i.<br>
<b>eminent</b>, eminent-a.<br>
<b>empire</b>, imperi-o.<br>
<b>employ</b> (<b>hire</b>), dung-i; <b>&mdash; oneself</b>, sin okupi; (<b>use</b>), uz-i.<br>
<b>employee</b>, komiz-o, dungit-o, oficist-o.<br>
<b>employment</b>, ofic-o, okupad-o.<br>
<b>enchant</b>, ensor&#265;-i, rav-i.<br>
<b>encore</b> (<i>adv.</i>), bis.<br>
<b>end</b> (<i>trans.</i>), fin-i.<br>
<b>endow</b>, dot-i.<br>
<b>endure</b>, sufer-i, elport-i.<br>
<b>engineer</b>, in&#285;enier-o.<br>
<b>Englishman</b>, angl-o.<br>
<b>enjoy</b>, &#285;u-i; <b>&mdash; oneself</b>, sin amuz-i.<br>
<b>enlightened</b>, kler-a.<br>
<b>enlist</b> (<i>trans.</i>), varb-i.<br>
<b>enroll</b> (<i>trans.</i>), registr-i, varb-i.<br>
<b>enthusiasm</b>, entuziasm-o.<br>
<b>entire</b>, tut-a.<br>
<b>entrust</b>, komisii, alkonfid-i.<br>
<b>envelope</b> (<b>of letter</b>), kovert-o.<br>
<b>envy</b>, envi-i.<br>
<b>(be an) epicure</b>, frand-i.<br>
<b>epoch</b>, epok-o.<br>
<b>equal</b>, egal-a.<br>
<b>err</b>, erar-i.<br>
<b>establish</b>, establ-i, fond-i; (<b>prove, etc.</b>), konstat-i.<br>
<b>estate</b>, bien-o.<br>
<b>esteem</b>, estim-i.<br>
<b>estimate</b>, taks-i.<br>
<b>eternal</b>, etern-a, &#265;iam-a.<br>
<b>Europe</b>, E&#365;rop-o.<br>
<b>evangel</b>, evangeli-o.<br>
<b>even</b> (<b>level</b>), eben-a; <b>&mdash; number</b>, parnombro; (<b>actually</b>) (<i>adv.</i>), e&#265;.<br>
<b>evening</b>, vesper-o (<b>93</b>); <b>&mdash; dress (of man)</b>, frak-o.<br>
<b>ever</b> (<i>adv.</i>), iam (<b>212</b>); (<i>indefinite adv.</i>), ajn (<b>236</b>); (<b>always</b>), &#265;iam (<b>187</b>).<br>
<b>every</b> (<b>one</b>), (<i>pronoun and adv.</i>), &#265;iu (<b>173</b>); <b>&mdash;thing</b>, <b>&mdash; way</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>evolution</b>, evoluci-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------307.png---------------------------- -->

<b>exact</b>, akurat-a, &#285;ust-a; (<b>demand</b>), postul-i.<br>
<b>examine</b>, ekzamen-i; <b>&mdash; and check</b>, kontrol-i.<br>
<b>example</b>, ekzempl-o; (<b>model</b>), model-o.<br>
<b>Excellency</b> (<i>title</i>), mo&#349;t-o (<b>258</b>).<br>
<b>except</b>, escept-i (<b>266</b>); (<i>prep.</i>), krom.<br>
<b>excite</b>, ekscit-i.<br>
<b>exercise</b> (<i>trans.</i>), ekzerc-i.<br>
<b>exhale</b>, elspir-i.<br>
<b>exhort</b>, admon-i.<br>
<b>exile</b>, ekzil-i.<br>
<b>exist</b>, ekzist-i.<br>
<b>expect</b>, atend-i.<br>
<b>expend</b> (<b>money</b>), elspez-i; (<b>energy, etc.</b>), uz-i, eluz-i.<br>
<b>experienced</b>, spert-a.<br>
<b>experiment</b>, eksperiment-i.<br>
<b>expert</b>, spert-a, lert-a.<br>
<b>explode</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), eksplod-i (<b>275</b>).<br>
<b>explore</b>, esplor-i.<br>
<b>express</b>, esprim-i; (train), rapida vagonaro.<br>
<b>extend</b> (<i>trans.</i>), etend-i, pligrandig-i, plilongig-i.<br>
<b>extensive</b>, vast-a, vastampleks-a.<br>
<b>extent</b> (size), ampleks-o.<br>
<b>extinguish</b>, esting-i.<br>
<b>extraordinary</b>, eksterordinar-a.<br>
<b>eye</b>, okul-o; <b>&mdash;brow</b>, brov-o; <b>&mdash;lid</b>, palpebr-o.<br>

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<p><b>F.</b></p>

<b>fable</b>, fabel-o.<br>
<b>face</b>, viza&#285;-o.<br>
<b>fact</b>, fakt-o; <b>in &mdash;</b>, fakt-e, efektiv-e, ja (<b>215</b>).<br>
<b>fade</b>, velk-i.<br>
<b>fair</b> (just), just-a; (<b>beautiful</b>), bel-a.<br>
<b>fairy</b>, fe-o, fein-o.<br>
<b>faint</b>, sven-i.<br>
<b>faithful</b>, fidel-a.<br>
<b>fall</b>, fal-i; (<b>autumn</b>), a&#365;tun-o.<br>
<b>false</b>, fals-a; (<b>treacherous</b>), perfid-a.<br>
<b>fame</b>, fam-o.<br>
<b>familiar</b>, familiar-a, kutim-a.<br>
<b>family</b>, famili-o.<br>
<b>fancy</b>, imag-i, rev-i.<br>
<b>far</b>, malproksim-e; <b>as &mdash; as</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#285;is (<b>46</b>).<br>
<b>farm</b> (<b>as a tenant</b>), farm-i; (<b>till the soil</b>), terkultur-i.<br>
<b>farewell</b> (<i>adv. and interjection</i>), adia&#365; (<b>171, 273</b>).<br>
<b>fashion</b>, fason-o, mod-o.<br>
<b>fasten</b>, lig-i.<br>
<b>fat</b>, gras-o; (<b>corpulent</b>), dik-a.<br>
<b>fatal</b>, fatal-a.<br>
<b>fate</b>, sort-o, fatal-o, destin-o.<br>
<b>father</b>, patr-o.<br>
<b>faucet</b>, kran-o.<br>
<b>favor</b>, favor-i; <b>a &mdash;</b>, komplezo.<br>
<b>favorable</b>, favor-a.<br>
<b>fay</b>, fe-o, fein-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------308.png---------------------------- -->

<b>fear</b>, tim-i.<br>
<b>feather</b>, plum-o.<br>
<b>feature</b>, trajt-o.<br>
<b>feed</b>, nutr-i; <b>&mdash; flocks</b>, pa&#349;t-i.<br>
<b>feel</b>, sent-i; (<b>with fingers, etc.</b>), palp-i.<br>
<b>female</b>, in-o (<b>59</b>).<br>
<b>fervor</b>, fervor-o.<br>
<b>fetter</b> (<b>chain, etc.</b>), katen-o.<br>
<b>fever</b>, febr-o.<br>
<b>fianc&eacute;</b>, fian&#265;-o.<br>
<b>fie</b> (<i>interjection</i>), fi (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>field</b>, kamp-o.<br>
<b>fight</b>, batal-i, milit-i.<br>
<b>fill</b>, plenig-i.<br>
<b>find</b>, trov-i.<br>
<b>fine</b>, bel-a, delikat-a; (<b>of money</b>), monpun-o.<br>
<b>finger</b>, fingr-o; <b>index &mdash;</b>, montra fingro; <b>little &mdash;</b>, malgranda fingro; <b>middle &mdash;</b>, longa fingro; <b>ring &mdash;</b>, ringa fingro.<br>
<b>finish</b> (<i>trans.</i>), fin-i.<br>
<b>fir</b>, abi-o.<br>
<b>fire</b>, fajr-o; <b>set &mdash; to</b>, ekbrulig-i.<br>
<b>firm</b>, firm-a.<br>
<b>fish</b>, fi&#349;-o; (<b>catch fish</b>), fi&#349;kapt-i.<br>
<b>fist</b>, pugn-o.<br>
<b>fit</b>, almezur-i; <b>(be) &mdash;</b>, ta&#365;g-i.<br>
<b>(be) fitting</b>, konven-i; (<b>decent</b>), dec-i.<br>
<b>five</b> (<i>adj.</i>), kvin (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>flag</b>, flag-o; standard-o.<br>
<b>flat</b>, glat-a, eben-a; plat-a.<br>
<b>flesh</b>, karn-o.<br>
<b>flex</b> (<i>trans.</i>), fleks-i.<br>
<b>floor</b>, plank-o.<br>
<b>flour</b>, farun-o.<br>
<b>flow</b>, flu-i.<br>
<b>flower</b>, flor-o (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>fluid</b>, fluid-a.<br>
<b>fly</b>, flug-i; (<b>insect</b>), mu&#349;-o.<br>
<b>foam</b>, &#349;a&#365;m-o.<br>
<b>focus</b>, fokus-o.<br>
<b>fog</b>, nebul-o.<br>
<b>fold</b>, fald-i.<br>
<b>folk</b>, popol-o.<br>
<b>follow</b>, sekv-i, postven-i, postir-i.<br>
<b>(be) fond of sweets</b>, frand-i.<br>
<b>fondle</b>, dorlot-i.<br>
<b>foot</b> (<b>of the body</b>), pied-o; (<b>measure</b>), fut-o.<br>
<b>for</b> (<i>prep.</i>), por (<b>95, 98, 262</b>); pro (<b>86</b>); (<i>conj.</i>), &#265;ar (<b>83</b>).<br>
<b>force</b>, fort-o; (compel), devig-i; <b>&mdash; (upon)</b>, altrud-i (al).<br>
<b>fore-</b>, pra- (<b>282</b>).<br>
<b>forehead</b>, frunt-o.<br>
<b>foreign</b>, fremd-a.<br>
<b>forge</b> (<b>falsify</b>), fals-i.<br>
<b>forget</b>, forges-i.<br>
<b>forgive</b>, pardon-i.<br>
<b>fork</b>, fork-o.<br>
<b>form</b>, form-i, alform-i, model-i.<br>
<b>formal</b>, solen-a.<br>
<b>found</b>, fond-i.<br>
<b>foundation</b>, fundament-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------309.png---------------------------- -->

<b>four</b> (<i>adj.</i>), kvar (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>fount</b>, font-o.<br>
<b>fountain</b>, fontan-o.<br>
<b>fox</b>, vulp-o.<br>
<b>fragrance</b>, arom-o, bonodor-o.<br>
<b>frame</b> (<b>of picture</b>), kadr-o.<br>
<b>frank</b>, afrank-i.<br>
<b>Frederick</b>, Frederik-o.<br>
<b>free</b>, liber-a.<br>
<b>Frenchman</b>, franc-o.<br>
<b>frequent</b>, oft-a; (<b>visit often</b>), vizitad-i.<br>
<b>fresh</b>, fre&#349;-a, nov-a.<br>
<b>Friday</b>, vendred-o.<br>
<b>friend</b>, amik-o.<br>
<b>fringe</b>, fran&#285;-o.<br>
<b>frivolous</b>, malserioz-a.<br>
<b>frock coat</b>, redingot-o.<br>
<b>frog</b>, ran-o.<br>
<b>from</b> (<i>prep.</i>), de (<b>89, 170</b>); el; (<b>cause</b>), pro (<b>86</b>).<br>
<b>frost</b>, frost-o; (<b>hoar</b>), prujn-o.<br>
<b>froth</b>, &#349;a&#365;m-o.<br>
<b>fruit</b>, frukt-o.<br>
<b>fruitless</b> (<b>vain</b>), van-a.<br>
<b>fry</b> (<i>trans.</i>), frit-i.<br>
<b>function</b> (<b>of machinery, etc.</b>), funkci-i.<br>
<b>funereal</b>, funebr-a.<br>
<b>fulfil</b>, plenum-i.<br>
<b>full</b>, plen-a.<br>
<b>fur</b>, fel-o; (<b>coat or wrap</b>), pelt-o.<br>
<b>furious</b>, furioz-a.<br>
<b>furnish</b> (<b>supply</b>), liver-i; (<b>provide</b>), proviz-i; (<b>a house</b>), mebl-i.<br>
<b>furniture</b> (<b>piece of</b>), mebl-o.<br>
<b>furrow</b>, sulk-o.<br>
<b>further</b> (<i>adv.</i>), plu.<br>
<b>fuse</b> (<i>trans.</i>), fand-i.<br>
<b>futile</b>, van-a.<br>
<b>future</b>, estontec-o; (<b>grammatical</b>), estont-o; (<i>adj.</i>), estont-a.<br>

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<p><b>G.</b></p>

<b>gain</b>, gajn-i, obten-i.<br>
<b>gallery</b>, galeri-o; (<b>for pictures</b>), pinakotek-o.<br>
<b>gallop</b>, galop-i.<br>
<b>gamin</b>, bub-o.<br>
<b>gape</b> (<b>yawn</b>), osced-i.<br>
<b>garden</b>, &#285;arden-o.<br>
<b>garland</b>, girland-o.<br>
<b>gas</b>, gas-o.<br>
<b>gather</b> (<i>trans.</i>), kolekt-i.<br>
<b>gay</b>, gaj-a.<br>
<b>gaze</b>, fikse rigard-i.<br>
<b>gazette</b>, gazet-o.<br>
<b>general</b>, &#285;eneral-a, komun-a; (<b>military</b>), general-o.<br>
<b>gentleman</b>, sinjor-o.<br>
<b>geometry</b>, geometri-o.<br>
<b>German</b>, german-o.<br>
<b>Gertrude</b>, Gertrud-o.<br>
<b>ghost</b>, fantom-o.<br>
<b>gift</b>, donac-o.<br>
<b>ginger</b>, zingibr-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------310.png---------------------------- -->

<b>girdle</b>, zon-o.<br>
<b>give</b>, don-i; (<b>as a gift</b>), donac-i; <b>&mdash; information</b>, inform-i; <b>&mdash; notice</b>, aviz-i; <b>&mdash; witness</b>, atest-i; <b>&mdash; birth to</b>, nask-i.<br>
<b>(be) glad</b>, &#285;oj-i (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>glass</b> (<b>material</b>), vitr-o; (<b>tumbler</b>), glas-o.<br>
<b>glide</b>, glit-i.<br>
<b>globe</b>, glob-o.<br>
<b>glory</b>, glor-o.<br>
<b>glossy</b> (<b>polished</b>), polurit-a.<br>
<b>glove</b>, gant-o.<br>
<b>glue</b>, glu-i.<br>
<b>gnash</b>, grinc-i.<br>
<b>go</b>, ir-i; (<b>in vehicle, boat, etc.</b>), vetur-i; <b>&mdash; on a pilgrimage</b>, pilgrim-i.<br>
<b>goal</b>, cel-o.<br>
<b>goblet</b>, pokal-o.<br>
<b>God</b>, Di-o.<br>
<b>good</b>, bon-a; <b>be &mdash; for</b>, ta&#365;g-i por.<br>
<b>good-bye</b> (<i>adv. and interjection</i>), adia&#365; (<b>171, 273</b>).<br>
<b>goose</b>, anser-o.<br>
<b>gospel</b>, evangeli-o.<br>
<b>govern</b>, reg-i.<br>
<b>graceful</b>, graci-a.<br>
<b>grade</b>, grad-o; (<b>rank</b>), rang-o.<br>
<b>grain</b> (<b>wheat, etc.</b>), gren-o; (<b>unit</b>) er-o (<b>276</b>).<br>
<b>gram</b>, gram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>grammar</b>, gramatik-o.<br>
<b>grandfather</b>, av-o.<br>
<b>grandson</b>, nep-o.<br>
<b>grape</b>, vinber-o.<br>
<b>grass</b>, herb-o.<br>
<b>grasshopper</b>, akrid-o.<br>
<b>grate</b>, rasp-i; grater, raspil-o.<br>
<b>grating</b> (<b>bar or lattice</b>), krad-o.<br>
<b>grave</b>, tomb-o; (<b>serious</b>), grav-a.<br>
<b>gravitate</b>, gravit-i.<br>
<b>gravy</b>, sa&#365;c-o.<br>
<b>gray</b>, griz-a.<br>
<b>grieve</b> (<i>trans.</i>), &#265;agren-i, mal&#285;ojig-i; (<i>intrans.</i>) mal&#285;oj-i.<br>
<b>grind</b>, grinc-i.<br>
<b>great</b>, grand-a; (<b>remote in ancestry</b>), pra- (<b>282</b>).<br>
<b>Greek</b>, grek-o.<br>
<b>green</b>, verd-a; <b>&mdash;ish</b>, dubeverd-a.<br>
<b>greet</b>, salut-i.<br>
<b>groan</b>, &#285;em-i.<br>
<b>group</b>, grup-o, ar-o (<b>126</b>).<br>
<b>ground</b>, ter-o; <b>&mdash; floor</b>, tereta&#285;-o.<br>
<b>grow</b>, kresk-i, veget-i.<br>
<b>guard</b>, gard-i.<br>
<b>guess</b>, diven-i.<br>
<b>guest</b>, gast-o.<br>
<b>guide</b>, gvid-i, direkt-i.<br>
<b>guilty</b>, kulp-a.<br>
<b>gunpowder</b>, pulv-o.<br>
<b>gush</b> (<b>of liquids</b>), &#349;pruc-i.<br>

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<p><b>H.</b></p>

<b>habit</b>, kutim-o.<br>
<b>hack</b>, hak-i; (<b>carriage</b>), fiakr-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------311.png---------------------------- -->

<b>hail</b> (<b>frozen rain</b>), hajl-o.<br>
<b>(a) hair</b>, har-o; <b>&mdash; pencil</b>, penik-o.<br>
<b>half</b>, duon-o (<b>166, 277</b>).<br>
<b>halt</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), halt-i.<br>
<b>ham</b>, &#349;ink-o.<br>
<b>hammer</b>, martel-o.<br>
<b>hand</b>, man-o; (<b>of clock</b>), montril-o.<br>
<b>handbill</b>, afi&#349;-o.<br>
<b>handicraft</b>, meti-o.<br>
<b>handsome</b>, bel-a.<br>
<b>hang</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), pend-i.<br>
<b>handy</b>, oportun-a.<br>
<b>happen</b>, okaz-i.<br>
<b>happy</b>, feli&#265;-a.<br>
<b>harbor</b>, haven-o.<br>
<b>hardly</b> (<i>adv.</i>), apena&#365;.<br>
<b>hare</b>, lepor-o.<br>
<b>haricot</b> (<b>bean</b>), fazeol-o.<br>
<b>harness</b>, jung-i.<br>
<b>harvest</b>, rikolt-i.<br>
<b>hasten</b> (<i>trans.</i>), akcel-i; (<i>intrans.</i>) rapid-i.<br>
<b>hat</b>, &#265;apel-o.<br>
<b>haughty</b>, fier-a.<br>
<b>haul</b>, tren-i.<br>
<b>have</b>, hav-i; <b>&mdash; to</b>, dev-i.<br>
<b>hay</b>, fojn-o.<br>
<b>hazard</b>, hazard-o.<br>
<b>hazel-nut</b>, avel-o.<br>
<b>he</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), li (<b>32, 37, 42</b>).<br>
<b>head</b>, kap-o; (<i>adj.</i>), &#265;ef-a.<br>
<b>health</b>, san-o; <b>state of (good or bad) &mdash;</b>, fart-o.<br>
<b>hear</b>, a&#365;d-i.<br>
<b>heart</b>, kor-o;<b> by &mdash;</b>, (<b>by rote</b>), parker-e.<br>
<b>heat</b> (<i>trans.</i>), hejt-i, varmig-i.<br>
<b>heaven</b>, &#265;iel-o; heavenly body, astr-o.<br>
<b>heavy</b>, pez-a.<br>
<b>Hebrew</b>, hebre-o.<br>
<b>heel</b> (<b>of foot</b>), kalkan-o; (<b>of shoe</b>), kalkanum-o.<br>
<b>hektare</b>, hektar-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektogram</b>, hektogram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektoliter</b>, hektolitr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>hektometer</b>, hektometr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>help</b>, help-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>hen</b>, kokin-o.<br>
<b>herb</b>, herb-o.<br>
<b>hero</b>, hero-o.<br>
<b>hesitate</b>, hezit-i.<br>
<b>hide</b>, ka&#349;-i (<b>252</b>); (<b>skin of animals</b>), fel-o.<br>
<b>Hiero</b>, Hieron-o.<br>
<b>high</b>, alt-a.<br>
<b>hinge</b>, &#265;arnir-o.<br>
<b>hip</b>, koks-o.<br>
<b>hire</b> (<b>persons</b>), dung-i; (<b>houses, etc.</b>), lu-i.<br>
<b>hiss</b>, sibl-i.<br>
<b>history</b>, histori-o.<br>
<b>ho</b> (<i>interjection</i>), ho (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>hoar</b> (frost), prujn-o.<br>
<b>hoarse</b>, ra&#365;k-a.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------312.png---------------------------- -->

