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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/77230-0.txt b/77230-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78a0c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/77230-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10385 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77230 *** + + + + + FAMILY NAMES + + FROM THE + IRISH, ANGLO-SAXON, ANGLO-NORMAN AND SCOTCH + + CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THEIR ETYMOLOGY, + WITH + BRIEF REMARKS ON THE HISTORY AND LANGUAGES + OF THE + PEOPLES TO WHOM WE ARE INDEBTED FOR THEIR ORIGIN. + + BY THOMAS G. GENTRY, + AUTHOR OF “LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA,” “THE HOUSE + SPARROW,” “NESTS AND EGGS OF BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES,” ETC. + + PHILADELPHIA: + BURK & McFETRIDGE. + 1892. + + COPYRIGHT, 1892, + BY + THOMAS G. GENTRY + + + + +PREFACE. + + +In all ages and localities of the world names, implying some one or +more characteristics of person, feature, faith, place or event, were +conferred by people, especially by those of defective education and +rude, unpolished manners. The nations of antiquity appear to have set +the example, for the Hebrews had their “Adam,” which meant “red earth,” +their “Elizabeth,” “the oath of God,” and the Greeks their “Theophilus,” +“the friend of God.” Scriptural names, and those of a purely classical +character, have been studied with less difficulty. Every Hebrew name has +been fully discussed and examined by the best scholars, and the Greek +have received the same amount of careful consideration. Not so with the +Latin. While much of value and interest have been gleaned through patient +study and investigation, yet there is a great deal that must forever +remain doubtful and inexplicable. + +Ripe German philologists have given full attention to the numerous race +of German appellations, the Scandinavian class having been most ably +treated in a series of articles to the _Norsk Maandeskrifts_ from the +pen of Prof. Munch, of Christiania. Turner, Kemble, Thierry, and others, +have studied, but not comparatively, Anglo-Saxon names, and thrown +considerable light upon the subject. + +Keltic names have presented far greater difficulties. The changes through +which the name passes must be considered, and not merely the sound when +translated into English. Books of travels, histories, and popular tales, +are here indispensable aids to the dictionary, especially when writers +have been good enough to give with anything like tolerable accuracy the +genuine word rather than their Anglicised construction. + +While surnames and local names have often been discussed, and that very +poorly in the large majority of cases, the Christian name has generally +been considered too fortuitous to merit notice. Camden did indeed review +the current ones of his day, giving many correct explanations, but +Verstegen, who followed him up, was more speculative, and, consequently, +less correct. Since his day, no English author seems to have given any +reliable information to the subject. It is true that a few lists of names +and meanings have appeared in magazines and popular works, but they have +generally been copies of Verstegen, with puerile and incorrect additions. +One paper, which was published a long time ago in Chamber’s Journal, +was the only truly valuable paper on English names _en masse_ that has +appeared since he wrote. + +But little attention has been paid to the history of names. Why one +should be popular and another forgotten, why one should flourish +throughout an entire country, another in one section alone, and another +around some petty district, has not, it would seem, been of sufficient +importance to invite examination. History has answered some of these +questions, genealogy others, and the patient tracing of patron saints, +their relics, and their legends, many others. In this department of +investigation, philology owes a lasting debt of gratitude to Charlotte +M. Yonge, a well-known English authoress, who has had the time, the +patience, the ability, for so herculean a task. A careful perusal of her +work, while it shows a few defects, the results of preconceived notions +and false reasoning, brings to the light of knowledge much that is +valuable and important. + +The writer’s interest in the subject began with his study of the Irish +language more than two decades ago. That interest has never wavered, +but has gathered strength and force with the advancing years. A desire +that his fellows should know something of the etymology and meanings +of names, for few people have any other idea than that names, family +names especially, are the results of chance, has led to the publication +of this work. In its preparation he has drawn his facts from primitive +sources. Few names, and these originally Christian in character, have +been taken at second hand, but in most instances even these have been +modified in derivation and meaning to adapt them to his conceptions of +what the genius of the languages, from which they were drawn, would +require. Bourke’s _Self-Instruction in Irish_, O’Reilly’s _Irish-English +Dictionary_, Foley’s _English-Irish Dictionary_, and _The Irish Echo_, +a monthly paper published in Boston, and devoted to Irish history and +genealogies, are the sources from which have been obtained the facts +for the Irish names. March’s _Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon +Language_, March’s _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, and Bosworth’s _Anglo-Saxon and +English Dictionary_ have been invaluable so far as the Anglo-Saxon are +concerned, and for the Anglo-Norman and Scotch considerable information +has been gleaned from the writings of Chaucer, edited by Wright, from +Percy’s _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, and from scores of other +sources. + +It is not pretended that the list of names herein given is anything like +complete. Hundreds of others could have been included, but they would +only have augmented the size of the book beyond the author’s intention. +He has endeavored to select names presumably familiar to English-speaking +people, and to give their probable derivation and significance. The keen +eye of the critic may detect some faults, for a work of this kind cannot +necessarily be free from errors, either of judgment or wisdom, but it +is to be hoped that the value of the work, as a vehicle of truth and +information, may not materially be affected by reason of them. + + THOMAS G. GENTRY. + +PHILADELPHIA, June 1, 1892. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + PREFACE 3 + + FROM THE IRISH 7 + + HISTORY—THE CELTS 9 + + LESSONS IN IRISH 13 + + NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 18 + + FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON 51 + + HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES 53 + + LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON 57 + + NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 65 + + FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN 171 + + HISTORY—NORMAN CONQUEST 173 + + ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE 175 + + NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 180 + + FROM THE SCOTCH 189 + + HISTORY—THE SCOT 191 + + SCOTCH—AS IT NOW EXISTS 195 + + NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 197 + + ADDENDA ET CORRIGIENDA 208 + + + + +FROM THE IRISH. + + + + +HISTORY—THE CELTS. + + +Careful study and research have enabled philologists to establish a +system of linguistic classification. They have given us such families +as the Chinese, the Polynesian, the Scythian, the Semitic, and others; +and above them all the great Indo-European Family, which comprehends ten +members—three Asiatic and seven European. + +Seven of these ten families have long been recognized, namely: Iranian, +or Ancient and Modern Persian; Indian, or Sanskrit, used in Hindostan; +Hellenic—Ancient and Modern Greek; Italic, that is, the Latin and +its descendants—Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provençal, +Rheto-Romanic, and Wallachian; Slavonic, preëminently the Russian; +Celtic, or Keltic, made up of the Cymric and the Gaelic; Teutonic, +subdivided into Gothic, Scandinavian, High German, and Low German. Into +the Low German the English falls. Recent scholars have added to these +seven the Lithuanian, Armenian, and Albanian, making ten in all. + +So unlike are these languages now, that it was not suspected until this +century that they were once the same speech spoken by a people dwelling +together long enough to build up a respectable vocabulary and a common +language. The home of this mother-tribe is involved in obscurity. +Conjecture, at one time, placed it upon the high table-land of Eastern +Persia. Recent surmise, principally German, locates it in Germany, in +Scandinavia, in Russia just north of the Caucasus mountains. When, and +in what order, the migrations took place is also conjectural. That great +migrations did occur, and that each migrating horde carried along with +it the parent speech, is no longer questioned. Strong authorities make +it credible that the Celtic tribes were the first to abandon the old +homestead and seek their fortunes in new and strange lands. + +Of this people, the Celts, when first they appear upon the historical +horizon, some prefatory remarks are needed. They occupied the Spanish +Peninsula, Gaul when conquered by Cæsar, and Britain, when visited by +him in 55 and 54 B. C. In Britain, they were divided into many tribes, +and were seldom known to unite in a common cause. They lived in houses +hollowed out of the hills, built with low stone walls, thatched with +reeds and straw, and lighted only by the door. Their dress consisted of +the tunic and short trousers. Fruits, milk, flesh, and grain bruised +and baked, constituted their food. They manufactured earthenware, war +chariots, arrows, the sword, the spear, the battle-axe, and the shield, +burned or buried their dead, tattooed their bodies, and were largely +controlled by their priests. The latter—the _druids_—monopolized the +learning, took to themselves supreme authority, settled all disputes, +civil and criminal, and were exempt from taxation and all public duties. + +No determined resistance was offered by the Celts to Roman occupancy +of Britain, for, under Agricola, the Romans had by 84 A. D., conquered +as far north as the Firth of Forth, which they joined to the river +Clyde by the wall of Antoninus. Subsequently, they built as additional +protection against the Picts, the noted wall of Severus, sometimes called +Hadrian’s wall, which united the Solway and the Tyne. No attempt of a +thorough conquest of the island was made by the Romans, but with their +headquarters at Eboracum, now York, they held it by a chain of fortified +posts, whose site is now mainly indicated by towns with names terminating +in _chester_, _cester_ or _caster_—modifications of the Latin _castra_, +a camp. These posts the Romans connected by broad and straight military +roads over which their legions could readily march. + +Roman aggrandizement was of primary importance. Taxes were levied on +arable land, on pasture land, and on fruits, and duties were exacted +at the ports. Agriculture was fostered, and large quantities of grain +exported to Rome. But the imperial city whose empire was so wide, and +whose armies were mostly composed of conscripts from subjugated people, +and led by generals of their own blood, was threatened by invading +hordes, and was compelled to withdraw her legions for home defense. By +420 the soldiers had all been withdrawn, and the Celts were themselves +once more. But their freedom and rejoicing were of short continuance. +A more formidable invasion than that of the Roman followed, and by the +middle of the fifth century they were the slaves of the Angles, the +Saxons, and the Jutes. + +Upon the withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain, the unsubdued +Picts and Scots of the north attacked the Celts of the south, who had +been subjects of Roman oppression. Whether the assailed Britons detached +the Gothic tribes from an alliance with the Picts and Scots, and turned +them against their former allies; whether, without having been in league +with them, the strangers came from their home beyond the North Sea to +help beat back the Picts and Scots; or whether, tempted by the fertile +soil, they came on their own account, we may never know; but one thing +is certain, that they came, and that they came never to go away. Their +coming is of weighty significance, for they became the basis of the +English nation, and their speech the parent of the English language. + +The unconquered Celts of the west and north spoke their own tongue—the +Celtic—while that of the conquered portion was overwhelmingly the +language of the conquerors, and was called the Anglo-Saxon. It was +not, however, entirely pure, for some few Celtic words had unavoidably +entered it. The names for the rivers, lakes, hills and mountains, given +by the Celts, clung pertinaciously to these objects, and are found with +the English of the present day. Throughout the whole of England there +is hardly a river-name that is not Celtic. _Avon_, Celtic for _water_, +occurs as the name of fourteen English rivers upon our maps. _Esk_, of +like meaning, designates more than twenty, and has also entered into the +names of towns, as in _Ax_minster, _Ex_eter, _Ox_ford, and _Ux_bridge. +_Cam_, _Humber_, _Ouse_, _Thames_, and _Wye_, and many other river-names, +are Celtic. _Pen_, or _Ben_, Celtic for _mountain_, is seen in the name +for the range called _Pen_nine, in that of the hills called _Pen_tland, +and in _Ben_-Nevis and _Ben_-Lomond. _Dun_, a hill-fortress, is found in +_Dum_barton, _Dun_dee, _Dun_keld. Hundreds of other Celtic words can be +observed on almost any map of England, and, indeed, on the maps of Spain, +France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The names of the rivers Rhine, +Rhone, Garonne, and Seine are Celtic. Italy is Celtic for “beautiful +region,” and German for “rough man.” Besides the numerous geographical +names of Europe that are traceable to this language, such common names as +_camel_, _clock_, _comma_, _fodder_, _gun_, _snake_, and _whiskey_, owe +to it their origin, not to mention scores of well-known family names of +every-day occurrence. + +The remains of the Celtic language are still to be found in the Welsh, +the Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, the Erse or Irish, and the Manx of +the Isle of Man. + + + + +LESSONS IN IRISH. + + +IRISH LETTERS—THEIR SOUNDS. + +There are seventeen letters in the Irish Alphabet, of which five are +vowels, the remaining twelve being consonants. Their correspondents in +English are _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _i_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, +_p_, _r_, _s_, _t_, and _u_. + +The designation of the letters by their Irish names, _Ailm_, _Beith_, +etc., which is only a convenient contrivance for distinguishing them from +those of other languages, has been purposely omitted, partly because they +are, at present, seldom or never called by their appellations, and partly +because there is often danger in mistaking the names for the sounds of +the letters. + +Regarding the pronunciation of Irish letters, and of the Gaelic language +generally, the fullest and most open enunciation is required. The +vowels must be sounded as in Italian or French; the consonants, as in +German or Spanish. This open, full sounding of the letters enables +foreigners to learn to speak Irish more correctly and more readily than +English-speaking people; for, of all spoken languages, the pronunciation +of the English is the most opposite to that of Irish. + + +SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. + +The letters _b_, _f_, _m_, _n_, _p_, and _r_, except when aspirated, are +sounded like their English analogues. _C_ is never at all pronounced like +_s_ or _ch_ soft, but always hard like _k_; _d_, like _dh_; _g_ hard, as +in _get_; and _l_, generally, like the first _l_ in William. + +More variable, however, is _s_. Before or after the vowels _e_ or _i_, it +is most generally sounded like _sh_, there being but a single exception +to the rule, and this occurs in the word _is_—the third person singular +present indicative of the assertive form of the verb _to be_, which is +pronounced _is_, and not _ish_. Before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, it takes +simply the sound of _s_ in _soon_, the demonstrative pronoun _so_, this, +being in Connaught, where it is pronounced _sho_, the only exception. + + +SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. + +_A_ long, as in _wâll_, has the broad sound as in English; _a_ short, +that of a in _băt_. There is a third sound, very common in the South and +West of Ireland, corresponding to the sound of _a_ in _whät_. + +_E_ long is sounded as in _whêre_, _e_ short, as in _whĕn_; _i_ long, as +_ee_ in _pîque_, _i_ short, as in _pĭck_; _o_ long, as in _tōld_, _o_ +short as in _gŏt_; _u_ long, as in _rūle_, _u_ short, as in _fûll_. + +Vowels are divided into _broad_ and _slender_. The _broad_ are _a_, _o_, +_u_; the _slender_ are _e_, _i_. + + +UNION OF VOWELS, AND THEIR SOUNDS. + +Two vowels coming together constitute a _diphthong_; three, a +_triphthong_. In Irish there are _thirteen_ diphthongs and _five_ +triphthongs. Of the former, _six_ are always long, or naturally so, and +the remainder naturally short, but becoming long when accented. The long +diphthongs, as they are invariably long, require no accent. The _seven_ +short need the presence of this character to show that their sound is, in +the case so designated, to be pronounced long. + +The long diphthongs are:—_ae_, _ao_, _eo_, _eu_, _ia_, and _ua_. + + +SOUNDS OF THE SIX LONG DIPHTHONGS. + +_Ae_ is sounded like _ae_ in the Latin word _Musæ_; _ao_, usually like +_ee_ in _queer_, except in Munster where it has the sound of the first +_e_ in _there_; _eo_, like _eo_ in the proper noun _Keon_; _eu_, long, +like _ai_ in _wail_; _ia_, like _ee_ in _teem_; _ua_, like _ooe_ in +_wooer_. + + +SOUNDS OF THE SEVEN SHORT DIPHTHONGS. + +_Ai_, accented, is equivalent to the sound of _awi_ in the English word +_sawing_, being nothing more than the combined sounds _â_ and _ĭ_; _ai_, +not accented, has the sound of _ai_ in the French _taille_, cut, and +is hard to be learned by an English-speaking student; _ea_, accented, +is sounded like _ea_ in _swear_, unaccented, like the same letters in +_heart_; _ei_, accented, like _ei_ in _deign_, unaccented, like _e_ in +_den_; _io_, accented, like _ee_ in _green_, unaccented, like _i_ in +_grin_; _iu_, accented, like _iew_ in _review_, unaccented, like _oo_ in +_blood_; _oi_, accented, like _oi_ in _boil_, unaccented, like _u_ in +_shut_; _ui_, like _ui_ in _fruit_, unaccented, like _ui_ in _quiet_. + + +TRIPHTHONGS, AND THEIR SOUNDS. + +All the triphthongs—_aoi_, _eoi_, _iai_, _iui_, _uai_—are pronounced +long, and differ but little in their sounds from those of the long +diphthongs from which they are formed. They differ mainly in two +particulars—first, in a slight prolongation of the diphthongal sound; +secondly, in imparting to the immediately succeeding consonant, on +account of its nearness to the slender vowel _i_, a liquid, slender +sound, which it would not otherwise receive. _Aoi_ is sounded like _uee_ +in _Queen_; _iai_, like the diphthong _ia_ (_ee_), except that the final +_i_ gives to the consonant that follows a slender or liquid sound; _iui_, +like _eeyu_, sounds that cannot be represented in English, as heard in +the Irish word _ciuin_, pronounced _keeyuin_, in one syllable. + + +ASPIRATED CONSONANTS. + +We come now to consider the twelve Irish consonants. Of these +consonants—_l_, _n_, _r_—never alter their primitive or radical sounds. +The remaining nine do change their radical sounds to those of cognate +nature. + +This change, arising from a rough breathing after the vowel sound, +is properly called _aspiration_, as it merely modifies, rather than +destroys, as is sometimes erroneously supposed, the sound of the +consonant. The notation for the aspirate is indicated by an accent (´) or +_h_. + +_Ṕ_ (asp.) is equivalent to _ph_ or _f_. _B́_, before or after _e_ or +_i_, to _v_; but before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, to _w_. + +_Ḿ_, before or after _e_ or _i_, to _v_; before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, +to _w_, with a slightly nasal sound. + +_F́_ is usually silent; in some words, however, it has the sound of _h_. + +_Ć_, like _ch_ in _och_, or the Greek letter _chee_. Before _a_, _o_, or +_u_ it has the former sound, which is that of the German _ch_; but before +_e_ or _i_, it invariably takes the latter sound. + +_Ǵ_, in the beginning of a word, if before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_, has +the guttural sound _gh_; but before _e_ or _i_, it is sounded like _y_. +At the end, or in the middle of words, it has no other power than that of +prolonging the sound of the preceding vowel. + +_D́_ has a thick, guttural sound, very analogous to _g_. In the beginning +of a word, before _e_ or _i_, it has exactly the sound of _y_; but in +the middle, or at the end, it has the force of _g_, that is, it merely +lengthens the sound of the preceding vowel or diphthong. + +_T́_ loses its power as a consonant, and has the force of _h_. + +_Ś_ has the sound of _k_; _s_, final, is never aspirated. + + +DERIVATIVE NOUNS. + +Derivative Nouns in Irish are _personal_ or _abstract_. + +Personal Nouns end in _ōir_, _aire_, _ai_, _aid́_, and are produced from +primitive nouns, or past participles. + +The terminations _ōir_, _aire_, are supposed to be broken forms of +the word _fear_, pronounced _fär_, a man. If so, then _fear_ must be +considered as the root of the Latin ending _or_, and of the English +suffix _er_. + +Abstract Nouns terminate in _as_ or _eas_, masculine; in _aćt_, feminine; +or in the genitive case singular feminine of adjectives. + +Diminutives are formed from nouns and adjectives, and end in _an_, +masculine; in _în_, masculine or feminine; in _ōg_, feminine. + +Many words that are not diminutives end in _an_. + +Other words terminating in _an_, from _tan_, time, or from _tain_, +possessions, are of this class. _Iat́_, a region, a territory, is, in its +fragmentary form _ia_, the termination of almost all the Latin names of +places that have that ending. + +From the active signification of the ending _ać_, and from the meaning of +the term _neać_, an individual, an agent, of which _ać_ is apparently a +mere fragment, adjectives with this suffix become personal nouns, and as +such are expressive of office, action, or individuality. + + +SOUNDS OF CERTAIN TERMINATIONS. + +In Connaught, final _ead́_ is pronounced like _oo_ in English; in +Munster, like _a_. As the final syllable of the imperfect tense of verbs, +it is pronounced incorrectly in Munster, and in some districts in the +southern parts of Connaught, like guttural _agh_. + +Generally, _ad́_ final, in words of two or more syllables, is pronounced +like _ead́_; in Munster, like unaccented _a_; and, in Connaught and +Ulster, like English _oo_. But in words of one syllable and their +compounds, however, the Munster pronunciation is not only adopted in the +South, but also in the West and North of Ireland. + +In Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary, the diphthongs _ea_, _io_, and +sometimes _iu_, are incorrectly pronounced like _ow_ on coming before +_l_, _m_, and _n_. + +In the words _bean_, a woman, _bard_, a poet, and _bord_, a table, the +initial consonant _b_, when not preceded by the possessive pronouns +singular, is not aspirated. Put, however, these pronouns, excepting the +feminine, before the same words, and _b_ immediately assumes the aspirate +sound; that is, it is pronounced like _v_, if _e_ or _i_ follow, and like +_w_, if _a_, _o_, or _u_ follow. + + + + +NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. + + +A. + +_Adaire._ _A_ for _an_, the; _dair_, oak. The oak; hence, strong, +powerful, robust. _Adare_, from the same. + +_Aincy._ _Ain_, a circle; _neać_, corrupted into _ey_, an individual, an +agent. + +_Aitken._ _Ait_, pleasure, fancifulness; _ceann_, head. Mental delight. + +_Alncy._ _Aluin_, beautiful; _neać_, an individual. A pleasing person. + +_Arran._ _Ara_, kidney; _an_ for _tan_, land, riches, possessions in land +or stock. Land of the kidney. + +_Ardry._ _Ard_, chief; _riǵ_ (_ree_), king. Head king or ruler. +_Awrdry_, of like derivation. + + +B. + +_Baine._ _Baine_, milk, from the adjective _bân_, white. Milk. Bain, +contracted from the original name. + +_Baile._ _Bâile_, a town, a village. + +_Bailey._ _Bâile_, a town; _lać_, a broken form of _lućt_, folk, people. +Resident of a town. + +_Baird._ _Bârd_, genitive _baird_, a poet. Offspring of a Celtic minstrel. + +_Ball._ _Bâll_, a member; one of a community, society, or association. +Baull has the same root. + +_Ballantyne._ _Bâile_, a town; _an_, of the; _tan_ or _tain_, land, +region. The town of the region. + +_Bannigan._ _Baine_, milk; _gan_, offspring, descendant. One nourished +from infancy upon milk. + +_Bannon._ _Bân_, white; _on_ for _an_, a termination indicative of +personality. A pale-faced person. + +_Barmore._ _Bârr_, top, summit, swelling tide, head; _muir_, the sea, +genitive _mâra_, of the sea. Swelling tide of the sea. + +_Barney._ _Bârr_, head; _neać_, an individual. A leader. Perhaps, the +equivalent of _bairneać_, a limpet, because found on tops (_bârr_) of +rocks when the tide has ebbed. + +_Barr._ _Bârr_, top, summit, head. + +_Barret._ _Bârr_, head; _aid́_, a suffix expressive of a personal noun. +Manager; superintendent; leader. + +_Barry._ _Bârr_, top; _aid́_, indicative of personality; originally, +_barraid́_. One at the summit; a man of eminence. + +_Baugh._ Possibly a corruption of _beać_, pronounced _bäch_, a bee. + +_Beahney._ _Beat́a_, life; _neać_, an agent. A living being. + +_Benaugh._ _Biad́_, food; _neać_, an individual. One who provides food; a +victualler. + +_Benner._ _Benn_, a mountain; _er_, a contraction for _fear_, a man. A +mountaineer. + +_Binney._ _Binn_, harmonious; _neać_, an individual. An agreeable person. + +_Bourke._ Irish for Burke. + +_Bowan._ Possibly from _buan_, lasting, enduring. + +_Bower._ _Bod́ar_, pronounced _bower_, deaf. + +_Brattan._ _Brat_, a cloak; _an_, expressing personality. A cloak-wearer; +a clergyman. + +_Breen._ _Braon_, pronounced _breen_, a drop. + +_Brennan._ _Breun_, fetid; _an_, expressive of personality. An offensive +person. + +_Britain._ _Brith_, painted, speckled; _tain_, country. The country of +the painted inhabitants. + +_Britt._ _Brith_, painted. A painted person. + +_Brock._ _Broc_, a badger. + +_Brodie._ _Brōd́_, pride, pleasure; _aid́_, implying personality. An +arrogant person; a voluptuary. + +_Brogan._ _Bro_, a hand-mill; _gan_, offspring. Offspring of a hand-mill. + + +C. + +_Cabell._ _Cab_, the mouth; _aille_, the genitive of _aill_, a cliff. The +mouth of the cliff. + +_Cahal._ In Irish _Cat́al_, from _cat́_, pronounced _cah_, battle; _al_, +support. Help in battle. + +_Caham._ _Cat́_, battle; _am_, time. Hour of battle. + +_Cahey._ _Cat́_, battle; _ać_ for _neać_, a person; possibly, _cat́ać_, +in the original. A warrior. + +_Cahill._ _Cat́_, battle; _aill_, a cliff. A battle-cliff. + +_Callan._ _Caillin_, a girl; or, perhaps, from _calla_, a hooded cloak; +_an_, a personal suffix. The wearer of a hooded cloak; a nun. Sometimes +written Callen. + +_Camm._ _Cam_, crooked, bent, curved. + +_Cameron._ _Cuimir_, a valley; _on_ for _an_, small. A small valley. + +_Camsuile._ _Cam_, bending; _suile_, genitive of _suil_, eye. Bending of +eye. + +_Cangan._ _Cean_, pronounced _cahn_, fondness; _gan_, offspring. Child of +fondness. + +_Cann._ _Cean_, fondness, affection, esteem, regard. + +_Cannon._ _Cean_, affection; _on_ for _an_, personal suffix. An +affectionate person. + +_Cannavan._ _Cean_, affection; _a b́ean_, of his woman. Fondness of his +woman. + +_Caird._ _Cara_, a friend, genitive _carad_, plural _cairde_, friends. +Carde, only another form of the word. + +_Carey._ _Car_, dear; _aid́_, a personal suffix. One that is dear, or +beloved. + +_Carlin._ _Car_, dear; _lin_, a marsh; a swamp. A highly valuable bog. + +_Carlyle._ _Car_, dear; _lile_, lily. Beloved lily. + +_Carmack._ _Car_, dear; _mac_, son. Dear son. + +_Carmichael._ _Car_, dear; Michael, a Hebrew word signifying “who is like +God.” Dear Michael. In Irish, Michael is written _Mićeal_, the genitive +of which is _Mićil_. + +_Carney._ _Carn_, a heap of stones; _neać_, personal suffix; originally +written, doubtless, _Car-neać_. A quarryman. + +_Carrell._ _Car_, dear; _aill_, a cliff. Beloved cliff. Carruill, the +primitive form of the name. + +_Carrick._ _Car_, dear; _riǵ_, a king. A dear king. Possibly, from +_carraic_, a rock. + +_Carson._ _Car_, dear; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, a son. A beloved son. + +_Carthy._ _Car_, dear; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, a country; _ać_ for +_neać_, an individual; originally _Cartać_. A beloved countryman. Carty, +corruption of the original. + +_Ceiort._ _Ceirt_, a question. + +_Claney._ _Clê_, left-handed; _neać_, individual. Left-handed individual. + +_Cloonan._ _Cluan_, a retreat; _an_, a person. One who lives in a +retreat; a hermit; an anchorite. Clunen, of like derivation. + +_Cloonas._ _Cluan_, a retreat, a cloister; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, a son. A +monk; one who lives in a monastery. + +_Clough._ _Cloć_, a stone. Cluff, Anglicised form of the name. + +_Clune._ _Cluan_, a retreat. A sequestered spot. + +_Coile._ _Coill_, wood. Coyle, a modified form of the name. + +_Colahan._ _Col_, kindred; _leat́an_, wide. Large kindred; wide circle of +relations. + +_Colgan._ _Col_, kin; _gan_, a descendant. Near relative. + +_Colman._ _Colman_, a pigeon. + +_Conley._ _Conn_, of heroes; _lać_, people. Nation of heroes. + +_Connell._ _Conn_, of heroes; _aill_, a cliff. A rampart of brave men; a +cliff of heroes. + +_Connaught._ _Connaćt_, in the original, from _conn_, of heroes; _aćt_ a +termination, like _tas_ in Latin, or _tion_ in French or English. Having +the quality of heroes. + +_Connor._ _Conn_, of heroes; _cub́ar_, fond of. Fond of heroes. + +_Corbin._ _Cor_, a knot, a union; _binn_, harmonious. A happy union; a +joyous wedlock. + +_Corbitt._ _Cor_, a knot; _bit́_, life. Wedlock. + +_Corley._ _Cor_, a knot; _lać_, people. United people. + +_Connell._ _Conn_, of heroes; _aill_, a cliff, a wall. A close, compact +body of heroes. + +_Cornell._ _Corn_, horny; _uille_, an elbow. An elbow inflexible as horn. + +_Cornwall._ _Corn_, a goblet, a drinking-cup, a tumbler, so called +because in ancient times drinking-cups were commonly made of horn +(_corn_); _aill_, a cliff. The horny cliff. + +_Cowel._ _Coćal_, a hood, a cowel, a vestment. Or, perhaps, from _cuać_, +hollow; _fal_, a cover. A hood, or hollow cover. + +_Cowgill_. _Coḿ_, together; _giolla_, a servant. Co-laborer. + +_Craig._ _Cre_, creed; _ać_, an individual. A churchman; the possessor of +a creed. + +_Cravin._ _Craob́_, a branch; _in_, denoting small. A branchlet; a twig. + +_Cree._ _Cre_, creed, earth, the symbol of faith. + +_Creegan._ _Cre_, creed; _gan_, offspring. An inheritor of a creed. + +_Creagh._ _Cre_, creed, earth; _ać_, an agent. Teacher of a creed; +cultivator of the earth. + +_Creen._ _Crion_, pronounced _creen_, withered, palsied. + +_Creenan._ _Crion_, withered; _an_, personal suffix. A palsied person. + +_Cromwell._ _Crom_, crooked; _aill_, a cliff. A crooked cliff. + +_Cronin._ _Coroin_, a crown; _in_, implying diminutiveness. A coronet; a +small crown. + +_Crowley._ _Crod́a_, pronounced _crowya_, brave; _lać_, people. +Magnanimous people. + +_Crupp._ _Crup_, a wrinkle, a contraction. + +_Currie._ _Curam_, care (applied in Irish to all over whom one has +charge); _lać_, an agent. A supervisor; a superintendent; a manager. +Curry, the commoner form of the name. + + +D. + +_Daley._ _Dall_, blind; _eać_, individual. Blind person. + +_Dall._ _Dâll_, blind, sightless. + +_Dana._ _Dana_, strong, powerful, mighty; bold, daring. + +_Darr._ _Daor_, pronounced _deer_, dear, condemned. + +_Darra._ _Daor_, dear; _a_, contraction of _neać_, an individual. A +person of wealth. + +_Darragh._ Same derivation as Darra. In certain parts of Ireland, _ać_ is +pronounced _agh_, or _ach_. Darrach is an apt illustration of the latter +sound. + +_Dearr._ _Daor_, dear. Perhaps in Darr, Darrach, etc., the _e_, in the +course of time, has been dropped for the sake of brevity, or to satisfy +the whims of the possessors of those names. + +_Deaver._ Originally _Duib́ir_, from _dub́_, black; _ir_, man. A +dark-complexioned man. + +_Deegan._ _De_, of God; _gan_, an offspring. Son of God. Degan has the +same signification. + +_Deor._ _Daor_, dear. + +_Dermod._ Originally _Diarmoid_, from _Dia_, God; _armoid_, of arms. God +of arms. + +_Dermott._ See Dermod for derivation. So intimately related are the +dentals _t_ and _d_, that it is not at all unreasonable that they should +be interchangeable. + +_Derr._ _Dair_, an oak. + +_Devlin._ _Dub́_, black; _linn_, a marsh, a swamp. + +_Dill._ _Dill_, fond, affectionate. + +_Dinnan._ _Dion_, protection; _an_, implying a person. A protegé. + +_Donahugh._ _Dona_, unhappy, bad, evil; _Hugh_, the Dutch for spirit. An +evil spirit; an unhappy disposition. + +_Donegan._ _Dona_, unhappy; _gan_, offspring. An unhappy child. + +_Donnell._ _Doḿnać_, Sunday, _aille_, of beauty. The Sunday of beauty. +Perhaps, Irish for Daniel. + +_Dooner._ _Dun_, a fort, a stronghold; _er_ for _fear_, a man. The +defender of a fort. + +_Dooley._ _Duil_, expectation; _eać_, an individual. A sanguine person. + +_Dornan._ _Dorn_, a clenched fist; _an_, denoting personality. A pugilist. + +_Duff._ _Dub́_, pronounced _dubh_ or _duv_, black. + +_Duffy._ _Dub́_, black; _eać_, an individual. A black person. + +_Dunbarton._ _Dun_, a stronghold; _barton_, a corruption of _Britain_. A +stronghold of the Britain. + +_Dunaghan._ _Dun_, a stronghold; _a_ for _an_, of the; _gean_, affection. +A stronghold of the affection. + +_Duncan._ _Dun_, a fort; _cean_, a head. The head of a fort; a chieftain. + +_Dungan._ Contraction of _Dungannon_, which, in Irish, is _Dungeanain_. +From _dun_, a stronghold; _gein_, affection; _ain_, a land. A stronghold +of the land of affection. + +_Dunkin._ _Dun_, stronghold; _cinn_, genitive of _ceann_, head. The +stronghold of the head. + +_Dundore._ _Dun_, stronghold, _de_, of; _oir_, gold. Stronghold of gold. + +_Dunmore._ _Dun_, the fort; _an_, of the; _oir_, gold; originally, +_Dun-an-oir_. The fort of the gold. + +_Dunmoulin._ _Dun_, the fort; _muillin_, a mill. The fort of the mill. + +_Dunn._ _Dun_, a fort, a stronghold, a castle, a hill, a mound. + +_Dunpatrick._ _Dun_, stronghold; _Padruic_, Patrick. The stronghold of +Patrick. + + +E. + +_Eagen._ See Egan. _Gen_ is probably a corruption of _gan_. + +_Eagin_. See Egan. _Ginn_ is the equivalent of _gan_. + +_Egan._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh; _gan_, offspring. Descendant of +Hugh. _Aod́gan_, the original form. Eoghan, a corrupted phase of the word. + +_Eill._ _Eile_, _aile_, _oile_, another. + +_Eire._ _Eire_, Ireland. Eyre, a slightly altered form of the name. + +_Eirey._ _Eire_, Ireland; _ać_, an individual. An Irishman; a native of +Ireland. + +_Ennis._ _Inis_, an island. + +_Erionnach._ Originally, _Eireannac_, equivalent to _Eire_, Ireland; _an_ +of; _nać_, an individual. Native of Ireland; an Irishman. + +_Ey._ _Ad́_, pronounced _ey_, luck, fortune, chance. + + +F. + +_Fadden._ Corruption of _Padruic_, Patrick. Patrician; nobleman. + +_Fagan._ _Fat́_, cause, reason; _gan_, offspring. Result; effect; +consequence. + +_Fahan._ _Fat́_, a plain, a field; _an_, indicative of a person. A +farmer; a cultivator of the earth. + +_Fahy._ _Fat́_, reason; _ać_, an individual. A reasoner; a logician. + +_Farnell._ _Fearn_, a shield; _aille_, beautiful. A beautiful shield. + +_Farnan._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _an_, person. One who carries a helmet; a +warrior. Sometimes written Farnon. + +_Farne._ _Fearn_, a shield, genitive _fearne_. Belonging to a shield. + +_Farney._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _eać_, an individual. A knight; a warrior. + +_Fearn._ _Fearn_, a shield, a helmet. + +_Farr._ _Fear_, pronounced _far_, a man. + +_Feenan._ _Fion_, pronounced _feen_, wine; _an_, a person. Wine-merchant. + +_Feeney._ _Fion_, wine; _eać_, an agent. Wine-dealer. + +_Fei._ _Feit́_, pronounced _fāh_, a sinew. + +_Feighan._ _Feit́_, a sinew; _an_, expressive of diminutiveness. A small +sinew. + +_Fenton._ _Fiontan_, perhaps, in the original, a vineyard; from _fion_, +wine; _tan_, a land. + +_Fergus._ Originally, _Feargus_; from _fear_, a man; _gus_, a suffix +denoting towards. One tending towards manhood; a youth. + +_Fernley._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _lać_, people. A warlike people. Fernly, a +slightly abbreviated form of the same. + +_Filmore._ _File_, a poet; _Muire_, Mary. A poet devoted to Mary; one +that writes or sings of Mary. + +_Finbar._ _Fionn_, pronounced _fin_, fair, white; _barr_, summit, head. A +white summit. + +_Finnley._ _Fionn_, fair; _lać_, people. Fair people. + +_Finne._ _Fionn_, fair, white. + +_Flinn._ _Fionn_, white; _linn_, a marsh, a swamp. In allusion, +doubtless, to a summer array of white flowers. Flynn, the same word, in +slightly altered garb. + +_Fow._ _Foǵ_, reward, booty, spoil. + +_Fowne._ _Fionn_, fair. In Tipperary, Waterford, and Kilkenny, _fionn_ is +pronounced _fown_ and not _fin_ as is the case generally in Ireland. + +_Fulmer._ _Feolmar_, jealous, envious of another’s fame, reputation, or +glory. + + +G. + +_Gahn._ _Gean_, pronounced _gahn_, affection, esteem. + +_Gall._ _Gall_, a foreigner, an Englishman, a stranger. + +_Galligan._ _Gall_, genitive _gaill_, stranger; _gan_, offspring. +Descendant of the stranger. + +_Gallagher._ _Geall_, promise; _geallać_, genitive _geallaiǵ_, promise; +_er_, person. A person of promise. + +_Gallen._ _Geallan_, a linnet. + +_Galloway._ Doubtless, same as Galway. In the original _Gailliḿ_, the +town of the strangers. + +_Garrett._ _Gearroid́_, from _gearr_, short; _aod́_, compounded of _aoi_, +a being, and _De_, of God. An humble servant of God. + +_Garrity._ _Gearroid́_, Garrett; _eać_, an agent. A representative of +Garrett. + +_Garvin._ _Garb́_, pronounced _garv_, rough, rude; _in_, indicative of +personality. A rough, rude, or unlettered person. + +_Gaw._ _Gab́_, pronounced _gaw_, to conceive. + +_Gear._ _Gearr_, short, not tall. + +_Gee._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh. + +_Geir._ _Gair_, gladness, merriment, rejoicing. + +_Geogh._ _Ge_, a goose; _ać_, an agent. One that acts like a goose; a +silly person. Geough, Gough, of kindred origin. + +_Geugan._ _Geug_, a branch; _an_, a diminutive. A branchlet. Geugen, +doubtless, earliest change from the ancient form. + +_Gilchrist._ _Giolla_, a servant, one devoted to another; _Criosd_, +Christ. A servant of Christ; one devoted to Christianity. + +_Gill._ _Giolla_, a servant, one devoted to another’s interests; a menial. + +_Gilmartin._ _Giolla_, a servant; _martin_, Martin. + +_Gilmore._ Originally, _giolla—Muire_; _giolla_, a servant; _Muire_, +Mary. One devoted to Mary. + +_Ginn._ _Ginn_, an offspring, a descendant. + +_Ginnelly._ _Ginn_, offspring; _aille_, of a cliff, the genitive of +_aill_. The fruit of a cliff. + +_Glass._ _Glas_, green. + +_Glassy._ _Glas_, green; _eać_ an individual. An inexperienced person. + +_Gleason._ _Gle_, pure; _gleas_, purity; _on_, implying a person. A +chaste person. + +_Glennessy._ _Glinn_, clear; _eas_, denoting quality, equivalent to +_ness_; _y_ for _neać_, an individual. A clear-sighted person. + +_Glenny._ _Glean_, a valley; _eać_, an individual. A dweller in a valley. + +_Glinn._ _Glinn_, the bright heavens. Home of the Blessed. Glynn, of like +significance. + +_Gorman._ _Gorm_, blue; _an_, expressive of person. A blue-eyed person. + +_Grane._ _Graine_, grain. + +_Greany._ _Grian_, pronounced _green_, sun; _neać_, an agent. Sun-god. + +_Grogan._ _Gruag_, hairy; _an_, denoting a person. A hairy person. +Grugan, derivable from the same roots. + +_Guill._ _Giolla_, a servant, a menial. + +_Guinan._ _Guin_, wound, hurt, sting, from _ga_, an arrow, and _an_, a +circle, an opening; _an_, a personal suffix. A sufferer; a wounded man. + +_Guinn._ _Guin_, an opening, a wound. + +_Guiness._ Irish for Æneas, a corruption of _Mac Anǵuis_, which latter +being the genitive of _Aonǵus_, pronounced _eny-as_, the equivalent of +Angus. + +_Guire._ Contraction of Maguire, which is traceable to _maǵ_, plain; +_uire_, a contraction of _Muire_, Mary. Plain of Mary. + +_Gunn._ _Guin_, a wound, by dropping _i_, and doubling its final +consonant, becomes the word under consideration. + +_Gwin._ Anglicised form of Guin. Gwinn, Gwynn, and Gynn are referable to +the same word. + + +H. + +_Hallahan._ _At́_, a ford; _leat́an_, wide. In Irish, pure and simple, +the vowels are never aspirated, but in certain parts of Ireland, as +before stated, the English habit prevails, as is attested to by the word +under notice. + +_Heany._ Anglo-Saxon _hean_, humble; _neać_, an individual. An humble +person. + +_Hinch._ _Leat́-inse_, from _leat́_, pronounced _leh_, half, and _inse_, +pronounced _insh_, island, the final consonant of the first half of the +word being carried over to the remaining portion: hence, Le Hinch, or the +half-island. + +_Hugh._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, is its Irish equivalent: in the Dutch, +its parental language, it signifies mind, spirit. + + +I. + +_Innis._ _Inis_, an island. Innis is only another phase of the same word. + +_Ireland._ _Eire_, west, and _land_. West-land. + + +J. + +_Jarlath._ _Jarflait́_, from _iar_, inferior; _flait́_, a prince, a +chief, one in rank next to a chieftain or prince. A feudatory prince. + +_Jarley._ _Iar_, inferior; _lać_, people. Perhaps, derivable from +_jarla_, an earl. + +_Jennings._ Corruption of _Mac Eonin_, which is compounded of _mac_, son; +_Eonin_, young Owen, or John. Son of John. + + +K. + +_Kahn._ _Cean_, pronounced _kahn_, fondness, regard. Kahne, referable to +the same root. + +_Kame._ _Ceim_, pronounced _kame_, step, grade, dignity. + +_Kane._ _Cain_, reproach, chaste, undefiled. + +_Kean._ _Ciuin_, pronounced _keeyuin_, calm, gentle. + +_Kearney._ _Carn_, pronounced _karn_, a heap of stones; _cać_, an agent. +So also Karney. + +_Keefe._ _Caoiḿ_, pronounced _kueev_, gentle. + +_Keegan._ _Kee_, contraction of _Mac Aoid́_, son of Hugh; _gan_, +offspring. Descendant of the son of Hugh. + +_Keenys._ _Ciuin_, gentle; _eas_, a termination expressive of quality. +Gentleness. + +_Kelley._ _Cailleać_, a woman in a hood. The _calla_ was generally worn +by the old, and hence the term _cailleac_ came to signify an old woman, a +hag. + +_Kenallay._ _Cineal_, pronounced _knawl_, a race, clan; _ać_, an +individual. A clansman; one who belongs to a clan. + +_Kennard._ _Ceann_, pronounced _ken_, head; _ard_, top, summit. Top of +the head. + +_Kenna._ _Ceanna_, genitive of _ceann_, belonging to the head. + +_Kent._ _Ceantir_, compounded of _ceann_, head; _tir_, country. Head of +the country. + +_Kehoe._ _Ceo_, pronounced _keogh_, darkness. Keogh, similarly derived. + +_Keohne._ _Ceo_, darkness; _ain_, a circle, genitive _aine_, of a circle. +Darkness of the circle. + +_Keonen._ _Mac Eonin_, from _Mac_, son, and _Eonin_, young Owen. Son of +young Owen. + +_Kevin._ _Caoiḿǵein_, from _caoiḿ_, gentle, and _gein_, an offspring. +A gentle child. + +_Kiernan._ _Ciaran_, from _ciar_, black; _an_, expressing personality, +and indicative of a noun derived from an adjective. A black person. + +_Kilgore._ _Cill_, church; _gâir_ rejoicing, merriment. + +_Kilbritain._ _Cill_, church; _Brith_, painted; _tain_, country. The +church of the country of the painted inhabitants. + +_Kineal._ _Cin_, of the head, source; _al_, offspring. Clan; class; race; +progeny. + +_Kincaid._ _Cionn_, affection, regard; _cead_, first. First love; +earliest affection. + +_Kinkora._ _Cionn_, love; _cora_, genitive of _coir_, justice. Love of +justice. + +_Kinnear._ _Cionn_, affection; _fear_, a man. An affectionate man. + +_Kinney._ _Cionn_, pronounced _kin_, esteem, regard; _neać_, an +individual. A person of esteem. Kinnie, of like derivation. + +_Kirin._ _Ciaran_, from _ciar_, black; _an_, implying person. A black +person. + +_Kirwin._ _Ciard́ub́an_, a swarthy, black-haired person. + +_Krean._ _Crion_, pronounced _kreen_, withered, palsied. + +_Kueney._ _Ciuin_, gentle, mild; _neać_, an individual. A mild person. + +_Kynett._ _Cionn_, pronounced in certain parts _kynn_, affection; _aid́_, +sign of a personal noun. An affectionate person. + + +L. + +_Langdon._ _Loing_, of ships; _dion_, a harbor. A harbor of ships. + +_Leahy._ _Leat́an_, pronounced _leahan_, wide; _an_, denoting +personality. A large person. + +_Lillagan._ _Lile_, genitive of _lil_, lily; _gan_, offspring. Descendant +of a lily. + +_Limerick._ _Luimneać_, from _luime_, or _loime_, bareness; _neać_, for +_na eać_, of the horses. Bareness of the horses. The original possessor +of this name was, doubtless, a native of the town of the same name, which +was built on a peninsula made bare by the many horses sent thither to +graze. + +_Linn._ _Linn_, a marsh, a swamp. + +_Linnehan._ _Linn_, a marsh; _leat́an_, wide. A broad marsh. Linahan and +Linehan are from the same roots. + +_Linch._ _Leat́-inse_, _leat́_, half; _inse_, island. Half-island. Lynch +has like derivation. + +_Linton._ _Linn_, a marsh; _ton_, from _tun_, Anglo-Saxon for town. A +town built on a marsh. + +_Loch._ _Loć_, pronounced _loch_, _lokh_, _logh_, a lake. + +_Long._ _Long_, a ship. Not to be mistaken for the Anglo-Saxon _long_, or +_lang_, having length. The typical Longs were of Celtic origin. + +_Loughlin._ _Loć_, lake; _linn_, a marsh. A lake within a marsh. + +_Loughry._ _Loć_, lake; _riǵ_, pronounced _reegh_, or _reey_, king. The +lake of the king. Lowry, an abbreviation of the name. + +_Lunn._ _Luan_, the moon. + + +M. + +_McAdam._ _Mac_, son; Hebrew word _Adam_, a red, or dark-brown man. + +_McAdoo._ _Mac_, son; _Ad́aḿ_, pronounced either _Adk-oo_ or _Awoo_, +Adam. Son of Adam. + +_MacAlister._ _Mac_, son; _Alister_, Alexander. Son of Alexander. +MacAllister, of the same parentage. + +_Mac Aller._ _Mac_, son; _alla_, a cliff; _er_, a man. Son of a +cliff-dweller. + +_McAlonan._ _Mac_, son; _aluin_, beautiful; _an_, sign of personal noun. +Son of a beautiful person. + +_McAlvin._ _Mac_, son; _Alvin_, corruption of _Alban_, genitive case of +Alba, Scotland. Son of Scotland. + +_McAnally._ _Mac_, son; _anail_, genitive of _anal_, breath; _ać_, an +individual. Son of the breath of a person. McNally, only an abbreviated +form of the same. + +_McAndrew._ _Mac_, son; _Andrew_, a Greek word meaning strong, manly. Son +of the strong. MacAndrias is the Irish form, from which are obtainable +Anderson and Andrews. + +_McArdle._ _Mac_, son; _ard_, high; _le_, contraction of _aille_, +genitive of _aill_, a cliff. Son of a high cliff. + +_McAran._ _Mac_, son; _arain_, genitive of _aran_, bread. Son of bread. + +_McArty._ _Mac_, son; _art_, pronounced _awrt_, a place; _eać_, an +individual. Son of a man of the place. + +_McAteer._ _Mac_, son; _an_, of the; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, country. +Son of the country; a countryman. + +_McAva._ _Mac_, son; _Eb́a_, pronounced _Awa_, which is corrupted into +_Ava_. Son of Eve. + +_McAuley._ _Mac_, son; _caille_, genitive of _caille_, fame; _eać_, an +individual. Son of a famous person. + +_McBeth._ _Mac_, son; _beith_, genitive of _beth_, a house. Son of the +house. Macbeth is another form of the same name. + +_McBreen._ _Mac_, son; _braone_, pronounced _breen_, genitive of _braon_, +a drop. Son of a drop. + +_McBrian._ _Mac_, son; _Brian_, corruption of _Britain_. Son of the +country of the Brith, or painted people. + +_McBronn._ _Mac_, son; _bronn_, genitive of _bruinn_, a womb. Son of a +womb. + +_McBryde._ _Mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _bryd_; Irish genitive _bryde_, of +bride. Son of a bride. + +_McBurney._ _Mac_, son; _bur_, an inner chamber; _neać_, an individual. +Son of the inner chamber of a person. + +_MacCabe._ _Mac_, son; _cabe_, genitive of _cab_, a mouth. Son of a mouth. + +_MacCalla._ _Mac_, son; _alla_, a cliff, the final _c_ of _mac_ being +carried over to _alla_. Son of a cliff. + +_McCallan._ _Mac_, son; _calla_, a hood, genitive same; _an_, indicative +of personality. Son of the wearer of a hood; son of a nun. + +_McCambridge._ _Mac_, son; _cam_, treacherous; Scottish _brig_, a bridge. +Son of the keeper of a treacherous bridge. + +_McCammon._ _Mac_, son; _camm_ or _cam_, deceitful; _on_ for _an_, +denoting a person. Son of a deceitful person. + +_McCamy._ _Mac_, son; _cam_, deceitful; _eać_, an individual. Son of a +deceitful person. + +_McCardle._ _Mac_, son; _ard_, high; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a +cliff. Son of a high cliff. + +_McCarne._ _Mac_, son; _carn_, a heap of stones; _neać_, an individual. +Son of a heap of stones. + +_McCarroll._ _Mac_, son; _carruill_, from _car_, dear, beloved; _uille_, +genitive of _uill_ or _aill_, a cliff. Son of the beloved cliff. + +_McCaughan._ _Mac_, son; _caiǵ_, genitive of _cat́_, a warrior; _an_, a +diminutive. Son of a short warrior. + +_McCaull._ _Mac_, son; _caille_, genitive of _caill_, fame. Son of fame. +McCaulley, from the same. + +_McCaw._ _Mac_, son; _cat́_, pronounced _cah_, corrupted, doubtless, into +_caw_, battle. Son of battle. + +_McCeever._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _fear_, a man. Son of a gentle +man. + +_MacClean._ _Mac_, son; _lean_, pronounced _lane_, a marsh. Son of a +marsh. MacClaon and MacClane, of similar origin. + +_McCleary._ _Mac_, son; _cleireać_, pronounced _clêary_, a superannuated +clergyman. Son of a superannuated clergyman. + +_McCleil._ _Mac_, son; _lile_, genitive _lil_, a lily. Son of a lily. + +_McClow._ _Mac_, son; _cloiće_, pronounced _clokh_, genitive of _cloć_, a +stone. Son of a stone. + +_McClune._ _Mac_, son; _cluain_, genitive of _cluan_, a retreat. Son of a +retreat. McCloon, corruption of same. + +_McColey._ _Mac_, son; _col_, kindred; _eać_, an individual. Son of a +relative. + +_McConkle._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes; _caille_, genitive of _caill_, +fame. Son of heroes of fame. + +_McConn._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes. Son of heroes. + +_McConnolly._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, +a cliff. Son of the heroes of a cliff. + +_McCool._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, pronounced _kool_, the genitive of _cul_, +the hinder part. Son of the hinder part. + +_McCorkle._ _Mac_, son; _Corcaiǵ_, Cork; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a +hill. Son of a hill of Cork. + +_McCosh._ _Mac_, son; _coise_, pronounced _coshe_, genitive of _cos_, a +foot. Son of a foot. + +_McCotis._ _Mac_, son; _cotis_, genitive case of the Latin _cos_, a +grindstone. Son of a grindstone. + +_McCrea._ _Mac_, son; _cre_, pronounced _cra_, of creed. Son of a creed. +From the same roots is derived McCray. + +_McCreary._ _Mac_, son; _cre_, of earth; _riǵe_, of king. Son of the +King of the earth. + +_McCritt._ _Mac_, son; _cruite_, genitive of _cruit_, a hump. Son of a +hump. + +_McCrossin._ _Mac_, son; _croise_, genitive of _cros_, a cross; _in_, +diminutive. Son of a small cross. + +_McCrum._ _Mac_, son; _croime_, crookedness, a noun derived from the +adjective _crom_. Son of waywardness. + +_McCrunn._ _Mac_, son; Scotch _croon_, a groan. Son of a groan. + +_McCrystal._ _Mac_, son; _criostail_, genitive of _criostal_, a crystal. +Son of a crystal. + +_McCully._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, genitive of _cul_, the hinder part; +_eać_, an individual. Son of a person’s hinder part. + +_McCullough._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, genitive of _cul_, the hinder part; +_loiće_, genitive of _loć_, a lake. Son of the lake of the hinder part. + +_McCummisky._ _Mac_, son; _cuimin_, of valley; _uisge_, genitive of +_uisge_, water. Son of the valley of water. + +_McCurdy._ _Mac_, son; _coire_, pronounced _kŭrh_, genitive of _coir_, +crime, sin; _d_, of; _eać_, individual. Son of the original sin of man; +son of Adam’s fall. + +_McDavit._ _Mac_, son; _Daib́id́_, pronounced occasionally _Daivit_, but +more commonly _Dâvee_, of David. Son of David. McDevitt, from same. + +_McDermott._ _Mac_, son; _Diarmuid_, from _Dia_, God, _armuid_, of arms. +Son of the God of arms. + +_McDiarmuid._ _Mac_, son; _Diarmuid_, God of arms. Son of the God of arms. + +_McDill._ _Mac_, son; _dille_, genitive of _dill_, fondness. Son of +fondness. + +_Mac Donnell._ _Mac Doḿnaill_, in the original, from _mac_, son; +_Doḿnaill_, genitive of _Doḿnall_, Donnell. Son of Donnell; Son of the +Sunday of Beauty; Son of the Resurrection; Son of God. See Donnell. + +_McDonough._ _Mac_, son; _donaiǵ_, genitive of _donać_, an unhappy +person. Son of an unhappy person. + +_Mac Dowell._ _Mac_, son; _doḿan_, the world, genitive _doḿain_, of the +world; _aille_, of beauty. Son of the World of Beauty; Son of Heaven. + +_Mac Egan._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́gan_, pronounced _Eeygan_, of Egan, the +Irish equivalent of Hugh. The son of Hugh. + +_McElway._ _Mac_, son; _Elway_, a corruption of _Gailliḿ_, Galway. Son +of Galway, the town of the strangers. + +_McEnnery._ _Mac_, son; _Henri_, genitive of _Henri_, Henry. Son of Henry. + +_McFadden._ _Mac_, son; _Fadden_ is the same as _Padden_, which is a +corruption of _Padruic_, Patrick, a Latin word for patrician. Son of +Patrick. Fitzpatrick, so common in the Celtic, has the same signification. + +_McFarlan._ _Mac_, son; _fara_, genitive of _fear_, a man; _lain_, of a +castle, the nominative singular being _lan_. Son of the man of the castle. + +_McFaul._ _Mac_, son; _fâile_, genitive of _fâil_, fate. Son of fate. + +_Mcfee._ _Mac_, son; _faoi_, genitive of _faoi_, faith. Son of faith. + +_MacFeeley._ _Mac_, son; _fialaiǵ_, genitive of _fialać_, a generous +person. Son of a generous person. + +_McFetridge._ _Mac_, son; _Fetter-rice_, from Anglo-Saxon _fetor_, a +chain for the feet, and _rice_, dominion. Son of a dominion in chains, or +that is in bondage. + +_Mac Gahan._ _Mac_, son; _geain_, genitive of _gean_, affection. Son of +affection. McGahn, McGhan, are equivalents. + +_McGail._ _Mac_, son; _gaille_, genitive of _gail_, steam. Son of steam. + +_McGarry._ _Mac_, son; _gearraiǵ_, genitive of _gearrać_, a short +person. Son of a short person. McGarey, McGary, McGeary, are of similar +origin. + +_McGarvey._ _Mac_, son; _garb́eaiǵ_, pronounced _garvey_, genitive of +_garb́eać_, a rough person. Son of a rough person. + +_McGaver._ _Mac_, son; _gab́air_, of a goat. Son of a goat. + +_McGee._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh. Son of Hugh. + +_McGill._ _Mac_, son; _giolla_, genitive of _giolla_, a servant. Son of a +servant. + +_McGlinn._ _Mac_, son; _glinne_, genitive of _glinn_, the bright heavens. +Son of the bright heavens. Sometimes spelt McGlynn. + +_McGloon._ _Mac_, son; _gluin_, pronounced _gloon_, genitive of _glun_, +the knee. Son of the knee. McGlone, McGlune, from the same. + +_McGlory._ _Mac_, son; _gloireaiǵ_, pronounced _gloireay_, genitive of +_gloireać_, a glorified person, or saint. Son of a glorified person. + +_McGowan._ _Mac_, son; _gob́an_, pronounced _gowan_, genitive of _gob́a_, +a smith. Son of a smith. + +_McGrane._ _Mac_, son; _grain_, genitive of _grân_, a grain. Son of a +grain. McGran, McGrann, equivalents. + +_MacGrath._ _Mac_, son; _graid́e_, genitive of _grad́_, love. Son of love. + +_MacGraw._ _Mac_, son; _graid́e_, pronounced _grath_ or _graw_, love. Son +of love. + +_McGrenery._ _Mac_, son; _greine_, genitive of _grian_, sun; _riǵ_, +pronounced _ry_ or _ree_, king. Son of the sun-king. + +_McGuinn._ _Mac_, son; _guine_, genitive of _guin_, a wound, an opening, +a circle. Son of an opening. + +_McGuinness._ Corruption of MacAnguis, the son of Anguis, Irish for Æneas. + +_McGuire._ _Mac_, son; _Maǵ-Muire_, from _maǵ_, plain, _Muire_, of +Mary. Son of the plain of Mary. + +_McGurk._ _Mac_, son; _gurke_, German for cucumber. Son of a cucumber. + +_McHallahan._ _Mac_, son; _T́alla_, genitive, of hall; _leat́an_, wide. +Son of a wide hall. + +_MacHugh._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́_, Hugh. Son of Hugh. From this name have +sprung M’Coy, M’Gee, M’Kay, M’Coy, and Magee. _Ua Aoid́_, descendant of +Hugh, has given us Hughson and Hughes. + +_MacHulay._ _Mac_, son; _Aoid́_, of Hugh; _lać_, people. Son of Hugh’s +people. + +_McInnis._ _Mac_, son; _inis_, an island. Son of an island. + +_McInteer._ _Mac_, son; _in_ for _an_, of the; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, +country. Son of the country. McIntyre, the usual spelling, is from the +same roots. + +_McKaig._ _Mac_, son; _coige_, genitive of _coig_, war. Son of war. + +_McKane._ _Mac_, son; _caine_, genitive of _cain_, the undefiled. Son of +the undefiled. + +_McKeefy._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿeaiǵ_, genitive of _caoiḿeać_, a gentle +person. Son of a gentle person. + +_McKeene._ _Mac_, son; _ciuine_, of silence. Son of silence. + +_MacKeever._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _er_ for _fear_, a man. Son of +a gentle man. + +_MacKiernan._ _Mac_, son; _ciarain_, genitive of _ciaran_, a dusky +person. Son of a dusky person. + +_McKieman._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _an_, implying person. Son of a +gentle person. + +_McKim._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle. Perhaps, a contraction of McKieman. + +_McKinney._ _Mac_, son; _Kinney_, from _cionn_, pronounced _kin_, +affection, esteem; _eać_, an individual. Son of Kinney. + +_McKnight._ _Mac_, son; _cnioćta_, genitive of _cnioćt_, a knight. Son of +a knight. + +_MacKeon._ _Mac_, son; _Eoin_, genitive of _Eon_, Owen or Eugene. Son of +Owen or Eugene. MacKoun, Keon, Coyne, Owens, and Owenson, are all from +the same roots. + +_McLain._ _Mac_, son; _leune_, pronounced _laine_, genitive of _leun_, +misfortune, misery. Son of misfortune. + +_McLuth._ _Mac_, son; _luait́_, genitive of _luat́_, swiftness. Son of +swiftness. + +_McMain._ _Mac_, son; _miain_, genitive of _mian_, desire. Son of desire. + +_McMam._ _Mac_, son; _maim_, genitive of _mam_, a mother. Son of a mother. + +_McMillin._ _Mac_, son; _muillin_, of a mill. Son of a mill. McMullin, +from the same. + +_McMinn._ _Mac_, son; _min_, genitive of _min_, pronounced _mĭn_, meal. +Son of meal. + +_McMurrich._ _Mac_, son; _murraiǵ_, genitive of _murrać_, a man of the +sea. Son of a seafaring man. + +_McNarr._ _Mac_, son; _nairr_, Irish genitive of the German _narr_, a +fool. Son of a fool. + +_McNamara._ _Mac_, son; _na_, of the; _mara_, genitive of _muir_, the +sea. Son of the sea. + +_McNamee._ _Mac_, son; _anaim_, genitive of _anam_, a soul; _ee_ for +_eać_, an individual. Son of a person of soul; a generous person. + +_McPadruic._ _Mac_, son; _Padruic_, Patrick. Son of Patrick. Fitzpatrick +has the same significance, _fitz_ being the Scotch for son. + +_McPayne._ _Mac_, son; _payne_, from old English _payne_, pain. Son of +pain. + +_McPhail._ _Mac_, son; _fâile_, genitive of _fâil_, fate. Son of fate. + +_McQuade._ _Mac_, son; Dutch _kwade_, genitive _kwaide_, evil. Son of +evil. + +_MacQueen._ _Mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _quean_, a woman, allied to Irish +_gein_, an offspring. Son of the Queen. + +_McQuigan._ _Mac_, son; _caoi_, pronounced _kwee_, wailing; _gan_, +offspring. Son of lamentation. + +_McQuillan._ _Mac_, son; _cuilleain_, genitive of _cuillean_, a cur. Son +of a cur. Quillen, Quillan and Quilkin, of like derivation. + +_McRae._ _Mac_, son; _rae_, pronounced like _ray_, genitive of _rae_, the +moon. Son of the moon; one influenced by the moon; a lunatic. + +_McShain._ _Mac_, son; _Seaǵâin_, pronounced _Shawn_, genitive of +_Seaǵan_, John. Son of John. McShane, McShawn, McShaughn, of like +significance. + +_McShimon._ _Mac_, son; _Shimoin_, Simon. Son of Simon. Fitzsimon, a +kindred form. + +_McSorley._ _Mac_, son; _Soḿairle_, of Sorley, or Charles. Son of +Charles. + +_McSwain._ _Mac_, son; Scotch _swayn_, genitive _swayne_, a lover. Son of +a lover. + +_McSweegan._ _Mac_, son; _saoi_, pronounced _swee_, a sage, a +philosopher; _gan_, offspring. Son of the descendant of a philosopher. + +_McTague._ _Mac_, son; _Tad́g_, pronounced _Taig_, genitive _Taid́g_, of +Thaig. Son of Thaig. + +_McTamanney._ _Mac_, son; _tam_, still, sluggish, placid; _neac_, an +individual; originally, doubtless, _tamnać_, genitive _tamnaiǵ_. Son of +a quiet person. Tamany, Tamney, slightly modified forms of the same. + +_McTaney._ _Mac_, son; _Taney_, from _teann_, pronounced _tāne_, stiff, +straight, independent, stubborn, hopeful, strong, reliant; _ey_ for +_eać_, an individual. Son of Taney; son of an independent person. + +_McTask._ _Mac_, son; _taisg_, genitive of _tasg_, task, labor. Son of +labor. + +_McTeer._ _Mac_, son; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, country. Son of the +country. Corruption of McIntire. + +_McThomas._ _Mac_, son; _Tomais_, genitive of _Tomas_, Thomas. Son of +Thomas. Thompson, from the same, is an analogous, but inverted, form. + +_McTighe._ _Mac_, son; _tiǵe_, pronounced _tighe_, genitive of _teać_, a +house. Son of a house. + +_McTurk._ _Mac_, son; _tuirc_, genitive of _torc_, a boar, a hog. Son of +a boar. + +_McVan._ _Mac-a-b́ean_, from _mac_, son; _a_, of his; _b́ean_, pronounced +_van_, woman. Son of his woman. + +_Mackin._ _Mac_, son; _cionn_, of fondness. Son of fondness. + +_Macoun._ _Mac Eoin_, from _mac_, son; _Eoin_, of Owen. Son of Owen. +Mackuen, of similar origin. + +_Magagal._ _Maǵ-a-geall_, from _maǵ_, plain; _a_, of the; _gall_, +stranger. The plain of the stranger. + +_Magher._ _Maǵ_, pronounced _mâgh_, a plain, genitive _maiǵ_, of plain; +_er_, a man. A man of the plain. + +_Maguire._ _Maǵ_, a plain; _uire_, contraction of _Muire_, of Mary. The +plain of Mary. + +_Main._ _Mein_, mind. + +_Malone._ _Maǵ_, plain; _luain_, genitive of _luan_, pronounced _loon_, +the moon. The plain, or face of the moon. + +_Maloney._ _Maǵ_, plain; _luain_, of the moon; _neać_, individual. The +man in the face of the moon. + +_Martin._ _Martan_, from _mart_, an ox; _an_, denoting diminutiveness. A +young ox. + +_Marvin._ _Marb́_, pronounced _marv_, dead; _in_, implying personality. A +dead person. + +_Maury._ _Mâiri_, of the Mauri; _riǵ_, king. The king of the Mauri. + +_Moyall._ _Maǵ_, pronounced, occasionally, _moy_, a plain, a level +country; _aille_, of the cliff. The plain of the cliff. Sometimes written +Moyal. + +_Meehan._ _Mian_, pronounced _mee-an_, desire, the _h_ being ornamental +rather than useful. + +_Meenan._ _Mion_, pronounced _meen_, small; _an_, suffix expressive of +littleness. A small person. + +_Menough._ _Maon_, pronounced _meen_, wealth; _eać_, an individual. A +person of wealth. + +_Milnamow._ _Muillin-na-maǵ_, from _muillin_, a mill; _na_, of the; +_maǵ_, pronounced _mow_, plain. The mill of the plain. + +_Mishney._ _Misneac_, pronounced _mish-neay_, or _mishneach_, courage. + +_Miskey._ _Meisge_, pronounced _misge_, or _miske_, drunkenness. + +_Moll._ _Mol_, active verb imperative, signifying “praise thou,” + +_Molloy._ _Mol-ad́_, pronounced _moloo_, “let him praise.” + +_Morgan._ _Muir_, the sea, genitive _mara_, of the sea; _gan_, offspring. +A descendant of the sea; a mariner. + +_Mowbray._ _Maǵ_, pronounced _mow_, a plain, a level country; _braiǵ_, +pronounced _bragh_, or _bray_, genitive of _brać_, malt. The level +country of the malt. + +_Mowrey._ _Maǵ_, plain; _riǵ_, of king. The plain of the king. Mowry, +the same. + +_Moy._ _Maǵ_, sometimes pronounced _moy_, a level country. + +_Moyer._ _Maǵ_, the level country; _er_ for _fear_, a man. A man of the +level country. + +_Muir._ _Muir_, the sea. Other forms, Muire, Muhr, Moor, Moore, Murr. + +_Muirhead._ _Muir_, the sea; Anglo-Saxon _head_. Head of the sea. + +_Muirney._ _Muir_, the sea; _neać_, an individual. One that follows the +sea; a mariner. Murney, from the same roots. + +_Mulcahey._ Originally _Mulcat́aiǵ_, genitive of _Mulcat́eać_, from +_mul_, mound, _cat́aiǵ_, of warrior. Mound of a warrior. Mulcahy, +another form of spelling. + +_Mulcrone._ _Mul_, axle; _cruine_, pronounced _croon_, of the world. The +axle of the world. + +_Muldoon._ _Mul_, a mound, a knoll; _dun_, stronghold, castle. The mound +on which the castle stands. + +_Mullin._ _Muillin_, a mill. Mullen betrays like origin. + +_Mullock._ _Muillin_, a mill; _loiće_, genitive of _loć_, lake. The mill +of the lake. + +_Murdock._ _Muir_, the sea; Gothic _dok_, an inlet, a gulf. Sea-harbor. + +_Murlin._ _Muir_, the sea; _linn_, a marsh. A marsh by the sea. + +_Murray._ _Murrać_, Murragh, from _muir_, the sea, and _ać_, an +individual. A navigator; a sailor. + +_Murtagh._ _Muir_, the sea; _teać_, sometimes incorrectly pronounced +_teagh_, a house. A house by the sea; a light-house. Murtagh, Murtaugh, +indicate their kinship. + + +N. + +_Neachtan._ _Neać_, a man; _tain_, of the country. A man of the country; +a countryman; a farmer. Naughten, corrupted form of the name. + +_Nee._ _Ni_, or _niǵ_, pronounced _nee_, _neegh_, _neey_, a daughter. + +_Neeley._ _Niall_, Neill, genitive _Neill_, of Neill; _y_ for _neać_, an +individual. Child of Neill. Sometimes written Neely. + +_Neilan._ _Neill_, of Neill; _an_, denoting personality. One of the +family of Neill. Neelan and Neelen are the same. Neelans, the son of +Neelan, the final _s_ being a contraction of _sun_, Anglo-Saxon of son. + +_Neill._ _Niall_, from _ni_, a daughter; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a +cliff. Daughter of the cliff. Neill, Neille, Niell, Nille, Neal, Neel, +Newill, Nihill, a few of the many forms of the name. + +_Neilson._ _Neill_, of Neill; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. The son of Neill. +Nelson, of like derivation and import. + +_Nesbit._ _Nees_, son of Nee; _bit́_, life. Life of Nees; life of the son +of Nee; life of the son of a daughter. Sometimes written Nesbitt. + +_Ney._ _Neać_, pronounced _neay_, a man. More probably from _niǵ_, a +daughter. + +_Nicoll._ _Neać_, occasionally pronounced _neach_, a man; _aille_, +genitive of _all_, a cliff. The man of the cliff. Nicol is similarly +derived. + +_Noell._ _Neul_, pronounced _na-il_, a cloud. Noel, Nowel, Newell, +cognate forms. + +_Nolan._ _Noell_, from _neul_, a cloud, and _an_, implying person. Son of +Noell; son of the cloud. Nolen, a less common form of the name. + +_Noon._ _Noin_, pronounced like _oi_ in _toil_, noon. Noone, Nune, are +forms of the same. + +_Noonan._ _Noinean_, a daisy, from _noin_, day, noon. Like the Saxon term +daisy—day’s eye—derived from day. + + +O. + +_O’Beirne._ _O_, for _ua_, a grandson, a descendant; _beirne_, genitive +of _beirn_, a child. Grandson of a child. + +_O’Brien._ _O_, descendant; _Brien_, corruption of _Britain_. Grandson of +a Briton. O’Bryan, of similar signification. + +_O’Connell._ _Ua Connaill_, from _ua_, grandson; _Connaill_ from _conn_, +of heroes, and _aille_, of a cliff. Descendant of Connell; grandson of +heroes of the cliff. + +_O’Connor._ _O_, descendant; _Connor_, from _conn_, of heroes, _cub́ar_, +fond of. Grandson of Connor; descendant of those fond of heroes. +O’Conner, slightly modified form. + +_O’Daley._ _O_, grandson; _dalaiǵ_, genitive of _dalać_, a blind fellow. +Descendant of a blind man. + +_O’Dare._ _O_, descendant; _dara_, genitive of _dair_, the oak. Grandson +of Dare. + +_O’Dea._ _O_, descendant; _Dea_, of God. Descendant of God. O’Day, an +obscure form of the name. + +_O’Donovan._ _O’Don-a-b́ean_, from _o_, grandson; _dona_, unfortunate; +_a_, of; _b́ean_, woman. Descendant of an unfortunate woman. O’Donovan, +of like significance. + +_O’Donnell._ _Ua Doḿnaill_, from _ua_, descendant; _Doḿnaill_, of +Donnell. Grandson of Donnell; a descendant of Christ. O’Donal, an +abbreviated form of the name. See McDonnell. + +_O’Farra._ _O_, descendant; _fara_, genitive of _fear_, a man. Grandson +of man. + +_O’Farrell._ _O_, grandson; _fara_, of man; _aille_, of cliff. A +descendant of the man of the cliff. + +_O’Gara._ _O_, descendant; _gara_, genitive of _gearr_, a noun derived +from an adjective of the same name, meaning shortness. Grandson of a +short person. + +_O’Gorman._ _O_, grandson; _Gorman_, a blue-eyed person. Descendant of a +blue-eyed person. + +_O’Grady._ _O_, descendant; _graid́e_, genitive of _grad́_, affection; +_y_ for _eać_, an individual. Grandson of Grady; descendant of an +affectionate person. + +_O’Hara._ _O_, grandson; _hara_, Irish genitive of the Anglo-Saxon noun +_hara_, a hare. Descendant of a hare. + +_O’Kee._ _O_, descendant; _Kee_, corruption of _Mac Aoid́_, pronounced +_Mac Eey_, son of Hugh. Grandson of the son of Hugh. + +_O’Keef._ _O_, offspring; _caoiḿ_, gentle. Descendant of the gentle. +O’Keef, O’Keeffe, analogous words. + +_O’Kelley._ _O_, descendant; _Kelley_, from _caillaiǵ_, genitive of +_cailleać_, an old woman, a hag. Grandson of an old woman. + +_O’Leary._ _O_, grandson; Anglo-Saxon _lǽr_, learning; Irish _y_ for +_eać_, an individual. Descendant of an educated person. + +_O’Lone._ _O_, descendant; _luain_, genitive of _luan_, a warrior. +Grandson of a warrior. + +_O’Lochlin._ _O_, grandson; _loiće_, genitive of _loć_, pronounced +_loch_, a lake; _linn_, a swamp. Descendant of Lochlin. O’Loughlin, +O’Laughlin, cognate terms. + +_O’Malachlyn._ _O’McLochlin_, from _o_, descendant; _McLochlin_, son of +Lochlin. Descendant of McLochlin. + +_O’Mara._ _O_, descendant; _mara_, genitive of _muir_, the sea. Offspring +of the sea. O’Meara, most generally in use. + +_O’Millin._ _O_, offspring; _muillin_, of the mill. Descendant of the +mill. O’Mullen, O’Mullane, derivable from the same roots. + +_O’Neill._ _Ua Neill_, from _ua_, grandson; _Neill_, genitive of _Niall_, +Neill. Descendant of Neill. O’Neil, O’Neal, quite commonly occur, and are +similarly derived. + +_Oram._ _Or_, gold; _am_, time. Time is gold; precious opportunity. + +_Ord._ _Ord_, order, arrangement. + +_O’Regan._ _O_, descendant; _Regan_, from _riǵ_, a king; _an_ for _tan_, +place, region. Descendant of Regan. + +_O’Reilly._ _Ua Raǵallać_, from _ua_, grandson, _riaǵail_, a rule; +_ać_, an individual. Descendant of a ruler; grandson of a king. + +_O’Rourk._ _Ua Ruarcać_, from _ua_, descendant; _rad́arc_, pronounced in +Connaught _rooarc_, sight, and _ać_, an individual. Grandson of Rourk; +descendant of a man of judgment. O’Rourke, O’Rorke, kindred names. + +_Orr._ _Or_, gold, wealth, riches. In a secondary sense, precious, +valuable. + +_O’Shaughnessy._ _O_, descendant; _Seaǵan_, pronounced _Shaughn_, +or _Shawn_, genitive _Seaǵain_, John; _nees_, _ni_, daughter, and +Anglo-Saxon _s_ for _sun_, son; _y_ for _eać_, an individual. Grandson of +a person belonging to the son of the daughter of John. O’Shannessy, of +like derivation. + +_O’Shanter._ _O_, descendant; _Seaǵain_, John’s; _ter_, from _tir_, +country. A descendant of John’s country. + +_Ossian._ _Osna_, a sigh; _n_ for _an_, denoting a personal noun. One who +sighs; a mourner. + +_O’Sullivan._ _O_, descendant; _suile_, pronounced _soo-il_, genitive of +_suil_, the eye; _i_ for _a_, his; _b́ean_, woman. + +_O’Toole._ _O_, descendant; genitive _tuile_, pronounced _too-il_, of +flood. Descendant of a flood. + +_Owen._ _Eon_, perhaps from _uan_, pronounced _oo-an_, a lamb. From _Mac +Eoin_, son of Owen, have arisen MacKeon, Keon, Coyne, Owens, and Owenson. + +_Owenson._ _Owen_, and _sun_, the Anglo-Saxon of son. Son of Owen. Owens +is the same name curtailed of the last two letters. + +_O’Weir._ _O_, descendant; Anglo-Saxon _wér_, a man, Irish genitive +_weir_. Descendant of man. + + +P. + +_Padden_, corruption of _Padruic_, Irish for Patrick. A patrician; a +nobleman. Paddin is another spelling of the name. + +_Pearson._ _Pearsan_, genitive of _pearsa_. A person. + +_Pollard._ _Poll_, a hole, a pit; _ard_, high, chief, supreme. A high +hole; a deep pit. + + +Q. + +_Quillin._ _Cuillean_, a cur. Quillen, a slightly changed, and Quill, a +largely abbreviated form of the same word. + +_Quin._ _Caoin_, pronounced _kween_, weeping, wailing. Quinn, of like +derivation. + +_Quinlivan._ _Caoin_, weeping; _luib́_, pronounced _liv_, genitive +_luib́e_, grass, weed; _an_ for _tan_, garden. A garden of weeping grass. + +_Quinney._ _Caoin_, weeping; _ney_ from _neać_, an individual. A mourner. + + +R. + +_Rainear._ _Rainn_, genitive of _rann_, song, poem, stanza; _ear_ for +_fear_, a man. A singer; a minstrel; a poet. Rainier, a name farthest +removed from the primitive form, but the one that is most generally used. + +_Rainey._ _Rainn_, genitive of _rann_, song, poem; _eać_, an individual. +A writer of songs; a poet. Raney, Reaney, cognate names. + +_Redfearn._ Anglo-Saxon _read_, red; Irish _fearn_, pronounced _fārn_, +alder-tree. The red alder-tree. + +_Regan._ _Riǵ_, king; _an_ for _tan_, possessions, country. A kingdom. +Reagan, Ragan, and, perhaps, Rogan, of like import. + +_Reilly._ _Raǵallać_, from _riaǵail_, a rule; _ać_, an agent. A ruler; +a king. Reilley, Reily, Rielly, Riley, cognate forms. + +_Richardson._ _Mac Risdeard_, son of Richard. Richards, Dicson, +Dixon, have the same signification, Richard, in Old German, meaning +rich-hearted, powerful. + +_Rock._ _Roć_, pronounced _rokh_, rock, a large stone. + +_Rourk._ _Ruarcać_, from _rad́arc_, pronounced _rooarc_, sight, and _ać_, +an individual. An observant person; a man of judgment. Rourke, Rorke, +Rork, Riark, referable to the same roots. + +_Rox._ _Rocks_, from _roć_, a rock, and Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. Son of +Rock. + +_Ruan._ _Run_, pronounced _roon_, secret, dear, beloved. Ruane, Ruene, +analogous words. + +_Runey._ _Run_, secret, beloved; _ney_ for _neać_, an individual, an +agent. One that is beloved. Rooney, Roney, common spellings of the name. + +_Ryan._ _Riǵin_, pronounced _ry-an_, slow. + + +S. + +_Searle._ _Soḿairle_, pronounced _Sowarley_, Sorley, or Charles. Shorley +is from the same root, only the initial consonant has its characteristic +force before the slender vowel _e_. + +_Sewell._ _Suil_, pronounced _soo-ill_, the eye. Sewall, a slightly +modified form of the name. + +_Shane._ _Sean_, pronounced _shane_, old. Shan, Shean, Sheain, Sheahan, +Sheehan, of similar derivation. + +_Shannon._ _Sean_, old; _aḿan_, pronounced _awan_, river. An ancient +river. + +_Shaughney._ _Seaǵain_, pronounced _Shawn_, genitive of _Seaǵan_, John; +_neać_, an individual, an agent. The helpmeet of John. + +_Sheely._ _Sile_, pronounced _Shee-le_, Celia. + +_Shinn._ _Sinn_, pronounced _shinn_, we, us. _Sinn_, the same, only the +_s_ has not taken its accustomed sound of _sh_ before the slender vowel +_i_. + +_Sinnott._ _Sinn_, we, us; _aid́_, or _aoid́_, a person. One who uses the +pronoun _we_; an editor; a reviewer; a governor. Sinett, Synott, Shenett, +Sennett, equivalent names. + +_Smiggins._ _Smiggin_, from _smigin_, the chin; _s_, contraction of +_sun_, Anglo-Saxon for son. Son of Smiggin; son of the chin. + +_Stephenson._ _Mac Steṕain_, from _mac_, son, and _Steṕain_, genitive +of _Steṕan_, Stephen. Son of Stephen. Fitzstephen has the same +signification. + +_Sullivan._ _Sul-a-b́ean_, from _sul_, the eye; _a_, of; _b́ean_, woman. +The eye of woman. + +_Sully._ _Sul_, the eye; genitive _suile_, pronounced _soo-il-le_, +belonging to the eye. + +_Sweegan._ _Saoi_, pronounced _swee_, a philosopher, a man of letters; +_gan_, descendant. The offspring of a philosopher. + +_Sweeney._ _Saoi_, a gentleman, a hero; _neać_, an individual, an agent. +A valet; an aid-de-camp. + + +T. + +_Taine._ _Teine_, pronounced _tain_, fire. Toyne, greatly modified form +of the original. + +_Tammaney._ _Tam_, still, sluggish, placid; _neać_, an individual, an +agent. A cool, calm, deliberate person. + +_Taney._ _Teine_, fire; _neać_, an agent, an individual. An ardent, +zealous man. + +_Tenney._ _Teann_, pronounced _tane_, straight, independent, stubborn, +hopeful, strong, reliant; _eać_ for _neać_, an individual. A strong, +hopeful, reliant person. Tenny, Teeney, Teeny, of similar import. + +_Terrell._ _Tir_, pronounced _teer_, a country; _ell_ for _aill_, a +cliff. The cliff-country. Tirrill, Tyrell, familiar forms of the same +name. + +_Terry._ _Tir_, country; _riǵ_, the king. The king’s country. + +_Thoreau._ _Torad́_, pronounced _thoroo_, produce, fruit, fruitfulness. + +_Tierney._ _Tir_, country; _neać_, an individual. A countryman; a farmer. + +_Tighe._ _Tiǵe_, pronounced _tighe_, genitive of _teać_, a house. +Belonging to a house. + +_Toole._ _Tuile_, pronounced _too-il-e_, a flood. Tool, Tull, Tully, +cognate names. + +_Torrey._ _Torać_, pronounced _torach_, thunder. + +_Trall._ _Traill_, pronounced _trawll_, a slave, a bastard. + +_Trombar._ _Trom_, heavy; _barr_, top, summit. Top-heavy. Trumbar, +similarly derived. + + +V. + +_Van Barr._ _Van_, Dutch for son, doubtless from Irish _bean_, woman; +_barr_, summit, top. Son of Barr; son of a man of eminence. + +_Vannaman._ _Van-na-mann_, from _van_, son; _na_, of the; _mann_, man. +Son of the man. Names commencing with _van_ are considered by writers of +philology as Dutch, but in many such terms the student readily perceives +an Irish origin. _Van_, without doubt, is nothing but _bean_, the Irish +for woman, with its initial consonant aspirated. + + +W. + +_Williamson._ _Mac Uilleam_, from _mac_, son; _Uilleam_, genitive of +_Uilliam_, William. Son of William. Fitzwilliam, Williams and MacWilliam +are forms of the word, the last being the Irish name assumed by the +Bourkes of Connaught on the death of their chief, William De Bourg, third +earl of Ulster. + + +Y. + +_Yarnall._ _Eireann_, genitive of _Eire_, Ireland; _aill_, a cliff. A +cliff of Ireland. + +_Yarrick._ _Eire_, Ireland; _eać_ for _neać_, an individual. An Irishman. + +_Yarrow._ _Iar_, western; _ać_, fragmentary form of _neać_, pronounced +_ach_, or _agh_, an individual. A western man; a native of Ireland. + + + + +FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON. + + + + +HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES. + + +Every Englishman—and we apply the term in a comprehensive sense—who +would clearly understand the force of his mother-tongue, should study +Anglo-Saxon, as it is the direct and copious source of his own beloved +language. Out of the many thousand words in use in English, more than +five-eighths are of Anglo-Saxon origin. These, not only in number, +but in their peculiar character and significance, as well as in their +influence on grammatical forms, give to our language, it is universally +admitted, its chief vigor. In short, they constitute its bone and sinew. +Volumes may be written in words of Anglo-Saxon parentage alone, but it +would be impossible to express the simplest thought in language of Latin +derivation. Words expressive of the dearest relations, the strongest and +most powerful feelings of nature, the language of every-day life, as of +duty, business, pleasure, etc., find in the Anglo-Saxon their deepest, +sincerest, and most energetic portrayals. Every speaker or writer, if +he would convince the understanding and reach the heart, must shun +Latinized expressions, and use the Anglo-Saxon, for the one awakens +vivid, soul-stirring thoughts, and the other thoughts that are cool and +unimpassioned. + +With this view of Anglo-Saxon’s importance to every Englishman, a +brief account of the origin of the present inhabitants of England will +show that we owe to the Gothic tribes—the Jutes, the Saxons and the +Angles—our physical vigor, yea, our very existence, as well as our highly +expressive language. Like all the Teutonic tribes, the Saxons were of +Oriental origin. They derived, most probably, their appellation from +the Sacæ, who doubtless gave the name of Sakasina to a part of Armenia. +In Ptolemy’s time, A. D. 90, they were as far westward as the Elbe, and, +consequently, were among the first of the Teutonic tribes that visited +Europe. Their location, between the Elbe and the Eyder in the south of +Denmark, strengthens the belief that they were the vanguard of Germanic +emigration. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, which were the only +tribes that successively made settlements in Britain, are therefore +deemed of sufficient interest to claim especial attention. + +The first to obtain possession were the Jutes. Two brothers, Hengist +and Horsa, from Jutland, in Denmark, arrived in three small ships at +Ebbs-fleet, in the Isle of Thanet, in 449. This island was assigned to +them by the Britons for their assistance against the Picts and Scots. +Subsequently, they became possessors of Kent, the Isle of Wight, and part +of Hampshire. + +Forty-two years later, 491, the Saxons entered Britain. Their first +kingdom was established by Ella, under the name of South-Saxons, +including what is now known as Sussex, together with a part of Surrey. +In 494 another powerful colony, under Cerdic, arrived. Being west of the +other, it took the name West-Saxons. They occupied Hants, Berks, Wilts, +Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and part of Cornwall. A third Saxon kingdom, +in 527, was planted in Essex, Middlesex and the south of Hertfordshire, +under the name of East-Saxons (East-Seaxe). + +The Angles (Engle), from Anglen, the country between Flensburg and the +Schley in the southeast of Sleswick in Denmark, settled about 527 in East +Anglia, and exercised control over what now embraces Norfolk, Suffolk, +Cambridge, and part of Bedfordshire. Ida, in 547, began to establish +himself in Bernicia, comprehending Northumberland and the south of +Scotland, between the Tweed and Firth of Forth. About 559 Ella conquered +Deira, a tract of country between the Humber and the Tweed, embracing +the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, +and Lancashire. Mercia, bounded by the Thames, Humber and Severn, and +comprehending the counties of Chester, Derby, Huntingdon, Lincoln, +Northampton, Nottingham, Rutland, the north of Beds, Bucks, Hertford, +Warwick, Oxon, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Stafford and Salop, was +formed by Crida, about 586, into an independent state. + +From the foregoing remarks it appears that one Jute, three Saxon, and +four Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were established in Britain by +the year 586, and that the Angles and Saxons were the leading spirits +in the expeditions. They, therefore, when settled in this country, were +collectively called Anglo-Saxons. From the Angles (Engle), who were the +most numerous and predominant, the land was named Engla land, the Engle’s +or Angle’s land—an appellation which was afterwards contracted into +England. + +Anglo-Saxon, that is, Angle-, Engle-, or English-Saxon, is the language +of the Platt, Low, Flat, or North part of Germany, introduced into +England by the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons, and modified, +spoken, and written by Englishmen. The less daring and enterprising of +these peoples who remained in their continental home bore the name of +Old-Saxons, and their language Old-Saxon, but their brethren who settled +in Britain were fitly designated Anglo-Saxons, and their language, +perfected in England, was denominated Anglo-Saxon. To King Alfred, and +the many writings of Alfric, we are indebted for the finest specimens of +Anglo-Saxon spoken and written in England in their days. + +Persons who are desirous of tracing the origin of Anglo-Saxon, or of +comparing it with kindred dialects, must first go to the Old-Saxon, the +Low-German spoken by those who remained in the old home of the Jutes, +the Angles, and the Saxons. No written specimen of the language spoken +by these Old-Saxons is extant, but there is, in a collateral dialect, +a very fine poem, written in the ninth century, which is entitled +_Heliand_, Healer or Saviour. While some of the Low-German race migrated +to England, others passed to the lower Rhine and settled there. This poem +being written in the dialect of these Rhenish Old-Saxons, and the latter +being akin to the Anglo-Saxon, there can be no question as to its vast +importance in the study of the language which is the foundation of our +own. Recourse may then be had to other works in Low-German. High-German, +Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish may then be consulted, and +carried back to their Oriental source. None of the German or Scandinavian +dialects have writings antedating those of the Anglo-Saxons, except the +Germanic in the Moeso-Gothic Gospels of Ulphilas, published in 370, and +some Icelandic. A zealous attempt, tracing the origin of the English, +Germanic, and Scandinavian languages and nations, with a sketch of their +early literature, and short chronological specimens of Anglo-Saxon, +Friesic, Flemish, Dutch, German, from the Moeso-Goths to the present +time, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, and tracing the progress of these +languages and their connection with the modern English, was made by Rev. +Joseph Bosworth, in 1848. All interested in such knowledge will find +themselves abundantly repaid by an examination of this learned scholar’s +investigations, as shown in the work to which reference has just been +made. + + + + +LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON. + + +ANGLO-SAXON LETTERS—THEIR NAMES. + +The Anglo-Saxon alphabet has twenty-four letters, namely, _a_, _æ_, _b_, +_d_, _dh_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _s_, +_t_, _th_, _u_, _w_ (_vv_), _x_ and _y_. All but three, _dh_, _th_, +_w_, are Roman characters, the variations from the common form being +cacographic fancies. + +No difficulty is experienced by German-speaking students in calling the +letters by their proper appellations as their resemblance to the German +names, excepting in three instances, is very intimate and striking. _Ah_, +_ă_, _bay_, _cay_, _day_, _edh_, _ay_, _ef_, _gay_, _hah_, _ee_, _el_, +_em_, _en_, _o_, _pay_, _er_, _es_, _tay_, _thorn_, _oo_, _wên_, _ex_, +_ypsilon_, express very accurately their syllabic representation. + +An accent is found in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, but in none so regularly +used as to become an objective feature of Anglo-Saxon text. It is found +oftenest over a long vowel; sometimes over a vowel of peculiar sound, +not long; seldom, except over syllables requiring a stress of voice. +There are times, it seems, when nothing but stress is indicated. English +editors represent it mostly by an acute accent, but the Germans generally +print Anglo-Saxon with a circumflex over all single long sounds in the +root of words, and an acute over the diphthongs; as _brôder_, _freónd_. +In this book, an acute accent is used over all long vowels and diphthongs. + + +SOUNDS OF VOWELS. + +_A_ short or unaccented is sounded like _a_ in _man_. It is often found +in the final syllables of inflections, and generally appears in the radix +before a doubled consonant, or two different consonants. + +The radical short _a_ can only stand before a single consonant, and _st_, +_sc_, when this single consonant and these double letters are followed +in the inflections by _a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns; _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_ in +adjectives; and _a_, _o_, _u_, and _ia_ in verbs. + +Specially important are the remarks contained in the last paragraph +in the declension of words, for, monosyllables, ending in a single +consonant, in _st_, or _sc_, reject the _e_ from the short _æ_, and leave +the short _a_ alone, whenever, in declining, the consonant or consonants +happen to be followed by _a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns, and _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_ +in adjectives. + +It must be remembered, then, that a short _a_ cannot stand in a word. +1. When it ends in a single consonant, that is, when no inflection of +_a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns follow, as in _stæf_. 