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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77360 ***
+
+
+
+
+  U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
+  BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 139.
+  B. T. GALLOWAY, _Chief of Bureau_.
+
+
+  AMERICAN MEDICINAL BARKS.
+
+  BY
+
+  ALICE HENKEL,
+  ASSISTANT, DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
+
+
+  ISSUED JUNE 5, 1909.
+
+  [Illustration: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE]
+
+  WASHINGTON:
+  GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+  1909.
+
+
+
+
+  BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
+
+
+  _Chief of Bureau_, BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY.
+  _Assistant Chief of Bureau_, ALBERT F. WOODS.
+  _Editor_, J. E. ROCKWELL.
+  _Chief Clerk_, JAMES E. JONES.
+
+
+  DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
+
+  SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
+
+  R. H. True, _Physiologist in Charge_.
+
+  W. W. Stockberger, Frank Rabak, Arthur F. Sievers, _Experts_.
+  Alice Henkel, _Assistant_.
+  G. Fred Klugh, T. B. Young, S. C. Hood, _Scientific Assistants_.
+
+
+
+
+  LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
+
+
+  U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+  BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
+  OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
+
+  _Washington, D. C., September 1, 1908_.
+
+
+  SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for
+  publication as Bulletin No. 139 of the series of this Bureau the
+  accompanying manuscript, entitled “American Medicinal Barks.” This
+  paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant
+  Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist in Charge
+  with a view to its publication.
+
+  Thirty-five drugs are fully described, and under many of the
+  descriptions briefer information concerning closely related species
+  is included. All of the “official” barks obtained from trees and
+  shrubs occurring in this country are described, as well as many
+  “nonofficial” ones.
+
+  This bulletin forms the second installment on the subject of American
+  medicinal plants, the first one treating of American root drugs,
+  and has been prepared to meet the steady demand for information
+  concerning the medicinal plants of this country. It is intended as a
+  guide and reference book for those who may be interested in the study
+  or collection of the medicinal plants found in the United States.
+
+  Respectfully,
+
+                     B. T. GALLOWAY,
+                       _Chief of Bureau_.
+
+  Hon. JAMES WILSON,
+    _Secretary of Agriculture_.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                Page.
+
+  Introduction                                                     7
+
+  The collection of barks                                          8
+
+  Trees and shrubs furnishing medicinal barks                      9
+
+  White pine (_Pinus strobus_)                                     9
+
+  Tamarack (_Larix laricina_)                                     10
+
+  Aspen (_Populus tremuloides_)                                   11
+
+  White willow (_Salix alba_)                                     12
+
+  Bayberry (_Myrica cerifera_)                                    14
+
+  Butternut (_Juglans cinerea_)                                   15
+
+  Ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_)                                  15
+
+  Sweet birch (_Betula lenta_)                                    16
+
+  Tag-alder (_Alnus rugosa_)                                      18
+
+  White oak (_Quercus alba_)                                      18
+
+  Slippery elm (_Ulmus pubescens_)                                20
+
+  Magnolia (_Magnolia acuminata_, _M. tripetala_, and
+    _M. glauca_)                                                  21
+
+  Tulip-poplar (_Liriodendron tulipifera_)                        23
+
+  Sassafras (_Sassafras sassafras_)                               25
+
+  Spicebush (_Benzoin benzoin_)                                   26
+
+  Witch-hazel (_Hamamelis virginiana_)                            27
+
+  Blackberry (_Rubus villosus_, _R. nigrobaccus_,
+    and _R. cuneifolius_)                                         28
+
+  American mountain-ash (_Sorbus americana_)                      29
+
+  Wild cherry (_Prunus serotina_)                                 30
+
+  Prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum americanum_ and _X. clava-herculis_)  31
+
+  Wafer-ash (_Ptelea trifoliata_)                                 33
+
+  Black alder (_Ilex verticillata_)                               34
+
+  Wahoo (_Euonymus atropurpureus_)                                35
+
+  False bittersweet (_Celastrus scandens_)                        36
+
+  Horse-chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_)                       37
+
+  Cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus purshiana_)                           38
+
+  Cotton (_Gossypium hirsutum_)                                   40
+
+  Dogwood (_Cornus florida_)                                      41
+
+  Moosewood (_Dirca palustris_)                                   43
+
+  White ash (_Fraxinus americana_)                                44
+
+  Fringe-tree (_Chionanthus virginica_)                           45
+
+  Bittersweet (_Solanum dulcamara_)                               46
+
+  Buttonbush (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_)                        47
+
+  Cramp-bark tree (_Viburnum opulus_)                             48
+
+  Black haw (_Viburnum prunifolium_)                              48
+
+  Index                                                           51
+
+
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  Page.
+
+  FIG. 1. White pine (_Pinus strobus_), leaves and cones          10
+
+  2. Tamarack (_Larix laricina_), leaves and cones                10
+
+  3. Aspen (_Populus tremuloides_), trunk                         11
+
+  4. Aspen (_Populus tremuloides_), leaves and capsules           12
+
+  5. Bayberry (_Myrica cerifera_), leaves and fruit               14
+
+  6. Butternut (_Juglans cinerea_), trunk                         15
+
+  7. Ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_), leaves and fruit             16
+
+  8. Sweet birch (_Betula lenta_), trunk                          17
+
+  9. Sweet birch (_Betula lenta_), leaves, catkins, and fruit     17
+
+  10. Tag-alder (_Alnus rugosa_), leaves, catkins, and fruit      18
+
+  11. White oak (_Quercus alba_), trunk                           19
+
+  12. White oak (_Quercus alba_), leaves and acorns               19
+
+  13. Slippery elm (_Ulmus pubescens_), trunk                     20
+
+  14. Slippery elm (_Ulmus pubescens_), leaves, flowers, and
+        fruits                                                    21
+
+  15. Cucumber-tree (_Magnolia acuminata_), leaves                21
+
+  16. Umbrella-tree (_Magnolia tripetala_), leaves                22
+
+  17. Sweet bay (_Magnolia glauca_), leaves and fruiting cones    23
+
+  18. Tulip-poplar (_Liriodendron tulipifera_), trunk             24
+
+  19. Tulip-poplar (_Liriodendron tulipifera_), leaves, flowers,
+        and fruit                                                 24
+
+  20. Sassafras (_Sassafras sassafras_), leaves and fruits        25
+
+  21. Spicebush (_Benzoin benzoin_), leaves, flowers, and fruits  26
+
+  22. Witch-hazel (_Hamamelis virginiana_), leaves, flowers, and
+  capsules                                                        27
+
+  23. American mountain-ash (_Sorbus americana_), leaves and
+        fruits                                                    29
+
+  24. Wild cherry (_Prunus serotina_), trunk                      30
+
+  25. Wild cherry (_Prunus serotina_), leaves, flowers, and
+        fruits                                                    30
+
+  26. Southern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_),
+        trunk                                                     32
+
+  27. Southern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_),
+        leaves, fruits, and branchlet showing prickles            32
+
+  28. Wafer-ash (_Ptelea trifoliata_), leaves and fruits          33
+
+  29. Black alder (_Ilex verticillata_), fruits                   34
+
+  30. Wahoo (_Euonymus atropurpureus_), leaves and fruits         35
+
+  31. False bittersweet (_Celastrus scandens_), leaves, flowers,
+        and fruits                                                36
+
+  32. Horse-chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_), trunk            37
+
+  33. Horse-chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_), leaves and
+        fruits                                                    37
+
+  34. Cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus purshiana_), five-year-old tree   38
+
+  35. Cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus purshiana_), leaves and fruits    39
+
+  36. Cotton (_Gossypium hirsutum_), leaves, flowers, and bolls   41
+
+  37. Dogwood (_Cornus florida_), trunk                           42
+
+  38. Dogwood (_Cornus florida_), leaves, flowers, and fruits     42
+
+  39. Moosewood (_Dirca palustris_), leaves and flowers           43
+
+  40. White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), trunk                     44
+
+  41. White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), leaves and fruits         44
+
+  42. Fringe-tree (_Chionanthus virginica_), leaves and flowers   45
+
+  43. Bittersweet (_Solanum dulcamara_), leaves, flowers, and
+        fruits                                                    46
+
+  44. Buttonbush (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_), leaves and
+        flowers                                                   47
+
+  45. Black haw and nanny-berry (_Viburnum prunifolium_ and _V.
+  lentago_), leaves and flowers                                   49
+
+
+
+
+B. P. I.—424.
+
+
+AMERICAN MEDICINAL BARKS.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Among the manifold uses of the trees of our forests not the least
+important is the utilization of their barks for medicinal purposes.
+
+While the “official” barks—that is, those that are recognized in the
+Eighth Decennial Revision of the United States Pharmacopœia—number only
+seventeen in all, twelve of which are furnished by trees and shrubs
+growing in the United States either as native or introduced species,
+there are many others which are nevertheless used in medicine to a
+considerable extent by one or another school of practitioners. All of
+the “official” barks are described in this bulletin, and an effort
+has been made to include such “nonofficial” ones as seemed to be most
+in demand, judging from the trade catalogues of wholesale dealers in
+crude drugs, but a number of others that are not so much used have
+been omitted on account of lack of space. The number of drugs fully
+described is thirty-five, but under many of the descriptions closely
+related species are also briefly treated.
+
+Many factors have contributed to the destruction of our forests.
+Beginning with the settlement of this country, when land had to be
+cleared of timber to make way for homes, and on through the centuries
+there have been steady and increasingly heavy drafts upon our natural
+forest resources by an increasing population and the building up of
+various new enterprises, and until within very recent years with little
+or no thought for the needs and welfare of generations to come. In the
+collection of barks, too, may be seen another instance contributing
+in a measure to the depletion of our forests; for too often trees
+are felled and killed outright simply for the sake of obtaining the
+bark, or a tree is peeled to such an extent that death is certain
+to result. When it is considered that of cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus
+purshiana_) alone about 100,000 trees are annually sacrificed, and that
+the oak, pine, elm, birch, poplar, willow, and larch all contribute
+their quota of bark, it will be seen that at no very distant date
+more careful methods of bark collection and the replanting of now
+denuded areas will be needed. The Forest Service of the United States
+Department of Agriculture has issued Forest Planting Leaflets, giving
+full information in regard to the planting and propagation of many of
+our forest trees, and anyone interested in the subject can have these
+leaflets for the asking.
+
+The statements herein regarding medicinal uses are based on the
+information contained in various dispensatories and other works
+relating to materia medica, and in a publication of the character of
+this bulletin can, of course, be referred to only in the most general
+manner. It is not the purpose herein to prescribe the use of any of
+these barks for medicinal purposes; such use should be made only under
+the direction of a physician.
+
+The writer is indebted to Mr. George B. Sudworth, Dendrologist of the
+Forest Service, for an examination of the manuscript and for the use of
+a number of photographs taken by him and other members of that Service.
+
+Other illustrations in this bulletin have been reproduced from
+photographs taken from nature by Mr. C. L. Lochman, and use has also
+been made of a number of illustrations found in the Handbook of the
+Trees of the Northern States and Canada, by Mr. R. B. Hough.
+
+The writer also wishes to gratefully acknowledge information of various
+kinds furnished by wholesale drug dealers.
+
+
+
+
+THE COLLECTION OF BARKS.
+
+
+As with other medicinal portions of plants, the best time to collect
+the barks is at a period when the greatest quantity of the active
+constituents is contained therein. In the case of barks this is in
+early spring, before active growth takes place, or in late fall or even
+winter.
+
+There are various methods of obtaining the bark. In some cases the
+outer corky layer is first shaved off before the bark is peeled, a
+process which is known as “rossing.” This is generally done where the
+outer layer is considered inert. Then incisions a few inches wide are
+made, and, depending upon the nature of the bark, sometimes strips
+several feet in length are peeled. The barks of some branches or roots
+are removed by making long, lengthwise incisions, permitting the bark
+to be readily slipped off, or in other cases the bark is first loosened
+by pounding with a mallet.
+
+After collection, the bark is taken to a clean, well-aired place for
+drying, spread out on shelves or on the floor and protected from
+moisture. Barks contain less moisture and absorb less moisture than
+other parts of plants, but they nevertheless need to be protected
+from wet weather. Sometimes barks are strung on wires or strings to
+facilitate drying.
+
+When the barks are thoroughly dried and have been broken or cut up into
+suitable lengths, they may be packed in dry, clean barrels or other
+proper containers ready for shipment.
+
+It will be well to repeat here what has been said in the first of this
+series of papers, entitled “American Root Drugs,” with regard to the
+advisability of correspondence with crude-drug dealers previous to
+shipment, in order to ascertain whether a particular drug is desired,
+how large a quantity is wanted, and what price will be paid. Samples
+representative of the drug to be disposed of should be sent at the same
+time.
+
+It is necessary also to emphasize the fact that the prices given in
+this bulletin are approximations only, being those paid at the present
+writing, and it must be remembered that before this bulletin is off
+the press a drug now listed at 10 cents a pound may have declined
+to 5 cents or less, while a drug quoted at 2 cents may be worth 5
+or 10 cents or more. The object in noting prices is simply to give
+prospective collectors an idea of the range of prices, but with the
+constant fluctuations that take place in the drug market it will be
+readily understood that these prices can be but remotely approximate
+and that the actual price to be paid can be ascertained only through
+correspondence with drug dealers.
+
+
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FURNISHING MEDICINAL BARKS.
+
+
+Each section contains synonyms and the pharmacopœial name, if any, the
+common names, habitat, range, descriptions of the tree or shrub, as
+well as of the bark as found in commerce, and information concerning
+collection, prices, and uses.
+
+Bittersweet (_Solanum dulcamara_) is the only one of American
+medicinal plants of which the young branches alone are used, but it is
+nevertheless given a place with the barks, as it can more properly be
+included in this series than in any other.
+
+
+WHITE PINE.
+
+_Pinus strobus_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—White pine (_Pinus strobus_), leaves and cones.]
+
+_Other common names._—Northern pine, Weymouth pine, American white
+pine, American deal-pine, soft deal-pine, spruce-pine.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The white pine, indigenous to this country, occurs
+in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.
+
+_Description of tree._—This large, handsome evergreen tree—sometimes
+200 feet in height and with a straight trunk measuring 3 to 4 feet in
+diameter—has horizontal branches, both trunk and branches covered with
+a smooth, grayish green bark when young, becoming dark and rough with
+age, and longitudinally fissured. The wood is soft and white, and much
+used for flooring, etc.
+
+The slender, pale green leaves, or needles, are usually five in a
+sheath, about 3 to 5 inches long, the flowers rather inconspicuous,
+and the cones cylindrical, drooping, sometimes slightly curved,
+resinous, about 5 to 10 inches long and about an inch in thickness, but
+much wider after the scales spread apart, which generally occurs in
+September, allowing the seeds to fall out. (Fig. 1.) It requires two
+seasons for the cones to mature. The white pine belongs to the pine
+family (Pinaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The inner bark of the white pine is the part
+employed medicinally. It occurs in flat pieces of irregular size,
+about an eighth of an inch in thickness, brownish on the outside, the
+inner surface sometimes lighter colored and sometimes darker than the
+outside, smoothish, and marked with fine grooves. It breaks with a
+tough, fibrous fracture, and has a slight turpentine odor. The taste is
+described as “mucilaginous, sweetish, bitterish, and astringent.”
+
+_Prices and uses._—At present collectors are paid from about 1/2 to 3
+cents a pound.
+
+White pine bark is used as an expectorant, forming one of the
+ingredients in the sirup which bears its name, which is much used for
+coughs and colds to facilitate expectoration.
+
+
+TAMARACK.
+
+_Larix laricina_ (Du Roi) Koch.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Tamarack (_Larix laricina_), leaves and cones.]
+
+_Synonym._—_Larix americana_ Michx.
+
+_Other common names._—American larch, black larch, red larch,
+hackmatack.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This tree frequents swamps and moist places from
+Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota. It is native in
+this country.
+
+_Description of tree._—In spring the light green, feathery appearance
+of the young leaves of the tamarack make it a rather conspicuous and
+attractive tree. It is a slender tree belonging to the pine family
+(Pinaceæ), but unlike other members of this family, except bald
+cypress, it loses its leaves upon the approach of winter. The bark is
+thin and close, finally becoming scaly. The wood, which is light brown
+in color, hard and resinous, is strong and durable.
+
+The tamarack has horizontally spreading branches, and reaches a
+maximum height of 100 feet. The pale green leaves, which appear early
+in spring, are short, very slender, and needle shaped, from 20 to 40
+together in a fascicle, or bundle, similar to the manner in which pine
+needles grow, except that they are without sheaths (fig. 2).
+
+The aments, or flower clusters, are inconspicuous, and are of two
+kinds, staminate or male, and pistillate or female. The female clusters
+have a reddish and greenish tinge, and develop later into small erect
+cones, resembling in miniature cones of some of the pines and spruces
+(fig. 2).
+
+_Description of bark._—The tamarack bark, as found in the stores, is in
+rather large, coarse pieces or slabs, having the outer layer removed.
+The outer surface has a rather fibrous appearance, cinnamon brown in
+color, occasionally showing patches of brownish red or almost purplish
+where the outside layer has been imperfectly shaved off; the inner
+surface is smooth and light brown. The whole breaks with a somewhat
+woody fracture, showing ragged, splintery edges. The odor is rather
+strong and disagreeable.
+
+_Prices and uses._—Tamarack bark at present is paid for at the rate of
+from 1-1/2 to 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bark, in decoction, is said to be useful as a tonic and alterative,
+and also as a laxative and diuretic.