<b>hog</b>, pork-o.<br>
<b>hold</b>, ten-i.<br>
<b>holder</b> (<b>handle</b>), tenil-o, ans-o; (<b>receptacle</b>), uj-o (<b>181</b>); ing-o (<b>237</b>).<br>
<b>hole</b>, tru-o; (<b>cavity</b>), kav-o.<br>
<b>Holland</b>, Holand-o.<br>
<b>holy</b>, sankt-a.<br>
<b>home</b>, hejm-o; <b>at &mdash;</b>, &#265;ehejme.<br>
<b>homesickness</b>, nostalgi-o.<br>
<b>honest</b>, honest-a.<br>
<b>honey</b>, miel-o.<br>
<b>honeysuckle</b>, lonicer-o.<br>
<b>honor</b>, honor-i; (<i>as term of address</i>), mo&#349;t-o (<b>258</b>).<br>
<b>hook</b>, kro&#265;-i.<br>
<b>hope</b>, esper-i.<br>
<b>horizon</b>, horizont-o.<br>
<b>horizontal</b>, horizontal-a.<br>
<b>horn</b>, korn-o.<br>
<b>horse</b>, &#265;eval-o.<br>
<b>horse-radish</b>, armoraci-o.<br>
<b>hose</b>, &#349;trump-oj; <b>&mdash; supporter</b>, &#349;elk-o.<br>
<b>hotel</b>, hotel-o.<br>
<b>hour</b>, hor-o (<b>185</b>).<br>
<b>house</b>, dom-o; <b>at the &mdash; of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#265;e (<b>125, 160</b>).<br>
<b>how</b> (<i>adv.</i>), kiel (<b>134</b>); kiamanier-e; <b>&mdash; much</b>, kiom (<b>140, 185</b>).<br>
<b>however</b> (<i>conj.</i>), tamen; (<i>adv.</i>), ajn (<b>236</b>).<br>
<b>hue</b>, nuanc-o.<br>
<b>hum</b>, zum-i.<br>
<b>human being</b>, hom-o.<br>
<b>humble</b>, humil-a.<br>
<b>humor</b>, humor-o.<br>
<b>hundred</b> (<i>adj.</i>), cent (<b>142</b>).<br>
<b>hungry</b>, malsat-a.<br>
<b>hunt</b>, ser&#265;-i; (<b>game or wild animals</b>), &#265;as-i.<br>
<b>hurdy-gurdy</b>, gurd-o.<br>
<b>hurl</b>, &#309;et-i.<br>
<b>hurrah</b> (<i>interjection</i>), hura (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>hurricane</b>, uragan-o.<br>
<b>hurry</b>, rapid-i.<br>
<b>husband</b>, edz-o.<br>
<b>hypocrite</b>, hipokrit-o.<br>

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<p><b>I.</b></p>

<b>I</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), mi (<b>32, 37, 274</b>).<br>
<b>ice</b>, glaci-o; (<b>food</b>), glacia&#309;-o.<br>
<b>idea</b>, ide-o.<br>
<b>ideal</b>, ideal-o.<br>
<b>identical</b>, ident-a.<br>
<b>idiom</b>, idiom-o.<br>
<b>idiot</b>, idiot-o.<br>
<b>if</b> (<i>conj.</i>), se (<b>240</b>); <b>as &mdash;</b>, kvaza&#365; (<b>250</b>); (<b>whether</b>), &#265;u.<br>
<b>ignore</b>, ignor-i.<br>
<b>illusion</b>, iluzi-o.<br>
<b>illustrate</b>, ilustr-i.<br>
<b>image</b>, bild-o.<br>
<b>imagine</b>, imag-i.<br>
<b>imitate</b>, imit-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------313.png---------------------------- -->

<b>immediate</b>, tuj-a (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>implicate</b>, implik-i.<br>
<b>important</b>, grav-a, serioz-a.<br>
<b>importunate</b>, altrudem-a.<br>
<b>impose</b>, trud-i.<br>
<b>impost</b>, impost-o.<br>
<b>impress</b>, impres-i.<br>
<b>impulse</b>, impuls-o.<br>
<b>in</b> (<i>prep.</i>), en (<b>46, 89, 160</b>); <b>&mdash; the presence of</b>, &#265;e (<b>125, 160</b>).<br>
<b>inch</b>, col-o.<br>
<b>incite</b>, incit-i.<br>
<b>incline</b> (<i>trans.</i>), klin-i.<br>
<b>incommode</b>, &#285;en-i.<br>
<b>(be) indebted</b>, &#349;uld-i.<br>
<b>indeed</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ja (<b>215</b>); do; efektiv-e.<br>
<b>index</b>, tabel-o.<br>
<b>Indian</b> (<b>American</b>), indian-o, ru&#285;ha&#365;tul-o; <b>&mdash; corn</b>, maiz-o.<br>
<b>indifferent</b>, indiferent-a.<br>
<b>industry</b> (<b>trade</b>), industri-o.<br>
<b>inebriate</b>, ebri-a.<br>
<b>inevitable</b>, nepr-a, neevitebl-a.<br>
<b>infect</b>, infekt-i.<br>
<b>influence</b>, influ-i.<br>
<b>inform</b>, inform-i, sciig-i.<br>
<b>ingenuous</b>, naiv-a.<br>
<b>inhabitant</b>, lo&#285;ant-o, an-o (<b>145</b>).<br>
<b>inhale</b>, enspir-i.<br>
<b>ink</b>, ink-o.<br>
<b>inquire</b>, demand-i.<br>
<b>insect</b>, insekt-o.<br>
<b>inside</b> (<i>adv.</i>), intern-e; (<i>prep.</i>), en.<br>
<b>insist</b>, insist-i.<br>
<b>inspect</b>, inspekt-i, ekzamen-i, rigard-i, kontrol-i.<br>
<b>inspire</b>, inspir-i.<br>
<b>instantaneous</b>, moment-a.<br>
<b>instead of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), anstata&#365; (<b>98, 159</b>).<br>
<b>instruct</b>, instru-i; (<b>order</b>), ordon-i.<br>
<b>insult</b>, insult-i.<br>
<b>insure</b> (<b>with a company</b>), asekur-i; (<b>make certain</b>), certig-i.<br>
<b>intelligent</b>, inteligent-a.<br>
<b>intend</b>, intenc-i.<br>
<b>interest</b>, interes-i; (<b>of money</b>), procent-o.<br>
<b>(be) intermittent</b>, intermit-i.<br>
<b>internal</b>, intern-a.<br>
<b>interpret</b>, interpret-i.<br>
<b>intimate</b>, intim-a.<br>
<b>intoxicated</b>, ebri-a.<br>
<b>investigate</b>, esplor-i, ekzamen-i, elser&#265;-i.<br>
<b>invite</b>, invit-i.<br>
<b>iron</b> (<b>metal</b>), fer-o; (<b>linen</b>), glad-i.<br>
<b>island</b>, insul-o.<br>
<b>it</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), &#285;i (<b>32, 37, 42, 274</b>); <i>see also</i> 50, 51.<br>
<b>Italian</b>, ital-o.<br>

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<p><b>J.</b></p>

<b>jacket</b>, jak-o.<br>
<b>jail</b>, karcer-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------314.png---------------------------- -->

<b>jam</b>, kompot-o, frukta&#309;-o.<br>
<b>January</b>, januar-o.<br>
<b>jaw</b> (<b>orifice, opening</b>), fa&#365;k-o; (<b>of the skull</b>), makzel-o; <b>&mdash;bone</b>, makzelost-o.<br>
<b>jealous</b>, &#309;aluz-a.<br>
<b>jest</b>, &#349;erc-i.<br>
<b>Jesus</b>, Jesu-o.<br>
<b>Jew</b>, hebre-o.<br>
<b>jewel</b>, juvel-o.<br>
<b>jingle</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), tint-i.<br>
<b>John</b>, Johan-o.<br>
<b>joint</b>, artik-o.<br>
<b>joke</b>, &#349;erc-i.<br>
<b>journal</b>, &#309;urnal-o, revu-o.<br>
<b>journey</b>, voja&#285;-i.<br>
<b>judge</b>, ju&#285;-i.<br>
<b>jug</b>, kru&#265;-o.<br>
<b>juggle</b>, &#309;ongl-i.<br>
<b>July</b>, juli-o.<br>
<b>jump</b>, salt-i.<br>
<b>June</b>, juni-o.<br>
<b>jurist</b>, jurist-o.<br>
<b>just</b> (<b>upright</b>), just-a; (<b>exact</b>), &#285;ust-a; (<i>adv.</i>), &#285;ust-e, &#309;us.<br>

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<p><b>K.</b></p>

<b>keep</b>, ten-i, gard-i; (<b>preserve</b>), konserv-i;<b> &mdash; in mind</b>, memor-i.<br>
<b>kerosene</b>, petrol-o.<br>
<b>key</b>, &#349;losil-o; (<b>of piano, etc.</b>), klav-o.<br>
<b>kill</b>, mortig-i.<br>
<b>kilogram</b>, kilogram-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>kiloliter</b>, kilolitr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>kilometer</b>, kilometr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>kind</b> (<b>species</b>), spec-o; (<b>good</b>), bon-a, bonkor-a; <b>that &mdash;</b>, <b>what &mdash;</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>kindness</b>, komplez-o, bonkorec-o.<br>
<b>king</b>, re&#285;-o; <b>&mdash;dom</b>, re&#285;olando.<br>
<b>kiss</b>, kis-i.<br>
<b>knave</b>, fripon-o.<br>
<b>knee</b>, genu-o.<br>
<b>kneel</b>, genufleks-i.<br>
<b>knit</b>, trik-i.<br>
<b>knock</b>, frap-i.<br>
<b>knot</b>, tuber-o; (<b>tied</b>), liga&#309;-o; (<b>of ribbon</b>), bant-o.<br>
<b>know</b>, sci-i; (<b>be acquainted with</b>), kon-i (<b>117</b>).<br>
<b>kobold</b>, kobold-o.<br>

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<p><b>L.</b></p>

<b>labor</b>, labor-i; <b>&mdash; for the success or completion of something</b>, klopod-i.<br>
<b>lace</b>, punt-o; (<b>of a shoe</b>), la&#265;-o.<br>
<b>(be) lacking</b> (<i>intrans.</i>) mank-i.<br>
<b>lake</b>, lag-o.<br>
<b>lamb</b>, &#349;afid-o; (<b>meat</b>), &#349;afida&#309;-o.<br>
<b>lame</b>, lam-a.<br>
<b>lamp</b>, lamp-o.<br>
<b>lance</b>, lanc-o.<br>
<b>land</b>, land-o; (<b>estate</b>), bien-o; (<b>soil</b>), ter-o.<br>

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<b>landscape</b>, pejza&#285;-o.<br>
<b>language</b>, lingv-o.<br>
<b>lantern</b>, lantern-o.<br>
<b>large</b>, grand-a.<br>
<b>lark</b> (<b>bird</b>), ala&#365;d-o.<br>
<b>last</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), da&#365;r-i; (<b>in a series</b>), last-a; (<b>previous</b>) pasint-a, anta&#365;-a.<br>
<b>latch</b>, ans-o.<br>
<b>late</b>, malfru-a.<br>
<b>Latin</b>, latin-a.<br>
<b>latter</b>, &#265;i-tiu (<b>61, 62</b>).<br>
<b>lattice</b>, krad-o.<br>
<b>laugh</b>, rid-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>law</b>, le&#285;-o; <b>&mdash;suit</b>, proces-o; (<b>rule</b>), regul-o.<br>
<b>lawyer</b>, advokat-o, le&#285;ist-o.<br>
<b>lay</b>, meti, ku&#349;ig-i; <b>&mdash; aside</b>, demet-i; <b>&mdash; claim</b>, pretend-i.<br>
<b>layer</b>, tavol-o.<br>
<b>lead</b>, konduk-i.<br>
<b>lead</b> (<b>metal</b>), plumb-o.<br>
<b>leaf</b>, foli-o.<br>
<b>league</b> (<b>alliance</b>), lig-o.<br>
<b>lean</b> (<i>trans.</i>), apog-i, klin-i; (<b>not fat</b>), malgras-a.<br>
<b>leap</b>, salt-i; <b>&mdash;year</b>, superjar-o.<br>
<b>learn</b>, lern-i; (<b>news, etc.</b>), scii&#285;-i.<br>
<b>learned</b>, kler-a.<br>
<b>least</b> (<i>adv.</i>), malplej (<b>80</b>), malpli multe (<b>81</b>); <b>at &mdash;</b>, almena&#365;.<br>
<b>leather</b>, led-o.<br>
<b>leave</b> (<i>trans.</i>), las-i; <b>&mdash; off</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), &#265;es-i.<br>
<b>leg</b>, krur-o.<br>
<b>legal</b>, le&#285;-a; <b>&mdash; process</b>, proces-o.<br>
<b>lemon</b>, citron-o.<br>
<b>lemonade</b>, citrona&#309;-o, limonad-o.<br>
<b>lend</b>, prunt-i, pruntedon-i.<br>
<b>lens</b>, objektiv-o.<br>
<b>lengthen</b> (<i>trans.</i>), etend-i, plilongig-i.<br>
<b>less</b> (<i>adv.</i>), malpli (<b>80</b>); malpli multe (<b>81</b>).<br>
<b>lesson</b>, lecion-o.<br>
<b>let</b> (<i>trans.</i>), las-i; (<b>rent</b>), luig-i; (<b>permit</b>), permes-i.<br>
<b>letter</b> (<b>epistle</b>), leter-o; (<b>of the alphabet</b>), liter-o.<br>
<b>lettuce</b>, laktuk-o.<br>
<b>level</b>, nivel-o; (<b>flat</b>), eben-a.<br>
<b>library</b>, bibliotek-o; (<b>collection of books</b>), librar-o.<br>
<b>lick</b>, lek-i.<br>
<b>lie</b> (<b>recline</b>), ku&#349;-i (<b>239</b>); (<b>tell falsehoods</b>), mensog-i.<br>
<b>lift</b>, lev-i.<br>
<b>light</b>, lum-a, hel-a; (<b>not heavy</b>), malpez-a.<br>
<b>lightning</b>, fulm-o.<br>
<b>like</b>, &#349;at-i; (<b>similar</b>), simil-a; see also 250.<br>
<b>limb</b>, membro; (<b>of a tree</b>), bran&#265;-o.<br>
<b>limit</b>, lim-i.<br>
<b>linden</b>, tili-o.<br>
<b>line</b>, lini-o, vic-o, strek-o.<br>
<b>linen</b>, tol-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------316.png---------------------------- -->

<b>lion</b>, leon-o.<br>
<b>lip</b>, lip-o.<br>
<b>liquid</b>, fluid-a.<br>
<b>listen</b>, a&#365;skult-i.<br>
<b>liter</b>, litr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>literal</b>, la&#365;liter-a.<br>
<b>literature</b>, literatur-o.<br>
<b>little</b>, malgrand-a; (<i>with slightly affectionate sense</i>), et-a (<b>198</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), malmulte, iom (<b>217</b>); <b>&mdash; by &mdash;</b>, iom post iom.<br>
<b>live</b>, viv-i; (<b>dwell</b>), lo&#285;-i (<b>133</b>).<br>
<b>load</b>, &#349;ar&#285;-i.<br>
<b>loan</b>, prunt-i, pruntedon-i.<br>
<b>local</b>, lok-a.<br>
<b>lock</b>, &#349;los-i; (<b>fastening</b>), serur-o.<br>
<b>locomotive</b>, lokomotiv-o.<br>
<b>lodge</b>, lo&#285;-i.<br>
<b>log</b>, &#349;tip-o.<br>
<b>long</b>, long-a; <b>&mdash; for</b>, sopir-i je.<br>
<b>look</b>, rigard-i; <b>&mdash; for</b>, ser&#265;-i.<br>
<b>lose</b>, perd-i; (<b>fail to profit</b>), malgajn-i; <b>&mdash; time</b>, malfru-i.<br>
<b>lot</b> (<b>fate</b>), sort-o.<br>
<b>loud</b>, la&#365;t-a.<br>
<b>love</b>, am-i; <b>make &mdash;</b>, amindum-i.<br>
<b>loyal</b>, fidel-a, lojal-a.<br>
<b>luck</b>, &#349;anc-o; lucky, bon&#349;anc-a.<br>
<b>lull</b>, kvietig-i; (<b>to sleep</b>), lul-i.<br>
<b>lunatic</b>, lunatik-o.<br>
<b>lung</b>, pulm-o.<br>
<b>luxury</b>, luks-o.<br>

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<p><b>M.</b></p>

<b>macaroni</b>, makaroni-o.<br>
<b>machine</b>, ma&#349;in-o.<br>
<b>mad</b>, frenez-a.<br>
<b>magazine</b>, gazet-o, &#309;urnal-o, revu-o.<br>
<b>magic</b>, magi-o.<br>
<b>mail</b>, po&#349;t-o, enpo&#349;tig-i; <b>&mdash; box</b>, po&#349;tkest-o.<br>
<b>maize</b>, maiz-o.<br>
<b>majestic</b>, majest-a.<br>
<b>majesty</b> (<i>term of address</i>), mo&#349;t-o (<b>258</b>).<br>
<b>make</b>, far-i (see also 214); <b>&mdash; mistakes</b>, erar-i; <b>&mdash; love</b>, amindum-i.<br>
<b>malicious</b>, malic-a.<br>
<b>man</b>, vir-o.<br>
<b>manage</b>, administr-i, direkt-i; (<b>a household</b>), mastrum-i.<br>
<b>manner</b>, manier-o; (<b>right or wrong</b>), mor-o; <b>in that &mdash;</b>, <b>in every &mdash;</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>mantle</b>, mantel-o.<br>
<b>manufacture</b>, fabrik-i.<br>
<b>manuscript</b>, manuskript-o.<br>
<b>maple</b>, acer-o.<br>
<b>marble</b> (stone), marmor-o.<br>
<b>march</b>, mar&#349;ad-i.<br>
<b>March</b>, mart-o.<br>
<b>mark</b>, mark-o, sign-o; (<b>official</b>), stamp-o.<br>
<b>marmalade</b>, marmelad-o.<br>
<b>marry</b> (<b>become married</b>), edzi&#285;-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------317.png---------------------------- -->