2. When in nouns a single +consonant is followed by _e_, as in _wæter_. 3. When the word has any +other double consonants than _st_, _sc_, even though followed by _a_, +_o_, _u_, as in _cræft_. 4. In contracted words, when _æ_ is not in the +last syllable, as in _æcer_. + +When the _á_ is accented it is then _long_, and words containing this +long or accented _á_ are now represented by English terms with the +vowel sounded like _o_ in _no_ and in _bone_. Hám _home_, bán, _bone_, +án, _one_, stán, _stone_, have either the same or an analogous meaning +in English and Anglo-Saxon. Sometimes the accented or long _á_ is +represented in English by _oa_, as ác, _an oak_, gád, _a goad_, lám, +_lome_. Occasionally, _á_ becomes _oe_ in English, as dá, _a doe_, fá, _a +foe_, rá, _a roe_, but the _ae_ in these words has the sound of _o_ in +_no_. The same may be said of _oa_ in _boar_. Hence, it appears that the +Anglo-Saxon _á_ is represented by the modern English _o_, _oa_, and _oe_, +which have the sound of _o_ in _no_, or _bone_. The long _á_ is often +changed into _æ_, as _lár_, lore, _lǽran_, to teach. + +_-A_, added to words, denotes _a person_, _an agent_, _an actor_, +hence,—All names ending in _a_ are masculine, and make the genitive in +_an_, as from _cum_, come (thou), _cuma_, a person who comes, or a guest, +is derived. Some words, denoting inanimate things, terminate in _a_, and +these words, having the same declension as those which signify _persons_ +or _actors_, are also masculine. _A-_ is an inseparable prefix, denoting +negation, determination or opposition, as _from_, _out_, _away_. _A-_ +does not always appear to alter the signification, but generally, +however, it adds some little force or intensity to the original meaning +of the word to which it is joined. + +Anglo-Saxon words, containing the short or unaccented vowel _e_, are +often represented by modern English words of the same meaning, having +the sound of _e_ in _fed_, as _nett_, _bedd_, _webb_. Before a double +consonant, two different consonants, or one or two consonants when +followed by a long or final vowel, the short _e_ is most generally used. + +Words containing the long or accented _é_ are very frequently represented +by English terms of the same meaning, and have the sound of _e_ in +_meet_. Long _é_ is used, as in _thé_, at the end of words, and before +the consonants _l_, _m_, _n_, _r_, _s_, _t_, _d_, _dh_, _c_, _g_ and _f_. + +_-E_, in the ending of nouns, denotes a person, as _hyrde_, a shepherd, +from _hyrdan_, to guard. It is also used to form nouns denoting inanimate +objects, as _cyle_, cold, but these are mostly derived from verbs, and +hence are masculine; but, when they come from adjectives, they are +feminine. Final _e_ is the termination of derivative adjectives, and is +also the usual letter by which adjectives ending in a consonant become +adverbs. + +Unaccented _i_ has the sound of _i_ in _fin_, as is evidenced by the +following Anglo-Saxon words which have the same meaning in English as in +Saxon:—_tin_, _dim_, _scip_, _wit_, _ribb_, _milc_, etc. + +_I_ long has the sound of _i_ in _fine_, as in the cognate words, _tíne_, +_wín_, _díc_, _hwíl_. + +The verbal termination _ian_, or with a consonant before the _i_—_cian_, +_gian_, _nian_, _sian_—is the most simple and universal. It is joined +to various parts of speech, but especially to nouns and pronouns. These +verbs almost always make the perfect tense in _ode_, and the perfect +participle in _od_. Verbs thus formed from adjectives are generally +neuter, but they become active by prefixing _ge_, as _lytl_, little, +_lytlian_, to become little, _gelytlian_, to diminish. + +_I_ and _ie_ are often used for _g_, _ge_, _y_, and _e_. + +Short _o_, in Anglo-Saxon, has probably the sound of _o_ in _for_, as +_corn_, _horn_, _loc_. + +_O_, accented, was sounded in Saxon as _oo_ in _cook_, as proved by the +cognate words _cóc_, _bóc_, _gód_, _cól_, _fót_, etc. + +Final _o_ is chiefly used to form the names of qualities from adjectives, +as _menigeo_, the many, multitude. Nouns ending in _o_ are feminine and +indeclinable, but they often end in _u_, and in that case have a regular +feminine declension. + +A few nouns in final _o_ are neuter, and make the genitive in _ewes_, as +_ealo_, ale, genitive _ealewes_. + +The unaccented _u_ in Anglo-Saxon had most probably the sound of _u_ in +_fun_, as testified to by _butt_, _dun_, _munc_, _up_, etc., which have +the same meaning in English as in Saxon. + +Long _ú_ had the sound of _ou_, or _ow_, in _about_, _foul_, _house_, +_town_, as _fúl_, _hú_, _mús_, _nú_, _úre_, Saxon words which have the +same signification, as their English representatives most plainly show. + +_Eo_ are sometimes used for _u_, as _sweord_, _swurd_, and _y_ for _ú_, +as _swytol_, _swútol_. In later times, _u_ was employed for _f_ and _v_, +as _luue_, _lufe_, _Dauid_, _David_. + +Some few names ending in _u_ are masculine or neuter, but they are mostly +feminine, and form the names of qualities from adjectives. + +Short _u_ or accented Anglo-Saxon _y_ had the _y_ sounded as in +_mystery_, _duty_, as _tynder_, _hyp_, _syn_, _mynster_, which are +represented by modern English words of like signification. + +The long or accented _y_ had the sound of _y_ in _type_, _sky_, as will +be evident from the following cognate words: _lýs_, _fýr_, _hýd_, _brýd_, +and _lýf_. + +Unaccented _i_ is often used for _y_, and long _i_ for _y_; as _lístan_, +_litel_, _minster_ for _lystan_, _lytel_, _mynster_, and _fír_, _bríd_, +_líf_, for _fýr_, _brýd_, _lýf_. + + +SOUNDS OF CONSONANTS. + +The consonants have their common English sounds: _c_, like _k_, always; +_ch_, like _kh_, in _work-house_; _cw_, like _qu_; _dh_, like English +_th_ in a similar word, as _ódher_, other, _dódh_, doth; _g_, like _g_ in +_go_, always; _h_, very distinct; _hw_, like _wh_ in New England; _i_ (= +_j_), before a vowel, like _y_; _s_, like _s_ in _so_; _t_, like _t_ in +_to_; _th_, like _th_ in _thin_; _w_, like _w_; _wl_, _wr_, and final _w_ +nearly close the lips; _x_, like _ks_. + + +ACCENT—ITS USE. + +The primary accent is on the first syllable of every word: as, +_bródʹ-her_, brother; _unʹ-cúdh_, uncouth. + +Proper prefixes in verbs and participles take no primary accent; such +are _á_, _an_, _and_, _æt_, _be_, _bi_, _ed_, _far_, _ful_, _ge_, +_geord_, _in_, _mis_, _ódh_, _of_, _ofer_, _on_, _or_, _tó_, _thurh_, +_un_, _under_, _widh_, _widher_, _ymb_, _ymbe_: _an-ginʹ-nan_, begin; +_on-geánʹ_, again. The syllable after the prefix assumes the accent. + +Derivatives from nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, retain their accent. +Such are all verbs in _and-_, _ed-_, _or-_, found in Anglo-Saxon poetry, +and many adverbs in _un-_, etc. + +Compounds, formed of adverbs and verbs, retain their accent. Such are +these with _æfter_, _bí_, _bíg_, _efen_, _eft_, _fore_, _ford_, _from_, +_fram_, _hider_, _mid_, _midher_, _gegn_, _geán_, _gén_, _tó_, _up_, +_út_, _wel_. + +The inseparable prefixes _á-_, _be-_ (_bi-_), _for-_, _ge-_, are +unaccented; as, _á-lýsʹ-ing_, redemption. + +A secondary accent may fall in the tone syllable of the lighter part of a +compound or on a suffix; as, _ó-fer-cumʹ-an_, overcome. + + +EUPHONIC CHANGES. + +_Gemination_ is the doubling of a letter. When final, or next to a +consonant, it is simplified, _mm_ changing to _mb_, _nn_ to _nd_, _ss_ +to _st_, _ii_ to _ig_, _un_ to _up_: as, _timbr_ for _timmr_, timber; +_spindl_ for _spinnl_, spindle; _lufast_ for _lufass_, lovest; _lufige_ +for _lufie_, love; _bearupes_ for _bearuues_, grove. Double _g_ is +written _cg_, and double _f_, _bb_. + +_Umlaut_ is the assimilation of a vowel by the vowel of the succeeding +syllable: _a-umlaut_ changes _i_ to _e_ (_eo_), _u_ to _o_; _i-umlaut_, +_a_ to _e_, _u_ to _y_, _ea_ to _y_, _eo_ to _y_, _á_ to _ǽ_, _ó_ to +_é_, _ú_ to _ý_, _eá_ to _y_, _eó_ to _ý_; _u-umlaut_, _a_ to _ea_ (_o_), +_i_ to _eo_. The _i_ which produces _i-umlaut_ is often changed to _e_ or +dropped: as, _man_, plural _men_, from _meni_; _fót_, plural _fét_, feet, +from _féti_. + +_Breaking_ is the change of one vowel to two by a consonant. _G_, _c_, +and _ac_ may break a following _a_ to _ea_, _o_ to _eo_, _i_ to _ie_, _á_ +to _eá_, _ó_ to _eó_; _l_, _r_ and _h_ may break a preceding _a_ to _ea_, +_i_ to _eo_ (_io_), _ie_: as, _geaf_, gave; _sceó_, shoe; _sealm_, psalm; +_hleator_, laughter; _meolc_, milk. + +_Shifting_ is the weakening of a letter not produced by other letters: +_a_ to _æ_, _ǽ_ to _é_, _eá_ and _eó_ to _é_, etc.; _dæg_, from _dag_, +day. + + +NOUNS—THEIR DECLENSION. + +There are two classes of declensions of Anglo-Saxon nouns:—_Strong_, +those which have sprung from vowel stems, and _weak_, that which has +sprung from stems in _an_. Of the four declensions, the first, second and +third are distinguished by the genitive singular ending in _es_, _e_, and +_a_, respectively, and the fourth by its termination in _an_. + +_Strong nouns_ have all masculines of the first or third declension; all +feminines of the second or third, and all neuters of the first. + +_Abstract nouns_ have their gender controlled by the terminations. In +derivatives, the feminine gender prevails, while compound nouns follow +the gender of the last part. + +Names of males, of the moon, and of many weeds, flowers, winds, are +_masculine_. Nouns representing names of females, of the sun, and of many +trees, rivers, and soft and low musical instruments, are _feminine_. +_Neuter_ nouns are names of wife, child, as well as diminutives, many +general names, and words made an object of thought. + +_Epicene nouns_ have one grammatical gender, but are used for both +sexes. Names of mammalia, except a few little timid ones, are masculine. +Large and fierce birds are masculine; others, especially singing-birds, +are feminine; large fishes are masculine, small, feminine; insects are +feminine. + +While in English there are but three cases, in Anglo-Saxon there are six. +The nominative and vocative are always alike; the nominative, accusative, +and vocative are alike in all plurals, and in the singular of all neuters +and strong masculines. The genitive plural ends always in _á_ or _ená_, +and the dative and instrumental always in _um_ (_on_). + +Names of women in _u_ or a consonant are strong, those in _e_ or _a_ are +weak; while those of men in _u_, _e_ or _a_ consonant are strong, and +those in _a_ are weak. + + +ADJECTIVES.—THEIR DEGREES. + +Adjectives, in Anglo-Saxon, have one set of strong and one set of weak +endings for each gender. The latter are used when the adjective is +preceded by the definite article or some word analogous thereto. Hence, +there are two declensions: the _definite_ and the _indefinite_. + +Degrees of quantity or quality in adjectives are shown by comparison. +They are regularly compared by suffixing to the theme of the primitive +_ir_, _er_ or _or_ for the theme of the comparative, and _ist_, _est_ or +_ost_ for that of the superlative. + + +VERBS.—THEIR ATTRIBUTES. + +Verbs have two voices. The _active_ represents the subject as acting, the +_passive_ as affected by the action. The _active_ has inflective endings +for many forms, the _passive_ only for a participle. Other passive forms +help this participle with the auxiliary verbs _eom_ (_am_), _beón_, +_wesan_, _weordhan_. There is, however, a middle voice, which represents +the subject as affected by its own action; but, as this is expressed in +Anglo-Saxon by adding pronouns, no paradigms are necessary. + +There are six moods. The _indicative_ states or asks about a fact; the +_subjunctive_ a possibility; the _imperative_ commands or entreats; the +_infinitives_ (and _gerunds_) are substantives, and the _participles_ +adjectives. Certain forms of possibility are expressed by auxiliary +modal verbs with the infinitive, and these are conveniently called a +_potential_ mode. + +Five tenses, _present_, _imperfect_, _future_, _perfect_ and +_pluperfect_, are found in the language. The present and imperfect have +tense stems; the future is expressed by the present, or by the aid of +_seal_ (shall) or _wille_ (will); the perfect by help of the present of +_habban_ (have) or, with some intransitives, _beón_ (be), _wesan_ or +_weordhan_ (be); the pluperfect by the aid of the imperfect of _habban_, +_beón_, _wesan_, or _weordhan_. + +Verbs are classified for conjugation by the stems of the imperfect tense. +_Strong verbs_ express tense by varying the root vowel; _weak verbs_ by +composition. Strong verbs in the imperfect indicative singular first +person have the root vowel _unchanged_, or changed by accent, which is +called _progression_, or by _contraction_ with old reduplication. There +are six conjugations. No change is manifest in the root vowel in the +first conjugation; the second, third and fourth are varied by accent or +progression; the fifth by contraction, and the sixth by composition. + +Since all the names derivable from verbs, with which we have to deal in +the present work, are concerned with the present infinitive, present +indicative of the first person, and perfect participle, it is unnecessary +to enter into any elaboration of the verbal inflections. What is needful +to be said will appear in its proper place in the derivations. + + + + +NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. + + +A. + +_Abbott._ _Abbud_, an abbot, chief governor, father, or superior of an +abbey, convent, or monastery. + +_Adkin._ _Eard_, earth; _cyn_, kin, kind. Earth-relative. Akin, +contraction of the name. + +_Albert._ _Eal_, all; _beorht_, bright. All bright; illustrious. + +_Alder._ _Aldor_, life. + +_Alice._ _Ætheling_, corrupted into Adeline, thence into Alice. A +princess. + +_Alison._ _Alice_, a princess; _sun_, a son. Son of Alice; son of a +princess. + +_All._ _Eal_, all, every, whole. + +_Allingham._ _Alling-hám_, from _All_; _ing_, descendant; _hám_, home. +Home of Alling; home of the offspring of All. + +_Apgar._ _Abgar_, Irish _ab_, a father; _gár_, a spear, a dart. Defender +of the father. + +_Appleton._ _Æppel-tún_, from _æppel_, an apple; _tún_, town. An apple +garden; an orchard. + +_Askin._ _Æscwine_, from _æsc_, an ash-tree, ash, ash-spear, a ship, a +man; _wine_, a friend. Boats were made of ash, hence a small ship, a +skiff. Among the northern nations it was supposed that the first man was +made out of ash: hence the word came to signify a man, the chief of men, +a leader. Æsc, the name of Hengist’s son, was a leader. + +_Ashton._ _Æsc_, Æsc; _tún_, town. The town of Æsc. + +_Asquith._ _Æsc_, Æsc; _cýth_, home. The home of Æsc; the home of the ash. + + +B. + +_Bancroft._ _Bán_, pronounced _bawn_, bone; _croft_, a level tract of +country, an enclosed field. A graveyard. + +_Bald._ _Báld_, bold, courageous, honorable. + +_Baldwin._ _Báld_, pronounced _bawld_, bold; _win_, a contest, battle. +Bold in battle. Baldewin, Boldwin, less ancient forms of the name. + +_Banham._ _Bán_, bone; _hám_, home. The bone-home; the grave. + +_Barton._ _Bere_, corn; _tún_, town. A corn-farm; a corn-village; a +grange. + +_Beal._ _Beal_, evil. Beale, identical in derivation. + +_Beda._ _Beada_, counsellor, persuader, exhorter. + +_Bedell._ _Bædel_, a beadle. A messenger belonging to a court, or public +body; a petty officer in a church. + +_Beck._ _Béc_, or _bóc_, a book. Beck, Bock, Bok, analogous names. + +_Beckingham._ _Beck_, Beck; _ing_, a son; _hám_, home. The home of the +son of Beck. + +_Bishop._ _Bisceop_, a bishop, a high-priest, a prelate. + +_Blake._ _Blæc_, black. Black, of like parentage. + +_Boardman._ _Bórd_, a shield; _man_, a man. A warrior; a knight. + +_Brice._ _Brice_, fragment, rupture, violation, use, service. Bryce, only +another spelling of the same. + +_Brock._ _Bróc_, a brook, a rivulet. Brook, Brooke, from the same root. + +_Brooks._ _Brook_, Brook; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Brook. + +_Bronson._ _Brown_, from _brún_, brown, and _sun_, son. Son of Brown. + +_Bront._ _Bront_, raging, streaming. Brunt, doubtless, from the same +source. Some, perhaps, would consider it a corruption of _burnt_, made +brown. + +_Browning._ _Brown_, Brown; _ing_, a descendant. Descendant of Brown. + +_Burn._ _Byrne_, burning, a coat of mail, a corselet. + +_Burr._ _Búr_, a chamber, a bower. Perhaps, from _beorg_, or _beorh_, a +hill. + +_Burwick._ _Búr_, a chamber; _wic_, a dwelling, village, camp. The +guest-chamber. + + +C. + +_Caster._ _Ceaster_ (Latin _castra_, a camp), a city. Chester, from the +same derivation. + +_Caton._ Anglo-Saxon for Cato, the Greek for downwards. + +_Chapman._ _Cépman_, a merchant, a trader. Ceapman, in Chaucer’s day. + +_Chichester._ Originally, _Cicester_, the equivalent of _cyren-ceaster_, +or _cyrn-ceaster_; from _cyren_, new wine; _ceaster_, a city, fort, +castle, town. Castle of new wine. + +_Clark._ _Clerc_, Latin _clericus_, a clerk. Clarke, similarly derived. + +_Cliffe._ _Clif_, a crag, an overhanging rock. Cliff, another form of the +name. + +_Clifford._ _Cliffe_, Cliffe; _ford_, a stream, a current. Cliffe’s ford. + +_Codman._ _Codd_, scrip, satchel, small bag; _man_, a man. A cashier; a +banker. + +_Coke._ _Cóc_, a cook. Cook, Cooke, analogous forms. + +_Compton._ _Comp_ for _comb_, a valley; _tún_, town. A valley-town. + +_Cope._ _Cop_, a cap, hood, or cloak. + +_Copp._ _Copp_, the head, top, apex, a cup. + +_Coulter._ _Colter_, a colter, a knife, a dagger. Colter, the commoner +form of the name. + +_Cox._ _Cokes_, from _cóc_, cook; _sun_, son. The son of Coke, or Cooke. +Coxe, of kindred significance. + +_Cumberland._ _Combra_, of valleys; _land_, land, ground, earth, field, +region, country. A region of valleys. + +_Cunningham._ _Cunning_, experience; _hám_, home. A home of art and +letters. + +_Cunnington._ _Cunning_, experience; _tún_, town. A cunning town; an +enterprising town. + +_Cuthbert._ _Cúth_, known, certain, familiar, domestic; _beorht_, +brightness, a glistening, light, sight, glance. Known brightness; +familiar glance. + + +D. + +_Dade._ _Dǽd_, deed, exploit, achievement. + +_Dadaker._ _Deád_, dead; _æcer_, acre. An acre set apart for the dead. +Dedaker, of analogous derivation. + +_Dager._ _Dagor_, day. + +_Dalton._ _Dál_, a dale, a small valley; _tún_, a town. A valley-town. + +_Dalrymple._ _Dál_, a vale; _hrympelle_, a wrinkle, a ripple, a fold. An +undulating vale. + +_Davies._ _Davie_, diminutive for David; _sun_, son. Son of Davie. Davis, +abbreviation of the same. + +_Dodd._ _Deád_, dead. + +_Dunham._ _Dunholm_, from _dún_, mountain; _holm_, an island. A +mountainous island. + +_Durham._ _Deór_, beast; _hám_, home, dwelling. A park; a dwelling for +wild animals. Dereham, an earlier form of the name. + +_Dyer._ _Dýre_, dear, costly, precious. + + +E. + +_Earl._ _Earl_, noble, earl, man. Earle, of similar significance. + +_Edgar._ _Eard_, earth; _gár_, dart, spear. Earth-dart; defender of the +earth. + +_Edmund._ _Eard_, earth; _mund_, hand. Earth-hand; tiller of the soil. + +_Edmunds._ _Edmund_, Edmund; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Edmund. +Edmundson, Edmondson, lengthened forms of the same name. + +_Edson._ _Eard_, earth; _sun_, son. Son of earth. Edison, the same word, +but of more euphonious pronunciation. + +_Edward._ _Eard_, earth; _weard_, guardian, watchman. An earth-protector. + +_Edwards._ _Edward_, Edward; _sun_, son. Son of Edward. + +_Egbert._ _Ecg_, edge; _beorht_, glance. Side-glance. + +_Eldrick._ _Eal_, all; _rice_, rich, powerful. All-powerful. Eldridge, +doubtless, from the same roots. + +_Elmer._ _Ethelmer_, from _éthel_, a home; _mǽre_, illustrious. An +illustrious home. + +_Ely._ _Élig_, from _él_, eel; _ig_, an island. Eel-island. + +_Emery._ _Earm_, arm; _rice_, powerful. Mighty in battle. Emmery, Emory, +cognate forms. + +_Emerson._ _Emery_, Emery; _sun_, son. Son of Emmery. + +_Engle._ _Engel_, an angel. Ingle, a slightly modified phase of the name. + +_Englebert._ _Engel_, an angel; _beorht_, brightness. An angel of +brightness. + +_Erwin._ _Eard_, earth; _wine_, friend. Earth-friend. Ervin, Ervine, +names of similar import. + +_Eton._ _Eten_, a giant. Eaton, the accepted spelling. + + +F. + +_Fager._ _Fæger_, beauty, fair, beautiful. + +_Farnham._ _Fearn_, a fern; _hám_, habitation. Habitation of the fern. + +_Farr._ _Farr_, a wild boar. + +_Farrington._ _Farringdún_, from _fearn_, a fern; _g_, for the sake of +euphony; _dún_, a hill. A hill of fern. + +_Fell._ _Fell_, gall, anger, death, a skin, cruel, severe. + +_Field._ _Feald_, a field, a fold. + +_Fielding._ _Field_, Field; _ing_, descendant. Descendant of Field. + +_Finch._ _Finc_, a small bird. Fink, Finck, Fenke, kindred forms. + +_Firman._ _Fir_, the living, chief of living beings, man; _man_, man. The +living man. + +_Fisk._ _Fisc_, a fish. Fiske, the more common name. + +_Fleming._ _Fleming_, a runaway, a banished man. Flemming, another +spelling. + +_Fletcher._ _Flett_, house, chamber, bed, hall, palace; _cher_ for _er_, +a personal suffix. A companion; a bed-fellow; a prince. + +_Fogg._ _Fog_, agreement, compact. + +_Foote._ _Fót_, a foot. + +_Forsyth._ _Forthsíth_, death. Forsythe, another spelling of the name. + +_Fotheringham._ _Fother_, a load, a burden; _ing_, son; _hám_, dwelling. +The home of the son of burden. + +_Foulk._ _Folc_, folk, people. Foulke, an equivalent. + +_Frederick._ _Freá_, a lord; _rice_, rich, powerful. A mighty lord. + +_Frick._ Possibly a corruption of _Frig_, pronounced _Freeg_, the goddess +of love, the Saxon Venus, and wife of Odin. + + +G. + +_Galt._ Irish _gaill_, genitive of _gall_, stranger; _tún_, town. Town of +the stranger. Gault, of similar derivation. + +_Galvin._ Irish _gaill_, of the stranger; _vin_ for _wine_, friend. +Friend of the Gall, the stranger. + +_Gate._ _Geát_, a gate. + +_Gates._ _Gate_, Gate; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Gate. + +_Giddings._ _Gidding_, from _gidd_, song, divination; _ing_, descendant; +_s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a descendant of song. + +_Gilbert._ Irish _giolla_, a servant; _beorht_, bright. A witty servant. + +_Gilling._ _Gill_, Gill; _ing_, son. Son of Gill; son of a servant. + +_Gillingham._ _Gilling_, Gilling; _hám_, home. The home of Gilling; the +home of the son of Gill. + +_Gipson._ _Gilp_, glory; _sun_, son. The son of glory. Gibson, of like +derivation. + +_Gladwin._ _Glæd_, pleased; _wine_, a friend. A happy friend. + +_Glenning._ _Glen_, a valley; _ing_, descendant. Son of Glenn; son of a +valley. + +_Godfrey._ _Gód_, good; _freá_, lord. A beneficent master. + +_Goodacre._ _Gód_, God; _æcer_, acre. God’s acre. + +_Goodwin._ _Gód_, good; _wine_, a friend, a benefactor. Godwin, of +similar signification. + +_Gould._ _Gold_, a precious metal. + +_Graff._ _Græf_, a grave. A ditch; a moat; a fosse. Groff, of like +derivation. + +_Graham._ _Grǽg_, gray; _hám_, home. A weather-beaten home. Gramm, most +probably a corruption of the same. + +_Grave._ _Græf_, a grave. + +_Graves._ _Grave_, Grave; _sun_, son. Son of Grave. Greaves, Greves, +Grieves, modifications of the name. + +_Gregg._ _Grǽg_, gray. Grigg, corruption of the name. + +_Gregson._ _Grǽg_, gray; _sun_, son. Son of Gregg. Grayson, the same in +another form. + +_Grindler._ _Grindel_, a clog; _er_ for Irish _fear_, a man. The wearer +of a wooden shoe. + +_Grindrod._ _Grund_, ground; _rod_, a rod. Divining-rod. + +_Grund._ _Grund_, ground. + +_Grunder._ _Grund_, ground; _er_ for _fear_, man. A farmer. + +_Guilford._ _Gild_, tribute; _ford_, a stream. Stream-tribute; ferry-toll. + +_Gummery._ _Guma_, man; _ríce_, kingdom. Kingdom of man. + +_Guthrie._ _Gúth_, fight, war; _ríce_, kingdom. Kingdom of sin. + + +H. + +_Haeseler._ _Hæsel_, a hat; _er_, a personal suffix. A hatter. + +_Hamill._ _Hám_, home; _il_, a hedgehog. Home of the hedgehog. + +_Hamilton._ _Hamill_, Hamill; _tún_, farm. Farm of Hamill. + +_Hamlet._ _Hám_, home; _let_, implying diminutiveness. An humble home. + +_Hammond._ _Hám_, house; _mund_, hand. A house-hand; a servant. + +_Hampshire._ _Hâm_, or _hamp_, home; _scíre_, shire, district, county, +stewardship, charge, business. Home-district. Hampsher, corruption of the +name. + +_Hampton._ _Hám_, or _hamp_, home; _tún_, town. Home-town. + +_Hampstead._ _Hám-stede_, from _hám_, home, and _stede_, place. Homestead. + +_Hamric._ _Hám_, home; _rice_, rule, kingdom. Home-rule. Hamrick, from +the same roots. + +_Hancock._ _Hean_, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised; _cóc_, a +cook. A needy cook. + +_Hard._ _Heard_, hard, stubborn, unsubmissive. + +_Harding._ _Hard_, Hard; _ing_, son. Descendant of Hard. + +_Harold._ _Hár_, hoar, gray with age; _eald_, old. A veteran chief. + +_Harper._ _Hearpere_, a harper. + +_Hart._ _Heort_, a hart, a stag. + +_Hartford._ _Heort_, a hart; _ford_, a ford, a stream, a current. The +hart’s ford, or the place of its crossing the stream. + +_Hatfield._ _Heat-feld_, from _heat_, heat; _feld_, a field, a plain. An +open, sun-scorched plain. + +_Hebel._ _Hebel_, thread of the shuttle. + +_Heber._ _Heber_, a goat. + +_Hebener._ _Heben_, heaven; _er_, indicative of a personal suffix. An +inhabitant of heaven. + +_Helmbold._ _Helm_, helmet, cover, protector; _báld_, bold, stout. A +stout protector. + +_Herbert._ _Here_, a host; _beorht_, bright, shining. An illustrious host. + +_Hild._ _Hild_, battle. + +_Hildebrand._ _Hild_, battle: _brand_, a brand, a torch. A battle-torch. + +_Hildeburn._ _Hild_, battle; _bryne_, a burning, scorching, heat, fire. +Battle-heat. + +_Hoar._ _Hár_, hoar, white, or gray with age. + +_Holdcraft._ _Hold_, kind, devoted, faithful, friendly; _cræft_, craft, +contrivance, skill, employment, strength, power, talent, ability, +excellence, virtue. Faithful employment; friendly power. + +_Holme._ _Holm_, a sea, a billow. + +_Holmes._ _Holme_, Holme: _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Holme + +_Holt._ _Holt_, a grove, a forest. + +_Hope._ _Hopa_, hope. + +_Hopkin._ _Hopa_, hope; _cyn_, kind, kin. A relative of Hope. + +_Hopkinson._ _Hopkin_, Hopkin; _sun_, son. Son of Hopkin. Hopkins, an +abbreviation of the name. + +_Humphrey._ _Hám_, home; _freá_, lord, protector. Defender of home. + +_Humphreys._ _Humphrey_, Humphrey; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Humphrey. +Humphries, Humphriss, Humphrys, kindred names. + +_Huntting._ _Hunt_, Hunt; _ing_, a descendant. Son of Hunt. + +_Hurlock._ _Hár_, hoary; _loc_, lock of hair. A hoary lock of hair. +Harlock, a less common name, but one more closely related to the parent +words. + +_Husband._ _Hús_, house; _bond_, bound, tied. House-bound; house-tied: +hence, one that is bound to the house. + +_Hustin._ _Hústing_, a place of council. + +_Huston._ _Hús_, house; _tún_, a farm. House-farm; kitchen-garden. + +_Huxley._ _Huxlic_, from _hucs_, _hucx_, or _husc_, irony, slight, +contempt, reproach, and _lic_, like. Ironical-like; disgraceful; +contemptuous; vile. + + +I. + +_Idell._ _Ídel_, idle, vain, empty, useless. + +_Inskip._ _In_, an inn, a dwelling; _scipe_, denoting form, condition, +state, office, dignity. An innkeeper; a landlord. Inskeep, a kindred name. + +_Irwin._ _Eard_, earth; _wine_, friend. Earth-friend. Irvin, Irvine, from +the same roots. + +_Irving._ _Irvin_, Irvin; _ing_, a descendant. Son of Irvin. + +_Isdell._ _I’s_, ice; _dǽl_, a dale, a small valley. Ice-dale. + +_Isenberg._ _I’sen_, iron; _beorg_, mountain. Iron-mountain. + +_Isenberry._ _I’sen_, iron; _berry_, corruption of _beorg_, or _beorh_, +mountain. Iron-mountain. + +_Isham._ _I’s_, ice; _hám_, house, dwelling. Ice-house. + + +J. + +_Jackson._ _Jack_, nickname for John; _sun_, son. Son of Jack. Jacques, +French for James, is the most probable derivation of Jack. + +_Jameson._ _Jame_, James; _sun_, son. Son of James. + +_Jamieson._ _Jamie_, James; _sun_, son. Son of Jamie; son of James. +Jamison, Jemison, Jimison, kindred terms, founded upon nicknames common +to James in parts of Scotland and Ireland. + +_Jenkin._ _Jen_, abbreviation for Jennie, Jane, John; _cyn_, kin, kind. +Related to Jennie, Jane, John. + +_Jenkinson._ _Jenkin_, Jenkin; _sun_, son. Son of Jenkin. Jenkins, +abbreviated form of same. + +_Jenks._ _Jen_, Jennie; _k_ for _cyn_, kin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a +relative of Jennie. + +_Johnson._ _John_, Hebrew word signifying “gracious gift of God;” +Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. Son of John. + +_Jonson._ _Jon_, contraction of _John_, John; _sun_, son. Son of John. + +_Jones._ _Jon_, John; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of John. + + +K. + +_Keith._ _Cíth_, pronounced _keeth_, a germ, sprig, blade. + +_Kemp._ _Cempa_, a young soldier, a warrior, champion, novice. + +_Kendall._ _Cyn_, kin, kindred, race, tribe, nation, kind; _dǽl_, dale, +valley. Valley-kindred. Kindell, derivable from the same roots. + +_Kenworthy._ _Cyn_, kindred; _weorthe_, worthy, honorable. Worthy kindred. + +_Kenyon._ _Cyn_, nation, people; _yeong_, young. Young nation. + +_Kertell._ _Kertl_, a woman’s garment, a vest, mantle, kirtle. + +_Keyser._ _Káser_, an emperor. Keiser, of similar origin. + +_Kim._ _Cim_, feet, or bases of a pillar. + +_Kimball._ _Cimbal_, cymbal. Kemble, Kimble, Kimple, analogous names. + +_Kissel._ _Cystel_, a chestnut. + +_Kisterbock._ _Cist_, choice; _bóc_, a volume, a book. A choice volume. + +_Kitt._ _Kitte_, a vessel, a bottle. + +_Kitson._ _Kitt_, Kitt; _sun_, son. Son of Kitt. Kitts, abbreviation of +the same. + + +L. + +_Lambeth._ _Lamb-hýth_, from _lamb_, lamb, and _hýth_, measure, gain, +profit. Lamb’s measure. + +_Lambert._ _Lamb_, Lamb; _beorht_, brightness. The Lamb of Glory. + +_Lancaster._ _Land_, ground, earth, field; _ceaster_, a camp, a castle, +city, fort. An earth-fort. + +_Landreth._ _Land_, field; _ríthe_, a well, a fountain, a river. A +field-well; a spring. + +_Lever._ _Leófra_, _lever_, comparatives of _leóf_, _leef_, dear, +agreeable. More agreeable; more pleasing. + +_Levering._ _Lever_, Lever; _ing_, offspring. Son of Lever. + +_Lea._ _Liga_, a flame. + +_Lester._ _Lædheceaster_, from _lædhe_, hateful, unpleasant, loathsome, +and _ceaster_, a city. A loathsome city. Leister, of like derivation. + +_Limbert._ _Lim_, limb, member; _beorht_, brightness. Limb-brightness. + +_Liming._ _Lim-ing_, from _lim_, limb; _ing_, implying action, +originating from. Limning; painting. + +_Lind._ _Lind_, linden, or lime-tree; also, what was made of +lime-wood—shield, buckler, banner. + +_Linden._ _Linden_, made of lime-tree. + +_Lindsey._ _Lindes-íg_, from _lindes_, genitive of _lind_, lime-tree, and +_íg_, an island. The island of the lime-tree. Lindsay, another form of +spelling. + +_Lipp._ _Lippe_, lip. + +_Lipkiss._ _Lippe_, lip; _cyss_, kiss. Lip-kiss. + +_Lippincott._ _Lippe_, lip, genitive _lippan_, of lip; _coth_, disease, +malady. Lip disease. + +_Lipson._ _Lippe_, Lipp; _sun_, son. Son of Lipp. + +_Lipton._ _Lipp_, Lipp; _tún_, home. Home of Lipp. + +_Litchfield._ _Liced-feld_, from _licced_, licked, lapped, and _feld_, a +field, a plain. A licked plain; a pasture-field. + +_Lonsdale._ _Londes-dǽl_, from _londes_, genitive of _lond_, land; +_dǽl_, dale, valley. Land’s-dale. + +_Loth._ _Loth_, a band. + +_Lothrop._ _Loth_, band; _thorpe_, a village. + +_Lyster._ _Lyster_, a favorer. Lister, of like origin. + +_Lytle._ _Lytle_, little, small, slender. + + +M. + +_Manchester._ _Manig-ceaster_, from _manig_, many, much; _ceaster_, city, +fort, castle, town. Many castles. + +_Manning._ _Mann_, Mann; _ing_, offspring. Son of Mann. + +_Marx._ _Marcs_, from _marc_, a mark; _s_ for _sun_, a son. Son of Marc. + +_Mase._ _Mase_, a whirlpool, a gulf. + +_Maslin._ _Mæslen_, or _maslin_, brass. + +_Max._ _Max_, noose, mesh, net, snare. + +_Maxfield._ _Max_, Max; _feld_, a field. Max’s field. + +_Maxwell._ _Max_, Max; _wæl_, a well. Max’s well. + +_Meadowcroft._ _Mǽdewe_, a meadow; _croft_, a small enclosed field. A +meadow-field. + +_Mearns._ _Mearn_, mourned; _s_ for _sun_, son. A mourned son. + +_Mear._ _Mere_, lake, pool, sea. + +_Mears._ _Mear_, Mear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Mear. + +_Medlar._ _Méd_, meed, merit, reward, recompense; _lǽr_, doctrine. +Reward of doctrine. + +_Medway._ _Mǽd_, meed, meadow, trunk of a tree; _wǽg_, a wave. +Meadow-wave; a river. + +_Meredith._ _Mere_, lake, sea; _diht_, ordering, direction, predicting, +foretelling. Sea-predicting. + +_Merscher._ _Mersc-ware_, from _mersc_, marsh, fen, and _ware_, used only +as a termination, denoting inhabitants, dwellers. Marshmen; fenmen. + +_Merton._ _Meretún_, from _mere_, lake, sea; _tún_, town. Sea-port; +lake-port. + +_Metsinger._ _Metssunge_, from _mettsung_, messing, food, meat; _ere_, +indicating a person. A victualler; a provider. Messinger, another form of +the name. + +_Michener._ Perhaps _Micg-ærn_, from _micg-an_, to water; _ærn_, a place, +a secret place, a closet, a habitation, a house. An urinary; a drain. + +_Midding._ _Midding_, a dunghill. + +_Middlesex._ _Middel_, middle; _Sexe_, Saxons. The Middle Saxons. + +_Middleton._ _Middel_, middle; _tún_, town. The middle town. + +_Mitchell._ _Mycg_, a midge, a gnat; _el_, a termination denoting a +person. A dwarf; a pigmy. + +_Monteith._ _Mon_, man; _téth_, teeth. Human teeth. + +_Montgomery._ _Munt-guman-ríc_, from _munt_, mountain; _guman_, of man, +genitive of _guma_; _ríc_, pronounced _ree_, a postfix denoting dominion, +power. Mountain of man’s power; acme of human greatness. + +_Muckle._ _Mucxle_, a muscle, a shell-fish. + +_Mumford._ _Mund-ford_, from _mund_, a contraction of _munden_, +remembered, and _ford_, ford. A remembered ford. + +_Munce._ _Munc_, a monk. Munch, Munk, of similar derivation. + +_Murberry._ _Murberie_, possibly from _múr_, a wall, from the resemblance +of the fruit in roughness to a wall, and _berie_, a berry. _Mur_ itself +signifies a mulberry. + +_Murdock._ _Mere_, a sea; _docce_, a dock. A naval dock. + + +N. + +_Nabes._ _Næbb_, a face; _s_ for _sun_, sun. The sun’s face. + +_Nachtigall._ _Næctegale_, nightingale, from _næcte_, night, and _gale_, +a singer. A night-singer. + +_Nachod._ _Næcud_, naked, uncovered. + +_Nadely._ _Nædl_, a needle, _líc_, like. Needle-like. + +_Nægele._ _Nægel_, a nail, a pin, a nail of the hand. Nagel, Nagele, +Naglee, other forms of the name. + +_Nebeker._ _Neb_, face, countenance, mouth, neb, nib, nose; _æcer_, +field, land, anything sown, sown corn, an acre. Face-pimples. + +_Nebel._ _Neb_, face, countenance; _el_, termination denoting a person. +Human face. + +_Nebhut._ _Neb_, face, head, mouth; _húth_, spoil, booty, prey. Blotched +countenance. + +_Nedel._ _Nedl_, a needle. + +_Needham._ _Neád_, need, necessity, infirmity; _hám_, home, house, +dwelling, village, farm. An almshouse; an infirmary. + +_Neef._ _Nefe_, a niece, a granddaughter. Neff, from the same root. + +_Nesenger._ _Nesse_, a headland; _ing_, originating from; _er_, a +personal suffix. One raised upon a headland. + +_Ness._ _Nesse_, a cape. Nesz, another form of the name. + +_Neswanger._ _Nesse_, or _næs_, a rock, support, headland, ness, cape, +promontory; _wang_, a plain, field, wong, land; _er_, a personal suffix. +Possessor of a rock-plain. + +_Neswenger._ _Nesse_, rock; _wengere_, a pillow, bolster. Rock-pillow. + +_Nester._ _Nest_, support, food, wages; _er_, a personal suffix. A +supporter; a wage-earner. Nester, a kindred name. + +_Neth._ _Neth_, wickedness, malice, cunning, hatred, strife, zeal, +punishment, slaughter. + +_Nething._ _Neth_, Neth; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of Neth. + +_Nette._ _Nett_, a net. + +_Netterville._ _Nett_, a net; _er_, a personal suffix; French _ville_, a +villa, a town. A fishing-place. + +_Nettinger._ _Nett_, a net; _ing_, expressive of action; _er_, a personal +termination. A seiner; a fisherman. + +_Nettleton._ _Netele_, a nettle; _tún_, a farm. A nettle-farm. + +_Newbold._ _Newe_, new, late, young; _báld_, bold, courageous, honorable. +Lately honorable. + +_Newcomb._ _Newe_, new; _comb_, a valley. New valley. + +_Newcomet._ _Newe_, new; _cometa_, a comet. A new comet. + +_Newell._ _Neowel_, prone, prostrate, depressed, profound, deep. Newhall, +perhaps, from the same root. + +_Nipe._ _Nip_, darkness. + +_Nippes._ _Nipp_, Nipe; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Nipe. + +_Norman._ _Nor_, contraction of _north_, north; _man_, a man. North-man. + +_Northrop._ _Nor_, north; _thorpe_, town. North town. + +_Norwood._ _Nor_, north; _wud_, wood. Northwood. + +_Nye._ _Nye_, a nye, a nest. + +_Nyholm._ _Nye_, a nest; _holm_, the deep sea, an abyss, the ocean, a +river island. Nest-water; nest-island. + +_Nyman._ _Nye_, a nest; _man_, man, or woman. Nest-woman. + +_Nystrom._ _Nye_, a nest; _streom_, a stream. Nest-stream. + + +O. + +_Obdyke._ _Ob_, off; _díc_, bank, mound. Off the bank. Opdyke, from the +same roots. + +_Oberdick._ _O’ber_, over, above; _díc_, dyke, ditch, trench, moat. +Overflowing ditch. + +_Oberholt._ _O’ber_, above; _holt_, a forest. Mountain-forest. + +_Ofar._ _O’fer_, a margin, brink, bank, shore. + +_Orcutt._ _Or_, free from; _coth_, disease. Free from disease. + +_Ord._ _O’rd_, beginning, origin, author, edge, sword, battle-array. + +_Ordmann._ _O’rd_, the front of an army; _mann_, man. A general; a +commander. + +_Orfe._ _Orfe_, cattle. Orf, Orff, of similar derivation. + +_Orgill._ _Orgel_, pride, arrogance. + +_Orgs._ _Org_, pride; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of pride. + +_Orme._ _Or_, free from; _me_, me. Free me from. + +_Ormerod._ _Or_, free from; _me_, me; _rod_, rod. Free me from the rod. +Ormrod, of like import. + +_Ormond._ _Or_, free from; _mond_, care, protection. Free from care; +without protection. + +_Ormsby._ _Orm_, Orme; _s_, sign of genitive; _bý_, a termination +denoting habitation, dwelling. Habitation of Orme. + +_Ormston._ _Orm_, genitive _Ormes_, Orme; _tún_, house. Home of Orme. + +_Orth._ _O’rth_, breathing. + +_Orthwein._ _O’rth_, breathing; _wine_, a man. A living man. + +_Orton._ _Or_, free from; _tún_, house, farm, village, town. Free from +the cares of home, or of the town. + +_Orwig._ _Or_, free from; _wig_, warfare, battle, strife. Free from +warfare. + +_Osbeck._ _O’s_, a hero; _béc_, a book, a volume, a writing. Hero-book; a +novel. + +_Osborne._ _O’s_, a hero; _beorn_, chief, general, prince, king. +Hero-king. Osborn, Osbourn, Osbourne, kindred names. + +_Osler._ _O’s_, hero; _lǽr_, lore, learning. Hero-lore. + +_Osmond._ _O’s_, hero; _mond_, hand, defence, protection, security. +Hero-protection. + +_Osmun._ _O’s_, hero; _mund_, a hand. Heroic hand. + +_Osmus._ _O’s_, hero; _mús_, mouse, flesh, muscle. Heroic muscle. + +_Osner._ _O’s_, hero; _nere_, refuge, safety, preservation. Heroic +preservation. + +_Oswald._ _O’s_, hero; _wald_, ruler, governor, lord. Heroic ruler. + +_Ost._ _Ost_, East. Also, a knot, a scale. + +_Oster._ _Oster_, Easter. + +_Overholt._ _Ouer_, over; _holt_, a forest. Hill-forest. + +_Oxenford._ _Oxen_, from _oxan_, genitive of _oxa_, an ox; _ford_, a +ford. The ford of the ox. Oxford, abbreviation of same. + + +P. + +_Palen._ _Pællen_, purple. + +_Pennington._ _Pening_, a penny; _tún_, dwelling, house. A mint; a bank. + +_Pepper._ _Peppor_, or _peopor_, pepper. + +_Peppercorn._ _Peppor_, pepper; _corn_, corn. A peppercorn. + +_Pile._ _Píl_, a pile, dart, pole, stake. + +_Pilking._ _Píl_, a pile, dart; _cyng_, a king, ruler, prince. Pile-king; +warrior-king. + +_Pilkington._ _Pilking_, Pilking; _tún_, house. Home of Pilking. + +_Pitt._ _Pitt_, a well, a hole. + +_Pitfield._ _Pitt_, a well; _feld_, a field, pasture, plain. A plain full +of excavations. + +_Pitkin._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _cyn_, kindred, posterity, nation. Pitt’s +posterity. + +_Pitts._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Pitt’s son; son of Pitt. + +_Pitman._ _Pitt_, a pit, a hole, a well; _man_, a man. A man who works in +a pit; a pitman. + +_Pittenger._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _eng_ for _ing_, descendant; _er_, a personal +suffix. Descendant of Pitt. + +_Plag._ _Plæga_, play, sport, pastime, wager. + +_Plagman._ _Plæga_, play, pastime, wager; _man_, a man. Man of pleasure. +Plagemann, a cognate form. + +_Plumly._ _Plume_, a plum; _líc_, form, shape, substance. Plum-shape. + +_Porter._ _Port_, port, haven, town, city, gate of a town; _er_, a +personal suffix. A gate-keeper. + +_Portman._ _Port_, a city; _man_, a man. A citizen. + +_Preston._ _Preost_, a priest, presbyter, clergyman; _tún_, a house. A +parsonage. + +_Prevost._ _Prafost_, prevost, president. + +_Priestly_. _Preost_, a priest; _líc_, like. Priest-like. + +_Pund._ _Púnd_, a pound, a fold. + +_Punger._ _Pung_, a purse; _er_, a personal termination. A purser. + +_Punt._ _Punt_, a boat. + +_Pusey._ _Púse_, a purse, a bag. + +_Poole._ _Púl_, pronounced _pool_, a pool. + +_Pyle._ _Pyle_, a pillow, a cushion. Pywell, perhaps, from the same root. + +_Pyne._ _Pín_, a pine. + +_Pyott._ _Pytt_, a pit, a well. Piatt, a kindred name. + + +Q. + +_Quain._ _Queán_, a barren cow. + +_Queen._ _Quén_, a wife. Quen, Quein, of similar derivation. + +_Quick._ _Cwic_, quick, living, active. + +_Quicksell._ _Cwic_, active; _sel_, a companion. An active companion. +Quicksall, a slightly modified term. + + +R. + +_Raake._ _Ræce_, a rach, a setting dog. + +_Rackham._ _Ræce_, Raake; _hám_, house. Home of Raake. + +_Radcliff._ _Rád_, that on which one rides, a road; _clyf_, a rock, a +steep descent. A road-cliff. Radcliffe, another spelling. + +_Raddington._ _Ræding_, Reading; _tún_, town. Town of Reading. + +_Raddish._ _Rædic_, from _rǽd_, red, and _isc_, an adjective termination +denoting like. Red-like; a radish. Radisch, Radish, of similar origin. + +_Rader._ _Rád_, traveling, journeying; _er_, a personal suffix. A +traveler. + +_Radeker._ _Rǽd_, red; _æcer_, acre, field, land. A red field. + +_Radfield._ _Rǽd_, red; _feld_, a plain. A red plain. + +_Radford._ _Rǽd_, red; _fōrd_, a ford, a stream. A red ford. + +_Radley._ _Rǽd_, red; _líc_, like. Red-like. + +_Rae._ _Rá_, a roebuck, a hart. + +_Raeder._ _Rá-deór_, a roebuck. + +_Rafferty._ _Ræfter_, a rafter, a perch. Doubtless, a corruption of +_ræfter_, produced by removing _t_, and placing it at the end of the word. + +_Rahill._ _Rá_, a roe, a hart; _hill_, a hill. Roe-hill. + +_Rahm._ _Ram_, or _ramm_, a ram. Rahme, of like significance. + +_Rahn._ _Rán_, a whale. + +_Rahner._ _Rán_, a whale; _er_, a personal suffix. A whaler. + +_Raith._ _Ræth_, quick. Rath, of like import. + +_Ramm._ _Ramm_, a ram, a male sheep. + +_Rammage._ _Ram_, a ram; _mæg_, female. The female of the ram; an ewe. + +_Ramsey._ _Rammes-íg_, from _rammes_, genitive of _ramin_, ram; _ig_, an +island. Isle of Ram. Ramsay, from the same roots. + +_Ramson._ _Ram_, Ramm; _sun_, son. Son of Ramm. + +_Ranck._ _Ranc_, proud, haughty, rebellious, rank, fruitful. Rancke, +slightly altered form. + +_Rand._ _Rand_, a border, rim, edge, a shield, a bosc. + +_Randall._ _Ran_, a deer; _dál_, or _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. +Deer-valley. Randell, Randle, of like parentage. + +_Randolph._ _Ran_, plunder, _dǽlf_, a delving, a digging. +Plunder-delving. + +_Rankin._ _Ran_, a deer; _cyn_, kin, race, tribe, kind. Deer-tribe. + +_Rankins._ _Rankin_, Rankin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rankin. Ranken, +from the same. + +_Ranks._ _Rank_, Rank, from _rænc_, pride, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of +Rank; son of pride. + +_Rapp._ _Ráp_, a rope, a cord. + +_Rapson._ _Ráp_, Rapp; _sun_, son. Son of Rapp. + +_Rasbold._ _Rǽs_, a rush, an onset, an attack; _báld_, bold, audacious, +courageous, honorable. A courageous attack. + +_Rasch._ _Rǽs_, a rush, an onset, an attack. + +_Ratcliff._ _Ræt_, a rat; _clyf_, a nest. Rat-nest. + +_Rathfon._ _Rathe_, swift, nimble, ready; _fon_, a fan. A nimble fan. + +_Rau._ _Rawe_, head of hair. + +_Rauch._ _Reác_, smoke, reek, vapor. + +_Raucher._ _Reác_, smoke; _er_, a personal suffix. A smoker. + +_Rauchfuss._ _Reác_, smoke; _fús_, ready. Smoke ready. Ready for smoke. + +_Rawle._ _Rǽw_, a corpse; _el_, denoting a person. Human corpse. Rawley, +of like derivation. + +_Rawlings._ _Rawl_, Rawl; _ingas_, sons of. Sons of Rawl, or Rawle. +Rawlins, contraction of the same. + +_Rea._ _Rea_, a padder, a highwayman, an assailant, a stroller. + +_Reabey._ _Rea_, a highwayman; _bý_, a habitation. Dwelling of a +highwayman. + +_Reabon._ _Rea_, an assailant; _bon_, fatal. A deadly assailant. + +_Reach._ _Reác_, smoke, reek, vapor. + +_Read._ _Read_, red. Reade, Reed, from the same root. + +_Reading._ _Read_, Read; _ing_, offspring. Son of Read. Redding, of like +origin. + +_Reardon._ _Reardian_, to speak, converse, read. + +_Reaser._ _Reás_, rushed; _er_, a personal suffix. A hurried person. + +_Reath._ _Réthe_, savage, fierce, hard, severe, austere. + +_Reck._ _Rec_, an interpreter, explainer. Recke, another spelling. + +_Reckefuss._ _Rec_, an interpreter; _fús_, ready. A ready interpreter. + +_Reckless._ _Recce-leas_, from _recc_, care; _leas_, free from. Free from +care; careless; reckless. + +_Reddick._ _Rædic_, a radish. + +_Reddington._ _Redding_, Redding; _tún_, house. Home of Redding. + +_Redmond._ _Rǽd_, ready; _mond_, hand. Ready hand. + +_Redner._ _Rǽd_, ready; _nere_, a refuge. A ready refuge. + +_Reece._ _Resce_, a rush. Rees, Reese, more modernized forms of the name. + +_Reeh._ _Reh_, a deluge. + +_Reehm._ _Hream_, a shout. + +_Reel._ _Reol_, a reel. + +_Reen._ _Rén_, robbery. Perhaps, from _rén_, rain. + +_Reenan._ _Rínan_, pronounced _reenan_, to rain. + +_Regelmann._ _Regel_, a rule, a law, a canon; _mann_, man. A ruler; a +lawyer. + +_Rehfuss._ _Reh_, a deluge; _fús_, prompt, quick, ready. A ready deluge. + +_Rehm._ _Rem_, cream. + +_Rein._ _Rein_, pure, sincere, chaste. + +_Reinhart._ _Rein_, sincere, pure, clean, chaste; _heart_, or _heort_, a +heart. A pure heart. + +_Reining._ _Rein_, Rein; _ing_, an offspring, a descendant. Son of Rein. + +_Reinking._ _Rein_, sincere, honest; _cyng_, a king. An honest king. + +_Reme._ _Rem_, cream. + +_Remington._ _Rem_, Reme; _ing_, offspring; _tún_, town, dwelling. House +of the son of Reme. + +_Rench._ _Renc_, pride, arrogance. + +_Rendell._ _Rene_, a water-course; _dál_, a dale, a valley. A valley +stream. + +_Reneker._ _Reonig_, tired, weary, sad; _er_, a personal termination. A +tired person; a mourner. + +_Renne._ _Rene_, a course, race, life, a water-course. Sometimes written +Renn. + +_Rennick._ _Rénig_, showery, having watery eyes, blear-eyed. + +_Resch._ _Resce_, a rush. + +_Ressler._ _Resele_, a riddle. + +_Retter._ _Rét_, cheerful; _er_, denoting personality. A cheerful person. + +_Rhawn._ _Hrán_, Anglicised form would be _rhán_, a whale. + +_Rhea._ _Rǽh_, a doe, a roe. + +_Rheem._ _Hream_, a shout, clamor, a crying out, wailing, hue and cry. + +_Rice._ _Rice_, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom, region. + +_Riceman._ _Rice_, power, greatness; _man_, a man. A man of power; a +person of influence. + +_Richard._ _Rice_, or _riche_, rich, powerful, mighty; _ard_, implying an +ensign of office. A mighty ruler. + +_Richardson._ _Richard_, Richard; _sun_, son. Son of Richard. Richards, +contraction for the same. + +_Richmond._ _Riche_, mighty, powerful; _mond_, a hand. A mighty hand. + +_Ridd._ _Rídda_, a knight, a rider. + +_Rider._ _Ríd-ere_, from _rídan_, to ride, sit or rest upon, press; +_ere_, implying person. A rider; a knight. Ryder, from the same roots. + +_Ridge._ _Ricg_, a stack, a back. + +_Ridings._ _Rid_, Ridd; _ings_, descendants of. Sons of Ridd. + +_Riegel._ _Rige_, rye; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A rye-man; +a cultivator of rye; baker of rye-bread. + +_Riegg._ _Rige_, rye, by transposing the positions of _g_ and _e_, +becomes Rieg, and this differs from the name under consideration only in +the absence of the additional _g_. Rigg, of similar import. + +_Riehl._ _Rihel_, doubtless the original, is from _rih_, hairy, rough, +and _el_, denoting personality. A hairy man; a rough person. Riehle, +Rile, Riley, of analogous derivation. + +_Riff._ _Rif_, a womb. Rife, perhaps, from the same root. + +_Riffert._ _Rifter_, a sickle, a reaper. + +_Rigby._ _Rig_, Rigg; _bý_, habitation. Dwelling of Rigg. + +_Rigger._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _er_, implying person. One who is a Rigg. + +_Riggin._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _in_, an inn, a dwelling. Rigg’s inn. + +_Riggins._ _Riggin_, Riggin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Riggin. + +_Riggs._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Rigg. + +_Righter._ _Riht-ere_, from _riht_, right, justice, law, true, just; +_ere_, denoting a person. A governor; a ruler. + +_Rightley._ _Riht-líce_, from _riht_, right, just; _líce_, like, ly. +Right-like; rightly; justly. + +_Riling._ _Ril_, Ril, Riehl; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Riehl. +Rilling, of similar significance. + +_Rimby._ _Rím_, a number, reckoning, computation, calendar; _bý_, a +habitation. Home of an arithmetician. + +_Rimer._ _Rím_, number, reckoning, calendar; _er_, a personal suffix. An +arithmetician; a reckoner; an astronomer. Rimmer, derivable from the same +roots. + +_Rind._ _Rind_, the rind, bark; _fús_, ready. Prepared bark. + +_Rindge._ _Hrincg_, or _ringe_, a ring. + +_Rinear._ _Rín_, course, course of years, life; _ear_, ocean, sea. +Life-sea; sea of life. + +_Rinehart._ _Rín_, race, course: _heort_, the heart. Race-heart; rapid +heart-action. + +_Ringe._ _Ringe_, a ring. Ring, an abbreviated form of the name. + +_Ringeisen._ _Ringe_, a ring; _isen_, made of iron. An iron ring. + +_Ringer._ _Ringe_, a ring; _er_, denoting a person. Ring-maker. + +_Ringgold._ _Ringe_, a ring; _gold_, gold. A gold ring. Ring-gold, of +like derivation. + +_Ringle._ _Ringe_, a ring; _el_, a termination denoting a person. +Ring-wearer; betrothed lady. + +_Ringley._ _Ringe_, a ring; _líce_, like, ley, ly. Ring-like. + +_Rink._ _Rinc_, a soldier, warrior, hero, a valiant or honorable man, a +man. Rinick, doubtless, a corruption of the same. + +_Rinker._ _Rinc_, a warrior, a valiant man; _ere_, an agent. A warrior. + +_Rínne_. _Rine_, a race, course, life. + +_Ripley._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping; _ley_, a song. A harvest-song. + +_Ripp._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping. + +_Rippel._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping; _el_, denoting a person. A reaper; a +harvester. + +_Ripperger._ _Ríp_, harvest; _earg_, weak, evil, wretched, idle; _ere_, a +person. An idle harvester. + +_Rishel._ _Risel_, a handle. Rishell, Rissell, other spellings. + +_Risdon._ _Rísendan_, a jangling fellow. + +_Risk._ _Risce_, a rush. + +_Risley._ _Risel_, doubtless, first changed to _risle_, a handle. + +_Ristine._ _Ríst_, Rist; _ine_ for _in_, an inn, a dwelling. Rist’s inn. + +_Ritner._ _Rit_, ears of corn, a heap of fruit, corn, or grain; _nere_, +support, protect, refuge. Corn-support. + +_Ritter._ _Rít_, rides; _ere_, a person. A rider. + +_Ritterson._ _Ritter_, Ritter; _sun_, son. Son of Ritter. + +_Roach._ _Reohche_, a roach, a thornback. Roache, Roche, Roatch, Roesch, +Roetsck, cognate forms. + +_Roat._ _Rót_, cheerful, rejoicing, splendid, adorned. + +_Roats._ _Roat_, Roat; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Roat. Roetz, possibly, +from the same. + +_Rodbard._ _Reod_, red; _beard_, beard. Red beard. Robert is, in +Anglo-Saxon, Rod-beard, and doubtless comes from the same roots. + +_Rodd._ _Reod_, red. + +_Rodden._ _Reod_, red; _ian_, indicative of a verb. Redden; make red. + +_Roddy._ _Reod_, red; _ig_, an adjective termination. Ruddy; florid. + +_Rode._ _Reód_, a reed. + +_Rodearmel._ _Reod_, red; _earm_, arm; _el_, indicating a person. A +red-armed person. + +_Rodebaugh._ _Reod_, red; _bæc_, back. Red back. Rodenbaugh, of like +derivation. + +_Rodel._ _Reod_, red; _el_, a personal suffix. A person of ruddy +complexion. + +_Rodgers._ _Rodger_, from _reod_, red; _ierre_, anger, indignation, +fury; and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rodger; son of red-visaged anger. +Rodgerson is an unabbreviated form of the name, and Rogers a slight +modification thereof. + +_Rodig._ _Reod_, red; _ig_, an adjective termination. Ruddy. + +_Rodiger._ _Rodig_, ruddy; _er_, a person. A ruddy person. + +_Rodine._ _Rod_, Rode; _inne_, an inn. Rode’s inn. + +_Rodisch._ _Reod_, red; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting the +external quality of a subject. Reddish. + +_Rodman._ _Reod_, red; _mann_, man. A ruddy man; a red-complexioned +person. + +_Rodner._ _Reod_, red; _nere_, support, protection. A zealous support. +Perhaps, from _rǽdanere_, a reader, an interpreter. + +_Rodney._ _Rǽdne_, law, counsel, control, condition. + +_Rodrick._ _Roder_, firmament, sky, heavens; _ríce_, power, dominion, +greatness, kingdom. Heavenly power. Roderick, a more closely related form. + +_Roe._ _Rá_, pronounced _rō_, a roe, a doe. + +_Roebuck._ _Rá_, a roe; _buc_, a buck. A roebuck. + +_Roeck._ _Roec_, smoke. + +_Roecker._ _Roec_, smoke; _er_, a person. A smoker. + +_Roeckle._ _Roec_, smoke; _le_ for _el_, denoting a person. A reeking, +steaming person. + +_Roedel._ _Rá_, a roe; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. The vale of the roe. +Roedell, of like significance. + +_Roeder._ _Rá-deór_, a roebuck. + +_Roeger._ _Rǽge_, pronounced _ro-ge_, a roe, a doe; _ere_, an agent. A +roe-hunter. + +_Roegler._ _Rǽge_, a roe; _lǽr_, learning. Roe-knowledge. + +_Roehl._ _Hreol_, a reel. _Roell_, of kindred meaning. + +_Roehler._ _Hreol_, a reel; _ere_, an agent. A spinster; a dancer. +Roeller, from the same roots. + +_Roehm._ _Rá_, roe; _hm_ for _hám_, home, dwelling, habitation. Home of +the roe. + +_Roellig._ _Hreol_, a reel; _ig_, an adjective ending. Reeling; whirling. + +_Roeper._ _Reapere_, pronounced _roepere_, a seizer, spoiler, robber. + +_Roerich._ _Rá_, roe; _ríce_, a region, a country. The region of the +roebuck. + +_Roese._ _Rose_, a rose. + +_Roeser._ _Rose_, a rose; _ere_, an agent. A rose-grower. + +_Roessing._ _Roess_, Roese; _ing_, offspring. Son of Roese. + +_Roessler._ _Rose_, a rose; _lǽr_, lore, learning. Rose-knowledge. + +_Roff._ _Róf_, famous, renowned, illustrious, brave. + +_Roffel._ _Róf_, famous, illustrious; _el_, denoting a person. A famous +person. Roffle, of kindred signification. + +_Rogge._ _Rǽge_, pronounced _rōge_, a roe, a doe. + +_Rohde._ _Ród_, pronounced _rohd_, genitive _rohde_, rood, cross. +Belonging to the cross. + +_Rohe._ _Reoh_, rough, fierce, stormy, cruel. + +_Rohlfing._ _Hreol_, a reel; _fing_, doubtless, a contraction of +_finger_, a finger. The reel-finger. Perhaps the name is derivable from +_hreol_, a reel, and _fiong_, hatred. Hatred of the reel. + +_Rohm._ _Róm_, pronounced _Rohm_, Rome. + +_Rohman._ _Róman_, pronounced _Rohman_, genitive of _Róm_. Belonging to +Rome. + +_Roland._ _Row_, sweet, quiet; _land_, land, ground, earth, field, +region, country. Sweet land; quiet country. Rolan, Rowland, kindred terms. + +_Rolen._ _Row_, sweet; _leán_, reward, price. Sweet reward. + +_Rolf._ _Row_, quiet, restful; _lf_ for _líf_, life. A quiet life. +Roloff, Rolph, cognate terms. + +_Rolfing._ _Rolf_, Rolf; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of Rolf. + +_Romberg._ _Róm_, Rome; _beorg_, a hill fortification, citadel, defence, +refuge. Citadel of Rome. + +_Romberger._ _Róm_, Rome; _beorg-ere_, defender of a citadel. Defender of +the citadel of Rome. + +_Rombold._ _Róm_, Rome; _báld_, bold, courageous. Courageous Rome. + +_Romel._ _Róm_, Rome; _el_, denoting a person. Citizen of Rome. Rommel, +Rommell, of like origin. + +_Romig._ _Reómig_, tired, weary. + +_Rommelman._ _Rommel_, Romel; _man_, a servant. The servant of Romel. + +_Romoser._ _Róm_, Rome; _O’ster_, Easter. Roman Easter. + +_Ronald._ _Rún_, pronounced _rown_, a letter, magical character, mystery, +council, meditation, conversation; _ald_, an age. An age of mystery. + +_Ronaldson._ _Ronald_, Ronald; _sun_, son. Son of Ronald. + +_Ronan._ _Rúnan_, pronounced _rownan_, a whisperer, a sorcerer. + +_Rone._ _Rún_, a letter, a mystery, a council; _e_, indicating person. A +man of mysteries; a sage. Roney, Rooney, from the same roots. + +_Rood._ _Ród_, pronounced _rood_, rood, cross. + +_Roof._ _Róf_, pronounced _roof_, top, the highest part of a house or +chamber. + +_Roohr._ _Rure_, pronounced _ruher_, a noise. + +_Rook._ _Róc_, pronounced _rook_, a rook. Rooke, Ruch, Ruck, other +spellings. + +_Rooks._ _Rook_, Rook: _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rook. + +_Rookstool._ _Rook_, Rook; _stól_, pronounced _stool_, seat, chair, +throne. Rook’s chair or throne. + +_Room._ _Rúm_, pronounced _rowm_, room, space, place, wide, open, +spacious, ample, of good cheer or heart, august, fortunate. Roome, of +like import. + +_Roomes._ _Roome_, Room; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Room. + +_Roop._ _Roop_, _rop_, a distaff. + +_Root._ _Rúte_, pronounced originally _rowte_, rue, a plant. + +_Roots._ _Root_, Root; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Root. + +_Roper._ _Rop_, a distaff; _er_, a person. The woman who twirls the +distaff. + +_Roppel._ _Rop_, a distaff; _el_, a personal ending. A distaff. + +_Roray._ _Rure_, pronounced _ruhr-e_, a noise, the final _e_ taking the +French sound of _a_. + +_Rorer._ _Rure_, a noise; _ere_, an agent. One who makes a noise; a +babbler; a prattler. + +_Rose._ _Rose_, pronounced _raws_, a rose. Ross, Rosse, Roos, analogous +forms. + +_Rosebery._ _Rose_, a rose; _berige_, a berry. The fruit of the rose. + +_Roseman._ _Rose_, Rose; _man_, a servant. A servant of Rose. Rosemann, +of like derivation. + +_Rosen._ _Rose_, Rose; _en_, resembling. Resembling Rose; rosy; blooming. + +_Rosenacker._ _Rosen_, Rosen; _æcer_, acre. Rosen’s acre; ground +belonging to Rosen. + +_Rosenfeld._ _Rosen_, Rosen; _feld_, field, pasture, plain. Rosen’s +field; a blooming pasture. Rosenfelt, from the same roots. + +_Rosensky._ _Rosen_, rosy, flushed; Danish _sky_, a cloud. A crimson +cloud. + +_Rosewarne._ _Rose_, a rose; _wearn_, a hindrance, obstacle, resistance, +denial. Rose-obstacle. + +_Rosewig._ _Rose_, a rose; _wig_, war, warfare, battle. Rose-warfare. + +_Roskeep._ _Rose_, a rose; _ceáp_, a bargain, sale, business, chattel. +Rose-sale. + +_Rosney._ _Rose_, a rose; _ney_, from the Irish, an individual, an agent. +Rose-dealer. + +_Rost._ _Rǽst_, pronounced _rost_, rest, repose, a place of rest, a bed. + +_Rowan._ _Rówan_, pronounced _roow-an_, to row, to sail. Rowand, Roan, +from the same root. + +_Rowe._ _Reowe_, an Irish mantle or rug, soldier’s cloak, a frieze +cassock, a priest’s garment. Row, of like significance. + +_Rowson._ _Row_, Rowe; _sun_, son. Son of Rowe. + +_Rox._ _Rocks_, from _Rock_, Rock; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Rock. Rock is +from the Irish _roc_, pronounced _rokh_, a rock. + +_Roxberry._ _Roxbury_, from _Rox_, Rox, and _byrig_, a town, a city. Town +of Rox. + +_Roxbrough._ _Roxborough_, from _Rox_, Rox, and _burh_, a town, a city. +Town of Rox. + +_Rucher._ _Róc_, a rook; _er_, indicative of a person. One who acts like +a rook; a croaker. In the South of Germany _ruch_, a rook, is the form of +the word, and this agrees much better with the name under consideration. + +_Ruckman._ _Ruck_, Ruck; _man_, a servant. Ruck’s servant. + +_Rucks._ _Ruck_, Ruck; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ruck. + +_Rudd._ _Rud_, red, ruddy. Later _rud_, became a noun, and signified +redness, blush, ruddle, red ochre, and a river-fish. The last-named, from +its red eyes, was called the rudd, or red-eye. + +_Rudden._ _Rud_, red, ruddy; _en_, a termination of adjectives and +participles. Make red; ruddy. + +_Rudduck._ _Rudduc_, robin-red-breast. Ruddick, Ruddach, Ruddock, kindred +names. + +_Ruddiman._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ig_, an adjective ending; _man_, a man. A +ruddy man. Rudman, Rudmann, of like significance. + +_Ruddy._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ig_, implying an adjective. Ruddy. Rudy, of same +derivation. + +_Ruder._ _Rud_, ruddy; _er_, a person. A ruddy person. + +_Rudge._ _Rud_, red; _íge_, an island. Red island. + +_Rudhart._ _Rud_, red, ruddy; _heort_, a hart. A ruddy stag. + +_Rudling._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ling_, denoting state or condition of a person, +an image, an example. Healthy condition; picture of health. + +_Rudloff._ _Rud_, redness, blush; _lóf_, praise. Blush-praise. + +_Rudolph._ _Rud_, red ochre, red iron-ore; _dǽlf_, pronounced _dolf_, a +delving, a digging. Iron-digging. + +_Ruf._ _Hróf_, or _róf_, a roof, a raised part. Perhaps, from +_róf_, famous, renowned, illustrious. Rufe, Ruff, Ruoff, of kindred +signification. + +_Ruffell._ _Hróf_, a roof, a raised part; _el_, denoting a person. A +roof-rearer; a ruff-wearer. + +_Rumbol._ _Rúm_, room, space, place; _bol_, a sleeping-room. + +_Rumboltz._ _Rúm_, a room; _boltes_, genitive of _bolt_, a house. Room of +a dwelling. + +_Rumel._ _Rúm_, a room; _el_, indicative of a person. A room-mate. +Rummel, Rummell, from the same. + +_Rumford._ _Rúm_, wide, spacious, ample; _ford_, a ford. A spacious ford. + +_Rumig._ _Rúm_, a room; _ig_, an adjective ending. Roomy; spacious; ample. + +_Rumsey._ _Rúm_, room, space, place; _rumes_, genitive of space; _íg_, an +island. A spacious island. + +_Runner._ _Rún_, pronounced _roon_, mystery; _ere_, a person. A dealer in +mysteries; a sorcerer. + +_Runser._ _Rún-seó-ere_, from _rún_, a secret; _seó_, I see; _ere_, a +person. A foreteller of secrets. + +_Runyon._ _Rún-ian_, to whisper, to speak mysteriously, from _rún_, a +mystery, and _ian_, a verbal ending. + +_Rusch._ _Risce_, pronounced _reesche_, a rush. Rush, Rusk, from the same. + +_Rusher._ _Rush_, Rush; _er_, a person. One who is a Rush; son of Rush; +one who uses the rush. + +_Rushman._ _Rush_, Rush; _man_, a servant. A servant of Rush; a +rush-collector. + +_Rushmire._ _Risce_, rush; _mere_, a mere, lake, pool. A rush-pool. + +_Rushton._ _Rush_, Rush; _tún_, town, house. Home of Rush; habitation of +the rush. + +_Rushworth._ _Rush_, Rush; _weordh_, worth, worthy, honorable. An +estimable Rush; value of rushes. + +_Rust._ _Rust_, rust, rustiness. + +_Ruth._ _Rúte_, rue, a bitter herb. From the bitter property of the rue, +we have _ruth_, expressive of pity, sorrow, tenderness for the misery of +another, mercy. Rutt, more closely related to derivation. + +_Rutnard._ _Ruth_, rue, pity, sorrow; _ard_, an ensign of office, such as +a pole, staff, etc. A physician; a clergyman; a consoler. + +_Rutherford._ _Ruther_, Rutter; _ford_, a ford. Rutter’s ford. + +_Ruths._ _Ruth_, Ruth; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ruth. + +_Rutledge._ _Rúte_, rue; _leger_, place for laying or lying, as bed, +couch, grave, churchyard. Rue-bed; a bed of rue. + +_Rutter._ _Rutt_, Rutt, or Ruth; _ere_, a person. A descendant of Rutt. + +_Ruttley._ _Rutt_, Rutt; _ley_ for _líc_, having the form of. Resembling +Rutt. + +_Ruttman._ _Rutt_, Rutt; _man_, a servant. Rutt’s servant. + +_Rutty._ _Rúte_, rue; _ig_, an adjective termination. Like rue. Or, +_Rutt_, Rutt; _ig_, expressing the quality of. Having the character of +Rutt. + +_Rutz._ _Rutts_, from _Rutt_, Rutt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rutt. + +_Ruwell._ _Ruw_, rough, hairy; _el_, denoting a person. A rough, or hairy +person. + +_Ruxton._ _Rucks_, Rucks; _tún_, town, habitation. Home of Rucks. + +_Ryer._ _Rye_, hairy; _ere_, a person. A hairy person. + +_Ryerson._ _Ryer_, Ryer; _sun_, son. Son of Ryer. + +_Ryers._ _Ryer_, Ryer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ryer. + +_Ryland._ _Rye_, hairy, rough; _land_, ground, earth, region, country. A +rough country. + + +S. + +_Saake._ _Sæc_, pronounced _sahke_, war, battle. + +_Saal._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sahal_, a hall. + +_Saam._ _Sǽme_, pronounced _sā-am_, weak, slow, lazy, bad. + +_Sabin._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bin_, a crib, a manger, a bin, a hatch. +Sea-crib. Sabine, of like import. + +_Sabins._ _Sabin_, Sabin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sabin. + +_Sabold._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bóld_, a house. A sea-house; a ship. + +_Sabot._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bát_, boat. A sea-boat; a ship. + +_Sacal._ _Sacol_, from _sǽ_, the sea; _cól_, coal. Sea-coal. + +_Sach._ _Sæc_, pronounced _săc_, a sack, a bag. Sack, of like derivation. + +_Sachs._ _Sach_, Sach; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sach. Saches, Sachse, +Sacks, from the same roots. + +_Sackwright._ _Sæc_, a sack; _wyrhta_, a workman, artificer, wright, +maker. A sack-maker. + +_Saddington._ _Sæd_, pronounced _sad_, satisfied, sated; _dincg_, broken +or fallow ground; _tún_, a farm. A farm of sated, fallow ground. + +_Sadler._ _Sadel_, a saddle; _ere_, an agent. A saddle-maker. Sadleir, +Saddler, cognate terms. + +_Sæger._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ger_, a year. Sea-year. + +_Saffer._ _Sæfn_, pronounced _safn_, a dream; _er_, an agent. A dreamer. + +_Saffin._ _Sæfn_, pronounced _safin_, a dream. + +_Safford._ _Sæfn_, a dream; _órd_, author. Dream-author. + +_Sage._ _Sage_, a sage, a wise man. + +_Sagee._ _Sage_, a sage; _e_, denoting a derivative adjective. Wise; +philosophical. + +_Sagehorn._ _Sage_, a sage; _horn_, a pinnacle, a trumpet. A sage’s +trumpet. + +_Sager._ _Sage_, a sage; _ere_, a person. A man of wisdom. + +_Sagers._ _Sager_, Sager; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sager. + +_Saget._ _Sage_, a sage; _æt_, meat, food. The food of a sage. + +_Sague._ _Sag_, pronounced _săg_, a sack. + +_Saiger._ _Sag_, a sack; _er_, an agent. A sack-maker. + +_Sainsbury._ _Sanctes_, genitive of _sanct_, a saint; _bury_, from +_beorh_, a place of burial. Saint’s burying-place. + +_Sale._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sā-el_, a cord, a strap. Saile, from the same +root. + +_Saler._ _Sæl_, a cord; _er_, an agent. A cord-maker. + +_Sales._ _Sale_, Sale; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sale. + +_Salfinger_. _Sæl_, a cord; _finger_, a finger. Cord-finger. + +_Salin._ _Sale_, Sale; _in_, a habitation. Sale’s dwelling. + +_Saling._ _Sale_, Sale; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Sale. + +_Salinger._ _Saling_, Saling; _er_, an agent. A servant of Saling. + +_Salisbury._ _Salis_, Sale’s; _beorh_, a burrow, or barrow. Sale’s barrow. + +_Saalmann._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sa-al_, a hall; _mann_, a man. Hall-man. + +_Salt._ _Salt_, salt. + +_Salter._ _Salt_, salt; _ere_, an agent. A manufacturer of salt. Also, +from _saltere_, a psaltery, a dulcimer. + +_Salters._ _Salter_, Salter; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Salter. + +_Sanborn._ _Sand_, earth; _born_, born. Earth-born. + +_Sand._ _Sand_, sand, earth. + +_Sandberg._ _Sand_, sand; _berg_, a hill. A sand-hill. + +_Sandberger._ _Sandberg_, a sand-hill; _er_, an agent. A sand-hill +dweller. + +_Sander._ _Sand_, sand, earth; _er_, an agent, or doer. A sand-digger. +Saner, a contraction of the same. + +_Sanders._ _Sander_, Sander; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sander. Saunders, +of like derivation. + +_Sanderson._ _Sander_, Sander; _sun_, son. Son of Sander. Saunderson, +similarly derived. + +_Sandford._ _Sand_, sand; _ford_, a ford. A sandy ford. Sanford, an +abbreviation of the name. + +_Sandgran._ _Sand_, sand; Latin _granum_, a grain. A grain of sand. + +_Sandgren._ _Sand_, sand; _grene_, green. Green sand. + +_Sands._ _Sand_, Sand; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sand. + +_Sandy._ _Sand-ig_, from _sand_, sand, and _ig_, an adjective ending. +Sandy. + +_Sangborne._ _Sang_, song; _born_, born. Song-born. + +_Sanger._ _Sang_, a song; _ere_, an agent. A singer. + +_Sangers._ _Sanger_, a singer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sanger; son of +a singer. + +_Sank._ _Sanc_, a song. + +_Sapp._ _Sæpp_, pronounced _sapp_, sap, juice. + +_Sappel._ _Sæpp_, sap, juice; _el_, an agent. A sapper. + +_Sapper._ _Sæpp_, sap; _ere_, an agent. A sapper. + +_Sappington._ _Sæpp_, sap; _ing_, denoting action; _tún_, town, village. +A sapping town. + +_Sarfert._ _Sár_, wound, sore, pain, grief; _ferht_, fright, fear. +Pain-fear. + +_Saring._ _Sár_, a wound; _ing_, expressive of action. Wound-producing. + +_Sattler._ _Sætel_, pronounced _sahtel_, a seat; _ere_, an agent. A +settler. + +_Saul._ _Sáwl_, pronounced _sáw-el_, a soul. Saull, of like import. + +_Saulnier._ _Sául_, a soul; _nere_, refuge, preservation. Soul-refuge. + +_Saulsberry._ _Sáules_, genitive of _sául_, a soul; _berry_, from +_byrig_, a city. Saul’s city; city of the soul. + +_Saulsburg._ _Saul’s_, genitive of Saul; _burg_, a city. Saul’s city. + +_Sawyer._ _Sáwere_, pronounced _saw-yere_, a sower. + +_Sawyers._ _Sawyer_, Sawyer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sawyer. + +_Sax._ _Sachs_, from _Sach_, Sach, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sach. +Saxe, of kindred meaning. + +_Saxer._ _Sax_, Sax; _ere_, an agent. A servant of Sax. + +_Saxton._ _Sax_, Sax; _tún_, town, house. Home of Sax. + +_Saybolt._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bolt_, a house, a dwelling. A sea-house; a +ship. + +_Sayer._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ere_, an agent. A navigator. Sayre, from the +same roots. + +_Sayers._ _Sayer_, Sayer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sayer. Sayres, a +cognate form. + +_Saylor._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _lǽr_, pronounced _lore_, doctrine. +Sea-knowledge. + +_Scank._ _Scanca_, the hollow bone of the leg, the shank. + +_Scanlan._ _Scand_, shame, modesty, disgrace; _land_, land, earth, +region, country. Disgraced region. Scanlin, Scanlon of like significance. + +_Scannell._ _Scand_, shame, disgrace; _el_, a personal suffix. A person +in disgrace. + +_Scarborough._ _Scear_, an estate, landed property; _burh_, a town, a +city. The landed property of a town. + +_Scattergood._ _Sceat-wer_, a shooter; _gud_, good. A good shooter. + +_Schaab._ _Sceabb_, or _scæb_, a scab. + +_Schaaf._ _Sceaf_, pronounced _skaaf_, a sheaf, a bundle of corn. + +_Schaal._ _Sceale_, pronounced _skaal_, a school. Schall, of like +significance. + +_Schaar._ _Scear_, pronounced _skaar_, a share, a fortune, an estate. + +_Schaker._ _Sceacere_, pronounced _skaker_, a thief. + +_Schaler._ _Sceale_, a school; _ere_, an agent. A scholar. Schaller, a +kindred name. + +_Schallinger._ _Sceale_, a school; _ing_, expressive of action; _ere_, an +agent. One who is acquiring his schooling; a scholar. + +_Scham._ _Scame_, pronounced _skam_, shame, disgrace, nakedness. + +_Schamel._ _Sceamel_, a stool, footstool, bench, form, desk. + +_Schell._ _Scell_, a shell, a rind, a cavity. + +_Scobel._ _Scobl_, a shovel. + +_Scofield._ _Sceawe_, shoe; _feld_, a field, a plain. A shoe-field. + +_Scollean._ _Scól-lean_, from _scólu_, a school, and _lean_, reward. A +school-reward. Scollan, from the same roots. + +_Scollay._ _Scól-ley_, from _scólu_, a school, and _ley_, a song. A +school-song. + +_Scollin._ _Scól-in_, from _scólu_, a school, and _in_, a habitation. A +school-house. + +_Scollon._ _Scól-lond_, from _scólu_, a school, and _lond_, land. +School-land. + +_Scorr._ _Score_, the shore. + +_Scotland._ _Scot_, shot, payment; _land_, land. Payment-land. + +_Scotney._ _Scot_, shot, payment; _ney_, from the Irish, implying an +agent. A paymaster. + +_Scott._ _Scot_, shot, payment. + +_Scouler._ _Scolere_, a scholar. + +_Scovel._ _Scofl_, a shovel. + +_Scudder._ _Sculder_, a shoulder. + +_Seabert._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _beorht_, bright. Sea-bright. + +_Seabold._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bóld_, a house. A sea-house; a ship. + +_Seabourne._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _burne_, a stream. A sea-current. + +_Seabrook._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bróc_, a brook. A sea-brook; a rivulet that +empties into the sea. + +_Seagrove._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _græf_, a grove. A sea-grove; a grove near +the sea. + +_Seafert._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ferdh_, a spirit. A sea-sprite. + +_Seal._ _Seal_, a willow, a sallow. Seel, an analogous name. Perhaps, +from _seal_, a seal. + +_Sealey._ _Seal_, a willow; _ig_, an adjective termination. Willowy; +abounding with willows. Sealy, Seely, Seeley, similarly derived. + +_Seals._ _Seal_, Seal; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seal. + +_Seaman._ _Sǽ-mann_, a sea-man. Seeman, Seemann, kindred names. + +_Seamans._ _Seaman_, Seaman; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seaman. + +_Seamen._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _men_, plural of _man_. Seamen. + +_Seamens._ _Seamen_, Seamen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seamen. + +_Seamon._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _mon_, man. A sea-man. + +_Seanor._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _nor_, for north. North Sea. + +_Search._ _Serce_, a shirt. + +_Searchfield._ _Search_, Search; _feld_, a field, a plain. Search’s field. + +_Sear._ _Sear_, from _searian_, to sear, to dry up. Dry; withered. + +_Searing._ _Sear_, Sear; _ing_, offspring. Son of Sear. + +_Searle._ _Sear-el_, from _sear_, sear, and _el_, denoting a personal +noun. A withered person; an aged person. Searl, from the same roots. + +_Searles._ _Searle_, Searle; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Searle. + +_Sears._ _Sear_, Sear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sear. + +_Seary._ _Sear_, dry, withered; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Withered. +Seeary, an analogous term. + +_Seaton._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _tún_, a town. A sea-town; a sea-port. + +_Sebald._ _Sé_, pronounced _se_, the sea; _báld_, bold, audacious. +Sea-daring. + +_Seckel._ _Sec_, battle; _el_, indicative of a person. A warrior. + +_Seckinger._ _Sec_, war, battle; _cyng_, a king, ruler, prince; _ere_, an +agent. A warrior-king. + +_Seddinger._ Perhaps, from _Sedling_, an Ethiopian, and _ere_, an agent. +A slave-trader. Sedenger, a corruption of the same. + +_Sedgwick._ _Secg_, warrior, soldier; _wic_, a camp, a station. A +military camp. + +_See._ _Sé_, pronounced _sē_, the sea. + +_Seebach._ _Sé_, the sea; _bæc_, pronounced _bāc_, back. An ebbing sea. + +_Seeber._ _Sé_, the sea; _bere_, a bear. A sea-bear. + +_Seeberger._ _Sé_, the sea; _berg_, a mountain, a hill; _ere_, an +agent. One that occupies a sea-mountain; a mermaid. Seeburger, of like +significance. + +_Seebeth._ _Sé_, the sea; Irish _beth_, a house. A sea-house; a +bath-house. + +_Seed._ _Séd_, pronounced _sēd_, seed. + +_Seeds._ _Seed_, Seed; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seed. + +_Seefelder._ _Sé_, the sea; _feld_, a field, a plain; _ere_, an agent. A +follower of the sea-plain; a seafaring man. + +_Seegrist._ _Sé_, the sea; _grist_, grist, a grinding. Sea-grist; +sea-grinding. Segrest, of like import. + +_Seehofer._ _Sé_, the sea; _hofer_, a humpback. The sea-humpback. + +_Seelaus._ _Sé_, the sea; _lus_, German _laus_, a louse. A sea-louse. + +_Seeler._ _Seal_, a seal; _ere_, an agent. A seal-fisher. + +_Seehorst._ _Sé_, the sea; _horst_, watching. Sea-watching. + +_Seelig._ _Sé_, the sea; _lig_, a flame. A sea-flame. Selig, an analogous +name. + +_Seelos._ _Sé_, the sea; _los_, loss, losing, destruction. Sea-loss. + +_Seery._ _Sé_, the sea; _ríe_, pronounced _rē_, power, dominion. +Sea-power. + +_Sees._ _See_, See; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of See. Seese, Seez, cognate +names. + +_Sefer._ _Sé_, the sea; _fer_, a journey. A sea-journey. + +_Sefton._ _Seft_, soft, mild, quiet; _tún_, a town, a house. A quiet home. + +_Segall._ _Sé_, the sea; _gál_, pronounced _gaul_, lightness, folly. +Sea-folly. + +_Segner._ _Segne_, a net; _ere_, an agent. A seiner. + +_Seher._ _Sé_, the sea, _here_, an army, a host, a legion. A sea-army; a +naval expedition. + +_Sehers._ _Seher_, Seher; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seher. + +_Selbert._ _Sel_, a dwelling, a palace, a hall; _beorht_, brightness. +Hall-brightness. + +_Selby._ _Sel_, a hall, a palace; _bý_, a habitation. A palatial dwelling. + +_Selden._ _Seld_, a royal seat, a throne, a palace; _en_, an adjective +ending. Palatial. + +_Selfridge._ _Self_, same, self-same; _ricg_, a back, a ridge, a roof. +Self-same ridge. + +_Seligman._ _Selig_, Selig; _man_, a servant. Selig’s servant. + +_Sell._ _Sel_, a dwelling, a mansion, a palace, a hall. + +_Seller._ _Sel_, a palace; _ere_, an agent. A king; a prince. + +_Sellers._ _Seller_, Seller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seller. + +_Sellick._ _Sel_, a companion; _lic_, like. Companion-like. + +_Sells._ _Sell_, Sell; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sell. + +_Selman._ _Sell_, Sell; _man_, a servant. Servant of Sell; servant of a +palace. + +_Selner._ _Sel_, a palace; _nere_, refuge, protection. Palace-refuge; +protection of the king. + +_Selover._ _Sé_, the sea; _lóf-ere_, a lover. A sea-lover. + +_Selser._ _Sells-ere_, from _Sells_, son of Sell, and _ere_, an agent. A +servant of Sell’s son. Selser, perhaps, from the same roots. + +_Semebroth._ _Sæme_, weak; _bróth_, broth. Weak broth. + +_Semisch._ _Sem_, a seam, a bag; _isc_, like. Like a bag. + +_Semler._ _Sem_, a bag; _lǽr_, doctrine, knowledge. Bag-knowledge. + +_Senat._ _Senat_, a senate. Senate, from the same root. + +_Senatz._ _Senats_, from _Senat_, Senat, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of +Senat. + +_Senn._ _Sen_, sin. + +_Senneff._ _Senn_, Senn; _nefe_, a niece. Niece of Senn. + +_Senner._ _Senn_, Senn; _ere_, an agent. Senn’s servant. + +_Setner._ _Setnere_, a seditious person, a revolter. + +_Settel._ _Setel_, a settle, a seat, a bench, a stool. Settle, of similar +derivation. + +_Setter._ _Settere_, a thief. + +_Seubel._ _Séw_, the sea; _bel_, a bell. A sea-bell. + +_Seubert._ _Séw_, the sea; _beorht_, brightness. Sea-glistening. + +_Sharp._ _Scearp_, sharp. Sharpe, another spelling. + +_Sharpless._ _Scearp_, sharp; _læs_, less, comparative of _lytel_. Less +sharp. Sharples, of similar meaning. + +_Sharpley._ _Scearp_, sharp; _líc_, like. Sharp-like. + +_Sharps._ _Sharp_, Sharp; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sharp. + +_Sharr._ _Scear_, a ploughshare. Also, _scear_, a division. + +_Sharsig._ _Sceares_, genitive of _scear_, Sharr’s, and _ig_, an island. +Sharr’s island. + +_Sharswood._ _Sharr’s_, Sharrs; _wud_, wood. Sharr’s wood. Sharwood, an +abbreviated form of the name. + +_Shaw._ _Sceawe_, a show. + +_Sheaff._ _Sceaf_, a sheaf, a bundle of corn. + +_Shealer._ _Sceale_, a scale, a balance; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. + +_Shean._ _Sceán_, shone. Sheen, from the same root. + +_Shear._ _Scear_, sheared. Sheer, of like derivation. + +_Sheard._ _Sceard_, a sheard, a division, a remnant. + +_Sheardown._ _Scear_, sheared; _dún_, a mountain, hill, downs. A sheared +mountain; a shaven hill. + +_Shearer._ _Sceare-ere_, from _sceare_, shears, scissors, and _ere_, an +agent. One who uses the shears. + +_Shearf._ _Scearfan_, to carve in pieces; _scearfe_, a fragment. + +_Shearman._ _Sceare_, sheers; _man_, a man. A shearer; a reaper. + +_Shears._ _Shear_, Shear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shear. + +_Shearwood._ _Scear_, sheared; _wud_, a wood. A cleared wood. Sherwood, +from the same. + +_Sheble._ _Sceabb_, a scab; _el_, denoting a person. A shabby fellow. + +_Sheck._ _Sceac_, slow, sluggish, lazy, benumbed, costive, bound. + +_Shecklin._ _Sceac-líne_, a line which fastens the bottom of a sail. + +_Shedaker._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, shadow; _æcer_, a field. A +field of shadow; a shaded field. + +_Shedden._ _Sceáden_, shaded, shadowed, overwhelmed, oppressed. + +_Sheddy._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, belonging to shade. Shady; +shadowy. + +_Shedinger._ _Sceádan_, to shade, to overwhelm, to oppress; _ing_, +expressive of action; _ere_, an agent. A person that overshadows another; +an oppressor. + +_Shedwick._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, a shadow, a shade; _wic_, a +habitation, a village, a convent. A habitation of shade; a shaded village. + +_Sheedy._ _Sceáde_, of shadow; _ig_, an island. An island of shadow; a +shaded island. + +_Sheeler._ _Sceale_, a scale, a balance; _ere_, an agent. A weigher; a +balancer. + +_Sheen._ _Scén_, pronounced _skēne_, sheen. + +_Sheering._ _Scír_, shire; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of