+
+
+ASPEN.
+
+_Populus tremuloides_ Michx.
+
+_Other common names._—White poplar, American poplar, trembling
+poplar, American aspen, mountain-asp, quaking asp, quiverleaf,
+auld-wives’-tongues.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The aspen is found in dry or moist soil from
+northern Canada and Alaska south to the mountains of Pennsylvania, to
+southern Illinois, northwestern Missouri, and in the Rocky Mountains to
+Lower California.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—Aspen (_Populus tremuloides_), trunk.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Aspen (_Populus tremuloides_), leaves and
+capsules.]
+
+_Description of tree._—The greatest height attained by the aspen is
+100 feet, with a trunk measuring about 3 feet in diameter. It is a
+native of this country and belongs to the willow family (Salicaceæ).
+The branches and trunks of the younger trees are covered with a smooth,
+light grayish green bark, but on older trees the bark becomes dark and
+deeply fissured (fig. 3). The young unfolding leaves are whitish and
+woolly, but become smooth as they expand. The leaves are broadly oval
+or rounded, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, a short-pointed apex,
+and finely round-toothed or frequently saw-toothed margin (fig. 4).
+They are about 1-1/2 to 2 inches in length, and are borne on long,
+slender stalks which are flattened on the sides, causing the leaves
+to be set in motion by the slightest breeze and to quiver and tremble
+almost continually, which has given rise to some of the tree’s common
+names, such as quaking asp, trembling poplar, and quiverleaf. Early
+in spring, before the leaves are out, the drooping catkins appear,
+the staminate (male) from 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches long, the pistillate
+(female) crowded and longer. The capsules which follow are conical in
+shape, pointed, and two-valved (fig. 4).
+
+_Description of bark._—This bark generally occurs in straight pieces
+from about 2 to 5 inches long and about one-fourth to one-half inch
+wide. The outside is grayish and smoothish except here and there where
+marked with lenticels. The inner surface is somewhat rough to the
+touch, light colored to brownish. The fracture is even, somewhat corky,
+and the odor faintly aromatic.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark of the aspen, or white or
+American poplar, as it is often known in the drug trade, is collected
+in spring, and collectors are paid from about 1 to 4 cents a pound.
+
+It is used for its tonic properties, and has also been employed in the
+treatment of intermittent fever.
+
+As in the case of the willows, to which family (Salicaceæ) the poplars
+belong, the glucoside salicin is also obtained from the barks of the
+various species of Populus.
+
+
+WHITE WILLOW.
+
+_Salix alba_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Salix, common European willow, duck-willow,
+Huntington willow.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The white willow has been introduced into this
+country from Europe, and has sparingly escaped from cultivation. It
+occurs in wet soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to New
+Brunswick and Ontario.
+
+_Description of tree._—This is a tree of very rapid growth, and attains
+quite a size, sometimes 90 feet in height, with a trunk perhaps 6 feet
+in diameter. There is a group of willows known as “crack willows,” on
+account of the brittleness of the twigs where they are attached to
+the branches, and the white willow belongs to this group, as does the
+“crack willow,” or “brittle willow,” (_S. fragilis_), mentioned farther
+on. All of the species described are members of the willow family
+(Salicaceæ).
+
+The gray and rough-barked white willow has lance-shaped leaves, pointed
+at the apex and narrowed at the base, and with saw-toothed margins.
+When young, both sides of the leaves are covered with silky hairs, but
+as they mature they become less hairy and are pale green on the lower
+surface, or covered with a “bloom.”
+
+The long, loose, green, cylindrical aments, or catkins, are staminate
+and pistillate and are borne on different trees, appearing with the
+leaves in spring.
+
+A variety of this species, with yellowish green twigs and with leaves
+smooth on the upper surface, is known as golden osier (_S. alba_ var.
+_vitellina_ (L.) Koch), and is the most common form found in North
+America.
+
+_Description of bark._—The white willow bark of commerce is generally
+in tough, flexible strips, the outer surface smooth or slightly
+wrinkled, and of a yellowish brown or grayish brown color. The inner
+surface varies from a light brown to darker brown, and is marked with
+long, fine lines. White willow bark has a bitter, astringent taste, but
+practically no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The best time to collect white willow
+bark is in the spring when the sap begins to flow, at which time it is
+easy to remove.
+
+White willow bark should not be kept very long, as the salicin content
+diminishes with age. This bark itself is not official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia, but the glucoside salicin obtained from it is so
+recognized. The medicinal properties of willow bark depend upon its two
+most important constituents, salicin and tannin.
+
+Salicin has tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge properties, and is
+occasionally employed in rheumatic affections.
+
+The wood of white willow furnishes a very pure charcoal which is used
+in the manufacture of gunpowder. The young branches, known as osiers,
+are much used in the manufacture of baskets, etc.
+
+The prices paid to collectors range from 2 to 5 cents a pound.
+
+_Other species._—Roughly speaking, the willows, or Salix species, may
+be said to be divided into two classes, those with yellowish twigs and
+those with reddish or purplish twigs. Most of the yellow-barked species
+belong to the “crack willows,” which have their twigs attached in such
+a manner that they break off very easily. It is claimed that the red or
+purple barked twigs contain the most salicin, while those with yellow
+twigs are richest in tannin.[1]
+
+Of those containing the most salicin may be mentioned the crack willow,
+or brittle willow (_Salix fragilis_ L.). This, a native of Europe, has
+escaped from cultivation in this country, and occurs from Massachusetts
+to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It is a tall and slender tree, the
+trunk covered with a rough gray bark, and the twigs with reddish green
+bark. At the point of attachment the twigs are very fragile and break
+off readily. The twigs when planted grow very rapidly. The leaves
+are 3 to 6 inches in length, long pointed and narrowing toward the
+base, smooth, dark green on the upper surface, and of a lighter color
+underneath, and with margins slightly toothed. The flowers appear in
+April or May; the fruiting catkin is rather loose and about 3 to 5
+inches in length, while the staminate or male catkin is only about 1 or
+2 inches long.
+
+Another species employed in medicine is the black willow, pussy-willow,
+or swamp-willow (_Salix nigra_ Marsh). This is a native willow and
+occurs along the banks of rivers from Canada to Florida; it is not
+found west of the Great Plains, except in southern New Mexico and
+Arizona and isolated in California. It is tall and has a rough dark
+brown or black bark, and brittle yellowish branches. The leaves are
+narrowly lance shaped, and the catkins (pussy-willows) appear about the
+same time as the leaves, the male catkins about 1 to 2 inches long,
+and the female catkins as long as 3 inches, spreading apart in fruit.
+The bark of this species is used in medicine and the fresh aments, or
+catkins, are also employed.
+
+[Footnote 1: The National Standard Dispensatory, 1905.]
+
+
+BAYBERRY.
+
+_Myrica cerifera_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Wax-myrtle, candleberry, candleberry-myrtle,
+wax-berry, tallow-bayberry, tallow-shrub, bayberry wax-tree, American
+vegetable tallow-tree, vegetable-tallow, American vegetable-wax.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The bayberry, which is indigenous, is found in
+sandy swamps or wet woods from Texas and Florida northward to Arkansas
+and along the coast of Maryland. In its southern home it is a small
+evergreen tree, but as it goes farther north it becomes, successively,
+a tall semideciduous shrub or a dwarfed and deciduous shrub.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Bayberry (_Myrica cerifera_), leaves and fruit.]
+
+_Description of tree._—The greatest height attained by the bayberry is
+about 40 feet, but it is usually only 3 to 12 feet high. It is slender,
+with a gray, smoothish bark. The leaves, when crushed, have a fragrant
+odor, and are 1 to 4 inches long, narrow, dark green and shining above,
+lighter colored and dotted with resin cells beneath, and generally with
+margins entire (fig. 5).
+
+The flowers appear from about March to May, according to locality,
+and generally before the leaves are fully expanded. They are borne
+in aments, or spikelike clusters, the male and female flowers being
+produced on separate trees. The yellowish aments bearing the staminate
+or male flowers are cylindrical, while the pistillate or female aments
+are oblong, shorter than the staminate, and greenish. The fruit, which
+remains on the tree for several years, consists of clusters of round,
+bluish white berries having a granulated appearance and covered with a
+greenish white wax (fig. 5). Each berry contains one seed. The bayberry
+belongs to the bayberry family (Myricaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—As found in commerce, bayberry bark occurs in
+curved or quilled pieces, sometimes only about an inch in length and
+sometimes 6 inches or more. The outside is covered with a thin corky
+layer, which is whitish and somewhat fissured. Underneath this layer
+the dark reddish brown, smooth bark may be seen. The inner surface
+of the bark is also reddish brown, but marked with faint lines. The
+fracture is light red and granular. The bark, when powdered, has a
+pungent, aromatic odor, causing sneezing and coughing, and the taste is
+bitter, pungent, and acrid.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Late autumn is the best time to collect
+this root, and after it has been thoroughly cleaned and while still
+fresh the bark is loosened and removed by beating the root with a
+mallet or similar instrument.
+
+Bayberry bark brings from 2 to 5 cents a pound. It is used for its
+tonic and astringent properties.
+
+The wax obtained from the berries is used for making candles.
+
+
+BUTTERNUT.
+
+_Juglans cinerea_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Butternut (_Juglans cinerea_), trunk.]
+
+_Other common names._—Juglans, white walnut, lemon-walnut, oilnut.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The butternut tree, which is indigenous to this
+country, is of common occurrence in rich woods from New Brunswick to
+North Dakota and south to Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas.
+
+_Description of tree._—This much-branched tree, belonging to the walnut
+family (Juglandaceæ), is generally from 30 to 50 feet in height,
+rarely exceeding 100 feet, and when old has a thick, rough, brownish
+gray, furrowed bark (fig. 6), and the twigs, leaf stems, and leaflets,
+especially in the early stages of growth, are furnished with sticky
+hairs.
+
+The yellowish green leaves are composed of from 11 to 19 leaflets, all
+stemless except the terminal one; the leaflets are 2 to 3 inches long,
+oblong lance shaped and long pointed at the apex, rounded or blunt
+at the base, and toothed. The flowers are produced in May, or about
+the same time as the leaves, the yellowish green male catkins 3 to 5
+inches in length, and the female flowers in clusters of 6 to 8 flowers
+each. In October the sweet and oily oblong nut matures, enveloped in a
+strong-smelling, sticky husk. The edible nut itself has a thick, hard
+shell, which is marked with deep furrows or lines.
+
+_Description of bark._—Butternut bark, from the root collected in
+autumn, was official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890. It
+occurs in quilled pieces varying in length, and about an eighth of
+an inch or a trifle more in thickness, deep brown and smoothish or
+somewhat scaly on the outside, the inner surface likewise brown and
+with parts of the thin, stringy inner layer of the bark attached. It
+breaks with a short, fibrous fracture, finely checkered with white and
+brown. The odor is faint, and the taste bitter and acrid.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Butternut bark, which will bring the
+collector from 1 to 4 cents a pound, is taken from the root collected
+in autumn. Its use in medicine is that of a mild cathartic and tonic.
+
+
+IRONWOOD.
+
+_Ostrya virginiana_ (Mill.) K. Koch.
+
+_Synonym._—_Carpinus virginiana_ Mill.
+
+_Other common names._—Hop-hornbeam, deerwood, leverwood, black hazel,
+Indian cedar.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The ironwood is indigenous to this country, and
+is common in rich woods in Canada and the eastern United States, and
+westward to Minnesota and Texas. It is occasionally cultivated.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Ironwood (_Ostrya virginiana_), leaves and
+fruit.]
+
+_Description of tree._—This usually slender tree attains its greatest
+height, sometimes 50 feet, in the western part of its range, while
+farther eastward it grows only about 15 to 20 feet high. The brownish
+trunk is finely furrowed in short, lengthwise lines. The wood is very
+hard and heavy, and is employed in making farm implements.
+
+The leaves somewhat resemble those of the sweet birch, to which family
+(Betulaceæ) this tree belongs, but they are rough to the touch,
+instead of smooth and shining like the birch leaf. They are from 2-1/2
+to 4 inches in length and about an inch or more in width, oval or
+oblong-oval in shape, long pointed at the apex, and rounded at the
+base, and with margins very sharply double toothed. The upper surface
+of the leaves is usually smooth, except sometimes slightly hairy on the
+veins, while the lower surface is hairy or even woolly. (Fig. 7.) The
+green, inconspicuous flowers are borne in catkins, male and female,
+and are produced from April to May. The male catkins are cylindrical,
+and about 1-1/2 to 3 inches long, while the female catkins are short,
+maturing in July or August into large fruiting cones from 1-1/2 to
+about 2-1/2 inches in length, and very much resembling hops (fig. 7).
+
+_Description of wood and bark._—The inner wood and the bark, which are
+bitter, are the parts employed in medicine. The wood is white, very
+hard and strong, and occurs in pieces a few inches in length and of
+varying thickness. The bark as found in the stores is in flat pieces
+about 2 inches in length; the outside grayish green with thin, short
+scales; the inside brown, marked with long fine lines or ridges, and
+generally with considerable of the woody portion adhering. There is
+practically no odor.
+
+_Prices and uses._—At present the price paid to collectors runs from
+about 5 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+Ironwood is used for its tonic, alterative, and antiperiodic properties.
+
+
+SWEET BIRCH.
+
+_Betula lenta_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Black birch, cherry-birch, spice-birch,
+river-birch, mahogany-birch, mountain-mahogany.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This indigenous tree occurs in rich woodlands from
+Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida and Tennessee.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Sweet birch (_Betula lenta_), trunk.]
+
+_Description of tree._—Sweet birch, which somewhat resembles the
+cherry tree, attains a height of from 50 to 80 feet, and has brownish
+red, sweet, and aromatic bark. The bark of the trunk of older trees
+is rather thick, as much as one-half inch, and has rough, platelike
+fissures (fig. 8). The younger branches are covered with a beautiful,
+shining, reddish brown bark, with a layer of yellowish green beneath
+the surface, and furnished with numerous small, whitish spots, known
+technically as “lenticels,” and which may be designated as “breathing
+pores.” In most of the birches the bark comes off in layers, but this
+is not the case with the sweet birch. The youngest twigs of the sweet
+birch are densely hairy. The wood is much used in cabinet work, being
+fine and close grained, and taking on a very high polish. It has a rosy
+color when first cut, which becomes darker by exposure.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Sweet birch (_Betula lenta_), leaves, catkins,
+and fruit.]
+
+The young leaves are covered with shining, silvery, silky hairs, but as
+they grow older these disappear almost entirely. In shape the leaves
+are oval or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, somewhat heart
+shaped at the base, and sharply toothed; they are about 3 to 4 inches
+long and 1 to 2 inches wide, smooth, bright green and shining on the
+upper surface, and dull green on the lower surface with hairy veins.
+(Fig. 9.) Like the bark, the leaves are also aromatic.
+
+The flowers are of two kinds, staminate or male and pistillate or
+female, and are borne in separate catkins or slender spikes. The male
+catkins are in drooping clusters 2 to 3 inches long, while the female
+catkins are shorter, only about 1 inch or less in length, thicker,
+stemless, and nearly erect. (Fig. 9.) They expand with the leaves or
+before, about April or May. The cylindrical, conelike fruit is about an
+inch in length. The sweet birch belongs to the birch family (Betulaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The birch bark of commerce consists of pieces of
+irregular size, generally reddish brown and smooth on the outside, the
+thin outer layer having been removed, but with pieces of it sometimes
+adhering. The inner surface is also reddish brown and smooth. Birch
+bark breaks with a clean, even, somewhat granular fracture.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark is collected in late summer.
+It furnishes the oil of sweet birch or oil of Betula, official in
+the United States Pharmacopœia, and obtained by maceration and
+distillation. It is almost identical with wintergreen oil, and
+is employed for similar purposes. Both bark and oil are used for
+flavoring. Birch bark will bring from about 1 to 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bitter, aromatic leaves are also used in domestic practice, and
+birch beer is made from the sweet sap.
+
+
+TAG-ALDER.
+
+_Alnus rugosa_ (Du Roi) K. Koch.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Tag-alder (_Alnus rugosa_), leaves, catkins,
+and fruit.]
+
+_Synonym._—_Alnus serrulata_ Willd.
+
+_Other common names._—Common alder, red alder, smooth alder, green
+alder, American alder, speckled alder, swamp-alder, notch-leaved alder.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Tag-alder is found in swamps and along the marshy
+banks of streams from New England south to Florida and Texas, and
+westward to Ohio and Minnesota. It is a native of this country.
+
+_Description of tree._—Sometimes the tag-alder, which belongs to the
+birch family (Betulaceæ), attains the height of a tree, but more often
+it is only a shrub, growing from 5 to 20 feet high, with a smooth
+brownish gray bark. The leaves are 2 to 4-1/2 inches long, oval,
+somewhat leathery, green above and below, the apex round or blunt, and
+the base narrowed or rounded, the margins minutely but sharply toothed.
+The flowers are produced before the leaves are out, early in spring,
+about March or April. They are reddish green, the female flowers borne
+in an erect catkin, while the male flowers are borne in a drooping
+catkin. The small, oval, conelike fruit usually remains on the shrub
+throughout the winter. (Fig. 10.)
+
+_Description of bark._—As it occurs in commerce, tag-alder bark is in
+straight, curved, or occasionally quilled pieces of varying length and
+width, but generally broken up into rather small pieces, the outer
+surface brownish gray or greenish gray and smoothish, the inside
+cinnamon colored and closely and coarsely ridged. It breaks with a
+sharp, even fracture. The odor is strong and rather aromatic, and the
+taste astringent and bitter.