<b>master</b>, mastr-o; (<b>of his profession or art</b>), majstr-o; <b>&mdash; of Arts (A.M.)</b>, magistr-o.<br>
<b>match</b> (<b>for fire</b>), alumet-o.<br>
<b>material</b>, material-o; (<b>cloth</b>), &#349;tof-o.<br>
<b>matter</b>, afer-o.<br>
<b>mature</b>, matur-a.<br>
<b>maximum</b>, maksimum-o.<br>
<b>May</b>, maj-o; (<b>auxiliary verb</b>), <i>see</i> 269, 270.<br>
<b>mayonnaise</b>, majones-a.<br>
<b>mean</b>, signif-i, intenc-i, malnobl-a.<br>
<b>meaning</b>, senc-o.<br>
<b>means</b>, rimed-o; <b>by &mdash; of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), per (<b>64</b>).<br>
<b>measure</b> (<i>trans.</i>), mezur-i.<br>
<b>meat</b>, viand-o.<br>
<b>mechanics</b>, me&#293;anik-o.<br>
<b>medical</b>, medicin-a, kuracist-a.<br>
<b>medicine</b> (<b>drug, etc.</b>), kuracil-o; (<b>science</b>), medicin-o, kuracart-o.<br>
<b>meet</b> (<i>trans.</i>), renkont-i, traf-i; (<b>assemble</b>), kunven-i.<br>
<b>melody</b>, melodi-o.<br>
<b>melon</b>, melon-o.<br>
<b>melt</b>, fluidig-i, fluidi&#285;-i, degel-i.<br>
<b>member</b>, membr-o, an-o (<b>145</b>).<br>
<b>memory</b>, memor-o; <b>by &mdash;</b>, parker-e, memor-e.<br>
<b>mend</b>, ripar-i; (<b>patch</b>), flik-i.<br>
<b>mention</b>, nom-i; cit-i.<br>
<b>menu</b>, menu-o.<br>
<b>merely</b> (<i>adv.</i>), nur.<br>
<b>merit</b>, merit-i.<br>
<b>merry</b>, gaj-a; <b>make &mdash;</b>, festen-i.<br>
<b>merry-go-round</b>, karusel-o.<br>
<b>metal</b>, metal-o.<br>
<b>meter</b>, metr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>method</b>, metod-o.<br>
<b>middle</b>, mez-o, centr-o.<br>
<b>mien</b>, mien-o.<br>
<b>mild</b>, mild-a.<br>
<b>mile</b>, mejl-o.<br>
<b>milk</b>, lakt-o; (<b>draw the milk of</b>), melk-i.<br>
<b>mill</b>, muel-o.<br>
<b>millimeter</b>, milimetr-o (<b>284</b>).<br>
<b>million</b>, milion-o.<br>
<b>mine</b> (<b>coal, etc</b>), min-o; (<i>possessive adj.</i>), mi-a (<b>43</b>).<br>
<b>mineral</b>, mineral-o.<br>
<b>minimum</b>, minimum-o.<br>
<b>minister</b> (<b>political</b>), ministr-o; (<b>clergyman</b>), pastr-o.<br>
<b>minute</b> (time), minut-o; (<i>adj.</i>), detal-a, malgrand-a.<br>
<b>minutes</b> (of a meeting), protokol-o.<br>
<b>mirror</b>, spegul-o.<br>
<b>miserly</b>, avar-a.<br>
<b>misery</b>, mizer-o.<br>
<b>miss</b> (<b>fail to reach</b>), maltraf-i; (<b>be missing</b>), mank-i; (<b>notice the absence of</b>), senti la foreston de; (<b>young lady</b>), fra&#365;lin-o (<b>163</b>).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------318.png---------------------------- -->

<b>mist</b>, nebul-o.<br>
<b>mistake</b>, erar-o.<br>
<b>Mister</b>, Sinjor-o (<b>163, 286</b>).<br>
<b>mix</b> (<i>trans.</i>), miks-i.<br>
<b>mock</b>, mok-i.<br>
<b>mode</b>, fason-o, mod-o.<br>
<b>model</b>, model-o.<br>
<b>moderate</b>, moder-a.<br>
<b>modest</b>, modest-a.<br>
<b>moment</b>, moment-o; <b>a &mdash; ago</b>, (<i>adv.</i>), &#309;us.<br>
<b>monarch</b>, monar&#293;-o.<br>
<b>Monday</b>, lund-o.<br>
<b>money</b>, mon-o; <b>&mdash; box</b>, kas-o; <b>&mdash; order</b>, mandat-o.<br>
<b>monk</b>, mona&#293;-o.<br>
<b>monkey</b>, simi-o.<br>
<b>month</b>, monat-o.<br>
<b>moon</b>, lun-o.<br>
<b>moral</b>, moral-a, bonmor-a; morals, moroj.<br>
<b>more</b> (<i>adv.</i>), pli (<b>74, 79</b>); (<b>quantity</b>), pli multe (<b>81</b>); (<b>further</b>), plu; <b>the &mdash;</b>, ju pli, des pli (<b>84</b>).<br>
<b>morning</b>, maten-o (<b>93</b>).<br>
<b>morsel</b>, pec-o.<br>
<b>most</b> (<i>adv.</i>), plej (<b>74, 79</b>); (<b>quantity</b>), plej multe (<b>81</b>).<br>
<b>mould</b>, &#349;im-o.<br>
<b>mountain</b>, mont-o.<br>
<b>mourning</b>, funebr-o.<br>
<b>mouse</b>, mus-o.<br>
<b>moustache</b>, lipharoj.<br>
<b>mouth</b>, bu&#349;-o; (<b>of river</b>), enflu-o, elflu-o.<br>
<b>move</b> (<i>trans.</i>), mov-i; (<b>change residence</b>) translo&#285;-i.<br>
<b>much</b>, mult-a (<b>81</b>); (<b>very</b>), tre.<br>
<b>mud</b>, kot-o.<br>
<b>murmur</b>, murmur-i.<br>
<b>museum</b>, muze-o.<br>
<b>mushroom</b>, fung-o.<br>
<b>music</b>, muzik-o.<br>
<b>must</b>, dev-i (<b>247</b>).<br>
<b>mute</b>, mut-a.<br>
<b>mutton</b>, &#349;afa&#309;-o.<br>
<b>mutual</b>, reciprok-a (<b>180</b>), komun-a.<br>
<b>myopic</b>, miop-a.<br>
<b>mystery</b>, mister-o.<br>

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<p><b>N.</b></p>

<b>nail</b> (<b>metal</b>), najl-o; (<b>of the finger or toe</b>), ung-o.<br>
<b>naive</b>, naiv-a.<br>
<b>naked</b>, nud-a.<br>
<b>name</b>, nom-o.<br>
<b>narrate</b>, rakont-i.<br>
<b>nation</b>, naci-o.<br>
<b>nature</b>, natur-o.<br>
<b>naught</b>, nul-o; (<b>none</b>), neniom (<b>231</b>).<br>
<b>near</b>, proksim-a (<b>170</b>); (<i>prep.</i>), apud (<b>120, 159</b>).<br>
<b>necessary</b>, neces-a.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------319.png---------------------------- -->

<b>neck</b>, kol-o.<br>
<b>need</b>, bezon-i.<br>
<b>needle</b>, kudril-o.<br>
<b>negative</b>, ne-a (<b>171</b>); (<b>photographic</b>), negativ-o.<br>
<b>neighbor</b>, najbar-o.<br>
<b>neither</b> (<i>conj.</i>), nek (<b>31</b>); (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), neniu (<b>220</b>).<br>
<b>nephew</b>, nev-o.<br>
<b>nerve</b>, nerv-o.<br>
<b>nest</b>, nest-o.<br>
<b>net</b>, ret-o.<br>
<b>neutral</b>, ne&#365;tral-a.<br>
<b>never</b> (<i>adv.</i>), neniam (<b>226</b>).<br>
<b>nevertheless</b> (<i>conj.</i>), tamen.<br>
<b>new</b>, nov-a, fre&#349;-a; news, nova&#309;-o.<br>
<b>newspaper</b>, &#309;urnal-o, tag&#309;urnal-o.<br>
<b>nice</b>, delikat-a.<br>
<b>night</b>, nokt-o.<br>
<b>nine</b> (<i>adj.</i>), na&#365; (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>nitrogen</b>, azot-o.<br>
<b>no</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ne (<b>27, 66, a</b>); (<i>adj.</i>), neniu (<b>220</b>); <b>&mdash; one</b>, <b>&mdash;where</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>noble</b>, nobl-a,<br>
<b>nobleman</b>, nobel-o.<br>
<b>nobody</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), neniu (<b>220</b>).<br>
<b>nod</b> (<b>the head</b>), balanc-i (<b>la kapon</b>).<br>
<b>noise</b>, bru-o.<br>
<b>none</b> (<i>adj. and pronoun</i>), neniu (<b>220</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), neniom (<b>231</b>).<br>
<b>non-partisan</b>, ne&#365;tral-a.<br>
<b>noon</b>, tagmez-o.<br>
<b>nor</b> (<i>conj.</i>), nek (<b>31</b>).<br>
<b>north</b>, nord-o.<br>
<b>Norwegian</b>, norveg-o.<br>
<b>not</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ne (<b>27, 66, a</b>).<br>
<b>note</b>, not-o, bilet-o; <b>&mdash;book</b>, kajer-o; (<b>notice</b>), rimark-i, not-i.<br>
<b>nothing</b>, nenio (<b>233</b>).<br>
<b>notice</b>, rimark-i; not-i; <b>give &mdash;</b>, aviz-i.<br>
<b>notwithstanding</b> (<i>prep.</i>), malgra&#365;; (<b>conj.</b>), tamen.<br>
<b>nourish</b>, nutr-i.<br>
<b>novel</b>, nov-a; (<b>book</b>), roman-o.<br>
<b>November</b>, novembr-o.<br>
<b>now</b> (<i>adv.</i>), nun.<br>
<b>nude</b>, nud-a.<br>
<b>nullify</b>, nulig-i, neniig-i.<br>
<b>number</b> (<b>quantity</b>), nombr-o; (<b>numeral</b>), numer-o.<br>
<b>nut</b>, nuks-o.<br>

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<p><b>O.</b></p>

<b>oak</b>, kverk-o.<br>
<b>(make) oath</b>, &#309;ur-i.<br>
<b>oats</b>, aven-o.<br>
<b>obey</b>, obe-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>object</b>, objekt-o; (<b>aim</b>), cel-o; (<b>oppose</b>), kontra&#365;parol-i, kontra&#365;star-i, protest-i.<br>
<b>objective</b>, objektiv-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------320.png---------------------------- -->

<b>obligation</b> (<b>financial</b>), &#349;uld-o; (<b>moral</b>), dev-o.<br>
<b>oblige</b> (<b>compel</b>), devig-i; (<b>render service</b>), far-i komplezon, serv-i.<br>
<b>oblique</b>, oblikv-a.<br>
<b>observe</b>, observ-i, rimark-i, not-i.<br>
<b>obstinate</b>, obstin-a.<br>
<b>obstruct</b>, bar-i.<br>
<b>occasion</b>, foj-o (<b>127</b>); okaz-o.<br>
<b>occupation</b>, profesi-o, okup-o, meti-o.<br>
<b>occupy</b>, okup-i.<br>
<b>occur</b>, okaz-i.<br>
<b>ocean</b>, ocean-o.<br>
<b>October</b>, oktobr-o.<br>
<b>odor</b>, odor-o.<br>
<b>of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), de (<b>49, 100, 160, 170</b>); da (<b>99, 101, 103</b>); el; (<b>concerning</b>), pri (160, 264, c).<br>
<b>offend</b>, ofend-i.<br>
<b>offer</b>, propon-i, prezent-i, ofer-i.<br>
<b>office</b>, ofic-o; (<b>place</b>), oficej-o.<br>
<b>officer</b> (<b>of organization or firm</b>), oficist-o; (<b>military or naval</b>), oficir-o.<br>
<b>official</b>, oficial-a.<br>
<b>often</b> (<i>adv.</i>), oft-e, multfoj-e.<br>
<b>oh</b> (<i>interjection</i>), ho (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>oil</b>, ole-o.<br>
<b>olive</b>, oliv-o.<br>
<b>on</b> (<i>prep.</i>), sur; <b>&mdash; account of</b>, pro (<b>86</b>).<br>
<b>once</b> (<i>adv.</i>), unufoj-e; <b>&mdash; on a time</b>, iam (<b>212</b>); <b>at &mdash;</b>, tuj; <b>&mdash; more</b>, bis.<br>
<b>one</b> (<i>adj.</i>), unu (<b>136, 137, 180</b>); (<i>pronoun</i>), oni (<b>54</b>). See 235.<br>
<b>onion</b>, bulb-o.<br>
<b>only</b>, sol-a; (<b>mere</b>), nur-a.<br>
<b>opera</b>, oper-o; <b>&mdash; glasses</b>, lornet-o.<br>
<b>opinion</b>, opini-o.<br>
<b>opportune</b>, oportun-a.<br>
<b>opposed to</b> (<i>prep.</i>), kontra&#365;.<br>
<b>opposite</b> (<b>converse</b>), mal-o (<b>67</b>); (<i>prep.</i>), kontra&#365;.<br>
<b>or</b> (<i>conj.</i>), a&#365;.<br>
<b>orange</b> (fruit), oran&#285;-o.<br>
<b>orchestra</b>, orkestr-o.<br>
<b>order</b>, ordon-i; (<b>of store, etc.</b>), mend-i; (<b>methodical or proper arrangement</b>), ord-o; <b>money &mdash;</b>, mandat-o.<br>
<b>ordinary</b>, ordinar-a.<br>
<b>organ</b> (<b>physical</b>), organ-o; (<b>musical</b>), orgen-o.<br>
<b>organize</b>, organiz-i.<br>
<b>original</b>, original-o.<br>
<b>ornament</b>, ornam-i.<br>
<b>orphan</b>, orf-o.<br>
<b>oscillate</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), balanci&#285;-i.<br>
<b>ostracism</b>, ostracism-o.<br>
<b>other</b>, ali-a; (<b>remaining</b>), ceter-a; <b>&mdash; people's</b>, malpropr-a; <b>&mdash;wise</b>, ali-e.<br>
<b>out of</b>, el.<br>
<b>outline</b>, kontur-o; (<b>profile</b>), profil-o; (<b>sketch</b>), skiz-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------321.png---------------------------- -->

<b>outside</b> (<i>prep.</i>), ekster (<b>120, 121</b>).<br>
<b>over</b> (<i>prep.</i>), super; (<b>across</b>), trans; (<b>concerning</b>), pri; <b>&mdash;coat</b>, surtut-o; <b>&mdash;shoe</b>, super&#349;u-o; (<i>adv.</i>), (<b>too</b>), tro.<br>
<b>owe</b>, &#349;uld-i.<br>
<b>own</b>, posed-i, propr-a.<br>
<b>ox</b>, bov-o.<br>
<b>oyster</b>, ostr-o.<br>

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<p><b>P.</b></p>

<b>pack</b>, pak-i.<br>
<b>pad</b>, rembur-i.<br>
<b>paddle</b>, padel-i.<br>
<b>page</b> (<b>of book, etc.</b>), pa&#285;-o.<br>
<b>pail</b>, sitel-o.<br>
<b>pain</b>, dolor-o; (<b>effort</b>), pen-o; take pains, pen-i.<br>
<b>paint</b>, pentr-i; (<b>material</b>), kolorigil-o; <b>&mdash;brush</b>, penik-o.<br>
<b>pair</b>, par-o.<br>
<b>palace</b>, palac-o.<br>
<b>pale</b>, pal-a.<br>
<b>palisade</b>, palisar-o.<br>
<b>palm</b> (<b>of the hand</b>), polm-o.<br>
<b>pamphlet</b>, bro&#349;ur-o.<br>
<b>pan</b>, pat-o.<br>
<b>paper</b> (<b>material</b>), paper-o; <b>news&mdash;</b>, &#309;urnal-o.<br>
<b>paradise</b>, paradiz-o.<br>
<b>paragraph</b>, paragraf-o.<br>
<b>pardon</b>, pardon-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>parallel</b>, paralel-a.<br>
<b>park</b>, park-o.<br>
<b>parlor</b>, salon-o.<br>
<b>parsley</b>, petrosel-o.<br>
<b>parsnip</b>, pastinak-o.<br>
<b>part</b>, part-o; of a work or book, kajer-o; separate (<i>trans.</i>), disir-i, apartig-i, disdivid-i.<br>
<b>participle</b>, particip-o.<br>
<b>pass</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), pas-i.<br>
<b>passage</b>, koridor-o.<br>
<b>passenger</b>, pasa&#285;er-o.<br>
<b>passion</b>, pasi-o.<br>
<b>passive</b>, pasiv-a.<br>
<b>past</b> (<i>prep.</i>), preter; (<b>time</b>), estintec-o; (<b>grammatical</b>), estint-o; (<b>bygone</b>), estint-a.<br>
<b>paste</b> (<b>glue</b>), glu-i.<br>
<b>pasteboard</b>, karton-o.<br>
<b>pastor</b>, pastr-o.<br>
<b>pastry</b>, kuka&#309;-o.<br>
<b>pasture</b> (<i>trans.</i>), pa&#349;t-i.<br>
<b>patch</b>, flik-i.<br>
<b>path</b>, vojet-o.<br>
<b>patience</b>, pacienc-o.<br>
<b>patient</b> (<b>ill person</b>), kuracat-o.<br>
<b>patty</b>, paste&#265;-o.<br>
<b>pause</b>, pa&#365;z-i.<br>
<b>pavement</b>, pavim-o; (<b>sidewalk</b>), trotuar-o.<br>
<b>pay</b>, pag-i; &mdash; dues, kotiz-i.<br>
<b>pea</b>, piz-o.<br>
<b>peace</b>, pac-o.<br>
<b>peach</b>, persik-o.<br>
<b>pear</b>, pir-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------322.png---------------------------- -->

<b>pearl</b>, perl-o.<br>
<b>peculiar</b>, strang-a, kurioz-a.<br>
<b>peddle</b>, kolport-i.<br>
<b>pedestal</b>, piedestal-o.<br>
<b>pedestrian</b>, piedirant-o.<br>
<b>peeling</b>, &#349;el-o.<br>
<b>pen</b>, plum-o; (<b>enclosure</b>), ej-o (<b>III</b>).<br>
<b>pencil</b>, krajon-o; <b>hair&mdash;</b>, penik-o.<br>
<b>penetrate</b>, penetr-i.<br>
<b>people</b>, popol-o; (<i>indefinite pronoun</i>), oni (<b>54</b>).<br>
<b>pepper</b>, pipr-o.<br>
<b>perceive</b>, sent-i; (<b>see</b>), vid-i.<br>
<b>percentage</b>, procent-o; (<b>of profit</b>), tantiem-o.<br>
<b>perfect</b>, perfekt-a.<br>
<b>perfidious</b>, perfid-a.<br>
<b>perform</b> (act), ag-i; (<b>fulfil</b>), plenum-i; (<b>do</b>), far-i.<br>
<b>perfume</b>, parfum-o; (<b>odor</b>), bonodor-o.<br>
<b>period</b>, period-o; (<b>of time</b>), epok-o; (<b>punctuation</b>), punkt-o.<br>
<b>perish</b>, pere-i.<br>
<b>permit</b>, permes-i.<br>
<b>persecute</b>, persekut-i; (<b>worry</b>), turment-i, &#285;en-i.<br>
<b>persevere</b>, persist-i.<br>
<b>person</b>, person-o.<br>
<b>perspire</b>, &#349;vit-i.<br>
<b>persuade</b>, konvink-i.<br>
<b>pet</b>, dorlot-i.<br>
<b>petroleum</b>, petrol-o.<br>
<b>phantom</b>, fantom-o.<br>
<b>Pharaoh</b>, faraon-o.<br>
<b>pharmacy</b>, farmaci-o; (<b>shop</b>), apotek-o.<br>
<b>philosopher</b>, filozof-o.<br>
<b>photograph</b>, fotograf-i.<br>
<b>phrase</b>, fraz-o.<br>
<b>physician</b>, kuracist-o.<br>
<b>physics</b>, fizik-o.<br>
<b>pick</b> (<b>choose</b>), elekt-i; (<b>gather</b>), kolekt-i.<br>
<b>pickle</b>, pekl-i.<br>
<b>picture</b>, bild-o; (<b>portrait</b>), portret-o; <b>&mdash; gallery</b>, pinakotek-o.<br>
<b>picturesque</b>, pitoresk-a, pentrind-a.<br>
<b>pie</b>, kuka&#309;-o; (<b>patty</b>), paste&#265;-o.<br>
<b>piece</b>, pec-o.<br>
<b>pig</b>, pork-o.<br>
<b>pigeon</b>, kolomb-o.<br>
<b>(be a) pilgrim</b>, pilgrim-i.<br>
<b>pillage</b>, rab-i.<br>
<b>pillar</b>, kolon-o.<br>
<b>pin</b>, pingl-o.<br>
<b>pinch</b>, pin&#265;-i.<br>
<b>pine</b> (<b>tree</b>), pin-o; <b>&mdash; for</b>, sopir-i je.<br>
<b>pineapple</b>, ananas-o.<br>
<b>pinnacle</b>, pint-o.<br>
<b>pioneer</b>, pionir-o.<br>
<b>pious</b>, pi-a.<br>
<b>pipe</b>, tub-o; (<b>for smoking</b>), pip-o.<br>
<b>pitcher</b>, kru&#265;-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------323.png---------------------------- -->