the shire. + +_Sheldon._ _Scel_, a shell; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A shell-hill. + +_Shell._ _Scell_, a shell. + +_Shellenberger._ _Scellenâ_, of shells; _berg_, a hill, a mountain; +_ere_, an agent. A dweller of a shell-hill. Shelberger, of similar +derivation. + +_Sheller._ _Scell_, a shell; _ere_, an agent. A dealer in shells. + +_Shelley._ _Scell_, a shell; _ig_, an adjective termination. Shelly. +Shelly, from the same roots. + +_Shelling._ _Scelling_, a shilling. Or, _Shell_, Shell; _ing_, an +offspring. A descendant of Shell. + +_Shellinger._ _Shelling_, Shelling; _ere_, an agent. A servant of +Shelling. + +_Shelmerdine._ _Scel_, a shell; _mere_, a mere, a lake, a sea; _dínne_, +stormy. A tempestuous shell-lake. + +_Shelton._ _Shell_, Shell; _tún_, town, house. Home of Shell. + +_Sheneman._ _Sheen_, Sheen; _man_, a servant. A servant of Sheen. + +_Shenton._ _Scén_, beautiful; _tún_, a house, a habitation. A beautiful +house. + +_Shepherd._ _Sceáp-hyrde_, from _sceáp_, sheep, and _hyrde_, a keeper of +sheep; a shepherd. Shepard, Shephard, Sheppard, analogous names. + +_Shepherdson._ _Shepherd_, Shepherd; _sun_, son. Son of Shepherd. +Shepperson, of like significance. + +_Shepler._ _Sceáp_, sheep; _lǽr_, doctrine. Sheep-knowledge. + +_Shepley._ _Sceáp_, sheep; _ley_, a lay, a song. A sheep-lay. + +_Sheran._ _Scéran_, to shear, to shave, to cut off, to share, to divide, +to grant. + +_Sherer._ _Sceare_, shears; _ere_, an agent. A shearer. Sherar, from the +same roots. + +_Sherick._ _Scer-icge_, an actress. Sherk, Shirk, possibly, from the same +derivation. + +_Sheridan._ _Scérian_, to divide, to rive, to part. + +_Sheriff._ _Scír-gerefa_, from _scír_, a shire, and _gerefa_, a steward, +a bailiff, a governor. A governor of a shire; a shire-reeve; a sheriff. + +_Sherlock._ _Scír_, white, bright, glorious; _locc_, a lock, hair. A lock +of white hair. Shirelock, of similar meaning. + +_Sherlow._ _Scír_, a county, province, district; _low_, a grave, a +barrow, a small hillock, a tract of country gently rising, a low. A +district-low. Shirlow, from the same roots. + +_Sherman._ _Scír-mann_, from _scír_, a share, shire, county, district; +_mann_, a man. A man who superintends; a shireman; an overseer; a +governor, a provost. Shearman, Shireman, of kindred derivation. + +_Shermer._ _Scír_, a district, province; _mere_, a mere, a lake, a pool, +the sea. A sea-district; a lake-province. + +_Sherr._ _Scír_, a district, a province. Shire, of kindred significance. + +_Sherrard._ _Scír_, superintendence, stewardship; _ard_, an ensign of +office. A badge of stewardship. Sherrerd, of like import. + +_Sherrat._ _Scír_, shire, district, county; _áth_, an oath. An oath +required by a shire from one in power. + +_Sherrell._ _Scír_, a shire, a district; _el_, indicative of a person. A +resident of a shire. + +_Sherrer._ _Scír_, care, charge; _ere_, an agent. A superintendent; an +overseer. + +_Sherrie._ _Sherr_, Sherr; _íg_, an island. Sherr’s island. Sherry, from +the same roots. + +_Sherwin._ _Scír_, a shire; _win_, a friend. A friend of the shire; one +devoted to the shire. + +_Sherwood._ _Scír_, glorious; _wude_, a forest. A glorious forest. Or, +from _scír_, a district; _wud_, a wood. A district wood. + +_Shetzline._ _Scetes_, genitive of _scete_, a sheet, a sail; _líne_, a +line. The lower sail line. + +_Shew._ _Sceawe_, a show. + +_Shewell._ _Sceawe_, a show; _el_, indicative of a person. A showman. + +_Shiel._ _Sciell_, a scale, a shell. + +_Shield._ _Scield_, a shield, a refuge. + +_Shields._ _Shield_, Shield; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shield. + +_Shill._ _Scill_, a shilling, a piece of uncoined silver, which, when +coined, would make five pennies, each of which was 2½ pence. + +_Shillady._ _Shill_, Shill; _hlǽfdie_, a mistress, a lady. Shill’s +mistress. + +_Shilling._ _Scilling_, a shilling. Or, from _Shill_, Shill, and _ing_, +an offspring. A son of Shill. + +_Shillingford._ _Shilling_, Shilling; _ford_, a ford. Shilling’s ford. +Shillingsford, from the same roots. + +_Shillingsburg._ _Shillinges_, Shilling’s; _beorg_, a hill. Shilling’s +hill. + +_Shimer._ _Scíma_, a brightness, splendor, glittering; _ere_, an agent. A +wit; a humorist; a scholar. + +_Shinn._ _Scínne_, beauty, splendor. + +_Shinneberry._ _Shinn_, Shinn; _byrie_, a burial-place. The burial-place +of Shinn. + +_Shipley._ _Scip_, a ship, a boat; _ley_, a lay, a song. A boat song. + +_Shipman._ _Scip-mann_, a ship-man, a sailor. + +_Shippen._ _Scyppend_, a former, a creator. + +_Shipper._ _Scip-ere_, a sailor. + +_Shipps._ _Scipes_, genitive of _scip_, a ship. Belonging to a ship. + +_Shirley._ _Scíre_, a shire; _líc_, like. Resembling a shire. + +_Shoe._ _Scoe_, or _sceó_, a shoe. + +_Shoell._ _Scoe_, a shoe; _el_, denoting a person. A shoemaker. + +_Shoemaker._ _Scoe_, a shoe; _mace_, make; _ere_, an agent. A maker of +shoes. + +_Shoneman._ _Scóne_, beautiful; _mann_, a man. A beautiful man. + +_Shook._ _Sceóc_, shook. + +_Shoop._ _Scóp_, a farmer, a maker, a poet, a minstrel. + +_Shore._ _Score_, the shore. + +_Short._ _Sceort_, short. + +_Shortell._ _Sceort_, short; _el_, indicative of a person. A short person. + +_Shorten._ _Sceort-ain_, from _sceort_, short; _ain_, to make. To make +short. + +_Shortley._ _Short_, Short; _líc_, like. Resembling Short. Or, from +_sceort-líc_, short, momentary. + +_Shorts._ _Short_, Short; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Short. Shortts, from +the same roots. + +_Shoser._ _Scós_, shoes; _ere_, an agent. A shoemaker. + +_Shott._ _Scot_, shot, payment. + +_Showaker._ _Sceawe_, a show; _æcer_, a field. A show-field. Showeker, +from the same roots. + +_Showalter._ _Sceawe_, a show; _alter_, an altar. A show-altar. + +_Showell._ _Sceawe_, a show; _el_, indicative of a person. A showman. + +_Shower._ _Sceawere_, a beholder, spectator, spy, a railer, a scoffer. + +_Showers._ _Shower_, Shower; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Shower. + +_Showman._ _Sceawe_, a show; _mann_, a man. A showman. + +_Shreeve._ _Scréf_, a den, a cave, a layer. Shreve, of like derivation. + +_Shreeves._ _Shreeve_, Shreeve; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Shreeve. +Shrieves, a kindred name. + +_Shrigley._ _Scric_, a thrush, a throstle; _ley_, a song. Thrush song. + +_Shriner._ _Scrin_, a shrine, casket, chest; _ere_, an agent. A maker of +shrines, caskets. + +_Shriver._ _Scrifan_, to shrive, to receive confession; _ere_, an agent. +One who receives confessions; a shriver. + +_Shroder._ _Scrúd_, a garment, clothing, shroud; _ere_, an agent. A +tailor; a shroud-maker. + +_Shronk._ _Scruncen_, shrunk, withered. + +_Schropshire._ _Scrob_, a shrub; _scír_, a shire, county, district. A +shrub-shire; a shrubby district. + +_Shubert._ _Scúa_, a shade, a shadow; _beorht_, bright, lucid, clear. A +lucid shadow. + +_Shuck._ _Scucca_, Satan, the devil. + +_Shuff._ _Scúfan_, to shove, to thrust, to cast down; _sceáf_, cast down, +removed; _sceaf_, that which is cast down, as a sheaf. + +_Shugard._ _Scúa_, a shade; _geard_, a hedge, enclosure, garden. A shaded +garden. Shugardt, Shugart, of like parentage. + +_Shuler._ _Scúl_, a scowl; _ere_, an agent. One who scowls. + +_Shull._ _Scúl_, a scowl, a frown. + +_Shumaker._ _Sceó_, a shoe; _macian_, to make; _ere_, one who. A +shoemaker. + +_Shuman._ _Sceó_, a shoe; _mann_, a man. A shoe-man; a dealer in shoes. + +_Shumate._ _Sceó_, a shoe; Dutch _maat_, a husband, a wife, a companion. +A shoe-companion. + +_Shumway._ _Sceome_, of shame, genitive of _sceamu_; _wæg_, way. The way +of shame. + +_Shupard._ _Scóp_, a poet, minstrel; _ard_, a badge of office. A +minstrel’s staff. Shuperd, slightly altered form of the word. + +_Shupe._ _Scóp_, a poet, a minstrel. Shupp, an analogous name. + +_Shur._ _Scúr_, a shower of rain, a storm, tempest, a shower of arrows, +battle, fight. Shurr, from the same root. + +_Shute._ _Scute_, given, expended, transferred, rushed, shot. Shutt, of +kindred meaning. + +_Shuttleworth._ _Scuttel_, a scuttle, platter, charger, moment; _weordh_, +worth, price, value. A moment’s value. + +_Shutts._ _Shutt_, Shutt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shutt. Shutz, +similarly derived. + +_Shyer._ _Scyan_, to suggest, excite, prompt, persuade; _ere_, an agent. +A prompter; a pleader. + +_Sibbet._ _Sibbian_, to pacify, to compose; past participle _sibbod_, +pacified, composed. Sibbitt, from the same root. + +_Sibbits._ _Sibbit_, Sibbit; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sibbit. + +_Sibel._ _Sib_, peace, adoption, companionship; _el_, indicative of +personality. A companionable person. Sibole of like import. + +_Siber._ _Sib_, peace, agreement, alliance; _ere_, an agent. An ally; an +abettor. + +_Sibert._ _Síb_, peace; _beorht_, famous, illustrious. A famous peace. + +_Sibley._ _Sib_, concord, agreement; _ley_, a song. A melody. + +_Sibson._ _Sib_, peace, adoption; _sun_, son. Son of adoption. Sibbs, an +abbreviated form of the same. + +_Sick._ _Síc_, sick. + +_Sickel._ _Sicel_, pronounced _sickel_, a sickle. Sickle, Sickel, from +the same root. + +_Sickels._ _Sickel_, Sickel; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sickel. Sickles, +a cognate term. + +_Sicker._ _Síc_, sick; _ere_, an agent. A sick person. + +_Sickler._ _Sicel_, a sickle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a sickle. + +_Siddall._ _Síd_, ample, spacious, broad, vast; _dál_, a valley. A broad +valley. Siddell, Sidel, Sidle, alike in derivation. + +_Siddon._ _Síd_, spacious, vast; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A spacious +hill. + +_Siddins._ _Siddin_, Siddon; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Siddon. + +_Side._ _Síd_, ample, broad, various, diverse. Or, from _síde_, silk. + +_Sidebotham._ _Síd_, ample, full, vast; _bót_, atonement, indemnity, +redress, cure; _hám_, house, dwelling. The home of full atonement. + +_Sidebottom._ _Síd_, broad; _botm_, bottom. Broad bottom. + +_Sidenburg._ _Síden_, silken, made of silk; _burg_, a fort, a castle, a +house. A house made of silk. + +_Sides._ _Side_, Side; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Side. + +_Sidleman._ _Sidle_, Sidle; _man_, a servant. Sidle’s servant. + +_Sidley._ _Sidle_, Sidle; _líc_, like. Resembling Sidle. + +_Sidney._ _Síden_, silken, made of silk. + +_Siebel._ _Sie_, victory, triumph, crown; _bel_, a bell. A peal of +triumph. + +_Siebeling._ _Siebel_, Siebel; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Siebel. + +_Sieber._ _Sie_, a crown; _bere_, barley. A crown of barley. + +_Siebert._ _Sie-beorht_, triumphantly, or gloriously bright. + +_Siebott._ _Sie_, victory; _bót_, atonement. A victorious atonement. + +_Siebrecht._ _Sie_, crown; _brecht_, conquered. Crown conquered. + +_Siebrist._ _Sie_, victory; _brist_, bearest. Victory bearest. + +_Siedenback._ _Síden_, silken; _bæc_, back. A silken back. + +_Siedler._ _Síde_, silk; _lǽr_, doctrine. Silk-knowledge. + +_Siefert._ _Sie_, triumph; _fert_, spirit. A spirit of triumph. + +_Siefken._ _Sielf-cyn_, from _sielf_, a salve, and _cyn_, kind. A kind of +herb salve. + +_Siegel._ _Sigel_, the sun, a jewel. Siegle, from the same root. + +_Siegler._ _Sigel_, a jewel; _ere_, an agent. A jeweller. + +_Siegman._ _Sige_, victory; _man_, a man. A victorious man. Siegmann, +from the same roots. + +_Sieler._ _Sie_, the sea; _lǽr_, doctrine. Sea-knowledge. + +_Siemers._ _Sie_, the sea; _merse_, a marsh, a fen. A sea-marsh. + +_Siemon._ _Sie_, the sea; _mon_, a man. A seafaring man. + +_Sier._ _Sieran_, to lie in wait for, to plot, to conspire. + +_Sifer._ _Sie_, the sea; _fer_, a journey. A sea journey. + +_Sigmund._ _Sige_, victory; _mund_, a hand. A victorious hand. + +_Silbert._ _Sigel-beorht_, from _sigel_ or _sigl_, the sun, and beorht, +bright. Sun-bright. + +_Sill._ _Sigl_, a necklace. + +_Sillady._ _Sill_, Sill; _hlǽfdie_, a mistress. Sill’s mistress. + +_Siller._ _Sigl_, a necklace, a brooch, an ornament; _ere_, an agent. A +jeweller. + +_Silliman._ _Sill_, Sill; _man_, a servant. Sill’s servant. + +_Sills._ _Sill_, Sill; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sill. + +_Silpath._ _Sigl_, the sun; _pæth_, a path. The sun-path; sunny path. + +_Sillsby._ _Sills_, Sill’s; _bý_, a habitation. Sill’s home. + +_Silver._ _Silfer_, silver. + +_Silverberg._ _Silfer_, silver; _beorg_, a hill, a mountain. A mountain +of silver. + +_Silvers._ _Silver_, Silver; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Silver. + +_Silverstine._ _Silferes_, genitive of _silfer_, silver; _tine_, a tine, +a tooth of a harrow. A silver tine. + +_Silverthorn._ _Silfer_, silver; _thorn_, a thorn. A silver-thorn. +Silverthorne, from the same roots. + +_Simard._ _Sima_, a judge; _ard_, an ensign of office. A judge. + +_Sime._ _Sima_, a bond, a reconciler, a judge. Syme, a kindred term. + +_Simes._ _Sime_, Sime; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sime. Simms, Sims, +Symes, from the same roots. + +_Simington._ _Sima_, a reconciler; _ing_, expressive of action; _tún_, +house. Home of reconciliation. Simmington, Symington, alike in derivation. + +_Simkin._ _Sim_, Sime; _cyn_, kin, relation. Sime’s relation. Simpkin, of +similar meaning. + +_Simkins._ _Simkin_, Simkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simkin. Simpkins, +from the same roots. + +_Simkis._ _Sima_, a judge; _cys_, pure. An upright judge. + +_Simler._ _Sima_, a judge; _lǽr_, doctrine. Judicial knowledge. + +_Simmer._ _Sima_, a bond; _ere_, an agent. A notary. + +_Simmers._ _Simmer_, Simmer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmer. + +_Simmon._ _Sima_, a bond; _mon_, a man. A bondman. + +_Simmond._ _Sima_, a bond; _mund_, a protection. A bond-protection. + +_Simmonds._ _Simmond_, Simmond; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmond. +Simonds, Symonds, kindred names. + +_Simmons._ _Simmōn_, Simmon; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmon. Simmins, +Symons, doubtless, of like parentage. + +_Simpson._ _Simp_, Sime; _sun_, son. Son of Sime. Simson, from the same +roots. + +_Sindall._ _Sin_, sin; _dál_, a valley. Valley of sin. + +_Sine._ _Sín_, sight, vision, appearance. + +_Siner._ _Sín_, a vision; _ere_, an agent. One who sees visions; a +dreamer. + +_Sines._ _Sine_, Sine; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sine. + +_Singer._ _Singan_, to sing, to play upon an instrument, to say, to +pronounce; _ere_, an agent. A singer; a musician; a soothsayer. + +_Singerly._ _Singer_, Singer; _líc_, like. Resembling Singer. + +_Singler._ _Singan_, to sing, to play upon an instrument; _lǽr_, +doctrine. Music-knowledge. + +_Singley._ _Sing_, Sing; _ley_, from _líc_, like. Resembling Sing. + +_Sings._ _Sing_, Sing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sing. + +_Sink._ _Sinc_, collection, heap, gain, treasure, riches, silver. + +_Sinn._ _Sin_, or _synne_, sin. + +_Sinnamon._ _Sina_, genitive of _sina_, sinews; _mon_, a man. A man of +sinews; an athlete. Synnamon, Synamon, of similar derivation. + +_Sinning._ _Sinn_, Sinn; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Sinn. + +_Sinns._ _Sinn_, Sinn; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sinn. + +_Sithen._ _Sidhan_, times, courses. + +_Sithens._ _Sithen_, Sithen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sithen. + +_Six._ _Six_, six. + +_Sixsmith_, _Six_, Six; _smidh_, an artificer, a smith, a workman. Six’s +workman. + +_Sixte._ _Sixte_, sixth. + +_Skean._ _Sceán_, shone. Skeehan, Skeen, from the same radix. + +_Skeffington._ _Sceafa_, a shaving instrument; _ing_, expressive of +action; _tún_, a house. A place where shaving is done. + +_Skelly._ _Scell-ig_, from _scell_, a shell, and _ig_, an adjective +termination. Shelly. + +_Skerl._ _Scer_, a ploughshare; _el_, indicative of a person. A plowman. + +_Skerratt._ _Scer-geát_, from _scer_, a ploughshare; _geát_, an opening, +a gap. A gap made by a ploughshare; a furrow. + +_Skinner._ _Scin_, the skin; _ere_, an agent. One who removes the skin; a +skinner. + +_Skipton._ _Scip_, a ship; _tún_, a town. A ship-town. + +_Slack._ _Sleac_, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy. + +_Slade._ _Slǽd_, a slade, plain, open tract of country. + +_Slagle._ _Slæge_, slaying, slaughter; _el_, indicative of a person. A +slayer; a murderer. + +_Slater._ _Slát_, slit; _ere_, an agent. One who slits, or cuts. + +_Slauch._ _Slǽc_, slack, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy. + +_Slaugh._ _Slæge_, slaying, slaughter, striking, beating, dashing +together, a knock. + +_Slaw._ _Sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. + +_Slawson._ _Slaw_, Slaw; _sun_, son. Son of Slaw. + +_Slaymaker._ _Slæ_, a weaver’s reed, a slay; _mac-ere_, a maker. A +slay-maker. + +_Slayman._ _Slæ_, a slay; _man_, a man. A man who uses the slay; a weaver. + +_Slayton._ _Slæ_, a slay; _tún_, a house, a habitation. A house where +weaving is done. + +_Sleeper._ _Slǽp-ere._ A sleeper. + +_Slick._ _Slicc_, a mallet, a hammer. + +_Slider._ _Slidor_, a slider. + +_Slifer._ _Slifer_, slippery. + +_Sloan._ _Slán_, pronounced _slōn_, sloes. Also, from _slán_, to strike, +to fight, to slay, to throw. Sloane, from the same roots. + +_Sloanaker._ _Slán_, sloes; _æcer_, a field. A field of sloes. Slonaker, +a kindred name. + +_Sloat._ _Slát_, pronounced _slōte_, torn, bitten, broken through. Slote, +of the same derivation. + +_Slocomb._ _Slá_, pronounced _slō_, a sloe; _comb_, a valley. A +sloe-valley. + +_Slocum._ _Slá_, a sloe; _cumb_, or _coom_, a valley. A sloe-valley. + +_Sloman._ _Slá_, a sloe; _man_, a man. A collector of sloes. + +_Slough._ _Slog_, a slough, a hollow place. + +_Slow._ _Sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. + +_Slowe._ _Sláwe_, slow, idle. Slowey, from the same radix. + +_Slowman._ _Sláw_, slow, lazy; _man_, a man. A slow man; a lazy man. + +_Slugg._ _Slóg_, slew, killed. + +_Smack._ _Smæc_, smack, taste, savor. + +_Small._ _Smæl_, small, slender, thin, narrow. + +_Smalley._ _Smale_, a slender person. + +_Smallman._ _Smæl_, small; _man_, a man. A small man. + +_Smallwood._ _Smæl_, thin; _wud_, a forest. A thin forest. + +_Smeal._ _Smea_, little, fine, subtle; _l_ for _el_, indicative of a +person. A subtle person. + +_Smeaton._ _Smeat_, beaten; _tún_, a city. A beaten city. Smeeten, of +kindred significance. + +_Smedley._ _Smédh-líc_, smoothly. + +_Smick._ _Smíc_, smoke, vapor. + +_Smiley._ _Smilte_, serene, placid, fair, smooth, calm. + +_Smith._ _Smidh_, any one who strikes with a hammer, an artificer, a +carpenter, a smith, a workman. Smyth, from the same radix. + +_Smithman._ _Smidh-the_, a smithy, a workshop; _man_, a man. The man of +the workshop. + +_Smithing._ _Smith_, Smith; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Smith. + +_Smithson._ _Smith_, Smith; _sun_, son. Son of Smith. + +_Smock._ _Smoc_, a smock, a farm-laborer’s blouse. + +_Smocker._ _Smoc_, a smock; _ere_, an agent. One who wears a smock. + +_Smythe._ _Smidh-the_, a smithy, a workshop. + +_Snader._ _Snæd_, a shaft, a pole, the handle of a scythe; _ere_, an +agent. One who uses a snead, or sneed. Sneeder, a cognate term. + +_Snare._ _Sneáre_, a snare, a loop, a noose. + +_Sneade._ _Snæd_, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. Sneed, of like +derivation. + +_Sneath._ _Snæd_, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. + +_Sneden._ _Snǽd-en_, to cut, to cut off, to amputate. Snethen, from the +same radix. + +_Snediker._ _Snǽd_, cut, shorn; _æcer_, a field. A mown field. + +_Sneer._ _Snear_, active, quick, nimble. + +_Snelbaker._ _Snel-bæc-ere_, from _snel_, active, cheerful; _bæcere_, a +baker. An active, cheerful baker. Snellbaker, from the same roots. + +_Snell._ _Snel_, or _snell_, quick, active, cheerful, bold, brave. + +_Snelling._ _Snell_, Snell; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Snell. + +_Sneyd._ _Snid_, I cut, I amputate, I slay. + +_Snider._ _Snid-ere_, a cutter, hewer, pruner. Snyder, from the same +derivation. + +_Snodgrass._ _Snod_, a fillet, a cap, a hood; _græs_, grass. A straw +fillet; a straw cap. + +_Snow._ _Snáw_, snow. + +_Snowdon._ _Snáw-dan_, to snow. + +_Snowdon._ _Snáw-dún_, from _snáw_, snow; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A +snow mountain. + +_Soden._ _Soden_, perfect participle of _seódham_, to boil, to agitate, +to cook. Boiled; agitated; cooked. + +_Soder._ _Seod_, a little sack, a bag, scrip; _ere_, an agent. A +sack-maker. Soeder, of like significance. + +_Soding._ _Seod_, a bag, a sack; _ing_, expressive of action. Sack-making. + +_Sodman._ _Seod_, a bag, a sack; _man_, a man. A sack-maker; a bag-dealer. + +_Soeffing._ _Seofung_, sighing, sobbing, lamentation. + +_Somer._ _Sumer_, summer. Sommer, Summer, from the same radix. + +_Somers._ _Somer_, Somer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Somer. Sommers, +Summers, equivalents. + +_Somerset._ _Somer-setl_, from _sumer_, summer, and _setl_, a seat. A +summer seat. Sommerset, a kindred term. + +_Sorg._ _Sorg_, sorrow, care, anxiety. + +_Sorig._ _Sorhg_, sorrow. + +_Souder._ _Sódh_, truth; _ere_, an agent. One who speaks the truth. + +_Souders._ _Souder_, Souder; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Souder. + +_South._ _Súdh_, south. + +_Southcott._ _Súdh_, south; _cóte_, a cottage. A south-cottage. + +_Southern._ _Súdh-erna_, southern. + +_Southwark._ _Súdh-geweorc_, from _súdh_, south, and _geweorc_, a +fortress, a work. A south-work; a south-fortress. + +_Southwell._ _Súdh_, south; _wel_, a well. A south-well. + +_Southwick._ _Súdh_, south; _wic_, a camp. A south-camp. + +_Southwood._ _Súdh_, south; _wud_, wood. A south-wood. + +_Southworth._ _Súdh_, south; _weordh_, worth, price, value. South-worth; +southern value. + +_Sower._ _Sawere_, a sower. + +_Sowerby._ _Sower_, Sower; _bý_, a dwelling, a habitation. Sower’s +dwelling. + +_Sowers._ _Sower_, Sower; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sower. + +_Sox._ _Socks_, from _socces_, genitive of _socc_, a sock, a woolen +wrapper for the feet. Belonging to a sock. + +_Spackman._ _Spǽc_, speech; _man_, a man. A speaker; an orator. + +_Spader._ _Spád_, a spade; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a spade; a +digger. + +_Spadone._ _Spǽdan_, to speed, to prosper, to succeed. + +_Spaeter._ _Spǽtan_, to spit; _ere_, an agent. A spitter. Spaetter, from +the same roots. + +_Spahn._ _Span_, a span. + +_Spang._ _Spange_, a little lock, a clasp. + +_Spangler._ _Spange_, a lock, a clasp; _lǽr_, doctrine. Lock-knowledge. + +_Spannagel._ _Span_, a span; _nægel_, a nail. A span-nail. + +_Spare._ _Spær_, spare, frugal, moderate, small. Spare, from the same +derivation. + +_Sparhawk._ _Spear-hafoc_, from _spear_, a spear, lance, dart, and +_hafoc_, a hawk. A sparrow-hawk. + +_Sparmaker._ _Speare_, a spear; _mac-ere_, a maker. A spear-maker. + +_Sparman._ _Speare_, a spear; _man_, a man. A Spearman. Spearman, from +the same. + +_Sparrow._ _Spearwa_, a sparrow. + +_Spearshott._ _Speare_, a spear; _scot_, a shot. A spear-shot. + +_Speakman._ _Speac_, speak; _man_, a man. A speaker. + +_Spealler._ _Spell_, history, story, speech, opinion, language; _ere_, an +agent, An historian; a lawyer; a linguist. + +_Spear._ _Speare_, a spear. Speer, Speir, from the same root. + +_Spearing._ _Spear_, Spear; _ing_, an offspring. A descendant of Spear. +Spering, a kindred word. + +_Spears._ _Spear_, Spear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Spear. + +_Speck._ _Specca_, a blot, a blemish, a spot. + +_Specketer._ _Specca_, a blot; _etere_, an eater, a consumer. A +blot-consumer; a blotter. + +_Spedden._ _Spéd-an_, to speed, to prosper, to succeed. + +_Speece._ _Spǽc_, speech. + +_Speel._ _Spel_, a history, a narrative, a story. + +_Speers._ _Speer_, Speer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Speer. + +_Spellman._ _Spell_, history, narration; _man_, a man. A narrator. + +_Spicer._ _Spic_, bacon; _ere_, an agent. A hog-butcher. Spicker, an +analogous term. + +_Spillard._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to destroy, to kill; _ard_, an ensign +of office. A destroyer; an executioner. + +_Spiller._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to destroy; _ere_, an agent. A destroyer. + +_Spillin._ _Spill-ing_, a wasting, a consuming, spoiling, destruction. + +_Spillinger._ _Spill-ing_, consuming, spoiling; _ere_, an agent. A +consumer; a spoiler. + +_Spillman._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to kill; _man_, a man. An executioner; +a hangman; a murderer. + +_Spindler._ _Spindel_, a spindel, a needle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses +a spindle. + +_Spooner._ _Spoon_, chips, tinder, touchwood; _ere_, an agent. A fireman. + +_Spor._ _Spor_, a heel, a spur. + +_Sporer._ _Spor_, a spur; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a spur; a rider. + +_Sporl._ _Spor_, a spur; _el_, indicative of a person. A rider. + +_Sprang._ _Sprang_, sprang, leaped. + +_Spranger._ _Sprang_, sprang; _ere_, an agent. A springer; a leaper. + +_Springer._ _Spring_, a spring, a leap; _ere_, an agent. A leaper. + +_Springfield._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _feld_, a field, a plain. +A springy field. + +_Springman._ _Spring_, a spring, a leap; _man_, a man. A leaper. + +_Springs._ _Spring_, Spring; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Spring. + +_Springstead._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _stede_, a place, a +station. A spring-place. + +_Springthorpe._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _thorpe_, a village. A +spring-village. + +_Spurr._ _Spura_, a spur. + +_Stack._ _Stáca_, a stake, a pile. + +_Stackel._ _Stáca_, a stake, a pile; _el_, indicative of personality. One +tied, or burnt at a stake. + +_Stacker._ _Stáca_, a stake; _ere_, an agent. One who constructs a fence +or a palisade. Staker, a kindred name. + +_Stackhouse._ _Stáca_, a stake; _hús_, a house, a building. A building +with a palisade; a fortress. + +_Stacpoole._ _Stáca_, a stake; _púl_, a pool, a lake. A staked lake. + +_Staff._ _Stæf_, a staff, stick, support, a letter, writing. Staffe, from +the same root. + +_Staffner._ _Stæf_, a staff; _nere_, refuge, preservation. +Staff-preservation. + +_Stafford._ _Stæf-ford_, from _stæf_, a stick, a pole; _ford_, a ford. A +staff used in wading through a stream. + +_Stager._ _Stǽger_, a stair, step, degree. + +_Stagers._ _Stager_, Stager; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stager. + +_Stagg._ _Stæg_, a rope in the fore-part of a ship. + +_Stagger._ _Stæg_, a rope in the fore-part of a ship; _ere_, an agent. +One who has charge of the rope in the fore-part of a ship. + +_Staggers._ _Stagger_, Stagger; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stagger. + +_Stainrook._ _Stán_, a rock; _róc_, a rook. A rock-rook; a rook that +dwells upon rocks. + +_Stains._ _Stán-es_, genitive of _Stán_, a stone. From Staines, +Middlesex, on the banks of the Thames, England, from a boundary stone +placed here to denote the extent of the jurisdiction claimed by the city +of London on the river Thames. + +_Stainsby._ _Stains_, Stains; _bý_, a dwelling. Stains’ habitation. + +_Stakes._ _Stake_, Stack; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stack. + +_Staley._ _Stæl_, a stall, a room; _ig_, expression of an adjective. +Roomy. + +_Stall._ _Stæl_, a stall, place, seat, room. + +_Stallman._ _Stæl_, a stall; _man_, a man. One who keeps a stall. + +_Stamford._ _Stæng_, a stake, a pole; _ford_, a ford. A pole-ford. + +_Stanbridge._ _Stán-breig_, from _stán_, a stone, and _bricg_, a bridge. +A stone-bridge; a paved way. + +_Stancliff._ _Stán-cleof_, from _stán_, a stone, and _cleof_, a cliff. A +stone-cliff; a rock. + +_Standbridge._ _Stand_, a stand, a station; _bricg_, a bridge. A +toll-bridge. + +_Standen._ _Stand_, a stand; _en_, significant of a participle. Stood. + +_Standfield._ _Stand_, a station; _feld_, a field. A station-field. + +_Standing._ _Standan_, to stand, to continue; _ing_, expressing action. +Standing; continuing. + +_Standish._ _Stand_, a stand; _isc_, a termination of an adjective used +substantively. A stand. + +_Standley._ _Stand_, a stand; _ley_ for _líc_, like. Resembling a stand. + +_Standring._ _Stand_, a station; _hring_, a ring. A station-ring. +Standering, a kindred term. + +_Stanfield._ _Stán_, a stone; _feld_, a plain. A stone-plain. + +_Stanford._ _Stán-ford_, from _stán_, a stone, and _ford_, a ford. A +stone-ford. + +_Stang._ _Stæng_, a bar of wood, a pole, a lever, a club. In Derbyshire, +England, the word was used to denote a large pole employed in removing +new-made hay. + +_Stanger._ _Stæng_, a pole, a lever; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a +lever. + +_Stanley._ _Stán_, a stone; _líc_, like. Resembling stone. + +_Stansberry._ _Stánes_, genitive of _stán_, a stone; _berige_, a berry. +The berry of a stone; a stone-fruit. Stansbery, from the same roots. + +_Stansbury._ _Stánes_, genitive of _stán_, a stone; _byríg_, a city. A +city of stone; a stone-city. + +_Stansfield._ _Stánes_, of stones; _feld_, a field. A field of stone; a +stone-field. + +_Stanton._ _Stán_, a stone; _tán_, a town. A stone-town. Stant, possibly, +a contraction of the name. Staunton, from the same roots. + +_Stanwood._ _Stán_, a stone; _wud_, a wood. A stone-wood. + +_Stanz._ _Stants_, from _Stant_, Stant, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of +Stant. + +_Stapleford._ _Stapel_, a step, a prop, a trestle; _ford_, a ford. A +trestle-ford. + +_Stapler._ _Stapel_, support; _ere_, an agent. A supporter. + +_Staples._ _Stapeles_, genitive of _stapel_, a trestle. Belonging to a +trestle. + +_Stapleton._ _Stapel_, a step, an elevated place; _tún_, a mansion. A +mansion reached by steps. + +_Stark._ _Stearc_, stark, strong, severe, hard, austere, sharp. + +_Starkweather._ _Stearc_, severe; _wedher_, weather. Severe weather. + +_Starling._ _Stærn_, a starling; _ling_, a termination indicative of +image, example. + +_Starn._ _Stærn_, a starling. Starne, of like significance. + +_Starr._ _Steorra_, a star. + +_Starrs._ _Starr_, Starr; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Starr. + +_Staub._ _Staub_, a worthless vessel, one unable to stand. + +_Staubes._ _Staubes_, genitive of _staub_, a useless vessel. Belonging to +a worthless vessel. + +_Stead._ _Stæde_, a place, station, stead. + +_Steadham._ _Stede_, steady, stable, firm; _hám_, a house. A firm house. + +_Steadman._ _Stede_, steady, stable; _man_, a man. A steady man. Stedman, +a kindred term. + +_Stearn._ _Stearn_, the stern. Stearne, Sterne, of like derivation. + +_Stearns._ _Stearn_, Stearn; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stearn. + +_Stebbing._ _Steb_, a boll, a trunk; _ing_, originating from. Offspring +of a trunk; a shoot; a branch. + +_Stebbins._ _Stebbing_, Stebbing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stebbing. + +_Steed._ _Stéda_, a steed, a stallion. + +_Steel._ _Stýl_, steel. Steele, from the same radix. + +_Steeling._ _Steel_, Steel; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Steel. + +_Steelman._ _Stýl_ steel; _man_, a man. A steel-man; a dealer in steel. + +_Steelwagon._ _Stýl_, steel; _wǽgen_, a wagon, a car. A steel-wagon; a +car for the conveyance of steel. + +_Steen._ _Sténe_, a stone. + +_Steenburg._ _Sténe_, a stone; _beorg_, a mountain, a hill. A stone-hill. + +_Steenson._ _Steen_, Steen; _sun_, son. Son of Steen. + +_Steere._ _Stýre_, a rule, direction, regulation, government. Steer, from +the same root. + +_Steeringer._ _Steór-an_, to steer; _ing_, implying action; _ere_, an +agent. One who has charge of the steering; a pilot. + +_Steers._ _Steer_, Steer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Steer. + +_Steever._ _Stæf_, a staff, a stick; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a +staff; an old man. + +_Steffen._ _Stefen_, a voice, message, sound, tone, concert, agreement. +Steffan, of like meaning. + +_Steffe._ _Stef_, a staff. + +_Steffens._ _Steffen_, Steffen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Steffen. + +_Steffler._ _Stef_, a staff; _lǽr_, doctrine. Staff-knowledge. + +_Steger._ _Stegher_, a step, a stair. + +_Stell._ _Stell_, a place, seat, room. Stelle, doubtless, from the same +root. + +_Stellwagen._ _Stell_, a seat; _wǽgen_, a wagon, a car. A carriage. +Stelwagon, of kindred signification. + +_Stem._ _Stemn_, a voice, a command, a set time. Steman, of like +derivation. + +_Stemme._ _Stemne_, a voice, a command. + +_Stemmler._ _Stemn_, a voice; _lǽr_, doctrine. Voice-knowledge. Stemler, +from the same roots. + +_Stempel._ _Stemn_, a voice, a command; _el_, indicative of a person. A +leader; a commander. + +_Steng._ _Stenge_, a bar, a pole, a lever. + +_Stengel._ _Stenge_, a lever; _el_, implying a person. A person that uses +a lever. Stengle, a slightly varied form. + +_Stenger._ _Stenge_, a bar, a pole; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a steng. + +_Stephen._ _Stefen_, a voice, message, sound, tone. Stephan, from the +same. + +_Stephens._ _Stephen_, Stephen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stephen. +Stevens, a kindred term. + +_Stephenson._ _Stephen_, Stephen; _sun_, son. Son of Stephen. Stevenson, +from the same roots. + +_Sterk._ _Sterc_, stark, rough, rigid. + +_Sterling._ _Steóran_, to direct; _ling_, a termination denoting the +condition of a person. In a condition to direct. Stirling, an equivalent +word. + +_Stern._ _Stern_, severe, hard, austere. + +_Sterner._ _Stern_, severe; _ere_, an agent. A severe person. + +_Sternfield._ _Stern_, rough, hard; _feld_, a field. A rough field. + +_Sterns._ _Stern_, Stern; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stern. + +_Sterr._ _Ster_, history. + +_Steward._ _Stiward_, from Icelandic _stia_, work, and Anglo-Saxon +_weard_, a guard. One who has the guard of work. Anciently, +_stede-weard_, from _stede_, place, station, stead, and _weard_, a guard, +guardianship, watch: that is, one who has the guardianship of a place. +Stewart, of like kinship. + +_Sticker._ _Stice_, a puncture, a stab; _ere_, an agent. A butcher. + +_Stickle._ _Sticca_, a stick; _le_ for _el_, indicative of a person, +or expressive of the action of a person. The word originated from the +practice of prize-fighters, who placed seconds with staffs, or _sticks_, +to interpose occasionally: hence, to interpose. + +_Stickler._ _Stickle_, to stickle, to interpose; _ere_, an agent. One +that interposes; a sidesman to fencers; a pertinacious contender. +Formerly, one who stood by to prevent the shedding of blood in a contest +between two persons: so called, from the _sticks_, or staves, in his +hands, with which he interposed between the combatants. + +_Stickley._ _Stickler_, a stickler; _líc_, like. Resembling a stickler; +stickler-like. + +_Stickling._ _Stickle_, to stickle; _ing_, denoting an action. The action +of a stickler. + +_Stickney._ _Stician_, to stick, to adhere; Irish _neać_, an agent. One +that sticks to another; an adherent. + +_Stidfole._ _Stide_, firm, fast; _fole_, a foal, a colt. A fast foal. + +_Stidham._ _Stide_, firm; _hám_, house. An established house. + +_Stiff._ _Stif_, stiff, hard. + +_Stiger._ _Stígan_, to ascend, to rise, to climb; _ere_, an agent. A +climber. + +_Stigale._ _Stigel_, a stile. + +_Stileman._ _Stigel_, a stile; _man_, a man. A man who has charge of a +stile. + +_Stiles._ _Stigale_, Stigale; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stigale. + +_Still._ _Stille_, still, quiet, fixed, firm. + +_Stilley._ _Still-íce_, stilly, quietly. + +_Stilling._ _Still-ian_, to make still, to tranquilize; _ing_, implying +action. Tranquilizing. + +_Stillings._ _Stilling_, Stilling; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stilling. + +_Stillman._ _Stille_, quiet; _man_, a man. A quiet man. + +_Stillwagon._ _Stille_, fixed; _wǽgen_, a wagon. A stationary wagon. + +_Stillwell._ _Stille_, quiet; _wel_, a well. A quiet well; an unused +well. Stelwell, a cognate term. + +_Stilson._ _Stille_, quiet, fixed; _sun_, son. A quiet son; a dead son. + +_Sting._ _Stineg_, sting, prick, a biting, or stinging. + +_Stinger._ _Stingan_, to sting, to prick, to stab; _ere_, an agent. He +who, or that which, stings, or pricks. + +_Stock._ _Stoc_, a stock, stem, trunk, block, stick. _Stock_, past +participle of _stician_, to stick: hence _stock_, in its multifarious +meanings, implies fixedness. + +_Stocker._ _Stoc_, stock; _ere_, an agent. One who has stock. + +_Stockham._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _hám_, a farm. A stock-farm; a nursery +of trees. + +_Stockler._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _lǽr_, learning, knowledge. Stock-lore; +tree-knowledge. + +_Stockley._ _Stoc_, stock; _líc_, like. Stock-like; trunk-like; thick; +stubbed; stocky. + +_Stockman._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _man_, a man. A stock-man; a keeper of +stock; a nurseryman. + +_Stocks._ _Stock_, Stock; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stock. + +_Stockton._ _Stoc_, stock; _tún_, a farm. A stock-farm. + +_Stockwell._ _Stock_, a stock, stem, trunk, stick; _well_, a well. A well +found in a wooded place. + +_Stoddard._ _Stod_, a post, a stand, a pillar; _ard_, an ensign of +office. A post-sign. Stoddart, doubtless, from the same roots. + +_Stoffer._ _Stof_, a club; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a club; a +warrior. + +_Stokely._ _Stock_, past participle of _stic-ian_, to stick, to push, to +poke, and, hence, to stir; a person who sticks, pushes, or pokes is a +_sticker_, or a stoker; _líc_, like. Stoker-like. Stokley, a cognate form. + +_Stoker._ _Sticker_, one who, or that which, _sticks_, pushes, or +stirs, as it were, a fire. In Ireland, such a person was a _stoca_, a +servant-boy. + +_Stokes._ _Stoke_, Stoke; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stoke. + +_Stone._ _Stán_, a stone. + +_Stoneham._ _Stán_, stone; _hám_, house. A stone-house. + +_Stonehill._ _Stán_, a stone; _hill_, or _hyl_, a hill. A stone-hill. + +_Stoneman._ _Stán_, a stone; _man_, a man. A quarryman. + +_Stoner._ _Stán_, a stone; _ere_, an agent. A stone-breaker. + +_Stones._ _Stone_, Stone; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stone. + +_Stony._ _Stǽn-ig_, or _stǽn-iht_, stony. + +_Stoop._ _Stoppa_, a pot, a vessel, a cup. + +_Stoops._ _Stoop_, Stoop; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stoop. Stoopes, a +kindred form. + +_Storck._ _Storc_, a stork. Storch, Stork, from the same radix. + +_Storm._ _Storm_, or _steorm_, a storm, a tempest. + +_Storms._ _Storm_, Storm; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Storm. + +_Stott._ _Stotte_, a hack, jade, a worthless horse. + +_Stotten._ _Stotte_, a jade; _en_, an adjective termination. Jadish; +vicious. + +_Stotts._ _Stott_, Stott; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stott. Stotz, of +similar derivation. + +_Stow._ _Stow_, a place, dwelling-place, habitation. + +_Stowman._ _Stow_, a place; _man_, a man. The man of the place; the +proprietor. + +_Strack._ _Strac_, straight, rigid, violent. + +_Stracker._ _Strac_, rigid, violent; _ere_, an agent. A stern man; a +violent man. + +_Strader._ _Strade_, imperfect of _stredan_, to spread; _ere_, an agent. +One who spreads, or straddles. Or, from _stræde_, a stride; _ere_, one +who. One who strides. + +_Stradinger._ _Strade_, spread; _ing_, implying action; _ere_, an agent. +A straddling person. + +_Stradling._ _Strade_, spread; _ling_, denoting state or condition of a +person. Act of one who straddles. + +_Strand._ _Strand_, a strand, beach, shore. + +_Strang._ _Strang_, strong, powerful, valiant, severe, rigid. Strong, +from the same root. + +_Stratton._ _Stræte_, what is spread, a couch, a bed; _tún_, a house. A +bed-house; an inn. + +_Straw._ _Streow_, or _strēaw_, straw, hay, a bed. + +_Strawbridge._ _Streaw_, a bed; _brycg_, a bridge. A bridge that is flat +like a bed. + +_Street._ _Strǽt_, street, way, course, public road, mark. + +_Streeter._ _Strǽt_, a way, a road; _ere_, an agent. A foot-traveler. + +_Streeton._ _Strǽt_, a street; _tún_, a town. A city or town of streets. + +_Streets._ _Street_, Street; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Street. + +_Strenger._ _Streng_, a string, sinew; _ere_, an agent. A sinewy man. + +_Stricker._ _Strica_, a stroke; _ere_, an agent. One who makes a strike; +a striker. + +_Strickland._ _Astricen_, a participle from _astrican_, to smite; _land_, +a land, a region. A smitten region. Or, from _stric_, plague, sedition, +and _land_, land. A plague-land; a land of sedition. + +_String._ _String_, a string, sinew, chord, cord, rope, line, race. + +_Stringer._ _String_, a chord, the string of a musical instrument; _ere_, +an agent. A musician. + +_Stringfellow._ _String_, a string; _felaw_, a companion. A +string-companion; a band-fellow. + +_Stringfield._ _String_, a line; _feld_, a field. A fenced field. + +_Styer._ _Stýre_, ruling, direction, regulation, government, discipline, +punishment. + +_Styers._ _Styer_, Styer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Styer. + +_Styler._ _Stýl_, steel; _ere_, an agent. Steel-maker. + +_Styles._ _Stýles_, genitive of _stýl_, steel. Belonging to steel. + +_Styring._ _Styer_, Styer; _ing_, offspring. Son of Styer. + +_Sugden_, _Súg_, a sow; _den_, a valley. Sow-valley. + +_Sugg._ _Súg_, a sow. + +_Sulger._ _Sulg_, a plough, a ploughshare; _ere_, an agent. One who +ploughs; a ploughman. + +_Sullwin._ _Sul_, a plough; _wine_, a friend, a disciple. A disciple of +the plough; a farmer. + +_Summ_, _Sum_, some, one, some one, any. + +_Summerfield._ _Sumer_, or _somer_, summer; _feld_, a field. A +summer-field; a field of grass and flowers. Sommerfield, of like +derivation. + +_Sumner._ _Sumer_, summer, by the insertion of an _n_ between _m_ +and _e_, becomes the name under consideration, and affords a good +illustration of one of the many attempts made to disguise the origin of +names. + +_Sundberg._ _Sund_, floating; _beorg_, a mountain. A floating mountain; +an iceberg. + +_Sunderland._ _Sunder_, sunder, separate, different; _land_, land. A +separate land; a land that has been sundered, from _sundrían_, to sunder, +or separated. + +_Sutton._ _Súdh_, south; _tún_, town. South-town. + +_Suwald._ _Súdh_, south; _wald_, wood. South-wood. + +_Swallow._ _Swalewe_, a swallow. + +_Swan._ _Swan_, a swan. Swann, from the same radix. + +_Swank._ _Swânc_, imperfect of _swincan_, to toil, to labor. Labored; +toil-worn. + +_Swanson._ _Swan_, Swan; _sun_, son. Son of Swan. + +_Swanton._ _Swan_, a swan; _tún_, town, a dwelling. A swan-dwelling. + +_Swarbrig._ _Swǽr_, heavy; _brig_, a bridge. A heavy bridge. + +_Swartley._ _Swart_, black; _líc_, like. Resembling black. + +_Sweat._ _Swet_, sweat, blood, gore. + +_Sweater._ _Swet_, sweat; _ere_, an agent. One who sweats; a laborer. + +_Sweatman._ _Swet_, sweat; _man_, a man. A man that sweats; a toiler. + +_Sweet._ _Swét_, sweet, pleasant. + +_Sweeten._ _Swéten_, from _swét-an_, to sweeten. Made sweet; sweetened. + +_Sweeting._ _Sweet_, Sweet; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Sweet. + +_Sweetland._ _Swét_, pleasant; _land_, a land. A pleasant land. + +_Sweetman._ _Swét_, pleasant; _man_, a man. An agreeable man. + +_Sweetwood._ _Swét_, pleasant; _wud_, a wood. A pleasant wood. + +_Swegan._ _Swég-an_, to sound, make a noise, to howl as the wind. + +_Sweigard._ _Sweig_, a noise; _ard_, an ensign of office. One whose +office is to make a noise, as evidenced by an ensign; a town-crier. +Sweigert, Swigert, of like derivation. + +_Sweiger._ _Sweig_, a noise; _ere_, an agent. A noisy fellow. Or, from +_sweig-an_, to make a noise, and _ere_, an agent. + +_Swenck._ _Swenc_, temptation, condemnation. + +_Swenson._ _Swein_, a swain, a herdsman, a servant; _sun_, son. Son of a +swain; son of a herdsman. + +_Swift._ _Swift_, swift, nimble. + +_Swigler._ _Swíga_, silence; _lǽr_, learning, knowledge, doctrine. +Silence-doctrine. + +_Swiler._ _Swil-ian_, to swill, to wash; _ere_, an agent. One who swills; +a swiller; a drunkard. + +_Swilkey._ _Swilce_, moreover, seeing, indeed, further. + +_Swindell._ _Swin_, a song, a lay; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A +song-valley. + +_Swindells._ _Swindell_, Swindell; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Swindell. + +_Swinden._ _Swin_, a song; _den_, a valley. A song-valley. + +_Swineford._ _Swín_, swine, a pig; _ford_, a ford. Swine-ford. + +_Swinehart._ _Swín_, swine; _heort_, a termination denoting hearty, +hearted, brave. Swine-hearted; brave as swine. + +_Swing._ _Swing_, a whip, a blow, a stripe. + +_Swink._ _Swinc_, labor, inconvenience, fatigue, trouble, affliction, +torment, temptation, banishment. + +_Swinker._ _Swinc_, labor, torment; _ere_, an agent. A laborer; a +tormentor. + +_Swinton._ _Swin_, a song; _tún_, a house. A song-house. Swint, perhaps, +a contraction. + +_Swire._ _Swir_, a column, a pillar. + +_Swope._ _Swope_, a whip, a scourge. + +_Syckelmoore._ _Sicel_, a sickle; _mór_, a moor, a heath. A sickled heath. + +_Syle._ _Sýl_, a sill, a ground-post, a post, a pillar, a column. + +_Sypher._ _Sýfer_, pure, decent, sober, abstinent, chaste. + + +T. + +_Tadly._ _Táde_, a toad; _líc_, like. Toad-like. + +_Taessel._ _Tǽsel_, teasel, the fuller’s herb. + +_Tafel._ _Tæfel_, a dice or gaming table, a game at table or dice. + +_Tag._ _Tæg_, a bag, a chest, a coffer, a cupboard. Tage, Tagg, Tague, +kindred names. + +_Taggart._ _Tæg_, a bag, a chest; _geard_, a measure. Chest-measure. + +_Tagle._ _Tǽgel_, a tail. + +_Tams._ Irish _tam_, slow, sluggish; Anglo-Saxon _s_ for _sun_, son. Son +of Tamm; a slow son. + +_Tapking._ _Tæpp_, a tap; _cyncg_, a king. A tap-king; a drinking king. + +_Tappan._ _Tæppan_, to tap, to draw out, to drink. + +_Tappen._ _Tæppen_, indicative of a participle from _tæppan_, to tap, to +draw out, to drink. Tapped; drawn out; drank. + +_Tapper._ _Tæpp-ere_, a tapper, butler, vinter. + +_Tapping._ _Tæpp_, a tap; _ing_, expressive of action. Tapping; drawing +out. + +_Tarbert._ _Tare_, tar; _beorht_, glistening. Tar-glistening. + +_Targett._ _Targe_, a shield, a buckler; _ett_, little, small. A little +shield. + +_Tar._ _Tare_, tar, balsam, pitch. + +_Tarring._ _Tarr_, Tarr; _ing_, expressive of origin. Descendant of Tarr. + +_Tarton._ _Tare_, tar, pitch; _tún_, a farm. A tar-farm. + +_Taswell._ _Tas_, a tass; _well_, a well. A mow of corn. + +_Tate._ _Tát_, soft, tender. + +_Tatham._ _Tát_, soft, tender; _hám_, a home. A tender home. Tatem, +perhaps, an abbreviated form of the word. + +_Tatlow._ _Tát_, soft, tender, and _low_, a low, a bellow, from _hlowan_, +to low, to bellow. A tender low; a soft bellow. + +_Tatman._ _Tát_, soft, tender; _man_, a man. A tender man. + +_Taw._ _Táw_, tow. + +_Taws._ _Taw_, Taw; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Taw. + +_Teal._ _Teale_, an excuse. + +_Teamer._ _Teáma_, a voucher, a witness, a leader. + +_Tees._ _Tǽse_, right, kind, benevolent, gentle. Teese, of like import. + +_Teesdale._ _Tǽse_, gentle; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A gentle dale. + +_Telford._ _Tele_, imperfect of _tellan_, to esteem. An esteemed ford. + +_Telle._ _Tele_, reputed, esteemed. Tell, of like significance. + +_Teller._ _Tellan_, to tell, to relate; _ere_, an agent. A teller; a +relater. + +_Temple._ _Tempel_, Latin _templum_, a temple. + +_Templeman._ _Tempel_, a temple; _man_, a man. A temple-man; a priest. + +_Templeton._ _Tempel_, a temple; _tún_, a house, a town. A temple-house; +a church; a town of temples. When the Angles and Saxons settled in +Britain, they had idols, altars, temples, and priests. These temples +were surrounded with enclosures, and were profaned if lances were thrown +into them. It is probable, therefore, that they obtained their word for +temple directly from the Latins, and not from the Norman-French after the +Conquest by William. + +_Thacher._ _Thecere_, from _thæc_, a thach, a thatch, a roof, and _ere_, +an agent. A thatcher; a roofer. Thatcher, from the same derivation. + +_Thatford._ _Theód_, people’s; _ford_, a ford. People’s ford. + +_Thaw._ _Theáw_, custom, manner, habit, behavior. + +_Thegen._ _Thegen_, a servant, attendant, disciple, scholar, soldier, +officer, knight, nobleman. + +_Thein._ _Theign_, a servant, attendant, disciple, officer, nobleman. + +_Thissell._ _Thistel_, a thistle. Thistle, a kindred term. + +_Thole._ _Thól_, the thole, a piece of wood to support the oars. + +_Tholey._ _Thól_, the thole; _líc_, like. Thole-like. + +_Thorman._ _Thor_, Thor; _man_, a servant. A servant of Thor. Thor was +one of the principal idols of the Saxons, Germans, etc. He was their +Jupiter. + +_Thorn._ _Thorn_, a thorn. Thorne, an equivalent name. + +_Thornberg._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _beorg_, a hill. A thorn-hill; a thorny +hill. Thornburg, from the same roots. + +_Thornberry._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _berige_, a berry. A thorny berry; a +prickly berry. + +_Thornhill._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _hyll_, a hill. A thorny hill. + +_Thornley._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _líc_, like. Thorn-like. + +_Thornton._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _tún_, a farm. A thorny farm. + +_Thorp._ _Thorpe_, a thorp, village. Thorpe, a kindred name. + +_Thrall._ _Thræl_, a slave, a bondman. + +_Thrasher._ _Thærsc-ere_, from _thærsc-an_, to thrash, and _ere_, an +agent. A thrasher. + +_Threlfall._ _Threal_, a servant; _fæl_, pure, clean, good, true. A good +servant. + +_Thress._ _Thræs_, or _thres_, a hem, a frill. + +_Thur._ _Thur_, Thor. + +_Thurber._ _Thur_, Thor; _beorh_, a mountain. Thor’s mountain. + +_Thuring._ _Thur_, Thor; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Thor. + +_Thurman._ _Thur_, Thor; _man_, a servant. Thor’s servant. + +_Thurston._ _Thures_, genitive of _Thur_, Thor; _tún_, house. Thor’s +house. + +_Thurwanger._ _Thur_, Thor; _wangere_, a pillow. Thor’s pillow. + +_Tiegman._ _Tige_, a tie, a band; _man_, a man. One who uses a band; a +surgeon. + +_Tiel._ _Tigle_, a tile. + +_Tier._ _Tier_, a tier, rank, series, heap. + +_Tiers._ _Tier_, Tier; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tier. + +_Tilburn._ _Til_, station; _burne_, a bourn, stream, brook. A station +near a stream. + +_Tilden._ _Til_, a station; _den_, a valley. A valley-station. + +_Till._ _Till_, a station. + +_Tillman._ _Till_, a station; _man_, a man. A station-master. Tilman, a +cognate name. + +_Tillyer._ _Till-an_, to till, to cultivate; _ere_, an agent. A tiller; a +cultivator. + +_Tilton._ _Til_, station; _tún_, town. A station-town. + +_Tindall._ _Tin_, tin; _dál_, a valley. A tin-valley. Tindel, from the +same root. + +_Tine._ _Tine_, a tine, tooth of a harrow. + +_Tines._ _Tine_, Tine; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tine. + +_Tinney._ _Tin-ig_, resembling tin. + +_Tinsley._ _Tines_, genitive of _tin_, tin; _líc_, form, like. Tin-like; +form of tin. Tinley, of similar derivation. + +_Tinsman._ _Tines_, genitive of _tin_, tin; _man_, man. A dealer in tin; +a seller of tin. + +_Toft._ _Toft_, a croft, a homestead. + +_Tool._ _Tól_, a tool, an instrument. Toole, from the same root. + +_Toon._ _Tún_, pronounced _toon_, a field, dwelling, house, mansion, +yard, farm, village, class, course, town. Toone, of like derivation. + +_Tooney._ _Tún-ig_, from _tún_, a town, and _ig_, an adjective +termination implying resemblance. Townish. + +_Toorish._ _Torr_, a tower; _isc_, an adjective termination signifying +resembling. Tower-like. + +_Toothaker._ _Tódh-ece_, the toothache; _ere_, an agent. One who has the +toothache. + +_Topham._ _Top_, a ball, a tuft at the top of anything; _hám_, a home. A +hilly home. + +_Topley._ _Top_, a ball; _líc_, like. Resembling a ball. + +_Toplis._ _Top_, a ball; _liss_, favor. Ball-favor. + +_Topping._ _Top_, a ball; _ing_, implying action. Balling. + +_Torbeort._ _Tor_, a tower, a high hill, rock, peak, tor; _beorht_, +glistening, shining. A glistening peak. + +_Torr._ _Tor_, a tower, rock, peak, tor. + +_Torrey._ _Tor-ig_, from _tor_, a tower, a hill, a rock; _ig_, an +adjective termination. Towering; hilly; rocky. + +_Tower._ _Tor_, a tower, a high hill. + +_Towers._ _Tower_, Tower; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tower. + +_Town._ _Tún_, a field, a dwelling, house, mansion, farm, village, town, +city. Towne, from the same radix. + +_Towner._ _Tún_, a town; _ere_, an agent. A dweller in a town; a townsman. + +_Townley._ _Tún_, a town; _líc_, like. Resembling a town. + +_Towns._ _Town_, Town; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Town. + +_Townsend._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town; _end_, termination of +masculine nouns denoting a man. A townsman. + +_Townson._ _Town_, Town; _sun_, son. Son of Town. + +_Trager._ _Trag_, evil, bad; _ere_, an agent. An evil person; a sinner. + +_Treadway._ _Træd_, trod; _wæg_, a way. A trodden way. Or, from _tred_, a +step, and _wæg_, a way. A step-way; a stairs. Tredway, of like derivation. + +_Treadwell._ _Tred_, a step; _well_, a well. A step-well. + +_Tree._ _Treow_, or _treo_, a tree, a club. + +_Tregea._ _Tréga_, vexation, tribulation, contumely, loss, misery, +torment. Trego, perhaps, from the same root. + +_Tresch._ _Treisc_, tragical. Tresck, from the same root. + +_Trescher._ _Treisc_, tragical; _ere_, an agent. A tragedian. Tresher, an +equivalent name. + +_Treude._ _Treúdh_, troth, truth, league, pledge, covenant. + +_Trewin._ _Tré_, vexation, tribulation; _win_, a man. A man of +tribulation. + +_Trexler._ _Treisc_, tragical; _lár_, knowledge, learning. Tragedy. + +_Treischbock._ _Treisc_, tragical; _bóc_, a book. A book of tragedy. + +_Trimmingham._ _Trymming_, confirming, fortifying, establishing; _hám_, a +house. A house of confirmation. + +_Troth._ _Treówdh_, troth, truth. + +_Trout._ _Truht_, a trout. Troutt, an equivalent name. + +_Troutman._ _Truht_, a trout; _man_, a man. A trout-fisher. + +_Trow._ _Treów_, trust, faith, pledge, covenant. + +_Trowbridge._ _Treówe_, faithful; _bricg_, a bridge. A faithful bridge. + +_Trowell._ _Treów_, trust, faith; _el_, indicative of a person. A trusty +person; a faithful person. + +_True._ _Trýwe_, true, faithful. + +_Trueman._ _Trýwe_, true; _man_, a man, a servant. A true man; a faithful +servant. Truman, of similar import. + +_Tudor._ _Tudor_, issue, offspring, seed, progeny, posterity, family. +Tuder, a kindred name. + +_Tuman._ _Tú_, two; _man_, a man. Twin-man; twin-brother. + +_Tumbleston._ _Tumb-ian_, to tumble; _stán_, a rock. A rock that tumbles; +a tumbling rock. + +_Tunis._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town. Belonging to a town. + +_Tunison._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town; _sun_, son. Son of a town; +a townsman. + +_Tunney._ _Tún_, a town; _ig_, an adjective termination. Townish. Tunny, +of similar derivation. + +_Tuohy._ _Tuoege_, two. + +_Turkington._ _Turk_, from Irish _torc_, a boar; _ing_, implying a +descendant; _tún_, house. Home of a descendant of Turk. Torkington, of +similar significance. + +_Turland._ _Tur_, a tower, a high hill, a peak; _land_, a land. A hilly +land. + +_Turley._ _Tur_, a tower; _líc_, like. Resembling a tower; tower-like; +towering. + +_Turnbolt._ _Turnian_, to turn; _bolt_, a bolt. A turned bolt. + +_Turnbull._ _Turnian_, to turn; _bull_, a stud, a brooch. A turned brooch. + +_Turner._ _Turnian_, to turn; _ere_, an agent. A turner. + +_Turnpenny._ _Turnian_, to turn; _penig_, a penny. A turned penny. + +_Turpin._ _Tur_, a rock; _pinn_, a pen. A rock pen; a steel pen. + +_Turtle._ _Turtel_, or _turtle_, a turtle, a turtle-dove. + +_Tussey._ _Tusc_, the canine, or eye-tooth, a tusk; _ig_, denoting an +adjective. Tusky. + +_Tustin._ _Tusc_, a tusk; _tine_, a tine. Tine of a tusk. + +_Tuston._ _Tusc_, a tusk; _tún_, a house, a dwelling. A tusk-house. + +_Twaddell._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A +twin-valley. + +_Tway._ _Twá_, twice, double. + +_Tweed._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold. + +_Tweedale._ _Tweo_, double; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A twin-valley. + +_Tweedie._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold. + +_Tweedle._ _Twæde_, double; _le_, for _el_, indicative of a person. A +twin. + +_Twitman._ _Ætwitan_, to tease, to reproach, to blame, to upbraid; _man_, +a man. A person who upbraids another. + +_Twibill._ _Twý-bill_, a twibill, a pole-axe. + +_Twiford._ _Twý-ford_, a double ford. Applied to the name of places near +a river where two branches had to be forded. + +_Twigg._ _Twig_, two, double. + +_Twigs._ _Twig_, Twig; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Twig. + +_Twiney._ _Twín_, thread, twine, fine linen; _ig_, expressive of an +adjective. Resembling twine. + +_Twining._ _Twín-an_, to twine, to twist; _ing_, implying action. +Twining; twisting. + +_Twitchell._ _Twiccian_, to twitch; _el_, a termination denoting a +person. A person that twitches; a nervous, restless person. + +_Tyber._ _Tiber_, a sacrifice, gift, offering, victim. + +_Tye._ _Ty_, instructs, teaches, imbues, inures. + +_Tyer._ _Ty_, instructs, teaches; _ere_, an agent. An instructor; a +teacher. + +_Tylacher._ _Ty_, instructs; _lach_, a garment; _ere_, an agent. A +sewing-teacher; a tailor. Tylacker, a kindred name. + +_Tymon._ _Ty_, instructs; _mon_, a man. A man that instructs; a pedagogue. + +_Tynan._ _Tynan_, to hedge in, to enclose, to shut. + +_Tyne._ _Tyne_, ten. + +_Tyner._ _Tyne_, ten; _ere_, an agent. A person of ten years of +experience. + +_Tyre._ _Tyr_, a leader, prince, glory, splendor. + +_Tyrell._ _Tyr_, a prince; _el_, an ending denoting a person. A princely +person. + +_Tyson._ _Tye_, Tye; _sun_, son. Son of Tye. + + +U. + +_Ulm._ _Ulm_, an elm. + +_Ulman._ _Ulm_, an elm; _man_, a man. An elm-man; a propagator of the elm. + +_Ulmer._ _Ulm_, an elm; _ere_, an agent. A cultivator of the elm. + +_Ulric._ _Ulph-ríc_, from _ulph_, help, aid, assistance, and _ríc_, rich, +powerful. Rich, or powerful in help. Ulrick, a cognate term. + +_Umstead._ _Hulme_, for _holm_, the deep sea, abyss, ocean, water, and +_stede_, a place. Ocean-place. Umsted, an analogous name. + +_Underdown._ _Under_, under; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. An under hill. + +_Underhill._ _Under_, under; _hyll_, a hill. An under hill. + +_Underwood._ _Under_, under; _wud_, wood. Under-wood; undergrowth. + +_Unger._ _Ungr_, hunger. + +_Ungerer._ _Ungr_, hunger; _ere_, an agent. A hungry person. + +_Upham._ _Upp_, high, lofty; _hám_, a house. A lofty home. + +_Upmann._ _Upp_, high; _mann_, a man. A man high in position; a man of +rank; a superior. + +_Upp._ _Upp_, high, lofty. + +_Upright._ _Up-riht_, upright, erect. + +_Upson._ _Up_, Upp; _sun_, son. Son of Upp. + +_Upton._ _Upp_, high, lofty; _tún_, a town. A lofty town. + +_Ustick._ _Ust_, a tempest; _ig_, an adjective termination. Tempestuous; +stormy. + +_Uth._ _Udh_, pronounced _uth_, termination of the feminine noun +_geogudh_, youth. + +_Uting._ _Ut_, Utt; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Utt. + +_Utt._ _Ut_, out, without, abroad. + +_Uttley._ _Utt_, Utt; _líc_, like. Resembling Utt. + + +W. + +_Wade._ _Wád_, a ford. + +_Wadsworth._ _Wádes_, genitive of _wád_, a ford; _weordh_, value, price. +Valuable ford. + +_Waer._ _Wǽr_, an enclosure, a fishpond, a wear, a wave. + +_Waesch._ _Wæsc_, a washing. + +_Wagel._ _Wægel_, a gill, a little vessel. + +_Wagener._ _Wǽgen-ere_, a wagoner, driver of a car. Waggener, Wagner, +Wagoner, kindred terms. + +_Wager._ _Wǽg_, a wey, weigh, weight; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. + +_Wagstaff._ _Wǽg_, a balance; _stæf_, a staff, stick, pole. A +balance-pole. + +_Wainwright._ _Wǽn-wyrhta_, a wheelwright. + +_Wake._ _Wæcce_, wake, watch, vigil. A watching. + +_Wakefield._ _Wæcan_, to awake, arise, to be born; past participle +_wacen_, awakened; _feld_, a field. An awakened field. + +_Wakeley._ _Wǽc-líc_, from _wǽc_, weak, and _líc_, like. Weak-like; +weakly. Wakelee, of similar derivation. + +_Wakeling._ _Wǽc_, weak; _ling_, implying the condition of a person. A +weakling; a feeble creature. + +_Walborn._ _Wæl_, or _wal_, slaughter, carnage, death; _born_, born. +Dead-born; stillborn. + +_Walce._ _Walc_, a veil. + +_Walch._ _Walch_, a foreigner, a stranger, a servant, a slave. + +_Walcher._ _Walch_, a foreigner, a stranger; _ere_, an agent. A foreigner. + +_Wald._ _Wald_, a forest, wood, grove, weald, wild, wold. Walde, of like +import. + +_Waldeck._ _Wald_, a wood; _ig_, implying an adjective. Woody. + +_Walden._ _Wald_, wood; _en_, an adjective termination. Woody. + +_Walder._ _Wald_, a forest; _ere_, an agent. A forester. + +_Walderford._ _Walda_, a ruler; _ford_, a ford. The ruler’s ford. + +_Walderly._ _Walda-líc_, from _walda_, a ruler, and _líc_, like. +Resembling a ruler. + +_Waldie._ _Wald_, a wood; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Woody. + +_Waldis._ _Wald_, a wood; _isc_, like. Wood-like. + +_Waldman._ _Wald_, a wood; _man_, a man. A woodman. Waldmann, a kindred +name. + +_Waldner._ _Wald_, a wood, a forest; _nere_, a refuge. Wood-refuge. + +_Waldron._ _Wald_, a wood; _rond_, a border. A wood-border. + +_Walds._ _Wald_, Wald; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wald. + +_Waley._ _Wæl_, a well; _ig_, implying an adjective. Well-like. + +_Walfish._ _Wæl_, a well; _fisc_, a fish. A well-fish. + +_Walford._ _Wáll_, a rampart; _ford_, a ford. A rampart-ford; a moat. + +_Walk._ _Weolc_, imperfect of _wealcan_, to roll, turn, tumble, revolve, +turn up and down. Rolled; tumbled; revolved; turned up and down. + +_Walker._ _Weolc_, rolled, revolved, turned up and down; _ere_, an agent. +One who turned up and down; a walker. + +_Walkley._ _Walk_, Walk; _líc_, like. Resembling Walk. + +_Wall._ _Weall_, or _wáll_, a wall, a rampart. + +_Wallace._ _Wáll_, a rampart, a bulwark; _lǽce_, a surgeon. The surgeon +of a rampart. Wallack, Wallick, of like derivation. + +_Wallen._ _Wáll_, a wall; _en_, a termination denoting an adjective. +Wall-like. + +_Waller._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ere_, an agent. A waller; a mason. + +_Wallers._ _Waller_, Waller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Waller. + +_Walley._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Wall-like. + +_Wallgren._ _Wáll_, a wall; _gréne_, green. Wall-green. + +_Wallin._ _Wáll_, a wall; _in_, an inn, a dwelling. A walled dwelling. + +_Walling._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Wall. + +_Wallington._ _Walling_, Walling; _tún_, house. Home of Walling. + +_Wallis._ _Weallisc_, foreign, Welsh. + +_Walliser._ _Weallisc_, Welsh; _ere_, an agent. A Welshman. + +_Walls._ _Wall_, Wall; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wall. + +_Wallum._ _Wáll_, a wall; _um_ for _hám_, a house, a dwelling. A walled +house. + +_Walmsley._ _Wælmes_, genitive of _wælm_, heat, anger; _líc_, form, +likeness. Form of anger; resembling heat. + +_Wain._ _Wǽn_, a wain, wagon, carriage. + +_Walnut._ _Wáll_, a wall; _hnut_, a nut. A walled nut. + +_Walraun._ _Wáll_, a wall; _hræfen_, a raven. A wall-raven. + +_Walsh._ _Weallisc_, Welsh. Welch, Welsh, Welsch, from the same radix. + +_Walstead._ _Wáll_, a wall; _stede_, a place. A walled, or fortified +place. + +_Walstrum._ _Wáll_, a wall, a rampart; _streom_, a stream. A walled +stream; an aqueduct. + +_Walt._ _Wald_, a wood, a forest. + +_Walter._ _Wald_, a forest; _ere_, an agent. A forester. Walther, +doubtless, a kindred name. + +_Walters._ _Walter_, Walter; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Walter. + +_Waltman._ _Wald_, a wood; _man_, a man. A woodman; a hunter. + +_Waltoe._ _Wál_, a wall; _tǽ_, a toe. A wall-toe; the toe used in +scaling a rampart. + +_Waltun._ _Wál_, a wall; _tún_, a dwelling. A walled dwelling. + +_Waltram._ _Wald_, a wood; _ram_, a ram. A wooden ram; a battering-ram. + +_Walwork._ _Wáll-geweorc_, from _wáll_, a wall, and _geweorc_, work. +Wall-work. + +_Wamalong._ _Woma_, a sound; _long_, long. A continued sound. + +_Wambold._ _Wam_, crime; _bóld_, audacious. An audacious crime. + +_Wampole._ _Wam_, a stain; _pol_, a pole. A stained pole; a bludgeon. + +_Wanamaker._ _Wana_, deficient, lacking, imperfect; _macian_, to make; +_ere_, an agent. An unskilled mechanic. + +_Wandall._ _Wan_, deficient, wanting, void; _dál_, a valley. An empty +valley. Wandell, of like significance. + +_Wanner._ _Wann_, pale, livid, dusky, dark; _ere_, an agent. A wan person. + +_Warbrick._ _Wár_, caution; _bric_, a bridge. A caution-bridge. + +_Warburton._ _Wǽr-borh_, a pledge for the payment of the were or fine +for slaying a man; _tún_, a town. A town’s pledge for the payment of the +were or fine for slaying a man. + +_Ward._ _Weard_, a warden, ward-keeper, guardian, watchman. + +_Warder._ _Weard_, watch, vigilance; _ere_, denoting an agent. A watchman. + +_Wardin._ _Weardin_, a watch-tower. + +_Wardle._ _Weard_, a guard, guardianship, watch; _le_ for _el_, implying +a person. A watchman. + +_Wardrop._ _Weard_, a warden; _rop_, broth, pottage. A warden’s pottage. + +_Ware._ _Ware_, a harbor, a haven. Or, from _wǽr_, an enclosure. + +_Wareham._ _Wǽr-hám_, from _wǽr_, an enclosure, and _hám_, a house, a +dwelling. A fortified dwelling. Waream, an abbreviated form of the same. + +_Warfield._ _Wær_, war; _feld_, a field, a plain. A battlefield. + +_Warford._ _Wǽr_, an enclosed place; _ford_, a ford. An enclosed ford. + +_Waring._ _Ware_, Ware; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Ware. Or, from +_wǽring_, a wall. + +_Wark._ _Wærc_, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain, grief, anguish. + +_Warley._ _Wær_, war; _líc_, like. Warlike. + +_Warman._ _Wær_, war; _man_, a man. A warrior. + +_Warmuth._ _Wær_, war; _múdh_, mouth. War-mouth; declaration of war. + +_Warne._ _Wearn_, a keeping off, obstacle, resistance, refusal, denial. + +_Warner._ _Warnian_, to warn; _ere_, an agent. One who gives warning. + +_Warnig._ _Wearn_, obstacle, resistance; _ig_, denoting an adjective. +Opposing; resistful. Warnick, Warnecke, Warnock, kindred terms. + +_Warr._ _Wearr_, a knot, a wart. + +_Warrick._ _Wearr-ig_, or _wearr-iht_, knotty, rough. + +_Warris._ _Wearr_, a knot, a wart; _isc_, implying like. Knot-like; hard; +rough. + +_Warth._ _Warodh_, a shore, a weed on the shore. + +_Warthman._ _Warodh_, a shore; _man_, a man. A shore-man; a land-man. + +_Wartman._ _Weart_, a wart; _man_, a man. A warty man. + +_Warwick._ _Wǽring-wic_, from _wǽring_, a bulwark, and _wic_, a +dwelling. A fortified dwelling. + +_Wasch._ _Wæsc_, a washing. + +_Wasrott._ _Wæs_, water; _rot_, a mastiff. A water-mastiff. + +_Washam._ _Wæsc_, a washing; _hám_, a house. A wash-house; a laundry. + +_Washburne._ _Wæsc_, a washing; _burne_, a stream, brook, river, well. A +washing stream. Washburn, from the same root. + +_Washington._ _Wæsc-ing_, a washing; _tún_, a house. A washing house. + +_Waste._ _Wæsten_, or _wéste_, a desert. + +_Water._ _Wæter_, water. + +_Waterall._ _Wæter_, water; _all_, all. All-water; a deluge. + +_Waterbury._ _Wæter_, water; _byrig_, a city. A watery city; a +watering-place. + +_Waterfield._ _Wæter_, water; _feld_, a plain. A watery field; a meadow. + +_Waterford._ _Wæter_, water; _ford_, a ford. A watery ford; a ford that +is not dry. + +_Waterhouse._ _Wæter_, water; _hús_, a house. A spring-house. + +_Waterman._ _Wæter_, water; _man_, a man. A water-man; a boatman. + +_Waters._ _Water_, Water; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Water. Watters, a +cognate term. + +_Waterson._ _Water_, Water; _sun_, son. Son of Water. Watterson, of like +derivation. + +_Watford._ _Wæt_, wet, moist; _ford_, a ford. A wet ford; a water-ford. + +_Watkin._ _Wæt_, water, liquor, drink; _cyn_, akin. Akin to water. + +_Watkins._ _Watkin_, Watkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Watkin. + +_Watkinson._ _Watkin_, Watkin; _sun_, son. Son of Watkin. + +_Watt._ _Wæt_, wet, moisture, drink, liquor, water. + +_Wattis._ _Wæt_, water; _isc_, like. Water-like. + +_Watton._ _Watt_, Watt; _tún_, house. House of Watt. + +_Watts._ _Watt_, Watt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Watt. + +_Wattson._ _Watt_, Watt; _sun_, son. Son of Watt. Watson, a slightly +abbreviated form of the name. + +_Wax._ _Weax_, or _wæx_, wax. + +_Waxler._ _Weax_, wax; _lǽr_, doctrine. Wax-knowledge. + +_Way._ _Wæg_, or _weg_, a way, passage, road. + +_Wayland._ _Wæg_, a road; _land_, land, ground. Road-land; a highway. + +_Waylen._ _Wæg_, a road; _lén_, a loan. Loan, or leased road. + +_Wayman._ _Wæg_, road; _man_, a man. A road-man; a wayfarer; a traveler. + +_Wayne._ _Wǽn_, a wain, wagon, carriage. + +_Waysz._ _Ways_, from _Way_, Way, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Way. + +_Weaber._ _Wæbb_, a web; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, makes a +web; a weaver. + +_Weadley._ _Wǽd_, a garment, apparel, weeds; _líc_, form. Form of weeds; +garment-like. + +_Weagle._ _Wægel_, a gill, a little vessel. + +_Weak._ _Wǽc_, weak. + +_Weakley._ _Wǽc-líc_, from _wǽc_, weak, and _líc_, like. Weakly; +foolishly; vilely. + +_Weaks._ _Weak_, Weak; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Weak. + +_Weand._ _Wænd_, or _wend_, a turn, a change. + +_Wear._ _Wear_, a knot, a wart. Weare, of similar derivation. + +_Wears._ _Wear_, Wear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wear. + +_Weart._ _Weart_, a wart. + +_Weaser_. _Wæs_, water; _ere_, an agent. A waterer. + +_Weatherby._ _Wæder_, or _weder_, weather, storm, tempest; _bý_, a +habitation, a dwelling. A signal dwelling; a weather-house. + +_Weatherhead._ _Wæder_, storm; _heáfd_, a head. Storm-head. + +_Weatherley._ _Wæder_, weather, storm; _líc_, like. Weather-like; +storm-like. Wetherly, of like meaning. + +_Weaver._ _Wæfre_, or _wyfre_, a weaver. + +_Webb._ _Webb_, a web, cloth, tapestry. + +_Webber._ _Webb-ere_, from _webb_, a web, and _ere_ an agent. A weaver. + +_Weber._ _Web_, a web, cloth, tapestry; _ere_, an agent. A weaver. +Weeber, of similar import. + +_Webster._ _Web_, a web, cloth; _ster_ from _steóre_, direction, a +noun-ending denoting direction, guidance. Web-direction. + +_Wecker._ _Wæccer_, watchful, lively. + +_Weckerly._ _Wæccer-líc_, from _wæccer_, watchful, and _líc_, like. +Watchful-like; watchfully. Weckerley, a kindred term. + +_Weddell._ _Wed_, a pledge, a promise; _dál_, a dale. A promised dale. +Wedell, from the same roots. + +_Weder._ _Weder_, weather, the air, firmament, storm, tempest. Or, from +_weder_, a wether. + +_Wedge._ _Wecg_, a wedge. + +_Wedig._ _Weód_, a weed; _ig_, an adjective termination. Weedy. + +_Wedinger._ _Weódung_, a weeding; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that +which, weeds; a weeder. + +_Wedlock._ _Wed-lác_, from _wed_, a pledge, and _lác_, a gift. A +pledge-gift. + +_Wedman._ _Wed_, a pledge; _man_, a man. A pledge-man; a married man. +Wedmann, of like meaning. + +_Weed._ _Weód_, herb, grass, pasture, a weed. + +_Weeden._ _Weód-ian_, to weed; _weód-en_, perfect participle. Weeded; rid +of weeds. + +_Weeder._ _Weód-ere._ A weeder. + +_Weedstram._ _Weód_, a weed; _streám_, a stream, a river. A weedy stream. + +_Weekes._ _Weoces_, genitive of _weoc_, a week. Weeks, a kindred term. + +_Weckley._ _Weoc_, a week; _líc_, like. Week-like; weekly. Weekly, of +similar derivation. + +_Weer._ _Wér_, a fine for slaying a man, the price or value of a man’s +life. Every man was valued at a certain sum, which was called his _wér_, +and whoever took his life was required to pay this _wér_ to the family +or relatives of the deceased. Perhaps the name is derived from _wér_, an +enclosure. + +_Weest._ _Weast_, _wæst_, or _west_, west. + +_Weger._ _Weg_, a wey, a weight; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. + +_Wegman._ _Weg_, a wey, a weight; _man_, a man. A weigher. + +_Weightman._ _Wiht_, weight; _man_, a man. A weigher. + +_Welbank._ _Well_, a well, a fountain; _banc_, a bench, bank, hillock. A +well-bank. Wellbank, a kindred name. + +_Welchman._ _Weallisc_, Welsh; _man_, a man. A Welshman. + +_Welcher._ _Wealcere_, a fuller, a walker. Welker, of similar derivation. + +_Welcom._ _Wél-cuma_, a pleasure-comer, one received with gladness, a +beloved guest. + +_Welle._ _Well_, a well, a fountain. + +_Weller._ _Wellere_, a hollow, a bosom. + +_Wellers._ _Weller_, Weller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Weller. + +_Welles._ _Welle_, Welle; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Welle. Wells, Welz, +from the same roots. + +_Welling._ _Well_, Welle; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Welle. + +_Wellington._ _Welling_, Welling; _tún_, house. Home of Welling. + +_Wellwood._ _Well_, rich, flourishing; _wud_, wood. A flourishing wood. + +_Welman._ _Wel_, rich, wealthy; _man_, a man. A wealthy man. + +_Welmesley._ _Welmes_, genitive of _welm_, heat, fire; _líc_, form. Form +of heat; fire-like. + +_Welstead._ _Wel_, a well; _stæde_, a place, a station. A well-place. + +_Welton._ _Wel_, rich, flourishing; _tún_, a city. A flourishing city. + +_Wemmer._ _Wemere_, a harlot. + +_Wenban._ _Wen_, a wen, a tower; _bán_, a bone. A wen-bone. + +_Wence._ _Wencle_, a maid, a daughter. Wence, Wenk, of similar derivation. + +_Wendel._ _Wend_, a turn, change; _el_, implying a person. One who turns, +or changes; a fickle person. Wendell, Wendle, from the same roots. + +_Wendling._ _Wend_, a turn, a change; _ling_, a termination denoting the +state of a person. Turning; changing. + +_Wenner._ _Wenn_, a wen; _ere_, an agent. A wen-doctor. + +_Wenger._ _Wengere_, a pillow, a bolster. + +_Wenhold._ _Wen_, pleasure; _hold_, friendship. A pleasure-friendship. + +_Wenrich._ _Wen_, joy, pleasure; _ríce_, power, dominion. +Pleasure-dominion. + +_Wensel._ _Wen_, pleasure; _sel_, palace, hall. Pleasure-hall. + +_Wensler._ _Wenes_, genitive of _wen_, pleasure; _lár_, doctrine. +Pleasure-knowledge. + +_Wensley._ _Wenes_, genitive of _wen_, pleasure; _líc_, form. Form of +pleasure; joy-like. + +_Wentling._ _Wente_, the Gwents, or Welsh; _ling_, a termination denoting +the state or condition of a person. Welsh-state. + +_Wentworth._ _Wente_, the Gwents, or Welsh; _weordh_, dignity. Welsh +dignity. + +_Werfel._ _Wer_, a man; _fel_, skin. Man’s skin. + +_Wermouth._ _Wer_, a man; _múdh_, the mouth. Mouth of man. + +_Werner._ _Wernan_, to warn; _ere_, an agent. One who warns; a warner. + +_Wernley._ _Wern_, a squirrel; _líc_, like. Squirrel-like. + +_Werson._ _Wer_, a man; _sun_, son. Son of man. + +_Werst._ _Werst_, worst. + +_Wert._ _Wert_, wort, an herb, plant. + +_Wertman._ _Wert_, an herb; _man_, a man. An herb-man. + +_Wertz._ _Werts_, from _Wert_, Wert, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wert. + +_Wesley._ _Wes_, the west; _líc_, like. Resembling the west; westernly. + +_Weslyn._ _Wesline_, a rough coat. + +_Wesson._ _Wes_, the west; _sun_, son. A western son. + +_West._ _West_, the west. Weste, of like meaning. + +_Westscott._ _West_, the west; _scot_, payment. The western payment. + +_Westall._ _West_, the west; _all_, all, whole. Wholly west. + +_Westbrook._ _West_, the west; _bróc_, a brook. A western brook. + +_Westcott._ _West_, the west; _cóte_, a cottage. A western cottage. +Westcote, of like derivation. + +_Wester._ _West_, the west; _ere_, an agent. A western man. Or, from +_wéste_, a desert, and _ere_, an agent. A man of the desert. + +_Westerman._ _Western_, a desert place; _man_, a man. A desert-man. + +_Westholt._ _West_, the west; _holt_, a forest. A western forest. + +_Westing._ _West_, west; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of West. + +_Westly._ _West_, west; _líc_, like. West-like; westernly. + +_Westney._ _Westan-ig_, from _westan_, west, and _ig_, an island. Western +island. + +_Weston._ _West_, the west; _tún_, a town. A western town. + +_Westwood._ _Westan-wudu_, from _westan_, western, and _wudu_, wood. +Western wood. + +_Weter._ _Weter_, water. + +_Wetherald._ _Wedher_, a wether, a ram; _ald_, old. An old wether; an old +ram. + +_Wetherbee._ _Wedher_, weather; _beo_, a bee. A weather-bee. Weatherbee, +a kindred name. + +_Wetherell._ _Wedher_, weather; _ell_, all. All weather; weather for all. +Wetherill, doubtless, from the same roots. + +_Wetherhold._ _Wedher_, weather; _hold_, pleasant. Agreeable weather. + +_Wetmer._ _Wet_, wet; _mere_, a sea. A wet sea. + +_Wetmore._ _Wet-mór_, from _wet_, wet, and _mór_, a moor. A wet moor. + +_Wetstone._ _Wet_, wet; _stæn_ a stone. A wet stone. + +_Wetton._ _Wet_, wet; _tún_, a town. A wet town. + +_Wheat._ _Hwǽte_, wheat. + +_Wheatcroft._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _croft_, a small field. A wheat field. + +_Wheatland._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _land_, land. Wheat land. + +_Wheatley._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _líc_, like. Resembling wheat. + +_Wheaton._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _tún_, farm. A wheat farm. + +_Wheeler._ _Hweohl_, or _hweol_, a wheel, circle, the world; _ere_, an +agent. A wheeler. Or, from _hweolere_, a diviner. + +_Wheelock._ _Hweohl_, a wheel; _loc_, a lock. A wheel-lock. + +_Whelan._ _Hwélan_, to become foul, to putrefy. + +_Whelen._ _Hwélen_, a participle derived from _hwélan_, to become foul. +Made foul. + +_Whetham._ _Hwet_, wet; _hám_, house. Wet house; water-house. Whithem, +Whittem, other forms of spelling. + +_Whetstone._ _Hwet-stán_, from _hwet_, sharpening, and _stán_, stone. +Whetstone. + +_Whipp._ _Hweop_, a whip. + +_Whipper._ _Hweop_, a whip; _ere_, an agent. One who whips; a whipper. + +_Whippey._ _Hweop_, a whip; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whip-like. + +_Whipple._ _Hweop_, a whip; _el_, a termination expressive of an +inanimate object. A whip-like bar. + +_Whistler._ _Hwistlere_, a whistler, a piper. Whisler, an abbreviated +form of the name. + +_Whitaker._ _Hwít_, white; _æcer_, a field. A white field. Whitecar, +Whittaker, of like import. + +_Whitall._ _Hwítel_, a white mantle; a priest’s cope. Whital, Whittle, +cognate terms. + +_Whitby._ _Hwít_, white; _bý_, a habitation. A white habitation. + +_Whitcomb._ _Hwít_, white; _comb_, a valley. A white valley. + +_White._ _Hwíte_, white. Whyte, from the same root. + +_Whitechurch._ _Hwíte-cirice_, from _hwít_, white, and _cirice_, a +church. A white church. + +_Whitecraft._ _Hwíte_, white; _cræft_, trade, occupation. A white trade. + +_Whitefield._ _Hwíte_, white; _feld_, a field. A white field. Whitfield, +of similar meaning. + +_Whiteford._ _Hwíte_, white; _ford_, a ford. A white ford. + +_Whitehead._ _Hwíte_, white; _heáfod_, a head. A white head. + +_Whitehill._ _Hwíte_, white; _hyll_, a hill. A white hill. + +_Whitehouse._ _Hwíte_, white; _hús_, a house. A white house. + +_Whiteley._ _Hwíte_, white; _líc_, like. Resembling white. Whitely, +Whitley, of like derivation. + +_Whiteline._ _Hwíte_, white; _lín_, flax. White flax. Or, from _hwíte_, +white, and Latin _linea_, a line: hence, a white line. + +_Whiteling._ _Hwíte_, white; _ling_, a termination denoting state of a +person. Whiteness. Whitling, a kindred term. + +_Whitelock._ _Hwíte_, white; _locc_, a lock, hair. White hair. Whitlock, +from the same roots. + +_Whiteman._ _Hwíte_, white; _man_, a man. A white man. Whitman, kindred +name. + +_Whitenack._ _Hwíte_, white; _naca_, a skiff. A white skiff. + +_Whitesell._ _Hwíte_, white; _sel_, a hall. A white hall. Whitzell, of +similar import. + +_Whiteside._ _Hwíte_, white; _síde_, a side. A white side. + +_Whitesides._ _Whiteside_, Whiteside; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of +Whiteside. + +_Whiting._ _White_, White; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of White. + +_Whitmore._ _Hwít_, white; _mór_, a moor. A white moor. + +_Whitnall._ _Hwíten_,—participle from _hwítian_, to whiten,—made white or +whitened; _all_, all. All whitened. + +_Whitney._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whitish; +somewhat white. + +_Whitnight._ _Hwít_, white; _niht_, night. A white night; a moonlit night. + +_Whiton._ _Hwít_, white; _tún_, a farm. A white farm. + +_Whitson._ _Hwít_, white; _sun_, son. A white son; a pale son. + +_Whitten._ _Hwíten_, from _hwítian_, to whiten. Whitened. + +_Whittenberg._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _beorg_, a hill. A whitened hill. + +_Whittendale._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _dál_, a valley. A whitened valley. + +_Whittig._ _Hwít_, white; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whitish. +Whittick, Whitty, of like derivation. + +_Whittingham._ _Whitting_, Whiting; _hám_, house. Home of Whiting. + +_Whittington._ _Whitting_, Whiting; _tún_, house. House of Whiting. + +_Whitworth._ _Hwít_, white; _weordh_, honor, dignity. White, or unsullied +honor. + +_Whorf._ _Hwearf_, a wharf, a shore. + +_Why._ _Hwy_, why, wherefore, indeed. + +_Whyard._ _Hwy_, why; _ard_, indicating an ensign. One who asks for +reasons; a questioner. + +_Wiard._ _Wí_, an idol; _ard_, indicative of an ensign. An idolater. + +_Wibberley._ _Wibba_, a worm; _líc_, like. Worm-like. + +_Wíble._ _Wibil_, a weasel, a beetle. + +_Wicemann._ _Wic_, a castle; _mann_, a man. Man of the castle. Wichmann, +of similar derivation. + +_Wichelmann._ _Wicelian_, to stagger, to reel; _mann_, a man. A +staggering man. + +_Wick._ _Wic_, a dwelling-place, mansion, village, street, convent, camp, +castle, fortress. + +_Wickel._ _Wicele_, present indicative first person of _wicelian_, to +stagger, to reel. + +_Wickersham._ _Wic_, a camp; _ere_, an agent; _wiceres_, genitive of +_wicere_, a soldier; _hám_, a house. A soldier’s home. + +_Wicks._ _Wick_, Wick; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wick. Wickes, from the +same roots. + +_Wickfield._ _Wic_, a camp; _feld_, a field, a plain. A camp-field; a +tented plain. + +_Wickham._ _Wic_, a camp; _hám_, home. A camp-home. + +_Wickman._ _Wic_, a camp; _man_, a man. A camp-man; a soldier. + +_Widdall._ _Wíd_, grass; _dál_, a valley. A grass-valley. + +_Widdifield._ _Wídisc_, grassy; _feld_, a field, a plain. A grassy plain. + +_Widdis._ _Wíd_, grass; _ísc_, an adjective termination denoting like. +Grassy. + +_Widdows._ _Widewe_, a widow; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a widow. +Widdoes, a cognate term. + +_Wideman._ _Wíd_, wide, broad, famous; _man_, a man. A broad man; a +famous man. Widemann, Widman, Widmann, of like import. + +_Widemer._ _Wíd-mǽre_, from _wíd_, far, and _mǽre_, famed. Far-famed. +Widmer, from the same roots. + +_Widener._ _Wíd_, grass; _nere_, a refuge. A grass-refuge. Widner, a +cognate term. + +_Widger._ _Wicg_, a horse, a steed; _ere_, an agent. A horseman; a +warrior. + +_Widley._ _Wíd_, wide; _líc_, like. Widely. + +_Wiese._ _Wiese_, wise, prudent. + +_Wigand._ _Wigend_, a warrior, a soldier. + +_Wiggan._ _Wiggan_, to carry on war, to fight, to contend. + +_Wiggins._ _Wiggin_, Wiggan; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wiggan. + +_Wigham._ _Wig_, war; _hám_, a house. A war-house; castle; tower; +fortress. + +_Wight._ _Wiht_, a creature, wight, animal. + +_Wightman._ _Wiht-man_, from _Wiht_, the Isle of Wight, and _man_, a man. +A man of the Isle of Wight. + +_Wigley._ _Wig-líc_, from _wig_, war, and _líc_, like. Warlike. + +_Wigman._ _Wig-mann_, from _wig_, war, and _mann_, a man. A warlike man; +a warrior; a soldier. + +_Wigmore._ _Wig_, battle; _mór_, a moor. A battle-moor. + +_Wigo._ _Wiga_, a soldier, a warrior. + +_Wigton._ _Wig_, a battle; _tún_, town. A battle-town. + +_Wike._ _Wic_, a dwelling-place, mansion. + +_Wilbank._ _Wil_, a prefix denoting pleasant; _banc_, a bank. A pleasant +bank. + +_Wilbraham._ _Wilbra_, Wilbur; _hám_, house. House of Wilbur. + +_Wilbur._ _Wil_, pleasant; _búr_, a bower. A pleasant bower. Wilber, from +the same roots. + +_Wilby._ _Wil_, pleasant; _bý_, dwelling. A pleasant dwelling. + +_Wilcock._ _Wil_, good, well; _cocc_, a cock. A well-bred cock. + +_Wilcocks._ _Wilcock_, Wilcock; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilcock. +Wilcox, a kindred term. + +_Wild._ _Wíld_, following its own will and impulse, wild, powerful. +Wilde, of similar meaning. + +_Wildermore._ _Wíld_, wild; _mór_, a moor. A wild moor; an uncultivated +moor. + +_Wilder._ _Wíld_, wild; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is wild. + +_Wildes._ _Wild_, Wild; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilde. Wilds, of like +derivation. + +_Wildey._ _Wíld-ig_, from _wíld_, wild; _ig_, an adjective termination. +Wild-like; wildly. Willdey, from the same roots. + +_Wilding._ _Wíld_, wild; _ing_, expressing action. Growing wild. + +_Wildman._ _Wíld_, wild; _man_, a man. A wild man. An