+
+_Prices and uses._—The amount paid to collectors ranges from 1 to 4
+cents a pound.
+
+Tag-alder bark is used in medicine for its astringent, alterative, and
+emetic properties.
+
+
+WHITE OAK.
+
+_Quercus alba_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Quercus.
+
+_Other common names._—Stone-oak, stave-oak.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—White oak (_Quercus alba_), trunk.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—The white oak is found in woods from Maine to
+Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, but is most abundant in the
+Middle States. It is indigenous to this country.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—White oak (_Quercus alba_), leaves and acorns.]
+
+_Description of tree._—In dense woods this stately tree sometimes
+reaches a height of 150 feet. Usually it is about 60 to 80 feet high,
+the trunk about 3 to 4 feet in diameter, and with many wide-spreading
+branches. The bark is grayish and comes off in thin scales (fig. 11).
+When young, the leaves are red and hairy, becoming smooth and thin
+when older, with a light green upper surface and paler lower surface
+furnished with prominent veins. In autumn they turn a beautiful red.
+The leaves are 4 to 7 inches long, and about half as wide, borne on
+stems about half an inch in length; they are divided into from 3 to 9
+oblong, blunt lobes, with entire or toothed margins (fig. 12). About
+the time that the leaves appear, the very small greenish or yellowish
+flowers are produced. The male flowers are borne in slender, usually
+drooping aments, or spikelike clusters, and the female flowers singly.
+The fruits (acorns) mature the first autumn, and are about 1 inch in
+length, about one-fourth covered by the scaly cup (fig. 12). The white
+oak is a member of the beech family (Fagaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The dried bark of the white oak is official in
+the United States Pharmacopœia. As found in the stores it is in nearly
+flat pieces about one-eighth of an inch or more in thickness, rough and
+fibrous on the outside, with the outer layer removed, brownish, and the
+inside with short, coarse grooves, the whole breaking with a coarse,
+tough, and splintery fracture. The odor is rather strong, reminding one
+somewhat of tanbark, and the taste very astringent. The Pharmacopœia
+adds that it does not tinge the saliva yellow when chewed.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The best time for collecting white
+oak bark is in the spring, as at that time it is said to contain the
+greatest amount of tannic acid. The outer layer is first scraped off.
+As directed by the United States Pharmacopœia, the bark should be
+“collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25 years of age, and deprived
+of the periderm.”
+
+The price paid for white oak bark ranges from 1 to 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bark is a powerful astringent and is also antiseptic.
+
+
+SLIPPERY ELM.
+
+_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Ulmus.
+
+_Synonym._—_Ulmus fulva_ Michx.[2]
+
+_Other common names._—Moose-elm, red elm, Indian elm, rock-elm, sweet
+elm.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This tree is native in woods, along streams, and
+on hills from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. It is
+more common in the western part of its range.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Slippery elm (_Ulmus pubescens_), trunk.]
+
+_Description of tree._—The slippery elm is usually about 40 to 50 feet
+in height, although it will sometimes grow as tall as 70 feet, with a
+trunk about 2-1/2 feet in thickness. In dense woods it grows tall and
+straight, branching some distance from the ground, but in open woods
+and fields, where it often occurs singly, it is more spreading and
+irregular in growth. It has a dark, reddish wood, hard and durable,
+and is covered with a rough, reddish brown bark (fig 13). Even the
+small branches are rough and the twigs are furnished with rough hairs.
+The leaf buds, a few weeks before expanding, are soft and downy with
+rust-colored hairs. Short downy stalks support the rather large leaves,
+the upper surface of which is very rough and the lower hairy. The
+leaves are about 4 to 8 inches long and about 2 to 2-1/2 inches wide,
+pointed at the apex, usually lance-shaped oval in outline, sharply
+toothed, and with an obtuse, unevenly shaped and generally heart-shaped
+base. The flowers appear very early in the spring (in March or April),
+before the leaves. They occur in dense, lateral clusters and consist
+of a bell-shaped, downy calyx, usually 7 lobed, no corolla, and 5 or 7
+reddish stamens. The winged fruit which follows, known botanically as a
+“samara,” is flattened and circular; the seed is borne in the center,
+surrounded by the winged, membranous margin, which aids its dispersion
+by the wind (fig. 14). Slippery elm belongs to the elm family (Ulmaceæ).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—Slippery elm (_Ulmus pubescens_), leaves,
+flowers, and fruits.]
+
+_Description of bark._—The commercial article consists of pale brown
+or whitish brown flat pieces tied in bundles, and it also occurs on
+the market in smaller pieces of uneven size, suitable for grinding
+purposes, but which bring a lower price. The flat pieces are of varying
+length and width, about an eighth of an inch in thickness, the outer
+bark having been removed in accordance with the requirements of the
+Pharmacopœia, but sometimes patches of it are still found adhering.
+They are tough, and break with a fibrous fracture. The inner surface is
+yellowish brown and marked with fine furrows. Slippery elm has a faint,
+peculiar odor, and a mucilaginous but insipid taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The outer bark is rossed or shaved off
+before removing the inner bark from the tree, which alone is recognized
+as official in the United States Pharmacopœia. It is taken from the
+tree in long strips, and generally dried under pressure so that it will
+remain flat.
+
+The price paid for slippery elm bark is from 3 to 10 cents a pound,
+depending upon quality, the small, irregular pieces having less value
+than the large, flat pieces.
+
+The mucilaginous character of slippery elm bark renders it useful
+in relieving coughs, and it is also employed in treating diarrheal
+complaints. It is soothing and allays inflammation, and is also
+somewhat nutritious. In certain sections of the country poultices are
+made from the bark and applied to abscesses.
+
+[Footnote 2: The pharmacopœial usage.]
+
+
+MAGNOLIA.
+
+(1) _Magnolia acuminata_ L.; (2) _Magnolia tripetala_ L.; (3) _Magnolia
+glauca_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Cucumber-tree (_Magnolia acuminata_), leaves.]
+
+_Synonyms._—(1) _Magnolia umbrella_ Lam.; (2) _Magnolia virginiana_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—(1) Cucumber-tree, mountain-magnolia, blue
+magnolia; (2) cucumber-tree, umbrella-tree, elkwood; (3) sweet bay,
+white bay, sweet magnolia, beaver-tree, swamp-sassafras, swamp-laurel.
+
+_Habitat and range._—(1) _Magnolia acuminata_ occurs in the mountainous
+regions from New York to Georgia, but is most abundant in the Southern
+States; (2) _Magnolia tripetala_ grows in rather moist, rich soil; it
+is nowhere very common, but is widely distributed in the Appalachian
+Mountain region; (3) _Magnolia glauca_ is found in swamps and swampy
+woods from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+_Descriptions of trees._—_Magnolia acuminata_, which is native in this
+country, reaches a height of from 60 to 80 feet, the trunk straight,
+from 4 to 5 feet in diameter, and with a rough, dark gray bark. The
+leaves are 6 to 10 inches long and about 3 inches wide, oval and thin,
+pointed at the apex, and generally rounded at the base; they are pale
+green underneath and somewhat hairy, especially along the veins (fig.
+15). The numerous, slightly fragrant flowers, which appear from May
+to June, are rather large, measuring 5 to 6 inches across, oblong
+bell shaped, greenish yellow with a bluish tinge, and having 6 to 9
+obovate petals. The cylindrical, fleshy fruit cone, about 3 inches in
+length, turns rose colored as it matures. In form it resembles a small
+cucumber, whence the name “cucumber-tree” is derived. When ripe, the
+several capsules composing these cones burst open, disclosing bright
+scarlet, shining seeds about the size of a pea, which after a while
+are suspended from the cone by means of a slender, elastic thread for
+some time before falling to the ground. All of the species of Magnolia
+here mentioned, and which belong to the magnolia family (Magnoliaceæ),
+bear these scarlet seeds, and the method of separating from the cone is
+the same. The soft heartwood is yellowish brown, while the sapwood is
+lighter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Umbrella-tree (_Magnolia tripetala_), leaves.]
+
+_Magnolia tripetala_ is a smaller tree, not exceeding 40 feet in
+height, also native; the smooth, gray, slender trunk measures from 4
+to 18 inches in diameter. Its leaves are clustered at the ends of the
+flowering branches, and are from 12 to 18 inches long and about 4 to
+8 inches wide, obovate, pointed at both ends, the upper surface dark
+green and smooth, the lower light green and more or less pubescent
+(fig. 16). The flowers are white, faintly odorous, produced in May,
+and are 7 to 8 inches in diameter, with 5 to 12 narrow, lance-shaped
+petals. The mature fruit cone is rose colored, conical, 4 to 6 inches
+long, and contains numerous scarlet seeds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Sweet bay (_Magnolia glauca_), leaves and
+fruiting cones.]
+
+_Magnolia glauca_ averages about 25 feet in height, with a smooth
+whitish gray trunk from a few inches to about a foot in diameter. The
+leaves, which are scattered along the flowering branches, are thick and
+leathery, smooth, dark green above, and on the lower surface pale green
+and glaucous or somewhat hairy (fig. 17). The solitary flowers are
+large, terminal, of a creamy white color, somewhat globular in shape,
+with obovate, rounded petals, and a very fragrant odor; they measure
+about 2 to 3 inches in diameter. The fruit cone is 1-1/2 to 2 inches in
+height, oblong, and pink, with numerous scarlet seeds (fig. 17.)
+
+_Description of bark._—Magnolia bark, as found in commerce, sometimes
+varies considerably, on account of the different species from which it
+is collected. They all possess similar properties, however, and the
+barks of the three species herein described were official from 1820 to
+1890.
+
+The last edition of the National Standard Dispensatory (1905) contains
+the following paragraph regarding the description of the bark:
+
+“The commercial bark varies most widely, according to the species,
+the age, and the presence or absence of the corky layer, so that a
+general description is extremely difficult. The outer surface of old
+bark of all species is more or less ashy gray, due to the growth of
+lichens. When young, it is smooth or even glossy and of a brown color,
+varying more or less to orange or purplish red. With age it gradually
+becomes warty, the warts at length confluent into ridges and the ridges
+at length fissured. The inner surface is at first whitish, becoming
+gradually yellowish or pale brown, smooth, and very finely and closely
+striate, the striæ long and straight. When the bark has been deprived
+of the corky layer, the outer surface is almost exactly like the inner.
+In young bark, however, a green layer appears upon the removal of the
+cork. The fracture of the outer layer is smooth, short, and granular,
+of the inner more or less tough-fibrous. The transverse section is
+brownish and exhibits rather broad bast-wedges and medullary rays. The
+odor is slight, the taste warm, spicy, and somewhat astringent and,
+especially of the young bark, bitter.”
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark of the trunk or root is
+removed in spring and summer.
+
+At present there does not seem to be much demand for magnolia bark. The
+price paid for the collection of the bark is about 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bark is used for its tonic properties, for exciting perspiration,
+and in the treatment of fevers.
+
+
+TULIP-POPLAR.
+
+_Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Liriodendron, tulip-tree, whitewood, canoewood,
+yellow poplar, blue poplar, hickory-poplar, lyre-tree, saddle-leaf,
+saddle-tree, cucumber-tree.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Tulip-poplar (_Liriodendron tulipifera_),
+trunk.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—The tulip-poplar, which occurs in rich woods,
+attains its greatest size in the Middle and Southern States; its range
+extends from New England to Florida, westward to Michigan and Arkansas.
+It is also cultivated.
+
+_Description of tree._—This most handsome native forest tree, a member
+of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceæ), is readily distinguished by
+its somewhat peculiarly shaped leaves, and in spring by its greenish
+yellow tulip-shaped flowers. It attains great height, from 60 to 190
+feet, and is very symmetrical in shape, with a straight, cylindrical
+trunk covered with grayish brown bark which in young trees is smooth,
+but becoming rough and fissured as the tree grows older (fig. 18). The
+leaves are smooth, generally rounded at the base, the top notched, or
+appearing as though cut straight across. They are roundish in outline
+or broadly oval, from 3 to 6 inches long, and have two to four lobes at
+the base and two at the top, the margins between the lobes rounded out,
+the base rounded or abruptly obtuse. (Fig. 19.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Tulip-poplar (_Liriodendron tulipifera_),
+leaves, flowers, and fruit.]
+
+The erect flowers appear in spring, and although they are quite
+large—about 2 inches long—they are not very conspicuous for the reason
+that their colors so blend with the yellow-green foliage of early
+spring that they pass almost unnoticed. On examining these flowers more
+closely they will be found to resemble tulips in form, with a very
+modest coloring, however, of green with a slight orange tinge toward
+the base of the petals, and the inside of the flower orange colored.
+The flowers have six petals and three reflexed petal-like sepals, and
+numerous stamens. The fruit ripens in the form of a dry, pointed cone,
+about 3 inches in length. (Fig. 19.)
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark of both trunk and root, deprived of
+the outer layer, is used medicinally, and the tulip-poplar, or, as
+it is most frequently called in the drug trade, yellow poplar, or
+Liriodendron, was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820
+to 1880. It consists of slab-like pieces 3 or 4 inches long, very
+light, the outside as well as the inside of the inner bark yellowish
+white. When broken the fracture is ragged, splintery, and uneven. There
+is a pronounced heavy, unpleasant odor, and the taste is aromatic,
+pungent, bitter, and somewhat astringent. The root bark is somewhat
+darker than that of the tree and is considered much more powerful.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—In spring the bark is easily separated
+from the wood; the outer layer is shaved off, and the inner bark is
+then peeled in large slabs about 6 inches in width and from 3 to 6 feet
+in length. The root bark is collected in winter.
+
+Collectors receive from about 1-1/4 to 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bark of the tulip-poplar is regarded as a bitter, stimulant tonic,
+and is considered useful in fevers, rheumatism, and digestive disorders.
+
+
+SASSAFRAS.
+
+_Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Sassafras.
+
+_Synonyms._—_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm.; _Sassafras
+variifolium_ (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[3]
+
+_Other common names._—Ague-tree, saxifrax, cinnamonwood, saloop,
+smelling-stick.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Sassafras is a native tree, occurring in rich
+woods from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and
+Texas.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Sassafras (_Sassafras sassafras_), leaves and
+fruits.]
+
+_Description of tree._—Sometimes the sassafras reaches almost 100 feet
+in height, its greatest height being attained in the South, but in
+the North it occurs principally as a shrub. The bark of old trees is
+rough and fissured, and of a grayish color, but the young twigs are
+smooth and green. The leaves are very variable in outline—some oval,
+some with three lobes, and some with but one lobe on the side, shaped
+like a mitten (fig. 20). The flowers are yellowish green and fragrant,
+and are borne in inconspicuous clusters, the staminate and pistillate
+on different trees; they appear in early spring, about the time that
+the leaves unfold. The fruit, which ripens about September, is oblong
+roundish, about the size of a pea, dark blue, one seeded, and borne
+on a thick, club-shaped red stalk (fig. 20). All parts of the tree
+are aromatic. It belongs to the laurel family (Lauraceæ). The wood is
+light, but strong and durable, whitish or with a reddish tinge, and
+also aromatic, except in the older trees.
+
+_Description of bark._—The dried bark of the root of sassafras is
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia. As it occurs in the shops,
+it is in irregular curved pieces of varying length; smooth, the outer
+grayish layer having been removed; rusty red, soft, and breaking with a
+short, cork-like fracture. The inside of the bark is marked with short,
+indefinite lines. The odor is very aromatic, and the taste is sweetish,
+bitingly aromatic, and astringent.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Sassafras bark is collected in early
+spring or autumn from the root, and the outer layer removed.
+
+Sassafras bark is used for its tonic properties. It forms a popular
+domestic “spring medicine,” and in early spring the market women
+display on their stands bundles of sassafras bark, to be made into a
+tea, by many people regarded as a useful remedy.
+
+Sassafras oil, also official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is
+distilled especially from the root bark, but often also from the whole
+root. Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania are the most important
+centers of production. It is used as an anodyne, also as a stimulant in
+neuralgia, and for the purpose of flavoring confectionery and soaps.
+
+The dried pith (or medulla) from the branches is likewise official.
+It yields a mucilaginous liquid with water, and forms a soothing
+application for inflamed conditions.
+
+The price paid to collectors may range from 2 to 10 cents a pound,
+according to quality.
+
+[Footnote 3: The pharmacopœial usage.]
+
+
+SPICEBUSH.
+
+_Benzoin benzoin_ (L.) Coulter.
+
+_Synonyms._—_Laurus benzoin_ L.; _Lindera benzoin_ Meissn.; _Benzoin
+odoriferum_ Nees.
+
+_Other common names._—Feverbush, Benjamin-bush, wild allspice,
+spicewood, snapwood.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.—Spicebush (_Benzoin benzoin_), leaves, flowers,
+and fruits.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—This indigenous shrub frequents damp, shady woods
+and is seen along streams from Ontario south to North Carolina and
+Kansas.
+
+_Description of shrub._—The stemless clusters of yellow flowers of the
+spicebush appear very early in spring, about March or April, before the
+leaves. This shrub, a member of the laurel family (Lauraceæ), ranges
+from 4 to 20 feet in height, and has a smooth bark and slender green
+twigs. The leaves are oval, sharp pointed, 2 to 5 inches long, about
+half as wide and narrowing toward the base, lighter colored on the
+lower surface, and with margins entire. Some of the leaves are rounded
+at the top. The flowers are small, bright yellow, with a fragrant
+odor, and about four to six in a cluster, the staminate and pistillate
+flowers produced separately. The clusters of fruit ripen in autumn, and
+each bright red, obovate fruit contains one large white seed. (Fig. 21.)