<b>pity</b>, kompat-i; (<b>regrettable affair</b>), doma&#285;-o.<br>
<b>placard</b>, afi&#349;-o.<br>
<b>place</b>, lok-o; (<b>for something</b>), -ej-o (<b>111</b>); (<b>broad, short street or open space</b>), plac-o; (<b>put</b>), met-i.<br>
<b>plait</b>, plekt-i.<br>
<b>plan</b>, plan-o, projekt-o, skiz-o.<br>
<b>plane</b>, plat-a.<br>
<b>planet</b>, planed-o.<br>
<b>plank</b>, tabul-o.<br>
<b>plant</b>, plant-i; (<b>vegetable growth</b>), kreska&#309;-o, vegeta&#309;-o.<br>
<b>plate</b>, plat-o; (<b>dish</b>) teler-o.<br>
<b>platform</b> (<b>railway</b>), peron-o.<br>
<b>play</b>, lud-i; (<b>music</b>), muzik-i; (<b>theatrical</b>), teatra&#309;-o.<br>
<b>player</b> (<b>theatrical</b>), aktor-o.<br>
<b>pleasant</b>, agrabl-a, dol&#265;-a, afabl-a.<br>
<b>please</b>, pla&#265;-i (<b>265</b>); kontentig-i, far-i plezuron al; (<b>in requests</b>), bonvolu, mi petas.<br>
<b>pleasure</b>, plezur-o; <b>take &mdash; in</b>, &#285;u-i.<br>
<b>plot</b>, konspir-i.<br>
<b>plow</b>, plug-i.<br>
<b>plum</b>, prun-o.<br>
<b>plumber</b>, plumbist-o.<br>
<b>plunder</b>, rab-i.<br>
<b>plural</b>, multenombr-o.<br>
<b>pneumatic</b>, pneumatik-a.<br>
<b>pocket</b>, po&#349;-o.<br>
<b>poem</b>, poem-o.<br>
<b>poet</b>, poet-o.<br>
<b>poetry</b>, poezi-o.<br>
<b>point</b>, punkt-o; (<b>sharp</b>), pint-o; <b>&mdash; out</b>, montr-i.<br>
<b>poise</b> (<i>trans.</i>), balanc-i; (of manner), aplomb-o.<br>
<b>poison</b>, venen-o.<br>
<b>pole</b>, stang-o; (<b>shaft of vehicle</b>), timon-o; (<b>geographical</b>), polus-o.<br>
<b>Pole</b>, pol-o.<br>
<b>police</b>, polic-o.<br>
<b>polite</b>, &#285;entil-a.<br>
<b>politics</b>, politik-o.<br>
<b>polish</b>, polur-i; polished, polurit-a, glat-a.<br>
<b>pomp</b>, pomp-o.<br>
<b>popular</b>, popular-o, popol-a.<br>
<b>porcelain</b>, porcelan-o.<br>
<b>porch</b>, verand-o; (<b>stoop</b>), peron-o; (<b>balcony</b>), balkon-o.<br>
<b>pork</b>, porka&#309;-o.<br>
<b>port</b>, haven-o.<br>
<b>portion</b>, porci-o, part-o.<br>
<b>portrait</b>, portret-o.<br>
<b>possess</b>, posed-i.<br>
<b>possible</b>, ebl-a (<b>161, 162</b>); kredebl-a (<b>270</b>).<br>
<b>post</b> (<b>pole</b>), stang-o; (<b>mail</b>), po&#349;t-o; <b>&mdash;card</b>, po&#349;tkart-o; <b>&mdash;paid</b>, afrankit-e.<br>
<b>postage</b> (<b>cost</b>), po&#349;telspezo; <b>&mdash; stamp</b>, po&#349;tmark-o.<br>
<b>poster</b>, afi&#349;-o.<br>
<b>pot</b>, pot-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------324.png---------------------------- -->

<b>potato</b>, terpom-o; <b>sweet &mdash;</b>, batat-o.<br>
<b>pound</b>, pist-i; (<b>measure</b>), funt-o.<br>
<b>pour</b> (liquids), ver&#349;-i; (<b>as in a chute</b>), &#349;ut-i.<br>
<b>powder</b>, pudr-o.<br>
<b>power</b>, pov-o, potenc-o.<br>
<b>practice</b>, praktik-i.<br>
<b>praise</b>, la&#365;d-i.<br>
<b>pray</b>, pre&#285;-i.<br>
<b>preach</b>, predik-i.<br>
<b>precise</b>, preciz-a, &#285;ust-a.<br>
<b>predestined</b>, fatal-a.<br>
<b>prefer</b>, prefer-i.<br>
<b>prefix</b>, prefiks-o.<br>
<b>premium</b>, premi-o.<br>
<b>prepare</b>, prepar-i.<br>
<b>prepay</b>, afrank-i.<br>
<b>presence</b>, &#265;eest-o, apudest-o; <b>in the &mdash; of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#265;e (<b>125</b>), anta&#365;.<br>
<b>present</b> (<b>gift</b>), donac-o; (<b>time</b>), estantec-o, estant-a, nun-a (<b>171</b>); (<b>in attendance</b>), &#265;eestant-a.<br>
<b>present</b>, prezent-i, donac-i, don-i.<br>
<b>preserve</b> (<b>keep</b>), ten-i; (<b>keep safe</b>), konserv-i; (<b>food</b>), kompot-o, konfita&#309;-o.<br>
<b>preside</b>, prezid-i.<br>
<b>president</b>, prezidant-o.<br>
<b>press</b>, prem-i; (<b>print</b>), pres-i; (<b>wardrobe</b>), &#349;rank-o; (<b>be urgent</b>), ur&#285;-i.<br>
<b>pretend</b> (<b>make pretext of</b>), pretekst-i;  (<b>feign</b>), &#349;ajnig-i; (<b>lay claim</b>), pretend-i.<br>
<b>price</b>, prez-o, kost-o.<br>
<b>prick</b>, pik-i.<br>
<b>priest</b>, pastr-o.<br>
<b>prince</b>, princ-o, re&#285;id-o.<br>
<b>principal</b>, precip-a, &#265;ef-a.<br>
<b>print</b>, pres-i.<br>
<b>prize</b>, &#349;at-i; (<b>premium</b>), premi-o.<br>
<b>prized</b>, kar-a, altetaksat-a, &#349;atat-a.<br>
<b>problem</b>, problem-o.<br>
<b>process</b>, metod-o; (<b>legal</b>), proces-o.<br>
<b>proclaim</b>, proklam-i.<br>
<b>procrastinate</b>, prokrast-i.<br>
<b>produce</b>, produkt-i; <b>&mdash; a result</b>, efik-i; (<b>give birth to</b>), nask-i.<br>
<b>profession</b>, profesi-o.<br>
<b>professor</b>, profesor-o.<br>
<b>profile</b>, profil-o.<br>
<b>profit</b>, profit-i; (<b>percentage</b>), tantiem-o.<br>
<b>profound</b>, profund-a.<br>
<b>progress</b>, progres-i.<br>
<b>project</b>, projekt-o.<br>
<b>promenade</b>, promen-i.<br>
<b>promise</b>, promes-i.<br>
<b>propensity</b>, inklin-o, em-o (<b>192</b>).<br>
<b>(be) proper</b>, dec-i.<br>
<b>property</b>, propra&#309;-o, poseda&#309;-o; (<b>land</b>), bien-o; (<b>characteristic</b>), ec-o (<b>202</b>).<br>

<!-- -----------------------------325.png---------------------------- -->

<b>proportional</b>, proporci-a.<br>
<b>propose</b>, propon-i, sugesti-i.<br>
<b>prose</b>, prozo; <b>piece of &mdash;</b>, proza&#309;o.<br>
<b>prosecute</b>, persekut-i.<br>
<b>prosper</b>, prosper-i.<br>
<b>protect</b>, protekt-i, gard-i.<br>
<b>protest</b>, protest-i.<br>
<b>proud</b>, fier-a<br>
<b>prove</b>, pruv-i; (<b>test</b>), prov-i.<br>
<b>provoke</b>, incit-i, ekscit-i, ka&#365;z-i, nask-i, kolerig-i.<br>
<b>psalm</b>, psalm-o.<br>
<b>public</b>, publik-o.<br>
<b>publish</b>, publikig-i, eldon-i.<br>
<b>pudding</b>, puding-o.<br>
<b>pull</b>, tir-i.<br>
<b>pump</b>, pump-i.<br>
<b>pumpkin</b>, kukurb-o.<br>
<b>punish</b>, pun-i.<br>
<b>pure</b>, pur-a.<br>
<b>puree</b>, pista&#309;-o.<br>
<b>purple</b>, purpur-a.<br>
<b>purpose</b>, cel-i, intenc-i.<br>
<b>push</b>, pu&#349;-i; (<b>shove</b>), &#349;ov-i.<br>
<b>put</b>, met-i; <b>&mdash; off</b>, prokrast-i.<br>

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<p><b>Q.</b></p>

<b>quality</b>, ec-o (<b>202</b>); (<b>texture, etc.</b>), kvalito.<br>
<b>quantity</b>, kvant-o; <b>any &mdash;</b>, <b>a certain &mdash;</b>, iom (<b>217</b>); <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>quarter</b> (<b>of a city</b>), kvartal-o; (<b>fourth</b>), kvaron-o; <b>&mdash;ly</b>, trimonat-a.<br>
<b>question</b>, demand-o; (<b>problem</b>), problem-o; (<b>doubt</b>), dub-o.<br>
<b>quick</b>, rapid-a; (<b>lively</b>), viv-a.<br>
<b>quiet</b>, kviet-a, trankvil-a, silent-a.<br>
<b>quince</b>, cidoni-o.<br>
<b>quite</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tut-e.<br>
<b>quote</b>, cit-i.<br>

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<p><b>R.</b></p>

<b>rabbit</b>, kunikl-o.<br>
<b>race</b> (<b>people</b>), ras-o.<br>
<b>radish</b>, rafan-o; <b>horse&mdash;</b>, armoraci-o.<br>
<b>radius</b>, radi-o.<br>
<b>rag</b>, &#265;ifon-o.<br>
<b>raging</b>, furioz-a.<br>
<b>rail</b>, rel-o; <b>&mdash;way</b>, fervoj-o; <b>&mdash;way carriage</b>, vagon-o; <b>&mdash;way station</b>, stacidom-o.<br>
<b>rain</b>, pluv-o; <b>&mdash;bow</b>, &#265;ielark-o.<br>
<b>raise</b>, lev-i.<br>
<b>raisin</b>, sekvinber-o.<br>
<b>rank</b>, rang-o; (<b>grade</b>), grad-o.<br>
<b>rap</b>, frapet-i.<br>
<b>rapid</b>, rapid-a.<br>
<b>rascal</b>, fripon-o, kanajl-o.<br>
<b>rasp</b>, rasp-i.<br>
<b>raspberry</b>, framb-o.<br>
<b>rat</b>, rat-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------326.png---------------------------- -->

<b>rate</b>, taks-i; (<b>schedule of prices</b>), tarif-o, prezar-o; (<b>percentage</b>), procent-o; <b>at the &mdash; of</b> (<i>prep.</i>), po (<b>175</b>).<br>
<b>rational</b>, prudent-a, racional-a.<br>
<b>raucous</b>, ra&#365;k-a.<br>
<b>raven</b>, korv-o.<br>
<b>ravishing</b>, rav-a.<br>
<b>raw</b>, nekuirit-a.<br>
<b>ray</b> (<b>of light</b>), radi-o.<br>
<b>reach</b>, ating-i; (<b>a goal</b>), traf-i.<br>
<b>read</b>, leg-i.<br>
<b>ready</b>, pret-a.<br>
<b>real</b>, efektiv-a, real-a; ver-a.<br>
<b>reap</b>, rikolt-i.<br>
<b>reason</b> (<b>exert the power of reasoning</b>), rezon-i; (<b>cause</b>), ka&#365;z-o; (<b>motive</b>), kial-o; <b>for what &mdash;, for any &mdash;, etc.</b>, <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>reasonable</b>, prudent-a.<br>
<b>rebate</b>, rabat-i.<br>
<b>recall</b>, revok-i; (<b>to memory</b>), rememor-i; (<b>to another's memory</b>), rememorig-i.<br>
<b>receive</b>, ricev-i; (<b>accept</b>), akcept-i; (<b>money</b>), enspez-i.<br>
<b>receipt</b> (<b>for payment</b>), kvitanc-o.<br>
<b>reckon</b>, kalkul-i.<br>
<b>recent</b>, nov-a, anta&#365;nelong-a (<b>90</b>).<br>
<b>receptacle</b>, uj-o (<b>237</b>); (<b>for one object</b>), ing-o (<b>181</b>).<br>
<b>recess</b> (<b>alcove</b>), alkov-o; (<b>vacation</b>), libertemp-o.<br>
<b>reciprocal</b>, reciprok-a (<b>180</b>).<br>
<b>recite</b>, deklam-i.<br>
<b>recline</b>, ku&#349;-i (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>recommend</b>, rekomend-i.<br>
<b>recompense</b>, rekompen&#349;-i.<br>
<b>recover</b> (<b>find</b>), retrov-i; (<b>get well</b>), resani&#285;-i.<br>
<b>red</b>, ru&#285;-a; reddish, duberu&#285;-a.<br>
<b>reduction</b> (<b>of price</b>), rabat-o.<br>
<b>refine</b>, rafin-i.<br>
<b>refuse</b>, rifuz-i, malpermes-i.<br>
<b>refute</b>, refut-i.<br>
<b>regale</b>, regal-i.<br>
<b>region</b>, region-o.<br>
<b>register</b> (<i>trans.</i>), registr-i; (<b>letters</b>), rekomend-i.<br>
<b>regret</b>, beda&#365;r-i; (<b>be penitent for</b>), pent-i.<br>
<b>regrettable</b>, beda&#365;rind-a; <b>&mdash; affair (pity)</b>, doma&#285;-o.<br>
<b>regulation</b>, regul-o, le&#285;-o.<br>
<b>reign</b>, reg-i.<br>
<b>rejoice</b>, &#285;oj-i (<b>116</b>).<br>
<b>relate</b>, rilat-i (<b>266</b>); (<b>tell</b>), rakont-i.<br>
<b>relative</b> (<b>person</b>), parenc-o.<br>
<b>religion</b>, religi-o.<br>
<b>rely</b>, konfid-i; fid-i.<br>
<b>remain</b>, rest-i; remaining (<b>other</b>), ceter-a.<br>
<b>remember</b>, memor-i; (<b>recall to memory</b>), rememor-i.<br>
<b>render</b>, far-i, ig-i (<b>214</b>); (<b>an account</b>), don-i, prezent-i, liver-i.<br>
<b>renown</b>, fam-o, glor-o.<br>
<b>rent</b>, lu-i; (<b>let</b>), luig-i; (<b>farm out</b>), farm-i; (<b>price</b>), luprez-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------327.png---------------------------- -->

<b>repair</b>, ripar-i; (<b>patch</b>), flik-i.<br>
<b>repeat</b>, ripet-i.<br>
<b>repent</b>, pent-i.<br>
<b>report</b>, raport-i.<br>
<b>repose</b>, ripoz-i.<br>
<b>represent</b>, reprezent-i.<br>
<b>reproach</b>, ripro&#265;-i.<br>
<b>republic</b>, respublik-o.<br>
<b>repulse</b>, repu&#349;-i, repel-i.<br>
<b>request</b>, pet-i.<br>
<b>require</b>, postul-i; (<b>need</b>), bezon-i.<br>
<b>rescue</b>, sav-i.<br>
<b>reside</b>, lo&#285;-i.<br>
<b>respect</b>, respekt-i.<br>
<b>rest</b> (<b>repose</b>), ripoz-i; (<b>remain</b>), rest-i; (<b>&mdash; upon</b>), apog-i sur.<br>
<b>restaurant</b>, restoraci-o.<br>
<b>result</b>, rezult-i.<br>
<b>resume</b>, resum-o.<br>
<b>return</b> (<b>go back</b>), reir-i; (<b>come back</b>), reven-i; (<b>give back</b>), redon-i.<br>
<b>revery</b>, rev-o.<br>
<b>review</b> (<b>magazine</b>), revu-o.<br>
<b>reward</b>, rekompenc-i.<br>
<b>rhubarb</b>, rabarb-o.<br>
<b>rib</b>, rip-o.<br>
<b>ribbon</b>, ruband-o.<br>
<b>rice</b>, riz-o.<br>
<b>rich</b>, ri&#265;-a.<br>
<b>ride</b>, rajd-i; (<b>in vehicle, boat, etc.</b>), vetur-i.<br>
<b>ridicule</b>, mok-i; worthy of &mdash; (ridiculous), ridind-a.<br>
<b>right</b>, prav-a; (<b>to something</b>), rajt-o; (<b>not left</b>), dekstr-a.<br>
<b>right-angled</b>, ort-a.<br>
<b>ring</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), sonor-i; (<b>circlet</b>), ring-o.<br>
<b>ringlet</b> (<b>of hair</b>), bukl-o.<br>
<b>ripe</b>, matur-a.<br>
<b>river</b>, river-o.<br>
<b>road</b>, voj-o; (<b>broad roadway</b>), &#349;ose-o.<br>
<b>roam</b>, vag-i.<br>
<b>roar</b>, mu&#285;-i.<br>
<b>roast</b>, rost-i.<br>
<b>rob</b>, rab-i, &#349;tel-i.<br>
<b>robber</b>, rabist-o.<br>
<b>robe</b>, rob-o.<br>
<b>Robert</b>, Robert-o.<br>
<b>roguish</b>, petol-a; (<b>rascally</b>), fripon-a.<br>
<b>roll</b> (<i>trans.</i>), rul-i; (<b>something around something else</b>), volv-i; (<b>bread</b>), bulk-o; (<b>list</b>), list-o, registr-o.<br>
<b>roof</b>, tegment-o.<br>
<b>room</b>, &#265;ambr-o; (<b>space</b>), spac-o.<br>
<b>root</b>, radik-o.<br>
<b>rose</b>, roz-o.<br>
<b>(by) rote</b>, parker-e.<br>
<b>round</b>, rond-o; (<b>of ladder</b>), &#349;tupet-o; (<b>roundabout</b>) (<i>prep.</i>) &#265;irka&#365; (<b>89, 120, 159, 160</b>).<br>
<b>routine</b>, rutin-o.<br>
<b>row</b> (boats), rem-i.<br>
<b>royalty</b>, re&#285;ec-o; (<b>share of profit</b>) tantiem-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------328.png---------------------------- -->

<b>rub</b>, frot-i.<br>
<b>ruin</b>, ruin-o.<br>
<b>rule</b>, reg-i; (<b>draw lines</b>), lini-i; (<b>regulation</b>), regul-o.<br>
<b>rumor</b>, fam-o; rumored, la&#365;dir-a.<br>
<b>run</b>, kur-i; (<b>of fluids</b>), flu-i.<br>
<b>Russian</b>, rus-o.<br>
<b>rust</b>, rust-i.<br>