uncivilized man. + +_Wile._ _Wíle_, a wile, craftiness. + +_Wileman._ _Wíle_, a wile, craftiness. A wily man; a crafty man. + +_Wilen._ _Wilen_, or _wilhen_, a maid, a foreign woman, a female slave. + +_Wiler._ _Wíle_, a wile; _ere_, an agent. A trickster. + +_Wiles._ _Wile_, Wile; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wile. + +_Wiley._ _Wíle_, wile; _ig_, an adjective termination. Wily; tricky; +crafty. Wilie, from the same roots. + +_Wilfong._ _Wil_, well; _fong_, received. Well-received. + +_Wilfonger._ _Wil_, well; _fong_, received; _ere_, an agent. One who is +well received. + +_Wilford._ _Wil_, pleasant; _ford_, a ford. A pleasant ford. + +_Wilgus._ _Wiliges_, genitive of _wilig_, a willow. Belonging to a willow. + +_Wilhare._ _Wil_, pleasant; _harra_, a lord. A pleasant lord. Wilher, +from the same roots. + +_Wilhelm._ _Wil_, well, pleasant; _helm_, a crown. An easy crown; a happy +monarch. Or, from _will_, a will, and _helm_, a helmet. A will-helmet; an +undaunted helmet. + +_Wilkening._ _Wil_, pleasant; _cyn_, people; _ing_, offspring. Descendant +of pleasant people. + +_Wilkens._ _Wilken_, pleasant people; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of pleasant +people. Wilkes, Wilks, possibly, contractions of the same name. + +_Wilkinson._ _Wilken_, pleasant people; _sun_, son. Son of pleasant +people. + +_Will._ _Will_, will, mind, disposition, affection, consent. + +_Willahan._ _Will-an_, of one’s will, willingly. Willian, from the same +root. + +_Willand._ _Willende_, willing, wishing. Willang, doubtless, from the +same radix. + +_Willans._ _Willan_, Willahan; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willahan. + +_Willard._ _Wil-laueord_, from _wil_, good, pleasant, and _laueord_, a +lord. A kind lord; a beneficent master. Willauer, Williard, from the same. + +_Willdon._ _Wil-dón_, from _wil_, well, and _dón_, to do. To do well; +well-done. + +_Willeman._ _Wille_, a well; _man_, a man. A well-man; a well-borer. +Williman, Willman, of like import. + +_Willemin._ _Willan_, to will; _mine_, the mind. A willing mind. +Willimen, a kindred term. + +_Willems._ _Willem_, Wilhelm; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilhelm. + +_Willer._ _Willan_, to will, to wish; _ere_, an agent. One who wills, or +wishes; a willer; a wisher. Willar, another form of the name. + +_Willers._ _Willer_, Willer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willer. + +_Willes._ _Wille_, Will; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Will. + +_Willess._ _Will_, a will; _leas_, free from. Free from will. + +_Willet._ _Wil_, a well, a fountain; _lyt_, little. A small fountain. Or, +from _will_, mind, and _lyt_, little. A little mind. Willett, of like +derivation. + +_Willets._ _Willet_, Willet; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willet. Willetts, +Willitts, from the same roots. + +_Willey._ _Will-íce_, contraction of _willendlíce_, from _willende_, +willing, and _líce_, like. Willing-like; willingly. Willi, Willie, +perhaps, corruptions of the name. + +_William._ Old History German for Wilhelm. See Wilhelm. + +_Williams._ _William_, William; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of William. + +_Williamson._ _William_, William; _sun_, son. Son of William. + +_Willig._ _Will_, will; _ig_, an adjective termination. Willing; +desirous; prone. Willey, Willi, and Willie, may be derived from the same +roots. See Willey. + +_Willimeit._ _Willa_, will; _miht_, might, power. Will-power. + +_Willing._ _Will_, will; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Will. + +_Willinger._ _Willing_, willing; _ere_, an agent. A servant of Willing. + +_Willingmyre._ _Willing_, from _willende_, willing; _myre_, a mare. A +willing mare; a ready mare. Willingmeyer, from the same roots. + +_Willings._ _Willing_, Willing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willing. + +_Willis._ _Willíce_, willingly. + +_Willman._ _Will_, a will; _man_, a man. A will-man; a man of will; a +resolute man. Willeman, Williman, may be traced to the same roots. See +Willeman. + +_Willmanns._ _Willmann_, Willman; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willman. + +_Willmarth._ _Will_, mind; _mǽrdh_, wonders. Mind-wonders. Wilmarth, a +kindred name. + +_Willmunder._ _Will_, mind; _mundian_, to protect; _ere_, an agent. A +mind-protector; an instructor; a teacher; a physician. + +_Willoughby._ _Wilige_, what is made of willow, a basket; _bý_, a +habitation. A house where baskets are made; a basket-factory. + +_Willow._ _Wilig_, or _wileg_, a willow. + +_Wills._ _Will_, Will; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Will. + +_Willsey._ _Willes_, Will’s; _ig_, an island. Will’s island. Wilsey, from +the same roots. + +_Willson._ _Will_, Will; _sun_, son. Son of Will. Wilson, from the same +roots. + +_Wilmer._ _Wil_, well; _mǽre_, famed. Well-famed; distinguished; +illustrious. + +_Wilmerton._ _Wilmer_, Wilmer; _tún_, house. Home of Wilmer. + +_Wilmoore._ _Wil_, pleasant; _mór_, a moor. A pleasant moor. Wilmore, +from the same roots. + +_Wilmot._ _Wil_, pleasant; _mót_, an assembly. An agreeable assembly. +Wilmott, a kindred term. + +_Wilsher._ _Wilsc_, Welsh; _ere_, an agent. A Welshman. + +_Wilsky._ _Wilsc-ig_, from _Wilsc_, Welsh, and _ig_, an adjective +termination. Welsh. + +_Willsleger._ _Willes_, genitive of _will_, mind, affection; _leger_, +disease, couch. Disease of the mind; couch of affection. + +_Wilsman._ _Willes_, genitive of _will_, mind; _man_, a man. A man of +mind. + +_Wilstach._ _Wil_, a well; _stác_, a pole. A well-pole. + +_Wilt._ _Wilt_, from _willan_, to will, to wish. Wilt; willest; wishest. + +_Wiltbank._ _Wilt_, willest; _banc_, a bank. A bank thou willest, or +wishest; a wished-for bank. + +_Wilten._ _Wiltún_, contraction of _Willy-tún_, from _Willy_, the name +of a river, and _tún_, town. Town on the river Willy. Willy is, perhaps, +from _wilie_, a basket, or _wilig_, a willow. + +_Wiltshire._ _Wiltún-scíre_, from _Wil_, Willy, and _tún_, town; _scíre_, +a shire, a district. Wiltonshire; Wilton-district. + +_Winch._ _Wince_, a winch, a reel to wind thread upon. Winsch, from the +same root. + +_Winchell._ _Wincel_, a corner. Winsel, doubtless of like import. + +_Winchester._ _Win-ceaster_, from _wín_, wine; _ceaster_, a castle. A +wine-castle. + +_Wind._ _Windan_, to wind, to bend, to twist, to twine. + +_Winder._ _Winde_, what winds round, a winder, a reel. Or, from _windan_, +to wind, and _ere_, an agent. One who winds; a winder. + +_Windisch._ _Windan_, to wind; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting +external quality of a thing. Winding; flexuous. + +_Windle._ _Wíudel_, dative _wíndle_, anything twined, a basket. + +_Windpipe._ _Wind_, wind; _píp_, a pipe, a flute. A wind-pipe. + +_Windrim._ _Wyn-drím_, or _wyn-dreám_, from _wyn_, joy, and _drím_, or +_dreám_, joy, rejoicing. Great joy, exultation. + +_Windsor._ _Wind_, wind; _sór_, sorrow, grief. Wind-sorrow. Windser, from +the same roots. + +_Wine._ _Wín_, wine. + +_Wineland._ _Wín_, wine; _land_, a region. Wine-region. + +_Winelander._ _Wín_, wine; _land_, a region; _ere_, an agent. A resident +of a wine region. + +_Winfield._ _Wín_, wine; _feld_, a field. A wine-field; a vineyard. + +_Winfree._ _Wín_, wine; _freó_, free. Wine free; abstaining from wine. + +_Wing._ _Winge_, a wing. + +_Wingart._ _Wín-geard_, from _wín_, wine, and _geard_, a garden. A +wine-garden; a vineyard. Wingert, a kindred name. + +_Wingate._ _Wín_, wine; _geát_, a gate, a door, an opening. A wine-gate; +an opening to a wine-cellar. + +_Winig._ _Wín_, wine; _ig_, an adjective termination. Wine-like; vinous. + +_Wink._ _Wincian_, to bend one’s self, to nod, to wink. + +_Winkel._ _Wincle_, a wilk, cockle, shell-fish. + +_Winkelmann._ _Wincle_, a wilk, a cockle; _mann_, a man. A wilk-man; a +cockler. + +_Winkler._ _Wincle_, a wilk, a cockle; _ere_, an agent. A wilk-man; a +cockler. + +_Winkley._ _Wincle_, a cockle; _líc_, like. Resembling a cockle. + +_Winline._ _Winn_, acquisition, possession, winning; Latin _linea_, a +line. Acquisition-line; border-line; winning-line. + +_Winn._ _Winn_, contention, strife, war, trouble, acquisition, +possession, winning. Winne, from the same radix. + +_Winnel._ _Winn_, a contest; _el_, implying a person. A contestant; a +rival; a fighter. + +_Winnemoore._ _Winn-an_, to win, to conquer, to subdue; _mór_, a moor. A +conquered moor. + +_Winner._ _Winna_, a rival, an enemy, a fighter. Or, from _winn_, +contest, war, and _ere_, an agent. A contestant; a warrior. + +_Winners._ _Winner_, Winner; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Winner. + +_Winnett._ _Win_, pleasure; _nett_, a net. A pleasure net. + +_Winnig._ _Winn_, contention, war, labor; _ig_, an adjective ending. +Contentious; warlike; laborious. Winnie, a slightly modified form of the +name. + +_Winning._ _Winn_, Winn; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Winn. + +_Winpenny._ _Winn_, labor, winning; _pening_, a penny. Labor-penny; +win-penny; winning penny. + +_Winrick._ _Win_, winning; _ríce_, power, kingdom. Winning power. + +_Winring._ _Win_, winning; _hring_, a ring. Winning ring. Or, from _win_, +pleasure, and _hring_, a ring. A pleasure-ring; a wedding-ring. + +_Winship._ _Wine-scipe_, from _wine_, a friend, and _scipe_, a +termination denoting form, condition, state, office, dignity. A society +of friends; a fraternity. + +_Winslow._ _Win_, contest; _sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. A slow contest. Or, +from _win_, pleasure, and _sláw_, idle. An idle pleasure. + +_Winsmore._ _Wines_, genitive of _win_, contention; _mór_, a moor. A +contending moor. + +_Winstanley._ _Wine_, a friend; Stanley, Stanley. Stanley’s friend. See +Stanley. + +_Winston._ _Wínes-tún_, from _wínes_, genitive of _wín_, wine, and _tún_, +a house. A house of wine; a wine-house; a tavern. + +_Wint._ _Wint_, from _wintan_, to wind. Winds. + +_Winter._ _Winter_, winter, a year. The Anglo-Saxon, and other northern +nations, reckoned by winters instead of years. + +_Winterbottom._ _Winter_, winter; _botm_, bottom. Winter’s close. + +_Winterbourn._ _Winter_, winter; _burne_, a brook. A winter brook. + +_Winterer._ _Winter_, winter; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, +winters in a certain place. + +_Winterfield._ _Winter_, winter; _feld_, a field, a plain. A wintry field. + +_Winterhall._ _Winter_, winter; _heal_, a palace. Winter-palace. + +_Winterhalter._ _Winter_, winter; _healtian_, to halt; _ere_, an agent. +One who, or that which, halts for the winter; a winter sojourner. + +_Winterholer._ _Winter_, winter; _hole_, a hole; _ere_, an agent. One +who, or that which, seeks winter-quarters in holes. + +_Winternight._ _Winter_, winter; _niht_, night. A winter night. + +_Winters._ _Winter_, Winter; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Winter. + +_Wintersteen._ _Winter_, winter; _stǽn_, or _stén_, stone. A winter +stone. + +_Winther._ _Windh_, from _winnan_, to labor; _ere_, an agent. A laborer. + +_Winton._ _Wín-tún_, from _wín_, wine, and _tún_, a house. A wine-house; +a tavern. + +_Wire._ _Wír_, wire. + +_Wireback._ _Wír_, wire; _bæc_, a back. A wire-back. Wirebach, from the +same roots. + +_Wireman._ _Wír_, wire; _man_, a man. A worker in wire. + +_Wirgman._ _Wirg_, wicked, cursed; _man_, a man. A wicked man. + +_Wirsing._ _Wirs_, worse; _ing_, expressing action. Making worse. + +_Wirth._ _Wirdh_, from _weordhan_, to be made. Is made. + +_Wischan._ _Wiscan_, to wish, to adopt. + +_Wischman._ _Wiscan_, to wish; _man_, a man. A man that wishes; a wisher. +Wischmann, Wishman, from the same roots. + +_Wisdom._ _Wís-dóm_, from _wísa_, a sage, and _dóm_, opinion. Opinion of +a sage; wisdom. + +_Wise._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; a wise man, a hero, a prince. + +_Wisely._ _Wís-líce_, from _wís_, wise, prudent, and _líce_, like. +Wise-like; wisely; prudently. + +_Wiseman._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _man_, a man. A wise man; a prudent man. +Wisman, from the same roots. + +_Wiser._ _Wísa_, a sage, a philosopher, a wise man, a leader, guide, +director. Or, from _wís_, wise, and _ere_, an agent. One who, or that +which, is wise or prudent. + +_Wisham._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _hám_, home. A wise home. + +_Wishart._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _heort_, a termination denoting hearty, +hearted, brave. Wise-hearted. + +_Wisher._ _Wisc-ere_, from _wiscan_, to wish; _ere_, an agent. A wisher. + +_Wisenger._ _Wísung_, making wise, instruction, command, a governing, +regulator; _ere_, an agent. Wisdom-maker; instructor; commander; +governor; regulator. + +_Wisler._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _lár_, doctrine. Wise doctrine. Wissler, +a kindred term. + +_Wismer._ _Wís_, wise; _mǽre_, famed. Wise-famed; famous for wisdom. + +_Wisner._ _Wís_, wise; _nere_, a refuge. A wise refuge. + +_Wisse._ _Wisse_, for _wiste_, past of _witan_, to know, to be conscious. +Knew; was conscious. + +_Wissman._ _Wisse_, knew, was conscious; _man_, a man. A man that knew; a +wise man. + +_Wist._ _Wiste_, past of _witan_, to know. Knew; was conscious. + +_Wister._ _Wiste_, knew; _ere_, an agent. One that knew. Wistar, from the +same root. + +_Wiswell._ _Wís_, wise; _well_, much. Exceedingly wise. + +_Witchel._ _Wicce_, a witch, an enchantress; _el_, a termination denoting +a person. A witch; an enchantress. + +_Witcher._ _Wicce_, a witch, an enchantress. Witscher, of kindred +derivation. + +_Witcraft._ _Wit_, mind, wit, understanding; _cræft_, continuance. +Mind-continuance; invention. + +_Witham._ _Wit_, mind, wit; _hám_, house. Home of wit; the brain. + +_Witheat._ _Wit_, mind; _hát_, heat, fervor. Mind-fervor. + +_Witman._ _Wit_, wit; _man_, a man. A witman; a man of wit. Wittman, of +kindred significance. + +_Witmer._ _Wit_, wit; _mǽre_, famed. Wit-famed. Wittmer, a cognate term. + +_Witsil._ _Wit_, wit; _sel_, best. Best wit. + +_Witt._ _Witt_, wit, mind, understanding. Witte, from the same radix. + +_Wittig._ _Witt-ig_, from _witt_, wit, and _ig_, an adjective +termination. Witty; wise. + +_Wittingham._ _Witting_, Wittig; _hám_, house. Home of Wittig. + +_Wittkamp._ _Witt_, wit; _camp_, a contest. A wit-contest. + +_Wittkorn._ _Witt_, wit; _corn_, a grain. A wit-grain; a grain of wit. + +_Wittland._ _Witt_, wit; _land_, a land. A land of wit. + +_Wittrook._ _Witt_, wit; _róc_, a rook. A witty rook. + +_Witts._ _Witt_, Witt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Witt. + +_Wittwer._ _Witt_, wit; _wer_, a man. A witty man. Witwer, from the same +roots. + +_Woddrop._ _Wod_, a wood; _drop_, a drop, a spot. A wood-spot. + +_Wogan._ _Wógan_, to woo, to marry. + +_Wolbert._ _Wól_, mischief; _beorht_, glistening. Glistening with +mischief. + +_Wolbold._ _Wól_, mischief; _báld_, audacious. Audacious mischief. + +_Wolcott._ _Wól_, disease; _cóte_, a couch, a bed. A diseased couch. + +_Wolf._ _Wulf_, a wolf. Wolfe, Wolff, Woolf, Wulf, Wulff, from the same +root. + +_Wolfel._ _Wulf_, wolf; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A wolfish +person; a ravenous person. + +_Wonder._ _Wunder_, a wonder, a miracle. + +_Wonderly._ _Wunder-líc_, from _wunder_, wonder, and _líc_, like. +Wonder-like; wonderful; wondrous. + +_Wondle._ _Wúnd-el_, a wound. + +_Wonhart._ _Won_, lacking; _heort_, heart. Lacking heart; faint-hearted. + +_Wood._ _Wude_, wood. + +_Woodall._ _Wude_, wood; _eall_, all. Well-wooded. + +_Woodbridge._ _Wude_, wood; _bricg_, a bridge. A wooden bridge. + +_Woodburn._ _Wude_, wood; _burne_, a stream. A wooded stream. + +_Woodbury._ _Wude_, wood; _bury_, from _byrig_, a city, a town. A wooded +town. + +_Woodcock._ _Wude_, wood; _coc_, or _cocc_, a cock, a male fowl, or bird. +A woodcock; a bird that affects wooded places. + +_Woodelton._ _Wudelíc-tún_, from _wudelíc_, woody, wild; _tún_, a farm. A +woody, or wild farm. + +_Wooder._ _Wudere_, a wooden shoe. + +_Woodfall._ _Wude_, a wood; _fealle_, a trap. A wood-trap. + +_Woodhead._ _Wude_, a wood; _heáfd_, head. A wood-head; a wooden head. + +_Woodhouse._ _Wude_, wood; _hús_, a house. A wood-house. + +_Woodhull._ _Wude_, wood; _hul_, a hill. A wooded hill. + +_Woodington._ _Wudiende_, present participle of _wudian_, to cut wood; +_tún_, a farm. A wood-cutting farm. + +_Woodland._ _Wudu-land_, from _wudu_, or _wude_, wood, and _land_, land, +region. A woodland; a wooded region. + +_Woodlands._ _Woodland_, Woodland; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Woodland. + +_Woodley._ _Wudu-líc_, from _wudu_, wood, and _líc_, like. Wood-like; +woody; wild. + +_Woodman._ _Wudu-mann_, from _wudu_, wood, and _mann_, a man. A woodman; +a wood-ward. + +_Woodmansee._ _Wudu-mann-seo_, from _wudu-mann_, a woodman, and _seo_, +the sight of the eye. A woodman’s vision. + +_Woodnutt._ _Wude_, wood; _hnut_, a nut. A wood-nut. + +_Woodring._ _Wude_, wood; _hring_, a girdle. A wood-belt; a belt of woods. + +_Woodrow._ _Wude_, wood; _ræwa_, a row. A wood-row; a line of woods. + +_Woodruff._ _Wude_, wood; _róf_, a roof. Woodroof, Woodroff, Woodroffe, +from the same roots. + +_Woods._ _Wood_, Wood; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wood. + +_Woodside._ _Wude_, wood; _síde_, side. Side of a wood. + +_Woodsides._ _Woodside_, Woodside; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Woodside. + +_Woodson._ _Wood_, Wood; _sun_, son. Son of Wood. Or, from _wude_, wood, +and _sun_, son. Son of the woods. + +_Woodstocker._ _Woodstock_, from _wude_, wood, and _stóc_, a place; +_ere_, an agent. A resident of Woodstock—a woody place. + +_Woodward._ _Wudu-weard_, from _wudu_, wood, and _weard_, a ward, a +guardian. A wood-ward; a woodman. + +_Woodworth._ _Wude_, wood; _weordh_, value. Wood-value. + +_Woody._ _Wudu-líc_, from _wudu_, wood, and _líc_, like. Wood-like; +woody; wild. Or, from _wud_, wood, and _íg_, an adjective termination. +Woody; wild. + +_Wooldridge._ _Wold_, a wood; _hrycg_, a ridge. A wooden ridge. + +_Woolery._ _Wúlle_, wool; _ríce_, a region. A wool-growing region. +Woolrey, from the same roots. + +_Woolford._ _Wúll_, wool; _ford_, a ford. A wool-ford; a place where the +wool-bearers crossed the stream. + +_Wooliscroft._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool, sheep; _croft_, a +croft, a field. A wool-field; a sheep-pasture. + +_Woollard._ _Wúll_, wool; _hlaford_, a lord. A wool-lord; a wool-master. + +_Woollerton._ _Wúll_, wool; _ere_, an agent; _tún_, house. Home of a +wool-grower. + +_Woolley._ _Wúll-íc_ from _wúll_, wool, and _íc_ for _líc_, like. +Wool-like; woolly; hairy. + +_Woolman._ _Wúll_, wool; _man_, a man. A woolman; a dealer in wool. + +_Woolsey._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool, sheep; _íg_, an island. +Isle of wool, or sheep. + +_Woolson._ _Wúll_, wool; _sun_, son. Son of wool; offspring of a sheep. + +_Woolston._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool; _tún_, town. A wool-town. + +_Woolworth._ _Wúll_, wool; _weordh_, value. Wool-value. + +_Wopson._ _Wóp_, a whoop, weeping, cry, bewailing, lamentation; _sun_, +son. A weeping son. + +_Worden._ _Worden_, or _weordhan_, to become, to be, to happen, to come +to pass. + +_Work._ _Weorc_, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain. + +_Workman._ _Weorc_, work, labor; _man_, a man. A workman; a laborer. + +_Worknot._ _Weorc_, work; _not_, for _nota_, office. A work-office. + +_Wormley._ _Worm_, a worm; _líc_, like. Worm-like; spiral. + +_Wormsley._ _Wormes_, genitive of _worm_, a worm; _líc_, form. Form of a +worm; worm-like; spiral. Or, from _worms_, corruption, and _líc_, like. +Corruption-like. + +_Worn._ _Worn_, a number, multitude, body, company, band, troop, crowd, +herd, power, force. Worne, from the same radix. + +_Worrall._ _Worold_, the world. Worrell, Worl, from the same derivation. + +_Worsley._ _Wyers_, worse; _líc_, like. Worse-like. + +_Worst._ _Wærst_, or _wyrst_, worst. + +_Worth._ _Weordh_, worth, value, price, honor, dignity. + +_Worthington._ _Weordh-ung_, honoring, worshipping; _tún_, a house. A +worshipping-house. + +_Worthline._ _Weordh_, wealthy, honorable; _line_, a line. An honorable +line. + +_Wosser._ _Wosa_, a leader. + +_Wotherspoon._ _Wodh-spónere_, from _wodh_, eloquence, song, and +_spónere_, an enticer. Song-enticer. + +_Wrangham._ _Wrang_, wrong; _hám_, house. Wrong home. + +_Wrede._ _Wrǽde_, a latch, buckle, clasp, restraint, control, fastness, +haft, handle. + +_Wren._ _Wrenna_, a wren, a small bird. + +_Wrench._ _Wringe_, an instrument to wring or strain, a press. + +_Wrensley._ _Wrǽnnes_, extravagance, luxury, lust, lechery; _líc_, like. +Extravagantly; luxuriously. + +_Wright._ _Wryhta_, a wright. + +_Wrightley._ _Wryhta_, a wright; _líc_, like. Resembling a wright. + +_Wrightson._ _Wright_, Wright; _sun_, son. Son of Wright. + +_Wrigley._ _Wríge_, covered, hidden; _líc_, like. Covered-like; +hidden-like. + +_Writt._ _Writ_, a writ, scripture, writing, letter. + +_Wroth._ _Wrádh_, wrath, anger. + +_Wulton._ _Wúll_, wool; _tún_, town. A wool town. + +_Wunder._ _Wundr_, or _wundor_, wonder. + +_Wunderly._ _Wundr_, wonder; _líc_, like. Wonder-like. Wunderle, from the +same roots. + +_Wunning._ _Wun-ung_, from _wun-ian_, to won, to dwell, to inhabit. A +woning; a dwelling; a habitation. + +_Wurst._ _Wurst_, worst. Wust, a kindred term. + +_Wurster._ _Wurst_, worst; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is +the worst. Wuster, perhaps, from the same radix. + +_Wurtele._ _Wurt_, a wort, an herb; _el_, implying a person. An herb +collector; an herbalist. + +_Wurts._ _Wurtes_, genitive of _wurt_, a wort, an herb. Belonging to an +herb. Wurtz, another spelling of the name. + +_Wyche._ _Wyc_, a habitation, city, castle, fortress. + +_Wyckoff._ _Wyc_, a dwelling-place, habitation, city, castle, fortress; +_cofa_, a room, a chamber. A castle-chamber. + +_Wylie._ _Wyllíc_, from _wyl_, a well, a fountain, and _líc_, like. Like +a well; as a fountain. + +_Wyman._ _Wí_, an idol; _man_, a man. An idolater. Wymann, of like +derivation. + +_Wynkoop._ _Wyn_, joy, pleasure, light; _copp_, or _cuppa_, a cup. A +pleasure-cup. + +_Wynn._ _Wyn_, joy, pleasure, delight. + +_Wynne._ _Wyne_, one that gives pleasure, a friend. + +_Wyss._ _Wíss_, a wise man, a hero, a prince. + + +Y. + +_Yard._ _Ierd_, a yard. + +_Yardley._ _Ierd_, a yard; _líc_, like. Yard-like. + +_Yarnall._ _Gearn_, yarn, spun wool; _eall_, all, whole. All yarn; +entirely woollen. + +_Yateman._ _Iát_, or _geát_, a gate; _man_, a man. A gate-keeper. +Yeatman, Yetman, from the same roots. + +_Yates._ _Iátes_, or _geátes_, genitive of _iát_, a gate. Belonging to a +gate. Yeats, of like derivation. + +_Yeager._ _Ia_, yea, yes; _gare_, ready. A ready yes; a ready reply. + +_Yeagle._ _Iagul_, pronounced _yeagul_, a gargle. + +_Yeakle._ _Iac_, a cuckoo; _el_, indicative of personality. A person like +a cuckoo; a simpleton. + +_Yeakley._ _Iac_, a cuckoo; _líc_, like. Cuckoo-like; wild; careless; +lascivious. Yeckley, of similar meaning. + +_Yeamans._ _Ie_, a river; _man_, a man; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a +river-man. + +_Yeansson._ _Geean_, yearning; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of yearning. + +_Yearick._ _Gear_, a year; _icg_, or _ig_, an adjective termination. +Yearly. Yearicke, Yerrick, from the same roots. + +_Yearly._ _Gear-líc_, from _gear_, a year, and _líc_, like. Year-like; +yearly. + +_Yearred._ _Geard_, or _yrd_, a hedge, enclosure, garden, yard, earth, +world. + +_Yearsley._ _Geares_, genitive of _gear_, a year; _líc_, form. Form of a +year; yearly. + +_Yeasler._ _Ysele_, a fire-spark, spark, ember, hot ashes; _ere_, an +agent. A fire-maker; a fireman; a stoker. + +_Yeather._ _Ýdh_, what rises up, a wave, a flood; _ere_, an agent. That +which rises up; a wave; a flood. + +_Yeaton._ _Geat_, a gate; _tún_, a house. A gate-house. + +_Yeatts._ _Geátes_, genitive of _geát_, a gate. Belonging to a gate. See +Yates. + +_Yegen._ _Yg-búend_, from _yg_, or _ig_, an island, and _búend_, an +inhabitant. An inhabitant of an island; an islander. + +_Yeingest._ _Iungest_, or _geongest_, comparative of _iung_, or _geong_, +young. Youngest. + +_Yeiter._ _Ýtte_, past of _ýtan_, to out, to drive out, to expel, to +banish; _ere_, an agent. One expelled; an exile. + +_Yellard._ _Yl_, or _il_, a hedgehog, a porcupine; _land_, land. Land of +the hedgehog, or porcupine. + +_Yenner._ _Ynner_, inner. + +_Yenz._ _Yntsa_, an ounce. + +_Yeo._ _Ieo_, or _geo_, formerly, of old. + +_Yeomans._ _Yeoman_, from _ieo_, or _geo_, of old; _man_, a man, and _s_ +for _sun_, son. Son of a man of old; son of a yeoman; son of a tiller of +the soil. + +_Yeomanson._ _Yeoman_, a yeoman; _sun_, son. Son of a yeoman. + +_Yepson._ _Yppe_, plain, open, manifest; _sun_, son. A plain, open, +straightforward son. + +_Yerg._ _Earg_, or _eorg_, inert, weak, timid, wretched. + +_Yerger._ _Earg_, timid; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is +timid. + +_Yerges._ _Yerg_, Yerg; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Yerg. Yerkes, perhaps, +corruption of the same. + +_Yergey._ _Earg_, inert, timid; _ig_, an adjective termination. Timid; +inert. + +_Yerpe._ _Eorp_, a wolf. + +_Yettinger._ _Yting_, a way, a journey; _ere_, an agent. A wayfarer; +a journeyer. Perhaps, from _get-ung_, getting, and _ere_, an agent. A +getter. + +_Yetter._ _Get_, imperfect of _getan_, to get; _ere_, an agent. A getter. + +_Yewdall._ _Iw_, the yew tree; _dál_, a valley. The valley of the yew. + +_Yheaulon._ _Hyew_, hue; _lon_, for _lond_, land. Land of hue. + +_Yhost._ _Gást_, breath, spirit, ghost. Yoast, Yost, like it, a +corruption of the original. + +_Yingling._ _Ging_, young, tender; _ling_, a termination denoting state +or condition of a person. Youth; tenderness. + +_Yoce._ _Ioc_, or _geoc_, a yoke. + +_Yochum._ _Ioc_, a yoke; _hum_, for _hám_, a house. A yoke-house. Yocam, +Yocum, Yokam, from the same roots. + +_Yockel._ _Ioc_, a yoke; _el_, a termination denoting a person. One who +has charge of a yoke of oxen; a farmer; a bumpkin. + +_Yoder._ _Gǽd_, a goad; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a goad. + +_Yonker._ _Iunga_, or _geonga_, a youth. A young fellow; a youngster. Or, +from _iuncer_, a younker, a young nobleman, one that is young, a young +fellow. Younker, of like kinship. + +_Young._ _Iung_, or _geong_, young, tender. Younk, from the same root. + +_Youngblood._ _Iung_, young; _blódh_, or _blód_, blood. Young blood. + +_Younger._ _Geongra_, comparative of _geong_, young, tender. Younger; +more tender. + +_Younginger._ _Young_, Young; _ing_, an offspring; _ere_, an agent. A +descendant of Young. + +_Youngling._ _Geong-ling_, a youngling, a boy. + +_Youngman._ _Geong_, young; _man_, a man. A young man; a youth. + +_Younk._ Corruption of Young. See Young. + +_Yuker._ _Iuc_, a yoke; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is +yoked; a companion; a yoke-mate. + + + + +FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN. + + + + +HISTORY—NORMAN CONQUEST. + + +The Normans, or Northmen, were primarily of the Norse, or Scandinavian, +branch of the Teutonic race. They were active, enterprising +men—merchants, navigators, soldiers. Restless under the restraints of a +power that was slowly and surely consolidating the Scandinavian kingdoms, +they broke away from its influence, and boldly ventured forth, conquered +the Shetland Islands, the Orkneys, and the Hebrides, founded the kingdom +of Caithness in Scotland, settled Iceland, discovered Greenland, and +colonized Vinland, which is supposed to be on the coast of New England. + +In 911, Rolf, or Rollo, the Ganger, with his daring band of vikings, +obtained a footing in the fertile valley of the Seine. The province, +which was afterwards called Normandy, was received by him as a fief from +Charles the Simple. Friendly relations were soon established, and Rollo +became the king’s vassal with the title of duke, and subsequently married +his daughter. The Normans were brought under French law and customs, +became Christians, adopted the French language, married into French +families, and caught the French spirit. + +Edward the Confessor dying without issue in 1066, Harold, his +brother-in-law, succeeded to the throne. But William, seventh Duke of +Normandy, whose aunt, Emma, had been married to Ethelred II of England, +claimed it by hereditary right and by the promise of both Edward and +Harold. + +Determined to establish his claim, he set sail with thirty thousand +followers for the coast of England. On October 14, 1066, he met and +defeated Harold, near Hastings, and was soon afterwards crowned king at +Westminster. This was the only conquest—and British soil has throbbed to +the clatter and tramplings of four—that reached down to the people of +the island and thoroughly leavened them. The admixture of a new blood +and a new spirit with theirs proved the greatest good that ever befell +them. It can be considered as nothing short of a regeneration, for it +made the English nation of to-day, the English language, and the English +literature. + +The modern Englishman owes to his Teutonic ancestry his love of justice +and fair play, his religious nature, his physical robustness and +intellectual vigor, his love of liberty, and to his French lineage—and +we must not lose sight of the fact that, though originally Teutonic, +the Normans had been metamorphosed by their life in France—his manner, +his tact, his administrative genius, his poetic skill, and his artistic +nature. In him are most happily blended the two races, forming a +composite better than either component, greater even than both elements +while in separation. The changes which Anglo-Saxon thus underwent are +vital, fundamental, and, we may say, revolutionary. + +Expressive of the change thus effected, a new name is needed. Before +1066, writers refrained from calling the dominant people of the island, +or their language, by any other term than Anglo-Saxon. But after the +union of the people and of the languages, no name expresses the new +condition of things so well as English. As thus applied, English denotes +always the race resulting from the marriage of the two peoples, or the +speech resulting from the union of the two tongues. + + + + +ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE. + + +The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans lived side by side. It must not be +supposed, however, that either the two peoples or the two languages were +welded instantaneously. They grew together, and the growth was slow. +There were special reasons why such should be the case. The conqueror +was of alien blood. National animosity existed between him and the +conquered. In the north, more especially than in the south, William’s +conquest was ruthless. Harvests were destroyed, cattle killed or carried +off, implements of husbandry sacrificed, towns and villages burned, +and the inhabitants slain or driven across the border. The entire soil +was confiscated, and the land, upon condition of military service, +parcelled out among a score or more of great vassals, among hundreds +of inferior crown vassals, and among the higher clergy. The meanest +Norman was raised to opulence and influence in the new dominion. By the +establishment of this modified feudal system, the masses were reduced to +a species of serfdom. They became mere tillers of the soil. Shoals of +Norman ecclesiastics came across the Channel, and the people were forced +to accept religious instruction and consolation from the strangers. +Everywhere, in the palace and among the nobility, in the law courts and +the schools, as authority dictated, another language than their own +prevailed. A keen sense of the scorn with which their lack of culture and +their “barbarous tongue” were regarded, added to a painful consciousness +of their social and political degradation, only served the more to +heighten their aversion to the strangers, and to make the problem of +coalescence slow and difficult. + +But the influences at work were not wholly those of repulsion. Living +together as they did, they had to meet each other in the field and in +the town. They were forced to buy from each other and to sell to each +other. Time could not but lessen the arrogance of the one, and modify +the moroseness of the other. Definite rights were gradually acquired by +the subject race. His services became limited, and could be commuted +for money considerations. The ownership of his hut and of the plat of +ground surrounding it, and the privilege of using the waste land of the +manor for the pasturage of his cattle, which were mere indulgences at +first, grew into rights that could be pleaded at law. The serf became a +power. He was struggling to grow to a copyholder, and the copyholder, +to a freeholder. Such things had their effects. The military strength +of the nobles waned, the courts of the feudal baronage were shorn of +their influence, and the feudal system was fast sinking into decay. +In education, as well as in material things, the Anglo-Saxons were +improving. Intermarriages were common, and strong social and national +feelings were springing up, before which their mutual antagonism was +giving away. + +The vast possessions, partly hereditary and partly acquired by marriage, +held by the English kings in France, served but to aid this feeling. To +hold these against the French kings required not only a united people, +but a people unified by the strong sentiment of nationality. And to make +progress against the encroachments of their own kings the nobility were +forced to make common cause with the people. To what extent the interests +of barons and commons were identified may be seen from the provisions of +the Great Charter extorted from King John in 1215. + +For a long time after the Conquest there existed in England the singular +spectacle of two languages declining to coalesce and yet spoken by two +peoples living together. Neither language would give way to the other. +How little these two languages had blended in the vocabulary of authors, +may be seen when it is said that Layamon’s _Brut_, a poem of thirty-two +thousand lines, written in 1205, does not contain a hundred and fifty +French words; and that in the _Ormulum_, a poem of twenty thousand lines, +which appeared in the year of Magna Charta, hardly fifty French words +are found. But the difficulties in the way of coalescence were slowly +diminishing. Such as were political have already been spoken of, but +those more properly linguistic will now be considered. + +This period was, to the subject race, one of general depression. Very +little literature, and that of an indifferent quality, was produced. +Their language was no longer spoken, and their standards in it forgotten. +Anglo-Saxon had been banished from the schools, was no longer used at +the palace and castles of the nobles, or in the courts. Few were writing +it. It seems to have been left in the care, if care it can be called, of +those ignorant of its literature and grammar, and familiar only with the +vocabulary employed in colloquial speech. The effect of all this upon the +language can be easily inferred. A large fraction of the vocabulary, the +more dignified and scholarly portion, fell into neglect and then into +oblivion. The grammatical inflections, denoting case, person, number, +tense, of the words kept in circulation, almost entirely perished. These +inflections would only be retained by those who knew their importance, +but they sloughed off as the words fell from the tongues of those who +were ignorant of them. When, then, this Anglo-Saxon speech had forced +itself upon the Normans, as it had fairly done by the latter half of the +fourteenth century, it was far easier to master than would have been +the case immediately after 1066. Nearly one-half of the words in the +vocabulary before the Conquest, it is estimated, dropped out of it in the +three hundred years immediately following, and it is certain that the +grammar had been vastly simplified. With one-half of its words lost, and +the remaining half nearly flectionless, the work of learning the language +was made comparatively easy for the Norman. + +This forcing of the tongue of a conquered people upon its conquerors was +a signal achievement and of far-reaching consequences. Upon the authority +of John of Trevisa, we are told that, after the great pestilence of +1349, the instruction of youth was revolutionized. John Cornwall changed +the instruction in the grammar-school from French into English, and was +followed by Richard Pencrich and others, so that in 1335 in all the +grammar-schools of England the children were being taught English rather +than French. In 1362 French was exchanged for English in the courts of +law, Parliament having passed an act that year ordering that in all the +courts “all pleas ... shall be pleaded, shewed, defended, answered, +debated, and judged in the English tongue.” Great writers had now +arisen—Wyclif, 1324-1384, in prose; Chaucer, 1340-1400, in poetry. They +wrote in English, and their influence upon the plastic language of their +day, and upon all subsequent writers, is simply incalculable. + +The adoption of the Anglo-Saxon by the Norman was greatly facilitated by +the fact that the French he was using was not the French of Paris, but +the degenerate tongue of Normandy, which was at best but provincial. But +during the centuries of its use in England it had been kept from free +contact with the dialect of Normandy, and so had deteriorated even from +the imperfect standard. Even the Norman himself had grown ashamed of it, +and was not unwilling to part with it. + +When it is said that by 1400, or even earlier, English was generally +used, it is meant a speech not in existence by itself till long after the +Norman Conquest, a speech neither Anglo-Saxon nor French, but Anglo-Saxon +and French. It was a speech to which both of these languages contributed, +to form which both of these were combined. The adoption of words was not +all done by the Norman. While he borrowed many from the Saxon, the Saxon +borrowed some from the Norman. English may, therefore, be considered +a compromise, a compound. It is one speech after the union, but not +univocal, not all of a piece, every speaker of which being bilingual. + +The tongue brought over by the Conqueror has been called Norman-French. +It is in reality Latin. Just before the Christian era Julius Cæsar +subdued the people then in possession of Gaul, what is now France, and +imposed upon them his language, which was that of Rome. This language, +used for a thousand years by a people to whom it was not the vernacular, +was acquired by the Normans, of still another alien stock, and by them +introduced into England. Spoken a whole millennium by people whose +mother-tongue it displaced, and from them learned by strangers, it is +not at all unreasonable to suppose that the words had lost much of their +original form and meaning. Proofs, in the words themselves, are not +wanting to sustain the assertion. Outwardly they were almost invariably +shortened. By a dropping of vowels or consonants, or of both, two or +three syllables had been squeezed into one, as some examples will +conclusively show. French _sûr_, our _sure_, came originally from the +Latin _securus_; French _règle_, our _rule_, from Latin _regula_; French +_île_, English _isle_, from _insula_. And not unfrequently the final and +unaccented syllable or syllables seem not to have been caught by the +subject Gaul, or, if caught by his ear, were not retained on his tongue. +The Latin _domina_, for instance, appears in French as the truncated +_dame_; _medius_ as _midi_; and _malum_, as _mal_. Though changed, yet it +must be patent to all that the French words are Latin, as their essential +identity with the words used by Horace and Virgil unmistakably show. + + + + +NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. + + +A. + +_Avis._ _Avis_, advice, opinion. Avise, from the same radix. + +_Auter._ _Auter_, an altar. + +_Ayler._ _Ayel_, a grandfather; _ere_, an agent. An active grandfather. + +_Ayles._ _Ayeles_, genitive of _ayel_, a grandfather. Belonging to a +grandfather. + + +B. + +_Batchelor._ _Bachelor_, an unmarried man, a knight, one who has taken +his first degree in a college. + +_Bayard._ _Bayard_, a bay horse, a blood-horse; so called in Chaucer, and +in old romances. Byard, abbreviation of the term. + +_Beauford._ _Beau_, beautiful; _ford_, a ford. A beautiful ford. + +_Belfield._ _Bel_, beautiful; _feld_, a field. A beautiful field. + +_Belford._ _Bel_, beautiful, good; _ford_, a ford. A good ford. + +_Bellamy._ _Bel amy_, from _bel_, good, and _amy_, a friend. A good +friend. + +_Bellenere._ _Belle_, beautiful; _nere_, a refuge. A beautiful refuge. + +_Bokel._ _Bokel_, a buckle. + +_Borell._ _Borel_, coarse cloth of a brown color, made of plain, coarse +stuff. Borel folk, borel men, were laymen. + +_Bortel._ _Bordel_, a brothel. + +_Bos._ _Bos_, a protuberance. + +_Bosek._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _ig_, an adjective termination. Bossy. +Bose, Bosee, from the same roots. + +_Boser._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, +has a protuberance. + +_Boshart._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _heort_, a hart. A humped hart. + +_Bossard._ _Bosard_, a buzzard, a species of hawk unfit for sporting. +Bossart, Bossert, identical in derivation and meaning. + +_Boswell._ Latin _bos_, an ox; _well_, a well, a fountain. An ox-well; a +well where oxen are watered. + +_Bosworth._ _Bos_, an ox; _weordh_, value, price. Ox-value. + +_Botler._ _Botel_, or _botelle_, a bottle; _ere_, an agent. A bottler. +Butler, from the same radix. + +_Bottle._ _Botel_, or _botelle_, a bottle. + +_Brear._ _Brere_, a briar, a bramble. + +_Brearey._ _Brere_, a bramble; _ig_, an adjective termination. Briery; +brambly; full of briars; rough. + +_Brearley._ _Brere_, a bramble; _líc_, like. Bramble-like; briery. + +_Brinton._ _Brin_, a sprig, a slip; _tún_, a house, an enclosure. A +hot-bed; a green-house; a nursery. + +_Buffett._ _Buffette_, a blow. + +_Burdon._ _Burdoun_, a humming noise, the base in music. + + +C. + +_Cappell._ _Capel_, a horse. + +_Caron._ _Caroigne_, carrion, dead, or putrefied flesh. + +_Carrick._ _Carrik_, a large ship. + +_Case._ _Cas_, chance, condition, circumstance. + +_Casler._ _Cas_, chance; _lár_, doctrine. Doctrine of chance. + +_Casely._ _Cas_, chance; _líc_, like. Chance-like; accidental. Casley, +from the same root. + +_Casey._ _Cas_, chance, condition; _ig_, an adjective termination. +Accidental; conditional. + +_Cattell._ _Catel_, goods, chattel. + +_Cellerier._ _Celerer_, the officer in a monastery who had the care of +the provisions. + +_Chambers._ _Chamberes_, genitive of _chamber_, a chamber, a room, an +apartment. Belonging to a chamber. + +_Chambley._ _Chamb_, for _chamber_, a chamber; _ley_, for _líc_, like. +Chamber-like. + +_Chesser._ _Ches_, chess; _ere_, an agent. A chess-player. + +_Chessman._ _Ches_, chess; _man_, man. A chessman; a piece used in chess. + +_Chesson._ _Ches_, chess; _sun_, son. A son fond of chess. + +_Chestney._ _Chesteyn_, a chestnut. Chestin, perhaps, from the same root. + +_Clary._ _Clarré_, wine mixed with honey and spices, and afterwards +strained till it is clear. Clarey, of like relationship. + +_Clerke._ _Clerk_, one who has received school-learning. + +_Clink._ _Clinke_, a ring, to tinkle. + +_Clinker._ _Clinke_, to tinkle; _ere_, an agent. That which tinkles. + +_Coate._ _Cote_, a coat. + +_Compayre._ _Compère_, a gossip, a near friend. + +_Coates._ _Coate_, Coate; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Coate. + +_Cope._ _Cope_, a cloak. + +_Couch._ _Couche_, to lay, place; past participle _couched_, laid. +_Couched_ with pearls means laid or trimmed with pearls. _Couch_, also, a +bed. + +_Colpe._ _Coulpe_, a fault. + +_Crowne._ _Crown_, crown of the head, top of the head. Crown, from the +same radix. + +_Curtis._ _Curteys_, or _curteis_, courteous, polite. + + +D. + +_Dresser._ _Dresse_, to address, to apply; _ere_, an agent. One who +addresses, or applies himself to any task. + +_Drury._ _Druerie_, courtship, gallantry, love, a mistress. + + +F. + +_Fay._ _Fay_, faith, confidence, trust. Faye, from the same radix. + +_Fayer._ _Fay_, faith; _ere_, an agent. One who has faith; a believer. + +_Fayle._ _Fay_, faith; _le_, for _el_, denoting a person. A person of +faith; a believer. + +_Fein._ _Feyne_, to feign, to pretend. + +_Fey._ _Fey_, faith, trust, confidence. + +_Feyer._ _Fey_, faith; _ere_, an agent. One that has faith; a believer. + +_Feyhl._ _Fey_, faith; _hl_, for _el_, denoting a person. A believer. + +_Floyd._ _Floyte_, a flute. + +_Forster._ _Forster_, a forester, an officer of the forest. Foster, a +kindred term. + +_Fowl._ _Fowel_, a fowl, a bird. + +_Fowler._ _Fowel_, a fowl; _ere_, an agent. One who pursues or traps wild +fowl. + +_Fowles._ _Fowle_, Fowl; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Fowl. + +_Foyle._ _Folye_, folly, foolish conduct, indiscretion. + +_Franklin._ _Frankeleyn_, the father of a family. This is the application +in Chaucer’s time. Spencer uses the term in the sense of a freeholder, +but in Queen Elizabeth’s day it denoted a yeoman, or a man above a +vassal, but not a gentleman. + +_Frearson._ _Frere_, a friar; _sun_, son. Son of a friar. + + +G. + +_Gabb._ _Gabbe_, to jest, to talk idly, to lie. + +_Gaylord._ _Gaylard_, gay, licentious. Perhaps from _galliard_, a +sprightly kind of dance. + +_Gentil._ _Gentil_, gentlemanlike, gentlemanly. Gentel, Gentle, of like +kinship. + +_Gentry._ _Genterye_, gentility. Chaucer spelt the word with the +additional e’s. Even at the present day it is not unusual to find some +writing the name—Gentery. + +_Gerry._ _Gery_, changeable, inconstant, uncertain. + +_Geyler._ _Gylour_, a deceiver. + +_Glose._ _Glose_, a comment, an interpretation. + +_Grace._ _Grace_, favor, kindness, good-will, benignity. + +_Gracey._ _Grace_, favor, kindness; _ig_, an adjective termination. +Gracious; kind. + +_Grange._ _Graunge_, a farm-house. + +_Granger._ _Graunge_, a farm-house; _ere_, an agent. One who has a +farm-house; a farmer. + +_Greeley._ _Gree_, pleasure, satisfaction, prize, grade; _líc_, like. +Pleasurable; satisfactory; estimable; gradual. + +_Greaser._ _Grees_, grease, ointment; _ere_, an agent. An anointer. + +_Greasly._ _Grees_, grease; _líc_, like. Grease-like; unctuous. + +_Grone._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt. + +_Groner._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt; _ere_, an agent. A groaner; a +grunter. + +_Groning._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt; _ing_, expressive of action. +Groaning; grunting. + + +H. + +_Hamburg._ _Hamburgeon_, diminutive of _hauberg_, a coat of mail. + +_Hamburger._ _Hamburgeon_, a coat of mail; _ere_, an agent. One who wears +a coat of mail; a warrior. + +_Haire._ _Haire_, hair-cloth. + +_Hackney._ _Hakeney_, a hackney, an ambling horse, or pad. + +_Harney._ _Harneys_, armor, furniture. + +_Hauberger._ _Hauberg_, a coat of mail; _ere_, an agent. An armor-bearer; +a knight; a warrior. + +_Houpt._ _Houped_, hooped, hollowed, shoaled. + + +K. + +_Keep._ _Keep_, care, attention. + + +L. + +_Lacey._ _Laas_, or _lace_, a lace, a net, a snare; _ig_, an adjective +termination. Resembling a lace, or net. + +_Large._ _Large_, spacious, free, prodigal. + +_Larger._ _Larger_, comparative of _large_, spacious, prodigal. More +spacious; more prodigal. + +_Largey._ _Large_, large, prodigal; _ig_, an adjective termination. +Large; prodigal. + +_Largly._ _Large_, large, free; _líc_, like. Large-like; largely; freely. + +_Layard._ _Liard_, a name of a horse, belonging originally to a horse of +a gray color. A gray horse. + +_Lodge._ _Loge_, a lodge, a habitation. + +_Logerman._ _Loge_, a lodge; _ere_, an agent; _man_, a man. A person who +lodges, or is lodged; a lodger. + +_Logue._ _Loge_, a lodge, a habitation. + +_Loos._ _Loos_, praise, approval. + +_Luce._ _Luce_, the fish called a pike. + + +M. + +_Mallison._ _Malisoun_, a malediction, a curse. + +_Maner._ _Manere_, carriage, behavior, kind, sort. + +_Maris._ _Marreys_, a marsh. + +_Mauger._ _Maugré_, in spite of. + +_Marvill._ _Mervaille_, marvel, wonder. Marvel, from the same radix. + + +N. + +_Nice._ _Nice_, foolish, simple, silly. Nyce, a kindred term. + +_Noon._ _Noon_, the ninth hour of the natural day, nine o’clock in the +morning, the hour of dinner. + +_Norris._ _Norice_, a nurse. + +_Nowell._ _Nowel_, Christmas. + + +O. + +_Oliphant._ _Olifaunt_, an elephant. + +_Oliver._ _Oliver_, olive-trees. + +_Opie._ _Opye_, opium. + + +P. + +_Paase._ _Paas_, a foot-pace. + +_Paramore._ _Paramour_, love, gallantry. + +_Pardee._ _Pardé_, a common oath, literally, by God. Purdie, of like +kinship. + +_Parvis._ _Parvis_, a portico before a church. Purvis, perhaps, from the +same root. + +_Pass._ _Passe_, to surpass, to excel, to pass sentence. + +_Peer._ _Peere_, a peer, an equal. + +_Pergin._ _Peregrine_, wandering. + +_Perry._ _Perrye_, jewels, precious stones. + +_Person._ _Persone_, a man, a parson, a rector of a church. + +_Pierie._ _Pierrie_, jewels, precious stones. + +_Pile._ _Pile_, _pyle_, to rob, to plunder. Pyle, from the same radix. + +_Platt._ _Platte_, or _plat_, flat, plain. + +_Pleydell._ _Plye_, to bend; _dál_, a dell, a valley. An undulating +valley. + +_Poke._ _Poke_, a pocket, a bag. + +_Pollak._ _Pollax_, a halberd. Pollock, Polock, from the same derivation. + +_Pomeltree._ _Pomel_, any ball or round thing, as an apple; _treow_, a +tree. An apple-tree. + +_Poynter._ _Poynt_, the principal business, a point, a stop; _ere_, an +agent. That which acts as a point, or a stop; a pointer. + +_Poynton._ _Poynt_, a point, a stop; _tún_, a house. A point-house; a +business place. + +_Prentis._ _Prentys_, an apprentice. Prentiss, a kindred term. + +_Presley._ _Prees_, a press, a crowd; _líc_, like. Crowd-like; dense; +compact. + +_Preston._ _Prest_, from _prese_, to press, to crowd; _tún_, a house. A +crowded house. + +_Prevear._ _Preve_, to try, to demonstrate by trial; _ere_, an agent. An +experimenter; a demonstrator. + +_Price._ _Prys_, price, value, praise. + +_Prime._ _Prime_, the first quarter of the artificial day. Sometimes +metaphorically used in Chaucer for the season of action or business. +Perhaps, from _pryme_, daybreak. + +_Prow._ _Prow_, profit, advantage. + +_Pye._ _Pie_, a magpie, a prating gossip, a tell-tale. + +_Pyne._ _Pyne_, pain, grief, sorrow. + + +Q. + +_Quint._ _Queynt_, strange, cunning, artful, trim, neat. + +_Quinton._ _Queynt_, neat, trim; _tún_, a house. A neat home. + + +R. + +_Raffles._ _Rafles_, plays with dice. + +_Rampe._ _Rampe_, to climb. Rempe, doubtless, from the same root. + +_Rampson._ _Ramp_, Rampe; _sun_, son. Son of Rampe. + +_Ransom._ _Raunsoun_, a ransom. + +_Rems._ _Remes_, realms, regions. + +_Revel._ _Revel_, entertainment, sport, festivity. + +_Ribaut._ _Ribaude_, a low, profligate man. + +_Roche._ _Roche_, a rock. + +_Rochester._ _Roche_, a rock; _ceaster_, a castle. A rock-castle. + +_Rocholl._ _Roche_, a rock; _ol_, a termination denoting a personal noun. +A rock-dweller; a man of decision. + + +S. + +_Scollay._ _Scolay_, to attend school, to study. + +_Sergeant._ _Sergeaunt_, a squire attendant upon a prince or nobleman. + +_Spence._ _Spence_, a store-room for wine or victuals. A buttery; a +larder; a store-room. + +_Spencer._ _Spence_, a store-room; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of +the spence. + +_Suel._ _Sue_, to follow; _el_, implying a person. A follower. + + +T. + +_Tally._ _Taille_, a tally, an account scored upon a piece of wood. + +_Talent._ _Talent_, desire, affection. + +_Targett._ _Targe_, a small shield; _et_, implying a diminutive. A small +shield. + +_Timbers._ _Timbres_, basins. _Timbesterre_ was a term applied to a woman +who played tricks with timbres, or basins of some sort or other, by +throwing them up into the air and catching them upon a single finger; a +kind of balance-mistress. + +_Tourison._ _Tour_, a tower, and _sun_, a son. Son of a tower. + +_Tresse._ _Tresse_, an artificial lock, or gathering of hair. + +_Tressley._ _Tresse_, an artificial lock of hair; _líc_, like. +Tress-like; gathered into a tress. + +_Tressler._ _Tress_, a tress; _lár_, knowledge. Tress-knowledge. + + +V. + +_Verrey._ _Verray_, true, faithful. + +_Voucher._ _Vouche_, contraction of _vouchen sauf_, to vouchsafe; _ere_, +an agent. One who vouches a thing safe. In Chaucer, such expressions as +_voucheth sauf_, vouchsafe ye, and _the king vouches it save_, the king +vouchsafes it, were of common occurrence. + + +W. + +_Waite._ _Waite_, to watch. Wait, Waitt, Wayte, kindred terms. + +_Warden._ _Wardeyn_, a guard, a keeper of a gate. + + + + +FROM THE SCOTCH. + + + + +HISTORY—THE SCOT. + + +Who were the Scots? This is a question extremely difficult to answer. No +satisfactory account of the origin of the appellation has been given. It +has puzzled the most distinguished antiquaries, whose conjectures serve +rather to perplex than clear up the difficulty. Nor is this surprising, +when Varro and Dyonysius could not agree about the etymon of Italia, nor +Plutarch and Selinus about that of Rome. All that is known with certainty +is, that it was at first a term of reproach, and consequently framed by +enemies, rather than assumed by the nation distinguished by that name. +The Highlanders, who were the genuine descendants of the ancient Scots, +are absolutely strangers to the name, and have been so from the beginning +of time. All those who speak the Gaelic language call themselves +_Albanich_ or _Gael_, and their country _Alba_ or _Gaeldochd_. + +The Picts, who possessed originally the northern and eastern, and, in a +later period, the more southern division of North Britain, were at first +more powerful than the Caledonians of the west. It is therefore probable +that the Picts, from principles of malevolence and pride, were ready to +traduce and ridicule their weaker neighbors of Argyle. These two people +spoke the same language—the Gaelic. In that language _Scot_, or _Scode_, +signifies a corner or small division of a country. Accordingly, a corner +of North Britain is the very name which Giraldus Cambrensis gives the +little kingdom of Argyle, that the six sons of Muredus, King of Ulster, +are said to have established in Scotland. _Scot_, in Gaelic, is much the +same as _little_ or _contemptible_ in English; and _Scotlan_ literally +signifies a _small flock_, but metaphorically stands for a small body +of men. _Scuit_, a wanderer, is also from the Gaelic, and a few writers +suppose that this may have been the origin of the name of _Scot_, a +conjecture which seems to be countenanced by a passage in Ammianus +Marcellinus, where the men are characterized “_per diversa vagantes_.” +All that can be affirmed is, that, for some one of the reasons stated +above, the Picts or the Britons may have given, out of derision, the +appellation of _Scots_ to the ancestors of the Scottish nation. + +At what time the inhabitants of the west of Scotland came to be +distinguished by this name is uncertain. Porphyrius, the philosopher, is +the first who mentions them, and this was about the year of the Christian +era 267. Towards the middle of the fourth century Ammianus Marcellinus +speaks of them along with other British nations. + +Much discussion among antiquaries of note has taken place in regard +to the origin of the Scots. Dr. Macpherson contends that they are of +Caledonian, and Mr. Whitaker that they are of Irish extraction. Each +supports his position with such arguments and authorities that an +impartial inquirer is almost at a loss to know which to accept. What +appears most probable is, that both are partly in the right and partly +in the wrong. From what can be gleaned from past records the Scots seem +to have been originally descended from Britons of the south, or from +Caledonians, who, being pressed forward by new colonies from Gaul till +they came to the western shore of Britain, passed over into Ireland +probably one hundred years before the Christian era. Subsequently, about +the year of Christ 320, they, or a large colony of them, returned under +Fergus to Britain, and settled on the western coasts of Caledonia, from +which place they had formerly migrated. As early as 340 they are found +associated with the Picts in their expeditions into the Roman province, +and for ninety or a hundred years afterwards Roman and British writers +make frequent mention of their depredatory excursions. + +The territory of the ancient Scots comprehended, before the annexation +of Pictavia, all that side of Caledonia that stretched along the coast +from the Frith of Clyde to the Orkneys. Towards the east their dominions +were divided from those of the Picts by the high mountains running from +Dumbarton to the Frith of Tain. In course of time the Scots, under the +reign of Kenneth, son of Alpin, became so powerful as to subdue their +neighbors the Picts, and to give their own denomination to all Caledonia, +Pictavia and Valentia, which territories are still comprehended under the +general name of Scotland. + +Like those of all other nations, the historians of Scotland assume too +great an antiquity for their countrymen, but are, however, much less +extravagant in this particular than many others. According to them, the +reign of Fergus, the first Scot monarch, is placed at 330 B. C. He was +the son of Ferchard, an Irish prince, and is said to have been called +into Scotland by the Caledonians to assist them against the Southern +Britons, with whom they were then at war. Their language and manners he +found to be the same as those of his countrymen. This happy condition +of things rendered his position a very easy one. Placing himself at the +head of his new allies, he engaged the Britons under their king, Coilus. +Events proved him a brave and efficient leader. Coilus was defeated and +killed, and victory soon settled upon the banners of the Scots. Shortly +afterwards Fergus was declared, with the solemnity of an oath, king of +the Scots. But he did not long enjoy his new dignity, for, being called +to Ireland to quiet some commotions there, he was drowned on his return +voyage at a place on the coast of Ireland, which was called for him, +_Knock-Fergus_, or _Carrick-Fergus_; that is, Fergus’s Rock. + +Feritharis, brother of Fergus, succeeded to the throne to the prejudice +of his nephews—Ferlegus and Mainus. His reign was not a peaceful one, +for Ferlegus fomented strifes and dissensions, which failed of success, +and only resulted, after the death of his uncle, in his being set aside +from the succession. The throne was conferred upon his brother Mainus, +Ferlegus having died in obscurity. The reign of Mainus and those of +Dornadill and Nothat afford nothing remarkable. Reutha, Thereus, Jafina +and Finnan then followed in regular succession, but no transactions of +note marked their administrations, save that of the last, where we find +the first beginnings of the Scottish Parliament. Durftus, Even and Gillus +then succeeded, but their reigns were barren of interest. Even II, the +nephew of Finnan, who came after Gillus, is said to have built the towns +of Innerlochy and Inverness. He overcame Belus, king of the Orkneys, who +had invaded Scotland. His son Ever, who next assumed the reins, became +king at the time of the invasion of Britain by Julius Cæsar, and assisted +the Britons against the common enemy. Even III, his successor, was a +monster of cruelty and lust. His great wickedness occasioned a rebellion, +and ended in his dethronement, imprisonment and death. Nothing memorable +in the history of Scotland is met with from this time until that of +Agricola, who having completed the conquest of the southern parts and in +a great measure civilized the inhabitants, formed a like plan with regard +to Scotland. Here he met a most formidable opposition, but Scotch valor +was not proof against the discipline of Roman troops and the experience +of their commander. The subsequent history of the Scot, his contact +with the Dane, the Angles and the Saxons, and the Normans, must be left +unmentioned. We have called attention to these people for the reason that +they had in manner and language impressed the Scot of their days, and +left an influence behind which is even felt in his progenitors of the +present time. Our purpose at the beginning was to give but the history +of the origin of the name and of those who had it imposed upon them, and +this we have briefly, and it is to be hoped, successfully, accomplished. + + + + +SCOTCH—AS IT NOW EXISTS. + + +Modern Scotch, or the language as spoken even a hundred years ago, +differs very materially from that in use by the Scots when Cæsar invaded +Britain. + +Like the Erse, the latter was an important branch of the Celtic, or +Keltic, family of Indo-European languages, of which the Irish, now almost +extinct, affords a good illustration. + +Eighteen centuries, with their destructive and modifying influences, +have been at work upon its structure till its genius has departed, never +to return. The Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman have supplanted many of its +word-forms, and done away with its peculiarities of speech. What is now +left of its former glory is but the shadow. + +It is true we meet with Celtic words in current use, but time and neglect +have so disfigured their physiognomies that even the practised mind of +the philologist often fails to indicate their kinship. + +Scotch words, or we might say with greater propriety and exactness +Scottish words, for _Scotch_ is seemingly nothing more than a corruption +of _Scottish_, the English form of the Anglo-Saxon _Scyttisc_, vary their +inflections as English words do. The changes, when there are changes, +follow the usages of the Anglo-Saxon. + +As should be expected, when is considered the influence of the Teutonic +and Norman-French invasions, the sounds of certain letters, whether taken +singly or in combination, must necessarily have varied. This, as we shall +now see, has been the case. + +_Ch_ and _gh_, in Scotch, have always the guttural sound. + +The sound of the English diphthong _oo_ is commonly spelled _ou_. + +French _u_, a sound which often occurs in the language, is marked _oo_, +_ui_. + +In genuine Scottish words the _a_, except when constituting a diphthong, +or when followed by an _e_ mute after a single consonant, sounds +generally like the broad English _a_ in _wall_. + +The Scottish diphthong _æ_ always, and _ea_ very often, sound like the +French _e_ masculine, while the Scottish diphthong _ey_ sounds like the +Latin in _ei_. + + + + +NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. + + +A. + +_Aiken._ _Aik_, an oak; _en_, indicative of an adjective. Oaken. + +_Auld._ _Auld_, old, ancient, of long duration. + + +B. + +_Baude._ _Baud_, bold, courageous, brave. + +_Bauder._ _Baud_, bold; _ere_, an agent. A bold person. + +_Bearne_. _Bearn_, a child, a human creature. + +_Bent._ _Bent_, long grass, wild fields where bents, etc., grow. Bente, a +kindred term. + +_Bentley._ _Bent_, long grass; _líc_, like. Resembling bent. + +_Bicker._ _Bicker_, a kind of wooden dish, a short race. + +_Birkey._ _Birkie_, a clever fellow. + +_Bonney._ _Bonnie_, bonny, handsome, beautiful. + +_Blyth._ _Blyth_, joy, sprightliness, liveliness. Blythe, another +spelling of the word. + +_Bradley._ _Brade_, or _braid_, broad; _líc_, like. Broad-like; broadly. + +_Brauley._ _Braw_, brave; _líc_, like. Brave-like; bravely. + +_Brenner._ _Brenn_, burn; _ere_, an agent. That which burns, or gives +light. + +_Briggs._ _Brigs_, bridges. + +_Brock._ _Brock_, a badger. + +_Bunker._ _Bunker_, a window-seat. + +_Burn._ _Burn_, water, a rivulet. + +_Burney._ _Burnie_, diminutive of _burn_, a rivulet. A small rivulet. + +_Buss._ _Buss_, shelter, refuge, protection. Busse, a kindred name. + +_Bussell._ _Bussle_, a bustle, great stir, tumultuous hurry. + +_Butt._ _Butt_, outer room. + +_Byers._ _Byres_, plural of _byre_, a cow-stable, a sheep-pen. + + +C. + +_Caddy._ _Caddie_, a young person, a young fellow. + +_Caffey._ _Caff_, chaff; _ig_, implying an adjective. Chaffy. + +_Cairns._ _Cairns_, plural of _cairn_, a loose heap of stones. + +_Callan._ _Callan_, a boy. + +_Canny._ _Cannie_, gentle, mild, dexterous. + +_Carl._ _Carl_, an old man, a churl. + +_Carlin._ _Carlin_, feminine of _carl_. A stout old woman. + +_Cauldwell._ _Cauld_, cold; _well_, a well. A cold well. Caldwell, +Colwell, from the same roots. + +_Child._ _Chield_, a fellow. + +_Clapp._ _Clap_, clapper of a mill. + +_Clater._ _Clatter_, an idle story. + +_Clash._ _Clash_, an idle tale, the story of the day. + +_Collie._ _Collie_, a general. + +_Core._ _Core_, corps, party, clans. + +_Cotter._ _Cotter_, an inhabitant of a cot-house, or cottage. + +_Cowton._ _Cowt_, a colt; _tún_, a house. A colt’s house. + +_Craft._ _Craft_, in old husbandry, a field near a house, a croft. + +_Crap._ _Crap_, a crop, to crop. + +_Crawford._ _Craw_, a rook; _ford_, a ford. A rook-ford. + +_Creeley._ _Creel_, a basket; _líc_, like. Resembling a basket. To have +one’s wits in a _creel_, is to be crazed, to be fascinated. + +_Crees._ _Crees_, grease. + +_Crick._ _Cricke_, an ant, any small insect. + +_Crouse._ _Crouse_, cheerful, courageous. + +_Curley._ _Curlie_, curled, hair falling naturally in ringlets. + +_Curling._ _Curling_, a well-known game on ice. In Scotland, where it is +practised, the player is called a _curler_. + + +D. + +_Dale._ _Dale_, a plain, a valley. Deal, from the same root. + +_Dales._ _Dale_, a plain; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Dale. + +_Daley._ _Dale_, a plain; _ig_, an adjective termination. Resembling a +plain. Dealy, a kindred term. + +_Dawson._ _Dawes_, days; _sun_, son. Son of days. + +_Dearie._ _Dearie_, diminutive of _dear_, a dear. A little dear. + +_Dern._ _Dern_, secret, hidden, sequestered. + +_Dolte._ _Dolt_, stupefied, crazed. + +_Dool._ _Dool_, sorrow. To sing _dool_ is to lament, to mourn. + +_Dooley._ _Dool_, sorrow; _ig_, an adjective termination. Sorrowful. + +_Doupe._ _Doupe_, the backside, the side or part of anything that is out +of sight, or that is not observed. + +_Douredoure._ _Doure_, stout, durable, sullen, stubborn; _doure_, stout, +durable, etc. Very stout; portly; obstinate. + +_Dow._ _Dow_, am, or are able. + +_Dowie._ _Dowie_, worn with grief, fatigue, etc., half asleep. + +_Dripps._ _Dreips_, or _drips_, drops. + +_Duddy._ _Duddie_, ragged. + +_Dyce._ _Dyce_, dice, checker-work. + + +E. + +_Eldridge._ _Elriche_, _Elritch_, wild, hideous, ghostly, lonesome, +uninhabited, except by spectres. + +_Enburgh._ _Enbrugh_, Edinburgh. + + +F. + +_Fae._ _Fae_, a foe, an enemy. + +_Fallon._ _Fallan_, falling. + +_Fallows._ _Fallow_, a fellow; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a fellow. Also, +_fallows_, plural of _fallow_, a fellow. + +_Faust._ _Faust_, a fault. + +_Fay._ _Fay_, faith. Faye, of like kinship. + +_Fell._ _Fell_, keen, biting, the flesh immediately underneath the skin, +a moderately level field on the side or top of a hill. + +_Ferley._ _Ferley_, or _ferlie_, to wonder, a wonder. Farley, from the +same root. + +_Firth._ _Firth_, or _frith_, a wood. + +_Flegel._ _Fleg_, a kicker; _el_, denoting a personal name. A kicker; an +opposer. + +_Fothergill._ _Fother_, fodder; _gill_, from _giolla_, a servant. A +fodder-servant. + +_Fow._ _Fow_, or _fou_, full, fuddled, drunk. + +_Fyler._ _Fyle_, to soil, to dirty; _ere_, an agent. One who soils, or is +soiled. + + +G. + +_Gaber._ _Gab_, the mouth; _ere_, an agent. One who uses the mouth; a +prattler. + +_Gair._ _Gair_, gear, dress, goods, effects, stuff. + +_Gash._ _Gash_, wise, sagacious, talkative. + +_Gear._ _Gear_, riches, goods of any kind. + +_Geary._ _Gear_, riches; _ig_, an adjective termination. Rich; wealthy. +Gearey, another spelling. + +_Glen._ _Glen_, a dale, a deep valley. + +_Goff._ _Gowff_, the game of Golf. A game played with a ball and a bat. +It is a favorite game in Scotland and consists in driving the ball from +one hole to another. The person who drives his ball into a hole with the +fewest strokes is declared the winner. + +_Gowdy._ _Gowd_, gould, gold; _ig_, an adjective termination. Gold-like; +resembling gold. + +_Great._ _Great_, great, intimate, familiar. + +_Greely._ _Gree_, prize, victory; _líc_, like. Victorious. Greeley, of +like derivation. + +_Greer._ _Gree_, prize, victory; _ere_, an agent. One who gains the +prize; the victor. + + +H. + +_Hagey._ _Hag_, a scar; _ig_, implying an adjective. Resembling a scar. + +_Hale._ _Hale_, whole, tight, healthy. + +_Haly._ _Haly_, holy. + +_Haldeman._ _Hald_, an abiding place; _man_, a man. A man that has an +abiding place. + +_Hap._ _Hap_, an outer garment, mantle, plaid. Happ, a kindred term. + +_Haphold._ _Hap_, a plaid; _hold_, a captain. A captain invested with his +plaid. + +_Harner._ _Harn_, very coarse linen; _ere_, an agent. One who makes +coarse linen. + +_Hasher._ _Hash_, a fellow that neither knows how to dress nor act with +propriety; _ere_, an agent. A fellow that does not dress becomingly. + +_Haugh._ _Haugh_, a low, rich land, a valley. + +_Haughey._ _Haugh_, a valley; _ig_, expressing an adjective. Valley-like. + +_Haughton._ _Haugh_, a valley; _tún_, a town. A valley-town. + +_Haverley._ _Haverel_, a half-witted person, half-witted. + +_Hawkey._ _Hawkie_, a cow, properly one with a white face. + +_Hearse._ _Hearse_, hoarse, rough, raucous. + +_Heather._ _Heather_, a heath, a place overgrown with heath, a low shrub +belonging to the family of ericaceous plants. + +_Hecht._ _Hecht_, promised, foretold, the thing promised, or offered. + +_Heckle._ _Heckle_, a board in which is fixed a number of sharp pins used +in dressing hemp, flax, etc. Heckel, a cognate term. + +_Helm._ _Helm_, rudder of a vessel. + +_Helmer._ _Helm_, rudder; _ere_, an agent. One who has the charge of the +rudder; a helmsman. + +_Helmbold._ _Helm_, rudder, helm; _bóld_, a house. The helmsman’s house; +pilot-house. + +_Helms._ _Helm_, Helm; _sun_, son. Son of Helm. + +_Herd._ _Herd_, to tend flocks, one who tends flocks. + +_Herder._ _Herd_, to tend flocks; _ere_, an agent. One who tends flocks. + +_Herry._ _Herry_, to plunder; most properly, to plunder birds’ nests. + +_Hiney._ _Hiney_, honey. + +_Hinger._ _Hing_, to hang; _ere_, an agent. A hanger; a hangman. + +_Hitch._ _Hitch_, a loop, a knot. + +_Hoff._ _Howff_, a tippling house, a house of resort. + +_Hoole._ _Hool_, outer skin or case, a nut-shell, a peascod, a pea-pod. + +_Hooley._ _Hoolie_, slowly, leisurely. + +_Horney._ _Hornie_, one of the many names of the devil. + +_Howe._ _Howe_, hollow, a hollow, or dell. + +_Howkins._ _Howkins_, diggings. + +_Howlett._ _Howlet_, an owlet, a small owl. + +_Hoy._ _Hoy_, to urge, to press forward. Hoye, of like derivation. + +_Hoyer._ _Hoy_, to urge; _ere_, an agent. One who urges; an urger. + +_Hoyt._ _Hoyte_, to amble crazily. + +_Hushen._ _Hushion_, a cushion. + + +I. + +_Ilko._ _Ilka_, each, every. + +_Ingle._ _Ingle_, fire, fire-place. + + +K. + +_Kain._ _Kain_, fowls, etc., paid as rent by a farmer. + +_Kames._ _Kames_, combs. + +_Keel._ _Keel_, a raddle. + +_Keeler._ _Keel_, a raddle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a raddle; a +weaver. + +_Keeley._ _Keel_, a raddle; _ig_, implying an adjective. Raddle-like; +resembling a raddle. + +_Kett._ _Ket_, matted hair, fleece of wool. + +_Kirk._ _Kirk_, church. Kirke, of similar derivation. + +_Kirkbride._ _Kirk_, church; _bryde_, a bride. The church’s bride. + +_Kirkby._ _Kirk_, church; _bý_, a habitation. A habitation belonging to +the church; a parsonage. + +_Kirker._ _Kirk_, church; _ere_, an agent. A churchman. + +_Kirkham._ _Kirk_, church; _hám_, house. Church-house. + +_Kirkland._ _Kirk_, church; _land_, land. Church-land. + +_Kirkman._ _Kirk_, church; _man_, a man. A churchman. + +_Kirkpatrick._ _Kirk_, church; _Patrick_, Patrick. Church of St. Patrick. + +_Kirkwood._ _Kirk_, church; _wud_, wood. Church-wood. + +_Kirn._ _Kirn_, the harvest-supper, a churn. + +_Kitchen._ _Kitchen_, anything that is eaten with bread, or that serves +for gravy, soup, etc. + +_Kittle._ _Kittle_, ticklish, lively, apt. As a verb, it signifies to +tickle. + +_Knapp._ _Knap_, to strike sharply. A smart blow. + +_Knapper._ _Knap_, to strike sharply; _ere_, an agent. One who strikes a +smart blow. + +_Kye._ _Kye_, cows. + +_Kyle._ _Kyle_, a district in Ayrshire. Doubtless from _kyel_—the +equivalent of _kye_, cows, and _el_, a personal suffix—a cowherd. + + +L. + +_Laddey._ _Laddie_, diminutive of _lad_, a small lad, or boy. + +_Laggen._ _Lagen_, the angle between the side and the bottom of a wooden +dish. + +_Lang._ _Lang_, long. + +_Lear._ _Lear_, learning, knowledge. + +_Linn._ _Linn_, a water-fall, a precipice. + +_Lowe._ _Lowe_, a flame. + +_Lounes._ _Lounes_, plural of _loun_, a fellow, a ragamuffin, a woman of +easy virtue. + +_Lowrie._ _Lowrie_, abbreviation of Lawrence. Lowry, from the same +name. Lawrence, from the Latin, belonging to the laurel; secondarily, +victorious. + +_Lowse._ _Lowse_, to loose. + +_Lum._ _Lum_, the chimney. + +_Lunt._ _Lunt_, a column of smoke, to smoke. + + +M. + +_Mair._ _Mair_, more. + +_Malley._ _Mallie_, Molly, nickname for Mary, a Hebrew word signifying +bitter. + +_Mang._ _Mang_, among. + +_Manse._ _Manse_, the house where the minister lives, the parsonage. + +_Mavis._ _Mavis_, the thrush. + +_Maw._ _Maw_, to mow, a mow. + +_Mawby._ _Maw_, to mow; _bý_, a house, a habitation. A mow-house; a +chamber in a barn where hay is stored. + +_Mell._ _Mell_, to meddle. Also, a mallet for pounding barley in a stone +trough. + +_Meslin._ _Meslin_, mixed corn. + +_Muckel._ _Muckle_, great, big, much. + +_Murney._ _Murne_, mourn; Irish _neać_, an individual. One that mourns; a +mourner. + + +N. + +_Napey._ _Nappy_, ale, to be tipsy. Naphey, perhaps, from the same root. + + +P. + +_Pack._ _Pack_, intimate, familiar, twelve stone of wool. + +_Parle._ _Parle_, speech, discourse, conversation. + +_Pechin._ _Pechan_, the crop, the stomach. + +_Pickle._ _Pickle_, a small quantity. Pickel, from the same radix. + +_Pine._ _Pine_, pain, uneasiness. + +_Plews._ _Plews_, or _pleughs_, ploughs. + +_Prigge._ _Prig_, to cheapen, to dispute. + +_Pund._ _Pund_, pound. + +_Pyle._ _Pyle_ (_a pyle o’ chaff_), a single grain of chaff. + + +Q. + +_Quay._ _Quay_, or _quey_, a young heifer, a cow from one to two years of +age. + + +R. + +_Raible._ _Raible_, to rattle nonsense. + +_Rash._ _Rash_, a rush. + +_Reamer._ _Ream_, cream, to cream; _ere_, an agent. One who skims the +cream from anything. + +_Reck._ _Reck_, to heed. + +_Redwood._ _Red-wud_, stark mad. + +_Reid._ _Reid_, a reed. + +_Reider._ _Reid_, to advise; _ere_, an agent. One that advises; an +adviser. + +_Reidy._ _Reid_, a reed; _ig_, indicating an adjective termination. Reedy. + +_Rever._ _Rever_, robber, pirate, rover. + +_Rief._ _Rief_, or _reef_, plenty, abundance, randies, sturdy beggars. + +_Rigby._ _Rig_, a ridge; _bý_, a habitation. A ridge-house. + +_Riggs._ _Rigs_, plural of _rig_, a ridge. + +_Rink._ _Rink_, the course of the stones, a term in _curling_ on ice. + +_Ripley._ _Rip_, a handful of unthreshed corn; _líc_, like. Resembling a +handful of unthreshed corn. + +_Ripp._ _Rip_, a handful of unthreshed corn. + +_Routh._ _Routh_, or _rowth_, plenty, abundance. + +_Rung._ _Rung_, a cudgel. Runge, of like kinship. + +_Runger._ _Rung_, a cudgel; _ere_, an agent. A cudgeller. + + +S. + +_Saul._ _Saul_, soul. Saull, from the same root. + +_Sauter._ _Saut_, salt; _ere_, an agent. One who salts; a salter. + +_Sax._ _Sax_, six. + +_Scarborough._ _Scar_, a cliff; _beorh_, a burrow. A cliff-burrow. + +_Shaw._ _Shaw_, to show, a small wood in a hollow. + +_Sheen._ _Sheen_, bright, shining. + +_Sheetz._ _Sheits_, or _shetes_, sheets. + +_Shiel._ _Shiel_, a shed. + +_Shill._ _Shill_, shrill. + +_Shur._ _Shure_, did shear, shore. Shurr, from the same root. + +_Siller._ _Siller_, silver, money. + +_Simmer._ _Simmer_, summer. + +_Simmers._ _Simmer_, Simmer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmer. + +_Skerl._ _Skirl_, to shriek, to cry shrilly. + +_Slade._ _Slade_, did slide. + +_Slaw._ _Slaw_, slow, tardy. + +_Smithers._ _Smithers_, smothers. + +_Snell._ _Snell_, bitter, biting. + +_Soutter._ _Souter_, a shoemaker. + +_Speel._ _Speel_, to climb. + +_Spier._ _Spier_, to ask, to inquire. + +_Stang._ _Stang_, an acute pain, a twinge, to sting. + +_Stangle._ _Stang_, to sting; _el_, expressive of a personal name. That +which stings. + +_Stant._ _Stant_, to stand. + +_Stark._ _Stark_, stout, stiff. + +_Steane._ _Stean_, or _stane_, a stone. + +_Stell._ _Stell_, a still. + +_Swank._ _Swank_, stately, jolly. A tight, strapping young fellow or girl +was called a _swankie_, or _swanker_. + + +T. + +_Taine._ _Taine_, or _tane_, a token. + +_Tifft._ _Tift_, a puff of wind. + +_Toomey._ _Toom_, empty; _ig_, expressive of an adjective. Empty; +unoccupied. + + +W. + +_Waley._ _Walie_, ample, large, jolly. + +_Wambold._ _Wam_, the womb, the belly; _bóld_, a house, a habitation. The +womb-house; the abdomen. + +_Ward._ _Ward_, watch, sentinel. + +_Wark._ _Wark_, work. + +_Warley._ _Warly_, worldly, eager in amassing wealth. Warlley, a cognate +term. + +_Warris._ _Warris_, wars. + +_Whidden._ _Whidden_, running as a hare or cony. + +_Wicht._ _Wicht_, powerful, strong, inventive, of superior genius. + +_Wiel._ _Wiel_, a small whirlpool. + +_Wrangham._ _Wrang_, wrong, to wrong; _hám_, a house. A wrong home; a +wronged house. + + +Y. + +_Yerkes._ _Yerkes_, or _yerks_, present indicative third person singular +of _yerk_, to lash, to jerk. Lashes; jerks. + +_Yetter._ _Yett_, a gate; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of a gate; +a gate-keeper. _Yett_ was usually applied to a gate that commanded the +entrance to a farm-yard or a field. + + + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGIENDA. + + +A. + +_Acker._ _Acer_, an acre, a field. Aker, of like derivation. + +_Ackley._ _Ác-lea_, from _ác_, an oak, and _leag_, a territory, a +district. An oak-district. Oakley, from the same roots. + +_Acorn._ _Ác-cærn_, from _ác_, an oak, and _cærn_, a corn. An oak-corn. + +_Adamson._ Hebrew _Adam_, red earth; A. S. _sun_, son. Son of Adam; son +of red earth. Adams, contracted form of the word. + +_Albertson._ _Albert_, from _æl_, all, and _beorht_, bright; _sun_, son. +Son of Albert; son of the all-bright, or illustrious. Alberts, of like +kinship. + +_Albright._ _Æl_, all; _beorht_, bright. All-bright; illustrious. + +_Alderson._ _Alder_, an author, an originator; _sun_, son. Son of an +author. + +_Anderson._ Greek _aner_, French _andré_, a man; _sun_, son. Son of a +man. Anders, Andrews, of like significance. + +_Antrim._ Irish _antrim_, land of caverns. Very closely allied to +_antrum_, the Latin for cave, den, grot, lurking-place. + +_Armstrong._ _Earm_, arm; _strong_, strong. Arm-strong. + +_Ashburn._ _Æsc_, an ash-tree, a ship; _burne_, a bourn, stream, creek, +river. A stream bordered by ash-trees; a river navigable by ships. + + +B. + +_Barrow._ _Beorh_, a heap, burrow or barrow, a heap of stones, a place of +burial. Barrows, son of Barrow. + +_Bartram._ _Beorht_, bright; _remn_, or _hrem_, a raven. A bright raven. +Bertram, of like kinship. + +_Becker._ _Béc_, a book; _ere_, an agent. A book-maker; a bookman. _Béc_, +derivable from _béce_, a beech-tree, as books were first made out of the +beech. Becher, a name of analogous significance. + +_Beckman._ _Béc_, a book; _man_, a man. A bookman; a book-maker. Bechman, +a kindred term. + +_Beckley._ _Béc_, book, or _béce_, beech; _líc_, like. Book-like; +resembling the beech. + +_Berry._ _Berige_, or _berie_, a berry, a grape. + +_Best._ _Best_, best, most. + +_Bickel._ _Bicce_, a bitch; _el_, implying personality. A woman in +disgrace. + +_Bickley._ _Bicce_, a bitch; _líc_, like. Resembling a bitch. + +_Bigg._ _Byge_, or _bige_, a corner, a bay. Perhaps, from _byggan_, to +big, to build: hence, great, large in bulk. + +_Bigley._ _Byge_, a bay; _líc_, like. Resembling a bay. + +_Birch._ _Birce_, or _byrce_, a birch-tree. Birkey, from the same radix. + +_Blackburn._ _Blæc_, black; _beorn_, a prince, a king. A black prince. +Or, from _blæc_, black, and _byrne_, a coat of mail. A black coat of mail. + +_Blade._ _Blæd_, a blade, leaf, branch, twig. It also signifies a +blowing, blast, breath, life, a favorable wind, success, prosperity, +honor, reward, fame, glory. + +_Blading._ _Blæd_, a blade, a leaf; _ing_, expressive of action. +Leaf-producing. + +_Blakeley._ _Blæc_, black; _líc_, like. Resembling black. Blakely, a +kindred term. + +_Blakey._ _Blæc_, black; _ig_, an adjective termination. Blackish. + +_Blakiston._ _Blæc_, black; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting +likeness; _tún_, town. A blackish town. + +_Blane._ _Blægen_, a pustule. _Blain_, perhaps, from the same root. + +_Blaney._ _Blægen_, a pustule; _ig_, an adjective termination. Full of +pustules. + +_Blank._ _Blanc_, white. Blanke, from the same root. + +_Blankley._ _Blanc_, white; _líc_, like. White-like. + +_Blee._ _Bleo_, color, hue, blee, complexion, beauty. + +_Blue._ _Bleo_, blue, azure. Blew is, doubtless, from _bleow_, the past +of _bláwan_, to blow, to breathe. + +_Boot._ _Bót_, a boot, remedy, amend, atonement, offering, redress, +compensation, cure. Boote, another spelling. + +_Booth._ Ir. _both_, a house. + +_Borgman._ _Borg_, a loan, a pledge; _man_, a man. A man who receives a +loan, or one who gives a pledge; a bondsman. + +_Bostick._ _Bósig_, a crib, a stall, a manger, a boose. Bostwick, from +the same roots, both words, doubtless, being corruptions of the original. + +_Bower._ _Búr_, a bower, cottage, dwelling, an inner room, bed-chamber, +storehouse. + +_Bowman._ _Boga_, a bow, arch, corner, bending, band, horn, tail; _man_, +a man. A bow-man; an archer. + +_Brick._ Ir. _brice_, French _brique_, a brick. Earth or clay formed into +regular blocks and burnt in a kiln or baked in the sun. + +_Bridge._ _Bricg_, or _brycg_, a bridge. + +_Bradbury._ _Brád_, broad, vast; _beorh_, a barrow, or burrow. A vast +barrow. + +_Braddock._ _Brád_, broad; Gothic _dok_, a deep or gulfy place. A broad +dock. Or, from _brád_, broad; _docce_, a dock, a kind of plant. A +broad-leaved dock. + +_Bradford._ _Brád_, broad; _ford_, a ford. A broad ford. + +_Bray._ Ir. _breáǵ_, fine. Or, from _breać_, ever. + +_Brightly._ _Beorht_, bright; _líc_, like. Bright-like; with lustre; +splendidly. + +_Bryan._ Ir. _briǵ_, virtue, vigor, force; _an_, a personal termination. +A virtuous person; a man of vigor. + +_Buckingham._ _Boccenham_, from _bóccen_, an adjective derived from +_bócce_, a beech, and _hám_, a house. A beechen house; a house surrounded +by beech trees. + +_Burk._ _Bearoc_, from _bearo_, a grove, a wood, a hill covered with +wood. Burke, from the same root. + +_Burkley._ _Bearoc_, a grove, a forest; _líc_, like. Forest-like. + +_Burr._ _Búr_, a bower, dwelling, storehouse. Also, from French _bourre_, +the down on herbs and fruits. Most properly, from the Anglo-Saxon. + +_Burrell._ _Búr_, a bower, a storehouse, a dwelling; _el_, a termination +denoting both persons and inanimate objects. One who, or that which, +dwells in a bower; a cottager; a storehouse. + +_Burrow._ _Beorh_, a heap, a barrow, a heap of stones, a place of burial. +Burrough, from the same radix. + + +C. + +_Cade._ Ir. _céad_, a hundred, first. Perhaps, from _cat́_, pronounced +_cath_, or _cadh_, war, battle. + +_Cadic._ Ir. _céad_, first; _eać_, for _neać_, an agent. The first man. +Caddy, from the same roots. Probably, from _cat́-aid́_, a warrior. + +_Callow._ _Calo_, or _caluw_, callow, bald, without hair. + +_Camley._ Ir. _cam_, curved, crooked, bent; A. S. _líc_, like. +Curved-like; crooked. + +_Camp._ _Camp_, from Latin _campus_, a contest, battle, war, a camp. + +_Campbell._ _Camp_, a camp; _bel_, a bell. A camp-bell. Possibly, from +French _camp_, a camp, and _bel_, beautiful: hence, a beautiful camp. + +_Canby._ _Can_, or _cann_, clearance; _bý_, a habitation. A +clearance-house. + +_Capp._ _Cappa_, a cap, cope, priest’s garment. + +_Carl._ _Carl_, a male; chiefly used before words to denote the male, +as _cwén_ does the female. _Carl-catt_, meaning a male cat, and +_carl-fugol_, a male or cock bird. Later, _carl_ came to signify man, a +married man, as well as the male of any kind. + +_Carley._ _Carl_, a male, a man; _líc_, like. Male-like; resembling a +man; churlish. Carle, from the same. + +_Carncross._ Ir. _carn_, a heap of stones; _cros_, a cross. A cross +composed of a heap of stones. + +_Carra._ Ir. _cara_, a friend. + +_Carritt._ Ir. _car_, dear; _aid́_, a termination indicative of +personality. A dear person; a friend. + +_Carter._ _Cræt_, or _crat_, a carriage, a cart; _ere_, an agent. One +who drives a cart or carriage; a carter; a teamster. In Anglo-Saxon, +_cræt-wǽn_ was applied to a wain, a chariot. It is highly probable that +_cræt_ or _crat_ is traceable through the Gaelic words _cairt_ and _carr_ +to Latin _carrus_, a car, a chariot. + +_Caskey._ Ir. _Caisg_, Easter; _eać_, an individual. One who celebrates +Easter. + +_Caton._ A. S. for the Latin _catus_, or _cautus_, cautious, weary, +provident. + +_Cilles._ _Cille_, a bottle; genitive _cilles_, of bottle. Belonging to a +bottle. + +_Conrad._ _Cón_, bold; _rǽd_, counsel, reason, opinion. Bold counsel; +courageous opinion. + +_Conway._ _Cón_, bold; _wæg_, a way, a passage. A bold passage. + +_Cormac._ Ir. _corb_, a chariot; _mac_, son. Son of a chariot; a +charioteer. Cormick, Cormuck, barbarous spellings of the name. + +_Coulter._ _Culter_, and not _colter_, a coulter. See page 67. + +_Crawford._ _Cráw_, a crow, chough, jackdaw; _ford_, a ford. A crow-ford; +a ford crossed by crows. + +_Crock._ _Croc_, a crock, a pitcher. + +_Crook._ _Cruc_, a crook, a crutch. + +_Crookes._ _Crook_, Crook; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Crook. + +_Crouch._ Corruption of _cruc_, a crook, a crutch. + +_Crowley._ _Cráw_, a crow; _líc_, like. Resembling a crow. + +_Culbert._ _Col_, a helmet; _beorht_, bright. A bright helmet. Colbert, +of like derivation. + +_Curby._ _Cear_, anxious, careful; _bý_, a habitation. An anxious home. + +_Curry._ Ir. _curam_, care (applied in Irish to all over whom one has +charge); _eać_, an agent, and not _lać_. A supervisor. See page 22. + + +D. + +_Dalby._ _Dál_, a dale, a valley; _bý_, a habitation. A valley-home. + +_Darby._ Common name for _Diarmoid_ in Limerick and Tipperary. See +Dermod, page 23. + +_Darcey._ _Dearc_, or _deorc_, dark, dusky; _ig_, an adjective +termination. Dark; dusky. + +_Darkis._ _Dearc_, dark; _isc_, an adjective ending. Darkish; dusky. + +_Darling._ _Deór_, dear; _ling_, a termination denoting state or +condition of a person. A person that is dear, or beloved. + +_Darlington._ _Darling_, Darling; _tán_, house. Home of Darling. + +_Darley._ _Deór_, dear; _líc_, like. Dear-like; dearly. + +_Davidson._ _David_, Hebrew for “beloved;” _sun_, son. Son of David. +Davids, a contracted form of the name. + +_Davies._ _Davie_, Scotch for the Hebrew for “beloved;” _s_ for _sun_, +son. Son of Davie. Davieson, unabbreviated name, and Davis, a contraction +thereof. + +_Daw._ _Dæg_, a day; _dawe_, Old English for the same. Day, of like +kinship. + +_Dawson._ _Daw_, Daw; _sun_, son. Son of Daw. + +_Deacon._ _Deacon_, or _diacon_, a deacon, a levite. + +_Deane._ _Deane_, the Danes: so called from _dene_, a valley, a plain, +for they are dwellers in a vale or plain. _Dean_, as commonly applied, is +the same as _deacon_, a levite. + +_Denison._ _Denis_, French of the Greek _Dionysos_, god of Nysos; _sun_, +son. Son of Denis. + +_Denn._ _Den_, a valley, a plain. + +_Derby._ _Deór-bý_, from _deór_, a deer, a beast, and _bý_, a habitation. +A deer-park. + +_Dilg._ _Dilge_, present indicative of _dilgian_, to destroy. + +_Donald._ Ir. _Donghal_, from _donn_, brown, and _gall_, stranger. +Brown-haired stranger. + +_Donaldson._ _Donald_, Donald; _sun_, son. Son of Donald. + +_Donnell._ Ir. _Domhnall_, possibly _Donghal_, from _donn_, brown, and +_gall_, stranger. Brown-haired stranger. + +_Donaghy._ Ir. _Donoghoc_, from _Donnachu_, which is from _donn_, brown, +and _neać_, an individual, an agent. A brown-haired chief. Donnogh, +Donahoe, Donahue, Donohoe, Donohue, from the same roots. + +_Douglass._ Ir. _dhu_, from _dub́_, black, dark; _glas_, green, gray. +Dark green; dark gray. + +_Dugall._ Ir. _dhu_, from _dub́_, black; _gall_, a stranger. A black +stranger. Dugald, from the same roots. + +_Downes._ _Dúnes_, genitive of _dún_, a mountain, a hill. Belonging to a +hill. + +_Douney._ _Dún-ig_, from _dún_, a mountain, a hill, and _ig_, an +adjective ending. Mountainous; hilly. Downy, from the same derivation. + +_Durburrow._ _Dur_, a door, a gate; _beorh_, a burrow, a place of burial. +A door-burrow; a place of burial entered by door, or gate. Durborrow, +Durborow, cognate terms. + + +E. + +_Earl._ _Eorl_, not _earl_, noble, earl, man. See page 68. + +_Earley._ _Eorl-líc_, from _eorl_, an earl, and _líc_, like. Earl-like; +belonging to an earl. + +_Easby._ _Eás_, genitive of _eá_, a river; _bý_, a habitation. Habitation +of a river; banks of a river. + +_Eastburn._ _East_, eastern; _burne_, a river. An eastern river. + +_Eastman._ _East_, eastern; _man_, a man. An eastern man. + +_Eck._ _Éce_, eternal, perpetual, everlasting. + +_Eckley._ _Éce-líc_, from _éce_, eternal, and _líc_, like. Eternal-like; +everlasting. + +_Edgar._ _Eádg_, happy, prosperous, blessed, rich, perfect; _gár_, a +dart, javelin, spear, weapon. A prosperous spear. _Eádg_, contraction of +the adjective _eád-ig_, which is derivable from the substantive _eád_, +prosperity, happiness. It is highly probable that _eád_ is an altered +form of _eard_, earth, a man’s prosperity and consequent happiness being +measured by the extent of his earthly possessions. See page 68. + +_Edmund._ _Eádmund_, from _eádg_, happy, and _mund_, hand, protection, +defence. Happy defence. + +_Edson._ _Eádg_, rich; _sun_, son. Rich son. + +_Edward._ _Eádward_, from _eádg_, blessed; _weard_, guardian, watchman. A +blessed guardian. + +_Egge._ _Egge_, present indicative first person singular of _eggian_, to +egg, to excite. + +_Eglee._ _Egle_, troublesome, difficult, hateful. Or, from _egle_, a +sprout, an ear of corn, a thistle. + +_Eggleson._ _Egle_, troublesome; _sun_, son. A troublesome son. + + +F. + +_Farley._ _Far-líc_, from _fær_, sudden, fortuitous, wonderful, and +_líc_, like. Sudden; fortuitous; wonderful. + +_Ferguson._ _Fergus_, Fergus; _sun_, son, Son of Fergus. See Fergus, page +25. + +_Fetter._ _Feoter_, or _fetor_, a fetter. + +_Fetterling._ _Feoter_, a fetter; _ling_, a termination denoting the +state or condition of a person. Bondage. + +_Finan._ Ir. _fionn_, fair, white; _an_, a personal ending. A fair +person. Finian, kindred in derivation. + +_Fitler._ _Fit_, or _fitt_, a song; _lár_, lore, learning, law. Song-lore. + +_Forder._ _Ford_, a ford; _ere_, an agent. On who, or that which, fords a +stream. + +_Fordham._ _Ford_, ford; _hám_, house. Ford-house. + +_Fowler._ _Fugel-ere_, from _fugel_, a bird, a fowl, and _ere_, an agent. +One who pursues or traps wild fowl. + +_Freeborn._ _Freó-bearn_, from _freó_, free, and _bearn_, born. One free +born. + +_Fricka._ _Fríga_, Saxon Venus, the goddess of love. Or, which is more +likely, from _fricca_, a crier or preacher. Frick, from the same radix. +See Frick, page 70. + +_Frost._ _Frost_, or _forst_, frost. + +_Fry._ _Frý_, free, having liberty or authority. Frye, of similar +derivation. + +_Fuller._ _Fullere_, from _fullian_, to whiten, and _ere_, an agent. One +that whitens anything; a bleacher. + +_Fullerton._ _Fuller_, Fuller; _tún_, house. Home of Fuller. + +_Fullom._ _Fúle-hám_, from _fúle_, foul, muddy, corrupt, and _hám_, a +house. A muddy house; a corrupt home. Fullum, a cognate term. + + +G. + +_Gadd._ _Gád_, or _gǽd_, a point of a weapon, a prick, a goad. Also, +from _gád_, want, need, deficiency. + +_Gadsby._ _Gádes_, genitive of _gád_, want, deficiency, need; _bý_, a +habitation. A needy home. + +_Gaff._ _Gaf_, base, vile, lewd. + +_Gaffney._ _Gaf_, base; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A base person. + +_Gale._ _Gale_, a nightingale, is from _galan_, to sing, to enchant. +Galey, of like derivation. + +_Galen._ _Galen_, past participle of _galan_, to sing, to enchant. + +_Garlic._ _Gár-leac_, from _gár_, a spear, and _leac_, a leek, an onion, +an herb. Spear-leek; garlic. + +_Garman._ _Gár_, a spear; _man_, a man. A spearman. + +_Garret._ _Gár_, a spear; _rédhe_, cruel. A cruel spear. + +_Gillingham._ _Gillinga-hám_, or _Gill-ingahám_, from _Gill_, Gill, and +_ingahám_, residence of the sons. Home of the sons of Gill. See Gill, +page 27. + +_Glade._ _Glade_, a river, a brook. Or, _glade_, gladly. + +_Gladney._ _Glǽd_, purified, bright; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A +purified person; a saint; an angel. + +_Glenney._ _Glen_, a glen, a valley; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A dweller +in a glen, or a valley. + +_Guildford._ _Gild-ford_, from _gild_, a guild, society, or club where +money was paid for support, and _ford_, a ford. A stock-ford. + + +H. + +_Haddock._ _Hacod_, by the inversion of the letters in the last syllable +became _hadoc_, and signifies a pike, mullet. + +_Hadley._ _Heáfod-líc_, from _heáfod_, a head, and _líc_, like. +Head-like; capital; chief. Headley, of like kinship. + +_Haines._ _Heánes_, from _heáh_, high, and _nes_, a termination of +feminine nouns denoting qualify or state. Highness; height; top; end; +pinnacle; fortress. + +_Haley._ _Heálig_, from _heáh_, high, and _ig_, an adjective ending. +High; lofty. Or, from _hál_, healthy, sound, whole, and _ig_, implying an +adjective. Healthy; sound; wholly; holy. + +_Hallowell._ _Heálig_, holy; _well_, a well. A holy well. Halliwell, from +the same roots. + +_Hambright._ _Hám_, home; _beorht_, bright. A bright home. + +_Hambrook._ _Hám_, home; _bróc_, a rivulet. A home rivulet. + +_Hancock._ _Hean_, worthless; _cocc_, or _coc_, a cock, a male bird. A +worthless cock. See Hancock, page 72. + +_Handley._ _Handle_, that which is used by the hand. A handle; a haft. +Hanley, a kindred term. + +_Hane._ _Heán_, high, lofty, sublime, chief, noble, excellent. + +_Hanna._ _Heana_, poor, needy, humble, despised. + +_Hansbury._ _Heán-burh_, from _heán_, high, lofty, and _burh_, a tower. A +lofty tower. + +_Harbeck._ _Hár_, hoar, hoary, gray; _béc_, a book. A hoary book. + +_Harbert._ _Hár_, hoary, gray; _beorht_, glistening. Glistening with gray. + +_Harding._ _Heard_, hard; _ing_, implying action. Hardening. + +_Hardick._ _Heard_, hard; _ig_, an adjective termination. Hardy. Hardie, +Hardy, from the same roots. + +_Hare._ _Hara_, a hare. As hares are gray, the name was originally +derived from _hár_, hoar, hoary, gray. _Hare_, an estuary, is a probable +etymology. + +_Hargis._ _Heregas_, armies, a host. + +_Harmer._ _Hearm_, harm, damage, calamity; _ere_, an agent. One who, or +that which, produces harm. Perhaps, from _harma_, a sling to support a +wounded arm, an arm that has been harmed or damaged. + +_Hay._ _Hoeg_, or _hég_, hay. + +_Hayes._ _Haye_, Hay; _s_ for sun, _son_. Son of Hay. + +_Hazel._ _Hæsel_, or _hæsl_, a nut-tree, hazel. _Hæsel_, also, signifies +a hat. The husk of the hazel-nut resembles a hat, but whether the plant +took its name from the form of the covering of the nut, or the hat +received its name from its resemblance to the covering, is a question. We +incline to the latter belief. + +_Heany._ _Heane_, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised. Heeny, from +the same root. + +_Heberton._ _Heber_, a goat; _tún_, a house. A goat-house. + +_Heller._ _Helle_, clear, eminent; _ere_, an agent. A man of eminence. + +_Heppe._ _Heope_, a hip, fruit of the dog-rose. + +_Herman._ _Here-man_, from _here_, an army, and _man_, a man. An +army-man; a soldier. + +_Hill._ _Hill_, or _hyll_, a hill. + +_Hilles._ _Hilles_, or _hylles_, genitives of _hill_ and _hyll_, a hill. +Belonging to a hill. + +_Hocker._ _Hocer_, or _hocor_, mocking, reproach. + +_Hood._ _Hód_, a hood. + +_Hodge._ _Hog_, prudent, careful, anxious. + +_Hodgson._ _Hog_, prudent; _sun_, son. A prudent son. + +_Holcombe._ _Hol_, a hole, cavern, den; _comb_ a valley. A cavernous +valley. + +_Holden._ _Healden_, past participle of _healdan_, to hold, rescue, +fasten, rule, govern. Held; ruled; governed. + +_Holland._ _Hol_, a hole, a cavern; _land_, region. A cavernous land. Or, +_hol_, hollow; land, _land_. A hollow land. + +_Hookey._ _Hóc_, or _hooc_, a hook, a stick, or iron bent at the end; +_iht_, an adjective termination. Hooked. + +_Hoopes._ _Hópes_, genitive of _hóp_, a hoop, circle, company. Belonging +to a hoop. + +_Hough._ _Hoh_, or _hó_, a heel, hough, ham. + + +I. + +_Inger._ _Ing_, Ing; _ere_, an agent. A descendant of Ing. According to +Teuton mythology, Ing was the son of Tuisco, and is, without doubt, the +name-father of the Anglo-Saxon and English. + +_Ingham._ _Ing_, Ing; _hám_, house. Home of Ing. + +_Ingram._ _Ing_, Ing; _remn_, or _hrem_, a raven. Ing’s raven. + + +K. + +_Kane._ Ir. _cat́on_, pronounced _cahon_, from _cat́_, battle, and _an_, +a termination denoting a personal noun. A warrior. + +_Kindall._ _Cyn_, or _cin_, suitable; _dál_, valley. A suitable valley. +Kendall, of like kinship. + +_Kettle._ _Cetel_, a kettle. + +_Kidder._ _Cidan_, to contend, quarrel, chide; _ere_, an agent. One who +chides; a chider. + +_Kille._ _Cile_, cold, coldness. Or, more likely, _cille_, a battle. + +_King._ _Cyng_, king, ruler, prince. + +_Kingsbury._ _Cynges_, genitive of _cyng_, king; _beorh_, a city. King’s +city. + +_Kingston._ _Cynges_, genitive of _cyng_, a king; _tún_, town. King’s +town. + +_Kitchen._ _Cicene_, a kitchen. + +_Knapp._ _Cnæpp_, a top, cop, knop, button. + +_Knauf._ _Cnáfa_, one begotten, an offspring, a son, boy, youth. + +_Knaup._ _Cnápa_, son, boy, youth. + +_Knight._ _Cniht_, a boy, youth, attendant, a military follower. + +_Knoll._ _Cnoll_, a knoll, a hill, top, cop, summit. + +_Knott._ _Cnott_, a knot, a fastening, knitting. + +_Knowles._ _Cnolles_, genitive of _cnoll_, a knoll, a hill. Belonging to +a knoll, or hill. + + +L. + +_Landes._ _Landes_, genitive of _land_, land, ground, earth, field, +country. Belonging to the country. Landis, of cognate derivation. + +_Lang._ _Lang_, long, tall. + +_Langfeld._ _Lang_, long; _feld_, a field. A long field. + +_Langham._ _Lang_, long; _hám_, home. Long home. + +_Langley._ _Lang-líce_, from _lang_, long, and _líce_, form. Form of +long; a long time. + +_Lapp._ _Lappa_, a lap, border, hem, piece, portion. + +_Lark._ _Lauerc_, or _lawerc_, a lark. + +_Lau._ _Láu_, a relict, a widow. + +_Lawman._ _Lah_, law; _man_, a man. A man of the law; a lawyer. + +_Lawson._ _Lah_, law; _sun_, son. Son of the law; a lawyer. + +_Lea._ _Lea_, or _leag_, a law, a territory or district in which a +particular law or custom was in force. See Lea, page 75. + +_Leak._ _Leac_, a leek, an onion, garlic, an herb. + +_Light._ _Liht_, light, bright, not heavy. + +_Lightham._ _Liht_, bright; _hám_, home. A bright home. + +_Lillie._ _Lilie_, a lily. Lilly, from the same radix. + +_Lillig._ _Lilige_, a lily. + +_List._ _List_, wisdom, science, power, faculty, art, deceit. + +_Loos._ _Lús_, pronounced _loos_, a louse. + +_Lord._ _Laueord_, or _hláford_, a lord, a master, a ruler. + +_Love._ _Lóf_, praise. Or, from _luf_, love, favor, grace. + +_Lovely._ _Lóf_, praise; _líc_, like. Praise-like; lovely. Or, from +_luf-líc_, lovely. + +_Luff._ _Luf_, love, favor, grace. + +_Lunger._ _Lunger_, immediate, quick. + +_Lust._ _Lust_, desire, will, power, pleasure, delight, exultation. + + +M. + +_McAlpin._ Ir. _mac_, son; _ailpin_, from _ailp_, a lump, a height, and +_in_, implying a diminutive. Son of a small lump, or height. + +_McArthur._ Ir. _mac_, son; _Arthur_, Anglicised form of Ir. _ard_, high. +Son of Arthur; son of the high. + +_McBride._ Ir. _mac_, son; _briǵ_, virtue, vigor, force. Son of virtue; +son of force. Anglo-Saxon _bride_ is, doubtless, traceable to Ir. _briǵ_. + +_McCadden._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cat́in_, pronounced _cathin_, or, possibly, +corrupted into _cadhin_, a warrior. Son of a warrior. + +_McCandless._ Ir. _mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _candeles_, genitive of +_candel_, a candle. Son of a candle. Candle is from the Latin _candeo_, I +burn. + +_McCarrick._ Ir. _mac_, son; _Carrick_, Carrick. Son of Carrick. See +Carrick, page 21. + +_McCartney._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cairt_, a cart; _neać_, an agent. Son of a +carter. + +_McClay._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _clæg_, clay. Son of Clay; son of clay. + +_McClerk._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _clerc_, a clerk, a priest. Son of a +priest. + +_McCombes._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _combes_, genitive of _comb_, a +valley. Son of a valley. McComb, McCombs, McCoomb, McCoombs, of kindred +derivation. + +_McCoon._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _coones_, genitive of _coon_, bold. Son +of the bold. + +_McCord._ Ir. _mac_, son; _coird_, genitive of _cord_, a string. Son of a +string. + +_McCormac._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cormac_, from _corb_, a chariot, and _mac_, +a son; hence, a charioteer. Son of a charioteer. + +_McCourt._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cuirte_, genitive of _cuirt_, a yard, an +enclosed place. Son of an enclosed place. McCort, from the same roots. + +_McDade._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _dǽde_, genitive of _dǽd_, deed, +action. Son of action. + +_McFeat._ Ir. _mac_, son; _fearte_, genitive of _feart_, a feat, an +achievement. Son of achievement. + +_McFeeters._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _fæteres_, genitive of _fæter_, a +fetter. Son of a fetter. + +_McGade._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _gádes_, genitive of _gád_, a goad, a +prick. Son of a goad. + +_McManus._ Ir. _mac_, son; _manus_, most likely a corruption of A. S. +_mannes_, genitive of _mann_, a man. Son of a man. + +_McMaster._ Ir. _mac_, son; _maiǵistera_, genitive of _maiǵister_, a +master. Son of a master. + +_Mader._ _Mædere_, or _mæddere_, madder. + +_Madge._ _Mæge_, a kinswoman, a daughter. + +_Madison._ _Mæge_, genitive of _mæge_, a maid. Son of a maid. + +_Maiden._ _Mæden_, a maiden, a virgin. + +_Mallow._ _Malwe_, or _malu_, mallow. Mallow, name of a species of +malvaceous plant. + +_Mear._ _Mear_, a field. Also, from _mear_, or _mearh_, a horse. See +Mear, page 76. + +_Mease._ _Measse_, the mass, a feast, a festival. + +_Mennig._ _Menigo_, a multitude, a host. + +_Mennis._ _Mennisc_, human, manlike, mortal. + +_Merrill._ _Mere_, the sea; Ir. _aill_, a wall, a cliff. A sea-wall; a +sea-cliff. + +_Mood._ _Mód_, mind, disposition, mood, passion, violence, force. + +_Moody._ _Mód-ig_, from _mód_, mind, and _ig_, an adjective ending. +Proud; courageous; bold; irritable; moody. Moodie, from the same roots. + +_Moon._ _Món_, pronounced _moon_, wickedness. Or, from _móna_, the moon. + +_Mooney._ _Mon-ig_, from _móna_, the moon, and _ig_, an island. Mona +Island; Isle of the Moon. + +_Morley._ _Mǽr-líc_, from _mǽr_, great, high, lofty, exalted, +illustrious, famous; _líc_, like. Noble; lofty; glorious. + +_Morning._ _Morgen_, the morning, morrow. + +_Morrow._ _Morhgen_, or _morgen_, the morning, morrow. + +_Morton._ _Mór_, moor, heath; _tún_, town. A moor-town; a town built on a +moor. + +_Moss._ _Meos_, moss. + +_Mott._ _Mot_, a mote. + +_Mould._ _Molde_, mould, earth, dust. + +_Mund._ _Mund_, a hand, a protection, fence, defense, security. + +_Munder._ _Mund-bora_, from _mund_, protection, and _bora_, a bearer. A +bearer of protection; a protector. + +_Mundy._ _Mundig_, from _mundean_, to remember, and _ig_, an adjective +termination. Mindful. + + +N. + +_Nutt._ _Hnut_, a nut. + +_Nuttall._ _Hnut-hule_, from _hnut_, a nut, and _hule_, hull or husk. A +nut-hull. + +_Nutter._ _Hnut_, a nut; _ere_, an agent. A nut-gatherer. + + +O. + +_Oakey._ _Ác_, an oak; _ig_, an adjective termination, Oaky; like oak; +hard as oak. + +_Oakford._ _Ác_, an oak; _ford_, ford. The ford of the oak. + +_Oakley._ _Ác-lea_, from _ác_, oak; _lea_, a place. An oak place. + +_Oat._ _Áta_, an oat. + +_Oats._ _Oat_, Oat; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Oat. + +_Oatis._ _Áta_, an oat; _isc_, resembling. Resembling an oat. + +_Oldham._ _Eald_, old, ancient; _hám_, house. An ancient home. Oldam, +contracted form of the name. + +_Olding._ _Eald_, old; _ing_, expressing action. Growing old. + +_Otter._ _Oter_, or _otor_, an otter. + +_Otterson._ _Oter_, an otter; _sun_, son. Son of an otter. + + +P. + +_Palmer._ _Palm_, a palm; _ere_, an agent. A palm-bearer. + +_Park._ _Parruc_, or _pearroc_, a park. Parke, a kindred name. + +_Parker._ _Parruc_, a park; _ere_, an agent. A keeper of a park. + +_Parkerson._ _Parker_, Parker, _sun_, son. Son of Parker. + +_Parkhill._ _Parruc_, a park; _hyll_, a hill. A park hill. + +_Pearl._ _Pærl_, a pearl. + +_Peak._ _Peac_, or _pic_, a peak, point, top, head. Peck, doubtless, from +the same radix. + +_Perkin._ _Peter-kin_, from Greek _Peter_, a rock; A. S. _cyn_, a +relative. Peter’s relative. + +_Perkins._ _Perkin_, Perkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Perkin. + +_Peters._ Greek _Peter_, a rock; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Peter; son of a +rock. Peterson, from the same roots. + +_Pinn._ _Pinn_, a pen. + + +Q. + +_Quernin._ _Cwéorn_, a mill. + +_Querner._ _Cwéorn_, a mill; _ere_, an agent. A miller. + + +R. + +_Riddle._ _Hriddel_, a sieve, a riddle. + +_Ridgway._ _Ricg_, a ridge; _wæg_, a way. A ridge-way; a way along a +ridge. + +_Roberts._ _Rodor-beorht_, from _rodor_, heavens, and _beorht_, bright; +_s_ for _sun_, son. Son of the heavenly bright. Robertson, a lengthened +form of the same name. + +_Robinson._ _Robin_, endearing name for Robert; _sun_, son. Son of Robin; +son of the heavenly bright. Robbinson, Robbins, of like derivation. + +_Robson._ _Rob_, Robb; _sun_, son. Son of Robb. Robb, contraction of +Robbin, title of endearment for Robert—heavenly bright. Robeson, of like +kinship. + + +S. + +_Scofield._ _Sceawe_, a show; _feld_, a field. A show-field. See +Scofield, page 99, which contains two errors. + +_Shourds._ _Sceardes_, genitive of _sceard_, a sheard, division. +Belonging to a sheard. + +_Sowden._ Anglo-Norman _soudan_, from Moorish _soldan_, a prince. A +prince; a sultan. + +_Sumpter._ Anglo-Norman _summere_, a sumpter horse; and _sumpter_, a +horse that carries clothes, furniture, etc. Going back to the original, +from the Latin _sumo_, I take, _sumptum_, to take, with Anglo-Saxon +_ere_, an agent: that is, one that takes or carries. + + +T. + +_Thomason._ _Thomas_, Thomas; _sun_, son. Son of Thomas. In the Hebrew, +_Thomas_ signifies a twin. Thompson, of like derivation and meaning. + +_Tolbert._ _Tohl_, or _tól_, a tool; _beorht_, bright. A bright tool. + +_Tolley._ _Tohl-líc_, from _tohl_, a tool, and _líc_, like. Tool-like. +Or, from _toh-líc_, compounded of _toh_, tough, clammy, and _líc_, like. +Clammy. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77230 *** diff --git a/77230-h/77230-h.htm b/77230-h/77230-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a735f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/77230-h/77230-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11716 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + Family names from the Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and Scotch | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +a { + text-decoration: none; +} + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2.nobreak { + page-break-before: avoid; +} + +hr.chap { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +div.chapter { + page-break-before: always; +} + +p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +table { + margin: 1em auto 1em auto; + max-width: 40em; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +td { + padding-left: 2.25em; + padding-right: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +.tdpg { + vertical-align: bottom; + text-align: right; +} + +.larger { + font-size: 125%; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + right: 4%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} + +.right { + text-align: right; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} +.center {text-align: center;} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77230 ***</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<h1><span class="smcap">Family Names</span><br> +<span class="smaller"><span class="smaller">FROM THE</span><br> +IRISH, ANGLO-SAXON, ANGLO-NORMAN AND SCOTCH</span></h1> + +<p class="titlepage larger"><span class="smcap">Considered in Relation to their Etymology,<br> +<br> +<span class="smaller">with</span><br> +<br> +Brief Remarks on the History and Languages<br> +<br> +<span class="smaller">of the</span><br> +<br> +Peoples to Whom we are Indebted for their Origin.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">BY THOMAS G. GENTRY,<br> +<br> +<span class="smcap">Author of “Life-Histories of Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania,” “The House<br> +Sparrow,” “Nests and Eggs of Birds of the United States,” etc.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">PHILADELPHIA:<br> +BURK & McFETRIDGE.<br> +1892.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1892,<br> +BY<br> +THOMAS G. GENTRY</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> + +</div> + +<p>In all ages and localities of the world names, implying some one +or more characteristics of person, feature, faith, place or event, were +conferred by people, especially by those of defective education and +rude, unpolished manners. The nations of antiquity appear to have +set the example, for the Hebrews had their “Adam,” which meant +“red earth,” their “Elizabeth,” “the oath of God,” and the Greeks +their “Theophilus,” “the friend of God.” Scriptural names, and +those of a purely classical character, have been studied with less +difficulty. Every Hebrew name has been fully discussed and examined +by the best scholars, and the Greek have received the same +amount of careful consideration. Not so with the Latin. While much +of value and interest have been gleaned through patient study and +investigation, yet there is a great deal that must forever remain +doubtful and inexplicable.</p> + +<p>Ripe German philologists have given full attention to the numerous +race of German appellations, the Scandinavian class having been +most ably treated in a series of articles to the <i>Norsk Maandeskrifts</i> +from the pen of Prof. Munch, of Christiania. Turner, Kemble, +Thierry, and others, have studied, but not comparatively, Anglo-Saxon +names, and thrown considerable light upon the subject.</p> + +<p>Keltic names have presented far greater difficulties. The changes +through which the name passes must be considered, and not merely +the sound when translated into English. Books of travels, histories, +and popular tales, are here indispensable aids to the dictionary, +especially when writers have been good enough to give with anything +like tolerable accuracy the genuine word rather than their +Anglicised construction.</p> + +<p>While surnames and local names have often been discussed, and +that very poorly in the large majority of cases, the Christian name +has generally been considered too fortuitous to merit notice. Camden +did indeed review the current ones of his day, giving many correct +explanations, but Verstegen, who followed him up, was more speculative, +and, consequently, less correct. Since his day, no English +author seems to have given any reliable information to the subject. +It is true that a few lists of names and meanings have appeared in +magazines and popular works, but they have generally been copies +of Verstegen, with puerile and incorrect additions. One paper, +which was published a long time ago in Chamber’s Journal, was the +only truly valuable paper on English names <i>en masse</i> that has appeared +since he wrote.</p> + +<p>But little attention has been paid to the history of names. Why +one should be popular and another forgotten, why one should flourish +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>throughout an entire country, another in one section alone, and another +around some petty district, has not, it would seem, been of sufficient +importance to invite examination. History has answered some of these +questions, genealogy others, and the patient tracing of patron saints, +their relics, and their legends, many others. In this department of +investigation, philology owes a lasting debt of gratitude to Charlotte +M. Yonge, a well-known English authoress, who has had the time, the +patience, the ability, for so herculean a task. A careful perusal of her +work, while it shows a few defects, the results of preconceived notions +and false reasoning, brings to the light of knowledge much that is +valuable and important.</p> + +<p>The writer’s interest in the subject began with his study of the Irish +language more than two decades ago. That interest has never wavered, +but has gathered strength and force with the advancing years. A +desire that his fellows should know something of the etymology and +meanings of names, for few people have any other idea than that +names, family names especially, are the results of chance, has led to +the publication of this work. In its preparation he has drawn his facts +from primitive sources. Few names, and these originally Christian in +character, have been taken at second hand, but in most instances even +these have been modified in derivation and meaning to adapt them to +his conceptions of what the genius of the languages, from which they +were drawn, would require. Bourke’s <i>Self-Instruction in Irish</i>, O’Reilly’s +<i>Irish-English Dictionary</i>, Foley’s <i>English-Irish Dictionary</i>, and <i>The Irish +Echo</i>, a monthly paper published in Boston, and devoted to Irish history +and genealogies, are the sources from which have been obtained the +facts for the Irish names. March’s <i>Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon +Language</i>, March’s <i>Anglo-Saxon Reader</i>, and Bosworth’s <i>Anglo-Saxon +and English Dictionary</i> have been invaluable so far as the Anglo-Saxon +are concerned, and for the Anglo-Norman and Scotch considerable +information has been gleaned from the writings of Chaucer, +edited by Wright, from Percy’s <i>Reliques of Ancient English Poetry</i>, and +from scores of other sources.</p> + +<p>It is not pretended that the list of names herein given is anything like +complete. Hundreds of others could have been included, but they +would only have augmented the size of the book beyond the author’s +intention. He has endeavored to select names presumably familiar to +English-speaking people, and to give their probable derivation and +significance. The keen eye of the critic may detect some faults, for a +work of this kind cannot necessarily be free from errors, either of judgment +or wisdom, but it is to be hoped that the value of the work, as +a vehicle of truth and information, may not materially be affected by +reason of them.</p> + +<p class="right">THOMAS G. GENTRY.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, June 1, 1892.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#PREFACE">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">From the Irish</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FROM_THE_IRISH">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">History—The Celts</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#HISTORY-THE_CELTS">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Lessons in Irish</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#LESSONS_IN_IRISH">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Names—Their Derivation</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#IRISH_NAMES">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">From the Anglo-Saxon</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FROM_THE_ANGLO-SAXON">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">History—Jutes, Saxons, Angles</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#HISTORY-JUTES_SAXONS_ANGLES">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Lessons in Anglo-Saxon</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#LESSONS_IN_ANGLO-SAXON">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Names—Their Derivation</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#ANGLO-SAXON_NAMES">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">From the Anglo-Norman</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FROM_THE_ANGLO-NORMAN">171</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">History—Norman Conquest</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#HISTORY-NORMAN_CONQUEST">173</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Anglo-Norman Language</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#ANGLO-NORMAN_LANGUAGE">175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Names—Their Derivation</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#ANGLO-NORMAN_NAMES">180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">From the Scotch</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#FROM_THE_SCOTCH">189</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">History—The Scot</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#HISTORY-THE_SCOT">191</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Scotch—as it now Exists</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SCOTCH-AS_IT_NOW_EXISTS">195</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Names—Their Derivation</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#SCOTCH_NAMES">197</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Addenda et Corrigienda</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#ADDENDA_ET_CORRIGIENDA">208</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_THE_IRISH"><span class="smcap">From the Irish.</span></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORY-THE_CELTS">HISTORY—THE CELTS.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Careful study and research have enabled philologists to +establish a system of linguistic classification. They have +given us such families as the Chinese, the Polynesian, the +Scythian, the Semitic, and others; and above them all the +great Indo-European Family, which comprehends ten +members—three Asiatic and seven European.</p> + +<p>Seven of these ten families have long been recognized, +namely: Iranian, or Ancient and Modern Persian; Indian, +or Sanskrit, used in Hindostan; Hellenic—Ancient and +Modern Greek; Italic, that is, the Latin and its descendants—Italian, +Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provençal, Rheto-Romanic, +and Wallachian; Slavonic, preëminently the +Russian; Celtic, or Keltic, made up of the Cymric and the +Gaelic; Teutonic, subdivided into Gothic, Scandinavian, +High German, and Low German. Into the Low German +the English falls. Recent scholars have added to these seven +the Lithuanian, Armenian, and Albanian, making ten in all.</p> + +<p>So unlike are these languages now, that it was not suspected +until this century that they were once the same speech +spoken by a people dwelling together long enough to build +up a respectable vocabulary and a common language. The +home of this mother-tribe is involved in obscurity. Conjecture, +at one time, placed it upon the high table-land of +Eastern Persia. Recent surmise, principally German, locates +it in Germany, in Scandinavia, in Russia just north of the +Caucasus mountains. When, and in what order, the migrations +took place is also conjectural. That great migrations +did occur, and that each migrating horde carried along with it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>the parent speech, is no longer questioned. Strong authorities +make it credible that the Celtic tribes were the first to abandon +the old homestead and seek their fortunes in new and strange +lands.</p> + +<p>Of this people, the Celts, when first they appear upon the +historical horizon, some prefatory remarks are needed. They +occupied the Spanish Peninsula, Gaul when conquered by +Cæsar, and Britain, when visited by him in 55 and 54 B. C. +In Britain, they were divided into many tribes, and were +seldom known to unite in a common cause. They lived in +houses hollowed out of the hills, built with low stone walls, +thatched with reeds and straw, and lighted only by the door. +Their dress consisted of the tunic and short trousers. Fruits, +milk, flesh, and grain bruised and baked, constituted their +food. They manufactured earthenware, war chariots, arrows, +the sword, the spear, the battle-axe, and the shield, burned +or buried their dead, tattooed their bodies, and were largely +controlled by their priests. The latter—the <i>druids</i>—monopolized +the learning, took to themselves supreme authority, +settled all disputes, civil and criminal, and were exempt from +taxation and all public duties.</p> + +<p>No determined resistance was offered by the Celts to +Roman occupancy of Britain, for, under Agricola, the Romans +had by 84 A. D., conquered as far north as the Firth of +Forth, which they joined to the river Clyde by the wall of +Antoninus. Subsequently, they built as additional protection +against the Picts, the noted wall of Severus, sometimes called +Hadrian’s wall, which united the Solway and the Tyne. No +attempt of a thorough conquest of the island was made by +the Romans, but with their headquarters at Eboracum, now +York, they held it by a chain of fortified posts, whose site is +now mainly indicated by towns with names terminating in +<i>chester</i>, <i>cester</i> or <i>caster</i>—modifications of the Latin <i>castra</i>, a +camp. These posts the Romans connected by broad and +straight military roads over which their legions could readily +march.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> + +<p>Roman aggrandizement was of primary importance. Taxes +were levied on arable land, on pasture land, and on fruits, and +duties were exacted at the ports. Agriculture was fostered, +and large quantities of grain exported to Rome. But the +imperial city whose empire was so wide, and whose armies +were mostly composed of conscripts from subjugated people, +and led by generals of their own blood, was threatened by +invading hordes, and was compelled to withdraw her legions +for home defense. By 420 the soldiers had all been withdrawn, +and the Celts were themselves once more. But their +freedom and rejoicing were of short continuance. A more +formidable invasion than that of the Roman followed, and by +the middle of the fifth century they were the slaves of the +Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.</p> + +<p>Upon the withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain, +the unsubdued Picts and Scots of the north attacked the +Celts of the south, who had been subjects of Roman oppression. +Whether the assailed Britons detached the Gothic +tribes from an alliance with the Picts and Scots, and turned +them against their former allies; whether, without having +been in league with them, the strangers came from their home +beyond the North Sea to help beat back the Picts and Scots; +or whether, tempted by the fertile soil, they came on their +own account, we may never know; but one thing is certain, +that they came, and that they came never to go away. Their +coming is of weighty significance, for they became the basis +of the English nation, and their speech the parent of the +English language.</p> + +<p>The unconquered Celts of the west and north spoke their +own tongue—the Celtic—while that of the conquered portion +was overwhelmingly the language of the conquerors, and was +called the Anglo-Saxon. It was not, however, entirely pure, +for some few Celtic words had unavoidably entered it. The +names for the rivers, lakes, hills and mountains, given by the +Celts, clung pertinaciously to these objects, and are found +with the English of the present day. Throughout the whole +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>of England there is hardly a river-name that is not Celtic. +<i>Avon</i>, Celtic for <i>water</i>, occurs as the name of fourteen +English rivers upon our maps. <i>Esk</i>, of like meaning, designates +more than twenty, and has also entered into the names +of towns, as in <i>Ax</i>minster, <i>Ex</i>eter, <i>Ox</i>ford, and <i>Ux</i>bridge. +<i>Cam</i>, <i>Humber</i>, <i>Ouse</i>, <i>Thames</i>, and <i>Wye</i>, and many other river-names, +are Celtic. <i>Pen</i>, or <i>Ben</i>, Celtic for <i>mountain</i>, is seen +in the name for the range called <i>Pen</i>nine, in that of the hills +called <i>Pen</i>tland, and in <i>Ben</i>-Nevis and <i>Ben</i>-Lomond. <i>Dun</i>, +a hill-fortress, is found in <i>Dum</i>barton, <i>Dun</i>dee, <i>Dun</i>keld. +Hundreds of other Celtic words can be observed on almost any +map of England, and, indeed, on the maps of Spain, France, +Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The names of the rivers +Rhine, Rhone, Garonne, and Seine are Celtic. Italy is Celtic +for “beautiful region,” and German for “rough man.” Besides +the numerous geographical names of Europe that are traceable +to this language, such common names as <i>camel</i>, <i>clock</i>, +<i>comma</i>, <i>fodder</i>, <i>gun</i>, <i>snake</i>, and <i>whiskey</i>, owe to it their origin, +not to mention scores of well-known family names of every-day +occurrence.</p> + +<p>The remains of the Celtic language are still to be found in +the Welsh, the Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, the Erse +or Irish, and the Manx of the Isle of Man.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="LESSONS_IN_IRISH">LESSONS IN IRISH.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Irish Letters—Their Sounds.</span></h4> + +<p>There are seventeen letters in the Irish Alphabet, of which +five are vowels, the remaining twelve being consonants. +Their correspondents in English are <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, +<i>n</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, and <i>u</i>.</p> + +<p>The designation of the letters by their Irish names, <i>Ailm</i>, +<i>Beith</i>, etc., which is only a convenient contrivance for distinguishing +them from those of other languages, has been +purposely omitted, partly because they are, at present, seldom +or never called by their appellations, and partly because there +is often danger in mistaking the names for the sounds of the +letters.</p> + +<p>Regarding the pronunciation of Irish letters, and of the +Gaelic language generally, the fullest and most open enunciation +is required. The vowels must be sounded as in Italian +or French; the consonants, as in German or Spanish. This +open, full sounding of the letters enables foreigners to learn +to speak Irish more correctly and more readily than English-speaking +people; for, of all spoken languages, the pronunciation +of the English is the most opposite to that of Irish.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of the Consonants.</span></h4> + +<p>The letters <i>b</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>p</i>, and <i>r</i>, except when aspirated, are +sounded like their English analogues. <i>C</i> is never at all pronounced +like <i>s</i> or <i>ch</i> soft, but always hard like <i>k</i>; <i>d</i>, like <i>dh</i>; +<i>g</i> hard, as in <i>get</i>; and <i>l</i>, generally, like the first <i>l</i> in William.</p> + +<p>More variable, however, is <i>s</i>. Before or after the vowels +<i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, it is most generally sounded like <i>sh</i>, there being but a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>single exception to the rule, and this occurs in the word <i>is</i>—the +third person singular present indicative of the assertive +form of the verb <i>to be</i>, which is pronounced <i>is</i>, and not <i>ish</i>. +Before or after <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, it takes simply the sound of <i>s</i> in +<i>soon</i>, the demonstrative pronoun <i>so</i>, this, being in Connaught, +where it is pronounced <i>sho</i>, the only exception.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of the Vowels.</span></h4> + +<p><i>A</i> long, as in <i>wâll</i>, has the broad sound as in English; <i>a</i> +short, that of a in <i>băt</i>. There is a third sound, very common +in the South and West of Ireland, corresponding to the +sound of <i>a</i> in <i>whät</i>.</p> + +<p><i>E</i> long is sounded as in <i>whêre</i>, <i>e</i> short, as in <i>whĕn</i>; <i>i</i> long, +as <i>ee</i> in <i>pîque</i>, <i>i</i> short, as in <i>pĭck</i>; <i>o</i> long, as in <i>tōld</i>, <i>o</i> short +as in <i>gŏt</i>; <i>u</i> long, as in <i>rūle</i>, <i>u</i> short, as in <i>fûll</i>.</p> + +<p>Vowels are divided into <i>broad</i> and <i>slender</i>. The <i>broad</i> are +<i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>; the <i>slender</i> are <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Union of Vowels, and their Sounds.</span></h4> + +<p>Two vowels coming together constitute a <i>diphthong</i>; three, +a <i>triphthong</i>. In Irish there are <i>thirteen</i> diphthongs and <i>five</i> +triphthongs. Of the former, <i>six</i> are always long, or naturally +so, and the remainder naturally short, but becoming long +when accented. The long diphthongs, as they are invariably +long, require no accent. The <i>seven</i> short need the presence +of this character to show that their sound is, in the case so +designated, to be pronounced long.</p> + +<p>The long diphthongs are:—<i>ae</i>, <i>ao</i>, <i>eo</i>, <i>eu</i>, <i>ia</i>, and <i>ua</i>.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of the Six Long Diphthongs.</span></h4> + +<p><i>Ae</i> is sounded like <i>ae</i> in the Latin word <i>Musæ</i>; <i>ao</i>, usually +like <i>ee</i> in <i>queer</i>, except in Munster where it has the sound of +the first <i>e</i> in <i>there</i>; <i>eo</i>, like <i>eo</i> in the proper noun <i>Keon</i>; <i>eu</i>, +long, like <i>ai</i> in <i>wail</i>; <i>ia</i>, like <i>ee</i> in <i>teem</i>; <i>ua</i>, like <i>ooe</i> in +<i>wooer</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of the Seven Short Diphthongs.</span></h4> + +<p><i>Ai</i>, accented, is equivalent to the sound of <i>awi</i> in the +English word <i>sawing</i>, being nothing more than the combined +sounds <i>â</i> and <i>ĭ</i>; <i>ai</i>, not accented, has the sound of <i>ai</i> in the +French <i>taille</i>, cut, and is hard to be learned by an English-speaking +student; <i>ea</i>, accented, is sounded like <i>ea</i> in <i>swear</i>, +unaccented, like the same letters in <i>heart</i>; <i>ei</i>, accented, like <i>ei</i> +in <i>deign</i>, unaccented, like <i>e</i> in <i>den</i>; <i>io</i>, accented, like <i>ee</i> in +<i>green</i>, unaccented, like <i>i</i> in <i>grin</i>; <i>iu</i>, accented, like <i>iew</i> in +<i>review</i>, unaccented, like <i>oo</i> in <i>blood</i>; <i>oi</i>, accented, like <i>oi</i> in +<i>boil</i>, unaccented, like <i>u</i> in <i>shut</i>; <i>ui</i>, like <i>ui</i> in <i>fruit</i>, unaccented, +like <i>ui</i> in <i>quiet</i>.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Triphthongs, and their Sounds.</span></h4> + +<p>All the triphthongs—<i>aoi</i>, <i>eoi</i>, <i>iai</i>, <i>iui</i>, <i>uai</i>—are pronounced +long, and differ but little in their sounds from those of the +long diphthongs from which they are formed. They differ +mainly in two particulars—first, in a slight prolongation of +the diphthongal sound; secondly, in imparting to the immediately +succeeding consonant, on account of its nearness to +the slender vowel <i>i</i>, a liquid, slender sound, which it would +not otherwise receive. <i>Aoi</i> is sounded like <i>uee</i> in <i>Queen</i>; +<i>iai</i>, like the diphthong <i>ia</i> (<i>ee</i>), except that the final <i>i</i> gives +to the consonant that follows a slender or liquid sound; <i>iui</i>, +like <i>eeyu</i>, sounds that cannot be represented in English, as +heard in the Irish word <i>ciuin</i>, pronounced <i>keeyuin</i>, in one +syllable.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Aspirated Consonants.</span></h4> + +<p>We come now to consider the twelve Irish consonants. +Of these consonants—<i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>—never alter their primitive or +radical sounds. The remaining nine do change their radical +sounds to those of cognate nature.</p> + +<p>This change, arising from a rough breathing after the +vowel sound, is properly called <i>aspiration</i>, as it merely +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span>modifies, rather than destroys, as is sometimes erroneously supposed, +the sound of the consonant. The notation for the +aspirate is indicated by an accent (´) or <i>h</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ṕ</i> (asp.) is equivalent to <i>ph</i> or <i>f</i>. <i>B́</i>, before or after <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, +to <i>v</i>; but before or after <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, to <i>w</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ḿ</i>, before or after <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, to <i>v</i>; before or after <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, to <i>w</i>, +with a slightly nasal sound.</p> + +<p><i>F́</i> is usually silent; in some words, however, it has the +sound of <i>h</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ć</i>, like <i>ch</i> in <i>och</i>, or the Greek letter <i>chee</i>. Before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, or +<i>u</i> it has the former sound, which is that of the German <i>ch</i>; +but before <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, it invariably takes the latter sound.</p> + +<p><i>Ǵ</i>, in the beginning of a word, if before the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, +has the guttural sound <i>gh</i>; but before <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, it is sounded +like <i>y</i>. At the end, or in the middle of words, it has no +other power than that of prolonging the sound of the preceding +vowel.</p> + +<p><i>D́</i> has a thick, guttural sound, very analogous to <i>g</i>. In +the beginning of a word, before <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, it has exactly the +sound of <i>y</i>; but in the middle, or at the end, it has the force +of <i>g</i>, that is, it merely lengthens the sound of the preceding +vowel or diphthong.</p> + +<p><i>T́</i> loses its power as a consonant, and has the force of <i>h</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ś</i> has the sound of <i>k</i>; <i>s</i>, final, is never aspirated.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Derivative Nouns.</span></h4> + +<p>Derivative Nouns in Irish are <i>personal</i> or <i>abstract</i>.</p> + +<p>Personal Nouns end in <i>ōir</i>, <i>aire</i>, <i>ai</i>, <i>aid́</i>, and are produced +from primitive nouns, or past participles.</p> + +<p>The terminations <i>ōir</i>, <i>aire</i>, are supposed to be broken forms +of the word <i>fear</i>, pronounced <i>fär</i>, a man. If so, then <i>fear</i> +must be considered as the root of the Latin ending <i>or</i>, and +of the English suffix <i>er</i>.</p> + +<p>Abstract Nouns terminate in <i>as</i> or <i>eas</i>, masculine; in <i>aćt</i>, +feminine; or in the genitive case singular feminine of +adjectives.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p> + +<p>Diminutives are formed from nouns and adjectives, and +end in <i>an</i>, masculine; in <i>în</i>, masculine or feminine; in <i>ōg</i>, +feminine.</p> + +<p>Many words that are not diminutives end in <i>an</i>.</p> + +<p>Other words terminating in <i>an</i>, from <i>tan</i>, time, or from +<i>tain</i>, possessions, are of this class. <i>Iat́</i>, a region, a territory, +is, in its fragmentary form <i>ia</i>, the termination of almost all +the Latin names of places that have that ending.</p> + +<p>From the active signification of the ending <i>ać</i>, and from +the meaning of the term <i>neać</i>, an individual, an agent, of +which <i>ać</i> is apparently a mere fragment, adjectives with this +suffix become personal nouns, and as such are expressive of +office, action, or individuality.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of Certain Terminations.</span></h4> + +<p>In Connaught, final <i>ead́</i> is pronounced like <i>oo</i> in English; +in Munster, like <i>a</i>. As the final syllable of the imperfect +tense of verbs, it is pronounced incorrectly in Munster, and +in some districts in the southern parts of Connaught, like +guttural <i>agh</i>.</p> + +<p>Generally, <i>ad́</i> final, in words of two or more syllables, is +pronounced like <i>ead́</i>; in Munster, like unaccented <i>a</i>; and, +in Connaught and Ulster, like English <i>oo</i>. But in words of +one syllable and their compounds, however, the Munster +pronunciation is not only adopted in the South, but also in +the West and North of Ireland.</p> + +<p>In Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary, the diphthongs <i>ea</i>, +<i>io</i>, and sometimes <i>iu</i>, are incorrectly pronounced like <i>ow</i> on +coming before <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, and <i>n</i>.</p> + +<p>In the words <i>bean</i>, a woman, <i>bard</i>, a poet, and <i>bord</i>, a table, +the initial consonant <i>b</i>, when not preceded by the possessive +pronouns singular, is not aspirated. Put, however, these +pronouns, excepting the feminine, before the same words, and +<i>b</i> immediately assumes the aspirate sound; that is, it is pronounced +like <i>v</i>, if <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> follow, and like <i>w</i>, if <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, or <i>u</i> follow.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="IRISH_NAMES">NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>A.</h4> + +<p><i>Adaire.</i> <i>A</i> for <i>an</i>, the; <i>dair</i>, oak. The oak; hence, +strong, powerful, robust. <i>Adare</i>, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Aincy.</i> <i>Ain</i>, a circle; <i>neać</i>, corrupted into <i>ey</i>, an individual, +an agent.</p> + +<p><i>Aitken.</i> <i>Ait</i>, pleasure, fancifulness; <i>ceann</i>, head. Mental +delight.</p> + +<p><i>Alncy.</i> <i>Aluin</i>, beautiful; <i>neać</i>, an individual. A pleasing +person.</p> + +<p><i>Arran.</i> <i>Ara</i>, kidney; <i>an</i> for <i>tan</i>, land, riches, possessions +in land or stock. Land of the kidney.</p> + +<p><i>Ardry.</i> <i>Ard</i>, chief; <i>riǵ</i> (<i>ree</i>), king. Head king or ruler. +<i>Awrdry</i>, of like derivation.</p> + +<h4>B.</h4> + +<p><i>Baine.</i> <i>Baine</i>, milk, from the adjective <i>bân</i>, white. Milk. +Bain, contracted from the original name.</p> + +<p><i>Baile.</i> <i>Bâile</i>, a town, a village.</p> + +<p><i>Bailey.</i> <i>Bâile</i>, a town; <i>lać</i>, a broken form of <i>lućt</i>, folk, +people. Resident of a town.</p> + +<p><i>Baird.</i> <i>Bârd</i>, genitive <i>baird</i>, a poet. Offspring of a Celtic +minstrel.</p> + +<p><i>Ball.</i> <i>Bâll</i>, a member; one of a community, society, or +association. Baull has the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Ballantyne.</i> <i>Bâile</i>, a town; <i>an</i>, of the; <i>tan</i> or <i>tain</i>, land, +region. The town of the region.</p> + +<p><i>Bannigan.</i> <i>Baine</i>, milk; <i>gan</i>, offspring, descendant. One +nourished from infancy upon milk.</p> + +<p><i>Bannon.</i> <i>Bân</i>, white; <i>on</i> for <i>an</i>, a termination indicative +of personality. A pale-faced person.</p> + +<p><i>Barmore.</i> <i>Bârr</i>, top, summit, swelling tide, head; <i>muir</i>, +the sea, genitive <i>mâra</i>, of the sea. Swelling tide of the sea.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> + +<p><i>Barney.</i> <i>Bârr</i>, head; <i>neać</i>, an individual. A leader. +Perhaps, the equivalent of <i>bairneać</i>, a limpet, because found +on tops (<i>bârr</i>) of rocks when the tide has ebbed.</p> + +<p><i>Barr.</i> <i>Bârr</i>, top, summit, head.</p> + +<p><i>Barret.</i> <i>Bârr</i>, head; <i>aid́</i>, a suffix expressive of a personal +noun. Manager; superintendent; leader.</p> + +<p><i>Barry.</i> <i>Bârr</i>, top; <i>aid́</i>, indicative of personality; originally, +<i>barraid́</i>. One at the summit; a man of eminence.</p> + +<p><i>Baugh.</i> Possibly a corruption of <i>beać</i>, pronounced <i>bäch</i>, +a bee.</p> + +<p><i>Beahney.</i> <i>Beat́a</i>, life; <i>neać</i>, an agent. A living being.</p> + +<p><i>Benaugh.</i> <i>Biad́</i>, food; <i>neać</i>, an individual. One who +provides food; a victualler.</p> + +<p><i>Benner.</i> <i>Benn</i>, a mountain; <i>er</i>, a contraction for <i>fear</i>, a +man. A mountaineer.</p> + +<p><i>Binney.</i> <i>Binn</i>, harmonious; <i>neać</i>, an individual. An +agreeable person.</p> + +<p><i>Bourke.</i> Irish for Burke.</p> + +<p><i>Bowan.</i> Possibly from <i>buan</i>, lasting, enduring.</p> + +<p><i>Bower.</i> <i>Bod́ar</i>, pronounced <i>bower</i>, deaf.</p> + +<p><i>Brattan.</i> <i>Brat</i>, a cloak; <i>an</i>, expressing personality. A +cloak-wearer; a clergyman.</p> + +<p><i>Breen.</i> <i>Braon</i>, pronounced <i>breen</i>, a drop.</p> + +<p><i>Brennan.</i> <i>Breun</i>, fetid; <i>an</i>, expressive of personality. +An offensive person.</p> + +<p><i>Britain.</i> <i>Brith</i>, painted, speckled; <i>tain</i>, country. The +country of the painted inhabitants.</p> + +<p><i>Britt.</i> <i>Brith</i>, painted. A painted person.</p> + +<p><i>Brock.</i> <i>Broc</i>, a badger.</p> + +<p><i>Brodie.</i> <i>Brōd́</i>, pride, pleasure; <i>aid́</i>, implying personality. +An arrogant person; a voluptuary.</p> + +<p><i>Brogan.</i> <i>Bro</i>, a hand-mill; <i>gan</i>, offspring. Offspring of +a hand-mill.</p> + +<h4>C.</h4> + +<p><i>Cabell.</i> <i>Cab</i>, the mouth; <i>aille</i>, the genitive of <i>aill</i>, a cliff. +The mouth of the cliff.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cahal.</i> In Irish <i>Cat́al</i>, from <i>cat́</i>, pronounced <i>cah</i>, battle; +<i>al</i>, support. Help in battle.</p> + +<p><i>Caham.</i> <i>Cat́</i>, battle; <i>am</i>, time. Hour of battle.</p> + +<p><i>Cahey.</i> <i>Cat́</i>, battle; <i>ać</i> for <i>neać</i>, a person; possibly, <i>cat́ać</i>, +in the original. A warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Cahill.</i> <i>Cat́</i>, battle; <i>aill</i>, a cliff. A battle-cliff.</p> + +<p><i>Callan.</i> <i>Caillin</i>, a girl; or, perhaps, from <i>calla</i>, a hooded +cloak; <i>an</i>, a personal suffix. The wearer of a hooded cloak; +a nun. Sometimes written Callen.</p> + +<p><i>Camm.</i> <i>Cam</i>, crooked, bent, curved.</p> + +<p><i>Cameron.</i> <i>Cuimir</i>, a valley; <i>on</i> for <i>an</i>, small. A small +valley.</p> + +<p><i>Camsuile.</i> <i>Cam</i>, bending; <i>suile</i>, genitive of <i>suil</i>, eye. +Bending of eye.</p> + +<p><i>Cangan.</i> <i>Cean</i>, pronounced <i>cahn</i>, fondness; <i>gan</i>, offspring. +Child of fondness.</p> + +<p><i>Cann.</i> <i>Cean</i>, fondness, affection, esteem, regard.</p> + +<p><i>Cannon.</i> <i>Cean</i>, affection; <i>on</i> for <i>an</i>, personal suffix. An +affectionate person.</p> + +<p><i>Cannavan.</i> <i>Cean</i>, affection; <i>a b́ean</i>, of his woman. Fondness +of his woman.</p> + +<p><i>Caird.</i> <i>Cara</i>, a friend, genitive <i>carad</i>, plural <i>cairde</i>, friends. +Carde, only another form of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Carey.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>aid́</i>, a personal suffix. One that is dear, +or beloved.</p> + +<p><i>Carlin.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>lin</i>, a marsh; a swamp. A highly +valuable bog.</p> + +<p><i>Carlyle.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>lile</i>, lily. Beloved lily.</p> + +<p><i>Carmack.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>mac</i>, son. Dear son.</p> + +<p><i>Carmichael.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; Michael, a Hebrew word signifying +“who is like God.” Dear Michael. In Irish, Michael +is written <i>Mićeal</i>, the genitive of which is <i>Mićil</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Carney.</i> <i>Carn</i>, a heap of stones; <i>neać</i>, personal suffix; +originally written, doubtless, <i>Car-neać</i>. A quarryman.</p> + +<p><i>Carrell.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>aill</i>, a cliff. Beloved cliff. Carruill, +the primitive form of the name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p> + +<p id="Carrick"><i>Carrick.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>riǵ</i>, a king. A dear king. Possibly, +from <i>carraic</i>, a rock.</p> + +<p><i>Carson.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; Anglo-Saxon <i>sun</i>, a son. A beloved +son.</p> + +<p><i>Carthy.</i> <i>Car</i>, dear; <i>tir</i>, pronounced <i>teer</i>, a country; <i>ać</i> +for <i>neać</i>, an individual; originally <i>Cartać</i>. A beloved countryman. +Carty, corruption of the original.</p> + +<p><i>Ceiort.</i> <i>Ceirt</i>, a question.</p> + +<p><i>Claney.</i> <i>Clê</i>, left-handed; <i>neać</i>, individual. Left-handed +individual.</p> + +<p><i>Cloonan.</i> <i>Cluan</i>, a retreat; <i>an</i>, a person. One who lives +in a retreat; a hermit; an anchorite. Clunen, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Cloonas.</i> <i>Cluan</i>, a retreat, a cloister; Anglo-Saxon <i>sun</i>, a +son. A monk; one who lives in a monastery.</p> + +<p><i>Clough.</i> <i>Cloć</i>, a stone. Cluff, Anglicised form of the +name.</p> + +<p><i>Clune.</i> <i>Cluan</i>, a retreat. A sequestered spot.</p> + +<p><i>Coile.</i> <i>Coill</i>, wood. Coyle, a modified form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Colahan.</i> <i>Col</i>, kindred; <i>leat́an</i>, wide. Large kindred; +wide circle of relations.</p> + +<p><i>Colgan.</i> <i>Col</i>, kin; <i>gan</i>, a descendant. Near relative.</p> + +<p><i>Colman.</i> <i>Colman</i>, a pigeon.</p> + +<p><i>Conley.</i> <i>Conn</i>, of heroes; <i>lać</i>, people. Nation of heroes.</p> + +<p><i>Connell.</i> <i>Conn</i>, of heroes; <i>aill</i>, a cliff. A rampart of +brave men; a cliff of heroes.</p> + +<p><i>Connaught.</i> <i>Connaćt</i>, in the original, from <i>conn</i>, of heroes; +<i>aćt</i> a termination, like <i>tas</i> in Latin, or <i>tion</i> in French or +English. Having the quality of heroes.</p> + +<p><i>Connor.</i> <i>Conn</i>, of heroes; <i>cub́ar</i>, fond of. Fond of +heroes.</p> + +<p><i>Corbin.</i> <i>Cor</i>, a knot, a union; <i>binn</i>, harmonious. A +happy union; a joyous wedlock.</p> + +<p><i>Corbitt.</i> <i>Cor</i>, a knot; <i>bit́</i>, life. Wedlock.</p> + +<p><i>Corley.</i> <i>Cor</i>, a knot; <i>lać</i>, people. United people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> + +<p><i>Connell.</i> <i>Conn</i>, of heroes; <i>aill</i>, a cliff, a wall. A close, +compact body of heroes.</p> + +<p><i>Cornell.</i> <i>Corn</i>, horny; <i>uille</i>, an elbow. An elbow inflexible +as horn.</p> + +<p><i>Cornwall.</i> <i>Corn</i>, a goblet, a drinking-cup, a tumbler, so +called because in ancient times drinking-cups were commonly +made of horn (<i>corn</i>); <i>aill</i>, a cliff. The horny cliff.</p> + +<p><i>Cowel.</i> <i>Coćal</i>, a hood, a cowel, a vestment. Or, perhaps, +from <i>cuać</i>, hollow; <i>fal</i>, a cover. A hood, or hollow cover.</p> + +<p><i>Cowgill</i>. <i>Coḿ</i>, together; <i>giolla</i>, a servant. Co-laborer.</p> + +<p><i>Craig.</i> <i>Cre</i>, creed; <i>ać</i>, an individual. A churchman; the +possessor of a creed.</p> + +<p><i>Cravin.</i> <i>Craob́</i>, a branch; <i>in</i>, denoting small. A branchlet; +a twig.</p> + +<p><i>Cree.</i> <i>Cre</i>, creed, earth, the symbol of faith.</p> + +<p><i>Creegan.</i> <i>Cre</i>, creed; <i>gan</i>, offspring. An inheritor of a +creed.</p> + +<p><i>Creagh.</i> <i>Cre</i>, creed, earth; <i>ać</i>, an agent. Teacher of a +creed; cultivator of the earth.</p> + +<p><i>Creen.</i> <i>Crion</i>, pronounced <i>creen</i>, withered, palsied.</p> + +<p><i>Creenan.</i> <i>Crion</i>, withered; <i>an</i>, personal suffix. A palsied +person.</p> + +<p><i>Cromwell.</i> <i>Crom</i>, crooked; <i>aill</i>, a cliff. A crooked cliff.</p> + +<p><i>Cronin.</i> <i>Coroin</i>, a crown; <i>in</i>, implying diminutiveness. A +coronet; a small crown.</p> + +<p><i>Crowley.</i> <i>Crod́a</i>, pronounced <i>crowya</i>, brave; <i>lać</i>, people. +Magnanimous people.</p> + +<p><i>Crupp.</i> <i>Crup</i>, a wrinkle, a contraction.</p> + +<p><i>Currie.</i> <i>Curam</i>, care (applied in Irish to all over whom +one has charge); <i>lać</i>, an agent. A supervisor; a superintendent; +a manager. Curry, the commoner form of the +name.</p> + +<h4>D.</h4> + +<p><i>Daley.</i> <i>Dall</i>, blind; <i>eać</i>, individual. Blind person.</p> + +<p><i>Dall.</i> <i>Dâll</i>, blind, sightless.</p> + +<p><i>Dana.</i> <i>Dana</i>, strong, powerful, mighty; bold, daring.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> + +<p><i>Darr.</i> <i>Daor</i>, pronounced <i>deer</i>, dear, condemned.</p> + +<p><i>Darra.</i> <i>Daor</i>, dear; <i>a</i>, contraction of <i>neać</i>, an individual. +A person of wealth.</p> + +<p><i>Darragh.</i> Same derivation as Darra. In certain parts of +Ireland, <i>ać</i> is pronounced <i>agh</i>, or <i>ach</i>. Darrach is an apt +illustration of the latter sound.</p> + +<p><i>Dearr.</i> <i>Daor</i>, dear. Perhaps in Darr, Darrach, etc., the +<i>e</i>, in the course of time, has been dropped for the sake of +brevity, or to satisfy the whims of the possessors of those +names.</p> + +<p><i>Deaver.</i> Originally <i>Duib́ir</i>, from <i>dub́</i>, black; <i>ir</i>, man. A +dark-complexioned man.</p> + +<p><i>Deegan.</i> <i>De</i>, of God; <i>gan</i>, an offspring. Son of God. +Degan has the same signification.</p> + +<p><i>Deor.</i> <i>Daor</i>, dear.</p> + +<p id="Dermod"><i>Dermod.</i> Originally <i>Diarmoid</i>, from <i>Dia</i>, God; <i>armoid</i>, +of arms. God of arms.</p> + +<p><i>Dermott.</i> See <a href="#Dermod">Dermod</a> for derivation. So intimately related +are the dentals <i>t</i> and <i>d</i>, that it is not at all unreasonable +that they should be interchangeable.</p> + +<p><i>Derr.</i> <i>Dair</i>, an oak.</p> + +<p><i>Devlin.</i> <i>Dub́</i>, black; <i>linn</i>, a marsh, a swamp.</p> + +<p><i>Dill.</i> <i>Dill</i>, fond, affectionate.</p> + +<p><i>Dinnan.</i> <i>Dion</i>, protection; <i>an</i>, implying a person. A +protegé.</p> + +<p><i>Donahugh.</i> <i>Dona</i>, unhappy, bad, evil; <i>Hugh</i>, the Dutch +for spirit. An evil spirit; an unhappy disposition.</p> + +<p><i>Donegan.</i> <i>Dona</i>, unhappy; <i>gan</i>, offspring. An unhappy +child.</p> + +<p id="Donnell"><i>Donnell.</i> <i>Doḿnać</i>, Sunday, <i>aille</i>, of beauty. The Sunday +of beauty. Perhaps, Irish for Daniel.</p> + +<p><i>Dooner.</i> <i>Dun</i>, a fort, a stronghold; <i>er</i> for <i>fear</i>, a man. +The defender of a fort.</p> + +<p><i>Dooley.</i> <i>Duil</i>, expectation; <i>eać</i>, an individual. A sanguine +person.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span></p> + +<p><i>Dornan.</i> <i>Dorn</i>, a clenched fist; <i>an</i>, denoting personality. +A pugilist.</p> + +<p><i>Duff.</i> <i>Dub́</i>, pronounced <i>dubh</i> or <i>duv</i>, black.</p> + +<p><i>Duffy.</i> <i>Dub́</i>, black; <i>eać</i>, an individual. A black person.</p> + +<p><i>Dunbarton.</i> <i>Dun</i>, a stronghold; <i>barton</i>, a corruption of +<i>Britain</i>. A stronghold of the Britain.</p> + +<p><i>Dunaghan.</i> <i>Dun</i>, a stronghold; <i>a</i> for <i>an</i>, of the; <i>gean</i>, +affection. A stronghold of the affection.</p> + +<p><i>Duncan.</i> <i>Dun</i>, a fort; <i>cean</i>, a head. The head of a fort; +a chieftain.</p> + +<p><i>Dungan.</i> Contraction of <i>Dungannon</i>, which, in Irish, is +<i>Dungeanain</i>. From <i>dun</i>, a stronghold; <i>gein</i>, affection; <i>ain</i>, +a land. A stronghold of the land of affection.</p> + +<p><i>Dunkin.</i> <i>Dun</i>, stronghold; <i>cinn</i>, genitive of <i>ceann</i>, head. +The stronghold of the head.</p> + +<p><i>Dundore.</i> <i>Dun</i>, stronghold, <i>de</i>, of; <i>oir</i>, gold. Stronghold +of gold.</p> + +<p><i>Dunmore.</i> <i>Dun</i>, the fort; <i>an</i>, of the; <i>oir</i>, gold; originally, +<i>Dun-an-oir</i>. The fort of the gold.</p> + +<p><i>Dunmoulin.</i> <i>Dun</i>, the fort; <i>muillin</i>, a mill. The fort of +the mill.</p> + +<p><i>Dunn.</i> <i>Dun</i>, a fort, a stronghold, a castle, a hill, a mound.</p> + +<p><i>Dunpatrick.</i> <i>Dun</i>, stronghold; <i>Padruic</i>, Patrick. The +stronghold of Patrick.</p> + +<h4>E.</h4> + +<p><i>Eagen.</i> See <a href="#Egan">Egan</a>. <i>Gen</i> is probably a corruption of <i>gan</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Eagin</i>. See <a href="#Egan">Egan</a>. <i>Ginn</i> is the equivalent of <i>gan</i>.</p> + +<p id="Egan"><i>Egan.</i> <i>Aod́</i>, pronounced <i>eey</i>, Hugh; <i>gan</i>, offspring. +Descendant of Hugh. <i>Aod́gan</i>, the original form. Eoghan, +a corrupted phase of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Eill.</i> <i>Eile</i>, <i>aile</i>, <i>oile</i>, another.</p> + +<p><i>Eire.</i> <i>Eire</i>, Ireland. Eyre, a slightly altered form of the +name.</p> + +<p><i>Eirey.</i> <i>Eire</i>, Ireland; <i>ać</i>, an individual. An Irishman; a +native of Ireland.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ennis.</i> <i>Inis</i>, an island.</p> + +<p><i>Erionnach.</i> Originally, <i>Eireannac</i>, equivalent to <i>Eire</i>, Ireland; +<i>an</i> of; <i>nać</i>, an individual. Native of Ireland; an +Irishman.</p> + +<p><i>Ey.</i> <i>Ad́</i>, pronounced <i>ey</i>, luck, fortune, chance.</p> + +<h4>F.</h4> + +<p><i>Fadden.</i> Corruption of <i>Padruic</i>, Patrick. Patrician; +nobleman.</p> + +<p><i>Fagan.</i> <i>Fat́</i>, cause, reason; <i>gan</i>, offspring. Result; +effect; consequence.</p> + +<p><i>Fahan.</i> <i>Fat́</i>, a plain, a field; <i>an</i>, indicative of a person. +A farmer; a cultivator of the earth.</p> + +<p><i>Fahy.</i> <i>Fat́</i>, reason; <i>ać</i>, an individual. A reasoner; a +logician.</p> + +<p><i>Farnell.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a shield; <i>aille</i>, beautiful. A beautiful +shield.</p> + +<p><i>Farnan.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a helmet; <i>an</i>, person. One who carries +a helmet; a warrior. Sometimes written Farnon.</p> + +<p><i>Farne.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a shield, genitive <i>fearne</i>. Belonging to a +shield.</p> + +<p><i>Farney.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a helmet; <i>eać</i>, an individual. A knight; +a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Fearn.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a shield, a helmet.</p> + +<p><i>Farr.</i> <i>Fear</i>, pronounced <i>far</i>, a man.</p> + +<p><i>Feenan.</i> <i>Fion</i>, pronounced <i>feen</i>, wine; <i>an</i>, a person. +Wine-merchant.</p> + +<p><i>Feeney.</i> <i>Fion</i>, wine; <i>eać</i>, an agent. Wine-dealer.</p> + +<p><i>Fei.</i> <i>Feit́</i>, pronounced <i>fāh</i>, a sinew.</p> + +<p><i>Feighan.</i> <i>Feit́</i>, a sinew; <i>an</i>, expressive of diminutiveness. +A small sinew.</p> + +<p><i>Fenton.</i> <i>Fiontan</i>, perhaps, in the original, a vineyard; +from <i>fion</i>, wine; <i>tan</i>, a land.</p> + +<p id="Fergus"><i>Fergus.</i> Originally, <i>Feargus</i>; from <i>fear</i>, a man; <i>gus</i>, a +suffix denoting towards. One tending towards manhood; a +youth.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p> + +<p><i>Fernley.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a helmet; <i>lać</i>, people. A warlike people. +Fernly, a slightly abbreviated form of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Filmore.</i> <i>File</i>, a poet; <i>Muire</i>, Mary. A poet devoted to +Mary; one that writes or sings of Mary.</p> + +<p><i>Finbar.</i> <i>Fionn</i>, pronounced <i>fin</i>, fair, white; <i>barr</i>, summit, +head. A white summit.</p> + +<p><i>Finnley.</i> <i>Fionn</i>, fair; <i>lać</i>, people. Fair people.</p> + +<p><i>Finne.</i> <i>Fionn</i>, fair, white.</p> + +<p><i>Flinn.</i> <i>Fionn</i>, white; <i>linn</i>, a marsh, a swamp. In allusion, +doubtless, to a summer array of white flowers. Flynn, the +same word, in slightly altered garb.</p> + +<p><i>Fow.</i> <i>Foǵ</i>, reward, booty, spoil.</p> + +<p><i>Fowne.</i> <i>Fionn</i>, fair. In Tipperary, Waterford, and Kilkenny, +<i>fionn</i> is pronounced <i>fown</i> and not <i>fin</i> as is the case +generally in Ireland.</p> + +<p><i>Fulmer.</i> <i>Feolmar</i>, jealous, envious of another’s fame, reputation, +or glory.</p> + +<h4>G.</h4> + +<p><i>Gahn.</i> <i>Gean</i>, pronounced <i>gahn</i>, affection, esteem.</p> + +<p><i>Gall.</i> <i>Gall</i>, a foreigner, an Englishman, a stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Galligan.</i> <i>Gall</i>, genitive <i>gaill</i>, stranger; <i>gan</i>, offspring. +Descendant of the stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Gallagher.</i> <i>Geall</i>, promise; <i>geallać</i>, genitive <i>geallaiǵ</i>, +promise; <i>er</i>, person. A person of promise.</p> + +<p><i>Gallen.</i> <i>Geallan</i>, a linnet.</p> + +<p><i>Galloway.</i> Doubtless, same as Galway. In the original +<i>Gailliḿ</i>, the town of the strangers.</p> + +<p><i>Garrett.</i> <i>Gearroid́</i>, from <i>gearr</i>, short; <i>aod́</i>, compounded +of <i>aoi</i>, a being, and <i>De</i>, of God. An humble servant of God.</p> + +<p><i>Garrity.</i> <i>Gearroid́</i>, Garrett; <i>eać</i>, an agent. A representative +of Garrett.</p> + +<p><i>Garvin.</i> <i>Garb́</i>, pronounced <i>garv</i>, rough, rude; <i>in</i>, indicative +of personality. A rough, rude, or unlettered person.</p> + +<p><i>Gaw.</i> <i>Gab́</i>, pronounced <i>gaw</i>, to conceive.</p> + +<p><i>Gear.</i> <i>Gearr</i>, short, not tall.</p> + +<p><i>Gee.</i> <i>Aod́</i>, pronounced <i>eey</i>, Hugh.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p> + +<p><i>Geir.</i> <i>Gair</i>, gladness, merriment, rejoicing.</p> + +<p><i>Geogh.</i> <i>Ge</i>, a goose; <i>ać</i>, an agent. One that acts like a +goose; a silly person. Geough, Gough, of kindred origin.</p> + +<p><i>Geugan.</i> <i>Geug</i>, a branch; <i>an</i>, a diminutive. A branchlet. +Geugen, doubtless, earliest change from the ancient form.</p> + +<p><i>Gilchrist.</i> <i>Giolla</i>, a servant, one devoted to another; +<i>Criosd</i>, Christ. A servant of Christ; one devoted to +Christianity.</p> + +<p id="Gill"><i>Gill.</i> <i>Giolla</i>, a servant, one devoted to another’s interests; +a menial.</p> + +<p><i>Gilmartin.</i> <i>Giolla</i>, a servant; <i>martin</i>, Martin.</p> + +<p><i>Gilmore.</i> Originally, <i>giolla—Muire</i>; <i>giolla</i>, a servant; +<i>Muire</i>, Mary. One devoted to Mary.</p> + +<p><i>Ginn.</i> <i>Ginn</i>, an offspring, a descendant.</p> + +<p><i>Ginnelly.</i> <i>Ginn</i>, offspring; <i>aille</i>, of a cliff, the genitive of +<i>aill</i>. The fruit of a cliff.</p> + +<p><i>Glass.</i> <i>Glas</i>, green.</p> + +<p><i>Glassy.</i> <i>Glas</i>, green; <i>eać</i> an individual. An inexperienced +person.</p> + +<p><i>Gleason.</i> <i>Gle</i>, pure; <i>gleas</i>, purity; <i>on</i>, implying a person. +A chaste person.</p> + +<p><i>Glennessy.</i> <i>Glinn</i>, clear; <i>eas</i>, denoting quality, equivalent +to <i>ness</i>; <i>y</i> for <i>neać</i>, an individual. A clear-sighted person.</p> + +<p><i>Glenny.</i> <i>Glean</i>, a valley; <i>eać</i>, an individual. A dweller +in a valley.</p> + +<p><i>Glinn.</i> <i>Glinn</i>, the bright heavens. Home of the Blessed. +Glynn, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Gorman.</i> <i>Gorm</i>, blue; <i>an</i>, expressive of person. A blue-eyed +person.</p> + +<p><i>Grane.</i> <i>Graine</i>, grain.</p> + +<p><i>Greany.</i> <i>Grian</i>, pronounced <i>green</i>, sun; <i>neać</i>, an agent. +Sun-god.</p> + +<p><i>Grogan.</i> <i>Gruag</i>, hairy; <i>an</i>, denoting a person. A hairy +person. Grugan, derivable from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Guill.</i> <i>Giolla</i>, a servant, a menial.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> + +<p><i>Guinan.</i> <i>Guin</i>, wound, hurt, sting, from <i>ga</i>, an arrow, and +<i>an</i>, a circle, an opening; <i>an</i>, a personal suffix. A sufferer; +a wounded man.</p> + +<p><i>Guinn.</i> <i>Guin</i>, an opening, a wound.</p> + +<p><i>Guiness.</i> Irish for Æneas, a corruption of <i>Mac Anǵuis</i>, +which latter being the genitive of <i>Aonǵus</i>, pronounced <i>eny-as</i>, +the equivalent of Angus.</p> + +<p><i>Guire.</i> Contraction of Maguire, which is traceable to <i>maǵ</i>, +plain; <i>uire</i>, a contraction of <i>Muire</i>, Mary. Plain of Mary.</p> + +<p><i>Gunn.</i> <i>Guin</i>, a wound, by dropping <i>i</i>, and doubling its +final consonant, becomes the word under consideration.</p> + +<p><i>Gwin.</i> Anglicised form of Guin. Gwinn, Gwynn, and +Gynn are referable to the same word.</p> + +<h4>H.</h4> + +<p><i>Hallahan.</i> <i>At́</i>, a ford; <i>leat́an</i>, wide. In Irish, pure and +simple, the vowels are never aspirated, but in certain parts of +Ireland, as before stated, the English habit prevails, as is +attested to by the word under notice.</p> + +<p><i>Heany.</i> Anglo-Saxon <i>hean</i>, humble; <i>neać</i>, an individual. +An humble person.</p> + +<p><i>Hinch.</i> <i>Leat́-inse</i>, from <i>leat́</i>, pronounced <i>leh</i>, half, and +<i>inse</i>, pronounced <i>insh</i>, island, the final consonant of the first +half of the word being carried over to the remaining portion: +hence, Le Hinch, or the half-island.</p> + +<p><i>Hugh.</i> <i>Aod́</i>, pronounced <i>eey</i>, is its Irish equivalent: in +the Dutch, its parental language, it signifies mind, spirit.</p> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><i>Innis.</i> <i>Inis</i>, an island. Innis is only another phase of +the same word.</p> + +<p><i>Ireland.</i> <i>Eire</i>, west, and <i>land</i>. West-land.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p> + +<h4>J.</h4> + +<p><i>Jarlath.</i> <i>Jarflait́</i>, from <i>iar</i>, inferior; <i>flait́</i>, a prince, a chief, +one in rank next to a chieftain or prince. A feudatory +prince.</p> + +<p><i>Jarley.</i> <i>Iar</i>, inferior; <i>lać</i>, people. Perhaps, derivable +from <i>jarla</i>, an earl.</p> + +<p><i>Jennings.</i> Corruption of <i>Mac Eonin</i>, which is compounded +of <i>mac</i>, son; <i>Eonin</i>, young Owen, or John. Son of John.</p> + +<h4>K.</h4> + +<p><i>Kahn.</i> <i>Cean</i>, pronounced <i>kahn</i>, fondness, regard. Kahne, +referable to the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Kame.</i> <i>Ceim</i>, pronounced <i>kame</i>, step, grade, dignity.</p> + +<p><i>Kane.</i> <i>Cain</i>, reproach, chaste, undefiled.</p> + +<p><i>Kean.</i> <i>Ciuin</i>, pronounced <i>keeyuin</i>, calm, gentle.</p> + +<p><i>Kearney.</i> <i>Carn</i>, pronounced <i>karn</i>, a heap of stones; <i>cać</i>, +an agent. So also Karney.</p> + +<p><i>Keefe.</i> <i>Caoiḿ</i>, pronounced <i>kueev</i>, gentle.</p> + +<p><i>Keegan.</i> <i>Kee</i>, contraction of <i>Mac Aoid́</i>, son of Hugh; <i>gan</i>, +offspring. Descendant of the son of Hugh.</p> + +<p><i>Keenys.</i> <i>Ciuin</i>, gentle; <i>eas</i>, a termination expressive of +quality. Gentleness.</p> + +<p><i>Kelley.</i> <i>Cailleać</i>, a woman in a hood. The <i>calla</i> was +generally worn by the old, and hence the term <i>cailleac</i> came +to signify an old woman, a hag.</p> + +<p><i>Kenallay.</i> <i>Cineal</i>, pronounced <i>knawl</i>, a race, clan; <i>ać</i>, an +individual. A clansman; one who belongs to a clan.</p> + +<p><i>Kennard.</i> <i>Ceann</i>, pronounced <i>ken</i>, head; <i>ard</i>, top, summit. +Top of the head.</p> + +<p><i>Kenna.</i> <i>Ceanna</i>, genitive of <i>ceann</i>, belonging to the +head.</p> + +<p><i>Kent.</i> <i>Ceantir</i>, compounded of <i>ceann</i>, head; <i>tir</i>, country. +Head of the country.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span></p> + +<p><i>Kehoe.</i> <i>Ceo</i>, pronounced <i>keogh</i>, darkness. Keogh, similarly +derived.</p> + +<p><i>Keohne.</i> <i>Ceo</i>, darkness; <i>ain</i>, a circle, genitive <i>aine</i>, of a +circle. Darkness of the circle.</p> + +<p><i>Keonen.</i> <i>Mac Eonin</i>, from <i>Mac</i>, son, and <i>Eonin</i>, young +Owen. Son of young Owen.</p> + +<p><i>Kevin.</i> <i>Caoiḿǵein</i>, from <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle, and <i>gein</i>, an offspring. +A gentle child.</p> + +<p><i>Kiernan.</i> <i>Ciaran</i>, from <i>ciar</i>, black; <i>an</i>, expressing personality, +and indicative of a noun derived from an adjective. +A black person.</p> + +<p><i>Kilgore.</i> <i>Cill</i>, church; <i>gâir</i> rejoicing, merriment.</p> + +<p><i>Kilbritain.</i> <i>Cill</i>, church; <i>Brith</i>, painted; <i>tain</i>, country. +The church of the country of the painted inhabitants.</p> + +<p><i>Kineal.</i> <i>Cin</i>, of the head, source; <i>al</i>, offspring. Clan; +class; race; progeny.</p> + +<p><i>Kincaid.</i> <i>Cionn</i>, affection, regard; <i>cead</i>, first. First love; +earliest affection.</p> + +<p><i>Kinkora.</i> <i>Cionn</i>, love; <i>cora</i>, genitive of <i>coir</i>, justice. Love +of justice.</p> + +<p><i>Kinnear.</i> <i>Cionn</i>, affection; <i>fear</i>, a man. An affectionate +man.</p> + +<p><i>Kinney.</i> <i>Cionn</i>, pronounced <i>kin</i>, esteem, regard; <i>neać</i>, an +individual. A person of esteem. Kinnie, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Kirin.</i> <i>Ciaran</i>, from <i>ciar</i>, black; <i>an</i>, implying person. A +black person.</p> + +<p><i>Kirwin.</i> <i>Ciard́ub́an</i>, a swarthy, black-haired person.</p> + +<p><i>Krean.</i> <i>Crion</i>, pronounced <i>kreen</i>, withered, palsied.</p> + +<p><i>Kueney.</i> <i>Ciuin</i>, gentle, mild; <i>neać</i>, an individual. A mild +person.</p> + +<p><i>Kynett.</i> <i>Cionn</i>, pronounced in certain parts <i>kynn</i>, affection; +<i>aid́</i>, sign of a personal noun. An affectionate person.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p> + +<h4>L.</h4> + +<p><i>Langdon.</i> <i>Loing</i>, of ships; <i>dion</i>, a harbor. A harbor of +ships.</p> + +<p><i>Leahy.</i> <i>Leat́an</i>, pronounced <i>leahan</i>, wide; <i>an</i>, denoting +personality. A large person.</p> + +<p><i>Lillagan.</i> <i>Lile</i>, genitive of <i>lil</i>, lily; <i>gan</i>, offspring. +Descendant of a lily.</p> + +<p><i>Limerick.</i> <i>Luimneać</i>, from <i>luime</i>, or <i>loime</i>, bareness; <i>neać</i>, +for <i>na eać</i>, of the horses. Bareness of the horses. The +original possessor of this name was, doubtless, a native of +the town of the same name, which was built on a peninsula +made bare by the many horses sent thither to graze.</p> + +<p><i>Linn.</i> <i>Linn</i>, a marsh, a swamp.</p> + +<p><i>Linnehan.</i> <i>Linn</i>, a marsh; <i>leat́an</i>, wide. A broad marsh. +Linahan and Linehan are from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Linch.</i> <i>Leat́-inse</i>, <i>leat́</i>, half; <i>inse</i>, island. Half-island. +Lynch has like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Linton.</i> <i>Linn</i>, a marsh; <i>ton</i>, from <i>tun</i>, Anglo-Saxon for +town. A town built on a marsh.</p> + +<p><i>Loch.</i> <i>Loć</i>, pronounced <i>loch</i>, <i>lokh</i>, <i>logh</i>, a lake.</p> + +<p><i>Long.</i> <i>Long</i>, a ship. Not to be mistaken for the Anglo-Saxon +<i>long</i>, or <i>lang</i>, having length. The typical Longs were +of Celtic origin.</p> + +<p><i>Loughlin.</i> <i>Loć</i>, lake; <i>linn</i>, a marsh. A lake within a +marsh.</p> + +<p><i>Loughry.</i> <i>Loć</i>, lake; <i>riǵ</i>, pronounced <i>reegh</i>, or <i>reey</i>, king. +The lake of the king. Lowry, an abbreviation of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Lunn.</i> <i>Luan</i>, the moon.</p> + +<h4>M.</h4> + +<p><i>McAdam.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Hebrew word <i>Adam</i>, a red, or +dark-brown man.</p> + +<p><i>McAdoo.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Ad́aḿ</i>, pronounced either <i>Adk-oo</i> or +<i>Awoo</i>, Adam. Son of Adam.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p> + +<p><i>MacAlister.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Alister</i>, Alexander. Son of +Alexander. MacAllister, of the same parentage.</p> + +<p><i>Mac Aller.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>alla</i>, a cliff; <i>er</i>, a man. Son of a +cliff-dweller.</p> + +<p><i>McAlonan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>aluin</i>, beautiful; <i>an</i>, sign of personal +noun. Son of a beautiful person.</p> + +<p><i>McAlvin.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Alvin</i>, corruption of <i>Alban</i>, genitive +case of Alba, Scotland. Son of Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>McAnally.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>anail</i>, genitive of <i>anal</i>, breath; <i>ać</i>, +an individual. Son of the breath of a person. McNally, +only an abbreviated form of the same.</p> + +<p><i>McAndrew.