+
+_Description of bark._—The thin quilled pieces of bark, as found in
+commerce, are dark brown on the outside, with small corky warts, and
+lighter brown and smooth on the inner surface. In older bark the corky
+excrescences will be found more prominent, and the color is also
+more ashen. The bark of the spicebush breaks with a short, granular
+fracture, has a faint, pleasant odor, and a warm, spicy, and astringent
+taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—In the spring the bark can be readily
+removed in quills, and this is generally the time when it is gathered.
+
+At present the price paid to collectors is about 3 cents a pound.
+
+The bark is used as a remedy against worms and is also employed in the
+treatment of fevers.
+
+The fruits are likewise employed in medicine.
+
+
+WITCH-HAZEL.
+
+_Hamamelis virginiana_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Hamamelis.
+
+_Other common names._—Snapping hazel, winterbloom, wych-hazel, striped
+alder, spotted alder, tobacco-wood.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Witch-hazel is found in low damp woods from New
+Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Witch-hazel (_Hamamelis virginiana_), leaves,
+flowers, and capsules.]
+
+_Description of shrub._—This indigenous shrub is one of our most
+peculiar plants, inasmuch as it begins to flower when all other trees
+and plants not only are through flowering, but generally have lost
+their foliage, namely, in November or even December. The seed is
+formed, but does not ripen until the following season. The peculiar,
+yellow, threadlike flowers among the usually bare branches at a season
+when most other vegetation is dead and the snow sometimes flies is a
+novel sight.
+
+Witch-hazel sometimes grows to about 25 feet in height, usually only
+8 to 15 feet, with a crooked stem covered with smoothish brown bark,
+often with a growth of lichens, and having many long, forking branches.
+The leaves are 3 to 5 inches long, broadly oval or heart-shaped oval,
+with uneven sides, wavy margins and downy hairs when young, but
+becoming smooth as they grow older (fig 22).
+
+The flowers, as already stated, appear very late in autumn; they are
+bright yellow, and consist of a 4-parted corolla, with four long,
+narrow, strap-shaped petals, which are variously twisted when in full
+flower. The beaked, densely hairy seed capsule matures the following
+season, bursting open elastically, and scattering the large, black and
+shining, bonelike seeds for a distance of several feet. Thus, while the
+tree is in flower, there may be seen at the same time the mature seed
+capsules of the previous season. (Fig. 22.) This shrub belongs to the
+witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—Under witch-hazel or hamamelis bark, official
+in the United States Pharmacopœia, is understood the bark and twigs of
+the witch-hazel. The bark is found in commerce in the form of quills,
+varying in length and width, and is sometimes a purplish brown on the
+outside, sometimes a whitish or grayish brown color; occasionally it is
+smooth with a few warty protuberances or numerous lenticels, and again
+it is furrowed and scaly, or even ragged. The inside is pale brown or
+yellowish, usually with long, straight lines. Sometimes fragments of
+the whitish wood are found adhering to the inner surface, and such bark
+should be discarded. Witch-hazel bark breaks with a weak fracture.
+There is a scarcely perceptible odor, and the taste is astringent and
+somewhat bitter.
+
+The tough, flexible twigs do not exceed one-quarter of an inch
+in diameter, are branching, yellowish brown to a very dark or
+purplish brown, faintly wrinkled lengthwise, and with small, round,
+light-colored lenticels. There is a small central pith, and the bark
+which surrounds the greenish white wood occupies about one-fifth of the
+radius. If the twigs are more than a quarter of an inch in thickness,
+there will be too large a percentage of wood, which is inert.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark and twigs are the parts
+designated as official in the United States Pharmacopœia. In the
+United States Pharmacopœia, 1890, the leaves only were official. The
+witch-hazel industry is carried on to a considerable extent in portions
+of the New England States, the farmers bringing in to the distilleries
+cartloads of the brush. Witch-hazel bark brings about 1 to 4 cents a
+pound.
+
+Witch-hazel is generally used for relieving inflammation of various
+kinds, and its soothing properties were known to the American Indians.
+The name “witch-hazel” is derived from the fact that formerly the
+forked branches were used as “divining rods,” it having been the belief
+that these branches were endowed with a miraculous power of locating
+treasures, sources of water for wells, etc.
+
+The leaves are still official in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+
+BLACKBERRY.
+
+(1) _Rubus villosus_ Ait.; (2) _Rubus nigrobaccus_ Bailey; (3) _Rubus
+cuneifolius_ Pursh.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Rubus.
+
+_Synonym._—(2) _Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, _not_ Ait.
+
+_Common names._—(1) American blackberry, bramble high-bush blackberry,
+one-flowered dewberry, fingerberry; (2) high-bush blackberry; (3)
+sand-blackberry, knee-high blackberry.
+
+_Habitat and range._—(1) The American blackberry is found in sandy
+or dry soil near the coast from Maine to South Carolina; (2) the
+high-bush blackberry occurs in dry fields and along roadsides from
+the New England States to Florida, west to Arkansas; and (3) the
+sand-blackberry frequents sandy soil from Connecticut to Florida, west
+to Missouri and Louisiana.
+
+_Descriptions of plants._—The blackberries are so well known that it
+is unnecessary to describe them. They are very similar to each other,
+differing principally in their habit of growth, the American blackberry
+being a trailing plant with slender branches, whereas the high-bush
+blackberry and sand-blackberry are more shrubby plants.
+
+_Other species._—Besides the blackberries just mentioned, and which
+are official in the United States Pharmacopœia, Eighth Revision, there
+are two others which were official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+for 1890, and which are still collected. These are the low-running
+blackberry (_Rubus procumbens_ Muhl., syn., _R. canadensis_ T. & G.,
+_not_ L.), and the low-bush blackberry or southern dewberry (_Rubus
+trivialis_ Michx.), both being generally trailing plants. All are
+members of the rose family (Rosaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The three species of blackberries mentioned as
+official have long, horizontal rootstocks covered with a thick bark,
+which is the part used medicinally. In the stores it is found in long,
+quilled pieces, or in bands, tough and flexible, the outside a dark
+reddish brown or dark brownish gray, rather smooth or slightly scaly;
+inside pale brown, with long coarse grooves. It breaks with a tough,
+fibrous fracture, and has no odor, but an astringent, somewhat bitter
+taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark of the root is the part
+collected, and is stripped by making an incision lengthwise on one side
+of the root, after which it separates easily from the root, forming
+long quills.
+
+At present the amount paid for the collection of blackberry bark ranges
+from 2 to 4 cents.
+
+The blackberry barks possess tonic and astringent properties and form a
+popular remedy in the treatment of diarrheal complaints.
+
+
+AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.
+
+_Sorbus americana_ Marsh.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—American mountain-ash (_Sorbus americana_),
+leaves and fruits.]
+
+_Synonym._—_Pyrus americana_ DC.
+
+_Other common names._—Roundwood, round-tree, American rowan-tree,
+American service-tree, mountain-sumac, dogberry, quick-beam, wild ash,
+wine-tree, witchwood, life-of-man, Indian mozemize, missey-moosey,
+moose-misse.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The American mountain-ash occurs in swamps, low
+woods, or moist ground from Newfoundland south along the mountains to
+North Carolina, and to Michigan. It is most abundant in the northern
+portion of its range.
+
+_Description of tree._—This is a rather small, smooth-barked tree, very
+brilliant in fall and early winter with its clusters of bright red
+berries. Its greatest height is about 30 feet, with the trunk measuring
+about 18 inches in diameter, and covered with a smooth, dull brown or
+grayish bark. The leaves, resembling those of the sumac, consist of
+from 11 to 17 lance-shaped, long-pointed leaflets about 1-1/4 to 4
+inches long (fig. 23). When young they are somewhat hairy, both sides
+becoming smooth later, bright green on the upper surface, but usually
+lighter colored on the lower, the margins sharply toothed with short,
+stiff teeth. The white flowers are borne in dense clusters measuring
+3 to 6 inches across, and have an urn-shaped calyx, 5 rounded petals,
+and numerous stamens. The American mountain-ash, which belongs to the
+apple family (Malaceæ), flowers about May or June, and is followed
+later in the season by large, dense, showy clusters of round, bright
+red berries, about the size of peas (fig. 23). It is indigenous to this
+country.
+
+_Description of bark._—As found in the stores, American mountain-ash
+bark consists of coarse pieces of varying length, about a quarter of
+an inch in thickness, with the outer layer removed; the outside is
+yellowish or pale brown, smoothish or sometimes with faint, lengthwise
+wrinkles, the inside smooth and brown. It is odorless, but the taste is
+bitter and astringent.
+
+_Prices and uses._—At present American mountain-ash bark brings from
+about 3 to 5 cents a pound. It is used for its tonic, astringent, and
+antiseptic properties.
+
+
+WILD CHERRY.
+
+_Prunus serotina_ Ehrh.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Wild cherry (_Prunus serotina_), trunk.]
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Prunus virginiana.
+
+_Synonym._—_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., _not_ of Linnæus.
+
+_Other common names._—Wild black cherry, cabinet-cherry, black choke,
+rum-cherry, whisky-cherry, Virginian prune-bark.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The wild cherry occurs in woods or open places,
+and is most abundant in the Southeastern States, but its range extends
+from Nova Scotia to Florida, westward to Texas, and north through
+Indian Territory, the eastern portions of Kansas, Nebraska, and South
+Dakota.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Wild cherry (_Prunus serotina_), leaves,
+flowers, and fruits.]
+
+_Description of tree._—The elongated, drooping, pretty clusters of
+white flowers of the wild cherry are usually produced in May. The tree
+sometimes reaches a height of 90 feet, and a maximum trunk diameter of
+4 feet. The trunk is straight and covered with a rough black bark (fig.
+24), the young branches, however, smooth and reddish. The reddish brown
+wood of the wild cherry is fine grained, hard and strong, susceptible
+of polish, and is used in cabinetmaking.
+
+The leaves are thick and oval, about 2 to 5 inches long, smooth and
+shining, bright green above and somewhat hairy on the veins beneath,
+the margins furnished with callous teeth. The clusters of flowers borne
+at the ends of leafy branches are generally somewhat drooping, and
+consist of many small, white, 5-petaled flowers with numerous yellow
+stamens, the clusters of white against the green background making it a
+rather attractive tree. The cherries ripen about August or September,
+and are globular, black, or very dark purple, about the size of a pea,
+and have a sweet, somewhat astringent, and bitter taste. (Fig. 25.) The
+wild cherry, which is a native of this country, belongs to the plum
+family (Amygdalaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—In commerce wild cherry bark is usually found
+in curved or irregular pieces, the outer surface smooth and somewhat
+shining, of a light green or brownish green color, and showing numerous
+transverse, light-colored lines or grooves, or “lenticels,” as they
+are technically known. The inner surface is rust colored, marked
+with netlike grooves, or fissures. It breaks with a short, granular
+fracture. The taste is aromatic, astringent, and pleasantly bitter,
+reminding one somewhat of bitter almonds, as does the odor when the
+bark is soaked in water.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark, which is official in the
+United States Pharmacopœia, should be collected in autumn, as at that
+time it contains the greatest amount of hydrocyanic acid. The outside
+layer is removed, so that the green layer underneath shows, and the
+bark is then carefully dried and preserved. Wild cherry bark should not
+be kept longer than a year, as it deteriorates with age. The bark from
+very small or very old branches should not be used. Young, thin bark is
+considered superior.
+
+The price to collectors at present ranges from 1 to 6 cents a pound,
+the highest amount being paid for the “thin green,” the next best price
+for the “thick green,” and the lowest for the “thick rossed.”
+
+Wild cherry bark is used for its tonic properties, and it also exerts a
+sedative action.
+
+
+PRICKLY ASH.
+
+(1) _Xanthoxylum americanum_ Mill. and (2) _Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_
+L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Xanthoxylum.
+
+_Synonyms._—(1) _Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd.; (2) _Xanthoxylum
+carolinianum_ Lam.; _Fagara clava-herculis_ (L.) Small.[4]
+
+_Other common names._—(1) Northern prickly ash, toothache-tree,
+toothache-bush, yellowwood, angelica-tree, pellitory-bark, suterberry;
+(2) southern prickly ash, toothache-tree, Hercules-club, yellow
+Hercules, yellowthorn, yellowwood, yellow prickly ash, prickly
+yellowwood, West Indian yellowwood, sea-ash, pepperwood, wild orange.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The northern prickly ash is common in woods,
+thickets, and along river banks from Virginia, Missouri, and Nebraska
+northward to Canada, while the southern prickly ash grows along streams
+from southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas. Both are
+indigenous to this country, and are members of the rue family (Rutaceæ).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Southern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum
+clava-herculis_), trunk.]
+
+_Descriptions of trees._—The northern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum
+americanum_) is smaller than the southern, usually 10 to 12 feet
+and rarely exceeding 25 feet in height, the branches having brown
+cone-shaped prickles. The leaflets in this species number from 5 to 11,
+and are ovate, practically stemless, 1-1/2 to 2 inches long, somewhat
+pointed at the apex, and with margins wavy toothed or entire. When
+young the leaflets are somewhat hairy, but later they become smooth or
+retain only a slight hairiness, and are dark green on the upper surface
+and paler underneath. The greenish yellow flowers appear before the
+leaves, about April or May, but instead of being borne in terminal
+clusters, like those of the southern prickly ash, they are produced
+from the axils of the branches, many crowded together in small stemless
+clusters. The seed capsules, containing one to two shining black seeds,
+are roundish or somewhat oval and greenish red, wrinkled and pitted,
+and have a lemon odor. The leaves and flowers are also aromatic.
+
+The southern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_), although
+generally a taller tree than the northern, does not attain great
+height, not exceeding 45 feet, and sometimes it is only a shrub.
+The trunk is covered with a slate-gray bark, and the entire tree is
+furnished with sharp spines, or prickles, those of the trunk smaller
+and borne on broad corky excrescences which remain after the spines
+have fallen away (fig. 26), while those of the branches and leaf stems
+are larger, but also have a broad base (fig. 27).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Southern prickly ash (_Xanthoxylum
+clava-herculis_), leaves, fruits, and branchlet showing prickles.]
+
+The leaves consist of 5 to 17 ovate lance-shaped leaflets 1-1/2 to 3
+inches long, with pointed apex and uneven sides, smooth and shining on
+the upper surface, dull beneath, and margins wavy toothed (fig. 27).
+After the leaves are out—about June—the numerous small greenish white
+flowers appear, borne in large clusters at the ends of the branches,
+and not in axillary clusters like those of the northern prickly
+ash. The seed capsules are roundish-obovoid, wrinkled, and contain
+roundish-oblong, black, and coarsely wrinkled seeds (fig. 27).
+
+_Description of bark._—The dried bark of both of these species is
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia under the general name
+Xanthoxylum. That of the northern prickly ash occurs in commerce in
+small curved or quilled pieces about 2 inches in length and sometimes
+nearly one-eighth of an inch thick, with a brownish gray, corky
+outside layer showing whitish patches and small black dots, slightly
+wrinkled, and a few shining, brown, straight spines, or prickles, about
+one-fourth of an inch in length and with a base about three-fourths of
+an inch long. The inner surface of northern prickly ash bark is smooth,
+whitish, or yellowish. It breaks with a short fracture, showing the
+green outer layer and the yellowish inner layer. The taste is very
+pungent and somewhat bitter, but there is no odor.
+
+Southern prickly ash, as found in the trade, is in large sheets or
+quilled pieces, the outside a bluish gray or slate gray, with patches
+of silvery gray and numerous large corky excrescences sometimes with
+the large spines still attached. In other particulars it resembles the
+northern prickly ash.
+
+_Prices and uses._—The price paid to collectors ranges from about 4 to
+9 cents a pound for the northern prickly ash and from 3 to 8 cents for
+the southern prickly ash.
+
+Prickly ash bark has alterative, stimulant, and sialagogue properties,
+and is used in rheumatism and for increasing the secretions, for
+toothache, and externally as a counterirritant.
+
+[Footnote 4: The pharmacopœial usage.]
+
+
+WAFER-ASH.
+
+_Ptelea trifoliata_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Ptelea, wingseed, hop-tree, shrubby trefoil,
+swamp-dogwood, three-leaved hop-tree, ague-bark, prairie-grub,
+quinine-tree, stinking ash, stinking prairie-bush, sang-tree,
+pickaway-anise.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Wafer-ash (_Ptelea trifoliata_), leaves and
+fruits.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—This indigenous shrub is found in shady woods from
+New York to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas, occurring in greatest
+abundance west of the Alleghanies.
+
+_Description of shrub._—The wafer-ash, belonging to the rue family
+(Rutaceæ), is a shrub or small tree usually from 6 to 8 feet and not
+more than 20 feet in height, with leaves consisting of three oval
+leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, dark green and shining above, paler
+beneath, the margins slightly round toothed (fig. 28). The leaves are
+borne on long stems, but the leaflets are stemless. The flowers, which
+appear in June, are numerous in terminal compound clusters, greenish
+white, and have a disagreeable odor. The foliage also has an unpleasant
+odor. The flowers are followed by large clusters of winged fruits, each
+one containing two seeds. These fruits are flat, rounded in outline,
+the seeds surrounded by a membranous, veined wing (fig. 28). They have
+a bitter taste and have been used in place of hops. The wood of the
+wafer-ash is light brown.