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<p><b>S.</b></p>

<b>sack</b>, sak-o; (<b>plunder</b>), rab-i.<br>
<b>sacred</b>, sankt-a.<br>
<b>sacrifice</b>, ofer-i, oferdon-i.<br>
<b>saddle</b>, sel-o.<br>
<b>safe</b>, sendan&#285;er-a, senrisk-a; (<b>chest</b>), monkest-o.<br>
<b>sail</b>, vel-o.<br>
<b>salad</b>, salat-o.<br>
<b>salary</b>, salajr-o.<br>
<b>salt</b>, sal-o.<br>
<b>salute</b>, salut-i.<br>
<b>same</b>, sam-a.<br>
<b>sample</b>, specimen-o.<br>
<b>sand</b>, sabl-o.<br>
<b>sap</b>, suk-o.<br>
<b>sardine</b>, sarden-o.<br>
<b>satchel</b>, valiz-o.<br>
<b>sated</b>, sat-a.<br>
<b>satin</b>, atlas-o.<br>
<b>satisfied</b>, kontent-a; (<b>of hunger</b>), sat-a.<br>
<b>Saturday</b>, sabat-o.<br>
<b>sausage</b>, kolbas-o.<br>
<b>sauce</b>, sa&#365;c-o.<br>
<b>saucer</b>, subtas-o, teleret-o.<br>
<b>saucy</b>, petol-a, mal&#285;entil-a, insultem-a.<br>
<b>savage</b>, sova&#285;-a.<br>
<b>save</b>, sav-i; (<b>keep</b>), konserv-i; (<b>economize</b>), &#349;par-i; (<i>prep.</i>), krom, escepte de.<br>
<b>saw</b>, seg-i.<br>
<b>say</b>, dir-i (<b>77</b>).<br>
<b>scales</b> (<b>for weighing</b>), pesil-o.<br>
<b>scarcely</b> (<i>adv.</i>), apena&#365;.<br>
<b>scent</b> (<i>trans.</i>), flar-i.<br>
<b>schedule</b> (<b>of rates</b>), tarif-o.<br>
<b>science</b>, scienc-o.<br>
<b>scissors</b>, tondil-o.<br>
<b>Scot</b> (<b>Scotchman</b>), skot-o.<br>
<b>scoundrel</b>, kanajl-o, fripon-o.<br>
<b>scrape</b>, skrap-i.<br>
<b>screen</b>, &#349;irm-i.<br>
<b>screw</b>, &#349;ra&#365;b-o; <b>&mdash;driver</b>, &#349;ra&#365;bturnil-o.<br>
<b>sculpture</b>, skulpt-i.<br>
<b>sea</b>, mar-o.<br>
<b>seal</b>, sigel-i.<br>
<b>season</b> (<b>of the year</b>), sezon-o.<br>
<b>second</b> (<b>of time</b>), sekund-o; (<b>in order</b>), dua; <b>a &mdash; time</b> (<i>adv.</i>), duafoje, bis.<br>
<b>secret</b>, sekret-o.<br>
<b>secretary</b>, sekretari-o.<br>
<b>section</b>, sekci-o, part-o, er-o (<b>276</b>).<br>
<b>see</b>, vid-i; <b>&mdash; to</b>, zorg-i pri.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------329.png---------------------------- -->

<b>seed</b>, sem-o.<br>
<b>seek</b>, ser&#265;-i; <b>&mdash; advice of</b>, konsult-i.<br>
<b>seem</b>, &#349;ajn-i; <b>&mdash;ing</b>, &#349;ajn-a, kvaza&#365;-a.<br>
<b>seize</b>, kapt-i.<br>
<b>select</b>, elekt-i.<br>
<b>self</b> (<i>reflexive</i>), <i>see</i> 39, 40, 44; (<i>intensive</i>), mem (<b>219</b>).<br>
<b>self-command</b>, aplomb-o.<br>
<b>sell</b>, vend-i.<br>
<b>senate</b>, senat-o.<br>
<b>send</b>, send-i.<br>
<b>sense</b>, prudent-o, sa&#285;-o; (<b>meaning</b>), senc-o; (<b>feeling</b>), sent-o.<br>
<b>sentence</b>, fraz-o; (<b>legal</b>), ju&#285;-o, kondamn-o.<br>
<b>separate</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), disi&#285;-i, disir-i; (<b>distinct</b>), apart-a.<br>
<b>September</b>, septembr-o.<br>
<b>serene</b>, trankvil-a.<br>
<b>series</b>, seri-o, vic-o.<br>
<b>serious</b>, serioz-a, grav-a.<br>
<b>serve</b>, serv-i; (<b>be good for</b>), ta&#365;g-i por.<br>
<b>set</b>, met-i; (<b>of the sun</b>), subir-i; (<b>type</b>), kompost-i; <b>&mdash; free</b>, liberig-i; <b>&mdash; out (start)</b>, forir-i, ekir-i.<br>
<b>seven</b> (<i>adj.</i>), sep (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>several</b>, kelk-aj, kelk-e.<br>
<b>severe</b>, sever-a.<br>
<b>sew</b>, kudr-i.<br>
<b>shade</b> (<b>shadow</b>), ombr-o; (<b>tint</b>) nuanc-o; (<b>screen</b>), &#349;irmil-o.<br>
<b>shaft</b> (<b>of vehicle</b>), timon-o.<br>
<b>shake</b> (<i>trans.</i>), sku-i; (<b>oscillate</b>), &#349;ancel-i; <b>&mdash; hands</b>, manprem-i.<br>
<b>sham</b>, pretekst-i.<br>
<b>shape</b>, form-o; <b>&mdash;ly</b>, beltali-a.<br>
<b>share</b>, partopren-i, divid-i, part-o, porci-o.<br>
<b>sharp</b>, akr-a; (<b>pointed</b>), pint-a.<br>
<b>shatter</b>, frakas-i.<br>
<b>shave</b>, raz-i.<br>
<b>shawl</b>, &#349;al-o.<br>
<b>she</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), &#349;i (<b>32, 37, 42</b>).<br>
<b>shear</b>, tond-i.<br>
<b>sheep</b>, &#349;af-o.<br>
<b>shelf</b>, bret-o.<br>
<b>shell</b>, &#349;el-o; (<b>of mollusk</b>), konk-o; <b>to remove the &mdash;</b>, sen&#349;elig-i.<br>
<b>shelter</b>, &#349;irm-i.<br>
<b>shepherd</b>, pa&#349;tist-o.<br>
<b>shield</b>, &#349;ild-o; (<b>protect</b>), &#349;irm-i.<br>
<b>shin-bone</b>, tibi-o.<br>
<b>shine</b>, bril-i, lum-i.<br>
<b>ship</b>, &#349;ip-o.<br>
<b>shirt</b>, &#265;emiz-o.<br>
<b>shoe</b>, &#349;u-o.<br>
<b>shoot</b> (<b>with gun, etc.</b>), paf-i.<br>
<b>shop</b>, butik-o.<br>
<b>shore</b>, bord-o, marbord-o.<br>
<b>short</b>, mallong-a; <b>&mdash;sighted</b>, miop-a; <b>&mdash;hand</b>, stenografi-o.<br>
<b>shoulder</b>, &#349;ultr-o.<br>
<b>shove</b>, &#349;ov-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------330.png---------------------------- -->

<b>shovel</b>, &#349;ovel-i.<br>
<b>show</b> (<i>trans.</i>), montr-i.<br>
<b>shrill</b>, akr-a, akrason-a.<br>
<b>shun</b>, evit-i.<br>
<b>shut</b> (trans.), ferm-i.<br>
<b>side</b>, flank-o; <b>&mdash;board</b>, telermebl-o; <b>&mdash;walk</b>, trotuar-o; <b>&mdash;wise</b>, oblikv-a.<br>
<b>sift</b>, kribr-i.<br>
<b>sigh</b>, sopir-i.<br>
<b>sign</b>, sign-o; <b>&mdash; the name</b>, subskrib-i.<br>
<b>signify</b>, signif-i.<br>
<b>silent</b>, silent-a (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>silk</b>, silk-o.<br>
<b>silver</b>, ar&#285;ent-o.<br>
<b>similar</b>, simil-a.<br>
<b>simple</b>, simpl-a.<br>
<b>sin</b>, pek-i.<br>
<b>since</b> (<i>conj.</i>), &#265;ar, tial ke (<b>83</b>); (<i>prep.</i>), de, depost (<b>89</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), de tiam.<br>
<b>sing</b>, kant-i.<br>
<b>single</b>, sol-a, unuop-a; <b>&mdash; man (unmarried man)</b>, fra&#365;l-o.<br>
<b>sit</b>, sid-i (<b>239</b>).<br>
<b>six</b> (<i>adj.</i>), ses (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>sketch</b>, skiz-i.<br>
<b>skill</b>, lertec-o; <b>trial of &mdash;</b>, konkurs-o.<br>
<b>skin</b> (<b>human</b>), ha&#365;t-o; (<b>of animals</b>), fel-o.<br>
<b>skirt</b>, jup-o.<br>
<b>sky</b>, &#265;iel-o.<br>
<b>slanting</b>, oblikv-a, klin-a.<br>
<b>slate</b> (<b>stone</b>), ardez-o.<br>
<b>slaughter</b>, bu&#265;-i.<br>
<b>slave</b>, sklav-o.<br>
<b>sleep</b>, dorm-i; <b>lull to &mdash;</b>, lul-i.<br>
<b>sleeve</b>, manik-o.<br>
<b>slide</b>, glit-i.<br>
<b>slime</b>, &#349;lim-o.<br>
<b>slipper</b>, pantofl-o.<br>
<b>sly</b>, ruz-a.<br>
<b>smear</b>, &#349;mir-i.<br>
<b>smell</b> (<i>trans.</i>), flar-i; (<i>intrans.</i>), odor-i.<br>
<b>smile</b>, ridet-i.<br>
<b>smoke</b>, fum-i.<br>
<b>smooth</b>, glat-a; (<b>polished</b>), polurit-a.<br>
<b>sneeze</b>, tern-i.<br>
<b>snow</b>, ne&#285;-i.<br>
<b>so</b> (<i>conj.</i>), do; (<i>adv.</i>), (<b>thus</b>), tiel (<b>88, 156</b>); (<b>therefore</b>), tial (<b>78</b>); <b>&mdash; much</b>, tiom (<b>104, 164</b>).<br>
<b>society</b>, societ-o.<br>
<b>Socrates</b>, Sokrat-o.<br>
<b>sofa</b>, kanap-o.<br>
<b>soft</b>, mol-a.<br>
<b>soil</b>, ter-o; soiled, malpur-a.<br>
<b>soldier</b>, soldat-o; (<b>professional</b>), militist-o.<br>
<b>sole</b>, sol-a; (<b>of foot</b>), pland-o; (<b>of shoe</b>), ledpland-o.<br>
<b>solemn</b>, solen-a.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------331.png---------------------------- -->

<b>some</b>, kelk-a, kelk-e, iom (<b>217</b>); <b>&mdash;one</b>, <b>&mdash;how</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>son</b>, fil-o.<br>
<b>soon</b> (<i>adv.</i>), balda&#365;.<br>
<b>sorcerer</b>, sor&#265;ist-o.<br>
<b>sort</b>, spec-o, klas-o; (<b>put in order</b>), ordig-i, enfakig-i.<br>
<b>soul</b>, anim-o.<br>
<b>sound</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), son-i; (<b>of bells</b>), sonor-i; (<b>in good condition</b>), bonstat-a.<br>
<b>soup</b>, sup-o.<br>
<b>sour</b>, acid-a, maldol&#265;-a.<br>
<b>south</b>, sud-o.<br>
<b>sow</b>, sem-i.<br>
<b>space</b>, spac-o.<br>
<b>spacious</b>, vast-a, grandspac-a, grandampleks-a.<br>
<b>Spaniard</b>, hispan-o.<br>
<b>spare</b> (save), &#349;par-i; (<b>pardon</b>), pardon-i.<br>
<b>sparrow</b>, paser-o.<br>
<b>speak</b>, parol-i (<b>77</b>).<br>
<b>spear</b>, lanc-o.<br>
<b>special</b>, special-a, apart-a.<br>
<b>specialty</b>, fak-o.<br>
<b>species</b>, spec-o.<br>
<b>specimen</b>, specimen-o, model-o.<br>
<b>spectre</b>, fantom-o.<br>
<b>speed</b>, rapid-o, rapidec-o.<br>
<b>spell</b>, silab-i; (<b>witchcraft</b>), sor&#265;a&#309;-o.<br>
<b>spend</b> (<b>money</b>), elspez-i; (<b>time</b>), pasig-i.<br>
<b>speso</b>, spes-o (<b>285</b>).<br>
<b>spider</b>, arane-o.<br>
<b>spin</b>, &#349;pin-i.<br>
<b>spinach</b>, spinac-o.<br>
<b>spite</b>, malic-o; <b>in &mdash; of</b>, (<i>prep.</i>), malgra&#365;, spite.<br>
<b>splash</b> (<i>trans.</i>), pla&#365;d-i.<br>
<b>splendor</b>, pomp-o, bril-o, belegec-o.<br>
<b>split</b> (<i>trans.</i>), fend-i.<br>
<b>spoil</b> (<i>trans.</i>), difekt-i.<br>
<b>spoke</b> (<b>of wheel</b>), radi-o.<br>
<b>spoon</b>, kuler-o.<br>
<b>spot</b>, makul-i.<br>
<b>spout</b> (<b>liquids</b>), &#349;pruc-i.<br>
<b>spring</b> (<b>season</b>), printemp-o; (<b>of water</b>), font-o.<br>
<b>sprite</b>, kobold-o, fe-o.<br>
<b>spruce</b> (<b>tree</b>), pice-o.<br>
<b>spurt</b> (<b>of liquids</b>), &#349;pruc-i.<br>
<b>spy</b>, spion-o; (<b>catch sight of</b>), ekvid-i; <b>&mdash;glass</b>, lorn-o.<br>
<b>square</b>, kvadrat-o; (<b>public</b>), plac-o.<br>
<b>stain</b>, makul-i.<br>
<b>stair</b> (<b>staircase</b>), &#349;tupar-o.<br>
<b>stag</b>, cerv-o.<br>
<b>stake</b> (<b>of palisade</b>), palis-o.<br>
<b>stamp</b> (<b>officially</b>), stamp-i; (<b>with foot</b>), piedfrap-i; <b>postage &mdash;</b>, po&#349;tmark-o.<br>
<b>stand</b>, star-i (<b>239</b>); (<b>endure</b>), sufer-i, elport-i.<br>
<b>standard</b> (<b>model</b>), model-o; (<b>flag</b>), standard-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------332.png---------------------------- -->

<b>star</b>, stel-o; (<b>any heavenly body</b>), astr-o.<br>
<b>starch</b>, amel-o.<br>
<b>state</b> (<b>condition</b>), stat-o; (<b>political</b>), &#349;tat-o; (<b>governed body</b>), regn-o.<br>
<b>station</b> (<b>state</b>), stat-o; (<b>railway, etc.</b>), staci-o, stacidom-o.<br>
<b>stay</b>, rest-i.<br>
<b>steady</b>, firm-a, konstant-a, nemovebl-a.<br>
<b>steal</b>, &#349;tel-i, rab-i (<b>252</b>).<br>
<b>steam</b>, vapor-o.<br>
<b>steel</b>, &#349;tal-o.<br>
<b>steep</b>, krut-a.<br>
<b>step</b>, pa&#349;-i; (<b>of stairs</b>), &#349;tup-o.<br>
<b>stern</b>, sever-a.<br>
<b>stew</b> (<i>trans.</i>), stuf-i.<br>
<b>stick</b>, baston-o; (<b>adhere</b>), alglui&#285;-i.<br>
<b>still</b> (<b>silent</b>), silent-a; (<i>adv.</i>), ankora&#365;; jam; (<i>conj.</i>), tamen.<br>
<b>stimulate</b>, stimul-i, incit-i.<br>
<b>sting</b>, pik-i.<br>
<b>stipulate</b>, kondi&#265;-o.<br>
<b>stocking</b>, &#349;trump-o.<br>
<b>stomach</b>, stomak-o.<br>
<b>stone</b>, &#349;ton-o.<br>
<b>stoop</b>, klini&#285;-i; (<b>entrance porch</b>), peron-o.<br>
<b>stop</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), halt-i; (<b>leave off</b>), &#265;es-i; <b>&mdash; up</b>, &#349;top-i.<br>
<b>stopper</b>, &#349;topil-o.<br>
<b>store</b> (<b>shop</b>), butik-o; (<b>warehouse</b>), magazen-o, konservej-o, tenej-o.<br>
<b>story</b> (<b>tale</b>), fabel-o, rakont-o; (<b>of house</b>), eta&#285;-o.<br>
<b>stove</b>, forn-o.<br>
<b>straight</b>, rekt-a.<br>
<b>strange</b>, strang-a, kurioz-a; (<b>foreign</b>), fremd-a.<br>
<b>strap</b>, rimen-o.<br>
<b>straw</b>, pajl-o.<br>
<b>strawberry</b>, frag-o.<br>
<b>streak</b>, stri-o; <b>make a &mdash;</b>, strek-i.<br>
<b>street</b>, strat-o; <b>&mdash; arab</b>, bub-o.<br>
<b>street-car</b>, tramveturil-o; <b>&mdash; line</b>, tramvoj-o.<br>
<b>stress</b>, akcent-o; (<b>force</b>), fort-o.<br>
<b>stretch</b> (<i>trans.</i>), etend-i; (<b>forcibly</b>), stre&#265;-i.<br>
<b>string</b>, &#349;nur-o; (<b>shoelace</b>), la&#265;-o; <b>&mdash; bean</b>, fazeol-o.<br>
<b>strike</b>, frap-i, bat-i; (<b>of laborers</b>), strik-o; <b>&mdash; out</b>, trastrek-i.<br>
<b>strip</b> (<b>of paper, cloth, etc.</b>), banderol-o; <b>&mdash; off</b>, senig-i.<br>
<b>stripe</b>, stri-o.<br>
<b>strive</b>, pen-i.<br>
<b>strong</b>, fort-a.<br>
<b>struggle</b>, barakt-i.<br>
<b>student</b>, student-o; (<b>person studying</b>), studant-o.<br>
<b>study</b>, stud-i.<br>
<b>stuff</b>, &#349;tof-o; (<b>furniture, etc.</b>), rembur-i.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------333.png---------------------------- -->

<b>stump</b>, stump-o.<br>
<b>style</b>, stil-o, mod-o, fason-o.<br>
<b>subject</b> (<b>theme</b>), tem-o; (<b>grammatical</b>), subjekt-o; (<b>ruled</b>), regat-o.<br>
<b>subscribe</b>, subskrib-i; (<b>to magazine, etc.</b>), abon-i.<br>
<b>substance</b>, substanc-o.<br>
<b>succeed</b>, sukces-i; (<b>fare well</b>), prosper-i; (<b>follow</b>), sekv-i, postven-i.<br>
<b>succulent</b>, suk-a, sukplen-a.<br>
<b>such</b>, tia (<b>65</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), tiel (<b>88</b>).<br>
<b>sudden</b>, subit-a, neatendit-a.<br>
<b>suffer</b>, sufer-i, toler-i; (<b>permit</b>), permes-i.<br>
<b>suffice</b>, sufi&#265;-i.<br>
<b>suffix</b>, sufiks-o.<br>
<b>suffocate</b> (<i>trans.</i>), sufok-i.<br>
<b>sugar</b>, suker-o.<br>
<b>suggest</b>, sugesti-i, propon-i.<br>
<b>suit</b> (<b>of clothes</b>), vest-oj, komplet-o; (<b>at law</b>), proces-o.<br>
<b>suitable</b>, konven-a, konform-a, ta&#365;g-a, dec-a.<br>
<b>suite</b> (<b>of rooms</b>), apartament-o.<br>
<b>sulphur</b>, sulfur-o.<br>
<b>sum</b>, sum-o; (<b>total</b>), tut-o.<br>
<b>summarize</b>, resum-i.<br>
<b>summer</b>, somer-o; <b>&mdash;house</b>, la&#365;b-o.<br>
<b>summit</b>, pint-o, supr-o.<br>
<b>sun</b>, sun-o.<br>
<b>Sunday</b>, diman&#265;-o.<br>
<b>superior</b>, super-a; (<b>person</b>), superul-o.<br>
<b>superstition</b>, supersti&#265;-o.<br>
<b>supply</b>, liver-i, proviz-i.<br>
<b>suppose</b>, supoz-i; opini-i.<br>
<b>sure</b>, cert-a.<br>
<b>surface</b>, supra&#309;-o.<br>
<b>surprise</b>, surpriz-i.<br>
<b>suspect</b>, suspekt-i.<br>
<b>suspend</b>, pendig-i.<br>
<b>suspenders</b>, &#349;elk-o.<br>
<b>swallow</b>, glut-i; (<b>bird</b>), hirund-o.<br>
<b>swamp</b>, mar&#265;-o.<br>
<b>swan</b>, cign-o.<br>
<b>swear</b>, &#309;ur-i.<br>
<b>Swede</b>, sved-o.<br>
<b>sweep</b> (<b>floors, etc.</b>), bala-i.<br>
<b>sweet</b>, dol&#265;-a; <b>&mdash;potato</b>, batat-o.<br>
<b>sweetmeat</b>, bombon-o, sukera&#309;-o, konfita&#309;-o; <b>be fond of &mdash;</b>, frand-i.<br>
<b>swim</b>, na&#285;-i.<br>
<b>swine</b>, pork-o.<br>
<b>swing</b> (<i>trans.</i>), sving-i; (<b>balance</b>), balanc-i (<b>279</b>).<br>
<b>Swiss</b>, svis-o.<br>
<b>swoon</b>, sven-i.<br>
<b>sword</b>, glav-o.<br>
<b>syllable</b>, silab-o.<br>
<b>Syracuse</b>, Sirakuz-o.<br>