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Andrew</i>, a Greek word meaning +strong, manly. Son of the strong. MacAndrias is the Irish +form, from which are obtainable Anderson and Andrews.</p> + +<p><i>McArdle.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>ard</i>, high; <i>le</i>, contraction of <i>aille</i>, +genitive of <i>aill</i>, a cliff. Son of a high cliff.</p> + +<p><i>McAran.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>arain</i>, genitive of <i>aran</i>, bread. +Son of bread.</p> + +<p><i>McArty.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>art</i>, pronounced <i>awrt</i>, a place; <i>eać</i>, +an individual. Son of a man of the place.</p> + +<p><i>McAteer.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>an</i>, of the; <i>tir</i>, pronounced <i>teer</i>, +country. Son of the country; a countryman.</p> + +<p><i>McAva.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Eb́a</i>, pronounced <i>Awa</i>, which is corrupted +into <i>Ava</i>. Son of Eve.</p> + +<p><i>McAuley.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caille</i>, genitive of <i>caille</i>, fame; <i>eać</i>, +an individual. Son of a famous person.</p> + +<p><i>McBeth.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>beith</i>, genitive of <i>beth</i>, a house. Son +of the house. Macbeth is another form of the same name.</p> + +<p><i>McBreen.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>braone</i>, pronounced <i>breen</i>, genitive +of <i>braon</i>, a drop. Son of a drop.</p> + +<p><i>McBrian.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Brian</i>, corruption of <i>Britain</i>. Son +of the country of the Brith, or painted people.</p> + +<p><i>McBronn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>bronn</i>, genitive of <i>bruinn</i>, a womb. +Son of a womb.</p> + +<p><i>McBryde.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Anglo-Saxon <i>bryd</i>; Irish genitive +<i>bryde</i>, of bride. Son of a bride.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> + +<p><i>McBurney.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>bur</i>, an inner chamber; <i>neać</i>, an +individual. Son of the inner chamber of a person.</p> + +<p><i>MacCabe.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cabe</i>, genitive of <i>cab</i>, a mouth. Son +of a mouth.</p> + +<p><i>MacCalla.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>alla</i>, a cliff, the final <i>c</i> of <i>mac</i> being +carried over to <i>alla</i>. Son of a cliff.</p> + +<p><i>McCallan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>calla</i>, a hood, genitive same; <i>an</i>, +indicative of personality. Son of the wearer of a hood; +son of a nun.</p> + +<p><i>McCambridge.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cam</i>, treacherous; Scottish +<i>brig</i>, a bridge. Son of the keeper of a treacherous bridge.</p> + +<p><i>McCammon.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>camm</i> or <i>cam</i>, deceitful; <i>on</i> for +<i>an</i>, denoting a person. Son of a deceitful person.</p> + +<p><i>McCamy.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cam</i>, deceitful; <i>eać</i>, an individual. +Son of a deceitful person.</p> + +<p><i>McCardle.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>ard</i>, high; <i>aille</i>, genitive of <i>aill</i>, a +cliff. Son of a high cliff.</p> + +<p><i>McCarne.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>carn</i>, a heap of stones; <i>neać</i>, an +individual. Son of a heap of stones.</p> + +<p><i>McCarroll.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>carruill</i>, from <i>car</i>, dear, beloved; +<i>uille</i>, genitive of <i>uill</i> or <i>aill</i>, a cliff. Son of the beloved cliff.</p> + +<p><i>McCaughan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>cat́</i>, a warrior; +<i>an</i>, a diminutive. Son of a short warrior.</p> + +<p><i>McCaull.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caille</i>, genitive of <i>caill</i>, fame. Son +of fame. McCaulley, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>McCaw.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cat́</i>, pronounced <i>cah</i>, corrupted, +doubtless, into <i>caw</i>, battle. Son of battle.</p> + +<p><i>McCeever.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle; <i>fear</i>, a man. Son +of a gentle man.</p> + +<p><i>MacClean.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>lean</i>, pronounced <i>lane</i>, a marsh. +Son of a marsh. MacClaon and MacClane, of similar origin.</p> + +<p><i>McCleary.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cleireać</i>, pronounced <i>clêary</i>, a superannuated +clergyman. Son of a superannuated clergyman.</p> + +<p><i>McCleil.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>lile</i>, genitive <i>lil</i>, a lily. Son of a lily.</p> + +<p><i>McClow.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cloiće</i>, pronounced <i>clokh</i>, genitive of +<i>cloć</i>, a stone. Son of a stone.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> + +<p><i>McClune.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cluain</i>, genitive of <i>cluan</i>, a retreat. +Son of a retreat. McCloon, corruption of same.</p> + +<p><i>McColey.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>col</i>, kindred; <i>eać</i>, an individual. +Son of a relative.</p> + +<p><i>McConkle.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>conn</i>, of heroes; <i>caille</i>, genitive of +<i>caill</i>, fame. Son of heroes of fame.</p> + +<p><i>McConn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>conn</i>, of heroes. Son of heroes.</p> + +<p><i>McConnolly.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>conn</i>, of heroes; <i>aille</i>, genitive of +<i>aill</i>, a cliff. Son of the heroes of a cliff.</p> + +<p><i>McCool.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cuile</i>, pronounced <i>kool</i>, the genitive of +<i>cul</i>, the hinder part. Son of the hinder part.</p> + +<p><i>McCorkle.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Corcaiǵ</i>, Cork; <i>aille</i>, genitive of +<i>aill</i>, a hill. Son of a hill of Cork.</p> + +<p><i>McCosh.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>coise</i>, pronounced <i>coshe</i>, genitive of +<i>cos</i>, a foot. Son of a foot.</p> + +<p><i>McCotis.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cotis</i>, genitive case of the Latin <i>cos</i>, +a grindstone. Son of a grindstone.</p> + +<p><i>McCrea.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cre</i>, pronounced <i>cra</i>, of creed. Son +of a creed. From the same roots is derived McCray.</p> + +<p><i>McCreary.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cre</i>, of earth; <i>riǵe</i>, of king. Son of +the King of the earth.</p> + +<p><i>McCritt.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cruite</i>, genitive of <i>cruit</i>, a hump. Son +of a hump.</p> + +<p><i>McCrossin.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>croise</i>, genitive of <i>cros</i>, a cross; <i>in</i>, +diminutive. Son of a small cross.</p> + +<p><i>McCrum.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>croime</i>, crookedness, a noun derived +from the adjective <i>crom</i>. Son of waywardness.</p> + +<p><i>McCrunn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Scotch <i>croon</i>, a groan. Son of a +groan.</p> + +<p><i>McCrystal.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>criostail</i>, genitive of <i>criostal</i>, a +crystal. Son of a crystal.</p> + +<p><i>McCully.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cuile</i>, genitive of <i>cul</i>, the hinder part; +<i>eać</i>, an individual. Son of a person’s hinder part.</p> + +<p><i>McCullough.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cuile</i>, genitive of <i>cul</i>, the hinder +part; <i>loiće</i>, genitive of <i>loć</i>, a lake. Son of the lake of the +hinder part.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> + +<p><i>McCummisky.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cuimin</i>, of valley; <i>uisge</i>, genitive +of <i>uisge</i>, water. Son of the valley of water.</p> + +<p><i>McCurdy.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>coire</i>, pronounced <i>kŭrh</i>, genitive of +<i>coir</i>, crime, sin; <i>d</i>, of; <i>eać</i>, individual. Son of the original +sin of man; son of Adam’s fall.</p> + +<p><i>McDavit.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Daib́id́</i>, pronounced occasionally +<i>Daivit</i>, but more commonly <i>Dâvee</i>, of David. Son of David. +McDevitt, from same.</p> + +<p><i>McDermott.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Diarmuid</i>, from <i>Dia</i>, God, <i>armuid</i>, +of arms. Son of the God of arms.</p> + +<p><i>McDiarmuid.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Diarmuid</i>, God of arms. Son +of the God of arms.</p> + +<p><i>McDill.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>dille</i>, genitive of <i>dill</i>, fondness. Son +of fondness.</p> + +<p id="MacDonnell"><i>Mac Donnell.</i> <i>Mac Doḿnaill</i>, in the original, from <i>mac</i>, +son; <i>Doḿnaill</i>, genitive of <i>Doḿnall</i>, Donnell. Son of Donnell; +Son of the Sunday of Beauty; Son of the Resurrection; +Son of God. See <a href="#Donnell">Donnell</a>.</p> + +<p><i>McDonough.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>donaiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>donać</i>, an +unhappy person. Son of an unhappy person.</p> + +<p><i>Mac Dowell.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>doḿan</i>, the world, genitive +<i>doḿain</i>, of the world; <i>aille</i>, of beauty. Son of the World +of Beauty; Son of Heaven.</p> + +<p><i>Mac Egan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Aod́gan</i>, pronounced <i>Eeygan</i>, of +Egan, the Irish equivalent of Hugh. The son of Hugh.</p> + +<p><i>McElway.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Elway</i>, a corruption of <i>Gailliḿ</i>, +Galway. Son of Galway, the town of the strangers.</p> + +<p><i>McEnnery.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Henri</i>, genitive of <i>Henri</i>, Henry. +Son of Henry.</p> + +<p><i>McFadden.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Fadden</i> is the same as <i>Padden</i>, +which is a corruption of <i>Padruic</i>, Patrick, a Latin word for +patrician. Son of Patrick. Fitzpatrick, so common in the +Celtic, has the same signification.</p> + +<p><i>McFarlan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>fara</i>, genitive of <i>fear</i>, a man; +<i>lain</i>, of a castle, the nominative singular being <i>lan</i>. Son of +the man of the castle.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span></p> + +<p><i>McFaul.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>fâile</i>, genitive of <i>fâil</i>, fate. Son of +fate.</p> + +<p><i>Mcfee.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>faoi</i>, genitive of <i>faoi</i>, faith. Son of +faith.</p> + +<p><i>MacFeeley.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>fialaiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>fialać</i>, a generous +person. Son of a generous person.</p> + +<p><i>McFetridge.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Fetter-rice</i>, from Anglo-Saxon +<i>fetor</i>, a chain for the feet, and <i>rice</i>, dominion. Son of a dominion +in chains, or that is in bondage.</p> + +<p><i>Mac Gahan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>geain</i>, genitive of <i>gean</i>, affection. +Son of affection. McGahn, McGhan, are equivalents.</p> + +<p><i>McGail.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gaille</i>, genitive of <i>gail</i>, steam. Son +of steam.</p> + +<p><i>McGarry.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gearraiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>gearrać</i>, a +short person. Son of a short person. McGarey, McGary, +McGeary, are of similar origin.</p> + +<p><i>McGarvey.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>garb́eaiǵ</i>, pronounced <i>garvey</i>, +genitive of <i>garb́eać</i>, a rough person. Son of a rough person.</p> + +<p><i>McGaver.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gab́air</i>, of a goat. Son of a goat.</p> + +<p><i>McGee.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Aod́</i>, pronounced <i>eey</i>, Hugh. Son of +Hugh.</p> + +<p><i>McGill.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>giolla</i>, genitive of <i>giolla</i>, a servant. +Son of a servant.</p> + +<p><i>McGlinn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>glinne</i>, genitive of <i>glinn</i>, the bright +heavens. Son of the bright heavens. Sometimes spelt +McGlynn.</p> + +<p><i>McGloon.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gluin</i>, pronounced <i>gloon</i>, genitive +of <i>glun</i>, the knee. Son of the knee. McGlone, McGlune, +from the same.</p> + +<p><i>McGlory.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gloireaiǵ</i>, pronounced <i>gloireay</i>, +genitive of <i>gloireać</i>, a glorified person, or saint. Son of a +glorified person.</p> + +<p><i>McGowan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gob́an</i>, pronounced <i>gowan</i>, genitive +of <i>gob́a</i>, a smith. Son of a smith.</p> + +<p><i>McGrane.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>grain</i>, genitive of <i>grân</i>, a grain. +Son of a grain. McGran, McGrann, equivalents.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p> + +<p><i>MacGrath.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>graid́e</i>, genitive of <i>grad́</i>, love. +Son of love.</p> + +<p><i>MacGraw.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>graid́e</i>, pronounced <i>grath</i> or <i>graw</i>, +love. Son of love.</p> + +<p><i>McGrenery.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>greine</i>, genitive of <i>grian</i>, sun; <i>riǵ</i>, +pronounced <i>ry</i> or <i>ree</i>, king. Son of the sun-king.</p> + +<p><i>McGuinn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>guine</i>, genitive of <i>guin</i>, a wound, an +opening, a circle. Son of an opening.</p> + +<p><i>McGuinness.</i> Corruption of MacAnguis, the son of +Anguis, Irish for Æneas.</p> + +<p><i>McGuire.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Maǵ-Muire</i>, from <i>maǵ</i>, plain, <i>Muire</i>, +of Mary. Son of the plain of Mary.</p> + +<p><i>McGurk.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>gurke</i>, German for cucumber. Son +of a cucumber.</p> + +<p><i>McHallahan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>T́alla</i>, genitive, of hall; <i>leat́an</i>, +wide. Son of a wide hall.</p> + +<p><i>MacHugh.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Aod́</i>, Hugh. Son of Hugh. From +this name have sprung M’Coy, M’Gee, M’Kay, M’Coy, and +Magee. <i>Ua Aoid́</i>, descendant of Hugh, has given us +Hughson and Hughes.</p> + +<p><i>MacHulay.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Aoid́</i>, of Hugh; <i>lać</i>, people. Son +of Hugh’s people.</p> + +<p><i>McInnis.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>inis</i>, an island. Son of an island.</p> + +<p><i>McInteer.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>in</i> for <i>an</i>, of the; <i>tir</i>, pronounced +<i>teer</i>, country. Son of the country. McIntyre, the usual +spelling, is from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>McKaig.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>coige</i>, genitive of <i>coig</i>, war. Son of +war.</p> + +<p><i>McKane.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caine</i>, genitive of <i>cain</i>, the undefiled. +Son of the undefiled.</p> + +<p><i>McKeefy.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoiḿeaiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>caoiḿeać</i>, a +gentle person. Son of a gentle person.</p> + +<p><i>McKeene.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>ciuine</i>, of silence. Son of silence.</p> + +<p><i>MacKeever.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle; <i>er</i> for <i>fear</i>, a man. +Son of a gentle man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p> + +<p><i>MacKiernan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>ciarain</i>, genitive of <i>ciaran</i>, a +dusky person. Son of a dusky person.</p> + +<p><i>McKieman.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle; <i>an</i>, implying person. +Son of a gentle person.</p> + +<p><i>McKim.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle. Perhaps, a contraction +of McKieman.</p> + +<p><i>McKinney.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Kinney</i>, from <i>cionn</i>, pronounced +<i>kin</i>, affection, esteem; <i>eać</i>, an individual. Son of Kinney.</p> + +<p><i>McKnight.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cnioćta</i>, genitive of <i>cnioćt</i>, a knight. +Son of a knight.</p> + +<p><i>MacKeon.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Eoin</i>, genitive of <i>Eon</i>, Owen or +Eugene. Son of Owen or Eugene. MacKoun, Keon, Coyne, +Owens, and Owenson, are all from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>McLain.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>leune</i>, pronounced <i>laine</i>, genitive of +<i>leun</i>, misfortune, misery. Son of misfortune.</p> + +<p><i>McLuth.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>luait́</i>, genitive of <i>luat́</i>, swiftness. Son +of swiftness.</p> + +<p><i>McMain.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>miain</i>, genitive of <i>mian</i>, desire. Son +of desire.</p> + +<p><i>McMam.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>maim</i>, genitive of <i>mam</i>, a mother. +Son of a mother.</p> + +<p><i>McMillin.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>muillin</i>, of a mill. Son of a mill. +McMullin, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>McMinn.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>min</i>, genitive of <i>min</i>, pronounced +<i>mĭn</i>, meal. Son of meal.</p> + +<p><i>McMurrich.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>murraiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>murrać</i>, a +man of the sea. Son of a seafaring man.</p> + +<p><i>McNarr.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>nairr</i>, Irish genitive of the German +<i>narr</i>, a fool. Son of a fool.</p> + +<p><i>McNamara.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>na</i>, of the; <i>mara</i>, genitive of +<i>muir</i>, the sea. Son of the sea.</p> + +<p><i>McNamee.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>anaim</i>, genitive of <i>anam</i>, a soul; +<i>ee</i> for <i>eać</i>, an individual. Son of a person of soul; a generous +person.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> + +<p><i>McPadruic.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Padruic</i>, Patrick. Son of Patrick. +Fitzpatrick has the same significance, <i>fitz</i> being the Scotch +for son.</p> + +<p><i>McPayne.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>payne</i>, from old English <i>payne</i>, pain. +Son of pain.</p> + +<p><i>McPhail.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>fâile</i>, genitive of <i>fâil</i>, fate. Son of fate.</p> + +<p><i>McQuade.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Dutch <i>kwade</i>, genitive <i>kwaide</i>, +evil. Son of evil.</p> + +<p><i>MacQueen.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Anglo-Saxon <i>quean</i>, a woman, +allied to Irish <i>gein</i>, an offspring. Son of the Queen.</p> + +<p><i>McQuigan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>caoi</i>, pronounced <i>kwee</i>, wailing; +<i>gan</i>, offspring. Son of lamentation.</p> + +<p><i>McQuillan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cuilleain</i>, genitive of <i>cuillean</i>, a +cur. Son of a cur. Quillen, Quillan and Quilkin, of like +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>McRae.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>rae</i>, pronounced like <i>ray</i>, genitive +of <i>rae</i>, the moon. Son of the moon; one influenced by the +moon; a lunatic.</p> + +<p><i>McShain.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Seaǵâin</i>, pronounced <i>Shawn</i>, genitive +of <i>Seaǵan</i>, John. Son of John. McShane, McShawn, +McShaughn, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>McShimon.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Shimoin</i>, Simon. Son of Simon. +Fitzsimon, a kindred form.</p> + +<p><i>McSorley.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Soḿairle</i>, of Sorley, or Charles. +Son of Charles.</p> + +<p><i>McSwain.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; Scotch <i>swayn</i>, genitive <i>swayne</i>, a +lover. Son of a lover.</p> + +<p><i>McSweegan.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>saoi</i>, pronounced <i>swee</i>, a sage, a +philosopher; <i>gan</i>, offspring. Son of the descendant of a +philosopher.</p> + +<p><i>McTague.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Tad́g</i>, pronounced <i>Taig</i>, genitive +<i>Taid́g</i>, of Thaig. Son of Thaig.</p> + +<p><i>McTamanney.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>tam</i>, still, sluggish, placid; <i>neac</i>, +an individual; originally, doubtless, <i>tamnać</i>, genitive <i>tamnaiǵ</i>. +Son of a quiet person. Tamany, Tamney, slightly modified +forms of the same.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> + +<p><i>McTaney.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Taney</i>, from <i>teann</i>, pronounced <i>tāne</i>, +stiff, straight, independent, stubborn, hopeful, strong, reliant; +<i>ey</i> for <i>eać</i>, an individual. Son of Taney; son of an independent +person.</p> + +<p><i>McTask.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>taisg</i>, genitive of <i>tasg</i>, task, labor. +Son of labor.</p> + +<p><i>McTeer.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>tir</i>, pronounced <i>teer</i>, country. Son +of the country. Corruption of McIntire.</p> + +<p><i>McThomas.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>Tomais</i>, genitive of <i>Tomas</i>, +Thomas. Son of Thomas. Thompson, from the same, is an +analogous, but inverted, form.</p> + +<p><i>McTighe.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>tiǵe</i>, pronounced <i>tighe</i>, genitive of +<i>teać</i>, a house. Son of a house.</p> + +<p><i>McTurk.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>tuirc</i>, genitive of <i>torc</i>, a boar, a hog. +Son of a boar.</p> + +<p><i>McVan.</i> <i>Mac-a-b́ean</i>, from <i>mac</i>, son; <i>a</i>, of his; <i>b́ean</i>, +pronounced <i>van</i>, woman. Son of his woman.</p> + +<p><i>Mackin.</i> <i>Mac</i>, son; <i>cionn</i>, of fondness. Son of fondness.</p> + +<p><i>Macoun.</i> <i>Mac Eoin</i>, from <i>mac</i>, son; <i>Eoin</i>, of Owen. Son +of Owen. Mackuen, of similar origin.</p> + +<p><i>Magagal.</i> <i>Maǵ-a-geall</i>, from <i>maǵ</i>, plain; <i>a</i>, of the; <i>gall</i>, +stranger. The plain of the stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Magher.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, pronounced <i>mâgh</i>, a plain, genitive <i>maiǵ</i>, +of plain; <i>er</i>, a man. A man of the plain.</p> + +<p><i>Maguire.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, a plain; <i>uire</i>, contraction of <i>Muire</i>, of +Mary. The plain of Mary.</p> + +<p><i>Main.</i> <i>Mein</i>, mind.</p> + +<p><i>Malone.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, plain; <i>luain</i>, genitive of <i>luan</i>, pronounced +<i>loon</i>, the moon. The plain, or face of the moon.</p> + +<p><i>Maloney.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, plain; <i>luain</i>, of the moon; <i>neać</i>, individual. +The man in the face of the moon.</p> + +<p><i>Martin.</i> <i>Martan</i>, from <i>mart</i>, an ox; <i>an</i>, denoting diminutiveness. +A young ox.</p> + +<p><i>Marvin.</i> <i>Marb́</i>, pronounced <i>marv</i>, dead; <i>in</i>, implying +personality. A dead person.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p> + +<p><i>Maury.</i> <i>Mâiri</i>, of the Mauri; <i>riǵ</i>, king. The king of the +Mauri.</p> + +<p><i>Moyall.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, pronounced, occasionally, <i>moy</i>, a plain, a +level country; <i>aille</i>, of the cliff. The plain of the cliff. +Sometimes written Moyal.</p> + +<p><i>Meehan.</i> <i>Mian</i>, pronounced <i>mee-an</i>, desire, the <i>h</i> being +ornamental rather than useful.</p> + +<p><i>Meenan.</i> <i>Mion</i>, pronounced <i>meen</i>, small; <i>an</i>, suffix expressive +of littleness. A small person.</p> + +<p><i>Menough.</i> <i>Maon</i>, pronounced <i>meen</i>, wealth; <i>eać</i>, an individual. +A person of wealth.</p> + +<p><i>Milnamow.</i> <i>Muillin-na-maǵ</i>, from <i>muillin</i>, a mill; <i>na</i>, of +the; <i>maǵ</i>, pronounced <i>mow</i>, plain. The mill of the plain.</p> + +<p><i>Mishney.</i> <i>Misneac</i>, pronounced <i>mish-neay</i>, or <i>mishneach</i>, +courage.</p> + +<p><i>Miskey.</i> <i>Meisge</i>, pronounced <i>misge</i>, or <i>miske</i>, drunkenness.</p> + +<p><i>Moll.</i> <i>Mol</i>, active verb imperative, signifying “praise thou,”</p> + +<p><i>Molloy.</i> <i>Mol-ad́</i>, pronounced <i>moloo</i>, “let him praise.”</p> + +<p><i>Morgan.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea, genitive <i>mara</i>, of the sea; <i>gan</i>, +offspring. A descendant of the sea; a mariner.</p> + +<p><i>Mowbray.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, pronounced <i>mow</i>, a plain, a level country; +<i>braiǵ</i>, pronounced <i>bragh</i>, or <i>bray</i>, genitive of <i>brać</i>, malt. The +level country of the malt.</p> + +<p><i>Mowrey.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, plain; <i>riǵ</i>, of king. The plain of the king. +Mowry, the same.</p> + +<p><i>Moy.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, sometimes pronounced <i>moy</i>, a level country.</p> + +<p><i>Moyer.</i> <i>Maǵ</i>, the level country; <i>er</i> for <i>fear</i>, a man. A +man of the level country.</p> + +<p><i>Muir.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea. Other forms, Muire, Muhr, Moor, +Moore, Murr.</p> + +<p><i>Muirhead.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea; Anglo-Saxon <i>head</i>. Head of +the sea.</p> + +<p><i>Muirney.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea; <i>neać</i>, an individual. One that +follows the sea; a mariner. Murney, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> + +<p><i>Mulcahey.</i> Originally <i>Mulcat́aiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>Mulcat́eać</i>, +from <i>mul</i>, mound, <i>cat́aiǵ</i>, of warrior. Mound of a warrior. +Mulcahy, another form of spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Mulcrone.</i> <i>Mul</i>, axle; <i>cruine</i>, pronounced <i>croon</i>, of the +world. The axle of the world.</p> + +<p><i>Muldoon.</i> <i>Mul</i>, a mound, a knoll; <i>dun</i>, stronghold, castle. +The mound on which the castle stands.</p> + +<p><i>Mullin.</i> <i>Muillin</i>, a mill. Mullen betrays like origin.</p> + +<p><i>Mullock.</i> <i>Muillin</i>, a mill; <i>loiće</i>, genitive of <i>loć</i>, lake. The +mill of the lake.</p> + +<p><i>Murdock.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea; Gothic <i>dok</i>, an inlet, a gulf. +Sea-harbor.</p> + +<p><i>Murlin.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea; <i>linn</i>, a marsh. A marsh by the sea.</p> + +<p><i>Murray.</i> <i>Murrać</i>, Murragh, from <i>muir</i>, the sea, and <i>ać</i>, +an individual. A navigator; a sailor.</p> + +<p><i>Murtagh.</i> <i>Muir</i>, the sea; <i>teać</i>, sometimes incorrectly pronounced +<i>teagh</i>, a house. A house by the sea; a light-house. +Murtagh, Murtaugh, indicate their kinship.</p> + +<h4>N.</h4> + +<p><i>Neachtan.</i> <i>Neać</i>, a man; <i>tain</i>, of the country. A man of +the country; a countryman; a farmer. Naughten, corrupted +form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Nee.</i> <i>Ni</i>, or <i>niǵ</i>, pronounced <i>nee</i>, <i>neegh</i>, <i>neey</i>, a daughter.</p> + +<p><i>Neeley.</i> <i>Niall</i>, Neill, genitive <i>Neill</i>, of Neill; <i>y</i> for <i>neać</i>, +an individual. Child of Neill. Sometimes written Neely.</p> + +<p><i>Neilan.</i> <i>Neill</i>, of Neill; <i>an</i>, denoting personality. One of +the family of Neill. Neelan and Neelen are the same. +Neelans, the son of Neelan, the final <i>s</i> being a contraction of +<i>sun</i>, Anglo-Saxon of son.</p> + +<p><i>Neill.</i> <i>Niall</i>, from <i>ni</i>, a daughter; <i>aille</i>, genitive of <i>aill</i>, a +cliff. Daughter of the cliff. Neill, Neille, Niell, Nille, Neal, +Neel, Newill, Nihill, a few of the many forms of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Neilson.</i> <i>Neill</i>, of Neill; Anglo-Saxon <i>sun</i>, son. The +son of Neill. Nelson, of like derivation and import.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p> + +<p><i>Nesbit.</i> <i>Nees</i>, son of Nee; <i>bit́</i>, life. Life of Nees; life of +the son of Nee; life of the son of a daughter. Sometimes +written Nesbitt.</p> + +<p><i>Ney.</i> <i>Neać</i>, pronounced <i>neay</i>, a man. More probably +from <i>niǵ</i>, a daughter.</p> + +<p><i>Nicoll.</i> <i>Neać</i>, occasionally pronounced <i>neach</i>, a man; <i>aille</i>, +genitive of <i>all</i>, a cliff. The man of the cliff. Nicol is +similarly derived.</p> + +<p><i>Noell.</i> <i>Neul</i>, pronounced <i>na-il</i>, a cloud. Noel, Nowel, +Newell, cognate forms.</p> + +<p><i>Nolan.</i> <i>Noell</i>, from <i>neul</i>, a cloud, and <i>an</i>, implying +person. Son of Noell; son of the cloud. Nolen, a less +common form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Noon.</i> <i>Noin</i>, pronounced like <i>oi</i> in <i>toil</i>, noon. Noone, +Nune, are forms of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Noonan.</i> <i>Noinean</i>, a daisy, from <i>noin</i>, day, noon. Like +the Saxon term daisy—day’s eye—derived from day.</p> + +<h4>O.</h4> + +<p><i>O’Beirne.</i> <i>O</i>, for <i>ua</i>, a grandson, a descendant; <i>beirne</i>, +genitive of <i>beirn</i>, a child. Grandson of a child.</p> + +<p><i>O’Brien.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Brien</i>, corruption of <i>Britain</i>. +Grandson of a Briton. O’Bryan, of similar signification.</p> + +<p><i>O’Connell.</i> <i>Ua Connaill</i>, from <i>ua</i>, grandson; <i>Connaill</i> from +<i>conn</i>, of heroes, and <i>aille</i>, of a cliff. Descendant of Connell; +grandson of heroes of the cliff.</p> + +<p><i>O’Connor.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Connor</i>, from <i>conn</i>, of heroes, +<i>cub́ar</i>, fond of. Grandson of Connor; descendant of those +fond of heroes. O’Conner, slightly modified form.</p> + +<p><i>O’Daley.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; <i>dalaiǵ</i>, genitive of <i>dalać</i>, a blind +fellow. Descendant of a blind man.</p> + +<p><i>O’Dare.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>dara</i>, genitive of <i>dair</i>, the oak. +Grandson of Dare.</p> + +<p><i>O’Dea.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Dea</i>, of God. Descendant of +God. O’Day, an obscure form of the name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p> + +<p><i>O’Donovan.</i> <i>O’Don-a-b́ean</i>, from <i>o</i>, grandson; <i>dona</i>, unfortunate; +<i>a</i>, of; <i>b́ean</i>, woman. Descendant of an unfortunate +woman. O’Donovan, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>O’Donnell.</i> <i>Ua Doḿnaill</i>, from <i>ua</i>, descendant; <i>Doḿnaill</i>, +of Donnell. Grandson of Donnell; a descendant of Christ. +O’Donal, an abbreviated form of the name. See <a href="#MacDonnell">McDonnell</a>.</p> + +<p><i>O’Farra.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>fara</i>, genitive of <i>fear</i>, a man. +Grandson of man.</p> + +<p><i>O’Farrell.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; <i>fara</i>, of man; <i>aille</i>, of cliff. A +descendant of the man of the cliff.</p> + +<p><i>O’Gara.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>gara</i>, genitive of <i>gearr</i>, a noun +derived from an adjective of the same name, meaning shortness. +Grandson of a short person.</p> + +<p><i>O’Gorman.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; <i>Gorman</i>, a blue-eyed person. +Descendant of a blue-eyed person.</p> + +<p><i>O’Grady.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>graid́e</i>, genitive of <i>grad́</i>, affection; +<i>y</i> for <i>eać</i>, an individual. Grandson of Grady; descendant +of an affectionate person.</p> + +<p><i>O’Hara.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; <i>hara</i>, Irish genitive of the Anglo-Saxon +noun <i>hara</i>, a hare. Descendant of a hare.</p> + +<p><i>O’Kee.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Kee</i>, corruption of <i>Mac Aoid́</i>, pronounced +<i>Mac Eey</i>, son of Hugh. Grandson of the son of +Hugh.</p> + +<p><i>O’Keef.</i> <i>O</i>, offspring; <i>caoiḿ</i>, gentle. Descendant of the +gentle. O’Keef, O’Keeffe, analogous words.</p> + +<p><i>O’Kelley.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Kelley</i>, from <i>caillaiǵ</i>, genitive of +<i>cailleać</i>, an old woman, a hag. Grandson of an old woman.</p> + +<p><i>O’Leary.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; Anglo-Saxon <i>lǽr</i>, learning; Irish +<i>y</i> for <i>eać</i>, an individual. Descendant of an educated person.</p> + +<p><i>O’Lone.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>luain</i>, genitive of <i>luan</i>, a warrior. +Grandson of a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>O’Lochlin.</i> <i>O</i>, grandson; <i>loiće</i>, genitive of <i>loć</i>, pronounced +<i>loch</i>, a lake; <i>linn</i>, a swamp. Descendant of Lochlin. +O’Loughlin, O’Laughlin, cognate terms.</p> + +<p><i>O’Malachlyn.</i> <i>O’McLochlin</i>, from <i>o</i>, descendant; <i>McLochlin</i>, +son of Lochlin. Descendant of McLochlin.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p> + +<p><i>O’Mara.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>mara</i>, genitive of <i>muir</i>, the sea. +Offspring of the sea. O’Meara, most generally in use.</p> + +<p><i>O’Millin.</i> <i>O</i>, offspring; <i>muillin</i>, of the mill. Descendant +of the mill. O’Mullen, O’Mullane, derivable from the same +roots.</p> + +<p><i>O’Neill.</i> <i>Ua Neill</i>, from <i>ua</i>, grandson; <i>Neill</i>, genitive of +<i>Niall</i>, Neill. Descendant of Neill. O’Neil, O’Neal, quite +commonly occur, and are similarly derived.</p> + +<p><i>Oram.</i> <i>Or</i>, gold; <i>am</i>, time. Time is gold; precious +opportunity.</p> + +<p><i>Ord.</i> <i>Ord</i>, order, arrangement.</p> + +<p><i>O’Regan.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Regan</i>, from <i>riǵ</i>, a king; <i>an</i> +for <i>tan</i>, place, region. Descendant of Regan.</p> + +<p><i>O’Reilly.</i> <i>Ua Raǵallać</i>, from <i>ua</i>, grandson, <i>riaǵail</i>, a rule; +<i>ać</i>, an individual. Descendant of a ruler; grandson of a +king.</p> + +<p><i>O’Rourk.</i> <i>Ua Ruarcać</i>, from <i>ua</i>, descendant; <i>rad́arc</i>, pronounced +in Connaught <i>rooarc</i>, sight, and <i>ać</i>, an individual. +Grandson of Rourk; descendant of a man of judgment. +O’Rourke, O’Rorke, kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Orr.</i> <i>Or</i>, gold, wealth, riches. In a secondary sense, +precious, valuable.</p> + +<p><i>O’Shaughnessy.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Seaǵan</i>, pronounced +<i>Shaughn</i>, or <i>Shawn</i>, genitive <i>Seaǵain</i>, John; <i>nees</i>, <i>ni</i>, +daughter, and Anglo-Saxon <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son; <i>y</i> for <i>eać</i>, an +individual. Grandson of a person belonging to the son of +the daughter of John. O’Shannessy, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>O’Shanter.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>Seaǵain</i>, John’s; <i>ter</i>, from <i>tir</i>, +country. A descendant of John’s country.</p> + +<p><i>Ossian.</i> <i>Osna</i>, a sigh; <i>n</i> for <i>an</i>, denoting a personal noun. +One who sighs; a mourner.</p> + +<p><i>O’Sullivan.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; <i>suile</i>, pronounced <i>soo-il</i>, genitive +of <i>suil</i>, the eye; <i>i</i> for <i>a</i>, his; <i>b́ean</i>, woman.</p> + +<p><i>O’Toole.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; genitive <i>tuile</i>, pronounced <i>too-il</i>, +of flood. Descendant of a flood.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> + +<p><i>Owen.</i> <i>Eon</i>, perhaps from <i>uan</i>, pronounced <i>oo-an</i>, a lamb. +From <i>Mac Eoin</i>, son of Owen, have arisen MacKeon, Keon, +Coyne, Owens, and Owenson.</p> + +<p><i>Owenson.</i> <i>Owen</i>, and <i>sun</i>, the Anglo-Saxon of son. Son +of Owen. Owens is the same name curtailed of the last two +letters.</p> + +<p><i>O’Weir.</i> <i>O</i>, descendant; Anglo-Saxon <i>wér</i>, a man, Irish +genitive <i>weir</i>. Descendant of man.</p> + +<h4>P.</h4> + +<p><i>Padden</i>, corruption of <i>Padruic</i>, Irish for Patrick. A patrician; +a nobleman. Paddin is another spelling of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Pearson.</i> <i>Pearsan</i>, genitive of <i>pearsa</i>. A person.</p> + +<p><i>Pollard.</i> <i>Poll</i>, a hole, a pit; <i>ard</i>, high, chief, supreme. A +high hole; a deep pit.</p> + +<h4>Q.</h4> + +<p><i>Quillin.</i> <i>Cuillean</i>, a cur. Quillen, a slightly changed, +and Quill, a largely abbreviated form of the same word.</p> + +<p><i>Quin.</i> <i>Caoin</i>, pronounced <i>kween</i>, weeping, wailing. Quinn, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Quinlivan.</i> <i>Caoin</i>, weeping; <i>luib́</i>, pronounced <i>liv</i>, genitive +<i>luib́e</i>, grass, weed; <i>an</i> for <i>tan</i>, garden. A garden of weeping +grass.</p> + +<p><i>Quinney.</i> <i>Caoin</i>, weeping; <i>ney</i> from <i>neać</i>, an individual. +A mourner.</p> + +<h4>R.</h4> + +<p><i>Rainear.</i> <i>Rainn</i>, genitive of <i>rann</i>, song, poem, stanza; <i>ear</i> +for <i>fear</i>, a man. A singer; a minstrel; a poet. Rainier, a +name farthest removed from the primitive form, but the one +that is most generally used.</p> + +<p><i>Rainey.</i> <i>Rainn</i>, genitive of <i>rann</i>, song, poem; <i>eać</i>, an +individual. A writer of songs; a poet. Raney, Reaney, +cognate names.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></p> + +<p><i>Redfearn.</i> Anglo-Saxon <i>read</i>, red; Irish <i>fearn</i>, pronounced +<i>fārn</i>, alder-tree. The red alder-tree.</p> + +<p><i>Regan.</i> <i>Riǵ</i>, king; <i>an</i> for <i>tan</i>, possessions, country. A +kingdom. Reagan, Ragan, and, perhaps, Rogan, of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Reilly.</i> <i>Raǵallać</i>, from <i>riaǵail</i>, a rule; <i>ać</i>, an agent. A +ruler; a king. Reilley, Reily, Rielly, Riley, cognate forms.</p> + +<p><i>Richardson.</i> <i>Mac Risdeard</i>, son of Richard. Richards, +Dicson, Dixon, have the same signification, Richard, in Old +German, meaning rich-hearted, powerful.</p> + +<p><i>Rock.</i> <i>Roć</i>, pronounced <i>rokh</i>, rock, a large stone.</p> + +<p><i>Rourk.</i> <i>Ruarcać</i>, from <i>rad́arc</i>, pronounced <i>rooarc</i>, sight, +and <i>ać</i>, an individual. An observant person; a man of +judgment. Rourke, Rorke, Rork, Riark, referable to the +same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Rox.</i> <i>Rocks</i>, from <i>roć</i>, a rock, and Anglo-Saxon <i>sun</i>, son. +Son of Rock.</p> + +<p><i>Ruan.</i> <i>Run</i>, pronounced <i>roon</i>, secret, dear, beloved. +Ruane, Ruene, analogous words.</p> + +<p><i>Runey.</i> <i>Run</i>, secret, beloved; <i>ney</i> for <i>neać</i>, an individual, +an agent. One that is beloved. Rooney, Roney, common +spellings of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Ryan.</i> <i>Riǵin</i>, pronounced <i>ry-an</i>, slow.</p> + +<h4>S.</h4> + +<p><i>Searle.</i> <i>Soḿairle</i>, pronounced <i>Sowarley</i>, Sorley, or +Charles. Shorley is from the same root, only the initial +consonant has its characteristic force before the slender +vowel <i>e</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Sewell.</i> <i>Suil</i>, pronounced <i>soo-ill</i>, the eye. Sewall, a +slightly modified form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Shane.</i> <i>Sean</i>, pronounced <i>shane</i>, old. Shan, Shean, +Sheain, Sheahan, Sheehan, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Shannon.</i> <i>Sean</i>, old; <i>aḿan</i>, pronounced <i>awan</i>, river. An +ancient river.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shaughney.</i> <i>Seaǵain</i>, pronounced <i>Shawn</i>, genitive of +<i>Seaǵan</i>, John; <i>neać</i>, an individual, an agent. The helpmeet +of John.</p> + +<p><i>Sheely.</i> <i>Sile</i>, pronounced <i>Shee-le</i>, Celia.</p> + +<p><i>Shinn.</i> <i>Sinn</i>, pronounced <i>shinn</i>, we, us. <i>Sinn</i>, the same, +only the <i>s</i> has not taken its accustomed sound of <i>sh</i> before the +slender vowel <i>i</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Sinnott.</i> <i>Sinn</i>, we, us; <i>aid́</i>, or <i>aoid́</i>, a person. One who +uses the pronoun <i>we</i>; an editor; a reviewer; a governor. +Sinett, Synott, Shenett, Sennett, equivalent names.</p> + +<p><i>Smiggins.</i> <i>Smiggin</i>, from <i>smigin</i>, the chin; <i>s</i>, contraction +of <i>sun</i>, Anglo-Saxon for son. Son of Smiggin; son of the +chin.</p> + +<p><i>Stephenson.</i> <i>Mac Steṕain</i>, from <i>mac</i>, son, and <i>Steṕain</i>, +genitive of <i>Steṕan</i>, Stephen. Son of Stephen. Fitzstephen +has the same signification.</p> + +<p><i>Sullivan.</i> <i>Sul-a-b́ean</i>, from <i>sul</i>, the eye; <i>a</i>, of; <i>b́ean</i>, +woman. The eye of woman.</p> + +<p><i>Sully.</i> <i>Sul</i>, the eye; genitive <i>suile</i>, pronounced <i>soo-il-le</i>, +belonging to the eye.</p> + +<p><i>Sweegan.</i> <i>Saoi</i>, pronounced <i>swee</i>, a philosopher, a +man of letters; <i>gan</i>, descendant. The offspring of a philosopher.</p> + +<p><i>Sweeney.</i> <i>Saoi</i>, a gentleman, a hero; <i>neać</i>, an individual, +an agent. A valet; an aid-de-camp.</p> + +<h4>T.</h4> + +<p><i>Taine.</i> <i>Teine</i>, pronounced <i>tain</i>, fire. Toyne, greatly +modified form of the original.</p> + +<p><i>Tammaney.</i> <i>Tam</i>, still, sluggish, placid; <i>neać</i>, an individual, +an agent. A cool, calm, deliberate person.</p> + +<p><i>Taney.</i> <i>Teine</i>, fire; <i>neać</i>, an agent, an individual. An +ardent, zealous man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tenney.</i> <i>Teann</i>, pronounced <i>tane</i>, straight, independent, +stubborn, hopeful, strong, reliant; <i>eać</i> for <i>neać</i>, an individual. +A strong, hopeful, reliant person. Tenny, Teeney, Teeny, of +similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Terrell.</i> <i>Tir</i>, pronounced <i>teer</i>, a country; <i>ell</i> for <i>aill</i>, a +cliff. The cliff-country. Tirrill, Tyrell, familiar forms of the +same name.</p> + +<p><i>Terry.</i> <i>Tir</i>, country; <i>riǵ</i>, the king. The king’s country.</p> + +<p><i>Thoreau.</i> <i>Torad́</i>, pronounced <i>thoroo</i>, produce, fruit, fruitfulness.</p> + +<p><i>Tierney.</i> <i>Tir</i>, country; <i>neać</i>, an individual. A countryman; +a farmer.</p> + +<p><i>Tighe.</i> <i>Tiǵe</i>, pronounced <i>tighe</i>, genitive of <i>teać</i>, a house. +Belonging to a house.</p> + +<p><i>Toole.</i> <i>Tuile</i>, pronounced <i>too-il-e</i>, a flood. Tool, Tull, +Tully, cognate names.</p> + +<p><i>Torrey.</i> <i>Torać</i>, pronounced <i>torach</i>, thunder.</p> + +<p><i>Trall.</i> <i>Traill</i>, pronounced <i>trawll</i>, a slave, a bastard.</p> + +<p><i>Trombar.</i> <i>Trom</i>, heavy; <i>barr</i>, top, summit. Top-heavy. +Trumbar, similarly derived.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><i>Van Barr.</i> <i>Van</i>, Dutch for son, doubtless from Irish <i>bean</i>, +woman; <i>barr</i>, summit, top. Son of Barr; son of a man of +eminence.</p> + +<p><i>Vannaman.</i> <i>Van-na-mann</i>, from <i>van</i>, son; <i>na</i>, of the; +<i>mann</i>, man. Son of the man. Names commencing with <i>van</i> +are considered by writers of philology as Dutch, but in many +such terms the student readily perceives an Irish origin. +<i>Van</i>, without doubt, is nothing but <i>bean</i>, the Irish for woman, +with its initial consonant aspirated.</p> + +<h4>W.</h4> + +<p><i>Williamson.</i> <i>Mac Uilleam</i>, from <i>mac</i>, son; <i>Uilleam</i>, genitive +of <i>Uilliam</i>, William. Son of William. Fitzwilliam, +Williams and MacWilliam are forms of the word, the last +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>being the Irish name assumed by the Bourkes of Connaught +on the death of their chief, William De Bourg, third earl of +Ulster.</p> + +<h4>Y.</h4> + +<p><i>Yarnall.</i> <i>Eireann</i>, genitive of <i>Eire</i>, Ireland; <i>aill</i>, a cliff. +A cliff of Ireland.</p> + +<p><i>Yarrick.</i> <i>Eire</i>, Ireland; <i>eać</i> for <i>neać</i>, an individual. An +Irishman.</p> + +<p><i>Yarrow.</i> <i>Iar</i>, western; <i>ać</i>, fragmentary form of <i>neać</i>, pronounced +<i>ach</i>, or <i>agh</i>, an individual. A western man; a +native of Ireland.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_THE_ANGLO-SAXON"><span class="smcap">From the Anglo-Saxon.</span></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORY-JUTES_SAXONS_ANGLES">HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Every Englishman—and we apply the term in a comprehensive +sense—who would clearly understand the force of his +mother-tongue, should study Anglo-Saxon, as it is the direct +and copious source of his own beloved language. Out of +the many thousand words in use in English, more than +five-eighths are of Anglo-Saxon origin. These, not only +in number, but in their peculiar character and significance, +as well as in their influence on grammatical forms, give to +our language, it is universally admitted, its chief vigor. In +short, they constitute its bone and sinew. Volumes may be +written in words of Anglo-Saxon parentage alone, but it +would be impossible to express the simplest thought in +language of Latin derivation. Words expressive of the +dearest relations, the strongest and most powerful feelings of +nature, the language of every-day life, as of duty, business, +pleasure, etc., find in the Anglo-Saxon their deepest, sincerest, +and most energetic portrayals. Every speaker or writer, +if he would convince the understanding and reach the heart, +must shun Latinized expressions, and use the Anglo-Saxon, +for the one awakens vivid, soul-stirring thoughts, and the +other thoughts that are cool and unimpassioned.</p> + +<p>With this view of Anglo-Saxon’s importance to every +Englishman, a brief account of the origin of the present +inhabitants of England will show that we owe to the Gothic +tribes—the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles—our physical +vigor, yea, our very existence, as well as our highly expressive +language. Like all the Teutonic tribes, the Saxons were of +Oriental origin. They derived, most probably, their appellation +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>from the Sacæ, who doubtless gave the name of Sakasina to +a part of Armenia. In Ptolemy’s time, A. D. 90, they were as +far westward as the Elbe, and, consequently, were among the +first of the Teutonic tribes that visited Europe. Their location, +between the Elbe and the Eyder in the south of Denmark, +strengthens the belief that they were the vanguard of +Germanic emigration. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, +which were the only tribes that successively made settlements +in Britain, are therefore deemed of sufficient interest to claim +especial attention.</p> + +<p>The first to obtain possession were the Jutes. Two +brothers, Hengist and Horsa, from Jutland, in Denmark, +arrived in three small ships at Ebbs-fleet, in the Isle of +Thanet, in 449. This island was assigned to them by +the Britons for their assistance against the Picts and Scots. +Subsequently, they became possessors of Kent, the Isle of +Wight, and part of Hampshire.</p> + +<p>Forty-two years later, 491, the Saxons entered Britain. +Their first kingdom was established by Ella, under the name +of South-Saxons, including what is now known as Sussex, +together with a part of Surrey. In 494 another powerful +colony, under Cerdic, arrived. Being west of the other, it +took the name West-Saxons. They occupied Hants, Berks, +Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and part of Cornwall. A +third Saxon kingdom, in 527, was planted in Essex, Middlesex +and the south of Hertfordshire, under the name of East-Saxons +(East-Seaxe).</p> + +<p>The Angles (Engle), from Anglen, the country between +Flensburg and the Schley in the southeast of Sleswick in +Denmark, settled about 527 in East Anglia, and exercised +control over what now embraces Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, +and part of Bedfordshire. Ida, in 547, began to establish +himself in Bernicia, comprehending Northumberland and +the south of Scotland, between the Tweed and Firth of +Forth. About 559 Ella conquered Deira, a tract of country +between the Humber and the Tweed, embracing the counties +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>of York, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, +and Lancashire. Mercia, bounded by the Thames, +Humber and Severn, and comprehending the counties of +Chester, Derby, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Northampton, Nottingham, +Rutland, the north of Beds, Bucks, Hertford, Warwick, +Oxon, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Stafford and +Salop, was formed by Crida, about 586, into an independent +state.</p> + +<p>From the foregoing remarks it appears that one Jute, three +Saxon, and four Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were +established in Britain by the year 586, and that the Angles +and Saxons were the leading spirits in the expeditions. +They, therefore, when settled in this country, were collectively +called Anglo-Saxons. From the Angles (Engle), who were +the most numerous and predominant, the land was named +Engla land, the Engle’s or Angle’s land—an appellation +which was afterwards contracted into England.</p> + +<p>Anglo-Saxon, that is, Angle-, Engle-, or English-Saxon, is +the language of the Platt, Low, Flat, or North part of Germany, +introduced into England by the Jutes, the Angles, and +the Saxons, and modified, spoken, and written by Englishmen. +The less daring and enterprising of these peoples who remained +in their continental home bore the name of Old-Saxons, and +their language Old-Saxon, but their brethren who settled +in Britain were fitly designated Anglo-Saxons, and their +language, perfected in England, was denominated Anglo-Saxon. +To King Alfred, and the many writings of Alfric, +we are indebted for the finest specimens of Anglo-Saxon +spoken and written in England in their days.</p> + +<p>Persons who are desirous of tracing the origin of Anglo-Saxon, +or of comparing it with kindred dialects, must first go to +the Old-Saxon, the Low-German spoken by those who remained +in the old home of the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons. +No written specimen of the language spoken by these Old-Saxons +is extant, but there is, in a collateral dialect, a very +fine poem, written in the ninth century, which is entitled +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span><i>Heliand</i>, Healer or Saviour. While some of the Low-German +race migrated to England, others passed to the lower Rhine +and settled there. This poem being written in the dialect of +these Rhenish Old-Saxons, and the latter being akin to the +Anglo-Saxon, there can be no question as to its vast importance +in the study of the language which is the foundation of +our own. Recourse may then be had to other works in +Low-German. High-German, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian +and Swedish may then be consulted, and carried back to +their Oriental source. None of the German or Scandinavian +dialects have writings antedating those of the Anglo-Saxons, +except the Germanic in the Moeso-Gothic Gospels of Ulphilas, +published in 370, and some Icelandic. A zealous attempt, +tracing the origin of the English, Germanic, and Scandinavian +languages and nations, with a sketch of their early +literature, and short chronological specimens of Anglo-Saxon, +Friesic, Flemish, Dutch, German, from the Moeso-Goths to +the present time, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, and +tracing the progress of these languages and their connection +with the modern English, was made by Rev. Joseph Bosworth, +in 1848. All interested in such knowledge will find themselves +abundantly repaid by an examination of this learned +scholar’s investigations, as shown in the work to which +reference has just been made.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="LESSONS_IN_ANGLO-SAXON">LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Anglo-Saxon Letters—Their Names.</span></h4> + +<p>The Anglo-Saxon alphabet has twenty-four letters, +namely, <i>a</i>, <i>æ</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>th</i>, + <i>u</i>, +<i>w</i> (<i>vv</i>), <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>. All but three, <i>dh</i>, <i>th</i>, <i>w</i>, are Roman characters, +the variations from the common form being cacographic +fancies.</p> + +<p>No difficulty is experienced by German-speaking students +in calling the letters by their proper appellations as +their resemblance to the German names, excepting in three +instances, is very intimate and striking. <i>Ah</i>, <i>ă</i>, <i>bay</i>, <i>cay</i>, <i>day</i>, +<i>edh</i>, <i>ay</i>, <i>ef</i>, <i>gay</i>, <i>hah</i>, <i>ee</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>em</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>pay</i>, <i>er</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>tay</i>, <i>thorn</i>, <i>oo</i>, +<i>wên</i>, <i>ex</i>, <i>ypsilon</i>, express very accurately their syllabic +representation.</p> + +<p>An accent is found in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, but in +none so regularly used as to become an objective feature of +Anglo-Saxon text. It is found oftenest over a long vowel; +sometimes over a vowel of peculiar sound, not long; seldom, +except over syllables requiring a stress of voice. There are +times, it seems, when nothing but stress is indicated. English +editors represent it mostly by an acute accent, but the +Germans generally print Anglo-Saxon with a circumflex over +all single long sounds in the root of words, and an acute +over the diphthongs; as <i>brôder</i>, <i>freónd</i>. In this book, an +acute accent is used over all long vowels and diphthongs.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of Vowels.</span></h4> + +<p><i>A</i> short or unaccented is sounded like <i>a</i> in <i>man</i>. It is +often found in the final syllables of inflections, and generally +appears in the radix before a doubled consonant, or two +different consonants.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p> + +<p>The radical short <i>a</i> can only stand before a single consonant, +and <i>st</i>, <i>sc</i>, when this single consonant and these double +letters are followed in the inflections by <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> in nouns; +<i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i> in adjectives; and <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, and <i>ia</i> in verbs.</p> + +<p>Specially important are the remarks contained in the last +paragraph in the declension of words, for, monosyllables, +ending in a single consonant, in <i>st</i>, or <i>sc</i>, reject the <i>e</i> from +the short <i>æ</i>, and leave the short <i>a</i> alone, whenever, in +declining, the consonant or consonants happen to be followed +by <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> in nouns, and <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i> in adjectives.</p> + +<p>It must be remembered, then, that a short <i>a</i> cannot stand +in a word. 1. When it ends in a single consonant, that is, +when no inflection of <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> in nouns follow, as in <i>stæf</i>. +2. When in nouns a single consonant is followed by <i>e</i>, as in +<i>wæter</i>. 3. When the word has any other double consonants +than <i>st</i>, <i>sc</i>, even though followed by <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, as in <i>cræft</i>. 4. In +contracted words, when <i>æ</i> is not in the last syllable, as in <i>æcer</i>.</p> + +<p>When the <i>á</i> is accented it is then <i>long</i>, and words containing +this long or accented <i>á</i> are now represented by English +terms with the vowel sounded like <i>o</i> in <i>no</i> and in <i>bone</i>. Hám +<i>home</i>, bán, <i>bone</i>, án, <i>one</i>, stán, <i>stone</i>, have either the same or +an analogous meaning in English and Anglo-Saxon. Sometimes +the accented or long <i>á</i> is represented in English by <i>oa</i>, +as ác, <i>an oak</i>, gád, <i>a goad</i>, lám, <i>lome</i>. Occasionally, <i>á</i> becomes +<i>oe</i> in English, as dá, <i>a doe</i>, fá, <i>a foe</i>, rá, <i>a roe</i>, but the <i>ae</i> in +these words has the sound of <i>o</i> in <i>no</i>. The same may be said +of <i>oa</i> in <i>boar</i>. Hence, it appears that the Anglo-Saxon <i>á</i> is +represented by the modern English <i>o</i>, <i>oa</i>, and <i>oe</i>, which have +the sound of <i>o</i> in <i>no</i>, or <i>bone</i>. The long <i>á</i> is often changed +into <i>æ</i>, as <i>lár</i>, lore, <i>lǽran</i>, to teach.</p> + +<p><i>-A</i>, added to words, denotes <i>a person</i>, <i>an agent</i>, <i>an actor</i>, +hence,—All names ending in <i>a</i> are masculine, and make the +genitive in <i>an</i>, as from <i>cum</i>, come (thou), <i>cuma</i>, a person who +comes, or a guest, is derived. Some words, denoting inanimate +things, terminate in <i>a</i>, and these words, having the same +declension as those which signify <i>persons</i> or <i>actors</i>, are also +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span>masculine. <i>A-</i> is an inseparable prefix, denoting negation, +determination or opposition, as <i>from</i>, <i>out</i>, <i>away</i>. <i>A-</i> does +not always appear to alter the signification, but generally, +however, it adds some little force or intensity to the original +meaning of the word to which it is joined.</p> + +<p>Anglo-Saxon words, containing the short or unaccented +vowel <i>e</i>, are often represented by modern English words of +the same meaning, having the sound of <i>e</i> in <i>fed</i>, as <i>nett</i>, <i>bedd</i>, +<i>webb</i>. Before a double consonant, two different consonants, +or one or two consonants when followed by a long or final +vowel, the short <i>e</i> is most generally used.</p> + +<p>Words containing the long or accented <i>é</i> are very frequently +represented by English terms of the same meaning, +and have the sound of <i>e</i> in <i>meet</i>. Long <i>é</i> is used, as in <i>thé</i>, +at the end of words, and before the consonants <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, +<i>d</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>g</i> and <i>f</i>.</p> + +<p><i>-E</i>, in the ending of nouns, denotes a person, as <i>hyrde</i>, a +shepherd, from <i>hyrdan</i>, to guard. It is also used to form +nouns denoting inanimate objects, as <i>cyle</i>, cold, but these are +mostly derived from verbs, and hence are masculine; but, +when they come from adjectives, they are feminine. Final <i>e</i> +is the termination of derivative adjectives, and is also the +usual letter by which adjectives ending in a consonant +become adverbs.</p> + +<p>Unaccented <i>i</i> has the sound of <i>i</i> in <i>fin</i>, as is evidenced by +the following Anglo-Saxon words which have the same +meaning in English as in Saxon:—<i>tin</i>, <i>dim</i>, <i>scip</i>, <i>wit</i>, <i>ribb</i>, +<i>milc</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><i>I</i> long has the sound of <i>i</i> in <i>fine</i>, as in the cognate words, +<i>tíne</i>, <i>wín</i>, <i>díc</i>, <i>hwíl</i>.</p> + +<p>The verbal termination <i>ian</i>, or with a consonant before the +<i>i</i>—<i>cian</i>, <i>gian</i>, <i>nian</i>, <i>sian</i>—is the most simple and universal. +It is joined to various parts of speech, but especially to nouns +and pronouns. These verbs almost always make the perfect +tense in <i>ode</i>, and the perfect participle in <i>od</i>. Verbs thus +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>formed from adjectives are generally neuter, but they become +active by prefixing <i>ge</i>, as <i>lytl</i>, little, <i>lytlian</i>, to become little, +<i>gelytlian</i>, to diminish.</p> + +<p><i>I</i> and <i>ie</i> are often used for <i>g</i>, <i>ge</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>e</i>.</p> + +<p>Short <i>o</i>, in Anglo-Saxon, has probably the sound of <i>o</i> in +<i>for</i>, as <i>corn</i>, <i>horn</i>, <i>loc</i>.</p> + +<p><i>O</i>, accented, was sounded in Saxon as <i>oo</i> in <i>cook</i>, as +proved by the cognate words <i>cóc</i>, <i>bóc</i>, <i>gód</i>, <i>cól</i>, <i>fót</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>Final <i>o</i> is chiefly used to form the names of qualities from +adjectives, as <i>menigeo</i>, the many, multitude. Nouns ending +in <i>o</i> are feminine and indeclinable, but they often end in <i>u</i>, and +in that case have a regular feminine declension.</p> + +<p>A few nouns in final <i>o</i> are neuter, and make the genitive in +<i>ewes</i>, as <i>ealo</i>, ale, genitive <i>ealewes</i>.</p> + +<p>The unaccented <i>u</i> in Anglo-Saxon had most probably the +sound of <i>u</i> in <i>fun</i>, as testified to by <i>butt</i>, <i>dun</i>, <i>munc</i>, <i>up</i>, etc., +which have the same meaning in English as in Saxon.</p> + +<p>Long <i>ú</i> had the sound of <i>ou</i>, or <i>ow</i>, in <i>about</i>, <i>foul</i>, <i>house</i>, +<i>town</i>, as <i>fúl</i>, <i>hú</i>, <i>mús</i>, <i>nú</i>, <i>úre</i>, Saxon words which have the +same signification, as their English representatives most +plainly show.</p> + +<p><i>Eo</i> are sometimes used for <i>u</i>, as <i>sweord</i>, <i>swurd</i>, and <i>y</i> for +<i>ú</i>, as <i>swytol</i>, <i>swútol</i>. In later times, <i>u</i> was employed for <i>f</i> and +<i>v</i>, as <i>luue</i>, <i>lufe</i>, <i>Dauid</i>, <i>David</i>.</p> + +<p>Some few names ending in <i>u</i> are masculine or neuter, but +they are mostly feminine, and form the names of qualities +from adjectives.</p> + +<p>Short <i>u</i> or accented Anglo-Saxon <i>y</i> had the <i>y</i> sounded as +in <i>mystery</i>, <i>duty</i>, as <i>tynder</i>, <i>hyp</i>, <i>syn</i>, <i>mynster</i>, which are +represented by modern English words of like signification.</p> + +<p>The long or accented <i>y</i> had the sound of <i>y</i> in <i>type</i>, <i>sky</i>, +as will be evident from the following cognate words: <i>lýs</i>, +<i>fýr</i>, <i>hýd</i>, <i>brýd</i>, and <i>lýf</i>.</p> + +<p>Unaccented <i>i</i> is often used for <i>y</i>, and long <i>i</i> for <i>y</i>; as +<i>lístan</i>, <i>litel</i>, <i>minster</i> for <i>lystan</i>, <i>lytel</i>, <i>mynster</i>, and <i>fír</i>, <i>bríd</i>, <i>líf</i>, +for <i>fýr</i>, <i>brýd</i>, <i>lýf</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Sounds of Consonants.</span></h4> + +<p>The consonants have their common English sounds: <i>c</i>, like +<i>k</i>, always; <i>ch</i>, like <i>kh</i>, in <i>work-house</i>; <i>cw</i>, like <i>qu</i>; <i>dh</i>, like +English <i>th</i> in a similar word, as <i>ódher</i>, other, <i>dódh</i>, doth; <i>g</i>, +like <i>g</i> in <i>go</i>, always; <i>h</i>, very distinct; <i>hw</i>, like <i>wh</i> in New +England; <i>i</i> (= <i>j</i>), before a vowel, like <i>y</i>; <i>s</i>, like <i>s</i> in <i>so</i>; <i>t</i>, +like <i>t</i> in <i>to</i>; <i>th</i>, like <i>th</i> in <i>thin</i>; <i>w</i>, like <i>w</i>; <i>wl</i>, <i>wr</i>, and final +<i>w</i> nearly close the lips; <i>x</i>, like <i>ks</i>.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Accent—Its Use.</span></h4> + +<p>The primary accent is on the first syllable of every word: +as, <i>bródʹ-her</i>, brother; <i>unʹ-cúdh</i>, uncouth.</p> + +<p>Proper prefixes in verbs and participles take no primary +accent; such are <i>á</i>, <i>an</i>, <i>and</i>, <i>æt</i>, <i>be</i>, <i>bi</i>, <i>ed</i>, <i>far</i>, <i>ful</i>, <i>ge</i>, <i>geord</i>, +<i>in</i>, <i>mis</i>, <i>ódh</i>, <i>of</i>, <i>ofer</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>or</i>, <i>tó</i>, <i>thurh</i>, <i>un</i>, <i>under</i>, <i>widh</i>, <i>widher</i>, +<i>ymb</i>, <i>ymbe</i>: <i>an-ginʹ-nan</i>, begin; <i>on-geánʹ</i>, again. The syllable +after the prefix assumes the accent.</p> + +<p>Derivatives from nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, retain their +accent. Such are all verbs in <i>and-</i>, <i>ed-</i>, <i>or-</i>, found in Anglo-Saxon +poetry, and many adverbs in <i>un-</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>Compounds, formed of adverbs and verbs, retain their +accent. Such are these with <i>æfter</i>, <i>bí</i>, <i>bíg</i>, <i>efen</i>, <i>eft</i>, <i>fore</i>, <i>ford</i>, +<i>from</i>, <i>fram</i>, <i>hider</i>, <i>mid</i>, <i>midher</i>, <i>gegn</i>, <i>geán</i>, <i>gén</i>, <i>tó</i>, <i>up</i>, <i>út</i>, <i>wel</i>.</p> + +<p>The inseparable prefixes <i>á-</i>, <i>be-</i> (<i>bi-</i>), <i>for-</i>, <i>ge-</i>, are unaccented; +as, <i>á-lýsʹ-ing</i>, redemption.</p> + +<p>A secondary accent may fall in the tone syllable of the +lighter part of a compound or on a suffix; as, <i>ó-fer-cumʹ-an</i>, +overcome.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Euphonic Changes.</span></h4> + +<p><i>Gemination</i> is the doubling of a letter. When final, or +next to a consonant, it is simplified, <i>mm</i> changing to <i>mb</i>, <i>nn</i> +to <i>nd</i>, <i>ss</i> to <i>st</i>, <i>ii</i> to <i>ig</i>, <i>un</i> to <i>up</i>: as, <i>timbr</i> for <i>timmr</i>, timber; +<i>spindl</i> for <i>spinnl</i>, spindle; <i>lufast</i> for <i>lufass</i>, lovest; <i>lufige</i> for +<i>lufie</i>, love; <i>bearupes</i> for <i>bearuues</i>, grove. Double <i>g</i> is written +<i>cg</i>, and double <i>f</i>, <i>bb</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> + +<p><i>Umlaut</i> is the assimilation of a vowel by the vowel of the +succeeding syllable: <i>a-umlaut</i> changes <i>i</i> to <i>e</i> (<i>eo</i>), <i>u</i> to <i>o</i>; +<i>i-umlaut</i>, <i>a</i> to <i>e</i>, <i>u</i> to <i>y</i>, <i>ea</i> to <i>y</i>, <i>eo</i> to <i>y</i>, <i>á</i> to <i>ǽ</i>, <i>ó</i> to <i>é</i>, <i>ú</i> to <i>ý</i>, +<i>eá</i> to <i>y</i>, <i>eó</i> to <i>ý</i>; <i>u-umlaut</i>, <i>a</i> to <i>ea</i> (<i>o</i>), <i>i</i> to <i>eo</i>. The <i>i</i> which +produces <i>i-umlaut</i> is often changed to <i>e</i> or dropped: as, +<i>man</i>, plural <i>men</i>, from <i>meni</i>; <i>fót</i>, plural <i>fét</i>, feet, from <i>féti</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Breaking</i> is the change of one vowel to two by a consonant. +<i>G</i>, <i>c</i>, and <i>ac</i> may break a following <i>a</i> to <i>ea</i>, <i>o</i> to <i>eo</i>, <i>i</i> +to <i>ie</i>, <i>á</i> to <i>eá</i>, <i>ó</i> to <i>eó</i>; <i>l</i>, <i>r</i> and <i>h</i> may break a preceding <i>a</i> to +<i>ea</i>, <i>i</i> to <i>eo</i> (<i>io</i>), <i>ie</i>: as, <i>geaf</i>, gave; <i>sceó</i>, shoe; <i>sealm</i>, psalm; +<i>hleator</i>, laughter; <i>meolc</i>, milk.</p> + +<p><i>Shifting</i> is the weakening of a letter not produced by other +letters: <i>a</i> to <i>æ</i>, <i>ǽ</i> to <i>é</i>, <i>eá</i> and <i>eó</i> to <i>é</i>, etc.; <i>dæg</i>, from <i>dag</i>, day.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Nouns—Their Declension.</span></h4> + +<p>There are two classes of declensions of Anglo-Saxon +nouns:—<i>Strong</i>, those which have sprung from vowel stems, +and <i>weak</i>, that which has sprung from stems in <i>an</i>. Of the +four declensions, the first, second and third are distinguished +by the genitive singular ending in <i>es</i>, <i>e</i>, and <i>a</i>, respectively, +and the fourth by its termination in <i>an</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Strong nouns</i> have all masculines of the first or third +declension; all feminines of the second or third, and all +neuters of the first.</p> + +<p><i>Abstract nouns</i> have their gender controlled by the terminations. +In derivatives, the feminine gender prevails, while +compound nouns follow the gender of the last part.</p> + +<p>Names of males, of the moon, and of many weeds, +flowers, winds, are <i>masculine</i>. Nouns representing names of +females, of the sun, and of many trees, rivers, and soft and +low musical instruments, are <i>feminine</i>. <i>Neuter</i> nouns are +names of wife, child, as well as diminutives, many general +names, and words made an object of thought.</p> + +<p><i>Epicene nouns</i> have one grammatical gender, but are used +for both sexes. Names of mammalia, except a few little +timid ones, are masculine. Large and fierce birds are +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>masculine; others, especially singing-birds, are feminine; +large fishes are masculine, small, feminine; insects are +feminine.</p> + +<p>While in English there are but three cases, in Anglo-Saxon +there are six. The nominative and vocative are +always alike; the nominative, accusative, and vocative are +alike in all plurals, and in the singular of all neuters and +strong masculines. The genitive plural ends always in <i>á</i> or +<i>ená</i>, and the dative and instrumental always in <i>um</i> (<i>on</i>).</p> + +<p>Names of women in <i>u</i> or a consonant are strong, those in +<i>e</i> or <i>a</i> are weak; while those of men in <i>u</i>, <i>e</i> or <i>a</i> consonant +are strong, and those in <i>a</i> are weak.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Adjectives.—Their Degrees.</span></h4> + +<p>Adjectives, in Anglo-Saxon, have one set of strong and +one set of weak endings for each gender. The latter are +used when the adjective is preceded by the definite article +or some word analogous thereto. Hence, there are two +declensions: the <i>definite</i> and the <i>indefinite</i>.</p> + +<p>Degrees of quantity or quality in adjectives are shown by +comparison. They are regularly compared by suffixing to +the theme of the primitive <i>ir</i>, <i>er</i> or <i>or</i> for the theme of the +comparative, and <i>ist</i>, <i>est</i> or <i>ost</i> for that of the superlative.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Verbs.—Their Attributes.</span></h4> + +<p>Verbs have two voices. The <i>active</i> represents the subject +as acting, the <i>passive</i> as affected by the action. The <i>active</i> +has inflective endings for many forms, the <i>passive</i> only for a +participle. Other passive forms help this participle with the +auxiliary verbs <i>eom</i> (<i>am</i>), <i>beón</i>, <i>wesan</i>, <i>weordhan</i>. There is, +however, a middle voice, which represents the subject as +affected by its own action; but, as this is expressed in Anglo-Saxon +by adding pronouns, no paradigms are necessary.</p> + +<p>There are six moods. The <i>indicative</i> states or asks about +a fact; the <i>subjunctive</i> a possibility; the <i>imperative</i> commands +or entreats; the <i>infinitives</i> (and <i>gerunds</i>) are substantives, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>and the <i>participles</i> adjectives. Certain forms of possibility +are expressed by auxiliary modal verbs with the infinitive, +and these are conveniently called a <i>potential</i> mode.</p> + +<p>Five tenses, <i>present</i>, <i>imperfect</i>, <i>future</i>, <i>perfect</i> and <i>pluperfect</i>, +are found in the language. The present and imperfect have +tense stems; the future is expressed by the present, or by the +aid of <i>seal</i> (shall) or <i>wille</i> (will); the perfect by help of the +present of <i>habban</i> (have) or, with some intransitives, <i>beón</i> +(be), <i>wesan</i> or <i>weordhan</i> (be); the pluperfect by the aid of the +imperfect of <i>habban</i>, <i>beón</i>, <i>wesan</i>, or <i>weordhan</i>.</p> + +<p>Verbs are classified for conjugation by the stems of the +imperfect tense. <i>Strong verbs</i> express tense by varying the +root vowel; <i>weak verbs</i> by composition. Strong verbs in the +imperfect indicative singular first person have the root vowel +<i>unchanged</i>, or changed by accent, which is called <i>progression</i>, +or by <i>contraction</i> with old reduplication. There are six conjugations. +No change is manifest in the root vowel in the +first conjugation; the second, third and fourth are varied by +accent or progression; the fifth by contraction, and the sixth +by composition.</p> + +<p>Since all the names derivable from verbs, with which we +have to deal in the present work, are concerned with the +present infinitive, present indicative of the first person, and +perfect participle, it is unnecessary to enter into any elaboration +of the verbal inflections. What is needful to be said +will appear in its proper place in the derivations.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="ANGLO-SAXON_NAMES">NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>A.</h4> + +<p><i>Abbott.</i> <i>Abbud</i>, an abbot, chief governor, father, or superior +of an abbey, convent, or monastery.</p> + +<p><i>Adkin.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>cyn</i>, kin, kind. Earth-relative. Akin, +contraction of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Albert.</i> <i>Eal</i>, all; <i>beorht</i>, bright. All bright; illustrious.</p> + +<p><i>Alder.</i> <i>Aldor</i>, life.</p> + +<p><i>Alice.</i> <i>Ætheling</i>, corrupted into Adeline, thence into +Alice. A princess.</p> + +<p><i>Alison.</i> <i>Alice</i>, a princess; <i>sun</i>, a son. Son of Alice; son +of a princess.</p> + +<p><i>All.</i> <i>Eal</i>, all, every, whole.</p> + +<p><i>Allingham.</i> <i>Alling-hám</i>, from <i>All</i>; <i>ing</i>, descendant; <i>hám</i>, +home. Home of Alling; home of the offspring of All.</p> + +<p><i>Apgar.</i> <i>Abgar</i>, Irish <i>ab</i>, a father; <i>gár</i>, a spear, a dart. +Defender of the father.</p> + +<p><i>Appleton.</i> <i>Æppel-tún</i>, from <i>æppel</i>, an apple; <i>tún</i>, town. +An apple garden; an orchard.</p> + +<p><i>Askin.</i> <i>Æscwine</i>, from <i>æsc</i>, an ash-tree, ash, ash-spear, a +ship, a man; <i>wine</i>, a friend. Boats were made of ash, hence +a small ship, a skiff. Among the northern nations it was +supposed that the first man was made out of ash: hence the +word came to signify a man, the chief of men, a leader. +Æsc, the name of Hengist’s son, was a leader.</p> + +<p><i>Ashton.</i> <i>Æsc</i>, Æsc; <i>tún</i>, town. The town of Æsc.</p> + +<p><i>Asquith.</i> <i>Æsc</i>, Æsc; <i>cýth</i>, home. The home of Æsc; +the home of the ash.</p> + +<h4>B.</h4> + +<p><i>Bancroft.</i> <i>Bán</i>, pronounced <i>bawn</i>, bone; <i>croft</i>, a level +tract of country, an enclosed field. A graveyard.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> + +<p><i>Bald.</i> <i>Báld</i>, bold, courageous, honorable.</p> + +<p><i>Baldwin.</i> <i>Báld</i>, pronounced <i>bawld</i>, bold; <i>win</i>, a contest, +battle. Bold in battle. Baldewin, Boldwin, less ancient +forms of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Banham.</i> <i>Bán</i>, bone; <i>hám</i>, home. The bone-home; the grave.</p> + +<p><i>Barton.</i> <i>Bere</i>, corn; <i>tún</i>, town. A corn-farm; a corn-village; +a grange.</p> + +<p><i>Beal.</i> <i>Beal</i>, evil. Beale, identical in derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Beda.</i> <i>Beada</i>, counsellor, persuader, exhorter.</p> + +<p><i>Bedell.</i> <i>Bædel</i>, a beadle. A messenger belonging to a +court, or public body; a petty officer in a church.</p> + +<p><i>Beck.</i> <i>Béc</i>, or <i>bóc</i>, a book. Beck, Bock, Bok, analogous +names.</p> + +<p><i>Beckingham.</i> <i>Beck</i>, Beck; <i>ing</i>, a son; <i>hám</i>, home. The +home of the son of Beck.</p> + +<p><i>Bishop.</i> <i>Bisceop</i>, a bishop, a high-priest, a prelate.</p> + +<p><i>Blake.</i> <i>Blæc</i>, black. Black, of like parentage.</p> + +<p><i>Boardman.</i> <i>Bórd</i>, a shield; <i>man</i>, a man. A warrior; a +knight.</p> + +<p><i>Brice.</i> <i>Brice</i>, fragment, rupture, violation, use, service. +Bryce, only another spelling of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Brock.</i> <i>Bróc</i>, a brook, a rivulet. Brook, Brooke, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Brooks.</i> <i>Brook</i>, Brook; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Brook.</p> + +<p><i>Bronson.</i> <i>Brown</i>, from <i>brún</i>, brown, and <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Brown.</p> + +<p><i>Bront.</i> <i>Bront</i>, raging, streaming. Brunt, doubtless, from +the same source. Some, perhaps, would consider it a corruption +of <i>burnt</i>, made brown.</p> + +<p><i>Browning.</i> <i>Brown</i>, Brown; <i>ing</i>, a descendant. Descendant +of Brown.</p> + +<p><i>Burn.</i> <i>Byrne</i>, burning, a coat of mail, a corselet.</p> + +<p><i>Burr.</i> <i>Búr</i>, a chamber, a bower. Perhaps, from <i>beorg</i>, or +<i>beorh</i>, a hill.</p> + +<p><i>Burwick.</i> <i>Búr</i>, a chamber; <i>wic</i>, a dwelling, village, camp. +The guest-chamber.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> + +<h4>C.</h4> + +<p><i>Caster.</i> <i>Ceaster</i> (Latin <i>castra</i>, a camp), a city. Chester, +from the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Caton.</i> Anglo-Saxon for Cato, the Greek for downwards.</p> + +<p><i>Chapman.</i> <i>Cépman</i>, a merchant, a trader. Ceapman, in +Chaucer’s day.</p> + +<p><i>Chichester.</i> Originally, <i>Cicester</i>, the equivalent of <i>cyren-ceaster</i>, +or <i>cyrn-ceaster</i>; from <i>cyren</i>, new wine; <i>ceaster</i>, a city, +fort, castle, town. Castle of new wine.</p> + +<p><i>Clark.</i> <i>Clerc</i>, Latin <i>clericus</i>, a clerk. Clarke, similarly +derived.</p> + +<p><i>Cliffe.</i> <i>Clif</i>, a crag, an overhanging rock. Cliff, another +form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Clifford.</i> <i>Cliffe</i>, Cliffe; <i>ford</i>, a stream, a current. Cliffe’s +ford.</p> + +<p><i>Codman.</i> <i>Codd</i>, scrip, satchel, small bag; <i>man</i>, a man. +A cashier; a banker.</p> + +<p><i>Coke.</i> <i>Cóc</i>, a cook. Cook, Cooke, analogous forms.</p> + +<p><i>Compton.</i> <i>Comp</i> for <i>comb</i>, a valley; <i>tún</i>, town. A valley-town.</p> + +<p><i>Cope.</i> <i>Cop</i>, a cap, hood, or cloak.</p> + +<p><i>Copp.</i> <i>Copp</i>, the head, top, apex, a cup.</p> + +<p><i>Coulter.</i> <i>Colter</i>, a colter, a knife, a dagger. Colter, the +commoner form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Cox.</i> <i>Cokes</i>, from <i>cóc</i>, cook; <i>sun</i>, son. The son of Coke, +or Cooke. Coxe, of kindred significance.</p> + +<p><i>Cumberland.</i> <i>Combra</i>, of valleys; <i>land</i>, land, ground, +earth, field, region, country. A region of valleys.</p> + +<p><i>Cunningham.</i> <i>Cunning</i>, experience; <i>hám</i>, home. A +home of art and letters.</p> + +<p><i>Cunnington.</i> <i>Cunning</i>, experience; <i>tún</i>, town. A cunning +town; an enterprising town.</p> + +<p><i>Cuthbert.</i> <i>Cúth</i>, known, certain, familiar, domestic; <i>beorht</i>, +brightness, a glistening, light, sight, glance. Known brightness; +familiar glance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> + +<h4>D.</h4> + +<p><i>Dade.</i> <i>Dǽd</i>, deed, exploit, achievement.</p> + +<p><i>Dadaker.</i> <i>Deád</i>, dead; <i>æcer</i>, acre. An acre set apart for +the dead. Dedaker, of analogous derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Dager.</i> <i>Dagor</i>, day.</p> + +<p><i>Dalton.</i> <i>Dál</i>, a dale, a small valley; <i>tún</i>, a town. A +valley-town.</p> + +<p><i>Dalrymple.</i> <i>Dál</i>, a vale; <i>hrympelle</i>, a wrinkle, a ripple, a +fold. An undulating vale.</p> + +<p><i>Davies.</i> <i>Davie</i>, diminutive for David; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Davie. Davis, abbreviation of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Dodd.</i> <i>Deád</i>, dead.</p> + +<p><i>Dunham.</i> <i>Dunholm</i>, from <i>dún</i>, mountain; <i>holm</i>, an island. +A mountainous island.</p> + +<p><i>Durham.</i> <i>Deór</i>, beast; <i>hám</i>, home, dwelling. A park; a +dwelling for wild animals. Dereham, an earlier form of the +name.</p> + +<p><i>Dyer.</i> <i>Dýre</i>, dear, costly, precious.</p> + +<h4>E.</h4> + +<p><i>Earl.</i> <i>Earl</i>, noble, earl, man. Earle, of similar significance.</p> + +<p><i>Edgar.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>gár</i>, dart, spear. Earth-dart; defender +of the earth.</p> + +<p><i>Edmund.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>mund</i>, hand. Earth-hand; tiller +of the soil.</p> + +<p><i>Edmunds.</i> <i>Edmund</i>, Edmund; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Edmund. Edmundson, Edmondson, lengthened forms of the +same name.</p> + +<p><i>Edson.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of earth. Edison, +the same word, but of more euphonious pronunciation.</p> + +<p><i>Edward.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>weard</i>, guardian, watchman. An +earth-protector.</p> + +<p><i>Edwards.</i> <i>Edward</i>, Edward; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Edward.</p> + +<p><i>Egbert.</i> <i>Ecg</i>, edge; <i>beorht</i>, glance. Side-glance.</p> + +<p><i>Eldrick.</i> <i>Eal</i>, all; <i>rice</i>, rich, powerful. All-powerful. +Eldridge, doubtless, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span></p> + +<p><i>Elmer.</i> <i>Ethelmer</i>, from <i>éthel</i>, a home; <i>mǽre</i>, illustrious. +An illustrious home.</p> + +<p><i>Ely.</i> <i>Élig</i>, from <i>él</i>, eel; <i>ig</i>, an island. Eel-island.</p> + +<p><i>Emery.</i> <i>Earm</i>, arm; <i>rice</i>, powerful. Mighty in battle. +Emmery, Emory, cognate forms.</p> + +<p><i>Emerson.</i> <i>Emery</i>, Emery; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Emmery.</p> + +<p><i>Engle.</i> <i>Engel</i>, an angel. Ingle, a slightly modified phase +of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Englebert.</i> <i>Engel</i>, an angel; <i>beorht</i>, brightness. An angel +of brightness.</p> + +<p><i>Erwin.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>wine</i>, friend. Earth-friend. Ervin, +Ervine, names of similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Eton.</i> <i>Eten</i>, a giant. Eaton, the accepted spelling.</p> + +<h4>F.</h4> + +<p><i>Fager.</i> <i>Fæger</i>, beauty, fair, beautiful.</p> + +<p><i>Farnham.</i> <i>Fearn</i>, a fern; <i>hám</i>, habitation. Habitation of +the fern.</p> + +<p><i>Farr.</i> <i>Farr</i>, a wild boar.</p> + +<p><i>Farrington.</i> <i>Farringdún</i>, from <i>fearn</i>, a fern; <i>g</i>, for the sake +of euphony; <i>dún</i>, a hill. A hill of fern.</p> + +<p><i>Fell.</i> <i>Fell</i>, gall, anger, death, a skin, cruel, severe.</p> + +<p><i>Field.</i> <i>Feald</i>, a field, a fold.</p> + +<p><i>Fielding.</i> <i>Field</i>, Field; <i>ing</i>, descendant. Descendant of +Field.</p> + +<p><i>Finch.</i> <i>Finc</i>, a small bird. Fink, Finck, Fenke, kindred +forms.</p> + +<p><i>Firman.</i> <i>Fir</i>, the living, chief of living beings, man; <i>man</i>, +man. The living man.</p> + +<p><i>Fisk.</i> <i>Fisc</i>, a fish. Fiske, the more common name.</p> + +<p><i>Fleming.</i> <i>Fleming</i>, a runaway, a banished man. Flemming, +another spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Fletcher.</i> <i>Flett</i>, house, chamber, bed, hall, palace; <i>cher</i> for +<i>er</i>, a personal suffix. A companion; a bed-fellow; a prince.</p> + +<p><i>Fogg.</i> <i>Fog</i>, agreement, compact.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> + +<p><i>Foote.</i> <i>Fót</i>, a foot.</p> + +<p><i>Forsyth.</i> <i>Forthsíth</i>, death. Forsythe, another spelling of +the name.</p> + +<p><i>Fotheringham.</i> <i>Fother</i>, a load, a burden; <i>ing</i>, son; <i>hám</i>, +dwelling. The home of the son of burden.</p> + +<p><i>Foulk.</i> <i>Folc</i>, folk, people. Foulke, an equivalent.</p> + +<p><i>Frederick.</i> <i>Freá</i>, a lord; <i>rice</i>, rich, powerful. A mighty +lord.</p> + +<p id="Frick"><i>Frick.</i> Possibly a corruption of <i>Frig</i>, pronounced <i>Freeg</i>, +the goddess of love, the Saxon Venus, and wife of Odin.</p> + +<h4>G.</h4> + +<p><i>Galt.</i> Irish <i>gaill</i>, genitive of <i>gall</i>, stranger; <i>tún</i>, town. +Town of the stranger. Gault, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Galvin.</i> Irish <i>gaill</i>, of the stranger; <i>vin</i> for <i>wine</i>, friend. +Friend of the Gall, the stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Gate.</i> <i>Geát</i>, a gate.</p> + +<p><i>Gates.