+
+_Description of bark._—The dried bark of the root is the part employed
+in medicine, and as found in the stores it is in quilled pieces
+varying in length from one to several inches. The thin cuter layer is
+pale brown and irregularly ridged and wrinkled. The inner surface is
+yellowish white, becoming darker with age. The bark, which is brittle,
+breaks with a smooth fracture, has a peculiar odor, and a bitter,
+pungent, and somewhat acrid taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark is taken from the roots. At
+present it brings collectors from about 4 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+Wafer-ash bark possesses tonic properties, and is employed in fevers.
+It is also said to be useful as an anthelmintic.
+
+
+BLACK ALDER.
+
+_Ilex verticillata_ (L.) A. Gray.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.—Black alder (_Ilex verticillata_), fruits.]
+
+_Synonym._—_Prinos verticillata_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Prinos, winterberry, common winterberry, Virginia
+winterberry, false alder, white alder, feverbush.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The black alder is native in swamps, moist woods,
+and along banks of streams, in Canada and the eastern United States,
+and westward to Wisconsin and Missouri.
+
+_Description of shrub._—The fruits of the black alder are a familiar
+sight in the Christmas markets, the bare branches with the persistent,
+shining, bright red berries being much used for decorative purposes
+during the holiday season. Black alder is a shrub usually from 6 to 8
+feet high (sometimes 25 feet), with grayish bark and smooth twigs. The
+leaves are oval or oblong lanceolate, pointed at the apex, about 2 to
+3 inches long, and about an inch in width. They are rather thick and
+leathery in texture, dark green and smoothish on the upper surface,
+hairy on the lower surface, especially along the veins, and sharply
+toothed. In autumn the leaves turn black.
+
+The flowers, which appear from about May to July, are small and white,
+the male clusters consisting of 2 to 10 flowers, and the female of only
+1 to 3. The fruits are bright red and shining, about the size of a pea,
+clustered around the stem, and each containing six seeds (fig. 29).
+Black alder belongs to the holly family (Aquifoliaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark, which was official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1890, occurs in commerce in somewhat
+quilled strips or pieces of an ashy brown color outside, with whitish
+patches and round black spots and lines. The inner surface is greenish
+or yellowish, and marked with short lines. The fracture is short,
+showing a greenish tinge. It has a faint, peculiar odor and a bitter,
+astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Black alder bark is collected in
+autumn. The amount paid to collectors ranges from 2 to about 5 cents a
+pound.
+
+It is used in medicine as a tonic and astringent. The berries are
+employed for similar purposes as the bark.
+
+
+WAHOO.
+
+_Euonymus atropurpureus_ Jacq.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Euonymus.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Wahoo (_Euonymus atropurpureus_), leaves and
+fruits.]
+
+_Other common names._—Burning-bush, spindle-tree, Indian arrowwood,
+bursting-heart, strawberry-tree, strawberry-bush, American
+spindle-tree, bitter ash, pegwood.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Wahoo is found in woods and thickets from Ontario
+and the eastern United States west to Montana.
+
+_Description of shrub._—This native shrub or small tree is from 6 to
+25 feet in height, more often reaching only 10 feet, with an ashy gray
+bark, twigs somewhat 4 angled, and leaves from 1-1/2 to 5 inches in
+length and about half as wide, oval-oblong or elliptical, and long
+pointed at the apex (fig. 30). They are rather thin in texture, with a
+prominent midrib, more hairy on the lower surface than above, and the
+margins round toothed. The 4-petaled purple flowers are produced in
+June, in loose, slender-stemmed clusters of from 5 to 15 flowers each,
+and have 4 wavy, obovate petals. The pale purple fruits are rather odd
+looking, consisting of 4 deeply cleft, flattened lobes, smooth, each
+cell containing 1 or 2 seeds (fig. 30). These capsules open after they
+ripen, about October, and disclose the seed surrounded by a red aril
+(false coat enveloping the seed), the bush at this time presenting a
+very bright and showy appearance.
+
+The name “wahoo” is applied indiscriminately to _Euonymus
+atropurpureus_ and _E. americanus_—the latter a low or trailing bush
+having crimson capsules, to which the appellation “burning-bush” more
+properly belongs. Both species, which are members of the staff-tree
+family (Celastraceæ), are used in medicine, although _E. atropurpureus_
+alone is recognized in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+_Description of bark._—The dried bark of the root of wahoo is official
+in the United States Pharmacopœia. It is in quilled pieces of irregular
+size. The outside of the bark is furrowed and ridged, of an ashy or
+light brownish gray color, showing a few dark patches of soft cork.
+The inner surface is smooth and whitish or somewhat pale brownish. The
+fracture is short, whitish, and shows fine silky fibers. There is a
+distinct odor, and the taste is sweetish, bitter, and somewhat acrid.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Although the bark from the stem is also
+sometimes gathered, it is the root bark only which is recognized as
+official.
+
+The root bark at present brings from 9 to 20 cents a pound. It has
+tonic, diuretic, laxative, and antiperiodic properties; it acts on
+the liver, increasing the flow of bile, and is also employed in
+intermittent fevers and in dyspepsia.
+
+
+FALSE BITTERSWEET.
+
+_Celastrus scandens_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Climbing bittersweet, shrubby bittersweet,
+fevertwig, fever-twitch, staff-tree, climbing staff-tree, staff-vine,
+waxwork, Roxbury waxwork, yellowroot, climbing orange-root,
+Jacob’s-ladder.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This woody vine or climbing shrub is found
+in woods and thickets, growing in rich damp soil, from Ontario to
+Manitoba, south to North Carolina and New Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.—False bittersweet (_Celastrus scandens_),
+leaves, flowers, and fruits.]
+
+_Description of plant._—False bittersweet is a most attractive plant in
+the fall, with its brilliant orange-yellow and scarlet seed capsules
+adding a vivid dash of color to the fall and winter landscape,
+remaining on the vine well into the cold season.
+
+It is an indigenous woody and shrubby climber, growing over adjacent
+trees or near-by fences. The leaves are thin and smooth, oval, 2 to
+4 inches long, and about half as wide, pointed at the apex, and with
+a pointed or rounded base, the margins furnished with fine, rounded
+teeth. The small, greenish white or greenish yellow flowers are
+produced in June, in short terminal clusters, and the fruit is in the
+form of a roundish, 3-celled, orange-colored capsule, which opens
+in autumn, disclosing the scarlet-covered seed, making a very showy
+appearance. This covering is known as an “aril.” (Fig. 31.)
+
+False bittersweet and true bittersweet, on account of the similarity of
+the common names, are often confused, but the plants do not resemble
+each other at all, belonging to entirely different families and
+possessing different medicinal properties. False bittersweet belongs to
+the staff-tree family (Celastraceæ), while the true bittersweet is a
+member of the nightshade family (Solanaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark of both plant and root is employed,
+but especially that of the root. The latter is rather smooth, in small
+quilled pieces, the outer surface covered with a thin, papery layer
+of dark orange-brown and the inner surface white and finely grooved.
+The bark from the stem has a brown-gray color. There is practically no
+odor, and the taste is bitter, becoming sweet, then somewhat acrid and
+rather sickening.
+
+_Prices and uses._—The price paid to collectors varies from 5 to 10
+cents a pound.
+
+The bark of false bittersweet possesses alterative, emetic,
+diaphoretic, and diuretic properties, and some narcotic action is also
+attributed to it.
+
+
+HORSE-CHESTNUT.
+
+_Aesculus hippocastanum_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Hippocastanum, bongay, konker-tree.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.—Horse-chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_),
+trunk.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—This handsome tree is a native of Asia, largely
+cultivated in this country as an ornamental shade tree. In parts of New
+York and New Jersey it has escaped from cultivation.
+
+_Description of tree._—The horse-chestnut is a rather large tree,
+usually about 40 feet in height, and having many branches. Sometimes
+it will grow as tall as 100 feet. The bark has a brownish gray color,
+smoothish on the younger trees, but fissured and scaly on the older
+ones (fig. 32). The large, shining, resinous leaf buds are a prominent
+feature of the winter and early spring aspect of the tree. The leaves
+when mature are smooth, except perhaps for tufts of hairs on the veins
+of the lower surface, but the young unfolding leaf is quite hairy.
+The leaves are large, composed of 5 to 7 leaflets 4 to 8 inches long,
+pointed and broadest at the top and narrowing toward the base, with
+irregularly round-toothed margins (fig. 33).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.—Horse-chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_),
+leaves and fruits.]
+
+The flower cluster, sometimes 1 foot in length, is most handsome and
+showy in appearance, consisting of a dense, somewhat pyramidal head of
+large white flowers, the petals fringed, wavy, and spotted with yellow
+and red, and having protruding stamens. They appear about June. The
+fruit is roundish and prickly, about an inch or so in diameter, and
+contains a large, shining brown nut (fig. 33). This tree belongs to the
+buckeye family (Aesculaceæ).
+
+_Other species._—The Ohio buckeye (_Aesculus glabra_ Willd.), called
+also smooth buckeye and fetid buckeye, occurs in woods and along river
+banks from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, and westward to Michigan
+and the Indian Territory. It is a small tree, native in this country,
+and found in great abundance in Ohio. It gives off a fetid odor, and
+has leaves consisting of five ovate leaflets, and small insignificant
+yellow flowers. The bark and nut of this species are also employed in
+medicine, having properties similar to those of the horse-chestnut, but
+it is said that their action is more powerful.
+
+_Description of bark._—The horse-chestnut bark of commerce is thin,
+brownish gray on the outside, and with a few warty protuberances,
+leafscars, and lichens; the inside of the bark is smooth and whitish,
+and the whole breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture, showing a brownish
+color within. The bark has a faint, disagreeable odor, and a rough,
+bitter, astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Horse-chestnut bark is collected in the
+autumn, and preference is given to the bark from the younger branches.
+From 1 to 4 cents a pound is the price paid to collectors.
+
+This bark is used for its “tonic, astringent, febrifuge, narcotic, and
+antiseptic” properties. The nuts are said to have a narcotic action,
+and when powdered, excite sneezing.
+
+The leaves are an old remedy in the treatment of whooping cough.
+
+
+CASCARA SAGRADA.
+
+_Rhamnus purshiana_ DC.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.—Cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus purshiana_),
+five-year-old tree.]
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Rhamnus purshiana.
+
+_Other common names._—Chittem-bark, sacred bark (a translation of the
+Spanish name “cascara sagrada”), bearberry-tree, bearwood, shittimwood,
+Purshiana bark, Persiana bark.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This indigenous tree occurs on the sides and
+bottoms of canyons from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean,
+extending north into British America.
+
+_Description of tree._—The tree furnishing the cascara sagrada of the
+Pharmacopœia is of small size, usually from 15 to 20 feet in height
+(fig. 34), the young twigs hairy, and the leaves rather thin. It
+belongs to the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceæ). The dark green leaves
+are elliptical in form, from 2 to 6 inches long, and about 1 to 3
+inches wide, blunt at the apex or with a short sharp point, finely saw
+toothed, rounded or slightly heart shaped at the base, somewhat hairy
+on the lower surface, and rather prominently veined (fig. 35).
+
+The rather small, insignificant greenish flowers are produced in
+umbels, or clusters, and are followed by black, ovoid, 3-seeded
+berries, of a somewhat insipid taste (fig. 35).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.—Cascara sagrada (_Rhamnus purshiana_), leaves
+and fruits.]
+
+_Another species._—Several species of Rhamnus occur in the cascara
+district, only one of which, however, may be said to enter into
+competition with the official cascara, and that is the one which is
+supposed to have been first introduced in medicine. It is known as
+wild coffee or coffee-berry (_Rhamnus californica_ Esch.). At the
+present time, however, it is seldom collected, and then only because
+it may be mistaken by collectors for the official bark. According to
+the nineteenth edition of the United States Dispensatory (1907), _R.
+californica_ “is chiefly distinguished from the official species by its
+leaves being thin, and when not smooth having a short close pubescence,
+and the primary veins of the under surface not nearly so numerous,
+straight, or fine as those of _R. purshiana_.” _Rhamnus purshiana_ is
+abundant in the northern part of California and only sparingly found
+in the southern portion, whereas exactly the opposite is true of _R.
+californica_. Professor Rusby (United States Dispensatory, nineteenth
+edition, 1907) is of the opinion that as a further distinguishing
+mark in the leaves the channel of the midrib of _R. californica_ is
+“altogether absent, or shallow, or inconspicuous.”
+
+It is very difficult to distinguish the barks of these two species
+by their gross characters alone, but a microscopical examination
+will show structural differences sufficiently distinct to aid in the
+recognition of the barks.[5] In the powdered state the two species may
+be distinguished by means of color tests.[6]
+
+_Description of bark._—The cascara sagrada of commerce occurs in
+curved or quilled pieces, the outer surface of which is reddish brown,
+and usually covered with growths of light-colored or grayish lichen,
+wrinkled and somewhat fissured. The inner surface of the bark is smooth
+and marked with very fine lines; at first the inside is yellowish, but
+with age it turns a dark brown color. The whole breaks with a short,
+sharp, yellowish fracture, and has a somewhat aromatic odor and an
+exceedingly bitter taste. The saliva is colored yellow by it, and
+anything with which the bark comes in contact for any length of time
+will also be stained yellow. Cascara sagrada is official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The collecting season for cascara opens
+about the end of May or early in June and closes about the end of
+August, just before the rainy season sets in, as bark collected after
+exposure to wet weather is difficult to cure properly.
+
+After the strips of bark have been removed from the trees, they are
+generally strung on wires to dry, care being taken not to expose the
+inner surface to the sun, the object being to retain the yellow color,
+as the action of the sunlight tends to darken the color, an undesirable
+result, inasmuch as it lowers the market price. During the drying
+process the strips curl up, forming quills, and when sufficiently dried
+these are cut or broken up into smaller pieces.
+
+Several years are generally required after collection to properly age
+the bark for medicinal purposes, and the United States Pharmacopœia
+directs that it should not be used until at least one year after it has
+been gathered. Some crude-drug dealers undertake the “aging” of the
+bark themselves rather than leave it to collectors.
+
+Many trees are annually destroyed in the collection of cascara sagrada,
+as they are usually peeled to such an extent that no new bark is
+formed. It has been estimated that one tree furnishes approximately 10
+pounds of bark, and granting a crop of 1,000,000 pounds a year, 100,000
+trees are thus annually destroyed, and the world’s consumption is said
+to be about 2,000,000 pounds a year.
+
+The price at present paid to collectors for cascara sagrada varies from
+3 to 4-1/2 cents a pound. On account of the fact that cascara sagrada
+requires several years’ aging before use, a shortage in the crop is not
+immediately felt.
+
+Cascara sagrada is a most valuable laxative, differing from other drugs
+of this character in that it tones up the entire intestinal tract,
+making long-continued dosing or gradually increasing dosage unnecessary.
+
+[Footnote 5: Rusby, H. H. Cascara Sagrada and Its Allies. Proc. Amer.
+Pharm. Assoc., 1890, pp. 203-211.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Sayre, L. E. Frangula and Cascara Barks. Amer. Jour.
+Pharm., 1897, pp. 126-134.]
+
+
+COTTON.
+
+_Gossypium hirsutum_ L. (“_Gossypium herbaceum_ L.”)
+
+_Species._—According to the United States Pharmacopœia, cotton-root
+bark is obtained from “_Gossypium herbaceum_ Linne,” or from “other
+cultivated species of Gossypium.”
+
+For years the name _Gossypium herbaceum_ has been used in botanical
+and other works as applying to American cotton, whereas it is really
+a name belonging to an Old World species, known as Levant cotton,
+cultivated in India and also in southern Europe, and it is stated that
+the American species evidently received the appellation _herbaceum_ as
+a result of wrong identification by early American authors, and the
+assumption that it originated from European seed.[7]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.—Cotton (_Gossypium hirsutum_), leaves, flowers,
+and bolls.]
+
+American Upland cotton is the type most commonly cultivated in the
+South, from Virginia to Oklahoma and Texas, and this with its hundred
+or more recognized horticultural varieties all belong to one species,
+namely, _Gossypium hirsutum_ L.,[8] and not to _G. herbaceum_, and
+as practically all of the supply of cotton-root bark of the United
+States is obtained in the United States, it can safely be asserted that
+_Gossypium hirsutum_ L., and not _G. herbaceum_ L., is the principal
+source of the bark found in the commerce of our country.
+
+_Description of plant._—The cotton plant in flower or with the bursting
+bolls showing the fluffy white fiber is very handsome. It belongs
+to the mallow family (Malvaceæ), and ranges from about 1 to 4 feet
+in height, with a woody and somewhat branching stem. The leaves of
+the American Upland cotton, _Gossypium hirsutum_, are 5 lobed, the
+lobes sharply pointed. The flowers when they first open are creamy
+white, later on turning purple, and the bracts are deeply cleft. The
+4 to 5 celled cotton bolls are roundish oval, bluntly pointed at the
+top, green at first, but turning brown as they mature, bursting open
+(September to November in the Southern States), and disclosing the fine
+fiber that surrounds and completely hides the seeds, and which forms
+the “cotton” of commerce. (Fig. 36.) This cotton is picked from the
+bolls by hand, and sent to the cotton gins, where the seed is separated
+from the lint by machines known by that name. The seed, aside from its
+use for planting, is employed for fertilizing and feeding purposes, and
+an oil is also expressed therefrom.