<!-- This title is centered in book; center in textfile. -->
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<p><b>T.</b></p>

<b>table</b> (<b>furniture</b>), tabl-o; (<b>tabulation</b>), tabel-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------334.png---------------------------- -->

<b>tail</b>, vost-o.<br>
<b>tailor</b>, tajlor-o.<br>
<b>take</b>, pren-i; (<b>magazines, etc.</b>), abon-i; <b>&mdash; in (money)</b>, enspez-i; <b>&mdash; place</b>, okaz-i; <b>&mdash; note of</b>, observ-i, rimark-i; <b>&mdash; oath</b>, &#309;ur-i; <b>&mdash; steps toward accomplishing</b>, klopod-i; <b>&mdash; pleasure in</b>, &#285;u-i; <b>&mdash; the attention of</b>, distr-i.<br>
<b>tale</b>, fabel-o.<br>
<b>talent</b>, talent-o.<br>
<b>tall</b>, alt-a, altkresk-a, grand-a.<br>
<b>talon</b>, ungeg-o.<br>
<b>tap</b> (rap), frapet-i; (<b>faucet</b>), kran-o.<br>
<b>tariff</b>, tarif-o.<br>
<b>task</b>, task-o.<br>
<b>taste</b>, gust-o, gustum-i.<br>
<b>tax</b>, impost-o.<br>
<b>tea</b>, te-o; <b>&mdash; caddy</b>, teuj-o (<b>181</b>); <b>&mdash;pot</b>, tekru&#265;-o.<br>
<b>teach</b>, instru-i.<br>
<b>tear</b>, &#349;ir-i; (<b>of the eye</b>), larm-o.<br>
<b>tease</b>, turmentet-i, &#265;agren-i.<br>
<b>tedious</b>, ted-a, enuig-a, lacig-a.<br>
<b>telegraph</b>, telegraf-i.<br>
<b>telephone</b>, telefon-i.<br>
<b>telescope</b>, teleskop-o.<br>
<b>tell</b>, dir-i, rakont-i (<b>77</b>); <b>&mdash; lies</b>, mensog-i.<br>
<b>temper</b>, humor-o; <b>lose the &mdash;</b>, koler-i.<br>
<b>temple</b> (<b>of the head</b>), tempi-o; (<b>building</b>), templ-o.<br>
<b>tempt</b>, tent-i.<br>
<b>ten</b> (<i>adj.</i>), dek (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>tender</b>, delikat-a, mol-a, kares-a.<br>
<b>tenor</b> (<b>voice</b>), tenor-o; (<b>course</b>), da&#365;r-o.<br>
<b>tent</b>, tend-o.<br>
<b>term</b> (<b>word</b>), termin-o; (<b>condition</b>), kondi&#265;-o; (<b>time</b>), templim-o.<br>
<b>terrace</b>, teras-o.<br>
<b>territory</b>, teritori-o.<br>
<b>terror</b>, terur-o.<br>
<b>test</b>, prov-i, ekzamen-i.<br>
<b>texture</b>, kvalit-o; (<b>thing woven</b>), teksa&#309;-o.<br>
<b>than</b> (<i>conj.</i>), ol (<b>82, 97, 98</b>).<br>
<b>thank</b>, dank-i (<b>265</b>).<br>
<b>that</b> (<i>conj.</i>), ke (<b>53, 83, 105, 259, 262</b>); (<i>pronoun</i>), tiu (<b>56</b>); tio (<b>233, 234</b>); <b>&mdash; kind</b>, tia (<b>65</b>); (<i>adv.</i>), tiel (<b>88, 156</b>); <b>&mdash; way</b>, tiamanier-e, tiel (<b>88</b>); <b>&mdash;  much</b>, tiel mult-e, tiom (<b>104, 164</b>); (<b>when</b>) (<i>adv.</i>), kiam (<b>155</b>).<br>
<b>thaw</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), degel-i.<br>
<b>the</b> (<i>article</i>), la (11, 47, 201, 280, a); (<i>adv.</i>), ju, des (<b>84</b>).<br>
<b>theatre</b>, teatr-o.<br>
<b>theme</b>, tem-o.<br>
<b>then</b> (<i>conj.</i>), do; (<i>adv.</i>), tiam (<b>73</b>); (<b>afterwards</b>), post-e.<br>
<b>theory</b>, teori-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------335.png---------------------------- -->

<b>there</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tie (<b>68</b>); (<i>adv. calling attention</i>), jen (<b>228</b>); <i>see also</i> 51.<br>
<b>therefore</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tial (<b>78</b>); pro tio, sekv-e.<br>
<b>they</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), ili (<b>32, 37, 42</b>); (<i>indefinite</i>), oni (<b>54</b>).<br>
<b>thick</b>, dik-a, dens-a.<br>
<b>thigh</b>, femur-o.<br>
<b>thing</b>, afer-o, objekt-o, a&#309;-o (<b>227</b>); <b>any&mdash;</b>, <b>what &mdash;</b>, etc., <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>think</b>, pens-i; (<b>have the opinion</b>), opini-i.<br>
<b>(be) thirsty</b>, soif-i.<br>
<b>this</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), tio &#265;i (<b>233, 234</b>); (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), tiu &#265;i (<b>60</b>); <b>all &mdash;</b>, &#265;io &#265;i. <i>See table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>thong</b>, rimen-o.<br>
<b>thorn</b>, dorn-o.<br>
<b>thou</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), ci (<b>40</b>).<br>
<b>though</b> (<i>conj.</i>), kvankam; <b>as &mdash;</b>, kvaza&#365; (<b>250</b>).<br>
<b>thousand</b> (<i>adj.</i>), mil (<b>142</b>).<br>
<b>thread</b>, faden-o; <b>&mdash; a needle</b>, enkudrilig-i fadenon.<br>
<b>threaten</b>, minac-i.<br>
<b>three</b> (<i>adj.</i>), tri (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>threshold</b>, sojl-o.<br>
<b>thrifty</b>, &#349;parem-a.<br>
<b>throat</b>, gor&#285;-o.<br>
<b>throne</b>, tron-o.<br>
<b>throng</b>, amas-o, ar-o (<b>126</b>).<br>
<b>through</b> (<i>prep.</i>), tra (<b>46, 160</b>); (<b>by means of</b>), per (<b>64</b>); (<b>because of</b>), pro (<b>86</b>), de (<b>170</b>).<br>
<b>throw</b>, &#309;et-i.<br>
<b>thumb</b>, dika fingr-o.<br>
<b>thunder</b>, tondr-i.<br>
<b>Thursday</b>, &#309;a&#365;d-o.<br>
<b>thus</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tiel (<b>88, 156</b>), tiamanier-e.<br>
<b>ticket</b>, bilet-o; <b>&mdash; window</b>, gi&#265;et-o.<br>
<b>tickle</b>, tikl-i.<br>
<b>tie</b>, lig-i; (<b>shoes, etc.</b>), la&#265;-i.<br>
<b>tiger</b>, tigr-o.<br>
<b>tile</b>, kahel-o; (<b>brick</b>), brik-o.<br>
<b>till</b> (<b>money box</b>), kas-o; (<i>prep.</i>), &#285;is (<b>46, 89</b>); <b>&mdash; the soil</b>, terkultur-i.<br>
<b>time</b> (<b>in general</b>), temp-o; (<b>occasion</b>), foj-o (<b>127</b>); (<b>epoch</b>), epok-o; (<b>of day</b>), hor-o.<br>
<b>tin</b> (<b>metal</b>), stan-o; <b>&mdash; plate (sheet iron covered with tin</b>), lad-o.<br>
<b>tinkle</b>, tint-i.<br>
<b>tint</b>, nuanc-o, kolor-o.<br>
<b>tire</b> (<i>trans.</i>), lacig-i, enuig-i; (<b>pneumatic</b>), pne&#365;matik-o.<br>
<b>to</b> (<i>prep.</i>), al (<b>46, 160, 251, 252</b>); &#285;is (<b>46, 89</b>).<br>
<b>toad</b>, buf-o.<br>
<b>toast</b> (<b>bread</b>), panrosta&#309;-o; (<b>sentiment</b>), tost-o.<br>
<b>tobacco</b>, tabak-o.<br>
<b>today</b> (<i>adv.</i>), hodia&#365; (<b>93, 171</b>).<br>
<b>toe</b>, piedfingr-o.<br>
<b>toilet</b>, tualet-o.<br>
<b>tolerate</b>, toler-i, sufer-i.<br>
<b>tomato</b>, tomat-o.<br>

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<b>tomb</b>, tomb-o.<br>
<b>tomorrow</b> (<i>adv.</i>), morga&#365; (<b>93, 171</b>).<br>
<b>tone</b>, ton-o.<br>
<b>tongue</b> (<b>of the body</b>), lang-o; (<b>of vehicle</b>), timon-o; (<b>language</b>), lingv-o.<br>
<b>too</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tro; (<b>too much</b>), tro multe, tro.<br>
<b>tool</b>, il-o (<b>63</b>).<br>
<b>tooth</b>, dent-o.<br>
<b>top</b>, supr-o.<br>
<b>torment</b>, turment-i.<br>
<b>total</b>, tut-o.<br>
<b>touch</b>, tu&#349;-i; (<b>feel with the fingers, etc.</b>), palp-i; <b>sense of &mdash;</b>, palpad-o; <b>&mdash; the heart of</b>, kortu&#349;-i.<br>
<b>toward</b> (<i>prep.</i>), al (<b>46, 160, 251, 252</b>).<br>
<b>tower</b>, tur-o; <b>&mdash; above</b>, superstar-i.<br>
<b>trace</b>, sign-o, postsign-o.<br>
<b>trade</b> (<b>occupation</b>), meti-o; (<b>commerce</b>), komerc-o; (<b>exchange</b>), inter&#349;an&#285;-i.<br>
<b>train</b> (<b>of cars</b>), vagonar-o; (<b>of dress</b>), trena&#309;-o.<br>
<b>tram</b>, tram-o; <b>&mdash;way</b>, tramvoj-o; <b>&mdash; car</b>, tramveturil-o.<br>
<b>tranquil</b>, trankvil-a; kviet-a.<br>
<b>translate</b>, traduk-i.<br>
<b>travel</b>, voja&#285;-i; (<b>by vehicle</b>), vetur-i.<br>
<b>tray</b>, plet-o.<br>
<b>treacherous</b>, perfid-a.<br>
<b>treasure</b>, trezor-o.<br>
<b>treasurer</b>, kasist-o.<br>
<b>treasury</b>, kas-o.<br>
<b>treat</b> (<b>in speech or writing</b>), trakt-i; (<b>for illness</b>), kurac-i; (<b>act towards</b>), kondut-i kontra&#365;; (<b>regale</b>), regal-i.<br>
<b>treatise</b>, traktat-o.<br>
<b>tree</b>, arb-o.<br>
<b>tremble</b>, trem-i; (<b>vacillate</b>), &#349;anceli&#285;-i.<br>
<b>trial</b>, ju&#285;a a&#365;skultado, esplorad-o; (<b>of skill</b>), konkurs-o; (<b>affliction</b>), mal&#285;oj-o, sufer-o; (<b>test</b>), prov-o, ekzamen-o; (<b>attempt</b>), prov-o.<br>
<b>trifle</b>, bagatel-o.<br>
<b>triumph</b>, triumf-o.<br>
<b>tropic</b>, tropik-o.<br>
<b>trot</b>, trot-i.<br>
<b>trousers</b>, pantalon-o.<br>
<b>trunk</b> (<b>chest with lid</b>), kofr-o; (<b>of tree</b>), trunk-o.<br>
<b>trust</b>, fid-i, konfid-i; (<b>financial</b>), trust-o.<br>
<b>truth</b>, ver-o.<br>
<b>try</b> (<b>legally</b>), ju&#285;-i; (<b>strive</b>), pen-i; (<b>attempt, test</b>), prov-i.<br>
<b>tub</b>, kuv-o.<br>
<b>tube</b>, tub-o.<br>
<b>tuber</b>, tuber-o.<br>
<b>Tuesday</b>, mard-o.<br>

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<b>tumbler</b> (<b>for drinking</b>), glas-o; (<b>juggler</b>), &#309;onglist-o.<br>
<b>tune</b>, ari-o, melodi-o.<br>
<b>Turk</b>, turk-o.<br>
<b>turkey</b>, meleagr-o.<br>
<b>turn</b> (<i>trans.</i>), turn-i; (<b>in a series</b>), vic-o.<br>
<b>turnip</b>, nap-o.<br>
<b>turnstile</b>, gi&#265;et-o.<br>
<b>twilight</b>, krepusk-o.<br>
<b>twist</b> (<i>trans.</i>), tord-i.<br>
<b>twitter</b>, pep-i.<br>
<b>two</b> (<i>adj.</i>), du (<b>136</b>).<br>
<b>tyrant</b>, tiran-o.<br>

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<p><b>U.</b></p>

<b>umbrella</b>, ombrel-o.<br>
<b>uncle</b>, onkl-o.<br>
<b>unanimous</b>, unuvo&#265;-a, unuanim-a.<br>
<b>uncommon</b>, kurioz-a, nekomun-a.<br>
<b>unconcerned</b>, indiferent-a; nezorgem-a.<br>
<b>under</b> (<i>prep.</i>), sub (<b>121, 160</b>).<br>
<b>underline</b>, substrek-i.<br>
<b>understand</b>, kompren-i.<br>
<b>undertake</b>, entrepren-i; <b>&mdash; initiative work</b>, klopod-i.<br>
<b>undeviating</b>, rekt-a.<br>
<b>unfailing</b> (<i>adv.</i>), nepr-e, cert-e.<br>
<b>unimportant</b>, indiferent-a, negrav-a.<br>
<b>union</b>, unuig-o, unui&#285;-o, kunig-o, kuni&#285;-o.<br>
<b>universe</b>, univers-o.<br>
<b>university</b>, universitat-o.<br>
<b>until</b> (<i>prep.</i>), &#285;is (<b>89</b>)<br>
<b>up</b> (<i>adv.</i>), supre, supren (<b>121</b>); <b>&mdash; to</b>, &#285;is (<b>46</b>).<br>
<b>upholster</b>, rembur-i.<br>
<b>upper</b>, supr-a.<br>
<b>upon</b> (<i>prep.</i>), sur (<b>160</b>).<br>
<b>upright</b>, just-a; (<b>vertical</b>), vertikal-a.<br>
<b>urge</b>, ur&#285;-i, insiste pet-i.<br>
<b>upset</b> (<i>trans.</i>), renvers-i.<br>
<b>utmost</b>, ekstrem-a, ebl-o (161, <i>see also</i> 162).<br>

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<p><b>V.</b></p>

<b>(be) vacant</b>, vak-i, esti neokupata.<br>
<b>vacillate</b>, &#349;anceli&#285;-i.<br>
<b>vagabond</b>, vagist-o.<br>
<b>vain</b> (<b>futile</b>), van-a; senutil-a, senfrukt-a; (<b>proud</b>), vant-a, fier-a; <b>in &mdash;</b>, vane.<br>
<b>valise</b>, valiz-o.<br>
<b>valley</b>, val-o.<br>
<b>value</b> (<b>appraise</b>), taks-i; (<b>like</b>), &#349;at-i; <b>have the &mdash; of</b>, valor-i.<br>
<b>vanquish</b>, venk-i.<br>
<b>vapor</b>, vapor-o.<br>
<b>varied</b>, divers-a, malsimil-a.<br>
<b>vase</b>, vaz-o.<br>
<b>vast</b>, vast-a, grand-a.<br>
<b>vaunt</b>, fanfaron-i, vantparol-i.<br>
<b>veal</b>, bovida&#309;-o (207, c).<br>

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<b>vegetable</b> (<b>edible</b>), legom-o; (<b>plant growth</b>), vegeta&#309;-o, kreska&#309;-o (227, a).<br>
<b>vegetarian</b>, vegetar-a.<br>
<b>vegetate</b>, veget-i.<br>
<b>veil</b>, vual-o.<br>
<b>vein</b>, vejn-o.<br>
<b>velvet</b>, velur-o.<br>
<b>veranda</b>, verand-o.<br>
<b>verify</b>, konstat-i, kontrol-i.<br>
<b>vermicelli</b>, vermi&#265;el-o.<br>
<b>verse</b>, vers-o; (<b>poesy</b>), poezi-o.<br>
<b>vertical</b>, vertikal-a.<br>
<b>very (very much)</b> (<i>adv.</i>), tre, tre multe; (<i>adj.</i>), sam-a, ident-a, (<i>intensive</i>) mem (<b>219</b>).<br>
<b>vex</b>, &#265;agren-i.<br>
<b>vibrate</b> (<i>intrans.</i>), vibr-i.<br>
<b>vice</b> (<b>wickedness</b>), malvirt-o; (<i>prefix</i>), vic-.<br>
<b>vie</b>, konkur-i.<br>
<b>village</b>, vila&#285;-o.<br>
<b>vindication</b>, apologi-o.<br>
<b>vinegar</b>, vinagr-o.<br>
<b>violet</b>, viol-o.<br>
<b>violin</b>, violon-o.<br>
<b>virtue</b>, virt-o.<br>
<b>visage</b>, viza&#285;-o.<br>
<b>visit</b>, vizit-i.<br>
<b>vivid</b>, hel-a.<br>
<b>voice</b>, vo&#265;-o.<br>
<b>volume</b> (<b>book</b>), volum-o; (<b>of a body</b>), volumen-o.<br>
<b>vote</b>, vo&#265;don-i, balot-i.<br>
<b>vowel</b>, vokal-o.<br>
<b>voyage</b>, voja&#285;-i.<br>

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<p><b>W.</b></p>

<b>wade</b>, vad-i.<br>
<b>waffle</b>, vafl-o.<br>
<b>wager</b>, vet-i.<br>
<b>wages</b>, salajr-o.<br>
<b>wait</b> (<b>wait for</b>), atend-i; <b>&mdash; on</b>, serv-i.<br>
<b>waiter</b> (<b>in restaurant, etc.</b>), kelner-o.<br>
<b>waist</b>, tali-o; <b>&mdash;coat</b>, ve&#349;t-o<br>
<b>wake</b> (<i>trans.</i>), vek-i.<br>
<b>walk</b>, mar&#349;-i; (<b>for pleasure</b>), promen-i; (<b>of park, etc.</b>), ale-o; <b>side&mdash;</b>, trotuar-o.<br>
<b>wall</b>, mur-o.<br>
<b>waltz</b>, vals-i.<br>
<b>wander</b>, vag-i.<br>
<b>want</b> (<b>need</b>), bezon-i; (<b>desire</b>), dezir-i, vol-i; (<b>be lacking</b>), mank-i; (<b>extremity</b>), mizereg-o.<br>
<b>war</b>, milit-i.<br>
<b>wardrobe</b> (<b>garments</b>), vestar-o; (<b>furniture</b>), &#349;rank-o, vesto&#349;rank-o.<br>
<b>warehouse</b>, magazen-o.<br>
<b>warm</b>, varm-a; <b>make &mdash;</b>, varmig-i, hejt-i.<br>
<b>warn</b>, avert-i; (<b>give notice</b>), aviz-i, anta&#365;sciig-i.<br>
<b>wash</b>, lav-i.<br>