</i> <i>Gate</i>, Gate; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Gate.</p> + +<p><i>Giddings.</i> <i>Gidding</i>, from <i>gidd</i>, song, divination; <i>ing</i>, +descendant; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a descendant of song.</p> + +<p><i>Gilbert.</i> Irish <i>giolla</i>, a servant; <i>beorht</i>, bright. A witty +servant.</p> + +<p><i>Gilling.</i> <i>Gill</i>, Gill; <i>ing</i>, son. Son of Gill; son of a servant.</p> + +<p><i>Gillingham.</i> <i>Gilling</i>, Gilling; <i>hám</i>, home. The home of +Gilling; the home of the son of Gill.</p> + +<p><i>Gipson.</i> <i>Gilp</i>, glory; <i>sun</i>, son. The son of glory. Gibson, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Gladwin.</i> <i>Glæd</i>, pleased; <i>wine</i>, a friend. A happy friend.</p> + +<p><i>Glenning.</i> <i>Glen</i>, a valley; <i>ing</i>, descendant. Son of Glenn; +son of a valley.</p> + +<p><i>Godfrey.</i> <i>Gód</i>, good; <i>freá</i>, lord. A beneficent master.</p> + +<p><i>Goodacre.</i> <i>Gód</i>, God; <i>æcer</i>, acre. God’s acre.</p> + +<p><i>Goodwin.</i> <i>Gód</i>, good; <i>wine</i>, a friend, a benefactor. Godwin, +of similar signification.</p> + +<p><i>Gould.</i> <i>Gold</i>, a precious metal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> + +<p><i>Graff.</i> <i>Græf</i>, a grave. A ditch; a moat; a fosse. Groff, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Graham.</i> <i>Grǽg</i>, gray; <i>hám</i>, home. A weather-beaten +home. Gramm, most probably a corruption of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Grave.</i> <i>Græf</i>, a grave.</p> + +<p><i>Graves.</i> <i>Grave</i>, Grave; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Grave. Greaves, +Greves, Grieves, modifications of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Gregg.</i> <i>Grǽg</i>, gray. Grigg, corruption of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Gregson.</i> <i>Grǽg</i>, gray; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Gregg. Grayson, +the same in another form.</p> + +<p><i>Grindler.</i> <i>Grindel</i>, a clog; <i>er</i> for Irish <i>fear</i>, a man. The +wearer of a wooden shoe.</p> + +<p><i>Grindrod.</i> <i>Grund</i>, ground; <i>rod</i>, a rod. Divining-rod.</p> + +<p><i>Grund.</i> <i>Grund</i>, ground.</p> + +<p><i>Grunder.</i> <i>Grund</i>, ground; <i>er</i> for <i>fear</i>, man. A farmer.</p> + +<p><i>Guilford.</i> <i>Gild</i>, tribute; <i>ford</i>, a stream. Stream-tribute; +ferry-toll.</p> + +<p><i>Gummery.</i> <i>Guma</i>, man; <i>ríce</i>, kingdom. Kingdom of man.</p> + +<p><i>Guthrie.</i> <i>Gúth</i>, fight, war; <i>ríce</i>, kingdom. Kingdom of sin.</p> + +<h4>H.</h4> + +<p><i>Haeseler.</i> <i>Hæsel</i>, a hat; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. A hatter.</p> + +<p><i>Hamill.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>il</i>, a hedgehog. Home of the +hedgehog.</p> + +<p><i>Hamilton.</i> <i>Hamill</i>, Hamill; <i>tún</i>, farm. Farm of Hamill.</p> + +<p><i>Hamlet.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>let</i>, implying diminutiveness. An +humble home.</p> + +<p><i>Hammond.</i> <i>Hám</i>, house; <i>mund</i>, hand. A house-hand; +a servant.</p> + +<p><i>Hampshire.</i> <i>Hâm</i>, or <i>hamp</i>, home; <i>scíre</i>, shire, district, +county, stewardship, charge, business. Home-district. +Hampsher, corruption of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Hampton.</i> <i>Hám</i>, or <i>hamp</i>, home; <i>tún</i>, town. Home-town.</p> + +<p><i>Hampstead.</i> <i>Hám-stede</i>, from <i>hám</i>, home, and <i>stede</i>, place. +Homestead.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hamric.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>rice</i>, rule, kingdom. Home-rule. +Hamrick, from the same roots.</p> + +<p id="Hancock"><i>Hancock.</i> <i>Hean</i>, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised; +<i>cóc</i>, a cook. A needy cook.</p> + +<p><i>Hard.</i> <i>Heard</i>, hard, stubborn, unsubmissive.</p> + +<p><i>Harding.</i> <i>Hard</i>, Hard; <i>ing</i>, son. Descendant of Hard.</p> + +<p><i>Harold.</i> <i>Hár</i>, hoar, gray with age; <i>eald</i>, old. A veteran +chief.</p> + +<p><i>Harper.</i> <i>Hearpere</i>, a harper.</p> + +<p><i>Hart.</i> <i>Heort</i>, a hart, a stag.</p> + +<p><i>Hartford.</i> <i>Heort</i>, a hart; <i>ford</i>, a ford, a stream, a current. +The hart’s ford, or the place of its crossing the stream.</p> + +<p><i>Hatfield.</i> <i>Heat-feld</i>, from <i>heat</i>, heat; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. +An open, sun-scorched plain.</p> + +<p><i>Hebel.</i> <i>Hebel</i>, thread of the shuttle.</p> + +<p><i>Heber.</i> <i>Heber</i>, a goat.</p> + +<p><i>Hebener.</i> <i>Heben</i>, heaven; <i>er</i>, indicative of a personal +suffix. An inhabitant of heaven.</p> + +<p><i>Helmbold.</i> <i>Helm</i>, helmet, cover, protector; <i>báld</i>, bold, +stout. A stout protector.</p> + +<p><i>Herbert.</i> <i>Here</i>, a host; <i>beorht</i>, bright, shining. An illustrious +host.</p> + +<p><i>Hild.</i> <i>Hild</i>, battle.</p> + +<p><i>Hildebrand.</i> <i>Hild</i>, battle: <i>brand</i>, a brand, a torch. A +battle-torch.</p> + +<p><i>Hildeburn.</i> <i>Hild</i>, battle; <i>bryne</i>, a burning, scorching, heat, +fire. Battle-heat.</p> + +<p><i>Hoar.</i> <i>Hár</i>, hoar, white, or gray with age.</p> + +<p><i>Holdcraft.</i> <i>Hold</i>, kind, devoted, faithful, friendly; <i>cræft</i>, +craft, contrivance, skill, employment, strength, power, talent, +ability, excellence, virtue. Faithful employment; friendly +power.</p> + +<p><i>Holme.</i> <i>Holm</i>, a sea, a billow.</p> + +<p><i>Holmes.</i> <i>Holme</i>, Holme: <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Holme</p> + +<p><i>Holt.</i> <i>Holt</i>, a grove, a forest.</p> + +<p><i>Hope.</i> <i>Hopa</i>, hope.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hopkin.</i> <i>Hopa</i>, hope; <i>cyn</i>, kind, kin. A relative of +Hope.</p> + +<p><i>Hopkinson.</i> <i>Hopkin</i>, Hopkin; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Hopkin. +Hopkins, an abbreviation of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Humphrey.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>freá</i>, lord, protector. Defender +of home.</p> + +<p><i>Humphreys.</i> <i>Humphrey</i>, Humphrey; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Humphrey. Humphries, Humphriss, Humphrys, kindred +names.</p> + +<p><i>Huntting.</i> <i>Hunt</i>, Hunt; <i>ing</i>, a descendant. Son of +Hunt.</p> + +<p><i>Hurlock.</i> <i>Hár</i>, hoary; <i>loc</i>, lock of hair. A hoary lock of +hair. Harlock, a less common name, but one more closely +related to the parent words.</p> + +<p><i>Husband.</i> <i>Hús</i>, house; <i>bond</i>, bound, tied. House-bound; +house-tied: hence, one that is bound to the house.</p> + +<p><i>Hustin.</i> <i>Hústing</i>, a place of council.</p> + +<p><i>Huston.</i> <i>Hús</i>, house; <i>tún</i>, a farm. House-farm; kitchen-garden.</p> + +<p><i>Huxley.</i> <i>Huxlic</i>, from <i>hucs</i>, <i>hucx</i>, or <i>husc</i>, irony, slight, +contempt, reproach, and <i>lic</i>, like. Ironical-like; disgraceful; +contemptuous; vile.</p> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><i>Idell.</i> <i>Ídel</i>, idle, vain, empty, useless.</p> + +<p><i>Inskip.</i> <i>In</i>, an inn, a dwelling; <i>scipe</i>, denoting form, condition, +state, office, dignity. An innkeeper; a landlord. Inskeep, +a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Irwin.</i> <i>Eard</i>, earth; <i>wine</i>, friend. Earth-friend. Irvin, +Irvine, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Irving.</i> <i>Irvin</i>, Irvin; <i>ing</i>, a descendant. Son of Irvin.</p> + +<p><i>Isdell.</i> <i>I’s</i>, ice; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a small valley. Ice-dale.</p> + +<p><i>Isenberg.</i> <i>I’sen</i>, iron; <i>beorg</i>, mountain. Iron-mountain.</p> + +<p><i>Isenberry.</i> <i>I’sen</i>, iron; <i>berry</i>, corruption of <i>beorg</i>, or <i>beorh</i>, +mountain. Iron-mountain.</p> + +<p><i>Isham.</i> <i>I’s</i>, ice; <i>hám</i>, house, dwelling. Ice-house.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> + +<h4>J.</h4> + +<p><i>Jackson.</i> <i>Jack</i>, nickname for John; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Jack. Jacques, French for James, is the most probable +derivation of Jack.</p> + +<p><i>Jameson.</i> <i>Jame</i>, James; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of James.</p> + +<p><i>Jamieson.</i> <i>Jamie</i>, James; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Jamie; son +of James. Jamison, Jemison, Jimison, kindred terms, founded +upon nicknames common to James in parts of Scotland and +Ireland.</p> + +<p><i>Jenkin.</i> <i>Jen</i>, abbreviation for Jennie, Jane, John; <i>cyn</i>, kin, +kind. Related to Jennie, Jane, John.</p> + +<p><i>Jenkinson.</i> <i>Jenkin</i>, Jenkin; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Jenkin. +Jenkins, abbreviated form of same.</p> + +<p><i>Jenks.</i> <i>Jen</i>, Jennie; <i>k</i> for <i>cyn</i>, kin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of a relative of Jennie.</p> + +<p><i>Johnson.</i> <i>John</i>, Hebrew word signifying “gracious gift of +God;” Anglo-Saxon <i>sun</i>, son. Son of John.</p> + +<p><i>Jonson.</i> <i>Jon</i>, contraction of <i>John</i>, John; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +John.</p> + +<p><i>Jones.</i> <i>Jon</i>, John; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of John.</p> + +<h4>K.</h4> + +<p><i>Keith.</i> <i>Cíth</i>, pronounced <i>keeth</i>, a germ, sprig, blade.</p> + +<p><i>Kemp.</i> <i>Cempa</i>, a young soldier, a warrior, champion, +novice.</p> + +<p><i>Kendall.</i> <i>Cyn</i>, kin, kindred, race, tribe, nation, kind; <i>dǽl</i>, +dale, valley. Valley-kindred. Kindell, derivable from the +same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Kenworthy.</i> <i>Cyn</i>, kindred; <i>weorthe</i>, worthy, honorable. +Worthy kindred.</p> + +<p><i>Kenyon.</i> <i>Cyn</i>, nation, people; <i>yeong</i>, young. Young +nation.</p> + +<p><i>Kertell.</i> <i>Kertl</i>, a woman’s garment, a vest, mantle, kirtle.</p> + +<p><i>Keyser.</i> <i>Káser</i>, an emperor. Keiser, of similar origin.</p> + +<p><i>Kim.</i> <i>Cim</i>, feet, or bases of a pillar.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p> + +<p><i>Kimball.</i> <i>Cimbal</i>, cymbal. Kemble, Kimble, Kimple, +analogous names.</p> + +<p><i>Kissel.</i> <i>Cystel</i>, a chestnut.</p> + +<p><i>Kisterbock.</i> <i>Cist</i>, choice; <i>bóc</i>, a volume, a book. A choice +volume.</p> + +<p><i>Kitt.</i> <i>Kitte</i>, a vessel, a bottle.</p> + +<p><i>Kitson.</i> <i>Kitt</i>, Kitt; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Kitt. Kitts, abbreviation +of the same.</p> + +<h4>L.</h4> + +<p><i>Lambeth.</i> <i>Lamb-hýth</i>, from <i>lamb</i>, lamb, and <i>hýth</i>, measure, +gain, profit. Lamb’s measure.</p> + +<p><i>Lambert.</i> <i>Lamb</i>, Lamb; <i>beorht</i>, brightness. The Lamb +of Glory.</p> + +<p><i>Lancaster.</i> <i>Land</i>, ground, earth, field; <i>ceaster</i>, a camp, a +castle, city, fort. An earth-fort.</p> + +<p><i>Landreth.</i> <i>Land</i>, field; <i>ríthe</i>, a well, a fountain, a river. +A field-well; a spring.</p> + +<p><i>Lever.</i> <i>Leófra</i>, <i>lever</i>, comparatives of <i>leóf</i>, <i>leef</i>, dear, agreeable. +More agreeable; more pleasing.</p> + +<p><i>Levering.</i> <i>Lever</i>, Lever; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Lever.</p> + +<p id="Lea"><i>Lea.</i> <i>Liga</i>, a flame.</p> + +<p><i>Lester.</i> <i>Lædheceaster</i>, from <i>lædhe</i>, hateful, unpleasant, +loathsome, and <i>ceaster</i>, a city. A loathsome city. Leister, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Limbert.</i> <i>Lim</i>, limb, member; <i>beorht</i>, brightness. Limb-brightness.</p> + +<p><i>Liming.</i> <i>Lim-ing</i>, from <i>lim</i>, limb; <i>ing</i>, implying action, +originating from. Limning; painting.</p> + +<p><i>Lind.</i> <i>Lind</i>, linden, or lime-tree; also, what was made of +lime-wood—shield, buckler, banner.</p> + +<p><i>Linden.</i> <i>Linden</i>, made of lime-tree.</p> + +<p><i>Lindsey.</i> <i>Lindes-íg</i>, from <i>lindes</i>, genitive of <i>lind</i>, lime-tree, +and <i>íg</i>, an island. The island of the lime-tree. Lindsay, +another form of spelling.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span></p> + +<p><i>Lipp.</i> <i>Lippe</i>, lip.</p> + +<p><i>Lipkiss.</i> <i>Lippe</i>, lip; <i>cyss</i>, kiss. Lip-kiss.</p> + +<p><i>Lippincott.</i> <i>Lippe</i>, lip, genitive <i>lippan</i>, of lip; <i>coth</i>, disease, +malady. Lip disease.</p> + +<p><i>Lipson.</i> <i>Lippe</i>, Lipp; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Lipp.</p> + +<p><i>Lipton.</i> <i>Lipp</i>, Lipp; <i>tún</i>, home. Home of Lipp.</p> + +<p><i>Litchfield.</i> <i>Liced-feld</i>, from <i>licced</i>, licked, lapped, and <i>feld</i>, +a field, a plain. A licked plain; a pasture-field.</p> + +<p><i>Lonsdale.</i> <i>Londes-dǽl</i>, from <i>londes</i>, genitive of <i>lond</i>, land; +<i>dǽl</i>, dale, valley. Land’s-dale.</p> + +<p><i>Loth.</i> <i>Loth</i>, a band.</p> + +<p><i>Lothrop.</i> <i>Loth</i>, band; <i>thorpe</i>, a village.</p> + +<p><i>Lyster.</i> <i>Lyster</i>, a favorer. Lister, of like origin.</p> + +<p><i>Lytle.</i> <i>Lytle</i>, little, small, slender.</p> + +<h4>M.</h4> + +<p><i>Manchester.</i> <i>Manig-ceaster</i>, from <i>manig</i>, many, much; +<i>ceaster</i>, city, fort, castle, town. Many castles.</p> + +<p><i>Manning.</i> <i>Mann</i>, Mann; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Mann.</p> + +<p><i>Marx.</i> <i>Marcs</i>, from <i>marc</i>, a mark; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, a son. Son +of Marc.</p> + +<p><i>Mase.</i> <i>Mase</i>, a whirlpool, a gulf.</p> + +<p><i>Maslin.</i> <i>Mæslen</i>, or <i>maslin</i>, brass.</p> + +<p><i>Max.</i> <i>Max</i>, noose, mesh, net, snare.</p> + +<p><i>Maxfield.</i> <i>Max</i>, Max; <i>feld</i>, a field. Max’s field.</p> + +<p><i>Maxwell.</i> <i>Max</i>, Max; <i>wæl</i>, a well. Max’s well.</p> + +<p><i>Meadowcroft.</i> <i>Mǽdewe</i>, a meadow; <i>croft</i>, a small enclosed +field. A meadow-field.</p> + +<p><i>Mearns.</i> <i>Mearn</i>, mourned; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. A mourned +son.</p> + +<p id="Mear"><i>Mear.</i> <i>Mere</i>, lake, pool, sea.</p> + +<p><i>Mears.</i> <i>Mear</i>, Mear; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Mear.</p> + +<p><i>Medlar.</i> <i>Méd</i>, meed, merit, reward, recompense; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. +Reward of doctrine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> + +<p><i>Medway.</i> <i>Mǽd</i>, meed, meadow, trunk of a tree; <i>wǽg</i>, a +wave. Meadow-wave; a river.</p> + +<p><i>Meredith.</i> <i>Mere</i>, lake, sea; <i>diht</i>, ordering, direction, predicting, +foretelling. Sea-predicting.</p> + +<p><i>Merscher.</i> <i>Mersc-ware</i>, from <i>mersc</i>, marsh, fen, and <i>ware</i>, +used only as a termination, denoting inhabitants, dwellers. +Marshmen; fenmen.</p> + +<p><i>Merton.</i> <i>Meretún</i>, from <i>mere</i>, lake, sea; <i>tún</i>, town. Sea-port; +lake-port.</p> + +<p><i>Metsinger.</i> <i>Metssunge</i>, from <i>mettsung</i>, messing, food, meat; +<i>ere</i>, indicating a person. A victualler; a provider. Messinger, +another form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Michener.</i> Perhaps <i>Micg-ærn</i>, from <i>micg-an</i>, to water; +<i>ærn</i>, a place, a secret place, a closet, a habitation, a house. +An urinary; a drain.</p> + +<p><i>Midding.</i> <i>Midding</i>, a dunghill.</p> + +<p><i>Middlesex.</i> <i>Middel</i>, middle; <i>Sexe</i>, Saxons. The Middle +Saxons.</p> + +<p><i>Middleton.</i> <i>Middel</i>, middle; <i>tún</i>, town. The middle town.</p> + +<p><i>Mitchell.</i> <i>Mycg</i>, a midge, a gnat; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting +a person. A dwarf; a pigmy.</p> + +<p><i>Monteith.</i> <i>Mon</i>, man; <i>téth</i>, teeth. Human teeth.</p> + +<p><i>Montgomery.</i> <i>Munt-guman-ríc</i>, from <i>munt</i>, mountain; +<i>guman</i>, of man, genitive of <i>guma</i>; <i>ríc</i>, pronounced <i>ree</i>, a +postfix denoting dominion, power. Mountain of man’s +power; acme of human greatness.</p> + +<p><i>Muckle.</i> <i>Mucxle</i>, a muscle, a shell-fish.</p> + +<p><i>Mumford.</i> <i>Mund-ford</i>, from <i>mund</i>, a contraction of <i>munden</i>, +remembered, and <i>ford</i>, ford. A remembered ford.</p> + +<p><i>Munce.</i> <i>Munc</i>, a monk. Munch, Munk, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Murberry.</i> <i>Murberie</i>, possibly from <i>múr</i>, a wall, from the +resemblance of the fruit in roughness to a wall, and <i>berie</i>, a +berry. <i>Mur</i> itself signifies a mulberry.</p> + +<p><i>Murdock.</i> <i>Mere</i>, a sea; <i>docce</i>, a dock. A naval dock.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p> + +<h4>N.</h4> + +<p><i>Nabes.</i> <i>Næbb</i>, a face; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, sun. The sun’s face.</p> + +<p><i>Nachtigall.</i> <i>Næctegale</i>, nightingale, from <i>næcte</i>, night, and +<i>gale</i>, a singer. A night-singer.</p> + +<p><i>Nachod.</i> <i>Næcud</i>, naked, uncovered.</p> + +<p><i>Nadely.</i> <i>Nædl</i>, a needle, <i>líc</i>, like. Needle-like.</p> + +<p><i>Nægele.</i> <i>Nægel</i>, a nail, a pin, a nail of the hand. Nagel, +Nagele, Naglee, other forms of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Nebeker.</i> <i>Neb</i>, face, countenance, mouth, neb, nib, nose; +<i>æcer</i>, field, land, anything sown, sown corn, an acre. Face-pimples.</p> + +<p><i>Nebel.</i> <i>Neb</i>, face, countenance; <i>el</i>, termination denoting a +person. Human face.</p> + +<p><i>Nebhut.</i> <i>Neb</i>, face, head, mouth; <i>húth</i>, spoil, booty, prey. +Blotched countenance.</p> + +<p><i>Nedel.</i> <i>Nedl</i>, a needle.</p> + +<p><i>Needham.</i> <i>Neád</i>, need, necessity, infirmity; <i>hám</i>, home, +house, dwelling, village, farm. An almshouse; an infirmary.</p> + +<p><i>Neef.</i> <i>Nefe</i>, a niece, a granddaughter. Neff, from the +same root.</p> + +<p><i>Nesenger.</i> <i>Nesse</i>, a headland; <i>ing</i>, originating from; <i>er</i>, a +personal suffix. One raised upon a headland.</p> + +<p><i>Ness.</i> <i>Nesse</i>, a cape. Nesz, another form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Neswanger.</i> <i>Nesse</i>, or <i>næs</i>, a rock, support, headland, +ness, cape, promontory; <i>wang</i>, a plain, field, wong, land; <i>er</i>, +a personal suffix. Possessor of a rock-plain.</p> + +<p><i>Neswenger.</i> <i>Nesse</i>, rock; <i>wengere</i>, a pillow, bolster. Rock-pillow.</p> + +<p><i>Nester.</i> <i>Nest</i>, support, food, wages; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. +A supporter; a wage-earner. Nester, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Neth.</i> <i>Neth</i>, wickedness, malice, cunning, hatred, strife, +zeal, punishment, slaughter.</p> + +<p><i>Nething.</i> <i>Neth</i>, Neth; <i>ing</i>, offspring, descendant. Son of +Neth.</p> + +<p><i>Nette.</i> <i>Nett</i>, a net.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></p> + +<p><i>Netterville.</i> <i>Nett</i>, a net; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix; French +<i>ville</i>, a villa, a town. A fishing-place.</p> + +<p><i>Nettinger.</i> <i>Nett</i>, a net; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action; <i>er</i>, a +personal termination. A seiner; a fisherman.</p> + +<p><i>Nettleton.</i> <i>Netele</i>, a nettle; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A nettle-farm.</p> + +<p><i>Newbold.</i> <i>Newe</i>, new, late, young; <i>báld</i>, bold, courageous, +honorable. Lately honorable.</p> + +<p><i>Newcomb.</i> <i>Newe</i>, new; <i>comb</i>, a valley. New valley.</p> + +<p><i>Newcomet.</i> <i>Newe</i>, new; <i>cometa</i>, a comet. A new comet.</p> + +<p><i>Newell.</i> <i>Neowel</i>, prone, prostrate, depressed, profound, +deep. Newhall, perhaps, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Nipe.</i> <i>Nip</i>, darkness.</p> + +<p><i>Nippes.</i> <i>Nipp</i>, Nipe; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Nipe.</p> + +<p><i>Norman.</i> <i>Nor</i>, contraction of <i>north</i>, north; <i>man</i>, a man. +North-man.</p> + +<p><i>Northrop.</i> <i>Nor</i>, north; <i>thorpe</i>, town. North town.</p> + +<p><i>Norwood.</i> <i>Nor</i>, north; <i>wud</i>, wood. Northwood.</p> + +<p><i>Nye.</i> <i>Nye</i>, a nye, a nest.</p> + +<p><i>Nyholm.</i> <i>Nye</i>, a nest; <i>holm</i>, the deep sea, an abyss, the +ocean, a river island. Nest-water; nest-island.</p> + +<p><i>Nyman.</i> <i>Nye</i>, a nest; <i>man</i>, man, or woman. Nest-woman.</p> + +<p><i>Nystrom.</i> <i>Nye</i>, a nest; <i>streom</i>, a stream. Nest-stream.</p> + +<h4>O.</h4> + +<p><i>Obdyke.</i> <i>Ob</i>, off; <i>díc</i>, bank, mound. Off the bank. +Opdyke, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Oberdick.</i> <i>O’ber</i>, over, above; <i>díc</i>, dyke, ditch, trench, +moat. Overflowing ditch.</p> + +<p><i>Oberholt.</i> <i>O’ber</i>, above; <i>holt</i>, a forest. Mountain-forest.</p> + +<p><i>Ofar.</i> <i>O’fer</i>, a margin, brink, bank, shore.</p> + +<p><i>Orcutt.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>coth</i>, disease. Free from disease.</p> + +<p><i>Ord.</i> <i>O’rd</i>, beginning, origin, author, edge, sword, battle-array.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ordmann.</i> <i>O’rd</i>, the front of an army; <i>mann</i>, man. A +general; a commander.</p> + +<p><i>Orfe.</i> <i>Orfe</i>, cattle. Orf, Orff, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Orgill.</i> <i>Orgel</i>, pride, arrogance.</p> + +<p><i>Orgs.</i> <i>Org</i>, pride; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of pride.</p> + +<p><i>Orme.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>me</i>, me. Free me from.</p> + +<p><i>Ormerod.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>me</i>, me; <i>rod</i>, rod. Free me +from the rod. Ormrod, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Ormond.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>mond</i>, care, protection. Free +from care; without protection.</p> + +<p><i>Ormsby.</i> <i>Orm</i>, Orme; <i>s</i>, sign of genitive; <i>bý</i>, a termination +denoting habitation, dwelling. Habitation of Orme.</p> + +<p><i>Ormston.</i> <i>Orm</i>, genitive <i>Ormes</i>, Orme; <i>tún</i>, house. Home +of Orme.</p> + +<p><i>Orth.</i> <i>O’rth</i>, breathing.</p> + +<p><i>Orthwein.</i> <i>O’rth</i>, breathing; <i>wine</i>, a man. A living man.</p> + +<p><i>Orton.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>tún</i>, house, farm, village, town. +Free from the cares of home, or of the town.</p> + +<p><i>Orwig.</i> <i>Or</i>, free from; <i>wig</i>, warfare, battle, strife. Free +from warfare.</p> + +<p><i>Osbeck.</i> <i>O’s</i>, a hero; <i>béc</i>, a book, a volume, a writing. +Hero-book; a novel.</p> + +<p><i>Osborne.</i> <i>O’s</i>, a hero; <i>beorn</i>, chief, general, prince, king. +Hero-king. Osborn, Osbourn, Osbourne, kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Osler.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>lǽr</i>, lore, learning. Hero-lore.</p> + +<p><i>Osmond.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>mond</i>, hand, defence, protection, +security. Hero-protection.</p> + +<p><i>Osmun.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>mund</i>, a hand. Heroic hand.</p> + +<p><i>Osmus.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>mús</i>, mouse, flesh, muscle. Heroic +muscle.</p> + +<p><i>Osner.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>nere</i>, refuge, safety, preservation. Heroic +preservation.</p> + +<p><i>Oswald.</i> <i>O’s</i>, hero; <i>wald</i>, ruler, governor, lord. Heroic +ruler.</p> + +<p><i>Ost.</i> <i>Ost</i>, East. Also, a knot, a scale.</p> + +<p><i>Oster.</i> <i>Oster</i>, Easter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p> + +<p><i>Overholt.</i> <i>Ouer</i>, over; <i>holt</i>, a forest. Hill-forest.</p> + +<p><i>Oxenford.</i> <i>Oxen</i>, from <i>oxan</i>, genitive of <i>oxa</i>, an ox; <i>ford</i>, +a ford. The ford of the ox. Oxford, abbreviation of same.</p> + +<h4>P.</h4> + +<p><i>Palen.</i> <i>Pællen</i>, purple.</p> + +<p><i>Pennington.</i> <i>Pening</i>, a penny; <i>tún</i>, dwelling, house. A +mint; a bank.</p> + +<p><i>Pepper.</i> <i>Peppor</i>, or <i>peopor</i>, pepper.</p> + +<p><i>Peppercorn.</i> <i>Peppor</i>, pepper; <i>corn</i>, corn. A peppercorn.</p> + +<p><i>Pile.</i> <i>Píl</i>, a pile, dart, pole, stake.</p> + +<p><i>Pilking.</i> <i>Píl</i>, a pile, dart; <i>cyng</i>, a king, ruler, prince. Pile-king; +warrior-king.</p> + +<p><i>Pilkington.</i> <i>Pilking</i>, Pilking; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of +Pilking.</p> + +<p><i>Pitt.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, a well, a hole.</p> + +<p><i>Pitfield.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, a well; <i>feld</i>, a field, pasture, plain. A plain +full of excavations.</p> + +<p><i>Pitkin.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, Pitt; <i>cyn</i>, kindred, posterity, nation. Pitt’s +posterity.</p> + +<p><i>Pitts.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, Pitt; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Pitt’s son; son of Pitt.</p> + +<p><i>Pitman.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, a pit, a hole, a well; <i>man</i>, a man. A man +who works in a pit; a pitman.</p> + +<p><i>Pittenger.</i> <i>Pitt</i>, Pitt; <i>eng</i> for <i>ing</i>, descendant; <i>er</i>, a personal +suffix. Descendant of Pitt.</p> + +<p><i>Plag.</i> <i>Plæga</i>, play, sport, pastime, wager.</p> + +<p><i>Plagman.</i> <i>Plæga</i>, play, pastime, wager; <i>man</i>, a man. +Man of pleasure. Plagemann, a cognate form.</p> + +<p><i>Plumly.</i> <i>Plume</i>, a plum; <i>líc</i>, form, shape, substance. +Plum-shape.</p> + +<p><i>Porter.</i> <i>Port</i>, port, haven, town, city, gate of a town; <i>er</i>, +a personal suffix. A gate-keeper.</p> + +<p><i>Portman.</i> <i>Port</i>, a city; <i>man</i>, a man. A citizen.</p> + +<p><i>Preston.</i> <i>Preost</i>, a priest, presbyter, clergyman; <i>tún</i>, a +house. A parsonage.</p> + +<p><i>Prevost.</i> <i>Prafost</i>, prevost, president.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></p> + +<p><i>Priestly</i>. <i>Preost</i>, a priest; <i>líc</i>, like. Priest-like.</p> + +<p><i>Pund.</i> <i>Púnd</i>, a pound, a fold.</p> + +<p><i>Punger.</i> <i>Pung</i>, a purse; <i>er</i>, a personal termination. A +purser.</p> + +<p><i>Punt.</i> <i>Punt</i>, a boat.</p> + +<p><i>Pusey.</i> <i>Púse</i>, a purse, a bag.</p> + +<p><i>Poole.</i> <i>Púl</i>, pronounced <i>pool</i>, a pool.</p> + +<p><i>Pyle.</i> <i>Pyle</i>, a pillow, a cushion. Pywell, perhaps, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Pyne.</i> <i>Pín</i>, a pine.</p> + +<p><i>Pyott.</i> <i>Pytt</i>, a pit, a well. Piatt, a kindred name.</p> + +<h4>Q.</h4> + +<p><i>Quain.</i> <i>Queán</i>, a barren cow.</p> + +<p><i>Queen.</i> <i>Quén</i>, a wife. Quen, Quein, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Quick.</i> <i>Cwic</i>, quick, living, active.</p> + +<p><i>Quicksell.</i> <i>Cwic</i>, active; <i>sel</i>, a companion. An active +companion. Quicksall, a slightly modified term.</p> + +<h4>R.</h4> + +<p><i>Raake.</i> <i>Ræce</i>, a rach, a setting dog.</p> + +<p><i>Rackham.</i> <i>Ræce</i>, Raake; <i>hám</i>, house. Home of Raake.</p> + +<p><i>Radcliff.</i> <i>Rád</i>, that on which one rides, a road; <i>clyf</i>, a +rock, a steep descent. A road-cliff. Radcliffe, another +spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Raddington.</i> <i>Ræding</i>, Reading; <i>tún</i>, town. Town of +Reading.</p> + +<p><i>Raddish.</i> <i>Rædic</i>, from <i>rǽd</i>, red, and <i>isc</i>, an adjective termination +denoting like. Red-like; a radish. Radisch, Radish, +of similar origin.</p> + +<p><i>Rader.</i> <i>Rád</i>, traveling, journeying; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. +A traveler.</p> + +<p><i>Radeker.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, red; <i>æcer</i>, acre, field, land. A red field.</p> + +<p><i>Radfield.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, red; <i>feld</i>, a plain. A red plain.</p> + +<p><i>Radford.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, red; <i>fōrd</i>, a ford, a stream. A red ford.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p> + +<p><i>Radley.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, red; <i>líc</i>, like. Red-like.</p> + +<p><i>Rae.</i> <i>Rá</i>, a roebuck, a hart.</p> + +<p><i>Raeder.</i> <i>Rá-deór</i>, a roebuck.</p> + +<p><i>Rafferty.</i> <i>Ræfter</i>, a rafter, a perch. Doubtless, a corruption +of <i>ræfter</i>, produced by removing <i>t</i>, and placing it at the +end of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Rahill.</i> <i>Rá</i>, a roe, a hart; <i>hill</i>, a hill. Roe-hill.</p> + +<p><i>Rahm.</i> <i>Ram</i>, or <i>ramm</i>, a ram. Rahme, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Rahn.</i> <i>Rán</i>, a whale.</p> + +<p><i>Rahner.</i> <i>Rán</i>, a whale; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. A whaler.</p> + +<p><i>Raith.</i> <i>Ræth</i>, quick. Rath, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Ramm.</i> <i>Ramm</i>, a ram, a male sheep.</p> + +<p><i>Rammage.</i> <i>Ram</i>, a ram; <i>mæg</i>, female. The female of +the ram; an ewe.</p> + +<p><i>Ramsey.</i> <i>Rammes-íg</i>, from <i>rammes</i>, genitive of <i>ramin</i>, ram; +<i>ig</i>, an island. Isle of Ram. Ramsay, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Ramson.</i> <i>Ram</i>, Ramm; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ramm.</p> + +<p><i>Ranck.</i> <i>Ranc</i>, proud, haughty, rebellious, rank, fruitful. +Rancke, slightly altered form.</p> + +<p><i>Rand.</i> <i>Rand</i>, a border, rim, edge, a shield, a bosc.</p> + +<p><i>Randall.</i> <i>Ran</i>, a deer; <i>dál</i>, or <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. Deer-valley. +Randell, Randle, of like parentage.</p> + +<p><i>Randolph.</i> <i>Ran</i>, plunder, <i>dǽlf</i>, a delving, a digging. +Plunder-delving.</p> + +<p><i>Rankin.</i> <i>Ran</i>, a deer; <i>cyn</i>, kin, race, tribe, kind. Deer-tribe.</p> + +<p><i>Rankins.</i> <i>Rankin</i>, Rankin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rankin. +Ranken, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Ranks.</i> <i>Rank</i>, Rank, from <i>rænc</i>, pride, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. +Son of Rank; son of pride.</p> + +<p><i>Rapp.</i> <i>Ráp</i>, a rope, a cord.</p> + +<p><i>Rapson.</i> <i>Ráp</i>, Rapp; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rapp.</p> + +<p><i>Rasbold.</i> <i>Rǽs</i>, a rush, an onset, an attack; <i>báld</i>, bold, +audacious, courageous, honorable. A courageous attack.</p> + +<p><i>Rasch.</i> <i>Rǽs</i>, a rush, an onset, an attack.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ratcliff.</i> <i>Ræt</i>, a rat; <i>clyf</i>, a nest. Rat-nest.</p> + +<p><i>Rathfon.</i> <i>Rathe</i>, swift, nimble, ready; <i>fon</i>, a fan. A +nimble fan.</p> + +<p><i>Rau.</i> <i>Rawe</i>, head of hair.</p> + +<p><i>Rauch.</i> <i>Reác</i>, smoke, reek, vapor.</p> + +<p><i>Raucher.</i> <i>Reác</i>, smoke; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. A smoker.</p> + +<p><i>Rauchfuss.</i> <i>Reác</i>, smoke; <i>fús</i>, ready. Smoke ready. +Ready for smoke.</p> + +<p><i>Rawle.</i> <i>Rǽw</i>, a corpse; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. Human +corpse. Rawley, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Rawlings.</i> <i>Rawl</i>, Rawl; <i>ingas</i>, sons of. Sons of Rawl, +or Rawle. Rawlins, contraction of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Rea.</i> <i>Rea</i>, a padder, a highwayman, an assailant, a +stroller.</p> + +<p><i>Reabey.</i> <i>Rea</i>, a highwayman; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. Dwelling +of a highwayman.</p> + +<p><i>Reabon.</i> <i>Rea</i>, an assailant; <i>bon</i>, fatal. A deadly assailant.</p> + +<p><i>Reach.</i> <i>Reác</i>, smoke, reek, vapor.</p> + +<p><i>Read.</i> <i>Read</i>, red. Reade, Reed, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Reading.</i> <i>Read</i>, Read; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Read. +Redding, of like origin.</p> + +<p><i>Reardon.</i> <i>Reardian</i>, to speak, converse, read.</p> + +<p><i>Reaser.</i> <i>Reás</i>, rushed; <i>er</i>, a personal suffix. A hurried +person.</p> + +<p><i>Reath.</i> <i>Réthe</i>, savage, fierce, hard, severe, austere.</p> + +<p><i>Reck.</i> <i>Rec</i>, an interpreter, explainer. Recke, another +spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Reckefuss.</i> <i>Rec</i>, an interpreter; <i>fús</i>, ready. A ready interpreter.</p> + +<p><i>Reckless.</i> <i>Recce-leas</i>, from <i>recc</i>, care; <i>leas</i>, free from. Free +from care; careless; reckless.</p> + +<p><i>Reddick.</i> <i>Rædic</i>, a radish.</p> + +<p><i>Reddington.</i> <i>Redding</i>, Redding; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of +Redding.</p> + +<p><i>Redmond.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, ready; <i>mond</i>, hand. Ready hand.</p> + +<p><i>Redner.</i> <i>Rǽd</i>, ready; <i>nere</i>, a refuge. A ready refuge.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> + +<p><i>Reece.</i> <i>Resce</i>, a rush. Rees, Reese, more modernized +forms of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Reeh.</i> <i>Reh</i>, a deluge.</p> + +<p><i>Reehm.</i> <i>Hream</i>, a shout.</p> + +<p><i>Reel.</i> <i>Reol</i>, a reel.</p> + +<p><i>Reen.</i> <i>Rén</i>, robbery. Perhaps, from <i>rén</i>, rain.</p> + +<p><i>Reenan.</i> <i>Rínan</i>, pronounced <i>reenan</i>, to rain.</p> + +<p><i>Regelmann.</i> <i>Regel</i>, a rule, a law, a canon; <i>mann</i>, man. +A ruler; a lawyer.</p> + +<p><i>Rehfuss.</i> <i>Reh</i>, a deluge; <i>fús</i>, prompt, quick, ready. A +ready deluge.</p> + +<p><i>Rehm.</i> <i>Rem</i>, cream.</p> + +<p><i>Rein.</i> <i>Rein</i>, pure, sincere, chaste.</p> + +<p><i>Reinhart.</i> <i>Rein</i>, sincere, pure, clean, chaste; <i>heart</i>, or +<i>heort</i>, a heart. A pure heart.</p> + +<p><i>Reining.</i> <i>Rein</i>, Rein; <i>ing</i>, an offspring, a descendant. +Son of Rein.</p> + +<p><i>Reinking.</i> <i>Rein</i>, sincere, honest; <i>cyng</i>, a king. An +honest king.</p> + +<p><i>Reme.</i> <i>Rem</i>, cream.</p> + +<p><i>Remington.</i> <i>Rem</i>, Reme; <i>ing</i>, offspring; <i>tún</i>, town, dwelling. +House of the son of Reme.</p> + +<p><i>Rench.</i> <i>Renc</i>, pride, arrogance.</p> + +<p><i>Rendell.</i> <i>Rene</i>, a water-course; <i>dál</i>, a dale, a valley. A +valley stream.</p> + +<p><i>Reneker.</i> <i>Reonig</i>, tired, weary, sad; <i>er</i>, a personal termination. +A tired person; a mourner.</p> + +<p><i>Renne.</i> <i>Rene</i>, a course, race, life, a water-course. Sometimes +written Renn.</p> + +<p><i>Rennick.</i> <i>Rénig</i>, showery, having watery eyes, blear-eyed.</p> + +<p><i>Resch.</i> <i>Resce</i>, a rush.</p> + +<p><i>Ressler.</i> <i>Resele</i>, a riddle.</p> + +<p><i>Retter.</i> <i>Rét</i>, cheerful; <i>er</i>, denoting personality. A cheerful +person.</p> + +<p><i>Rhawn.</i> <i>Hrán</i>, Anglicised form would be <i>rhán</i>, a whale.</p> + +<p><i>Rhea.</i> <i>Rǽh</i>, a doe, a roe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rheem.</i> <i>Hream</i>, a shout, clamor, a crying out, wailing, +hue and cry.</p> + +<p><i>Rice.</i> <i>Rice</i>, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom, region.</p> + +<p><i>Riceman.</i> <i>Rice</i>, power, greatness; <i>man</i>, a man. A man +of power; a person of influence.</p> + +<p><i>Richard.</i> <i>Rice</i>, or <i>riche</i>, rich, powerful, mighty; <i>ard</i>, implying +an ensign of office. A mighty ruler.</p> + +<p><i>Richardson.</i> <i>Richard</i>, Richard; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Richard. +Richards, contraction for the same.</p> + +<p><i>Richmond.</i> <i>Riche</i>, mighty, powerful; <i>mond</i>, a hand. A +mighty hand.</p> + +<p><i>Ridd.</i> <i>Rídda</i>, a knight, a rider.</p> + +<p><i>Rider.</i> <i>Ríd-ere</i>, from <i>rídan</i>, to ride, sit or rest upon, press; +<i>ere</i>, implying person. A rider; a knight. Ryder, from the +same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Ridge.</i> <i>Ricg</i>, a stack, a back.</p> + +<p><i>Ridings.</i> <i>Rid</i>, Ridd; <i>ings</i>, descendants of. Sons of Ridd.</p> + +<p><i>Riegel.</i> <i>Rige</i>, rye; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting a person. +A rye-man; a cultivator of rye; baker of rye-bread.</p> + +<p><i>Riegg.</i> <i>Rige</i>, rye, by transposing the positions of <i>g</i> and <i>e</i>, +becomes Rieg, and this differs from the name under consideration +only in the absence of the additional <i>g</i>. Rigg, of +similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Riehl.</i> <i>Rihel</i>, doubtless the original, is from <i>rih</i>, hairy, +rough, and <i>el</i>, denoting personality. A hairy man; a rough +person. Riehle, Rile, Riley, of analogous derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Riff.</i> <i>Rif</i>, a womb. Rife, perhaps, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Riffert.</i> <i>Rifter</i>, a sickle, a reaper.</p> + +<p><i>Rigby.</i> <i>Rig</i>, Rigg; <i>bý</i>, habitation. Dwelling of Rigg.</p> + +<p><i>Rigger.</i> <i>Rigg</i>, Rigg; <i>er</i>, implying person. One who is a +Rigg.</p> + +<p><i>Riggin.</i> <i>Rigg</i>, Rigg; <i>in</i>, an inn, a dwelling. Rigg’s inn.</p> + +<p><i>Riggins.</i> <i>Riggin</i>, Riggin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Riggin.</p> + +<p><i>Riggs.</i> <i>Rigg</i>, Rigg; <i>s</i> for sun, son. Son of Rigg.</p> + +<p><i>Righter.</i> <i>Riht-ere</i>, from <i>riht</i>, right, justice, law, true, just; +<i>ere</i>, denoting a person. A governor; a ruler.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rightley.</i> <i>Riht-líce</i>, from <i>riht</i>, right, just; <i>líce</i>, like, ly. +Right-like; rightly; justly.</p> + +<p><i>Riling.</i> <i>Ril</i>, Ril, Riehl; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of +Riehl. Rilling, of similar significance.</p> + +<p><i>Rimby.</i> <i>Rím</i>, a number, reckoning, computation, calendar; +<i>bý</i>, a habitation. Home of an arithmetician.</p> + +<p><i>Rimer.</i> <i>Rím</i>, number, reckoning, calendar; <i>er</i>, a personal +suffix. An arithmetician; a reckoner; an astronomer. +Rimmer, derivable from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Rind.</i> <i>Rind</i>, the rind, bark; <i>fús</i>, ready. Prepared bark.</p> + +<p><i>Rindge.</i> <i>Hrincg</i>, or <i>ringe</i>, a ring.</p> + +<p><i>Rinear.</i> <i>Rín</i>, course, course of years, life; <i>ear</i>, ocean, sea. +Life-sea; sea of life.</p> + +<p><i>Rinehart.</i> <i>Rín</i>, race, course: <i>heort</i>, the heart. Race-heart; +rapid heart-action.</p> + +<p><i>Ringe.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring. Ring, an abbreviated form of the +name.</p> + +<p><i>Ringeisen.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring; <i>isen</i>, made of iron. An iron +ring.</p> + +<p><i>Ringer.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring; <i>er</i>, denoting a person. Ring-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Ringgold.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring; <i>gold</i>, gold. A gold ring. Ring-gold, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Ringle.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting a person. +Ring-wearer; betrothed lady.</p> + +<p><i>Ringley.</i> <i>Ringe</i>, a ring; <i>líce</i>, like, ley, ly. Ring-like.</p> + +<p><i>Rink.</i> <i>Rinc</i>, a soldier, warrior, hero, a valiant or honorable +man, a man. Rinick, doubtless, a corruption of the +same.</p> + +<p><i>Rinker.</i> <i>Rinc</i>, a warrior, a valiant man; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Rínne</i>. <i>Rine</i>, a race, course, life.</p> + +<p><i>Ripley.</i> <i>Ríp</i>, harvest, reaping; <i>ley</i>, a song. A harvest-song.</p> + +<p><i>Ripp.</i> <i>Ríp</i>, harvest, reaping.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rippel.</i> <i>Ríp</i>, harvest, reaping; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A +reaper; a harvester.</p> + +<p><i>Ripperger.</i> <i>Ríp</i>, harvest; <i>earg</i>, weak, evil, wretched, idle; +<i>ere</i>, a person. An idle harvester.</p> + +<p><i>Rishel.</i> <i>Risel</i>, a handle. Rishell, Rissell, other spellings.</p> + +<p><i>Risdon.</i> <i>Rísendan</i>, a jangling fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Risk.</i> <i>Risce</i>, a rush.</p> + +<p><i>Risley.</i> <i>Risel</i>, doubtless, first changed to <i>risle</i>, a handle.</p> + +<p><i>Ristine.</i> <i>Ríst</i>, Rist; <i>ine</i> for <i>in</i>, an inn, a dwelling. Rist’s +inn.</p> + +<p><i>Ritner.</i> <i>Rit</i>, ears of corn, a heap of fruit, corn, or grain; +<i>nere</i>, support, protect, refuge. Corn-support.</p> + +<p><i>Ritter.</i> <i>Rít</i>, rides; <i>ere</i>, a person. A rider.</p> + +<p><i>Ritterson.</i> <i>Ritter</i>, Ritter; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ritter.</p> + +<p><i>Roach.</i> <i>Reohche</i>, a roach, a thornback. Roache, Roche, +Roatch, Roesch, Roetsck, cognate forms.</p> + +<p><i>Roat.</i> <i>Rót</i>, cheerful, rejoicing, splendid, adorned.</p> + +<p><i>Roats.</i> <i>Roat</i>, Roat; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Roat. Roetz, +possibly, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Rodbard.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>beard</i>, beard. Red beard. Robert is, +in Anglo-Saxon, Rod-beard, and doubtless comes from the +same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Rodd.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red.</p> + +<p><i>Rodden.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>ian</i>, indicative of a verb. Redden; +make red.</p> + +<p><i>Roddy.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Ruddy; +florid.</p> + +<p><i>Rode.</i> <i>Reód</i>, a reed.</p> + +<p><i>Rodearmel.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>earm</i>, arm; <i>el</i>, indicating a person. +A red-armed person.</p> + +<p><i>Rodebaugh.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>bæc</i>, back. Red back. Rodenbaugh, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Rodel.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>el</i>, a personal suffix. A person of +ruddy complexion.</p> + +<p><i>Rodgers.</i> <i>Rodger</i>, from <i>reod</i>, red; <i>ierre</i>, anger, indignation, +fury; and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rodger; son of red-visaged +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>anger. Rodgerson is an unabbreviated form of the name, +and Rogers a slight modification thereof.</p> + +<p><i>Rodig.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Ruddy.</p> + +<p><i>Rodiger.</i> <i>Rodig</i>, ruddy; <i>er</i>, a person. A ruddy person.</p> + +<p><i>Rodine.</i> <i>Rod</i>, Rode; <i>inne</i>, an inn. Rode’s inn.</p> + +<p><i>Rodisch.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>isc</i>, an adjective termination denoting +the external quality of a subject. Reddish.</p> + +<p><i>Rodman.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>mann</i>, man. A ruddy man; a red-complexioned +person.</p> + +<p><i>Rodner.</i> <i>Reod</i>, red; <i>nere</i>, support, protection. A zealous +support. Perhaps, from <i>rǽdanere</i>, a reader, an interpreter.</p> + +<p><i>Rodney.</i> <i>Rǽdne</i>, law, counsel, control, condition.</p> + +<p><i>Rodrick.</i> <i>Roder</i>, firmament, sky, heavens; <i>ríce</i>, power, +dominion, greatness, kingdom. Heavenly power. Roderick, +a more closely related form.</p> + +<p><i>Roe.</i> <i>Rá</i>, pronounced <i>rō</i>, a roe, a doe.</p> + +<p><i>Roebuck.</i> <i>Rá</i>, a roe; <i>buc</i>, a buck. A roebuck.</p> + +<p><i>Roeck.</i> <i>Roec</i>, smoke.</p> + +<p><i>Roecker.</i> <i>Roec</i>, smoke; <i>er</i>, a person. A smoker.</p> + +<p><i>Roeckle.</i> <i>Roec</i>, smoke; <i>le</i> for <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A +reeking, steaming person.</p> + +<p><i>Roedel.</i> <i>Rá</i>, a roe; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. The vale of the +roe. Roedell, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Roeder.</i> <i>Rá-deór</i>, a roebuck.</p> + +<p><i>Roeger.</i> <i>Rǽge</i>, pronounced <i>ro-ge</i>, a roe, a doe; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A roe-hunter.</p> + +<p><i>Roegler.</i> <i>Rǽge</i>, a roe; <i>lǽr</i>, learning. Roe-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Roehl.</i> <i>Hreol</i>, a reel. <i>Roell</i>, of kindred meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Roehler.</i> <i>Hreol</i>, a reel; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A spinster; a +dancer. Roeller, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Roehm.</i> <i>Rá</i>, roe; <i>hm</i> for <i>hám</i>, home, dwelling, habitation. +Home of the roe.</p> + +<p><i>Roellig.</i> <i>Hreol</i>, a reel; <i>ig</i>, an adjective ending. Reeling; +whirling.</p> + +<p><i>Roeper.</i> <i>Reapere</i>, pronounced <i>roepere</i>, a seizer, spoiler, +robber.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p> + +<p><i>Roerich.</i> <i>Rá</i>, roe; <i>ríce</i>, a region, a country. The region +of the roebuck.</p> + +<p><i>Roese.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose.</p> + +<p><i>Roeser.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A rose-grower.</p> + +<p><i>Roessing.</i> <i>Roess</i>, Roese; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Roese.</p> + +<p><i>Roessler.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>lǽr</i>, lore, learning. Rose-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Roff.</i> <i>Róf</i>, famous, renowned, illustrious, brave.</p> + +<p><i>Roffel.</i> <i>Róf</i>, famous, illustrious; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. +A famous person. Roffle, of kindred signification.</p> + +<p><i>Rogge.</i> <i>Rǽge</i>, pronounced <i>rōge</i>, a roe, a doe.</p> + +<p><i>Rohde.</i> <i>Ród</i>, pronounced <i>rohd</i>, genitive <i>rohde</i>, rood, cross. +Belonging to the cross.</p> + +<p><i>Rohe.</i> <i>Reoh</i>, rough, fierce, stormy, cruel.</p> + +<p><i>Rohlfing.</i> <i>Hreol</i>, a reel; <i>fing</i>, doubtless, a contraction of +<i>finger</i>, a finger. The reel-finger. Perhaps the name is derivable +from <i>hreol</i>, a reel, and <i>fiong</i>, hatred. Hatred of the reel.</p> + +<p><i>Rohm.</i> <i>Róm</i>, pronounced <i>Rohm</i>, Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Rohman.</i> <i>Róman</i>, pronounced <i>Rohman</i>, genitive of <i>Róm</i>. +Belonging to Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Roland.</i> <i>Row</i>, sweet, quiet; <i>land</i>, land, ground, earth, +field, region, country. Sweet land; quiet country. Rolan, +Rowland, kindred terms.</p> + +<p><i>Rolen.</i> <i>Row</i>, sweet; <i>leán</i>, reward, price. Sweet reward.</p> + +<p><i>Rolf.</i> <i>Row</i>, quiet, restful; <i>lf</i> for <i>líf</i>, life. A quiet life. +Roloff, Rolph, cognate terms.</p> + +<p><i>Rolfing.</i> <i>Rolf</i>, Rolf; <i>ing</i>, offspring, descendant. Son +of Rolf.</p> + +<p><i>Romberg.</i> <i>Róm</i>, Rome; <i>beorg</i>, a hill fortification, citadel, +defence, refuge. Citadel of Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Romberger.</i> <i>Róm</i>, Rome; <i>beorg-ere</i>, defender of a citadel. +Defender of the citadel of Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Rombold.</i> <i>Róm</i>, Rome; <i>báld</i>, bold, courageous. Courageous +Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Romel.</i> <i>Róm</i>, Rome; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. Citizen of +Rome. Rommel, Rommell, of like origin.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span></p> + +<p><i>Romig.</i> <i>Reómig</i>, tired, weary.</p> + +<p><i>Rommelman.</i> <i>Rommel</i>, Romel; <i>man</i>, a servant. The +servant of Romel.</p> + +<p><i>Romoser.</i> <i>Róm</i>, Rome; <i>O’ster</i>, Easter. Roman Easter.</p> + +<p><i>Ronald.</i> <i>Rún</i>, pronounced <i>rown</i>, a letter, magical character, +mystery, council, meditation, conversation; <i>ald</i>, an +age. An age of mystery.</p> + +<p><i>Ronaldson.</i> <i>Ronald</i>, Ronald; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ronald.</p> + +<p><i>Ronan.</i> <i>Rúnan</i>, pronounced <i>rownan</i>, a whisperer, a sorcerer.</p> + +<p><i>Rone.</i> <i>Rún</i>, a letter, a mystery, a council; <i>e</i>, indicating +person. A man of mysteries; a sage. Roney, Rooney, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Rood.</i> <i>Ród</i>, pronounced <i>rood</i>, rood, cross.</p> + +<p><i>Roof.</i> <i>Róf</i>, pronounced <i>roof</i>, top, the highest part of a +house or chamber.</p> + +<p><i>Roohr.</i> <i>Rure</i>, pronounced <i>ruher</i>, a noise.</p> + +<p><i>Rook.</i> <i>Róc</i>, pronounced <i>rook</i>, a rook. Rooke, Ruch, +Ruck, other spellings.</p> + +<p><i>Rooks.</i> <i>Rook</i>, Rook: <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rook.</p> + +<p><i>Rookstool.</i> <i>Rook</i>, Rook; <i>stól</i>, pronounced <i>stool</i>, seat, +chair, throne. Rook’s chair or throne.</p> + +<p><i>Room.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, pronounced <i>rowm</i>, room, space, place, +wide, open, spacious, ample, of good cheer or heart, august, +fortunate. Roome, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Roomes.</i> <i>Roome</i>, Room; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Room.</p> + +<p><i>Roop.</i> <i>Roop</i>, <i>rop</i>, a distaff.</p> + +<p><i>Root.</i> <i>Rúte</i>, pronounced originally <i>rowte</i>, rue, a plant.</p> + +<p><i>Roots.</i> <i>Root</i>, Root; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Root.</p> + +<p><i>Roper.</i> <i>Rop</i>, a distaff; <i>er</i>, a person. The woman who +twirls the distaff.</p> + +<p><i>Roppel.</i> <i>Rop</i>, a distaff; <i>el</i>, a personal ending. A distaff.</p> + +<p><i>Roray.</i> <i>Rure</i>, pronounced <i>ruhr-e</i>, a noise, the final <i>e</i> +taking the French sound of <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Rorer.</i> <i>Rure</i>, a noise; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who makes a +noise; a babbler; a prattler.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rose.</i> <i>Rose</i>, pronounced <i>raws</i>, a rose. Ross, Rosse, +Roos, analogous forms.</p> + +<p><i>Rosebery.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>berige</i>, a berry. The fruit of the +rose.</p> + +<p><i>Roseman.</i> <i>Rose</i>, Rose; <i>man</i>, a servant. A servant of +Rose. Rosemann, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Rosen.</i> <i>Rose</i>, Rose; <i>en</i>, resembling. Resembling Rose; +rosy; blooming.</p> + +<p><i>Rosenacker.</i> <i>Rosen</i>, Rosen; <i>æcer</i>, acre. Rosen’s acre; +ground belonging to Rosen.</p> + +<p><i>Rosenfeld.</i> <i>Rosen</i>, Rosen; <i>feld</i>, field, pasture, plain. +Rosen’s field; a blooming pasture. Rosenfelt, from the +same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Rosensky.</i> <i>Rosen</i>, rosy, flushed; Danish <i>sky</i>, a cloud. A +crimson cloud.</p> + +<p><i>Rosewarne.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>wearn</i>, a hindrance, obstacle, +resistance, denial. Rose-obstacle.</p> + +<p><i>Rosewig.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>wig</i>, war, warfare, battle. Rose-warfare.</p> + +<p><i>Roskeep.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>ceáp</i>, a bargain, sale, business, +chattel. Rose-sale.</p> + +<p><i>Rosney.</i> <i>Rose</i>, a rose; <i>ney</i>, from the Irish, an individual, +an agent. Rose-dealer.</p> + +<p><i>Rost.</i> <i>Rǽst</i>, pronounced <i>rost</i>, rest, repose, a place of rest, +a bed.</p> + +<p><i>Rowan.</i> <i>Rówan</i>, pronounced <i>roow-an</i>, to row, to sail. +Rowand, Roan, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Rowe.</i> <i>Reowe</i>, an Irish mantle or rug, soldier’s cloak, a +frieze cassock, a priest’s garment. Row, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Rowson.</i> <i>Row</i>, Rowe; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rowe.</p> + +<p><i>Rox.</i> <i>Rocks</i>, from <i>Rock</i>, Rock; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>. Son of Rock. +Rock is from the Irish <i>roc</i>, pronounced <i>rokh</i>, a rock.</p> + +<p><i>Roxberry.</i> <i>Roxbury</i>, from <i>Rox</i>, Rox, and <i>byrig</i>, a town, a +city. Town of Rox.</p> + +<p><i>Roxbrough.</i> <i>Roxborough</i>, from <i>Rox</i>, Rox, and <i>burh</i>, a +town, a city. Town of Rox.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rucher.</i> <i>Róc</i>, a rook; <i>er</i>, indicative of a person. One +who acts like a rook; a croaker. In the South of Germany +<i>ruch</i>, a rook, is the form of the word, and this agrees much +better with the name under consideration.</p> + +<p><i>Ruckman.</i> <i>Ruck</i>, Ruck; <i>man</i>, a servant. Ruck’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Rucks.</i> <i>Ruck</i>, Ruck; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ruck.</p> + +<p><i>Rudd.</i> <i>Rud</i>, red, ruddy. Later <i>rud</i>, became a noun, and +signified redness, blush, ruddle, red ochre, and a river-fish. +The last-named, from its red eyes, was called the rudd, or +red-eye.</p> + +<p><i>Rudden.</i> <i>Rud</i>, red, ruddy; <i>en</i>, a termination of adjectives +and participles. Make red; ruddy.</p> + +<p><i>Rudduck.</i> <i>Rudduc</i>, robin-red-breast. Ruddick, Ruddach, +Ruddock, kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Ruddiman.</i> <i>Rud</i>, ruddy; <i>ig</i>, an adjective ending; <i>man</i>, a +man. A ruddy man. Rudman, Rudmann, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Ruddy.</i> <i>Rud</i>, ruddy; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Ruddy. +Rudy, of same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Ruder.</i> <i>Rud</i>, ruddy; <i>er</i>, a person. A ruddy person.</p> + +<p><i>Rudge.</i> <i>Rud</i>, red; <i>íge</i>, an island. Red island.</p> + +<p><i>Rudhart.</i> <i>Rud</i>, red, ruddy; <i>heort</i>, a hart. A ruddy +stag.</p> + +<p><i>Rudling.</i> <i>Rud</i>, ruddy; <i>ling</i>, denoting state or condition +of a person, an image, an example. Healthy condition; +picture of health.</p> + +<p><i>Rudloff.</i> <i>Rud</i>, redness, blush; <i>lóf</i>, praise. Blush-praise.</p> + +<p><i>Rudolph.</i> <i>Rud</i>, red ochre, red iron-ore; <i>dǽlf</i>, pronounced +<i>dolf</i>, a delving, a digging. Iron-digging.</p> + +<p><i>Ruf.</i> <i>Hróf</i>, or <i>róf</i>, a roof, a raised part. Perhaps, from +<i>róf</i>, famous, renowned, illustrious. Rufe, Ruff, Ruoff, of +kindred signification.</p> + +<p><i>Ruffell.</i> <i>Hróf</i>, a roof, a raised part; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. +A roof-rearer; a ruff-wearer.</p> + +<p><i>Rumbol.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, room, space, place; <i>bol</i>, a sleeping-room.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rumboltz.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, a room; <i>boltes</i>, genitive of <i>bolt</i>, a house. +Room of a dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Rumel.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, a room; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A +room-mate. Rummel, Rummell, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Rumford.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, wide, spacious, ample; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A +spacious ford.</p> + +<p><i>Rumig.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, a room; <i>ig</i>, an adjective ending. Roomy; +spacious; ample.</p> + +<p><i>Rumsey.</i> <i>Rúm</i>, room, space, place; <i>rumes</i>, genitive of +space; <i>íg</i>, an island. A spacious island.</p> + +<p><i>Runner.</i> <i>Rún</i>, pronounced <i>roon</i>, mystery; <i>ere</i>, a person. +A dealer in mysteries; a sorcerer.</p> + +<p><i>Runser.</i> <i>Rún-seó-ere</i>, from <i>rún</i>, a secret; <i>seó</i>, I see; <i>ere</i>, +a person. A foreteller of secrets.</p> + +<p><i>Runyon.</i> <i>Rún-ian</i>, to whisper, to speak mysteriously, +from <i>rún</i>, a mystery, and <i>ian</i>, a verbal ending.</p> + +<p><i>Rusch.</i> <i>Risce</i>, pronounced <i>reesche</i>, a rush. Rush, Rusk, +from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Rusher.</i> <i>Rush</i>, Rush; <i>er</i>, a person. One who is a Rush; +son of Rush; one who uses the rush.</p> + +<p><i>Rushman.</i> <i>Rush</i>, Rush; <i>man</i>, a servant. A servant of +Rush; a rush-collector.</p> + +<p><i>Rushmire.</i> <i>Risce</i>, rush; <i>mere</i>, a mere, lake, pool. A rush-pool.</p> + +<p><i>Rushton.</i> <i>Rush</i>, Rush; <i>tún</i>, town, house. Home of Rush; +habitation of the rush.</p> + +<p><i>Rushworth.</i> <i>Rush</i>, Rush; <i>weordh</i>, worth, worthy, honorable. +An estimable Rush; value of rushes.</p> + +<p><i>Rust.</i> <i>Rust</i>, rust, rustiness.</p> + +<p><i>Ruth.</i> <i>Rúte</i>, rue, a bitter herb. From the bitter property +of the rue, we have <i>ruth</i>, expressive of pity, sorrow, tenderness +for the misery of another, mercy. Rutt, more closely +related to derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Rutnard.</i> <i>Ruth</i>, rue, pity, sorrow; <i>ard</i>, an ensign of office, +such as a pole, staff, etc. A physician; a clergyman; a consoler.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rutherford.</i> <i>Ruther</i>, Rutter; <i>ford</i>, a ford. Rutter’s ford.</p> + +<p><i>Ruths.</i> <i>Ruth</i>, Ruth; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ruth.</p> + +<p><i>Rutledge.</i> <i>Rúte</i>, rue; <i>leger</i>, place for laying or lying, as +bed, couch, grave, churchyard. Rue-bed; a bed of rue.</p> + +<p><i>Rutter.</i> <i>Rutt</i>, Rutt, or Ruth; <i>ere</i>, a person. A descendant +of Rutt.</p> + +<p><i>Ruttley.</i> <i>Rutt</i>, Rutt; <i>ley</i> for <i>líc</i>, having the form of. Resembling +Rutt.</p> + +<p><i>Ruttman.</i> <i>Rutt</i>, Rutt; <i>man</i>, a servant. Rutt’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Rutty.</i> <i>Rúte</i>, rue; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Like rue. +Or, <i>Rutt</i>, Rutt; <i>ig</i>, expressing the quality of. Having the +character of Rutt.</p> + +<p><i>Rutz.</i> <i>Rutts</i>, from <i>Rutt</i>, Rutt; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Rutt.</p> + +<p><i>Ruwell.</i> <i>Ruw</i>, rough, hairy; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A +rough, or hairy person.</p> + +<p><i>Ruxton.</i> <i>Rucks</i>, Rucks; <i>tún</i>, town, habitation. Home of +Rucks.</p> + +<p><i>Ryer.</i> <i>Rye</i>, hairy; <i>ere</i>, a person. A hairy person.</p> + +<p><i>Ryerson.</i> <i>Ryer</i>, Ryer; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ryer.</p> + +<p><i>Ryers.</i> <i>Ryer</i>, Ryer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Ryer.</p> + +<p><i>Ryland.</i> <i>Rye</i>, hairy, rough; <i>land</i>, ground, earth, region, +country. A rough country.</p> + +<h4>S.</h4> + +<p><i>Saake.</i> <i>Sæc</i>, pronounced <i>sahke</i>, war, battle.</p> + +<p><i>Saal.</i> <i>Sæl</i>, pronounced <i>sahal</i>, a hall.</p> + +<p><i>Saam.</i> <i>Sǽme</i>, pronounced <i>sā-am</i>, weak, slow, lazy, bad.</p> + +<p><i>Sabin.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bin</i>, a crib, a manger, a bin, a hatch. +Sea-crib. Sabine, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Sabins.</i> <i>Sabin</i>, Sabin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sabin.</p> + +<p><i>Sabold.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bóld</i>, a house. A sea-house; a +ship.</p> + +<p><i>Sabot.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bát</i>, boat. A sea-boat; a ship.</p> + +<p><i>Sacal.</i> <i>Sacol</i>, from <i>sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>cól</i>, coal. Sea-coal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sach.</i> <i>Sæc</i>, pronounced <i>săc</i>, a sack, a bag. Sack, of like +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sachs.</i> <i>Sach</i>, Sach; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sach. Saches, +Sachse, Sacks, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sackwright.</i> <i>Sæc</i>, a sack; <i>wyrhta</i>, a workman, artificer, +wright, maker. A sack-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Saddington.</i> <i>Sæd</i>, pronounced <i>sad</i>, satisfied, sated; <i>dincg</i>, +broken or fallow ground; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A farm of sated, fallow +ground.</p> + +<p><i>Sadler.</i> <i>Sadel</i>, a saddle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A saddle-maker. +Sadleir, Saddler, cognate terms.</p> + +<p><i>Sæger.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>ger</i>, a year. Sea-year.</p> + +<p><i>Saffer.</i> <i>Sæfn</i>, pronounced <i>safn</i>, a dream; <i>er</i>, an agent. +A dreamer.</p> + +<p><i>Saffin.</i> <i>Sæfn</i>, pronounced <i>safin</i>, a dream.</p> + +<p><i>Safford.</i> <i>Sæfn</i>, a dream; <i>órd</i>, author. Dream-author.</p> + +<p><i>Sage.</i> <i>Sage</i>, a sage, a wise man.</p> + +<p><i>Sagee.</i> <i>Sage</i>, a sage; <i>e</i>, denoting a derivative adjective. +Wise; philosophical.</p> + +<p><i>Sagehorn.</i> <i>Sage</i>, a sage; <i>horn</i>, a pinnacle, a trumpet. A +sage’s trumpet.</p> + +<p><i>Sager.</i> <i>Sage</i>, a sage; <i>ere</i>, a person. A man of wisdom.</p> + +<p><i>Sagers.</i> <i>Sager</i>, Sager; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sager.</p> + +<p><i>Saget.</i> <i>Sage</i>, a sage; <i>æt</i>, meat, food. The food of a +sage.</p> + +<p><i>Sague.</i> <i>Sag</i>, pronounced <i>săg</i>, a sack.</p> + +<p><i>Saiger.</i> <i>Sag</i>, a sack; <i>er</i>, an agent. A sack-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Sainsbury.</i> <i>Sanctes</i>, genitive of <i>sanct</i>, a saint; <i>bury</i>, from +<i>beorh</i>, a place of burial. Saint’s burying-place.</p> + +<p><i>Sale.</i> <i>Sæl</i>, pronounced <i>sā-el</i>, a cord, a strap. Saile, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Saler.</i> <i>Sæl</i>, a cord; <i>er</i>, an agent. A cord-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Sales.</i> <i>Sale</i>, Sale; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sale.</p> + +<p><i>Salfinger</i>. <i>Sæl</i>, a cord; <i>finger</i>, a finger. Cord-finger.</p> + +<p><i>Salin.</i> <i>Sale</i>, Sale; <i>in</i>, a habitation. Sale’s dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Saling.</i> <i>Sale</i>, Sale; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of Sale.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span></p> + +<p><i>Salinger.</i> <i>Saling</i>, Saling; <i>er</i>, an agent. A servant of +Saling.</p> + +<p><i>Salisbury.</i> <i>Salis</i>, Sale’s; <i>beorh</i>, a burrow, or barrow. +Sale’s barrow.</p> + +<p><i>Saalmann.</i> <i>Sæl</i>, pronounced <i>sa-al</i>, a hall; <i>mann</i>, a man. +Hall-man.</p> + +<p><i>Salt.</i> <i>Salt</i>, salt.</p> + +<p><i>Salter.</i> <i>Salt</i>, salt; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A manufacturer of salt. +Also, from <i>saltere</i>, a psaltery, a dulcimer.</p> + +<p><i>Salters.</i> <i>Salter</i>, Salter; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Salter.</p> + +<p><i>Sanborn.</i> <i>Sand</i>, earth; <i>born</i>, born. Earth-born.</p> + +<p><i>Sand.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand, earth.</p> + +<p><i>Sandberg.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand; <i>berg</i>, a hill. A sand-hill.</p> + +<p><i>Sandberger.</i> <i>Sandberg</i>, a sand-hill; <i>er</i>, an agent. A sand-hill +dweller.</p> + +<p><i>Sander.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand, earth; <i>er</i>, an agent, or doer. A sand-digger. +Saner, a contraction of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Sanders.</i> <i>Sander</i>, Sander; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sander. +Saunders, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sanderson.</i> <i>Sander</i>, Sander; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sander. +Saunderson, similarly derived.</p> + +<p><i>Sandford.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A sandy ford. +Sanford, an abbreviation of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Sandgran.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand; Latin <i>granum</i>, a grain. A grain +of sand.</p> + +<p><i>Sandgren.</i> <i>Sand</i>, sand; <i>grene</i>, green. Green sand.</p> + +<p><i>Sands.</i> <i>Sand</i>, Sand; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sand.</p> + +<p><i>Sandy.</i> <i>Sand-ig</i>, from <i>sand</i>, sand, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective +ending. Sandy.</p> + +<p><i>Sangborne.</i> <i>Sang</i>, song; <i>born</i>, born. Song-born.</p> + +<p><i>Sanger.</i> <i>Sang</i>, a song; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A singer.</p> + +<p><i>Sangers.</i> <i>Sanger</i>, a singer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sanger; +son of a singer.</p> + +<p><i>Sank.</i> <i>Sanc</i>, a song.</p> + +<p><i>Sapp.</i> <i>Sæpp</i>, pronounced <i>sapp</i>, sap, juice.</p> + +<p><i>Sappel.</i> <i>Sæpp</i>, sap, juice; <i>el</i>, an agent. A sapper.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sapper.</i> <i>Sæpp</i>, sap; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A sapper.</p> + +<p><i>Sappington.</i> <i>Sæpp</i>, sap; <i>ing</i>, denoting action; <i>tún</i>, town, +village. A sapping town.</p> + +<p><i>Sarfert.</i> <i>Sár</i>, wound, sore, pain, grief; <i>ferht</i>, fright, fear. +Pain-fear.</p> + +<p><i>Saring.</i> <i>Sár</i>, a wound; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action. Wound-producing.</p> + +<p><i>Sattler.</i> <i>Sætel</i>, pronounced <i>sahtel</i>, a seat; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A settler.</p> + +<p><i>Saul.</i> <i>Sáwl</i>, pronounced <i>sáw-el</i>, a soul. Saull, of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Saulnier.</i> <i>Sául</i>, a soul; <i>nere</i>, refuge, preservation. Soul-refuge.</p> + +<p><i>Saulsberry.</i> <i>Sáules</i>, genitive of <i>sául</i>, a soul; <i>berry</i>, from +<i>byrig</i>, a city. Saul’s city; city of the soul.</p> + +<p><i>Saulsburg.</i> <i>Saul’s</i>, genitive of Saul; <i>burg</i>, a city. Saul’s +city.</p> + +<p><i>Sawyer.</i> <i>Sáwere</i>, pronounced <i>saw-yere</i>, a sower.</p> + +<p><i>Sawyers.</i> <i>Sawyer</i>, Sawyer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Sawyer.</p> + +<p><i>Sax.</i> <i>Sachs</i>, from <i>Sach</i>, Sach, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Sach. Saxe, of kindred meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Saxer.</i> <i>Sax</i>, Sax; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A servant of Sax.</p> + +<p><i>Saxton.</i> <i>Sax</i>, Sax; <i>tún</i>, town, house. Home of Sax.</p> + +<p><i>Saybolt.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bolt</i>, a house, a dwelling. A sea-house; +a ship.</p> + +<p><i>Sayer.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A navigator. Sayre, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sayers.</i> <i>Sayer</i>, Sayer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sayer. +Sayres, a cognate form.</p> + +<p><i>Saylor.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>lǽr</i>, pronounced <i>lore</i>, doctrine. +Sea-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Scank.</i> <i>Scanca</i>, the hollow bone of the leg, the shank.</p> + +<p><i>Scanlan.</i> <i>Scand</i>, shame, modesty, disgrace; <i>land</i>, land, +earth, region, country. Disgraced region. Scanlin, Scanlon +of like significance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span></p> + +<p><i>Scannell.</i> <i>Scand</i>, shame, disgrace; <i>el</i>, a personal suffix. +A person in disgrace.</p> + +<p><i>Scarborough.</i> <i>Scear</i>, an estate, landed property; <i>burh</i>, a +town, a city. The landed property of a town.</p> + +<p><i>Scattergood.</i> <i>Sceat-wer</i>, a shooter; <i>gud</i>, good. A good +shooter.</p> + +<p><i>Schaab.</i> <i>Sceabb</i>, or <i>scæb</i>, a scab.</p> + +<p><i>Schaaf.</i> <i>Sceaf</i>, pronounced <i>skaaf</i>, a sheaf, a bundle of +corn.</p> + +<p><i>Schaal.</i> <i>Sceale</i>, pronounced <i>skaal</i>, a school. Schall, of +like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Schaar.</i> <i>Scear</i>, pronounced <i>skaar</i>, a share, a fortune, an +estate.</p> + +<p><i>Schaker.</i> <i>Sceacere</i>, pronounced <i>skaker</i>, a thief.</p> + +<p><i>Schaler.</i> <i>Sceale</i>, a school; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A scholar. +Schaller, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Schallinger.</i> <i>Sceale</i>, a school; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. One who is acquiring his schooling; a +scholar.</p> + +<p><i>Scham.</i> <i>Scame</i>, pronounced <i>skam</i>, shame, disgrace, +nakedness.</p> + +<p><i>Schamel.</i> <i>Sceamel</i>, a stool, footstool, bench, form, desk.</p> + +<p><i>Schell.</i> <i>Scell</i>, a shell, a rind, a cavity.</p> + +<p><i>Scobel.</i> <i>Scobl</i>, a shovel.</p> + +<p id="Scofield"><i>Scofield.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, shoe; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. A shoe-field.</p> + +<p><i>Scollean.</i> <i>Scól-lean</i>, from <i>scólu</i>, a school, and <i>lean</i>, reward. +A school-reward. Scollan, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Scollay.</i> <i>Scól-ley</i>, from <i>scólu</i>, a school, and <i>ley</i>, a song. +A school-song.</p> + +<p><i>Scollin.</i> <i>Scól-in</i>, from <i>scólu</i>, a school, and <i>in</i>, a habitation. +A school-house.</p> + +<p><i>Scollon.</i> <i>Scól-lond</i>, from <i>scólu</i>, a school, and <i>lond</i>, land. +School-land.</p> + +<p><i>Scorr.</i> <i>Score</i>, the shore.</p> + +<p><i>Scotland.</i> <i>Scot</i>, shot, payment; <i>land</i>, land. Payment-land.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span></p> + +<p><i>Scotney.</i> <i>Scot</i>, shot, payment; <i>ney</i>, from the Irish, implying +an agent. A paymaster.</p> + +<p><i>Scott.</i> <i>Scot</i>, shot, payment.</p> + +<p><i>Scouler.</i> <i>Scolere</i>, a scholar.</p> + +<p><i>Scovel.</i> <i>Scofl</i>, a shovel.</p> + +<p><i>Scudder.</i> <i>Sculder</i>, a shoulder.</p> + +<p><i>Seabert.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>beorht</i>, bright. Sea-bright.</p> + +<p><i>Seabold.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bóld</i>, a house. A sea-house; a +ship.</p> + +<p><i>Seabourne.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>burne</i>, a stream. A sea-current.</p> + +<p><i>Seabrook.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>bróc</i>, a brook. A sea-brook; a +rivulet that empties into the sea.</p> + +<p><i>Seagrove.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>græf</i>, a grove. A sea-grove; a +grove near the sea.</p> + +<p><i>Seafert.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>ferdh</i>, a spirit. A sea-sprite.</p> + +<p><i>Seal.</i> <i>Seal</i>, a willow, a sallow. Seel, an analogous name. +Perhaps, from <i>seal</i>, a seal.</p> + +<p><i>Sealey.</i> <i>Seal</i>, a willow; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Willowy; abounding with willows. Sealy, Seely, Seeley, +similarly derived.</p> + +<p><i>Seals.</i> <i>Seal</i>, Seal; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seal.</p> + +<p><i>Seaman.</i> <i>Sǽ-mann</i>, a sea-man. Seeman, Seemann, +kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Seamans.</i> <i>Seaman</i>, Seaman; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seaman.</p> + +<p><i>Seamen.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>men</i>, plural of <i>man</i>. Seamen.</p> + +<p><i>Seamens.</i> <i>Seamen</i>, Seamen; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seamen.</p> + +<p><i>Seamon.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>mon</i>, man. A sea-man.</p> + +<p><i>Seanor.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>nor</i>, for north. North Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Search.</i> <i>Serce</i>, a shirt.</p> + +<p><i>Searchfield.</i> <i>Search</i>, Search; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. Search’s +field.</p> + +<p><i>Sear.</i> <i>Sear</i>, from <i>searian</i>, to sear, to dry up. Dry; +withered.</p> + +<p><i>Searing.</i> <i>Sear</i>, Sear; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Sear.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span></p> + +<p><i>Searle.</i> <i>Sear-el</i>, from <i>sear</i>, sear, and <i>el</i>, denoting a personal +noun. A withered person; an aged person. Searl, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Searles.</i> <i>Searle</i>, Searle; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Searle.</p> + +<p><i>Sears.</i> <i>Sear</i>, Sear; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sear.</p> + +<p><i>Seary.</i> <i>Sear</i>, dry, withered; <i>ig</i>, denoting an adjective. +Withered. Seeary, an analogous term.</p> + +<p><i>Seaton.</i> <i>Sǽ</i>, the sea; <i>tún</i>, a town. A sea-town; a sea-port.</p> + +<p><i>Sebald.</i> <i>Sé</i>, pronounced <i>se</i>, the sea; <i>báld</i>, bold, audacious. +Sea-daring.</p> + +<p><i>Seckel.</i> <i>Sec</i>, battle; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Seckinger.</i> <i>Sec</i>, war, battle; <i>cyng</i>, a king, ruler, prince; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A warrior-king.</p> + +<p><i>Seddinger.</i> Perhaps, from <i>Sedling</i>, an Ethiopian, and <i>ere</i>, +an agent. A slave-trader. Sedenger, a corruption of the +same.</p> + +<p><i>Sedgwick.</i> <i>Secg</i>, warrior, soldier; <i>wic</i>, a camp, a station. +A military camp.</p> + +<p><i>See.</i> <i>Sé</i>, pronounced <i>sē</i>, the sea.</p> + +<p><i>Seebach.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>bæc</i>, pronounced <i>bāc</i>, back. An +ebbing sea.</p> + +<p><i>Seeber.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>bere</i>, a bear. A sea-bear.</p> + +<p><i>Seeberger.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>berg</i>, a mountain, a hill; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One that occupies a sea-mountain; a mermaid. Seeburger, +of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Seebeth.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; Irish <i>beth</i>, a house. A sea-house; +a bath-house.</p> + +<p><i>Seed.</i> <i>Séd</i>, pronounced <i>sēd</i>, seed.</p> + +<p><i>Seeds.</i> <i>Seed</i>, Seed; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seed.</p> + +<p><i>Seefelder.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A follower of the sea-plain; a seafaring man.</p> + +<p><i>Seegrist.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>grist</i>, grist, a grinding. Sea-grist; +sea-grinding. Segrest, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Seehofer.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>hofer</i>, a humpback. The sea-humpback.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span></p> + +<p><i>Seelaus.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>lus</i>, German <i>laus</i>, a louse. A sea-louse.</p> + +<p><i>Seeler.</i> <i>Seal</i>, a seal; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A seal-fisher.</p> + +<p><i>Seehorst.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>horst</i>, watching. Sea-watching.</p> + +<p><i>Seelig.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>lig</i>, a flame. A sea-flame. Selig, an +analogous name.</p> + +<p><i>Seelos.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>los</i>, loss, losing, destruction. Sea-loss.</p> + +<p><i>Seery.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>ríe</i>, pronounced <i>rē</i>, power, dominion. +Sea-power.</p> + +<p><i>Sees.</i> <i>See</i>, See; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of See. Seese, Seez, +cognate names.</p> + +<p><i>Sefer.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>fer</i>, a journey. A sea-journey.</p> + +<p><i>Sefton.</i> <i>Seft</i>, soft, mild, quiet; <i>tún</i>, a town, a house. A +quiet home.</p> + +<p><i>Segall.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>gál</i>, pronounced <i>gaul</i>, lightness, folly. +Sea-folly.</p> + +<p><i>Segner.</i> <i>Segne</i>, a net; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A seiner.</p> + +<p><i>Seher.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea, <i>here</i>, an army, a host, a legion. A sea-army; +a naval expedition.</p> + +<p><i>Sehers.</i> <i>Seher</i>, Seher; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seher.</p> + +<p><i>Selbert.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a dwelling, a palace, a hall; <i>beorht</i>, brightness. +Hall-brightness.</p> + +<p><i>Selby.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a hall, a palace; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A palatial +dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Selden.</i> <i>Seld</i>, a royal seat, a throne, a palace; <i>en</i>, an +adjective ending. Palatial.</p> + +<p><i>Selfridge.</i> <i>Self</i>, same, self-same; <i>ricg</i>, a back, a ridge, a +roof. Self-same ridge.</p> + +<p><i>Seligman.</i> <i>Selig</i>, Selig; <i>man</i>, a servant. Selig’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Sell.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a dwelling, a mansion, a palace, a hall.</p> + +<p><i>Seller.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a palace; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A king; a prince.</p> + +<p><i>Sellers.</i> <i>Seller</i>, Seller; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Seller.</p> + +<p><i>Sellick.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a companion; <i>lic</i>, like. Companion-like.</p> + +<p><i>Sells.</i> <i>Sell</i>, Sell; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sell.</p> + +<p><i>Selman.</i> <i>Sell</i>, Sell; <i>man</i>, a servant. Servant of Sell; +servant of a palace.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p> + +<p><i>Selner.</i> <i>Sel</i>, a palace; <i>nere</i>, refuge, protection. Palace-refuge; +protection of the king.</p> + +<p><i>Selover.</i> <i>Sé</i>, the sea; <i>lóf-ere</i>, a lover. A sea-lover.</p> + +<p><i>Selser.</i> <i>Sells-ere</i>, from <i>Sells</i>, son of Sell, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A servant of Sell’s son. Selser, perhaps, from the same +roots.</p> + +<p><i>Semebroth.</i> <i>Sæme</i>, weak; <i>bróth</i>, broth. Weak broth.</p> + +<p><i>Semisch.</i> <i>Sem</i>, a seam, a bag; <i>isc</i>, like. Like a bag.</p> + +<p><i>Semler.</i> <i>Sem</i>, a bag; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine, knowledge. Bag-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Senat.</i> <i>Senat</i>, a senate. Senate, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Senatz.</i> <i>Senats</i>, from <i>Senat</i>, Senat, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Senat.</p> + +<p><i>Senn.</i> <i>Sen</i>, sin.</p> + +<p><i>Senneff.</i> <i>Senn</i>, Senn; <i>nefe</i>, a niece. Niece of Senn.</p> + +<p><i>Senner.</i> <i>Senn</i>, Senn; <i>ere</i>, an agent. Senn’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Setner.</i> <i>Setnere</i>, a seditious person, a revolter.</p> + +<p><i>Settel.</i> <i>Setel</i>, a settle, a seat, a bench, a stool. Settle, of +similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Setter.</i> <i>Settere</i>, a thief.</p> + +<p><i>Seubel.</i> <i>Séw</i>, the sea; <i>bel</i>, a bell. A sea-bell.</p> + +<p><i>Seubert.</i> <i>Séw</i>, the sea; <i>beorht</i>, brightness. Sea-glistening.</p> + +<p><i>Sharp.</i> <i>Scearp</i>, sharp. Sharpe, another spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Sharpless.</i> <i>Scearp</i>, sharp; <i>læs</i>, less, comparative of <i>lytel</i>. +Less sharp. Sharples, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Sharpley.</i> <i>Scearp</i>, sharp; <i>líc</i>, like. Sharp-like.</p> + +<p><i>Sharps.</i> <i>Sharp</i>, Sharp; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sharp.</p> + +<p><i>Sharr.</i> <i>Scear</i>, a ploughshare. Also, <i>scear</i>, a division.</p> + +<p><i>Sharsig.</i> <i>Sceares</i>, genitive of <i>scear</i>, Sharr’s, and <i>ig</i>, an +island. Sharr’s island.</p> + +<p><i>Sharswood.</i> <i>Sharr’s</i>, Sharrs; <i>wud</i>, wood. Sharr’s wood. +Sharwood, an abbreviated form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Shaw.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show.</p> + +<p><i>Sheaff.</i> <i>Sceaf</i>, a sheaf, a bundle of corn.</p> + +<p><i>Shealer.</i> <i>Sceale</i>, a scale, a balance; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +weigher.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shean.</i> <i>Sceán</i>, shone. Sheen, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Shear.</i> <i>Scear</i>, sheared. Sheer, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sheard.</i> <i>Sceard</i>, a sheard, a division, a remnant.</p> + +<p><i>Sheardown.</i> <i>Scear</i>, sheared; <i>dún</i>, a mountain, hill, downs. +A sheared mountain; a shaven hill.</p> + +<p><i>Shearer.</i> <i>Sceare-ere</i>, from <i>sceare</i>, shears, scissors, and <i>ere</i>, +an agent. One who uses the shears.</p> + +<p><i>Shearf.</i> <i>Scearfan</i>, to carve in pieces; <i>scearfe</i>, a fragment.</p> + +<p><i>Shearman.</i> <i>Sceare</i>, sheers; <i>man</i>, a man. A shearer; a +reaper.</p> + +<p><i>Shears.</i> <i>Shear</i>, Shear; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Shear.</p> + +<p><i>Shearwood.</i> <i>Scear</i>, sheared; <i>wud</i>, a wood. A cleared +wood. Sherwood, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Sheble.</i> <i>Sceabb</i>, a scab; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A shabby +fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Sheck.</i> <i>Sceac</i>, slow, sluggish, lazy, benumbed, costive, +bound.</p> + +<p><i>Shecklin.</i> <i>Sceac-líne</i>, a line which fastens the bottom of +a sail.</p> + +<p><i>Shedaker.</i> <i>Sceáde</i>, genitive of <i>sceádo</i>, shadow; <i>æcer</i>, a +field. A field of shadow; a shaded field.</p> + +<p><i>Shedden.</i> <i>Sceáden</i>, shaded, shadowed, overwhelmed, oppressed.</p> + +<p><i>Sheddy.</i> <i>Sceáde</i>, genitive of <i>sceádo</i>, belonging to shade. +Shady; shadowy.</p> + +<p><i>Shedinger.</i> <i>Sceádan</i>, to shade, to overwhelm, to oppress; +<i>ing</i>, expressive of action; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A person that +overshadows another; an oppressor.</p> + +<p><i>Shedwick.</i> <i>Sceáde</i>, genitive of <i>sceádo</i>, a shadow, a shade; +<i>wic</i>, a habitation, a village, a convent. A habitation of +shade; a shaded village.</p> + +<p><i>Sheedy.</i> <i>Sceáde</i>, of shadow; <i>ig</i>, an island. An island of +shadow; a shaded island.</p> + +<p><i>Sheeler.</i> <i>Sceale</i>, a scale, a balance; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +weigher; a balancer.</p> + +<p><i>Sheen.</i> <i>Scén</i>, pronounced <i>skēne</i>, sheen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sheering.</i> <i>Scír</i>, shire; <i>ing</i>, offspring, descendant. Son of +the shire.</p> + +<p><i>Sheldon.</i> <i>Scel</i>, a shell; <i>dún</i>, a mountain, a hill. A shell-hill.</p> + +<p><i>Shell.</i> <i>Scell</i>, a shell.</p> + +<p><i>Shellenberger.</i> <i>Scellenâ</i>, of shells; <i>berg</i>, a hill, a mountain; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A dweller of a shell-hill. Shelberger, of +similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sheller.</i> <i>Scell</i>, a shell; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A dealer in shells.</p> + +<p><i>Shelley.</i> <i>Scell</i>, a shell; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Shelly. Shelly, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Shelling.</i> <i>Scelling</i>, a shilling. Or, <i>Shell</i>, Shell; <i>ing</i>, an +offspring. A descendant of Shell.</p> + +<p><i>Shellinger.</i> <i>Shelling</i>, Shelling; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A servant +of Shelling.</p> + +<p><i>Shelmerdine.</i> <i>Scel</i>, a shell; <i>mere</i>, a mere, a lake, a sea; +<i>dínne</i>, stormy. A tempestuous shell-lake.</p> + +<p><i>Shelton.</i> <i>Shell</i>, Shell; <i>tún</i>, town, house. Home of Shell.</p> + +<p><i>Sheneman.</i> <i>Sheen</i>, Sheen; <i>man</i>, a servant. A servant of +Sheen.</p> + +<p><i>Shenton.</i> <i>Scén</i>, beautiful; <i>tún</i>, a house, a habitation. A +beautiful house.</p> + +<p><i>Shepherd.</i> <i>Sceáp-hyrde</i>, from <i>sceáp</i>, sheep, and <i>hyrde</i>, a +keeper of sheep; a shepherd. Shepard, Shephard, Sheppard, +analogous names.</p> + +<p><i>Shepherdson.</i> <i>Shepherd</i>, Shepherd; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Shepherd. Shepperson, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Shepler.</i> <i>Sceáp</i>, sheep; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Sheep-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Shepley.