+
+_Description of bark._—Cottonroot bark is official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, and the article of commerce consists of long, thin bands,
+or quills, flexible, of a brownish yellow color on the outside, showing
+faint ridges and dots or lines. Sometimes the entire outer corky layer,
+which is thin, is wanting, or there are brownish orange patches where
+this thin layer has rubbed off or worn away. The inner surface of the
+bark has a whitish, silky, shining appearance, marked with fine lines.
+The long, tough bast fibers separate into papery layers. There is no
+odor, but a faintly acrid and astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The roots are taken up as late as
+November or December, but before frost, washed, the bark removed
+with knives, and carefully dried. The fresh bark is regarded as more
+reliable than the old bark.
+
+At present cotton-root bark is paid for at the rate of from 3 to 5
+cents a pound.
+
+This bark, with its emmenagogue and parturifacient properties, forms a
+valuable remedy in the hands of the physician.
+
+The cotton (the hairs of the seed), freed from impurities and deprived
+of all fatty matter, is also official in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+An oil is expressed from the seed, and various domestic uses have been
+made of the seed and also of the flowers and leaves.
+
+[Footnote 7: Dewey, L. H. The Identity of American Upland Cotton.
+Science, n. s., vol. 19, p. 337. 1904.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dewey, L. H. Principal Commercial Plant Fibers. Yearbook,
+U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, p. 388.]
+
+
+DOGWOOD.
+
+_Cornus florida_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Cornus, flowering dogwood, American dogwood,
+Virginia dogwood, Florida dogwood, boxwood, New England boxwood, false
+boxwood, American cornelian tree, flowering cornel, Florida cornel,
+white cornel, Indian arrowwood, nature’s-mistake.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.—Dogwood (_Cornus florida_), trunk.]
+
+_Habitat and range._—Dogwood, native in this country, occurs in
+woods from Massachusetts and southern Ontario to Florida, Texas, and
+Missouri, but grows most abundantly in the Middle States.
+
+_Description of tree._—The dogwood, which belongs to the dogwood
+family (Cornaceæ), is never a large tree, its greatest height being
+40 feet, and more frequently it occurs as a shrub. It is one of the
+most conspicuous trees in early spring, the naked, leafless branches
+supporting numerous large, showy white flowers, so called. The white,
+petal-like parts, however, which are the most showy portions, are in
+reality “bracts,” the “flowers” themselves being greenish yellow and
+inconspicuous, except for these four surrounding bracts. The four
+bracts, or petal-like parts, are white, sometimes pink tinged, of
+an inverted oval or heart shape, with prominent parallel veins, and
+peculiarly notched at the end, as though a piece had been torn or
+bitten out. (Fig. 38.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.—Dogwood (_Cornus florida_), leaves, flowers,
+and fruits.]
+
+After the flowers have disappeared the leaves are put forth. These are
+generally oval, entire, from 3 to 6 inches in length, the upper surface
+dark green and smooth or only minutely hairy, while the under surface
+is lighter in color with slightly hairy veins. The leaves turn a bright
+red in autumn and with the scarlet fruit, or berries, form a very showy
+and attractive addition to the autumnal woods. (Fig. 38.)
+
+The trunk of the dogwood is covered with a grayish brown, rough, and
+fissured bark (fig. 37), and the brown wood is hard and close grained.
+
+_Description of bark._—The root bark as found in the stores has had the
+fissured grayish brown outside layer removed and consists of short,
+reddish brown, curved pieces or chips about one-eighth of an inch in
+thickness. The inside is of a reddish purple color, with many short,
+broad grooves. The fracture is short. It has an astringent, bitter
+taste, but practically no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Dogwood bark is collected from the root
+in the fall. It brings from 1 to 3 cents a pound.
+
+It is used in medicine for its astringent, tonic, stimulant, and
+febrifuge properties and in the fresh state is said to be emetic. The
+root bark was official in the Pharmacopœia from 1830 to 1890. During
+the Revolutionary war it was much employed as a substitute for Peruvian
+bark or cinchona.
+
+The flowers and fruits have properties similar to those of the bark.
+
+_Other species._—The bark of the swamp-dogwood (_Cornus amomum_ Mill.,
+syn., _C. sericea_ L.), and the round-leaved dogwood (_C. circinata_
+L’Her.) are also used, being sometimes substituted for the flowering
+dogwood.
+
+The swamp-dogwood, known also as red osier, silky cornel, rose-willow,
+blue-berried cornel, kinnikinnick, female dogwood, red-brush, red-rod,
+red willow, and squawbush, is a shrub native in low woods and along
+streams from Canada to Florida, west to Texas and the Dakotas.
+
+The bark of this species, which was official from 1820 to 1880, is
+used like the flowering dogwood bark, but is said to be less bitter
+and astringent. It occurs in thin, quilled pieces, of a purplish brown
+color on the outside, with fewer warty excrescences than the following
+species, but otherwise similar. The price paid for this bark ranges
+from 4 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+The round-leaved dogwood or cornel, called also green osier, is an
+indigenous shrub growing in shady places in Canada and the northeastern
+United States.
+
+This bark is also used like that of the flowering dogwood, and was
+official from 1820 to 1880. It is said to possess less astringency than
+the flowering dogwood, but is more bitter. In commerce it is found in
+quilled or curved pieces, of a brownish gray or greenish color outside,
+with corky warts or marked with lengthwise lines, the inside brown.
+This also brings from about 4 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+
+MOOSEWOOD.
+
+_Dirca palustris_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.—Moosewood (_Dirca palustris_), leaves and
+flowers. (From Edwards’s Botanical Register.)]
+
+_Other common names._—Dirca, American mezereon, leatherwood,
+leatherbush, leverwood, leaverwood, rope-bark, swampwood, wickopy,
+wickup.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This native shrub is found in wet woods and
+thickets from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota,
+but is most common in the Northern and Eastern States.
+
+_Description of shrub._—The moosewood, a shrub belonging to the
+mezereon family (Daphnaceæ), is from 2 to about 6 feet in height, with
+tough, fibrous bark, and smooth, yellowish green twigs. The leaves,
+which are hairy when young, are oval with a blunt apex, rounded or
+narrowed at the base; they become smoother as they mature, and are
+from 2 to 3 inches long. The flower clusters are produced from April
+to May, from brown-hairy, scaly buds and consist of 2 to 4 yellowish,
+funnel-shaped flowers about one-half inch in length, with stamens and
+style protruding. (Fig. 39.) The one-seeded fruit, or berry, is small,
+red, oval oblong, and poisonous.
+
+_Description of bark._—Moosewood bark occurs in long, stringy, or
+quilled pieces, light brown or grayish brown on the outside, slightly
+wrinkled lengthwise, marked here and there with warty excrescences
+and an occasional patch of lichen growth, the inside straw colored
+and smooth. The bark is exceedingly tough and fibrous, and can not be
+broken. The odor is rather strong and aromatic, and the taste pungent
+and acrid.
+
+_Prices and uses._—Moosewood bark brings from 5 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+It has emetic and laxative properties, and in decoction is used as a
+sudorific and expectorant. The fresh bark applied externally is very
+irritating to the skin, causing redness and blisters.
+
+
+WHITE ASH.
+
+_Fraxinus americana_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.—White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), trunk.]
+
+_Synonyms._—_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh; _Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam.
+
+_Other common names._—Ash, American white ash, cane-ash.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The white ash is native in rich woods, occurring
+from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, but chiefly
+in the Northern States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.—White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), leaves and
+fruits.]
+
+_Description of tree._—This tree, a member of the olive family
+(Oleaceæ), sometimes attains a height of 120 feet or so, usually,
+however, from 60 to 80 feet, the older trees with gray, deeply furrowed
+bark (fig. 40), and smooth, greenish gray branches. The leaf buds are
+rust colored, and the white ash is one of the latest trees to put out
+leaves in the spring. The leaves measure about 12 inches in length and
+consist of 5 to 9 leaflets; these are oval or lance-shaped oblong, the
+margins entire, the apex pointed, dark green above and pale green or
+silvery beneath, or sometimes hairy, 3 to 5 inches long, and somewhat
+less than half as wide (fig. 41). In autumn they change to yellow,
+mottled with green, and finally turn black. The small, whitish green
+flowers are arranged in loose clusters, appearing from about April to
+June, and the fruits which follow are in the form of clustered winged
+seeds, or “samaras” (fig. 41), which remain on the branches for a long
+time. Each samara is from 1 to 2 inches long, narrow, flat, and one
+seeded. The wood of white ash is brown, hard, and strong.
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark of white ash, as found in the stores,
+is whitish or inclined to yellowish brown, about one-fourth of an
+inch thick or less, the outside corky layer generally having been
+removed, but pieces of it often adhering. The inner surface is smooth
+and yellow. The fracture is very fibrous. White-ash bark has a faint
+aromatic odor and a bitter, acrid taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark of the root is preferred,
+although that from the trunk is also collected; the outer layer is
+usually removed. The amount at present paid for white-ash bark ranges
+from 3 to 5 cents a pound.
+
+White-ash bark has been employed as an antiperiodic in intermittent
+fever, and is said to possess tonic and astringent properties. The
+leaves in infusion have been used in the treatment of gout and
+rheumatism.
+
+_Another species._—The black ash (_Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh, syn.,
+_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam.) is also a native, inhabiting swamps and
+wet woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas. Other names applied
+to it are hoop-ash, swamp-ash, water-ash, and basket-ash. Its maximum
+height is 100 feet, and its bark is darker gray and less fissured
+than that of the white ash, and its leaves are darker green. The
+leaves are about 16 inches in length, the 7 to 11 stemless leaflets
+perhaps a trifle paler green on the lower surface than above, and with
+rust-colored hairs on the midrib and veins of the lower surface. These
+leaflets are 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, oblong lance shaped, with
+long-pointed apex, the margins sharply toothed. The flowers appear from
+about April to May, and are followed by clusters of winged seeds, each
+flat, winged, linear-oblong fruit measuring from 1 to 1-1/2 inches in
+length, narrow, with the winged portion extending all around the seed.
+
+The bark, and also the leaves, are employed in medicine for similar
+purposes as those of the white ash. The bark brings about 3 to 5 cents
+a pound.
+
+
+FRINGE-TREE.
+
+_Chionanthus virginica_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.—Fringe-tree (_Chionanthus virginica_), leaves
+and flowers.]
+
+_Other common names._—American fringe-tree, white fringe, flowering
+ash, poison-ash, graybeard-tree, old-man’s-beard, shavings,
+snowdrop-tree, snow-flower.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The fringe-tree is native in moist thickets and
+along streams from Delaware to Florida and Texas.
+
+_Description of shrub._—When in full flower this shrub or small
+tree, with its dense clusters of white, fringelike flowers, is very
+attractive, and is often cultivated for ornament. It is a member of
+the olive family (Oleaceæ), and is from 6 to 20 feet in height, the
+trunk covered with a light-colored bark, the leaves oval or oblong, of
+a leathery texture, and smooth. The flowers, which from their drooping
+character give a fringelike appearance, are produced in May and June,
+and are borne in dense clusters, each flower having four very narrow
+white petals about an inch in length. (Fig. 42.) The fruits which
+follow are fleshy, oval, and bluish black, containing a one-seeded nut.
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark of the root is the part employed in
+medicine, and it is in quilled or curved pieces of unequal size and
+shape, rather thick, the outside of a yellowish brown color, somewhat
+wrinkled, the inside yellowish brown or dark brown, marked with
+lengthwise lines. It breaks with a short, smooth fracture, and has but
+a faint odor.
+
+_Prices and uses._—At present collectors are paid from about 5 to 8
+cents a pound.
+
+It possesses tonic, febrifuge, and laxative properties, and is also
+said to have a narcotic action.
+
+
+BITTERSWEET.
+
+_Solanum dulcamara_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.—Bittersweet (_Solanum dulcamara_), leaves,
+flowers, and fruits.]
+
+_Other common names._—Dulcamara, nightshade, climbing nightshade, woody
+nightshade, amara-dulcis, fevertwig, violet-bloom, blue bindweed,
+felonwort, poison-berry, poison-flower, pushion-berry, morrel,
+snakeberry, wolf-grape, scarlet-berry, tether-devil, dwale, skawcoo.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Bittersweet has been naturalized from Europe,
+and occurs in low, damp grounds and moist banks of rivers from New
+Brunswick to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—This climbing, shrubby perennial is often
+planted as an ornamental, and with its clusters of pretty purplish
+flowers and branches of berries ranging in color from green to yellow
+and orange, and finally red, occurring on the vine together, it makes a
+rather attractive showing. Bittersweet has a climbing, somewhat woody,
+branched stem, about 2 to 8 feet long, and oval leaves 2 to 4 inches
+long, pointed at the apex, and somewhat heart shaped at the base. Some
+of the leaves have one lobe at the base, some three lobes, while others
+are entire. The purplish flowers, resembling those of the potato (to
+which family, Solanaceæ, this plant belongs), are produced from about
+May to September, borne in compound lateral clusters. The fruits, or
+berries, which ripen in autumn, are oval, red, and juicy, and contain
+numerous whitish seeds. (Fig. 43.) The berries look very tempting, but
+they are poisonous, and children have been known to be poisoned by
+eating them.
+
+_Description of medicinal part._—The young branches of bittersweet
+are the parts employed in medicine, and were official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia for 1890. As found in commerce, they consist
+of cylindrical pieces of varying length and of not more than about
+one-fifth of an inch in thickness, with a greenish gray thin bark,
+marked with lengthwise lines. The woody portion is light, and the
+center is sometimes hollow, and sometimes shows a spongy pith. There is
+but a faint, somewhat narcotic odor, and the taste at first is bitter,
+then sweet—“bittersweet.”
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Bittersweet branches are collected when
+they are only one or two years old and at a time when the leaves have
+fallen. The price paid ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.
+
+Bittersweet is used for its diuretic and diaphoretic properties, and,
+according to the dose employed, has a quieting, hypnotic influence.
+
+
+BUTTONBUSH.
+
+_Cephalanthus occidentalis_ L.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Buttonbush (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_),
+leaves and flowers.]
+
+_Other common names._—Buttonwood, buttonwood-shrub, button-tree,
+swamp-dogwood, pond-dogwood, swampwood, river-bush, honey-ball,
+pinball, whiteball, little snowball, globeflower, mountain-globeflower,
+crane-willow, wild licorice, crouper-bush.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The buttonbush is indigenous to this country, and
+flourishes in swamps or damp places from southern Canada to Florida and
+California.
+
+_Description of shrub._—This is usually a widely spreading shrub from 3
+to 12 feet in height or occasionally a small tree, with large, shining,
+dark green leaves, and producing from June to September round heads of
+creamy white flowers, the protruding, threadlike styles with the small,
+knoblike stigmas giving them the appearance of inserted pins, whence
+the name “pinball.” The stems are covered with a rough yellowish bark,
+while the smaller branches are smooth and tinged with red. Some of the
+leaves are opposite, others ternate—that is, arranged in threes—and are
+ovate or ovate lance shaped, pointed, smooth, and glossy, with unbroken
+margins, and from 3 to 5 inches long. The flower heads, about 1 inch in
+diameter, consist of numerous creamy white, stemless flowers, densely
+crowded together in globular form, each flower having a funnel-shaped
+corolla with 4-toothed margin, from which the slender style with its
+globular stigma protrudes. (Fig. 44.) The small dry fruit is inversely
+pear shaped, splitting open into two to four cells, each containing one
+seed. The buttonbush belongs to the madder family (Rubiaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark occurs commercially in small, curved
+pieces, smooth and grayish brown and marked with fine lines if taken
+from young trees, furrowed and scaly and of a dull gray color if
+collected from older trees. The inner root bark, which is also used,
+occurs in shorter pieces, and is of a reddish brown color. The inner
+surface of the bark is whitish and smooth, becoming a pale rust color
+when it is no longer fresh. It breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture,
+and has no odor, but a bitter and somewhat astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark is collected from both stem
+and root. It brings about 7 cents a pound, but at present there seems
+to be no very great demand for it.
+
+Buttonbush bark is used in fevers, and the inner bark is employed in
+coughs and as a diuretic.
+
+
+CRAMP-BARK TREE.
+
+_Viburnum opulus_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Viburnum opulus.
+
+_Other common names._—Cranberry-tree, high-bush cranberry, wild
+guelder-rose, gueldres-rose, cherry-wood, dog rowan-tree, whitten-tree,
+red elder, rose-elder, marsh-elder, water-elder, white elder, gadrise,
+gaiter-tree, gatten, love-rose, May-rose, pincushion-tree, squawbush,
+witch-hobble, witch-hopple.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This native shrub occurs in low rich woods and
+borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon, northward.
+
+_Description of shrub._—The whitish flower heads of this species are
+borne on stems about 1 inch in length, and measure from 3 to 4 inches
+across; the flowers on the outside are large, sometimes an inch in
+diameter, and sterile (without stamens or pistils), while those on the
+inside of the flower cluster are considerably smaller and fertile.
+The cultivated variety of this species, the well-known ornamental
+“snowball” of the gardens, has all of its flowers sterile.
+
+The cramp-bark tree grows from 8 to 10 feet high, with branches
+generally erect and smooth, and broadly oval, 3-lobed leaves. The
+leaves are usually smooth on the upper surface, but with the veins on
+the lower surface somewhat hairy, and the margins coarsely toothed. The
+showy white flower clusters appear about June. The red fruits, which
+ripen rather late in the season and remain on the bush for some time,
+are roundish or oval, sour, and contain a round, flat stone. As may be
+inferred from some of the common names applied to this shrub, the fruit
+in taste and appearance bears some resemblance to the cranberry. The
+cramp-bark tree is a member of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceæ).