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<b>waste</b> (<b>prodigality</b>), mal&#349;par-o; (<b>refuse</b>), for&#309;eta&#309;-o; (<b>desert</b>), dezert-o.<br>
<b>watch</b> (<b>look at</b>), rigardad-i; (<b>timepiece</b>), po&#349;horlo&#285;-o; <b>&mdash; over</b>, gard-i.<br>
<b>water</b>, akv-o; <b>&mdash; color</b>, akvarel-o; <b>&mdash;fall</b>, kaskad-o.<br>
<b>wave</b>, ond-o; (<b>flutter, brandish</b>), flirt-i, sving-i.<br>
<b>wax</b>, vaks-o.<br>
<b>way</b> (<b>manner</b>), manier-o; (<b>custom</b>), kutim-o; (<b>method</b>), metod-o; (<b>means</b>), rimed-o; (<b>road</b>), voj-o; <b>&mdash; in</b>, enirejo; <b>this &mdash;</b>, <b>any&mdash;, etc.</b>, <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>we</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), ni (<b>32, 37</b>).<br>
<b>wear</b>, port-i; <b>&mdash; out</b>, eluz-i.<br>
<b>(be) wearied</b>, enu-i.<br>
<b>weather</b>, veter-o; <b>&mdash;cock</b>, ventoflag-o.<br>
<b>weave</b>, teks-i; (<b>plait</b>), plekt-i.<br>
<b>Wednesday</b>, merkred-o.<br>
<b>week</b>, semajn-o.<br>
<b>weep</b>, plor-i.<br>
<b>weigh</b> (<i>trans.</i>), pes-i; (<i>intrans.</i>), (<b>be heavy</b>), pez-i; (<b>meditate upon</b>), pripens-i (264, c).<br>
<b>welcome</b>, bonven-i; bone akcept-i; <b>you are &mdash;</b>, (<b>"no thanks needed"</b>), estas nenio, volonte farite.<br>
<b>well</b> (<b>healthy</b>), san-a; (<b>for water</b>), put-o; (<i>adv.</i>), bon-e; (<i>interjection</i>), nu (<b>273</b>), bon-e; <b>&mdash; informed</b>, kler-a; <b>&mdash; nigh</b> (<i>adv.</i>), preska&#365;.<br>
<b>west</b>, okcident-o.<br>
<b>wet</b>, malsekig-i, tremp-i.<br>
<b>whale</b>, balen-o.<br>
<b>what</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), kio (<b>233, 234</b>); (<i>pronominal adj.</i>), kiu (106, 146); <b>&mdash; kind</b>, <b>&mdash; way</b>, <b>&mdash; time</b>, <b>etc.</b>, <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>wheat</b>, tritik-o.<br>
<b>wheel</b>, rad-o.<br>
<b>when</b> (<i>adv.</i>), kiam (<b>125, 155</b>); (<b>while</b>), dum (<b>96</b>).<br>
<b>where</b> (<i>adv.</i>), kie (<b>118, 151</b>); <b>&mdash;fore</b>, kial (<b>129</b>), tial (<b>78</b>).<br>
<b>whether</b> (<i>conj.</i>), &#265;u (30, 66, a).<br>
<b>which</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), kio (<b>233, 234</b>); (<i>pronoun and adj.</i>), kiu (106, 146); <b>&mdash; way</b>, <b>&mdash; kind</b>, <b>etc</b>. <i>see table</i>, 235.<br>
<b>while</b> (<i>prep.</i>), dum (<b>120, 159</b>); (<i>conj.</i>), dum (<b>96</b>); (concessive), kvankam; a &mdash;, iom da tempo.<br>
<b>whip</b>, vip-i.<br>
<b>whistle</b>, fajf-i; (<b>hiss</b>), sibl-i.<br>
<b>white</b>, blank-a; whitish, dubeblank-a.<br>
<b>who</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), kiu (<b>106, 143</b>); whose, kies (<b>107, 147</b>).<br>
<b>whole</b> (<b>entire</b>), tut-a.<br>
<b>why</b> (<i>adv.</i>), kial (<b>129</b>), pro kio.<br>
<b>wicket</b>, gi&#265;et-o.<br>

<!-- -----------------------------340.png---------------------------- -->

<b>wide</b>, lar&#285;-a; <b>make &mdash;</b>, plilar&#285;ig-i, etend-i.<br>
<b>widow</b>, vidvin-o; widower, vidv-o.<br>
<b>wig</b>, peruk-o.<br>
<b>wild</b>, sova&#285;-a.<br>
<b>(be) willing</b>, vol-i.<br>
<b>willingly</b>, volont-e.<br>
<b>wilt</b>, velk-i.<br>
<b>wind</b>, vent-o, survolv-i; (<b>twist</b>), tord-i; (<b>a watch</b>), stre&#265;-i.<br>
<b>winding</b>, tord-a.<br>
<b>window</b>, fenestr-o; <b>ticket &mdash;</b>, gi&#265;et-o.<br>
<b>wine</b>, vin-o.<br>
<b>winter</b>, vintr-o.<br>
<b>wipe</b>, vi&#349;-i.<br>
<b>wise</b>, sa&#285;-a.<br>
<b>wish</b>, vol-i, dezir-i.<br>
<b>witch</b>, sor&#265;istin-o; <b>&mdash;craft</b>, sor&#265;-o.<br>
<b>with</b> (<i>prep.</i>), kun (<b>70, 76, 120, 159, 160</b>); (<b>by means of</b>), per (<b>64</b>); (<i>agent of the passive</i>), de (<b>169</b>); je (<b>260</b>); <b>&mdash; regard to</b>, rilate (<b>266</b>); <b>&mdash;draw</b>, elir-i, forir-i; <b>(= having)</b>, havante (<b>222</b>).<br>
<b>wither</b>, velk-i.<br>
<b>without</b> (<i>prep.</i>), sen (<b>248</b>).<br>
<b>(give) witness</b>, atest-i.<br>
<b>witty</b>, sprit-a.<br>
<b>woe</b>, mal&#285;oj-o; (<i>interjection</i>), ve (<b>273</b>).<br>
<b>wolf</b>, lup-o.<br>
<b>wonder</b>, mir-i.<br>
<b>woo</b>, amindum-i.<br>
<b>wood</b>, lign-o.<br>
<b>wool</b>, lan-o.<br>
<b>word</b>, vort-o; (<b>spoken</b>), parol-o.<br>
<b>work</b>, labor-i; (<b>of machinery</b>), funkci-i; (<b>literary composition</b>), verk-o.<br>
<b>world</b>, mond-o.<br>
<b>worm</b>, verm-o.<br>
<b>worship</b>, ador-i; (<b>divine service</b>), Diserv-o.<br>
<b>(be) worth</b>, valor-i.<br>
<b>worthy</b>, ind-a (<b>154</b>).<br>
<b>wound</b>, vund-i.<br>
<b>wreath</b>, girland-o.<br>
<b>wrestle</b>, barakt-i.<br>
<b>wretch</b>, fripon-o, kanajl-o; <b>&mdash;ed</b>, mizer-a, a&#265;-a (<b>272</b>).<br>
<b>wrinkle</b>, sulket-o, faldet-o.<br>
<b>write</b>, skrib-i; (<b>books, articles, music</b>), verk-i.<br>
<b>wrong</b>, malprav-a, erar-a, maljust-a.<br>

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<p><b>Y.</b></p>

<b>yawn</b>, osced-i; (<b>open</b>), fendi&#285;-i.<br>
<b>year</b>, jar-o.<br>
<b>yearn</b>, sopir-i; dezireg-i.<br>
<b>yellow</b>, flav-a; <b>&mdash;ish</b>, dubeflav-a.<br>
<b>yes</b> (<i>adv.</i>), jes (<b>171</b>).<br>
<b>yesterday</b> (<i>adv.</i>), hiera&#365; (<b>93, 171</b>); <b>day before &mdash;</b>, anta&#365;-hiera&#365;.<br>

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<b>yet</b> (<i>adv.</i>), ankora&#365;; jam; (<i>conj.</i>), tamen.<br>
<b>yoke</b>, jug-o.<br>
<b>you</b> (<i>pronoun</i>), vi (<b>32, 37, 39</b>); <i>see also</i> oni (<b>54</b>).<br>
<b>young</b>, jun-a; (<b>offspring</b>), id-o (<b>207</b>).<br>

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<p><b>Z.</b></p>

<b>zeal</b>, fervor-o.<br>
<b>zenith</b>, zenit-o.<br>
<b>zero</b>, nul-o.<br>
<b>zigzag</b>, zigzag-o.<br>
<b>zinc</b>, zink-o.<br>
<b>zone</b>, zon-o.<br>
<b>zoology</b>, zoologi-o.<br>

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<!--                                 INDEX.                           -->

<!-- -----------------------------344.png---------------------------- -->

<!-- -----------------------------345.png---------------------------- -->

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entries are longer, and therefore more likely to run to multiple lines.
So in the book, subsequent lines are indented (another instance of that
"inverse indent" I mentioned earlier). While contemplating my course of
action, I happened to look at the unformatted Index in my browser. Since
the Index is much smaller than a Vocabulary, and the Lettered sections
within are also much smaller, it really looks pretty good with the
sections all run together unlinebroken... if only the entry names could
be spotted easily somehow. Well, how about bolding them? And viola, as
Kelly Bundy would say, that was my solution! And to make generation of
the textfile easier, and since we won't be able to bold in there, I
formatted this Index pretty much as if it were plain old vanilla ASCII
itself; we'll let the browser do the running-together. - Ailanto -->

<center><b>INDEX.</b></center>

<p>
The references are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. The
following abbreviations are used: ace. = accusative; adj. = adjective;
adv. = adverb; expr. = expressed; ftn. = footnote; inf. = infinitive;
intrans. = intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. = transitive. For
Esperanto words whose use or meaning is specially explained, references
are given in the Vocabulary.
</p>

<center><b>A.</b></center>

<b>Abbreviations</b>, 286; of ordinals, p. 107, ftn.
<b>Abstract nouns</b>, 202.
<b>Accent</b>, 8; of elided word, 280, b.
<b>Accompaniment</b>, 70; distinguished from instrumentality and opposition,
   p. 49, ftn.
<b>Accordance</b>, expr. by <i>la&#365;</i>, 191.
<b>Active voice</b>, participles of, 108, 119, 152; tenses of, see Tenses;
   synopsis of, 267.
<b>Accusative</b>, ending, 23; of adj., 24; of pronoun, 37; of adv., 69, 121;
   of direction, 46, 108; of measure, 139; of time, 91; distinguished
   from temporal adv., 94; with temporal adv., 93; when avoided, 92;
   after adv., 266; with intrans. verb, 264; with nouns expressing
   motion, 263; in composition, p. 132, ftn.; instead of prepositional
   phrase, 265, 266; not used after prep., 36, (<i>al, &#285;is,
   tra</i>) 46, (<i>preter</i>) p. 139, ftn.; not used with article, 25;
   not used with predicates, 25, 210; "cognate," see acc. with intrans.
   verbs, 264, a.
<b>Adjectives</b>, defined, 12; ending of, 12; formation of, 116, (from adv.)
   171, (from prep.) 159; attributive, 13; acc. of, 24; plural of, 17;
   agreement, (with nouns) 17, 21, 24, (with pronouns) 33, (with words
   connected by <i>nek</i>) 31; comparison of, 74; possessive, 43,
   (pronominal use of) 45; predicate, 19, (after trans, verbs) 210; use
   of, distinguished from adv. with <i>da</i>, 103; demonstrative, 65;
   distributive, 177; indefinite, 208; interrogative, 112; negative,
   224; reflexive possessive, 44; relative, 150; causative verbs from
   roots of, 214, a; intrans. verbs from roots of, 232, c; cardinal,
   136; ordinal, 149.

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<b>Adverbs</b>, defined, 66; primary, 66; derived, 79; (from prep.) 120;
   demonstrative, (<i>tie</i>) 68, (<i>tiam</i>) 73, (<i>tial</i>) 78,
   (<i>tiel</i>) 88, (<i>tiom</i>) 104; interrogative, (<i>kie</i>)
   118, (<i>kiam</i>) 123, (<i>kial</i>) 129, (<i>kiel</i>) 134,
   (<i>kiom</i>) 140, (<i>&#265;u</i>) 30, p. 38, ftn.; relative,
   (<i>kie</i>) 151, (<i>kiam</i>) 155, (<i>kiel</i>) 156, p. 170,
   ftn., (<i>kiom</i>) 164; distributive, (<i>&#265;ie</i>) 182,
   (<i>&#265;iam</i>) iS7, (<i>&#265;ial</i>) 188, (<i>&#265;iel</i>)
   193, (<i>&#265;iom</i>) 194; indefinite, (<i>ie</i>) 209,
   (<i>iam</i>) 212, (<i>ial</i>) 213, (<i>iel</i>) 216, (<i>iom</i>)
   217; negative, (<i>nenie</i>) 225, (<i>neniam</i>) 226,
   (<i>nenial</i>) 229, (<i>neniel</i>) 230, (<i>neniom</i>) 231,
   (<i>ne</i>) 27, 66, a; generalizing, (<i>ajn</i>) 236; numeral,
   158; position of, 66, a; expressing direction of motion, 69, 121;
   with expressions of time, 93; distinguishing from acc. of time, 94;
   with acc., 266; with prep., 87; calling attention, (<i>jen</i>)
   228; causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; as
   interjections, p. 216, ftn.; derivation of words from primary, 171.
<b>Adverbial clauses</b>, p. 168, ftn.; participle, 222, (translating
   "without") p. 193, ftn.
<b>Adversative conjunctions</b>, p. 32, ftn.
<b>Advice</b>, expression of, 257, 259.
<b>Affectionate diminutives</b>, 283 (also 198, and ftn., p. 221).
<b>Affirmation</b>, 66.
<b>Affixes</b>, see Prefixes, Suffixes.
<b>Agency</b>, expr. by <i>de</i>, 169.
<b>Agreement</b>, of attributive adj., 17, (with acc.) 24; of predicate noun
   and adj., 21; of adj. with two or more nouns, 17; of adj. with
   words connected by <i>nek</i>, 31; of adj. with pronouns, 33; of
   participle, 108; of nouns in apposition, 48.
<b>Alphabet</b>, I.
<b>Anticipation</b>, expr. by clause, 97; by inf. with prep., 98.
<b>Aoristic tenses</b>, explained, p. 78, ftn.; conjugation of, (present) 14,
   (past) 35, (future) 55, (conditional) 241, (imperative), 254.
<b>Apposition</b>, 48.
<b>Argumentative conjunction</b>, p. 32, ftn.
<b>Article</b>, definite, 11; invariable, 18, 25; for possessive adj., 47;
   with possessive adj., 45; generic, 201, 218, b, elision of, 280, a;
   no indefinite, II.
<b>Assumption</b>, defined, 240; implied, 244.
<b>Augmentatives</b>, 122.
<b>Auxiliary verbs</b>, 109.

<center><b>C.</b></center>

<b>Cardinal numerals</b>, 136; formation of, 142.
<b>Case</b>, see Accusative, Dative, Nominative, Possessive.
<b>Causative verbs</b>, 214.
<b>Cause</b>, expr. by clause, 83; by <i>pro</i>, 86; by <i>ke</i>, p. 222,
   ftn.
<b>Characteristic</b>, expr. by <i>kun</i>, 76; by adverbial participle, 222.
   Clauses, defined, p. 34, ftn.; adverbial, p. 168, ftn.; causal,
   83; of anticipation, 97; of duration of time, 96; of imaginative
   comparison, 250; of purpose, 262; of result, 105; subordinate
   imperative, 259.
<b>"Cognate acc.</b>," see acc. with intrans. verbs, 264.
<b>Collective nouns</b>, 126.
<b>Collective sense given by use of <i>da</i></b>, 103.
<b>Commands</b>, expression of, 256; in subordinate clause, 259.
<b>Complement of prep.</b>, 36.
<b>Complementary inf.</b>, 29.
<b>Comparison</b>, of adj., 74; of adv., 79; of words expressing quantity, 81;
   containing <i>ol</i>, 82; <i>ju</i> and <i>des</i> in, 84.
<b>Composition</b>, see Compounds.
<b>Compound tenses</b>, explained, 109; of impersonal verbs, 179; conjugation
   of, see Tenses.
<b>Compounds</b>, dependent, 176; descriptive, 167; possessive, 184.
<b>Conclusion (of conditions) defined</b>, 240; (of letters),
   see Correspondence.
<b>Concrete nouns</b>, formation of, 227.
<b>Conditional mood</b>, 241; compound tenses of, 242; in contrary to fact
   conditions, 246; in less vivid conditions, 243; independent use of,
   244; of <i>devi</i>, 247; conditional sentences, see Conditions.
Conditions, defined, 240; contrary to fact, 246; factual, 240; less
   vivid, 243; vivid, p. 189, ftn.; summary of, 249.

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<b>Conjugation</b>, 34; synopsis of, 267; of tenses, see Tenses.
<b>Conjunctions</b>, defined, 52; coordinating, 52; subordinating, 53, (not
   omitted) p. 34, ftn.; <i>a&#365;</i>, p. 32, ftn.; <i>kaj</i>,
   26, p. 32, ftn.; <i>ke</i>, (in indirect statements), 53, (in
   causal clauses) 83, p. 222, ftn.; (in result clause) 105, (in
   purpose clause) 262, (in subordinate imperative clause) 259;
   <i>kvaza&#365;</i>, 250; <i>nek</i>, 31, p. 32, ftn.; <i>se</i>, 240;
   <i>sed</i>, p. 32, ftn.; <i>tamen</i>, p. 32, ftn.; <i>do</i>, p. 32,
   ftn.; see p. 110, ftn.
<b>Connection</b>, expr. by <i>de</i>, 49; indefinite, expr. by <i>je</i>, 260.
<b>Consent</b>, expression of, 257, (in subordinate clauses) 259.
<b>Consonants</b>, combinations of, 6; pronunciation of, 3, names of, 4.
<b>Contrary to fact conditions</b>, 246.
<b>Coordinating conjunctions</b>, 52.
<b>Copulative conjunctions</b>, p. 32, ftn.
<b>Correlative words</b>, 235.
<b>Correspondence</b>, 278.

<center><b>D.</b></center>

<b>Dates</b>, expr. by acc., 91; expr. by <i>anta&#365;</i>, 90; expr. by
   prep., 89; on letters, see Correspondence, 278.
<b>"Dative</b>," ethical, of reference, of separation, p. 197, ftn.
<b>Definite quantity</b>, nouns of, followed by <i>de</i>, 100.
<b>Degree</b>, advs. of, 66, (<i>tiel</i>) 88, (<i>kiel</i>) 134, 156; highest
   possible, 162; see also Comparison.
<b>Deliberation</b>, expression of, 257, (in subordinative clause) 259.
<b>Demonstrative</b>, pronoun, (<i>tiu</i>) 56, (<i>&#265;i tiu</i>) 60,
   (<i>tio, &#265;i tio</i>) 233; adjective, 65; adv., see Adverbs.
<b>Dependent compounds</b>, 176.
<b>Derivation</b>, of adv., 79, (from prep.) 120; of words from prep., 159; of
   words from primary adv., 171.
<b>Descriptive compounds</b>, 167.
<b>Diminutives</b>, 198; affectionate, 283.
<b>Diphthongs</b>, 5.
<b>Direct object</b>, defined, 23; inf. as, see Complementary inf., 29; clause
   as, 53, 259; of complementary inf., 29; of participle, 108; of prep.,
   see Complement, 36.
<b>Direction</b>, expr. by acc. (of noun) 46, 263, (of adv.) 121.
<b>Disjunctive conjunctions</b>, p. 32, ftn.
<b>Distributive</b>, prep., see <i>po</i>, 175; pronoun, (<i>&#265;iu</i>) 173,
   (<i>&#265;io</i>) 233; adj., 177; adv., see Adverbs.
<b>Double letters</b>, 6, e.