+
+_Description of bark._—Cramp bark, official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia under the name “Viburnum opulus,” is in transversely
+curved pieces, sometimes quilled, one-sixteenth of an inch or less in
+thickness, the outside grayish brown surface marked with lengthwise
+wrinkles and brown lenticels, and the inside pale brown, showing
+lengthwise lines. It breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture. There is
+practically no odor, and the taste is astringent and bitter.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Cramp bark is collected in the fall,
+and at present is paid for at the rate of about 2 to 4-1/2 cents a
+pound.
+
+Cramp bark, as this name indicates, is of use as an antispasmodic, and
+is also said to possess nervine, tonic, and astringent properties.
+
+
+BLACK HAW.
+
+_Viburnum prunifolium_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Viburnum prunifolium.
+
+_Other common names._—Sloe, sloe-leaved viburnum, stagbush.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The black haw occurs in dry woods and thickets
+and on rocky hillsides from Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan
+and Texas, but is found in greatest abundance in the South. It is
+indigenous to this country.
+
+_Description of shrub._—This shrub or small tree, from 10 to about 20
+feet in height, has rather stout, spreading branches. The winter buds
+are small, short pointed, smooth, or sometimes with reddish hairs.
+Black haw has broadly oval or roundish-oval leaves, blunt or somewhat
+pointed at the top, 1 to 3 inches long, with a narrow or rounded base;
+they are nearly smooth, bright green, and have a finely toothed margin.
+The numerous stemless flower clusters are from 2 to 4 inches broad,
+composed of numerous white flowers appearing from April to June. The
+fruit, which is sweet and edible, is oval or somewhat roundish, about
+half an inch long, bluish black, covered with a bloom, and ripens in
+early autumn. It contains a somewhat flattened stone. (Fig. 45.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.—Black haw and nanny-berry (_Viburnum
+prunifolium_ and _V. lentago_), leaves and flowers.]
+
+_Description of bark._—The bark of the stem was formerly official, but
+now the dried bark of the root is the part prescribed by the United
+States Pharmacopœia, Eighth Decennial Revision. It is in irregular or
+quilled pieces, of a dull brown color on the outer surface, somewhat
+scaly and with shallow furrows; the inner surface reddish brown, and
+the whole breaking with a weak, short, uneven fracture. There is a
+faint peculiar odor, and a very bitter, somewhat astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Black haw bark is collected in autumn.
+The present prices to collectors are from 3 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+This bark has nervine, antispasmodic, tonic, and diuretic properties.
+
+_Another species._—The sweet viburnum (_Viburnum lentago_ L.), known
+also as nanny-berry and sheepberry, is a species which is collected
+with _prunifolium_, and, with it, considered official. It grows in rich
+soil from Canada south to Georgia and Kansas.
+
+Sweet viburnum is an indigenous shrub or small tree, sometimes as
+tall as 30 feet, and somewhat resembling _prunifolium_. The winter
+buds, however, are longer pointed and smooth, the leaves have longer
+slender stems and are oval, long pointed at the apex, and generally
+rounded at the base. They are from 2 to 4 inches long, smooth on both
+surfaces, and sharply toothed. The stemless flower clusters, 2 to 5
+inches broad, appear about May, followed by the oval, bluish black,
+bloom-covered fruit, which matures about October, becoming sweet and
+edible. (Fig. 45.) The fruit sometimes remains on the shrub until the
+following spring. It contains a very flat, round or oval seed. Like the
+cramp-bark tree, the black haw and sweet viburnum both belong to the
+honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceæ).
+
+The bark of the sweet viburnum is also collected in autumn, and is used
+like _prunifolium_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Page.
+
+  Aesculus glabra and A. hippocastanum. _See_ Chestnut, horse   37-38
+
+  Ague-bark. _See_ Ash, wafer                                   33-34
+
+       tree. _See_ Sassafras                                    25-26
+
+  Alder, American, common, green, notch-leaved, red, smooth,
+    speckled, and swamp. _See_ Alder, tag                          18
+
+         black, description                                        34
+
+         false, and white. _See_ Alder, black                      34
+
+         spotted, and striped. _See_ Witch-hazel                27-28
+
+         tag, description                                          18
+
+  Allspice, wild. _See_ Spicebush                               26-27
+
+  Alnus rugosa and A. serrulata. _See_ Alder, tag                  18
+
+  Amara-dulcis. _See_ Bittersweet                               46-47
+
+  Angelica-tree. _See_ Ash, prickly                             31-33
+
+  Arrowwood, Indian. _See_ Wahoo and Dogwood                35, 41-43
+
+  Ash, American mountain, description                           29-30
+
+                white ash, basket-ash, black ash, cane-ash,
+                 hoop-ash, swamp-ash, and water-ash. _See_
+                 Ash, white                                     44-45
+
+       bitter. _See_ Wahoo                                         35
+
+       flowering, and poison. _See_ Fringe-tree                 45-46
+
+       northern prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly                     31-33
+
+       prickly, description                                     31-33
+
+       sea. _See_ Ash, prickly                                  31-33
+
+       southern prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly                     31-33
+
+       stinking. _See_ Ash, wafer                               33-34
+
+       wafer, description                                       33-34
+
+       white, description                                       44-45
+
+       wild. _See_ Ash, American mountain                       29-30
+
+       yellow prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly                       31-33
+
+  Asp, mountain, and quaking. _See_ Aspen                       11-12
+
+  Aspen, American. _See_ Aspen, description                     11-12
+
+         description                                            11-12
+
+  Auld-wives’-tongues. _See_ Aspen                              11-12
+
+
+  Barks, approximate prices                                         9
+
+         collection                                               8-9
+
+         dealers, communication necessary                           9
+
+                  samples to be sent                                9
+
+         descriptions                                             9-49
+
+         medicinal, descriptions of trees and shrubs
+           furnishing                                             9-49
+
+                    uses                                             8
+
+         methods of drying                                         8-9
+
+                    obtaining                                        8
+
+         official and nonofficial                                    7
+
+         time for collecting                                         8
+
+  Basket-ash. _See under_ Ash, white                             44-45
+
+  Bay, sweet, and white. _See_ Magnolia                          21-23
+
+  Bayberry, description                                             14
+
+           tallow. _See_ Bayberry, description                      14
+
+           wax-tree. _See_ Bayberry, description                    14
+
+  Bearberry-tree. _See_ Cascara sagrada                          38-40
+
+  Bearwood. _See_ Cascara sagrada                                38-40
+
+  Beaver-tree. _See_ Magnolia                                    21-23
+
+  Benjamin-bush. _See_ Spicebush                                 26-27
+
+  Benzoin benzoin and B. odoriferum. _See_ Spicebush             26-27
+
+  Betula lenta. _See_ Birch, sweet                               16-18
+
+  Bindweed, blue. _See_ Bittersweet                              46-47
+
+  Birch, black, cherry, mahogany, river, and spice. _See_
+    Birch, sweet                                                 16-18
+
+         sweet, description                                      16-18
+
+  Bittersweet, classification with medicinal barks, explanation      9
+
+               climbing, and shrubby. _See_ Bittersweet, false      36
+
+               description                                       46-47
+
+                 _See also under_ Bittersweet, false.
+
+               false, description                                   36
+
+  Black haw, description                                         48-49
+
+  Blackberry, American, bramble high-bush, high-bush,
+    knee-high, low-bush, low-running, and sand. _See_
+    Blackberry, description                                      28-29
+
+              description                                        28-29
+
+  Bongay. _See_ Chestnut, horse                                  37-38
+
+  Boxwood, false boxwood, and New England boxwood. _See_ Dogwood 41-43
+
+  Brittle willow. _See under_ Willow, white                      12-13
+
+  Buckeye, fetid, Ohio, and smooth. _See under_ Chestnut, horse  37-38
+
+  Burning-bush. _See_ Wahoo                                         35
+
+  Bursting-heart. _See_ Wahoo                                       35
+
+  Butternut, description                                            15
+
+  Buttonbush, description                                        47-48
+
+  Button-tree, buttonwood, and buttonwood-shrub. _See_
+    Buttonbush                                                   47-48
+
+
+  Cabinet-cherry. _See_ Cherry, wild                             30-31
+
+  Candleberry. _See_ Bayberry                                       14
+
+               myrtle. _See_ Bayberry                               14
+
+  Cane-ash. _See_ Ash, white                                     44-45
+
+  Canoewood. _See_ Poplar, tulip                                 23-25
+
+  Carpinus virginiana. _See_ Ironwood                            15-16
+
+  Cascara sagrada, description                                   38-40
+
+                   trees used annually for drug production           7
+
+  Cedar, Indian. _See_ Ironwood                                  15-16
+
+  Celastrus scandens. _See_ Bittersweet, false                      36
+
+  Cephalanthus occidentalis. _See_ Buttonbush                    47-48
+
+  Cherry-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet                               16-18
+
+         cabinet, rum, whisky, and wild black. _See_ Cherry,
+           wild                                                  30-31
+
+         wild, description                                       30-31
+
+         wood. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                48
+
+  Chestnut, horse, description                                   37-38
+
+  Chionanthus virginica. _See_ Fringe-tree                       45-46
+
+  Chittem-bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada                            38-40
+
+  Choke, black. _See_ Cherry, wild                               30-31
+
+  Cinnamonwood. _See_ Sassafras                                  25-26
+
+  Coffee-berry. _See under_ Cascara sagrada                      38-40
+
+         wild. _See under_ Cascara sagrada                       38-40
+
+  Collection of barks                                              8-9
+
+  Cornel, blue-berried, Florida, flowering, silky, round-leaved,
+    and white. _See_ Dogwood                                     41-43
+
+  Cornelian tree, American. _See_ Dogwood                        41-43
+
+  Cornus, C. amomum, C. circinata, C. florida, and C. sericea.
+    _See_ Dogwood                                                41-43
+
+  Cotton, American Upland, and Levant. _See_ Cotton, description 40-41
+
+  description                                                    40-41
+
+  Crack willow. _See under_ Willow, white                       12, 13
+
+  Cramp-bark tree, description                                      48
+
+  Cranberry, high-bush. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                       48
+
+             tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                            48
+
+  Crane-willow. _See_ Buttonbush                                 47-48
+
+  Crouper-bush. _See_ Buttonbush                                 47-48
+
+  Cucumber tree. _See_ Magnolia, and Poplar, tulip               21-25
+
+
+  Dealers in medicinal barks, communication necessary                9
+
+                              samples to be sent                     9
+
+  Deal-pine, American, and soft. _See_ Pine, white                9-10
+
+  Deerwood. _See_ Ironwood                                       15-16
+
+  Descriptions of barks                                           9-49
+
+                  trees and shrubs furnishing medicinal barks     9-49
+
+  Dewberry, one-flowered, and southern. _See_ Blackberry         28-29
+
+  Dirca and D. palustris. _See_ Moosewood                        43-44
+
+  Dog rowan-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                             48
+
+  Dogberry. _See_ Ash, American mountain                         29-30
+
+  Dogwood, American, female, Florida, flowering, round-leaved,
+    and Virginia. _See_ Dogwood, description                     41-43
+
+          description                                            41-43
+
+          pond. _See_ Buttonbush                                 47-48
+
+          swamp. _See_ Ash, wafer, Dogwood, and
+            Buttonbush                             33-34, 41-43, 47-48
+
+  Duck-willow. _See_ Willow, white                               12-13
+
+  Dulcamara. _See_ Bittersweet                                   46-47
+
+  Dwale. _See_ Bittersweet                                       46-47
+
+
+  Elder, marsh, red, rose, water, and white. _See_ Cramp-bark
+    tree                                                            48
+
+  Elkwood. _See_ Magnolia                                        21-23
+
+  Elm, Indian, moose, red, rock, and sweet. _See_ Elm, slippery  20-21
+
+       slippery, description                                     20-21
+
+  Euonymus, E. americanus, and E. atropurpureus. _See_ Wahoo        35
+
+
+  Fagara clava-herculis. _See_ Ash, prickly                      31-33
+
+  Felonwort. _See_ Bittersweet                                   46-47
+
+  Feverbush. _See_ Spicebush, and Alder, black               26-27, 34
+
+  Fevertwig. _See_ Bittersweet, false; _also_ Bittersweet    36, 46-47
+
+  Fever-twitch. _See_ Bittersweet, false                            36
+
+  Fingerberry. _See_ Blackberry                                  28-29
+
+  Fraxinus acuminata, F. alba, F. americana, F. nigra, and F.
+    sambucifolia. _See_ Ash, white                               44-45
+
+  Fringe-tree, American, and white. _See_ Fringe-tree,
+    description                                                  45-46
+
+               description                                       45-46
+
+
+  Gadrise. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                    48
+
+  Gaiter-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                48
+
+  Gatten. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                     48
+
+  Globeflower and mountain-globeflower. _See_ Buttonbush         47-48
+
+  Gossypium herbaceum and G. hirsutum. _See_ Cotton              40-41
+
+  Grape, wolf. _See_ Bittersweet                                 46-47
+
+  Graybeard-tree. _See_ Fringe-tree                              45-46
+
+  Guelder-rose, wild. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                         48
+
+  Gueldres-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                              48
+
+
+  Hackmatack. _See_ Tamarack                                     10-11
+
+  Hamamelis and H. virginiana. _See_ Witch-hazel                 27-28
+
+  Haw, black, description                                        48-49
+
+  Hazel, black. _See_ Ironwood                                   15-16
+
+         snapping. _See_ Witch-hazel                             27-28
+
+         witch, description                                      27-28
+
+         wych. _See_ Witch-hazel                                 27-28
+
+  Hercules-club. _See_ Ash, prickly                              31-33
+
+           yellow. _See_ Ash, prickly                            31-33
+
+  Hickory-poplar. _See_ Poplar, tulip                            23-25
+
+  Hippocastanum. _See_ Chestnut, horse                           37-38
+
+  Honey-ball. _See_ Buttonbush                                   47-48
+
+  Hoop-ash. _See under_ Ash, white                               44-45
+
+  Hop-hornbeam. _See_ Ironwood                                   15-16
+
+      tree and three-leaved hop-tree. _See_ Ash, wafer           33-34
+
+  Hornbeam, hop. _See_ Ironwood                                  15-16
+
+  Horse-chestnut, description                                    37-38
+
+  Huntington willow. _See_ Willow, white                         12-13
+
+
+  Ilex verticillata. _See_ Alder, black                             34
+
+  Indian arrowwood. _See_ Wahoo and Dogwood                  35, 41-43
+
+         cedar. _See_ Ironwood                                   15-16
+
+         elm. _See_ Elm, slippery                                20-21
+
+         mozemize. _See_ Ash, American mountain                  29-30
+
+  Introduction to bulletin                                         7-8
+
+  Ironwood, description                                          15-16
+
+
+  Jacob’s-ladder. _See_ Bittersweet, false                          36
+
+  Juglans and J. cinerea. _See_ Butternut                           15
+
+
+  Kinnikinnick. _See under_ Dogwood                                 43
+
+  Konker-tree. _See_ Chestnut, horse                             37-38
+
+
+  Larch, American, black, and red. _See_ Tamarack                10-11
+
+  Larix americana and L. laricina. _See_ Tamarack                10-11
+
+  Laurel, swamp. _See_ Magnolia                                  21-23
+
+  Laurus benzoin. _See_ Spicebush                                26-27
+
+  Leatherbush and leatherwood. _See_ Moosewood                   43-44
+
+  Leaverwood. _See_ Moosewood                                    43-44
+
+  Lemon-walnut. _See_ Butternut                                     15
+
+  Leverwood. _See_ Ironwood and Moosewood                 15-16, 43-44
+
+  Licorice, wild. _See_ Buttonbush                               47-48
+
+  Life-of-man. _See_ Ash, American mountain                      29-30
+
+  Lindera benzoin. _See_ Spicebush                               26-27
+
+  Liriodendron and L. tulipifera. _See_ Poplar, tulip            23-25
+
+  Love-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                  48
+
+  Lyre-tree. _See_ Poplar, tulip                                 23-25
+
+
+  Magnolia acuminata, M. glauca, M. tripetala, M. umbrella,
+    and M. virginiana. _See_ Magnolia, description               21-23
+
+           blue, mountain, and sweet. _See_ Magnolia,
+            description                                          21-23
+
+           description                                           21-23
+
+  Mahogany-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet                             16-18
+
+           mountain. _See_ Birch, sweet                          16-18
+
+  Marketing barks for medicinal use, remarks                         9
+
+  Marsh-elder. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                48
+
+  May-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                   48
+
+  Medicine, uses of barks                                            8
+
+  Methods of drying barks                                          8-9
+
+             obtaining barks                                         8
+
+  Mezereon, American. _See_ Moosewood                            43-44
+
+  Missey-moosey. _See_ Ash, American mountain                    29-30
+
+  Moose-elm. _See_ Elm, slippery                                 20-21
+
+        misse. _See_ Ash, American mountain                      29-30
+
+  Moosewood, description                                         43-44
+
+  Morrel. _See_ Bittersweet                                      46-47
+
+  Mountain-ash, American, description                            29-30
+
+           asp. _See_ Aspen                                      11-12
+
+           globeflower. _See_ Buttonbush                         47-48
+
+           magnolia. _See_ Magnolia                              21-23
+
+           mahogany. _See_ Birch, sweet                          16-18
+
+           sumac. _See_ Ash, American mountain                   29-30
+
+  Mozemize, Indian. _See_ Ash, American mountain                 29-30
+
+  Myrica cerifera. _See_ Bayberry                                   14
+
+  Myrtle, candleberry. _See_ Bayberry                               14
+
+          wax. _See_ Bayberry                                       14
+
+
+  Nanny-berry. _See under_ Haw, black                            48-49
+
+  Nature’s-mistake. _See_ Dogwood                                41-43
+
+  Nightshade, climbing nightshade, and woody nightshade. _See_
+  Bittersweet                                                    46-47
+
+  Northern pine. _See_ Pine, white                                9-10
+
+           prickly ash. _See_ Ash, prickly                       31-33
+
+
+  Oak, stave, and stone. _See_ Oak, white                        18-20
+
+       white, description                                        18-20
+
+  Oilnut. _See_ Butternut                                           15
+
+  Old-man’s-beard. _See_ Fringe-tree                             45-46
+
+  Orange-root, climbing. _See_ Bittersweet, false                   36
+
+         wild. _See_ Ash, prickly                                31-33
+
+  Osier, golden. _See under_ Willow, white                          13
+
+         green, and red. _See under_ Dogwood                        43
+
+  Ostrya virginiana. _See_ Ironwood                              15-16
+
+
+  Pegwood. _See_ Wahoo                                              35
+
+  Pellitory-bark. _See_ Ash, prickly                             31-33
+
+  Pepperwood. _See_ Ash, prickly                                 31-33
+
+  Persiana bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada                           38-40
+
+  Pickaway-anise. _See_ Ash, wafer                               33-34
+
+  Pinball. _See_ Buttonbush                                      47-48
+
+  Pincushion-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                            48
+
+  Pine, American deal, American white, northern, soft deal,
+    spruce, and Weymouth. _See_ Pine, white                       9-10
+
+        white, description                                        9-10
+
+  Pinus strobus. _See_ Pine, white                                9-10
+
+  Poison-ash. _See_ Fringe-tree                                  45-46
+
+         berry and poison-flower. _See_ Bittersweet              46-47
+
+  Pond-dogwood. _See_ Buttonbush                                 47-48
+
+  Poplar, American. _See_ Aspen                                  11-12
+
+          blue, and hickory. _See_ Poplar, tulip                 23-25
+
+          trembling. _See_ Aspen                                 11-12
+
+          tulip, description                                     23-25
+
+          white. _See_ Aspen                                     11-12
+
+          yellow. _See_ Poplar, tulip                            23-25
+
+  Populus tremuloides. _See_ Aspen                               11-12
+
+  Prairie-bush, stinking. _See_ Ash, wafer                       33-34
+
+          grub. _See_ Ash, wafer                                 33-34
+
+  Prices, approximate, of medicinal barks                            9
+
+  Prickly ash, description                                       31-33
+
+               northern, southern, and yellow. _See_ Ash,
+                 prickly                                         31-33
+
+  Prinos and P. verticillata. _See_ Alder, black                    34
+
+  Prune-bark, Virginian. _See_ Cherry, wild                      30-31
+
+  Prunus serotina and P. virginiana. _See_ Cherry, wild          30-31
+
+  Ptelea and P. trifoliata. _See_ Ash, wafer                     33-34
+
+  Purshiana bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada                          38-40
+
+  Pushion-berry. _See_ Bittersweet                               46-47
+
+  Pussy-willow. _See under_ Willow, white                           13
+
+  Pyrus americana. _See_ Ash, American mountain                  29-30
+
+
+  Quaking asp. _See_ Aspen                                       11-12
+
+  Quercus and Q. alba. _See_ Oak, white                          18-20
+
+  Quick-beam. _See_ Ash, American mountain                       29-30
+
+  Quinine-tree. _See_ Ash, wafer                                 33-34
+
+  Quiverleaf. _See_ Aspen                                        11-12
+
+
+  Red-brush. _See under_ Dogwood                                    43
+
+      rod. _See under_ Dogwood                                      43
+
+  Rhamnus californica and R. purshiana. _See_ Cascara sagrada    38-40
+
+  River-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet                                16-18
+
+        bush. _See_ Buttonbush                                   47-48
+
+  Rock-elm. _See_ Elm, slippery                                  20-21
+
+  Rope-bark. _See_ Moosewood                                     43-44
+
+  Rose-elder. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                 48
+
+       gueldres, love, and May. _See_ Cramp-bark tree               48
+
+       willow. _See under_ Dogwood                                  43
+
+  Round-tree and roundwood. _See_ Ash, American mountain         29-30
+
+  Rowan-tree, American. _See_ Ash, American mountain             29-30
+
+              dog. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                            48
+
+  Roxbury waxwork. _See_ Bittersweet, false                         36
+
+  Rubus, R. canadensis, R. cuneifolius, R. nigrobaccus, R.
+    procumbens, R. trivialis, and R. villosus. _See_ Blackberry  28-29
+
+  Rum-cherry. _See_ Cherry, wild                                 30-31
+
+
+  Sacred bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada                             38-40
+
+  Saddle-leaf and saddle-tree. _See_ Poplar, tulip               23-25
+
+  Salix, S. alba, S. alba var. vitellina, S. fragilis, and S.
+    nigra. _See_ Willow, white                                   12-13
+
+  Saloop. _See_ Sassafras                                        25-26
+
+  Sand-blackberry. _See_ Blackberry                              28-29
+
+  Sang-tree. _See_ Ash, wafer                                    33-34
+
+  Sassafras, description                                         25-26
+
+             officinale, S. sassafras, and S. variifolium.
+               _See_ Sassafras, description                      25-26
+
+             swamp. _See_ Magnolia                               21-23
+
+  Saxifrax. _See_ Sassafras                                      25-26
+
+  Scarlet-berry. _See_ Bittersweet                               46-47
+
+  Sea-ash. _See_ Ash, prickly                                    31-33
+
+  Service-tree, American. _See_ Ash, American mountain           29-30
+
+  Shavings. _See_ Fringe-tree                                    45-46
+
+  Sheepberry. _See under_ Haw, black                             48-49
+
+  Shittimwood. _See_ Cascara sagrada                             38-40
+
+  Shrubs and trees furnishing medicinal barks, descriptions       9-49
+
+  Skawcoo. _See_ Bittersweet                                     46-47
+
+  Slippery elm, description                                      20-21
+
+  Sloe. _See_ Haw, black                                         48-49
+
+  Smelling-stick. _See_ Sassafras                                25-26
+
+  Snakeberry. _See_ Bittersweet                                  46-47
+
+  Snapwood. _See_ Spicebush                                      26-27
+
+  Snowball, little. _See_ Buttonbush                             47-48
+
+  Snowdrop-tree. _See_ Fringe-tree                               45-46
+
+  Snow-flower. _See_ Fringe-tree                                 45-46
+
+  Solanum dulcamara, classification with medicinal barks,
+    explanation. _See also_ Bittersweet 9,                       46-47
+
+  Sorbus americana. _See_ Ash, American mountain                 29-30
+
+  Southern prickly ash. _See_ Ash, prickly                       31-33
+
+  Spice-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet                                16-18
+
+  Spicebush, description                                         26-27
+
+  Spicewood. _See_ Spicebush                                     26-27
+
+  Spindle-tree and American spindle-tree. _See_ Wahoo               35
+
+  Spruce-pine. _See_ Pine, white                                  9-10
+
+  Squawbush. _See under_ Dogwood and Cramp-bark tree            43, 48
+
+  Staff-tree and climbing staff-tree. _See_ Bittersweet, false      36
+
+  vine. _See_ Bittersweet, false                                    36
+
+  Stagbush. _See_ Haw, black                                     48-49
+
+  Stave-oak. _See_ Oak, white                                    18-20
+
+  Stone-oak. _See_ Oak, white                                    18-20
+
+  Strawberry-bush and strawberry-tree. _See_ Wahoo                  35
+
+  Sumac, mountain. _See_ Ash, American mountain                  29-30
+
+  Suterberry. _See_ Ash, prickly                                 31-33
+
+  Swamp-alder. _See_ Alder, tag                                     18
+
+        ash. _See under_ Ash, white                              44-45
+
+        dogwood. _See_ Ash, wafer, Dogwood, and
+         Buttonbush                                33-34, 41-43, 47-48
+
+        laurel. _See_ Magnolia                                   21-23
+
+        sassafras. _See_ Magnolia                                21-23
+
+        willow. _See under_ Willow, white                           13
+
+  Swampwood. _See_ Moosewood and Buttonbush               43-44, 47-48
+
+  Sweet bay                                                      21-23
+
+        birch, description                                       16-18
+
+        viburnum. _See_ Haw, black                               48-49
+
+  Tag-alder, description                                            18
+
+  Tallow-bayberry. _See_ Bayberry                                   14
+
+         shrub. _See_ Bayberry                                      14
+
+         tree, American vegetable. _See_ Bayberry                   14
+
+         vegetable. _See_ Bayberry                                  14
+
+  Tamarack, description                                          10-11
+
+  Tether-devil. _See_ Bittersweet                                46-47
+
+  Tobacco-wood. _See_ Witch-hazel                                27-28
+
+  Toothache-bush and toothache-tree. _See_ Ash, prickly          31-33
+
+  Trees and shrubs furnishing medicinal barks, descriptions       9-49
+
+  Trefoil, shrubby. _See_ Ash, wafer                             33-34
+
+  Tulip-poplar, description                                      23-25
+
+        tree. _See_ Poplar, tulip                                23-25
+
+
+  Ulmus, U. fulva, and U. pubescens. _See_ Elm, slippery         20-21
+
+  Umbrella-tree. _See_ Magnolia                                  21-23
+
+
+  Vegetable-tallow. _See_ Bayberry                                  14
+
+                   tree, American. _See_ Bayberry                   14
+
+            wax, American. _See_ Bayberry                           14
+
+  Viburnum lentago and V. prunifolium. _See_ Haw, black          48-49
+
+           opulus. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                            48
+
+           sloe-leaved, and sweet. _See_ Haw, black              48-49
+
+  Violet-bloom. _See_ Bittersweet                                46-47
+
+
+  Wafer-ash, description                                         33-34
+
+  Wahoo, description                                                35
+
+  Walnut, lemon, and white. _See_ Butternut                         15
+
+  Water-ash. _See under_ Ash, white                              44-45
+
+        elder. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                                48
+
+  Waxberry. _See_ Bayberry                                          14
+
+  Wax-myrtle. _See_ Bayberry                                        14
+
+      tree, bayberry. _See_ Bayberry                                14
+
+  Waxwork and Roxbury waxwork. _See_ Bittersweet, false             36
+
+  West Indian yellowwood. _See_ Ash, prickly                     31-33
+
+  Weymouth pine. _See_ Pine, white                                9-10
+
+  Whisky-cherry. _See_ Cherry, wild                              30-31
+
+  Whiteball. _See_ Buttonbush                                    47-48
+
+  Whitewood. _See_ Poplar, tulip                                 23-25
+
+  Whitten-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree                               48
+
+  Wickopy and wickup. _See_ Moosewood                            43-44
+
+  Willow, black, brittle, common European, crack, duck,
+    Huntington, pussy, and swamp. _See_ Willow, white            12-13
+
+          crane. _See_ Buttonbush                                47-48
+
+          red, and rose. _See under_ Dogwood                        43
+
+          white, description                                     12-13
+
+  Wine-tree. _See_ Ash, American mountain                        29-30
+
+  Wingseed. _See_ Ash, wafer                                     33-34
+
+  Winterberry, common, and Virginia. _See_ Alder, black             34
+
+  Winterbloom. _See_ Witch-hazel                                 27-28
+
+  Witch-hazel, description                                       27-28
+
+        hobble and witch-hopple. _See_ Cramp-bark tree              48
+
+  Witchwood. _See_ Ash, American mountain                        29-30
+
+  Wolf-grape. _See_ Bittersweet                                  46-47
+
+  Wych-hazel. _See_ Witch-hazel                                  27-28
+
+
+  Xanthoxylum, X. americanum, X. carolinianum, X.
+    clava-herculis, and X. fraxineum. _See_ Ash, prickly         31-33
+
+
+  Yellowroot. _See_ Bittersweet, false                              36
+
+  Yellowthorn. _See_ Ash, prickly                                31-33
+
+  Yellowwood, prickly, and West Indian. _See_ Ash, prickly       31-33
+
+
+
+
+BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
+
+
+The scientific and technical publications of the Bureau of Plant
+Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, are issued in a single
+series of bulletins, a list of which follows.
+
+Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series
+are not for general distribution. The Superintendent of Documents,
+Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., is authorized by law
+to sell them at cost, and to him all applications for these bulletins
+should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for the required
+amount or by cash. Numbers omitted from this list can not be furnished.
+
+No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price,
+10 cents.
+
+  2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.
+
+  3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.
+
+  4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1901. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,
+  15 cents.
+
+  17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  25. Miscellaneous Papers. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902.
+  Price, 15 cents.
+
+  29. The Effect of Black-Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price,
+  10 cents.
+
+  32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  36. The “Bluing” of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30
+  cents.
+
+  37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans
+  and of Phycomyces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15
+  cents.
+
+  39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10
+  cents.
+
+  41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  45. Physiological Rôle of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5
+  cents.
+
+  47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  49. Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. 1903. Price, 25
+  cents.
+
+  50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  51. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  55. The Dry-Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  56. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cents.
+
+  57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10
+  cents.
+
+  60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  62. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  63. Investigation of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algæ and
+  Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  68. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  72. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5
+  cents.
+
+  75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905.
+  Price, 5 cents.
+
+  77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  79. Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts.
+  1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price,
+  5 cents.
+
+  87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10
+  cents.
+
+  89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  90. Miscellaneous Papers. 1906. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906.
+  Price, 10 cents.
+
+  95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  96. Tobacco Breeding. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  98. Soy Bean Varieties. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  99. Quick Method for Determination of Moisture in Grain. 1907. Price,
+  5 cents.
+
+  100. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 25 cents.
+
+  101. Contents of and Index to Bulletins Nos. 1 to 100. 1907. Price,
+  15 cents.
+
+  102. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  103. Dry Farming in the Great Basin. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  104. The Use of Feldspathic Rocks as Fertilizers. 1907. Price, 5
+  cents.
+
+  105. Relation of Composition of Leaf to Burning Qualities of Tobacco.
+  1907. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  106. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 12. 1907. Price, 15
+  cents.
+
+  107. American Root Drugs. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  110. Cranberry Diseases. 1907. Price, 20 cents.
+
+  111. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  112. Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of Drug
+  Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  113. Comparative Tolerance of Plants for Salts Common in Alkali
+  Soils. 1907. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  114. Sap-Rot and Other Diseases of the Red Gum. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  115. Disinfection of Sewage Effluents for Protection of Water
+  Supplies. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  116. The Tuna as Food for Man. 1907. Price, 25 cents.
+
+  117. The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native Pastures. 1907.
+  Price, 10 cents.
+
+  118. Peruvian Alfalfa. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  119. The Mulberry and Other Silkworm Food Plants. 1907. Price, 10
+  cents.
+
+  120. Production of Easter Lily Bulbs in the United States. 1908.
+  Price, 10 cents.
+
+  121. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  122. Curly-Top, a Disease of Sugar Beets. 1908. Price, 15 cents.
+
+  123. The Decay of Oranges in Transit from California. 1908. Price, 20
+  cents.
+
+  124. The Prickly Pear as a Farm Crop. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  125. Dry-Land Olive Culture in Northern Africa. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  126. Nomenclature of the Pear. 1908. Price, 30 cents.
+
+  127. The Improvement of Mountain Meadows. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  128. Egyptian Cotton in the Southwestern United States. 1908. Price,
+  15 cents.
+
+  129. Barium, a Cause of the Loco-Weed Disease. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  130. Dry-Land Agriculture. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  131. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  132. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 13. 1908. Price, 20
+  cents.
+
+  133. Peach, Apricot, and Prune Kernels as By-Products of the Fruit
+  Industry of the United States. 1908. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  134. The Influence of a Mixture of Soluble Salts, Principally Sodium
+  Chlorid, upon the Leaf Structure and Transpiration of Wheat, Oats,
+  and Barley. 1908. Price, 5 cents.
+
+  135. Orchard Fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Regions of
+  Virginia and the South Atlantic States. 1908. Price, 20 cents.
+
+  136. Methods and Causes of Evolution. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
+
+  137. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 14. 1909. Price, 10
+  cents.
+
+  138. The Production of Cigar-Wrapper Tobacco under Shade in the
+  Connecticut Valley. 1908. Price, 15 cents.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+  - A word seems to be missing between “considerable” and “of the woody
+  portion” in “Description of wood and bark” section of the “Ironwood”
+  entry. Nothing was added to it since it is not clear what word is
+  missing.
+
+  - Clear typos and wrong punctuation were corrected.
+
+  - Inconsistent hyphenation has been corrected.
+
+  - There is a list of works divided in two parts in the original
+  publication, with one part at the beginning and another at the end.
+  They have been merged and moved to the end in this edition.
+
+  - Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of their
+  sections.
+
+  - The original entry for Magnolia umbrella has both a “(2)” and a “(3)”
+    item. They have been renumbered to “(1)” and “(2),” respectively.
+
+  - Text between _underscores_ represent italics.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77360 ***