<center><b>E.</b></center>

<b>Elision</b>, 280.
<b>Emphasis</b>, by <i>e&#265;</i>, 66; by <i>ja</i>, 215.
<b>Emphatic negation</b>, 27.
<b>Ending</b>, of acc., 23; of adj., 12; of adv., 79; of noun, 10; of plural,
   16; of inf., 28; of indicative, 14, 35, 55; of conditional, 241, of
   imperative, 254; of participle, see Participles.
<b>"Ethical dative</b>," p. 197, ftn.
<b>Exclamations</b>, 115; use of <i>je</i> in, 260.
<b>Exhortation</b>, 255.
<b>Expedience</b>, expressions of, 259.

<center><b>F.</b></center>

<b>Factual conditions</b>, 240.
<b>Feminine nouns</b>, formation of, 59.
<b>Formation</b>, of words, 116; of opposites, 67, of feminines, 59; with
   <i>-ig-</i> and <i>-i&#285;-</i>, 239; from primary words, 159, 171.
<b>Fractions</b>, 166.
<b>Frequentative verbs</b>, 218, a.
<b>Future participle</b>, (active) 152, (passive) 199.
<b>Future tense</b>, 55, (progressive) 114, (passive) 183, periphrastic, 153,
   200.
<b>Future perfect tense</b>, 148, (passive) 196.

<center><b>G.</b></center>

<b>Generic article</b>, 201. 218, b.
<b>Generalizing adv. <i>ajn</i></b>, 236.

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<center><b>H.</b></center>

<b>Highest degree possible</b>, 162.

<center><b>I.</b></center>

<b>Imaginative comparison</b>, 250.
<b>Imperative mood</b>, 254; in commands and prohibitions, 256; in resolve and
   exhortation, 255, in subordinate clauses, 259;. less peremptory uses
   of, 257; to express purpose, 262.
<b>Imperfect tense</b>, 113, (passive) 178.
<b>Impersonal verbs</b>, 50, compound tenses of, 179; modifiers of, 141.
<b>Impersonally used verbs</b>, explained, 141; modifiers of, 141.
<b>Inchoative verbs</b>, 232, a.
<b>Indefinite connection</b>, expr. by <i>je</i>, 260.
<b>Indefinite</b>, pronoun, (<i>iu</i>) 203, (<i>io</i>) 233; (personal) 54;
   adj., 208; advs., see Adverbs; prep., 260; suffix, 268; quantity,
   expressions of, with <i>da</i>, 99, 101.
<b>Independent use of conditional mood</b>, 244.
<b>Indicative mood</b>, defined, 241; tenses of, see Synopsis, 267.
<b>"Indirect object</b>," see <i>al</i>.
<b>Indirect quotation</b>, tenses in, 58; statements in, 53; questions in,
   p. 38, ftn.; p. 170, ftn.
<b>Infinitive</b>, defined, 28, 241; ending of, 28; complementary, 29; as
   subject, 29; modifiers of, 130; synopsis of, 267; with prep., 98;
   replaced by noun, 218, b.
<b>Instruction</b>, (orders), requests for, 257, 259.
<b>Instrumentality</b>, expr. by <i>per</i>, 64; distinguished from
   accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
<b>Instruments</b>, formation of names of, 63.
<b>Intensive pronoun</b>, <i>mem</i>, 219.
<b>Intention</b>, expr. by clause, 259.
<b>Interjections</b>, 273.
<b>International money system</b>, 285; weights and measures, 284.
<b>Interrogation</b>, 30, 66, a.
<b>Interrogative</b>, pronoun, (<i>kiu</i>) 106, (kio) 233; adj., 112; advs.,
   see Adverbs.
<b>Intransitive verbs</b>, defined, 22; no passive, p. 122, ftn.; from adj.
   roots, 232, c; from noun roots, advs., preps., suffixes, prefixes,
   232, d; from trans, verb roots, 232, b, (table of), 279.
<b>Introductory particle</b>, not needed, 50, 51.
<b>Invariability</b>, of article, 18; of <i>mem</i>, 219; of verb, 18; of
   cardinals, 136.
<b>Inversion</b>, not needed in questions, 30.

<center><b>L.</b></center>

<b>Less peremptory uses of imperative</b>, 257.
<b>Less vivid conditions</b>, 243.
<b>Letters</b>, names of, 4; double, pronunciation of, 6, e; see also
   Correspondence, 278.
<b>Limitation of third personal pronoun</b>, 42.

<center><b>M.</b></center>

<b>Manner</b>, expr. by <i>kun</i>, 76; expr. by. <i>per</i>, p. 53, ftn.; by
   adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see Adverbs.
<b>Material</b>, expression of, 197.
<b>Means</b>, expression of, 64.
<b>Measure</b>, ace. of, 139; expr. by <i>je</i>, 260.
<b>Measures</b>, weights and, 284.
<b>Metric system</b>, 284.
<b>Modifiers of impersonally used verbs</b>, 141.
<b>Money system</b>, The international, 285.
<b>Mood</b>, defined, 241; inf., see Infinitive; conditional, 241; imperative,
   254; indicative, see 267; in conditions, see Conditions.
<b>Moral obligation</b>, 247.
<b>Motive or reason</b>, advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by clause, 83; expr. by
   prep., 86.

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<center><b>N.</b></center>

<b>Names</b>, of letters, 4; orthography of proper, 128.
<b>Necessity</b>, expression of, 259.
<b>Negative</b>, pronoun, (<i>neniu</i>) 220; (<i>nenio</i>) 233; adj., 224;
   advs., see Adverbs; conjunction, 31.
<b>"Nominative absolute</b>," how rendered, p. 169, ftn.
<b>Nominative case</b>, ending of, (for nouns) 10, (for adj.) 12; of predicate
   noun and adj., 25, 210; with prep., 36, (<i>al</i>, <i>&#285;is</i>,
   <i>tra</i>) 46.
<b>Noun</b>, defined, 10, ending of, 10, plural of, 16; acc. of, 23; elision
   of, 280, b; feminine, 59; numeral, 157; participial, 205; predicate,
   20, 211; possessive case of, 49; expressing motion, followed by acc.,
   263; expressing quantity, followed by <i>da</i>, 99, by <i>de</i>,
   100; replacing inf., 218, b; replacing participial phrase, p. 193,
   ftn.; from adv., 171; from prep., 159.
<b>Noun roots</b>, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d.
<b>Number</b>, see Plural.
<b>Numeral nouns</b>, 157; advs., 158.
<b>Numerals</b>, cardinal, 136; formation of, 142; fractional, 166; ordinal,
   149; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.; followed by <i>el</i>, 138.

<center><b>O.</b></center>

<b>Object</b>, see Direct object, Indirect object, Complement.
<b>Obligation</b>, 247, (moral) 247.
<b>Opposites</b>, formation of, 67; of <i>pli</i> and <i>plej</i>, 80.
<b>Opposition</b>, distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
<b>Order</b>, of word endings, p. 10, ftn.; see also Position.
<b>Ordinal numerals</b>, 149; advs., 158; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.
<b>Orthography</b>, of proper nouns, 128.

<center><b>P.</b></center>

<b>Part of the whole</b>, expression of, (after noun) 99, (after adv.) 101.
<b>Participial nouns</b>, 205; advs., 222.
<b>Participle</b>, defined, 108; agreement of, 108; adverbial, 222,
   (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.; present, 108, (passive) 165;
   past, 119, (passive) 189; future, 152, (passive) 199.
<b>Particle</b>, introductory, not needed, 50, 51.
<b>Partitive construction</b>, p. 74, ftn.
<b>Passive voice</b>, agent of, 169; participles of, see Participles; tenses
   of, see Tenses; of <i>-ig-</i> formations, 239; distinguished from
   <i>-i&#285;-</i> formations, 232, b.
<b>Past tense</b>, 35, (passive) see Imperfect; past participle, see
   Participles.
<b>Past periphrastic future</b>, 153, (passive) 200.
<b>Past inception</b>, present action with, 131.
<b>Peremptory commands and prohibitions</b>, 256, 259.
<b>Perfect tense</b>, 124, (passive) 190; perfect participle, see Past
   participle.
<b>Periphrastic futures</b>, 153, (passive) 200.
<b>Permission</b>, expression of, 269.
<b>Perplexity</b>, expression of, 257, 259.
<b>Personal pronouns</b>, 32; acc. of, 37; indefinite, 54; reflexive, 39, 40;
   limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274.
<b>Place</b>, expr. by <i>&#265;e</i>, 125; advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by
   <i>-ej-</i>, III; 128.
<b>Pluperfect tense</b>, 135, (passive), 195.
<b>Plural</b>, of nouns, 16; of pronouns, 56, 106, 203, 173, 220; of adj., 16;
   of <i>unu</i>, 137; none of article, 18; none of pronouns ending in
   <i>-o</i>, 233.
<b>Position</b>, of attributive adj., 13; of adv., 66, a; of emphatic negative,
   27; of unemphatic pronoun, 274; of interrogative adv., 30.
<b>Possession</b>, expr. by <i>de</i>, 49.

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<b>Possessive</b>, adjective, 43; reflexive, 44; article for, 47; ftn., p. 221.
<b>Possessive case of nouns</b>, 49; of pronouns, (<i>ties</i>) 62,
   (<i>kies</i>) 107, 147, (<i>&#265;ies</i>) 174, (<i>ies</i>) 204,
   (<i>nenies</i>) 221; see also Possessive adjective, 43.
<b>Possessive compounds</b>, 184.
<b>"Possessive pronouns</b>," p. 24, ftn.
<b>Possibility</b>, expression of, 270.
<b>Predicate</b>, adj., 19, agreement of, 21; after trans, verbs, 210; noun,
   20; agreement of, 21; after trans. verb, 211; clause as, 259.
<b>Prefixes</b>, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d;
   prep. as, 160, 248; adverb as, 71, 167, a, interjection as, p.
   216, ftn.; <i>bo-</i>, 277; <i>dis-</i>, 245; <i>duon-</i>, 277;
   <i>ek-</i>, 206; <i>eks-</i>, 281; <i>ge-</i>, 271; <i>mal-</i>, 67;
   <i>pra-</i>, 282; <i>re-</i>, 223.
<b>Prepositions</b>, defined, 36; with inf., 98; with adv., 87; with other
   preps., 87; case use with, 36, 46; expressing time relations, 89; as
   prefixes, 160; word derivation from, 159; advs. from, 120; causative
   verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; making intrans.
   verbs trans., 264, b, c; see also references in Vocabulary.
<b>Prepositional phrase</b>, acc. instead of, 265, 266.
<b>Present action with past inception</b>, 131.
<b>Present periphrastic future</b>, 153, (passive) 200.
<b>Present participle</b>, 108, (passive) 165.
<b>Present tense</b>, 14, (progressive) 110, (passive) 168.
<b>Primary adverbs</b>, defined, 66; derivation of words from, 171.
<b>Probability</b>, expression of, 270.
<b>Progressive tenses</b>, present, 110, future, 114; passive, 200.
<b>Prohibition</b>, expression of, 256, 259.
<b>Pronominal adjective</b>, possessive adj. as, 45; pronoun as, (<i>tiu</i>)
   57, 60, (<i>kiu</i>) 106, 146, (<i>&#265;iu</i>) 173, (<i>iu</i>)
   203, (<i>neniu</i>) 220, (<i>amba&#365;</i>) 238.
<b>Pronouns</b>, defined, 32; agreement with, 33; personal, 32; indefinite
   personal, 54; reflexive, 38, 39, 40, (in composition) p. 132, ftn.;
   possessive, p. 24, ftn.; possessive form of, see Possessive case;
   limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274;
   correlation of predicative or relative, 234; followed by <i>el</i>,
   173, p. 115, ftn.; series in <i>-o</i>, 233; demonstrative, 56, 60,
   233; distributive, 173, 233; indefinite, 203, 233; interrogative,
   106, 233; negative, 220, 233; relative, 146; 233; summary, 235;
   <i>amba&#365;</i>, 238; intensive, 219.
<b>Proper nouns</b>, orthography of, 128.
<b>Protestations</b>, use of <i>je</i> in, 260.
<b>Proximity</b>, expr. by <i>&#265;i</i>, 60, 66, p. 229, ftn.
<b>Purpose</b>, expr. by inf., 98; by imperative, 262; by prep., 95.

<center><b>Q.</b></center>

<b>Quantity</b>, construction with nouns expressing, 99, 100; construction with
   advs. expressing, 101; advs. of, (<i>tiom</i>) 104, (<i>kiom</i>)
   140, 164, (<i>&#265;iom</i>) 194, (<i>iom</i>) 217, (<i>neniom</i>)
   231; comparison of advs. expressing, 81.
<b>Questions</b>, 30; indirect, p. 38, ftn., p. 170, ftn.; of deliberation,
   perplexity, or for instructions, 257, 259.
<b>Quotations</b>, indirect, 53, 58.

<center><b>R.</b></center>

<b>Reciprocal expressions</b>, 180.
<b>Reference</b>, expr. by <i>al</i>, 251.
<b>Reflexive pronouns</b>, of first and second persons, 39; of third person,
   40; with substantival inf., 130.
<b>Reflexive possessive adjective</b>, 44.
<b>Reflexive verbs</b>, 41; distinguished from verbs in <i>-i&#285;-</i>, 232,
   b.
<b>Relative pronoun</b>, (<i>kiu</i>) 146, (<i>kio</i>) 233; not omitted, p.
   106, ftn.

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<b>Relative adjective</b>, 150; relative adverb, see Adverbs.
<b>Relative clause</b>, see 146, 233, (temporal) 155, (of manner) 156,
   (quantitative) 164.
<b>Request</b>, expression of, 257, 259; for instructions, 257, 259.
<b>Resolve</b>, expression of, 255.
<b>Result</b>, clauses of, 105.
<b>Root</b>, defined, p. 42, ftn.
<b>Route</b>, expression of, 191.

<center><b>S.</b></center>

<b>Salutations</b>, 115.
<b>Separation</b>, expr. by <i>de</i>, 170; expr. by <i>al</i>, 252; by
   <i>for</i>, 71; by <i>dis-</i>, 245.
<b>Situation</b>, expr. by <i>&#265;e</i>, 125; by adverbial participle, 222.
<b>Source</b>, expr. by <i>de</i>, 170.
<b>Statements</b>, indirect, 53; tenses in, 58.
<b>Subject</b>, defined, 15; preceded by verb, 51; inf. as, 130; clause as,
   141, 259; of adverbial participle, 222.
<b>Subordinate clause</b>, defined, 53; imperative in, 259, 262; conditional
   in, see Conditions, 243, 246.
<b>Subordinating conjunctions</b>, <i>ke</i>, 53, 105, 259 (<i>tial ke</i>) 83,
   p. 222, ftn.; (<i>por ke</i>) 262; (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.;
   <i>se</i>, 240; <i>kvaza&#365;</i>, 250; <i>&#265;u</i>, p. 38, ftn.
<b>Substantive</b>, defined, p. 71, ftn.; inf. as, 98, 130; clause as, 53, 259.
<b>Substitution</b>, expr. by prep., p. 63, ftn.; expr. by prep. with inf., 98;
   of noun for inf., 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
<b>Suffixes</b>, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232,
   d; <i>-ad-</i>, 218; <i>-a&#265;-</i>, 272; <i>-a&#309;-</i>,
   227; <i>-an-</i>, 145; <i>-ar-</i>, 126; <i>-&#265;j-</i>, 283;
   <i>-ebl-</i>, 161; <i>-ec-</i>, 202; <i>-eg-</i>, 122; <i>-ej-</i>,
   111; <i>-em-</i>, 192; <i>-er-</i>, 276; <i>-estr-</i>, 253;
   <i>-et-</i>, 198; <i>-id-</i> 207; <i>-ig-</i>, 214, 239, 275;
   <i>-i&#285;-</i>, 232, 239, 279; <i>-il-</i>, 63; <i>-in-</i>,
   59; <i>-ind-</i>, 154; <i>-ing-</i>, 237; <i>-ist-</i>, 172, p.
   154, ftn.; <i>-nj-</i>, 283; <i>-obl-</i>, 186; <i>-on-</i>, 166;
   <i>-op-</i>, 261; <i>-uj-</i>, 181; <i>-ul-</i>, 132; <i>-um-</i>,
   268.
<b>Summary of conditions</b>, 249.
<b>Superlatives</b>, (adj.) 74, (adv.) 79; followed by <i>el</i>, 75.
<b>Syllables</b>, 7.
<b>Synonyms</b>, apparent, (<i>diri: paroli: rakonti</i>) 77, (<i>koni:
   scii</i>) 117, (<i>tempo; fojo</i>) 127, (<i>lo&#285;i: vivi</i>)
   133, (<i>antikva: maljuna: malnova</i>) p. 128, ftn., 67,
   (<i>&#265;iu: tuta</i>) p. 130, ftn., (<i>indiferenta: nezorga</i>)
   p. 162, ftn., (<i>provi: peni: ju&#285;i</i>) p. 228, ftn.,
   (<i>&#285;uste: juste: &#309;us</i>) p. 198, ftn., (<i>ankora&#365;:
   jam</i>) p. 124, ftn., p. 112, ftn., (<i>trovi&#285;i: sin trovi:
   ku&#349;i: sidi)</i> p. 217, ftn.
<b>Synopsis of the verb</b>, 267.
<b>System</b>, correlative, 235; metric, 284; of money, 285.

<center><b>T.</b></center>

<b>Temporal clauses</b>, 96, 155.
<b>Temporal adverbs</b>, 66, (<i>tiam</i>) 73, (<i>kiam</i>) 123, 155,
   (<i>&#265;iam</i>) 187, (<i>iam</i>) 212, (<i>neniam</i>) 226,
   (<i>jam</i>) p. 124, ftn. (<i>ankora&#365;</i>) p. 112, ftn.,
   (<i>&#309;us</i>) p. 116, ftn.
<b>Tenses</b>, aoristic, p. 78, ftn.; compound, 109; (of impersonal verbs)
   179; in indirect quotations, 58; in conditions, 249; of inf.,
   267; of conditional, 241, 242; of imperative, 254; present, 14,
   (progressive) 110, (passive) 168, past, 35, (passive) 178; future,
   55, (progressive) 114; (passive) 183; imperfect, 113, (passive)
   178; perfect, 124, (passive) 190; pluperfect, 135, (passive) 195;
   future perfect, 148, (passive) 190; periphrastic, 153, (passive) 200;
   synopsis of all, 267.
<b>Terminations</b>, see Endings.
<b>Terms of address</b>, 163; affectionate, 283, p. 221, ftn.
<b>Time</b>, of day, 185; expr. by prep., 89; expr. by acc., 91; expr. by
   clause, 96, 155; expr. by adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see
   Temporal adverbs.
<b>Titles</b>, 163; use of <i>mo&#349;to</i>, 258.

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<b>Transitive verbs</b>, defined, 22; formed by <i>-ig-</i>, 214; from intrans.
   roots, 264, b, c; list of some, 275.

<center><b>U.</b></center>

<b>Unemphatic words</b>, position of, (negative) 27, (pronoun) 274.

<center><b>V.</b></center>

<b>Verbal nouns in <i>-ad-</i></b>, 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
<b>Verbal roots</b>, causative verbs from, 214, b.
<b>Verbs</b>, mood of, 241; invariable, 18; causative, 214; frequentative,
   218, a; inchoative, 232, a; impersonal, 50; reflexive, 41; trans.,
   defined, 22; trans, from intrans. roots, 275; intrans., defined,
   22; intrans. from trans. roots, 232, b, 279; from prep., 159; from
   adv., 171; conjugation of, 34, (synopsis) 267, preceding the subject,
   51; as interjection, p. 216, ftn.; implied, (in comparisons) 82,
   156, 250; (in salutations) 115, (in exclamations) 115, 228; with
   prepositional phrase containing <i>da</i>, 102.
<b>Vivid conditions</b>, p. 189, ftn.
<b>Vowels</b>, pronunciation of, 2.

<center><b>W.</b></center>

<b>Way</b>, expression of, (manner) 76, (route) 191.
<b>Weights and measures</b>, 284.
<b>Wish</b>, expression of, 257, 259.
<b>Words</b>, correlative, 235; formation of, 116; from prepositions, 159;
   from primary advs., 171; composition of, see Compounds; order of, in
   question, 30; see also Position.

	 
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