</i> <i>Sceáp</i>, sheep; <i>ley</i>, a lay, a song. A sheep-lay.</p> + +<p><i>Sheran.</i> <i>Scéran</i>, to shear, to shave, to cut off, to share, +to divide, to grant.</p> + +<p><i>Sherer.</i> <i>Sceare</i>, shears; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A shearer. +Sherar, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sherick.</i> <i>Scer-icge</i>, an actress. Sherk, Shirk, possibly, +from the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sheridan.</i> <i>Scérian</i>, to divide, to rive, to part.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sheriff.</i> <i>Scír-gerefa</i>, from <i>scír</i>, a shire, and <i>gerefa</i>, a +steward, a bailiff, a governor. A governor of a shire; a +shire-reeve; a sheriff.</p> + +<p><i>Sherlock.</i> <i>Scír</i>, white, bright, glorious; <i>locc</i>, a lock, hair. +A lock of white hair. Shirelock, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Sherlow.</i> <i>Scír</i>, a county, province, district; <i>low</i>, a grave, +a barrow, a small hillock, a tract of country gently rising, a +low. A district-low. Shirlow, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sherman.</i> <i>Scír-mann</i>, from <i>scír</i>, a share, shire, county, +district; <i>mann</i>, a man. A man who superintends; a shireman; +an overseer; a governor, a provost. Shearman, Shireman, +of kindred derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Shermer.</i> <i>Scír</i>, a district, province; <i>mere</i>, a mere, a lake, +a pool, the sea. A sea-district; a lake-province.</p> + +<p><i>Sherr.</i> <i>Scír</i>, a district, a province. Shire, of kindred +significance.</p> + +<p><i>Sherrard.</i> <i>Scír</i>, superintendence, stewardship; <i>ard</i>, an +ensign of office. A badge of stewardship. Sherrerd, of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Sherrat.</i> <i>Scír</i>, shire, district, county; <i>áth</i>, an oath. An +oath required by a shire from one in power.</p> + +<p><i>Sherrell.</i> <i>Scír</i>, a shire, a district; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. +A resident of a shire.</p> + +<p><i>Sherrer.</i> <i>Scír</i>, care, charge; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A superintendent; +an overseer.</p> + +<p><i>Sherrie.</i> <i>Sherr</i>, Sherr; <i>íg</i>, an island. Sherr’s island. +Sherry, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sherwin.</i> <i>Scír</i>, a shire; <i>win</i>, a friend. A friend of the +shire; one devoted to the shire.</p> + +<p><i>Sherwood.</i> <i>Scír</i>, glorious; <i>wude</i>, a forest. A glorious +forest. Or, from <i>scír</i>, a district; <i>wud</i>, a wood. A district +wood.</p> + +<p><i>Shetzline.</i> <i>Scetes</i>, genitive of <i>scete</i>, a sheet, a sail; <i>líne</i>, a +line. The lower sail line.</p> + +<p><i>Shew.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shewell.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A +showman.</p> + +<p><i>Shiel.</i> <i>Sciell</i>, a scale, a shell.</p> + +<p><i>Shield.</i> <i>Scield</i>, a shield, a refuge.</p> + +<p><i>Shields.</i> <i>Shield</i>, Shield; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Shield.</p> + +<p><i>Shill.</i> <i>Scill</i>, a shilling, a piece of uncoined silver, which, +when coined, would make five pennies, each of which was +2½ pence.</p> + +<p><i>Shillady.</i> <i>Shill</i>, Shill; <i>hlǽfdie</i>, a mistress, a lady. Shill’s +mistress.</p> + +<p><i>Shilling.</i> <i>Scilling</i>, a shilling. Or, from <i>Shill</i>, Shill, and +<i>ing</i>, an offspring. A son of Shill.</p> + +<p><i>Shillingford.</i> <i>Shilling</i>, Shilling; <i>ford</i>, a ford. Shilling’s +ford. Shillingsford, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Shillingsburg.</i> <i>Shillinges</i>, Shilling’s; <i>beorg</i>, a hill. Shilling’s +hill.</p> + +<p><i>Shimer.</i> <i>Scíma</i>, a brightness, splendor, glittering; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A wit; a humorist; a scholar.</p> + +<p><i>Shinn.</i> <i>Scínne</i>, beauty, splendor.</p> + +<p><i>Shinneberry.</i> <i>Shinn</i>, Shinn; <i>byrie</i>, a burial-place. The +burial-place of Shinn.</p> + +<p><i>Shipley.</i> <i>Scip</i>, a ship, a boat; <i>ley</i>, a lay, a song. A boat +song.</p> + +<p><i>Shipman.</i> <i>Scip-mann</i>, a ship-man, a sailor.</p> + +<p><i>Shippen.</i> <i>Scyppend</i>, a former, a creator.</p> + +<p><i>Shipper.</i> <i>Scip-ere</i>, a sailor.</p> + +<p><i>Shipps.</i> <i>Scipes</i>, genitive of <i>scip</i>, a ship. Belonging to a +ship.</p> + +<p><i>Shirley.</i> <i>Scíre</i>, a shire; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a shire.</p> + +<p><i>Shoe.</i> <i>Scoe</i>, or <i>sceó</i>, a shoe.</p> + +<p><i>Shoell.</i> <i>Scoe</i>, a shoe; <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A shoemaker.</p> + +<p><i>Shoemaker.</i> <i>Scoe</i>, a shoe; <i>mace</i>, make; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A maker of shoes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shoneman.</i> <i>Scóne</i>, beautiful; <i>mann</i>, a man. A beautiful +man.</p> + +<p><i>Shook.</i> <i>Sceóc</i>, shook.</p> + +<p><i>Shoop.</i> <i>Scóp</i>, a farmer, a maker, a poet, a minstrel.</p> + +<p><i>Shore.</i> <i>Score</i>, the shore.</p> + +<p><i>Short.</i> <i>Sceort</i>, short.</p> + +<p><i>Shortell.</i> <i>Sceort</i>, short; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A short +person.</p> + +<p><i>Shorten.</i> <i>Sceort-ain</i>, from <i>sceort</i>, short; <i>ain</i>, to make. To +make short.</p> + +<p><i>Shortley.</i> <i>Short</i>, Short; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling Short. Or, +from <i>sceort-líc</i>, short, momentary.</p> + +<p><i>Shorts.</i> <i>Short</i>, Short; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Short. +Shortts, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Shoser.</i> <i>Scós</i>, shoes; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A shoemaker.</p> + +<p><i>Shott.</i> <i>Scot</i>, shot, payment.</p> + +<p><i>Showaker.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>æcer</i>, a field. A show-field. +Showeker, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Showalter.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>alter</i>, an altar. A show-altar.</p> + +<p><i>Showell.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A +showman.</p> + +<p><i>Shower.</i> <i>Sceawere</i>, a beholder, spectator, spy, a railer, a +scoffer.</p> + +<p><i>Showers.</i> <i>Shower</i>, Shower; <i>s</i> for sun, son. Son of +Shower.</p> + +<p><i>Showman.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>mann</i>, a man. A showman.</p> + +<p><i>Shreeve.</i> <i>Scréf</i>, a den, a cave, a layer. Shreve, of like +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Shreeves.</i> <i>Shreeve</i>, Shreeve; <i>s</i> for sun, son. Son of +Shreeve. Shrieves, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Shrigley.</i> <i>Scric</i>, a thrush, a throstle; <i>ley</i>, a song. Thrush +song.</p> + +<p><i>Shriner.</i> <i>Scrin</i>, a shrine, casket, chest; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +maker of shrines, caskets.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shriver.</i> <i>Scrifan</i>, to shrive, to receive confession; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One who receives confessions; a shriver.</p> + +<p><i>Shroder.</i> <i>Scrúd</i>, a garment, clothing, shroud; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A tailor; a shroud-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Shronk.</i> <i>Scruncen</i>, shrunk, withered.</p> + +<p><i>Schropshire.</i> <i>Scrob</i>, a shrub; <i>scír</i>, a shire, county, district. +A shrub-shire; a shrubby district.</p> + +<p><i>Shubert.</i> <i>Scúa</i>, a shade, a shadow; <i>beorht</i>, bright, lucid, +clear. A lucid shadow.</p> + +<p><i>Shuck.</i> <i>Scucca</i>, Satan, the devil.</p> + +<p><i>Shuff.</i> <i>Scúfan</i>, to shove, to thrust, to cast down; <i>sceáf</i>, +cast down, removed; <i>sceaf</i>, that which is cast down, as a +sheaf.</p> + +<p><i>Shugard.</i> <i>Scúa</i>, a shade; <i>geard</i>, a hedge, enclosure, garden. +A shaded garden. Shugardt, Shugart, of like parentage.</p> + +<p><i>Shuler.</i> <i>Scúl</i>, a scowl; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who scowls.</p> + +<p><i>Shull.</i> <i>Scúl</i>, a scowl, a frown.</p> + +<p><i>Shumaker.</i> <i>Sceó</i>, a shoe; <i>macian</i>, to make; <i>ere</i>, one who. +A shoemaker.</p> + +<p><i>Shuman.</i> <i>Sceó</i>, a shoe; <i>mann</i>, a man. A shoe-man; a +dealer in shoes.</p> + +<p><i>Shumate.</i> <i>Sceó</i>, a shoe; Dutch <i>maat</i>, a husband, a wife, +a companion. A shoe-companion.</p> + +<p><i>Shumway.</i> <i>Sceome</i>, of shame, genitive of <i>sceamu</i>; <i>wæg</i>, +way. The way of shame.</p> + +<p><i>Shupard.</i> <i>Scóp</i>, a poet, minstrel; <i>ard</i>, a badge of office. +A minstrel’s staff. Shuperd, slightly altered form of the +word.</p> + +<p><i>Shupe.</i> <i>Scóp</i>, a poet, a minstrel. Shupp, an analogous +name.</p> + +<p><i>Shur.</i> <i>Scúr</i>, a shower of rain, a storm, tempest, a shower +of arrows, battle, fight. Shurr, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Shute.</i> <i>Scute</i>, given, expended, transferred, rushed, shot. +Shutt, of kindred meaning.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p> + +<p><i>Shuttleworth.</i> <i>Scuttel</i>, a scuttle, platter, charger, moment; +<i>weordh</i>, worth, price, value. A moment’s value.</p> + +<p><i>Shutts.</i> <i>Shutt</i>, Shutt; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Shutt. +Shutz, similarly derived.</p> + +<p><i>Shyer.</i> <i>Scyan</i>, to suggest, excite, prompt, persuade; <i>ere</i>, +an agent. A prompter; a pleader.</p> + +<p><i>Sibbet.</i> <i>Sibbian</i>, to pacify, to compose; past participle +<i>sibbod</i>, pacified, composed. Sibbitt, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Sibbits.</i> <i>Sibbit</i>, Sibbit; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sibbit.</p> + +<p><i>Sibel.</i> <i>Sib</i>, peace, adoption, companionship; <i>el</i>, indicative +of personality. A companionable person. Sibole of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Siber.</i> <i>Sib</i>, peace, agreement, alliance; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An +ally; an abettor.</p> + +<p><i>Sibert.</i> <i>Síb</i>, peace; <i>beorht</i>, famous, illustrious. A famous +peace.</p> + +<p><i>Sibley.</i> <i>Sib</i>, concord, agreement; <i>ley</i>, a song. A melody.</p> + +<p><i>Sibson.</i> <i>Sib</i>, peace, adoption; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of adoption. +Sibbs, an abbreviated form of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Sick.</i> <i>Síc</i>, sick.</p> + +<p><i>Sickel.</i> <i>Sicel</i>, pronounced <i>sickel</i>, a sickle. Sickle, Sickel, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Sickels.</i> <i>Sickel</i>, Sickel; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sickel. +Sickles, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Sicker.</i> <i>Síc</i>, sick; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A sick person.</p> + +<p><i>Sickler.</i> <i>Sicel</i>, a sickle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +sickle.</p> + +<p><i>Siddall.</i> <i>Síd</i>, ample, spacious, broad, vast; <i>dál</i>, a valley. +A broad valley. Siddell, Sidel, Sidle, alike in derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Siddon.</i> <i>Síd</i>, spacious, vast; <i>dún</i>, a mountain, a hill. A +spacious hill.</p> + +<p><i>Siddins.</i> <i>Siddin</i>, Siddon; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Siddon.</p> + +<p><i>Side.</i> <i>Síd</i>, ample, broad, various, diverse. Or, from <i>síde</i>, +silk.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sidebotham.</i> <i>Síd</i>, ample, full, vast; <i>bót</i>, atonement, indemnity, +redress, cure; <i>hám</i>, house, dwelling. The home of full +atonement.</p> + +<p><i>Sidebottom.</i> <i>Síd</i>, broad; <i>botm</i>, bottom. Broad bottom.</p> + +<p><i>Sidenburg.</i> <i>Síden</i>, silken, made of silk; <i>burg</i>, a fort, a +castle, a house. A house made of silk.</p> + +<p><i>Sides.</i> <i>Side</i>, Side; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Side.</p> + +<p><i>Sidleman.</i> <i>Sidle</i>, Sidle; <i>man</i>, a servant. Sidle’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Sidley.</i> <i>Sidle</i>, Sidle; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling Sidle.</p> + +<p><i>Sidney.</i> <i>Síden</i>, silken, made of silk.</p> + +<p><i>Siebel.</i> <i>Sie</i>, victory, triumph, crown; <i>bel</i>, a bell. A peal +of triumph.</p> + +<p><i>Siebeling.</i> <i>Siebel</i>, Siebel; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of +Siebel.</p> + +<p><i>Sieber.</i> <i>Sie</i>, a crown; <i>bere</i>, barley. A crown of barley.</p> + +<p><i>Siebert.</i> <i>Sie-beorht</i>, triumphantly, or gloriously bright.</p> + +<p><i>Siebott.</i> <i>Sie</i>, victory; <i>bót</i>, atonement. A victorious atonement.</p> + +<p><i>Siebrecht.</i> <i>Sie</i>, crown; <i>brecht</i>, conquered. Crown conquered.</p> + +<p><i>Siebrist.</i> <i>Sie</i>, victory; <i>brist</i>, bearest. Victory bearest.</p> + +<p><i>Siedenback.</i> <i>Síden</i>, silken; <i>bæc</i>, back. A silken back.</p> + +<p><i>Siedler.</i> <i>Síde</i>, silk; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Silk-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Siefert.</i> <i>Sie</i>, triumph; <i>fert</i>, spirit. A spirit of triumph.</p> + +<p><i>Siefken.</i> <i>Sielf-cyn</i>, from <i>sielf</i>, a salve, and <i>cyn</i>, kind. A +kind of herb salve.</p> + +<p><i>Siegel.</i> <i>Sigel</i>, the sun, a jewel. Siegle, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Siegler.</i> <i>Sigel</i>, a jewel; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A jeweller.</p> + +<p><i>Siegman.</i> <i>Sige</i>, victory; <i>man</i>, a man. A victorious man. +Siegmann, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sieler.</i> <i>Sie</i>, the sea; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Sea-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Siemers.</i> <i>Sie</i>, the sea; <i>merse</i>, a marsh, a fen. A sea-marsh.</p> + +<p><i>Siemon.</i> <i>Sie</i>, the sea; <i>mon</i>, a man. A seafaring man.</p> + +<p><i>Sier.</i> <i>Sieran</i>, to lie in wait for, to plot, to conspire.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sifer.</i> <i>Sie</i>, the sea; <i>fer</i>, a journey. A sea journey.</p> + +<p><i>Sigmund.</i> <i>Sige</i>, victory; <i>mund</i>, a hand. A victorious +hand.</p> + +<p><i>Silbert.</i> <i>Sigel-beorht</i>, from <i>sigel</i> or <i>sigl</i>, the sun, and +beorht, bright. Sun-bright.</p> + +<p><i>Sill.</i> <i>Sigl</i>, a necklace.</p> + +<p><i>Sillady.</i> <i>Sill</i>, Sill; <i>hlǽfdie</i>, a mistress. Sill’s mistress.</p> + +<p><i>Siller.</i> <i>Sigl</i>, a necklace, a brooch, an ornament; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A jeweller.</p> + +<p><i>Silliman.</i> <i>Sill</i>, Sill; <i>man</i>, a servant. Sill’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Sills.</i> <i>Sill</i>, Sill; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sill.</p> + +<p><i>Silpath.</i> <i>Sigl</i>, the sun; <i>pæth</i>, a path. The sun-path; +sunny path.</p> + +<p><i>Sillsby.</i> <i>Sills</i>, Sill’s; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. Sill’s home.</p> + +<p><i>Silver.</i> <i>Silfer</i>, silver.</p> + +<p><i>Silverberg.</i> <i>Silfer</i>, silver; <i>beorg</i>, a hill, a mountain. A +mountain of silver.</p> + +<p><i>Silvers.</i> <i>Silver</i>, Silver; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Silver.</p> + +<p><i>Silverstine.</i> <i>Silferes</i>, genitive of <i>silfer</i>, silver; <i>tine</i>, a tine, +a tooth of a harrow. A silver tine.</p> + +<p><i>Silverthorn.</i> <i>Silfer</i>, silver; <i>thorn</i>, a thorn. A silver-thorn. +Silverthorne, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Simard.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a judge; <i>ard</i>, an ensign of office. A +judge.</p> + +<p><i>Sime.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a bond, a reconciler, a judge. Syme, a kindred +term.</p> + +<p><i>Simes.</i> <i>Sime</i>, Sime; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sime. Simms, +Sims, Symes, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Simington.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a reconciler; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action; +<i>tún</i>, house. Home of reconciliation. Simmington, Symington, +alike in derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Simkin.</i> <i>Sim</i>, Sime; <i>cyn</i>, kin, relation. Sime’s relation. +Simpkin, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Simkins.</i> <i>Simkin</i>, Simkin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Simkin. +Simpkins, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p> + +<p><i>Simkis.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a judge; <i>cys</i>, pure. An upright judge.</p> + +<p><i>Simler.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a judge; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Judicial knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Simmer.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a bond; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A notary.</p> + +<p><i>Simmers.</i> <i>Simmer</i>, Simmer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Simmer.</p> + +<p><i>Simmon.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a bond; <i>mon</i>, a man. A bondman.</p> + +<p><i>Simmond.</i> <i>Sima</i>, a bond; <i>mund</i>, a protection. A bond-protection.</p> + +<p><i>Simmonds.</i> <i>Simmond</i>, Simmond; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Simmond. Simonds, Symonds, kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Simmons.</i> <i>Simmōn</i>, Simmon; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Simmon. Simmins, Symons, doubtless, of like parentage.</p> + +<p><i>Simpson.</i> <i>Simp</i>, Sime; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sime. Simson, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sindall.</i> <i>Sin</i>, sin; <i>dál</i>, a valley. Valley of sin.</p> + +<p><i>Sine.</i> <i>Sín</i>, sight, vision, appearance.</p> + +<p><i>Siner.</i> <i>Sín</i>, a vision; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who sees visions; +a dreamer.</p> + +<p><i>Sines.</i> <i>Sine</i>, Sine; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sine.</p> + +<p><i>Singer.</i> <i>Singan</i>, to sing, to play upon an instrument, to +say, to pronounce; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A singer; a musician; a +soothsayer.</p> + +<p><i>Singerly.</i> <i>Singer</i>, Singer; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling Singer.</p> + +<p><i>Singler.</i> <i>Singan</i>, to sing, to play upon an instrument; +<i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Music-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Singley.</i> <i>Sing</i>, Sing; <i>ley</i>, from <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling +Sing.</p> + +<p><i>Sings.</i> <i>Sing</i>, Sing; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sing.</p> + +<p><i>Sink.</i> <i>Sinc</i>, collection, heap, gain, treasure, riches, silver.</p> + +<p><i>Sinn.</i> <i>Sin</i>, or <i>synne</i>, sin.</p> + +<p><i>Sinnamon.</i> <i>Sina</i>, genitive of <i>sina</i>, sinews; <i>mon</i>, a man. A +man of sinews; an athlete. Synnamon, Synamon, of similar +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sinning.</i> <i>Sinn</i>, Sinn; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Son of Sinn.</p> + +<p><i>Sinns.</i> <i>Sinn</i>, Sinn; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sinn.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sithen.</i> <i>Sidhan</i>, times, courses.</p> + +<p><i>Sithens.</i> <i>Sithen</i>, Sithen; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sithen.</p> + +<p><i>Six.</i> <i>Six</i>, six.</p> + +<p><i>Sixsmith</i>, <i>Six</i>, Six; <i>smidh</i>, an artificer, a smith, a workman. +Six’s workman.</p> + +<p><i>Sixte.</i> <i>Sixte</i>, sixth.</p> + +<p><i>Skean.</i> <i>Sceán</i>, shone. Skeehan, Skeen, from the same +radix.</p> + +<p><i>Skeffington.</i> <i>Sceafa</i>, a shaving instrument; <i>ing</i>, expressive +of action; <i>tún</i>, a house. A place where shaving is done.</p> + +<p><i>Skelly.</i> <i>Scell-ig</i>, from <i>scell</i>, a shell, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective +termination. Shelly.</p> + +<p><i>Skerl.</i> <i>Scer</i>, a ploughshare; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A +plowman.</p> + +<p><i>Skerratt.</i> <i>Scer-geát</i>, from <i>scer</i>, a ploughshare; <i>geát</i>, an +opening, a gap. A gap made by a ploughshare; a furrow.</p> + +<p><i>Skinner.</i> <i>Scin</i>, the skin; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who removes +the skin; a skinner.</p> + +<p><i>Skipton.</i> <i>Scip</i>, a ship; <i>tún</i>, a town. A ship-town.</p> + +<p><i>Slack.</i> <i>Sleac</i>, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy.</p> + +<p><i>Slade.</i> <i>Slǽd</i>, a slade, plain, open tract of country.</p> + +<p><i>Slagle.</i> <i>Slæge</i>, slaying, slaughter; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. +A slayer; a murderer.</p> + +<p><i>Slater.</i> <i>Slát</i>, slit; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who slits, or cuts.</p> + +<p><i>Slauch.</i> <i>Slǽc</i>, slack, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy.</p> + +<p><i>Slaugh.</i> <i>Slæge</i>, slaying, slaughter, striking, beating, dashing +together, a knock.</p> + +<p><i>Slaw.</i> <i>Sláw</i>, slow, idle, lazy.</p> + +<p><i>Slawson.</i> <i>Slaw</i>, Slaw; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Slaw.</p> + +<p><i>Slaymaker.</i> <i>Slæ</i>, a weaver’s reed, a slay; <i>mac-ere</i>, a maker. +A slay-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Slayman.</i> <i>Slæ</i>, a slay; <i>man</i>, a man. A man who uses +the slay; a weaver.</p> + +<p><i>Slayton.</i> <i>Slæ</i>, a slay; <i>tún</i>, a house, a habitation. A house +where weaving is done.</p> + +<p><i>Sleeper.</i> <i>Slǽp-ere.</i> A sleeper.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span></p> + +<p><i>Slick.</i> <i>Slicc</i>, a mallet, a hammer.</p> + +<p><i>Slider.</i> <i>Slidor</i>, a slider.</p> + +<p><i>Slifer.</i> <i>Slifer</i>, slippery.</p> + +<p><i>Sloan.</i> <i>Slán</i>, pronounced <i>slōn</i>, sloes. Also, from <i>slán</i>, to +strike, to fight, to slay, to throw. Sloane, from the same +roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sloanaker.</i> <i>Slán</i>, sloes; <i>æcer</i>, a field. A field of sloes. +Slonaker, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Sloat.</i> <i>Slát</i>, pronounced <i>slōte</i>, torn, bitten, broken through. +Slote, of the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Slocomb.</i> <i>Slá</i>, pronounced <i>slō</i>, a sloe; <i>comb</i>, a valley. A +sloe-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Slocum.</i> <i>Slá</i>, a sloe; <i>cumb</i>, or <i>coom</i>, a valley. A sloe-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Sloman.</i> <i>Slá</i>, a sloe; <i>man</i>, a man. A collector of sloes.</p> + +<p><i>Slough.</i> <i>Slog</i>, a slough, a hollow place.</p> + +<p><i>Slow.</i> <i>Sláw</i>, slow, idle, lazy.</p> + +<p><i>Slowe.</i> <i>Sláwe</i>, slow, idle. Slowey, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Slowman.</i> <i>Sláw</i>, slow, lazy; <i>man</i>, a man. A slow man; +a lazy man.</p> + +<p><i>Slugg.</i> <i>Slóg</i>, slew, killed.</p> + +<p><i>Smack.</i> <i>Smæc</i>, smack, taste, savor.</p> + +<p><i>Small.</i> <i>Smæl</i>, small, slender, thin, narrow.</p> + +<p><i>Smalley.</i> <i>Smale</i>, a slender person.</p> + +<p><i>Smallman.</i> <i>Smæl</i>, small; <i>man</i>, a man. A small man.</p> + +<p><i>Smallwood.</i> <i>Smæl</i>, thin; <i>wud</i>, a forest. A thin forest.</p> + +<p><i>Smeal.</i> <i>Smea</i>, little, fine, subtle; <i>l</i> for <i>el</i>, indicative of a +person. A subtle person.</p> + +<p><i>Smeaton.</i> <i>Smeat</i>, beaten; <i>tún</i>, a city. A beaten city. +Smeeten, of kindred significance.</p> + +<p><i>Smedley.</i> <i>Smédh-líc</i>, smoothly.</p> + +<p><i>Smick.</i> <i>Smíc</i>, smoke, vapor.</p> + +<p><i>Smiley.</i> <i>Smilte</i>, serene, placid, fair, smooth, calm.</p> + +<p><i>Smith.</i> <i>Smidh</i>, any one who strikes with a hammer, an +artificer, a carpenter, a smith, a workman. Smyth, from the +same radix.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p> + +<p><i>Smithman.</i> <i>Smidh-the</i>, a smithy, a workshop; <i>man</i>, a +man. The man of the workshop.</p> + +<p><i>Smithing.</i> <i>Smith</i>, Smith; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant +of Smith.</p> + +<p><i>Smithson.</i> <i>Smith</i>, Smith; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Smith.</p> + +<p><i>Smock.</i> <i>Smoc</i>, a smock, a farm-laborer’s blouse.</p> + +<p><i>Smocker.</i> <i>Smoc</i>, a smock; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who wears +a smock.</p> + +<p><i>Smythe.</i> <i>Smidh-the</i>, a smithy, a workshop.</p> + +<p><i>Snader.</i> <i>Snæd</i>, a shaft, a pole, the handle of a scythe; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a snead, or sneed. Sneeder, +a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Snare.</i> <i>Sneáre</i>, a snare, a loop, a noose.</p> + +<p><i>Sneade.</i> <i>Snæd</i>, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. +Sneed, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sneath.</i> <i>Snæd</i>, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe.</p> + +<p><i>Sneden.</i> <i>Snǽd-en</i>, to cut, to cut off, to amputate. Snethen, +from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Snediker.</i> <i>Snǽd</i>, cut, shorn; <i>æcer</i>, a field. A mown +field.</p> + +<p><i>Sneer.</i> <i>Snear</i>, active, quick, nimble.</p> + +<p><i>Snelbaker.</i> <i>Snel-bæc-ere</i>, from <i>snel</i>, active, cheerful; <i>bæcere</i>, +a baker. An active, cheerful baker. Snellbaker, from +the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Snell.</i> <i>Snel</i>, or <i>snell</i>, quick, active, cheerful, bold, brave.</p> + +<p><i>Snelling.</i> <i>Snell</i>, Snell; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of +Snell.</p> + +<p><i>Sneyd.</i> <i>Snid</i>, I cut, I amputate, I slay.</p> + +<p><i>Snider.</i> <i>Snid-ere</i>, a cutter, hewer, pruner. Snyder, from +the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Snodgrass.</i> <i>Snod</i>, a fillet, a cap, a hood; <i>græs</i>, grass. A +straw fillet; a straw cap.</p> + +<p><i>Snow.</i> <i>Snáw</i>, snow.</p> + +<p><i>Snowdon.</i> <i>Snáw-dan</i>, to snow.</p> + +<p><i>Snowdon.</i> <i>Snáw-dún</i>, from <i>snáw</i>, snow; <i>dún</i>, a mountain, +a hill. A snow mountain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p> + +<p><i>Soden.</i> <i>Soden</i>, perfect participle of <i>seódham</i>, to boil, to +agitate, to cook. Boiled; agitated; cooked.</p> + +<p><i>Soder.</i> <i>Seod</i>, a little sack, a bag, scrip; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +sack-maker. Soeder, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Soding.</i> <i>Seod</i>, a bag, a sack; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action. +Sack-making.</p> + +<p><i>Sodman.</i> <i>Seod</i>, a bag, a sack; <i>man</i>, a man. A sack-maker; +a bag-dealer.</p> + +<p><i>Soeffing.</i> <i>Seofung</i>, sighing, sobbing, lamentation.</p> + +<p><i>Somer.</i> <i>Sumer</i>, summer. Sommer, Summer, from the +same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Somers.</i> <i>Somer</i>, Somer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Somer. +Sommers, Summers, equivalents.</p> + +<p><i>Somerset.</i> <i>Somer-setl</i>, from <i>sumer</i>, summer, and <i>setl</i>, a seat. +A summer seat. Sommerset, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Sorg.</i> <i>Sorg</i>, sorrow, care, anxiety.</p> + +<p><i>Sorig.</i> <i>Sorhg</i>, sorrow.</p> + +<p><i>Souder.</i> <i>Sódh</i>, truth; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who speaks the +truth.</p> + +<p><i>Souders.</i> <i>Souder</i>, Souder; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Souder.</p> + +<p><i>South.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south.</p> + +<p><i>Southcott.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>cóte</i>, a cottage. A south-cottage.</p> + +<p><i>Southern.</i> <i>Súdh-erna</i>, southern.</p> + +<p><i>Southwark.</i> <i>Súdh-geweorc</i>, from <i>súdh</i>, south, and <i>geweorc</i>, +a fortress, a work. A south-work; a south-fortress.</p> + +<p><i>Southwell.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>wel</i>, a well. A south-well.</p> + +<p><i>Southwick.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>wic</i>, a camp. A south-camp.</p> + +<p><i>Southwood.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>wud</i>, wood. A south-wood.</p> + +<p><i>Southworth.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>weordh</i>, worth, price, value. +South-worth; southern value.</p> + +<p><i>Sower.</i> <i>Sawere</i>, a sower.</p> + +<p><i>Sowerby.</i> <i>Sower</i>, Sower; <i>bý</i>, a dwelling, a habitation. +Sower’s dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Sowers.</i> <i>Sower</i>, Sower; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Sower.</p> + +<p><i>Sox.</i> <i>Socks</i>, from <i>socces</i>, genitive of <i>socc</i>, a sock, a woolen +wrapper for the feet. Belonging to a sock.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p> + +<p><i>Spackman.</i> <i>Spǽc</i>, speech; <i>man</i>, a man. A speaker; an +orator.</p> + +<p><i>Spader.</i> <i>Spád</i>, a spade; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +spade; a digger.</p> + +<p><i>Spadone.</i> <i>Spǽdan</i>, to speed, to prosper, to succeed.</p> + +<p><i>Spaeter.</i> <i>Spǽtan</i>, to spit; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A spitter. Spaetter, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Spahn.</i> <i>Span</i>, a span.</p> + +<p><i>Spang.</i> <i>Spange</i>, a little lock, a clasp.</p> + +<p><i>Spangler.</i> <i>Spange</i>, a lock, a clasp; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Lock-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Spannagel.</i> <i>Span</i>, a span; <i>nægel</i>, a nail. A span-nail.</p> + +<p><i>Spare.</i> <i>Spær</i>, spare, frugal, moderate, small. Spare, from +the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sparhawk.</i> <i>Spear-hafoc</i>, from <i>spear</i>, a spear, lance, dart, +and <i>hafoc</i>, a hawk. A sparrow-hawk.</p> + +<p><i>Sparmaker.</i> <i>Speare</i>, a spear; <i>mac-ere</i>, a maker. A spear-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Sparman.</i> <i>Speare</i>, a spear; <i>man</i>, a man. A Spearman. +Spearman, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Sparrow.</i> <i>Spearwa</i>, a sparrow.</p> + +<p><i>Spearshott.</i> <i>Speare</i>, a spear; <i>scot</i>, a shot. A spear-shot.</p> + +<p><i>Speakman.</i> <i>Speac</i>, speak; <i>man</i>, a man. A speaker.</p> + +<p><i>Spealler.</i> <i>Spell</i>, history, story, speech, opinion, language; +<i>ere</i>, an agent, An historian; a lawyer; a linguist.</p> + +<p><i>Spear.</i> <i>Speare</i>, a spear. Speer, Speir, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Spearing.</i> <i>Spear</i>, Spear; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. A descendant +of Spear. Spering, a kindred word.</p> + +<p><i>Spears.</i> <i>Spear</i>, Spear; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Spear.</p> + +<p><i>Speck.</i> <i>Specca</i>, a blot, a blemish, a spot.</p> + +<p><i>Specketer.</i> <i>Specca</i>, a blot; <i>etere</i>, an eater, a consumer. A +blot-consumer; a blotter.</p> + +<p><i>Spedden.</i> <i>Spéd-an</i>, to speed, to prosper, to succeed.</p> + +<p><i>Speece.</i> <i>Spǽc</i>, speech.</p> + +<p><i>Speel.</i> <i>Spel</i>, a history, a narrative, a story.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span></p> + +<p><i>Speers.</i> <i>Speer</i>, Speer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Speer.</p> + +<p><i>Spellman.</i> <i>Spell</i>, history, narration; <i>man</i>, a man. A narrator.</p> + +<p><i>Spicer.</i> <i>Spic</i>, bacon; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A hog-butcher. +Spicker, an analogous term.</p> + +<p><i>Spillard.</i> <i>Spill-an</i>, to spill, to destroy, to kill; <i>ard</i>, an ensign +of office. A destroyer; an executioner.</p> + +<p><i>Spiller.</i> <i>Spill-an</i>, to spill, to destroy; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +destroyer.</p> + +<p><i>Spillin.</i> <i>Spill-ing</i>, a wasting, a consuming, spoiling, +destruction.</p> + +<p><i>Spillinger.</i> <i>Spill-ing</i>, consuming, spoiling; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A consumer; a spoiler.</p> + +<p><i>Spillman.</i> <i>Spill-an</i>, to spill, to kill; <i>man</i>, a man. An +executioner; a hangman; a murderer.</p> + +<p><i>Spindler.</i> <i>Spindel</i>, a spindel, a needle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who uses a spindle.</p> + +<p><i>Spooner.</i> <i>Spoon</i>, chips, tinder, touchwood; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A fireman.</p> + +<p><i>Spor.</i> <i>Spor</i>, a heel, a spur.</p> + +<p><i>Sporer.</i> <i>Spor</i>, a spur; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +spur; a rider.</p> + +<p><i>Sporl.</i> <i>Spor</i>, a spur; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A rider.</p> + +<p><i>Sprang.</i> <i>Sprang</i>, sprang, leaped.</p> + +<p><i>Spranger.</i> <i>Sprang</i>, sprang; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A springer; +a leaper.</p> + +<p><i>Springer.</i> <i>Spring</i>, a spring, a leap; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +leaper.</p> + +<p><i>Springfield.</i> <i>Spring</i>, a spring, a fountain; <i>feld</i>, a field, a +plain. A springy field.</p> + +<p><i>Springman.</i> <i>Spring</i>, a spring, a leap; <i>man</i>, a man. A +leaper.</p> + +<p><i>Springs.</i> <i>Spring</i>, Spring; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Spring.</p> + +<p><i>Springstead.</i> <i>Spring</i>, a spring, a fountain; <i>stede</i>, a place, +a station. A spring-place.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p> + +<p><i>Springthorpe.</i> <i>Spring</i>, a spring, a fountain; <i>thorpe</i>, a village. +A spring-village.</p> + +<p><i>Spurr.</i> <i>Spura</i>, a spur.</p> + +<p><i>Stack.</i> <i>Stáca</i>, a stake, a pile.</p> + +<p><i>Stackel.</i> <i>Stáca</i>, a stake, a pile; <i>el</i>, indicative of personality. +One tied, or burnt at a stake.</p> + +<p><i>Stacker.</i> <i>Stáca</i>, a stake; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who constructs +a fence or a palisade. Staker, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Stackhouse.</i> <i>Stáca</i>, a stake; <i>hús</i>, a house, a building. A +building with a palisade; a fortress.</p> + +<p><i>Stacpoole.</i> <i>Stáca</i>, a stake; <i>púl</i>, a pool, a lake. A staked +lake.</p> + +<p><i>Staff.</i> <i>Stæf</i>, a staff, stick, support, a letter, writing. Staffe, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Staffner.</i> <i>Stæf</i>, a staff; <i>nere</i>, refuge, preservation. Staff-preservation.</p> + +<p><i>Stafford.</i> <i>Stæf-ford</i>, from <i>stæf</i>, a stick, a pole; <i>ford</i>, a ford. +A staff used in wading through a stream.</p> + +<p><i>Stager.</i> <i>Stǽger</i>, a stair, step, degree.</p> + +<p><i>Stagers.</i> <i>Stager</i>, Stager; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stager.</p> + +<p><i>Stagg.</i> <i>Stæg</i>, a rope in the fore-part of a ship.</p> + +<p><i>Stagger.</i> <i>Stæg</i>, a rope in the fore-part of a ship; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One who has charge of the rope in the fore-part of a +ship.</p> + +<p><i>Staggers.</i> <i>Stagger</i>, Stagger; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Stagger.</p> + +<p><i>Stainrook.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a rock; <i>róc</i>, a rook. A rock-rook; a +rook that dwells upon rocks.</p> + +<p><i>Stains.</i> <i>Stán-es</i>, genitive of <i>Stán</i>, a stone. From Staines, +Middlesex, on the banks of the Thames, England, from a +boundary stone placed here to denote the extent of the jurisdiction +claimed by the city of London on the river Thames.</p> + +<p><i>Stainsby.</i> <i>Stains</i>, Stains; <i>bý</i>, a dwelling. Stains’ habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Stakes.</i> <i>Stake</i>, Stack; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stack.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p> + +<p><i>Staley.</i> <i>Stæl</i>, a stall, a room; <i>ig</i>, expression of an adjective. +Roomy.</p> + +<p><i>Stall.</i> <i>Stæl</i>, a stall, place, seat, room.</p> + +<p><i>Stallman.</i> <i>Stæl</i>, a stall; <i>man</i>, a man. One who keeps a +stall.</p> + +<p><i>Stamford.</i> <i>Stæng</i>, a stake, a pole; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A pole-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Stanbridge.</i> <i>Stán-breig</i>, from <i>stán</i>, a stone, and <i>bricg</i>, a +bridge. A stone-bridge; a paved way.</p> + +<p><i>Stancliff.</i> <i>Stán-cleof</i>, from <i>stán</i>, a stone, and <i>cleof</i>, a cliff. +A stone-cliff; a rock.</p> + +<p><i>Standbridge.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a stand, a station; <i>bricg</i>, a bridge. +A toll-bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Standen.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a stand; <i>en</i>, significant of a participle. +Stood.</p> + +<p><i>Standfield.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a station; <i>feld</i>, a field. A station-field.</p> + +<p><i>Standing.</i> <i>Standan</i>, to stand, to continue; <i>ing</i>, expressing +action. Standing; continuing.</p> + +<p><i>Standish.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a stand; <i>isc</i>, a termination of an adjective +used substantively. A stand.</p> + +<p><i>Standley.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a stand; <i>ley</i> for <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a +stand.</p> + +<p><i>Standring.</i> <i>Stand</i>, a station; <i>hring</i>, a ring. A station-ring. +Standering, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Stanfield.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>feld</i>, a plain. A stone-plain.</p> + +<p><i>Stanford.</i> <i>Stán-ford</i>, from <i>stán</i>, a stone, and <i>ford</i>, a ford. +A stone-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Stang.</i> <i>Stæng</i>, a bar of wood, a pole, a lever, a club. In +Derbyshire, England, the word was used to denote a large +pole employed in removing new-made hay.</p> + +<p><i>Stanger.</i> <i>Stæng</i>, a pole, a lever; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +uses a lever.</p> + +<p id="Stanley"><i>Stanley.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling stone.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stansberry.</i> <i>Stánes</i>, genitive of <i>stán</i>, a stone; <i>berige</i>, a +berry. The berry of a stone; a stone-fruit. Stansbery, from +the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Stansbury.</i> <i>Stánes</i>, genitive of <i>stán</i>, a stone; <i>byríg</i>, a city. +A city of stone; a stone-city.</p> + +<p><i>Stansfield.</i> <i>Stánes</i>, of stones; <i>feld</i>, a field. A field of +stone; a stone-field.</p> + +<p><i>Stanton.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>tán</i>, a town. A stone-town. +Stant, possibly, a contraction of the name. Staunton, from +the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Stanwood.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>wud</i>, a wood. A stone-wood.</p> + +<p><i>Stanz.</i> <i>Stants</i>, from <i>Stant</i>, Stant, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Stant.</p> + +<p><i>Stapleford.</i> <i>Stapel</i>, a step, a prop, a trestle; <i>ford</i>, a ford. +A trestle-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Stapler.</i> <i>Stapel</i>, support; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A supporter.</p> + +<p><i>Staples.</i> <i>Stapeles</i>, genitive of <i>stapel</i>, a trestle. Belonging +to a trestle.</p> + +<p><i>Stapleton.</i> <i>Stapel</i>, a step, an elevated place; <i>tún</i>, a mansion. +A mansion reached by steps.</p> + +<p><i>Stark.</i> <i>Stearc</i>, stark, strong, severe, hard, austere, sharp.</p> + +<p><i>Starkweather.</i> <i>Stearc</i>, severe; <i>wedher</i>, weather. Severe +weather.</p> + +<p><i>Starling.</i> <i>Stærn</i>, a starling; <i>ling</i>, a termination indicative +of image, example.</p> + +<p><i>Starn.</i> <i>Stærn</i>, a starling. Starne, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Starr.</i> <i>Steorra</i>, a star.</p> + +<p><i>Starrs.</i> <i>Starr</i>, Starr; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Starr.</p> + +<p><i>Staub.</i> <i>Staub</i>, a worthless vessel, one unable to stand.</p> + +<p><i>Staubes.</i> <i>Staubes</i>, genitive of <i>staub</i>, a useless vessel. Belonging +to a worthless vessel.</p> + +<p><i>Stead.</i> <i>Stæde</i>, a place, station, stead.</p> + +<p><i>Steadham.</i> <i>Stede</i>, steady, stable, firm; <i>hám</i>, a house. A +firm house.</p> + +<p><i>Steadman.</i> <i>Stede</i>, steady, stable; <i>man</i>, a man. A steady +man. Stedman, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stearn.</i> <i>Stearn</i>, the stern. Stearne, Sterne, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Stearns.</i> <i>Stearn</i>, Stearn; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stearn.</p> + +<p><i>Stebbing.</i> <i>Steb</i>, a boll, a trunk; <i>ing</i>, originating from. +Offspring of a trunk; a shoot; a branch.</p> + +<p><i>Stebbins.</i> <i>Stebbing</i>, Stebbing; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Stebbing.</p> + +<p><i>Steed.</i> <i>Stéda</i>, a steed, a stallion.</p> + +<p><i>Steel.</i> <i>Stýl</i>, steel. Steele, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Steeling.</i> <i>Steel</i>, Steel; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Son of Steel.</p> + +<p><i>Steelman.</i> <i>Stýl</i> steel; <i>man</i>, a man. A steel-man; a +dealer in steel.</p> + +<p><i>Steelwagon.</i> <i>Stýl</i>, steel; <i>wǽgen</i>, a wagon, a car. A steel-wagon; +a car for the conveyance of steel.</p> + +<p><i>Steen.</i> <i>Sténe</i>, a stone.</p> + +<p><i>Steenburg.</i> <i>Sténe</i>, a stone; <i>beorg</i>, a mountain, a hill. A +stone-hill.</p> + +<p><i>Steenson.</i> <i>Steen</i>, Steen; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Steen.</p> + +<p><i>Steere.</i> <i>Stýre</i>, a rule, direction, regulation, government. +Steer, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Steeringer.</i> <i>Steór-an</i>, to steer; <i>ing</i>, implying action; <i>ere</i>, +an agent. One who has charge of the steering; a pilot.</p> + +<p><i>Steers.</i> <i>Steer</i>, Steer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Steer.</p> + +<p><i>Steever.</i> <i>Stæf</i>, a staff, a stick; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +uses a staff; an old man.</p> + +<p><i>Steffen.</i> <i>Stefen</i>, a voice, message, sound, tone, concert, +agreement. Steffan, of like meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Steffe.</i> <i>Stef</i>, a staff.</p> + +<p><i>Steffens.</i> <i>Steffen</i>, Steffen; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Steffen.</p> + +<p><i>Steffler.</i> <i>Stef</i>, a staff; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Staff-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Steger.</i> <i>Stegher</i>, a step, a stair.</p> + +<p><i>Stell.</i> <i>Stell</i>, a place, seat, room. Stelle, doubtless, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Stellwagen.</i> <i>Stell</i>, a seat; <i>wǽgen</i>, a wagon, a car. A +carriage. Stelwagon, of kindred signification.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stem.</i> <i>Stemn</i>, a voice, a command, a set time. Steman, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Stemme.</i> <i>Stemne</i>, a voice, a command.</p> + +<p><i>Stemmler.</i> <i>Stemn</i>, a voice; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Voice-knowledge. +Stemler, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Stempel.</i> <i>Stemn</i>, a voice, a command; <i>el</i>, indicative of a +person. A leader; a commander.</p> + +<p><i>Steng.</i> <i>Stenge</i>, a bar, a pole, a lever.</p> + +<p><i>Stengel.</i> <i>Stenge</i>, a lever; <i>el</i>, implying a person. A person +that uses a lever. Stengle, a slightly varied form.</p> + +<p><i>Stenger.</i> <i>Stenge</i>, a bar, a pole; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +uses a steng.</p> + +<p><i>Stephen.</i> <i>Stefen</i>, a voice, message, sound, tone. Stephan, +from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Stephens.</i> <i>Stephen</i>, Stephen; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Stephen. Stevens, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Stephenson.</i> <i>Stephen</i>, Stephen; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stephen. +Stevenson, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Sterk.</i> <i>Sterc</i>, stark, rough, rigid.</p> + +<p><i>Sterling.</i> <i>Steóran</i>, to direct; <i>ling</i>, a termination denoting +the condition of a person. In a condition to direct. Stirling, +an equivalent word.</p> + +<p><i>Stern.</i> <i>Stern</i>, severe, hard, austere.</p> + +<p><i>Sterner.</i> <i>Stern</i>, severe; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A severe person.</p> + +<p><i>Sternfield.</i> <i>Stern</i>, rough, hard; <i>feld</i>, a field. A rough +field.</p> + +<p><i>Sterns.</i> <i>Stern</i>, Stern; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stern.</p> + +<p><i>Sterr.</i> <i>Ster</i>, history.</p> + +<p><i>Steward.</i> <i>Stiward</i>, from Icelandic <i>stia</i>, work, and Anglo-Saxon +<i>weard</i>, a guard. One who has the guard of work. +Anciently, <i>stede-weard</i>, from <i>stede</i>, place, station, stead, and +<i>weard</i>, a guard, guardianship, watch: that is, one who has +the guardianship of a place. Stewart, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Sticker.</i> <i>Stice</i>, a puncture, a stab; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +butcher.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stickle.</i> <i>Sticca</i>, a stick; <i>le</i> for <i>el</i>, indicative of a person, +or expressive of the action of a person. The word originated +from the practice of prize-fighters, who placed seconds with +staffs, or <i>sticks</i>, to interpose occasionally: hence, to interpose.</p> + +<p><i>Stickler.</i> <i>Stickle</i>, to stickle, to interpose; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One that interposes; a sidesman to fencers; a pertinacious +contender. Formerly, one who stood by to prevent the +shedding of blood in a contest between two persons: +so called, from the <i>sticks</i>, or staves, in his hands, with which +he interposed between the combatants.</p> + +<p><i>Stickley.</i> <i>Stickler</i>, a stickler; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a +stickler; stickler-like.</p> + +<p><i>Stickling.</i> <i>Stickle</i>, to stickle; <i>ing</i>, denoting an action. +The action of a stickler.</p> + +<p><i>Stickney.</i> <i>Stician</i>, to stick, to adhere; Irish <i>neać</i>, an +agent. One that sticks to another; an adherent.</p> + +<p><i>Stidfole.</i> <i>Stide</i>, firm, fast; <i>fole</i>, a foal, a colt. A fast foal.</p> + +<p><i>Stidham.</i> <i>Stide</i>, firm; <i>hám</i>, house. An established house.</p> + +<p><i>Stiff.</i> <i>Stif</i>, stiff, hard.</p> + +<p><i>Stiger.</i> <i>Stígan</i>, to ascend, to rise, to climb; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A climber.</p> + +<p><i>Stigale.</i> <i>Stigel</i>, a stile.</p> + +<p><i>Stileman.</i> <i>Stigel</i>, a stile; <i>man</i>, a man. A man who has +charge of a stile.</p> + +<p><i>Stiles.</i> <i>Stigale</i>, Stigale; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stigale.</p> + +<p><i>Still.</i> <i>Stille</i>, still, quiet, fixed, firm.</p> + +<p><i>Stilley.</i> <i>Still-íce</i>, stilly, quietly.</p> + +<p><i>Stilling.</i> <i>Still-ian</i>, to make still, to tranquilize; <i>ing</i>, implying +action. Tranquilizing.</p> + +<p><i>Stillings.</i> <i>Stilling</i>, Stilling; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stilling.</p> + +<p><i>Stillman.</i> <i>Stille</i>, quiet; <i>man</i>, a man. A quiet man.</p> + +<p><i>Stillwagon.</i> <i>Stille</i>, fixed; <i>wǽgen</i>, a wagon. A stationary +wagon.</p> + +<p><i>Stillwell.</i> <i>Stille</i>, quiet; <i>wel</i>, a well. A quiet well; an unused +well. Stelwell, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stilson.</i> <i>Stille</i>, quiet, fixed; <i>sun</i>, son. A quiet son; a +dead son.</p> + +<p><i>Sting.</i> <i>Stineg</i>, sting, prick, a biting, or stinging.</p> + +<p><i>Stinger.</i> <i>Stingan</i>, to sting, to prick, to stab; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +He who, or that which, stings, or pricks.</p> + +<p><i>Stock.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, a stock, stem, trunk, block, stick. <i>Stock</i>, +past participle of <i>stician</i>, to stick: hence <i>stock</i>, in its multifarious +meanings, implies fixedness.</p> + +<p><i>Stocker.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who has stock.</p> + +<p><i>Stockham.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock, stem; <i>hám</i>, a farm. A stock-farm; +a nursery of trees.</p> + +<p><i>Stockler.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock, stem; <i>lǽr</i>, learning, knowledge. +Stock-lore; tree-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Stockley.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock; <i>líc</i>, like. Stock-like; trunk-like; +thick; stubbed; stocky.</p> + +<p><i>Stockman.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock, stem; <i>man</i>, a man. A stock-man; +a keeper of stock; a nurseryman.</p> + +<p><i>Stocks.</i> <i>Stock</i>, Stock; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stock.</p> + +<p><i>Stockton.</i> <i>Stoc</i>, stock; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A stock-farm.</p> + +<p><i>Stockwell.</i> <i>Stock</i>, a stock, stem, trunk, stick; <i>well</i>, a well. +A well found in a wooded place.</p> + +<p><i>Stoddard.</i> <i>Stod</i>, a post, a stand, a pillar; <i>ard</i>, an ensign +of office. A post-sign. Stoddart, doubtless, from the same +roots.</p> + +<p><i>Stoffer.</i> <i>Stof</i>, a club; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +club; a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Stokely.</i> <i>Stock</i>, past participle of <i>stic-ian</i>, to stick, to push, +to poke, and, hence, to stir; a person who sticks, pushes, or +pokes is a <i>sticker</i>, or a stoker; <i>líc</i>, like. Stoker-like. Stokley, +a cognate form.</p> + +<p><i>Stoker.</i> <i>Sticker</i>, one who, or that which, <i>sticks</i>, pushes, or +stirs, as it were, a fire. In Ireland, such a person was a <i>stoca</i>, +a servant-boy.</p> + +<p><i>Stokes.</i> <i>Stoke</i>, Stoke; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stoke.</p> + +<p><i>Stone.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone.</p> + +<p><i>Stoneham.</i> <i>Stán</i>, stone; <i>hám</i>, house. A stone-house.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p> + +<p><i>Stonehill.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>hill</i>, or <i>hyl</i>, a hill. A stone-hill.</p> + +<p><i>Stoneman.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>man</i>, a man. A quarryman.</p> + +<p><i>Stoner.</i> <i>Stán</i>, a stone; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A stone-breaker.</p> + +<p><i>Stones.</i> <i>Stone</i>, Stone; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stone.</p> + +<p><i>Stony.</i> <i>Stǽn-ig</i>, or <i>stǽn-iht</i>, stony.</p> + +<p><i>Stoop.</i> <i>Stoppa</i>, a pot, a vessel, a cup.</p> + +<p><i>Stoops.</i> <i>Stoop</i>, Stoop; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stoop. +Stoopes, a kindred form.</p> + +<p><i>Storck.</i> <i>Storc</i>, a stork. Storch, Stork, from the same +radix.</p> + +<p><i>Storm.</i> <i>Storm</i>, or <i>steorm</i>, a storm, a tempest.</p> + +<p><i>Storms.</i> <i>Storm</i>, Storm; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Storm.</p> + +<p><i>Stott.</i> <i>Stotte</i>, a hack, jade, a worthless horse.</p> + +<p><i>Stotten.</i> <i>Stotte</i>, a jade; <i>en</i>, an adjective termination. +Jadish; vicious.</p> + +<p><i>Stotts.</i> <i>Stott</i>, Stott; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Stott. Stotz, +of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Stow.</i> <i>Stow</i>, a place, dwelling-place, habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Stowman.</i> <i>Stow</i>, a place; <i>man</i>, a man. The man of the +place; the proprietor.</p> + +<p><i>Strack.</i> <i>Strac</i>, straight, rigid, violent.</p> + +<p><i>Stracker.</i> <i>Strac</i>, rigid, violent; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A stern +man; a violent man.</p> + +<p><i>Strader.</i> <i>Strade</i>, imperfect of <i>stredan</i>, to spread; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One who spreads, or straddles. Or, from <i>stræde</i>, a +stride; <i>ere</i>, one who. One who strides.</p> + +<p><i>Stradinger.</i> <i>Strade</i>, spread; <i>ing</i>, implying action; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A straddling person.</p> + +<p><i>Stradling.</i> <i>Strade</i>, spread; <i>ling</i>, denoting state or condition +of a person. Act of one who straddles.</p> + +<p><i>Strand.</i> <i>Strand</i>, a strand, beach, shore.</p> + +<p><i>Strang.</i> <i>Strang</i>, strong, powerful, valiant, severe, rigid. +Strong, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Stratton.</i> <i>Stræte</i>, what is spread, a couch, a bed; <i>tún</i>, a +house. A bed-house; an inn.</p> + +<p><i>Straw.</i> <i>Streow</i>, or <i>strēaw</i>, straw, hay, a bed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span></p> + +<p><i>Strawbridge.</i> <i>Streaw</i>, a bed; <i>brycg</i>, a bridge. A bridge +that is flat like a bed.</p> + +<p><i>Street.</i> <i>Strǽt</i>, street, way, course, public road, mark.</p> + +<p><i>Streeter.</i> <i>Strǽt</i>, a way, a road; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A foot-traveler.</p> + +<p><i>Streeton.</i> <i>Strǽt</i>, a street; <i>tún</i>, a town. A city or town +of streets.</p> + +<p><i>Streets.</i> <i>Street</i>, Street; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Street.</p> + +<p><i>Strenger.</i> <i>Streng</i>, a string, sinew; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +sinewy man.</p> + +<p><i>Stricker.</i> <i>Strica</i>, a stroke; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who makes +a strike; a striker.</p> + +<p><i>Strickland.</i> <i>Astricen</i>, a participle from <i>astrican</i>, to smite; +<i>land</i>, a land, a region. A smitten region. Or, from <i>stric</i>, +plague, sedition, and <i>land</i>, land. A plague-land; a land of +sedition.</p> + +<p><i>String.</i> <i>String</i>, a string, sinew, chord, cord, rope, line, +race.</p> + +<p><i>Stringer.</i> <i>String</i>, a chord, the string of a musical instrument; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A musician.</p> + +<p><i>Stringfellow.</i> <i>String</i>, a string; <i>felaw</i>, a companion. A +string-companion; a band-fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Stringfield.</i> <i>String</i>, a line; <i>feld</i>, a field. A fenced field.</p> + +<p><i>Styer.</i> <i>Stýre</i>, ruling, direction, regulation, government, +discipline, punishment.</p> + +<p><i>Styers.</i> <i>Styer</i>, Styer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Styer.</p> + +<p><i>Styler.</i> <i>Stýl</i>, steel; <i>ere</i>, an agent. Steel-maker.</p> + +<p><i>Styles.</i> <i>Stýles</i>, genitive of <i>stýl</i>, steel. Belonging to steel.</p> + +<p><i>Styring.</i> <i>Styer</i>, Styer; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Son of Styer.</p> + +<p><i>Sugden</i>, <i>Súg</i>, a sow; <i>den</i>, a valley. Sow-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Sugg.</i> <i>Súg</i>, a sow.</p> + +<p><i>Sulger.</i> <i>Sulg</i>, a plough, a ploughshare; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who ploughs; a ploughman.</p> + +<p><i>Sullwin.</i> <i>Sul</i>, a plough; <i>wine</i>, a friend, a disciple. A +disciple of the plough; a farmer.</p> + +<p><i>Summ</i>, <i>Sum</i>, some, one, some one, any.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span></p> + +<p><i>Summerfield.</i> <i>Sumer</i>, or <i>somer</i>, summer; <i>feld</i>, a field. A +summer-field; a field of grass and flowers. Sommerfield, of +like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sumner.</i> <i>Sumer</i>, summer, by the insertion of an <i>n</i> between +<i>m</i> and <i>e</i>, becomes the name under consideration, and affords +a good illustration of one of the many attempts made to +disguise the origin of names.</p> + +<p><i>Sundberg.</i> <i>Sund</i>, floating; <i>beorg</i>, a mountain. A floating +mountain; an iceberg.</p> + +<p><i>Sunderland.</i> <i>Sunder</i>, sunder, separate, different; <i>land</i>, +land. A separate land; a land that has been sundered, from +<i>sundrían</i>, to sunder, or separated.</p> + +<p><i>Sutton.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>tún</i>, town. South-town.</p> + +<p><i>Suwald.</i> <i>Súdh</i>, south; <i>wald</i>, wood. South-wood.</p> + +<p><i>Swallow.</i> <i>Swalewe</i>, a swallow.</p> + +<p><i>Swan.</i> <i>Swan</i>, a swan. Swann, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Swank.</i> <i>Swânc</i>, imperfect of <i>swincan</i>, to toil, to labor. +Labored; toil-worn.</p> + +<p><i>Swanson.</i> <i>Swan</i>, Swan; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Swan.</p> + +<p><i>Swanton.</i> <i>Swan</i>, a swan; <i>tún</i>, town, a dwelling. A swan-dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Swarbrig.</i> <i>Swǽr</i>, heavy; <i>brig</i>, a bridge. A heavy bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Swartley.</i> <i>Swart</i>, black; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling black.</p> + +<p><i>Sweat.</i> <i>Swet</i>, sweat, blood, gore.</p> + +<p><i>Sweater.</i> <i>Swet</i>, sweat; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who sweats; +a laborer.</p> + +<p><i>Sweatman.</i> <i>Swet</i>, sweat; <i>man</i>, a man. A man that sweats; +a toiler.</p> + +<p><i>Sweet.</i> <i>Swét</i>, sweet, pleasant.</p> + +<p><i>Sweeten.</i> <i>Swéten</i>, from <i>swét-an</i>, to sweeten. Made sweet; +sweetened.</p> + +<p><i>Sweeting.</i> <i>Sweet</i>, Sweet; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant +of Sweet.</p> + +<p><i>Sweetland.</i> <i>Swét</i>, pleasant; <i>land</i>, a land. A pleasant +land.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sweetman.</i> <i>Swét</i>, pleasant; <i>man</i>, a man. An agreeable +man.</p> + +<p><i>Sweetwood.</i> <i>Swét</i>, pleasant; <i>wud</i>, a wood. A pleasant +wood.</p> + +<p><i>Swegan.</i> <i>Swég-an</i>, to sound, make a noise, to howl as the +wind.</p> + +<p><i>Sweigard.</i> <i>Sweig</i>, a noise; <i>ard</i>, an ensign of office. One +whose office is to make a noise, as evidenced by an ensign; +a town-crier. Sweigert, Swigert, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Sweiger.</i> <i>Sweig</i>, a noise; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A noisy fellow. +Or, from <i>sweig-an</i>, to make a noise, and <i>ere</i>, an agent.</p> + +<p><i>Swenck.</i> <i>Swenc</i>, temptation, condemnation.</p> + +<p><i>Swenson.</i> <i>Swein</i>, a swain, a herdsman, a servant; <i>sun</i>, +son. Son of a swain; son of a herdsman.</p> + +<p><i>Swift.</i> <i>Swift</i>, swift, nimble.</p> + +<p><i>Swigler.</i> <i>Swíga</i>, silence; <i>lǽr</i>, learning, knowledge, +doctrine. Silence-doctrine.</p> + +<p><i>Swiler.</i> <i>Swil-ian</i>, to swill, to wash; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who swills; a swiller; a drunkard.</p> + +<p><i>Swilkey.</i> <i>Swilce</i>, moreover, seeing, indeed, further.</p> + +<p><i>Swindell.</i> <i>Swin</i>, a song, a lay; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. A +song-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Swindells.</i> <i>Swindell</i>, Swindell; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Swindell.</p> + +<p><i>Swinden.</i> <i>Swin</i>, a song; <i>den</i>, a valley. A song-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Swineford.</i> <i>Swín</i>, swine, a pig; <i>ford</i>, a ford. Swine-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Swinehart.</i> <i>Swín</i>, swine; <i>heort</i>, a termination denoting +hearty, hearted, brave. Swine-hearted; brave as swine.</p> + +<p><i>Swing.</i> <i>Swing</i>, a whip, a blow, a stripe.</p> + +<p><i>Swink.</i> <i>Swinc</i>, labor, inconvenience, fatigue, trouble, +affliction, torment, temptation, banishment.</p> + +<p><i>Swinker.</i> <i>Swinc</i>, labor, torment; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A laborer; +a tormentor.</p> + +<p><i>Swinton.</i> <i>Swin</i>, a song; <i>tún</i>, a house. A song-house. +Swint, perhaps, a contraction.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span></p> + +<p><i>Swire.</i> <i>Swir</i>, a column, a pillar.</p> + +<p><i>Swope.</i> <i>Swope</i>, a whip, a scourge.</p> + +<p><i>Syckelmoore.</i> <i>Sicel</i>, a sickle; <i>mór</i>, a moor, a heath. A +sickled heath.</p> + +<p><i>Syle.</i> <i>Sýl</i>, a sill, a ground-post, a post, a pillar, a column.</p> + +<p><i>Sypher.</i> <i>Sýfer</i>, pure, decent, sober, abstinent, chaste.</p> + +<h4>T.</h4> + +<p><i>Tadly.</i> <i>Táde</i>, a toad; <i>líc</i>, like. Toad-like.</p> + +<p><i>Taessel.</i> <i>Tǽsel</i>, teasel, the fuller’s herb.</p> + +<p><i>Tafel.</i> <i>Tæfel</i>, a dice or gaming table, a game at table or +dice.</p> + +<p><i>Tag.</i> <i>Tæg</i>, a bag, a chest, a coffer, a cupboard. Tage, +Tagg, Tague, kindred names.</p> + +<p><i>Taggart.</i> <i>Tæg</i>, a bag, a chest; <i>geard</i>, a measure. Chest-measure.</p> + +<p><i>Tagle.</i> <i>Tǽgel</i>, a tail.</p> + +<p><i>Tams.</i> Irish <i>tam</i>, slow, sluggish; Anglo-Saxon <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, +son. Son of Tamm; a slow son.</p> + +<p><i>Tapking.</i> <i>Tæpp</i>, a tap; <i>cyncg</i>, a king. A tap-king; a +drinking king.</p> + +<p><i>Tappan.</i> <i>Tæppan</i>, to tap, to draw out, to drink.</p> + +<p><i>Tappen.</i> <i>Tæppen</i>, indicative of a participle from <i>tæppan</i>, to +tap, to draw out, to drink. Tapped; drawn out; drank.</p> + +<p><i>Tapper.</i> <i>Tæpp-ere</i>, a tapper, butler, vinter.</p> + +<p><i>Tapping.</i> <i>Tæpp</i>, a tap; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action. Tapping; +drawing out.</p> + +<p><i>Tarbert.</i> <i>Tare</i>, tar; <i>beorht</i>, glistening. Tar-glistening.</p> + +<p><i>Targett.</i> <i>Targe</i>, a shield, a buckler; <i>ett</i>, little, small. A +little shield.</p> + +<p><i>Tar.</i> <i>Tare</i>, tar, balsam, pitch.</p> + +<p><i>Tarring.</i> <i>Tarr</i>, Tarr; <i>ing</i>, expressive of origin. Descendant +of Tarr.</p> + +<p><i>Tarton.</i> <i>Tare</i>, tar, pitch; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A tar-farm.</p> + +<p><i>Taswell.</i> <i>Tas</i>, a tass; <i>well</i>, a well. A mow of corn.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tate.</i> <i>Tát</i>, soft, tender.</p> + +<p><i>Tatham.</i> <i>Tát</i>, soft, tender; <i>hám</i>, a home. A tender +home. Tatem, perhaps, an abbreviated form of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Tatlow.</i> <i>Tát</i>, soft, tender, and <i>low</i>, a low, a bellow, from +<i>hlowan</i>, to low, to bellow. A tender low; a soft bellow.</p> + +<p><i>Tatman.</i> <i>Tát</i>, soft, tender; <i>man</i>, a man. A tender man.</p> + +<p><i>Taw.</i> <i>Táw</i>, tow.</p> + +<p><i>Taws.</i> <i>Taw</i>, Taw; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Taw.</p> + +<p><i>Teal.</i> <i>Teale</i>, an excuse.</p> + +<p><i>Teamer.</i> <i>Teáma</i>, a voucher, a witness, a leader.</p> + +<p><i>Tees.</i> <i>Tǽse</i>, right, kind, benevolent, gentle. Teese, of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Teesdale.</i> <i>Tǽse</i>, gentle; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. A gentle +dale.</p> + +<p><i>Telford.</i> <i>Tele</i>, imperfect of <i>tellan</i>, to esteem. An esteemed +ford.</p> + +<p><i>Telle.</i> <i>Tele</i>, reputed, esteemed. Tell, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Teller.</i> <i>Tellan</i>, to tell, to relate; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A teller; +a relater.</p> + +<p><i>Temple.</i> <i>Tempel</i>, Latin <i>templum</i>, a temple.</p> + +<p><i>Templeman.</i> <i>Tempel</i>, a temple; <i>man</i>, a man. A temple-man; +a priest.</p> + +<p><i>Templeton.</i> <i>Tempel</i>, a temple; <i>tún</i>, a house, a town. A +temple-house; a church; a town of temples. When the +Angles and Saxons settled in Britain, they had idols, altars, +temples, and priests. These temples were surrounded with +enclosures, and were profaned if lances were thrown into +them. It is probable, therefore, that they obtained their +word for temple directly from the Latins, and not from the +Norman-French after the Conquest by William.</p> + +<p><i>Thacher.</i> <i>Thecere</i>, from <i>thæc</i>, a thach, a thatch, a roof, +and <i>ere</i>, an agent. A thatcher; a roofer. Thatcher, from +the same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Thatford.</i> <i>Theód</i>, people’s; <i>ford</i>, a ford. People’s ford.</p> + +<p><i>Thaw.</i> <i>Theáw</i>, custom, manner, habit, behavior.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p> + +<p><i>Thegen.</i> <i>Thegen</i>, a servant, attendant, disciple, scholar, +soldier, officer, knight, nobleman.</p> + +<p><i>Thein.</i> <i>Theign</i>, a servant, attendant, disciple, officer, +nobleman.</p> + +<p><i>Thissell.</i> <i>Thistel</i>, a thistle. Thistle, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Thole.</i> <i>Thól</i>, the thole, a piece of wood to support the +oars.</p> + +<p><i>Tholey.</i> <i>Thól</i>, the thole; <i>líc</i>, like. Thole-like.</p> + +<p><i>Thorman.</i> <i>Thor</i>, Thor; <i>man</i>, a servant. A servant of +Thor. Thor was one of the principal idols of the Saxons, +Germans, etc. He was their Jupiter.</p> + +<p><i>Thorn.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn. Thorne, an equivalent name.</p> + +<p><i>Thornberg.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn; <i>beorg</i>, a hill. A thorn-hill; +a thorny hill. Thornburg, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Thornberry.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn; <i>berige</i>, a berry. A thorny +berry; a prickly berry.</p> + +<p><i>Thornhill.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn; <i>hyll</i>, a hill. A thorny hill.</p> + +<p><i>Thornley.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn; <i>líc</i>, like. Thorn-like.</p> + +<p><i>Thornton.</i> <i>Thorn</i>, a thorn; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A thorny farm.</p> + +<p><i>Thorp.</i> <i>Thorpe</i>, a thorp, village. Thorpe, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Thrall.</i> <i>Thræl</i>, a slave, a bondman.</p> + +<p><i>Thrasher.</i> <i>Thærsc-ere</i>, from <i>thærsc-an</i>, to thrash, and +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A thrasher.</p> + +<p><i>Threlfall.</i> <i>Threal</i>, a servant; <i>fæl</i>, pure, clean, good, true. +A good servant.</p> + +<p><i>Thress.</i> <i>Thræs</i>, or <i>thres</i>, a hem, a frill.</p> + +<p><i>Thur.</i> <i>Thur</i>, Thor.</p> + +<p><i>Thurber.</i> <i>Thur</i>, Thor; <i>beorh</i>, a mountain. Thor’s mountain.</p> + +<p><i>Thuring.</i> <i>Thur</i>, Thor; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of +Thor.</p> + +<p><i>Thurman.</i> <i>Thur</i>, Thor; <i>man</i>, a servant. Thor’s servant.</p> + +<p><i>Thurston.</i> <i>Thures</i>, genitive of <i>Thur</i>, Thor; <i>tún</i>, house. +Thor’s house.</p> + +<p><i>Thurwanger.</i> <i>Thur</i>, Thor; <i>wangere</i>, a pillow. Thor’s +pillow.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tiegman.</i> <i>Tige</i>, a tie, a band; <i>man</i>, a man. One who +uses a band; a surgeon.</p> + +<p><i>Tiel.</i> <i>Tigle</i>, a tile.</p> + +<p><i>Tier.</i> <i>Tier</i>, a tier, rank, series, heap.</p> + +<p><i>Tiers.</i> <i>Tier</i>, Tier; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Tier.</p> + +<p><i>Tilburn.</i> <i>Til</i>, station; <i>burne</i>, a bourn, stream, brook. A +station near a stream.</p> + +<p><i>Tilden.</i> <i>Til</i>, a station; <i>den</i>, a valley. A valley-station.</p> + +<p><i>Till.</i> <i>Till</i>, a station.</p> + +<p><i>Tillman.</i> <i>Till</i>, a station; <i>man</i>, a man. A station-master. +Tilman, a cognate name.</p> + +<p><i>Tillyer.</i> <i>Till-an</i>, to till, to cultivate; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A tiller; +a cultivator.</p> + +<p><i>Tilton.</i> <i>Til</i>, station; <i>tún</i>, town. A station-town.</p> + +<p><i>Tindall.</i> <i>Tin</i>, tin; <i>dál</i>, a valley. A tin-valley. Tindel, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Tine.</i> <i>Tine</i>, a tine, tooth of a harrow.</p> + +<p><i>Tines.</i> <i>Tine</i>, Tine; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Tine.</p> + +<p><i>Tinney.</i> <i>Tin-ig</i>, resembling tin.</p> + +<p><i>Tinsley.</i> <i>Tines</i>, genitive of <i>tin</i>, tin; <i>líc</i>, form, like. Tin-like; +form of tin. Tinley, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Tinsman.</i> <i>Tines</i>, genitive of <i>tin</i>, tin; <i>man</i>, man. A dealer +in tin; a seller of tin.</p> + +<p><i>Toft.</i> <i>Toft</i>, a croft, a homestead.</p> + +<p><i>Tool.</i> <i>Tól</i>, a tool, an instrument. Toole, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Toon.</i> <i>Tún</i>, pronounced <i>toon</i>, a field, dwelling, house, mansion, +yard, farm, village, class, course, town. Toone, of like +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Tooney.</i> <i>Tún-ig</i>, from <i>tún</i>, a town, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective +termination implying resemblance. Townish.</p> + +<p><i>Toorish.</i> <i>Torr</i>, a tower; <i>isc</i>, an adjective termination signifying +resembling. Tower-like.</p> + +<p><i>Toothaker.</i> <i>Tódh-ece</i>, the toothache; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who has the toothache.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p> + +<p><i>Topham.</i> <i>Top</i>, a ball, a tuft at the top of anything; <i>hám</i>, +a home. A hilly home.</p> + +<p><i>Topley.</i> <i>Top</i>, a ball; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a ball.</p> + +<p><i>Toplis.</i> <i>Top</i>, a ball; <i>liss</i>, favor. Ball-favor.</p> + +<p><i>Topping.</i> <i>Top</i>, a ball; <i>ing</i>, implying action. Balling.</p> + +<p><i>Torbeort.</i> <i>Tor</i>, a tower, a high hill, rock, peak, tor; <i>beorht</i>, +glistening, shining. A glistening peak.</p> + +<p><i>Torr.</i> <i>Tor</i>, a tower, rock, peak, tor.</p> + +<p><i>Torrey.</i> <i>Tor-ig</i>, from <i>tor</i>, a tower, a hill, a rock; <i>ig</i>, an +adjective termination. Towering; hilly; rocky.</p> + +<p><i>Tower.</i> <i>Tor</i>, a tower, a high hill.</p> + +<p><i>Towers.</i> <i>Tower</i>, Tower; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Tower.</p> + +<p><i>Town.</i> <i>Tún</i>, a field, a dwelling, house, mansion, farm, +village, town, city. Towne, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Towner.</i> <i>Tún</i>, a town; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A dweller in a +town; a townsman.</p> + +<p><i>Townley.</i> <i>Tún</i>, a town; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a town.</p> + +<p><i>Towns.</i> <i>Town</i>, Town; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Town.</p> + +<p><i>Townsend.</i> <i>Túnes</i>, genitive of <i>tún</i>, a town; <i>end</i>, termination +of masculine nouns denoting a man. A townsman.</p> + +<p><i>Townson.</i> <i>Town</i>, Town; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Town.</p> + +<p><i>Trager.</i> <i>Trag</i>, evil, bad; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An evil person; +a sinner.</p> + +<p><i>Treadway.</i> <i>Træd</i>, trod; <i>wæg</i>, a way. A trodden way. +Or, from <i>tred</i>, a step, and <i>wæg</i>, a way. A step-way; a stairs. +Tredway, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Treadwell.</i> <i>Tred</i>, a step; <i>well</i>, a well. A step-well.</p> + +<p><i>Tree.</i> <i>Treow</i>, or <i>treo</i>, a tree, a club.</p> + +<p><i>Tregea.</i> <i>Tréga</i>, vexation, tribulation, contumely, loss, +misery, torment. Trego, perhaps, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Tresch.</i> <i>Treisc</i>, tragical. Tresck, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Trescher.</i> <i>Treisc</i>, tragical; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A tragedian. +Tresher, an equivalent name.</p> + +<p><i>Treude.</i> <i>Treúdh</i>, troth, truth, league, pledge, covenant.</p> + +<p><i>Trewin.</i> <i>Tré</i>, vexation, tribulation; <i>win</i>, a man. A man +of tribulation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span></p> + +<p><i>Trexler.</i> <i>Treisc</i>, tragical; <i>lár</i>, knowledge, learning. +Tragedy.</p> + +<p><i>Treischbock.</i> <i>Treisc</i>, tragical; <i>bóc</i>, a book. A book of +tragedy.</p> + +<p><i>Trimmingham.</i> <i>Trymming</i>, confirming, fortifying, establishing; +<i>hám</i>, a house. A house of confirmation.</p> + +<p><i>Troth.</i> <i>Treówdh</i>, troth, truth.</p> + +<p><i>Trout.</i> <i>Truht</i>, a trout. Troutt, an equivalent name.</p> + +<p><i>Troutman.</i> <i>Truht</i>, a trout; <i>man</i>, a man. A trout-fisher.</p> + +<p><i>Trow.</i> <i>Treów</i>, trust, faith, pledge, covenant.</p> + +<p><i>Trowbridge.</i> <i>Treówe</i>, faithful; <i>bricg</i>, a bridge. A faithful +bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Trowell.</i> <i>Treów</i>, trust, faith; <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. A +trusty person; a faithful person.</p> + +<p><i>True.</i> <i>Trýwe</i>, true, faithful.</p> + +<p><i>Trueman.</i> <i>Trýwe</i>, true; <i>man</i>, a man, a servant. A true +man; a faithful servant. Truman, of similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Tudor.</i> <i>Tudor</i>, issue, offspring, seed, progeny, posterity, +family. Tuder, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Tuman.</i> <i>Tú</i>, two; <i>man</i>, a man. Twin-man; twin-brother.</p> + +<p><i>Tumbleston.</i> <i>Tumb-ian</i>, to tumble; <i>stán</i>, a rock. A rock +that tumbles; a tumbling rock.</p> + +<p><i>Tunis.</i> <i>Túnes</i>, genitive of <i>tún</i>, a town. Belonging to a +town.</p> + +<p><i>Tunison.</i> <i>Túnes</i>, genitive of <i>tún</i>, a town; <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of a town; a townsman.</p> + +<p><i>Tunney.</i> <i>Tún</i>, a town; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Townish. Tunny, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Tuohy.</i> <i>Tuoege</i>, two.</p> + +<p><i>Turkington.</i> <i>Turk</i>, from Irish <i>torc</i>, a boar; <i>ing</i>, implying +a descendant; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of a descendant of Turk. +Torkington, of similar significance.</p> + +<p><i>Turland.</i> <i>Tur</i>, a tower, a high hill, a peak; <i>land</i>, a land. +A hilly land.</p> + +<p><i>Turley.</i> <i>Tur</i>, a tower; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a tower; +tower-like; towering.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> + +<p><i>Turnbolt.</i> <i>Turnian</i>, to turn; <i>bolt</i>, a bolt. A turned +bolt.</p> + +<p><i>Turnbull.</i> <i>Turnian</i>, to turn; <i>bull</i>, a stud, a brooch. A +turned brooch.</p> + +<p><i>Turner.</i> <i>Turnian</i>, to turn; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A turner.</p> + +<p><i>Turnpenny.</i> <i>Turnian</i>, to turn; <i>penig</i>, a penny. A turned +penny.</p> + +<p><i>Turpin.</i> <i>Tur</i>, a rock; <i>pinn</i>, a pen. A rock pen; a steel +pen.</p> + +<p><i>Turtle.</i> <i>Turtel</i>, or <i>turtle</i>, a turtle, a turtle-dove.</p> + +<p><i>Tussey.</i> <i>Tusc</i>, the canine, or eye-tooth, a tusk; <i>ig</i>, denoting +an adjective. Tusky.</p> + +<p><i>Tustin.</i> <i>Tusc</i>, a tusk; <i>tine</i>, a tine. Tine of a tusk.</p> + +<p><i>Tuston.</i> <i>Tusc</i>, a tusk; <i>tún</i>, a house, a dwelling. A tusk-house.</p> + +<p><i>Twaddell.</i> <i>Twæde</i>, double, two-fold; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. +A twin-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Tway.</i> <i>Twá</i>, twice, double.</p> + +<p><i>Tweed.</i> <i>Twæde</i>, double, two-fold.</p> + +<p><i>Tweedale.</i> <i>Tweo</i>, double; <i>dǽl</i>, a dale, a valley. A twin-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Tweedie.</i> <i>Twæde</i>, double, two-fold.</p> + +<p><i>Tweedle.</i> <i>Twæde</i>, double; <i>le</i>, for <i>el</i>, indicative of a person. +A twin.</p> + +<p><i>Twitman.</i> <i>Ætwitan</i>, to tease, to reproach, to blame, to +upbraid; <i>man</i>, a man. A person who upbraids another.</p> + +<p><i>Twibill.</i> <i>Twý-bill</i>, a twibill, a pole-axe.</p> + +<p><i>Twiford.</i> <i>Twý-ford</i>, a double ford. Applied to the name +of places near a river where two branches had to be forded.</p> + +<p><i>Twigg.</i> <i>Twig</i>, two, double.</p> + +<p><i>Twigs.</i> <i>Twig</i>, Twig; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Twig.</p> + +<p><i>Twiney.</i> <i>Twín</i>, thread, twine, fine linen; <i>ig</i>, expressive of +an adjective. Resembling twine.</p> + +<p><i>Twining.</i> <i>Twín-an</i>, to twine, to twist; <i>ing</i>, implying action. +Twining; twisting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span></p> + +<p><i>Twitchell.</i> <i>Twiccian</i>, to twitch; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting +a person. A person that twitches; a nervous, restless person.</p> + +<p><i>Tyber.</i> <i>Tiber</i>, a sacrifice, gift, offering, victim.</p> + +<p><i>Tye.</i> <i>Ty</i>, instructs, teaches, imbues, inures.</p> + +<p><i>Tyer.</i> <i>Ty</i>, instructs, teaches; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An instructor; +a teacher.</p> + +<p><i>Tylacher.</i> <i>Ty</i>, instructs; <i>lach</i>, a garment; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A sewing-teacher; a tailor. Tylacker, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Tymon.</i> <i>Ty</i>, instructs; <i>mon</i>, a man. A man that instructs; +a pedagogue.</p> + +<p><i>Tynan.</i> <i>Tynan</i>, to hedge in, to enclose, to shut.</p> + +<p><i>Tyne.</i> <i>Tyne</i>, ten.</p> + +<p><i>Tyner.</i> <i>Tyne</i>, ten; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A person of ten years +of experience.</p> + +<p><i>Tyre.</i> <i>Tyr</i>, a leader, prince, glory, splendor.</p> + +<p><i>Tyrell.</i> <i>Tyr</i>, a prince; <i>el</i>, an ending denoting a person. +A princely person.</p> + +<p><i>Tyson.</i> <i>Tye</i>, Tye; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Tye.</p> + +<h4>U.</h4> + +<p><i>Ulm.</i> <i>Ulm</i>, an elm.</p> + +<p><i>Ulman.</i> <i>Ulm</i>, an elm; <i>man</i>, a man. An elm-man; a +propagator of the elm.</p> + +<p><i>Ulmer.</i> <i>Ulm</i>, an elm; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A cultivator of the +elm.</p> + +<p><i>Ulric.</i> <i>Ulph-ríc</i>, from <i>ulph</i>, help, aid, assistance, and <i>ríc</i>, +rich, powerful. Rich, or powerful in help. Ulrick, a cognate +term.</p> + +<p><i>Umstead.</i> <i>Hulme</i>, for <i>holm</i>, the deep sea, abyss, ocean, +water, and <i>stede</i>, a place. Ocean-place. Umsted, an analogous +name.</p> + +<p><i>Underdown.</i> <i>Under</i>, under; <i>dún</i>, a mountain, a hill. An +under hill.</p> + +<p><i>Underhill.</i> <i>Under</i>, under; <i>hyll</i>, a hill. An under hill.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span></p> + +<p><i>Underwood.</i> <i>Under</i>, under; <i>wud</i>, wood. Under-wood; +undergrowth.</p> + +<p><i>Unger.</i> <i>Ungr</i>, hunger.</p> + +<p><i>Ungerer.</i> <i>Ungr</i>, hunger; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A hungry +person.</p> + +<p><i>Upham.</i> <i>Upp</i>, high, lofty; <i>hám</i>, a house. A lofty home.</p> + +<p><i>Upmann.</i> <i>Upp</i>, high; <i>mann</i>, a man. A man high in +position; a man of rank; a superior.</p> + +<p><i>Upp.</i> <i>Upp</i>, high, lofty.</p> + +<p><i>Upright.</i> <i>Up-riht</i>, upright, erect.</p> + +<p><i>Upson.</i> <i>Up</i>, Upp; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Upp.</p> + +<p><i>Upton.</i> <i>Upp</i>, high, lofty; <i>tún</i>, a town. A lofty town.</p> + +<p><i>Ustick.</i> <i>Ust</i>, a tempest; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Tempestuous; stormy.</p> + +<p><i>Uth.</i> <i>Udh</i>, pronounced <i>uth</i>, termination of the feminine +noun <i>geogudh</i>, youth.</p> + +<p><i>Uting.</i> <i>Ut</i>, Utt; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant of Utt.</p> + +<p><i>Utt.</i> <i>Ut</i>, out, without, abroad.</p> + +<p><i>Uttley.</i> <i>Utt</i>, Utt; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling Utt.</p> + +<h4>W.</h4> + +<p><i>Wade.</i> <i>Wád</i>, a ford.</p> + +<p><i>Wadsworth.</i> <i>Wádes</i>, genitive of <i>wád</i>, a ford; <i>weordh</i>, +value, price. Valuable ford.</p> + +<p><i>Waer.</i> <i>Wǽr</i>, an enclosure, a fishpond, a wear, a wave.</p> + +<p><i>Waesch.</i> <i>Wæsc</i>, a washing.</p> + +<p><i>Wagel.</i> <i>Wægel</i>, a gill, a little vessel.</p> + +<p><i>Wagener.</i> <i>Wǽgen-ere</i>, a wagoner, driver of a car. Waggener, +Wagner, Wagoner, kindred terms.</p> + +<p><i>Wager.</i> <i>Wǽg</i>, a wey, weigh, weight; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +weigher.</p> + +<p><i>Wagstaff.</i> <i>Wǽg</i>, a balance; <i>stæf</i>, a staff, stick, pole. A +balance-pole.</p> + +<p><i>Wainwright.</i> <i>Wǽn-wyrhta</i>, a wheelwright.</p> + +<p><i>Wake.</i> <i>Wæcce</i>, wake, watch, vigil. A watching.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wakefield.</i> <i>Wæcan</i>, to awake, arise, to be born; past +participle <i>wacen</i>, awakened; <i>feld</i>, a field. An awakened +field.</p> + +<p><i>Wakeley.</i> <i>Wǽc-líc</i>, from <i>wǽc</i>, weak, and <i>líc</i>, like. Weak-like; +weakly. Wakelee, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wakeling.</i> <i>Wǽc</i>, weak; <i>ling</i>, implying the condition of a +person. A weakling; a feeble creature.</p> + +<p><i>Walborn.</i> <i>Wæl</i>, or <i>wal</i>, slaughter, carnage, death; <i>born</i>, +born. Dead-born; stillborn.</p> + +<p><i>Walce.</i> <i>Walc</i>, a veil.</p> + +<p><i>Walch.</i> <i>Walch</i>, a foreigner, a stranger, a servant, a slave.</p> + +<p><i>Walcher.</i> <i>Walch</i>, a foreigner, a stranger; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A foreigner.</p> + +<p><i>Wald.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a forest, wood, grove, weald, wild, wold. +Walde, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Waldeck.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. +Woody.</p> + +<p><i>Walden.</i> <i>Wald</i>, wood; <i>en</i>, an adjective termination. +Woody.</p> + +<p><i>Walder.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a forest; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A forester.</p> + +<p><i>Walderford.</i> <i>Walda</i>, a ruler; <i>ford</i>, a ford. The ruler’s +ford.</p> + +<p><i>Walderly.</i> <i>Walda-líc</i>, from <i>walda</i>, a ruler, and <i>líc</i>, like. +Resembling a ruler.</p> + +<p><i>Waldie.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>ig</i>, denoting an adjective. Woody.</p> + +<p><i>Waldis.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>isc</i>, like. Wood-like.</p> + +<p><i>Waldman.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>man</i>, a man. A woodman. +Waldmann, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Waldner.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood, a forest; <i>nere</i>, a refuge. Wood-refuge.</p> + +<p><i>Waldron.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>rond</i>, a border. A wood-border.</p> + +<p><i>Walds.</i> <i>Wald</i>, Wald; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wald.</p> + +<p><i>Waley.</i> <i>Wæl</i>, a well; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Well-like.</p> + +<p><i>Walfish.</i> <i>Wæl</i>, a well; <i>fisc</i>, a fish. A well-fish.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p> + +<p><i>Walford.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a rampart; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A rampart-ford; +a moat.</p> + +<p><i>Walk.</i> <i>Weolc</i>, imperfect of <i>wealcan</i>, to roll, turn, tumble, +revolve, turn up and down. Rolled; tumbled; revolved; +turned up and down.</p> + +<p><i>Walker.</i> <i>Weolc</i>, rolled, revolved, turned up and down; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. One who turned up and down; a walker.</p> + +<p><i>Walkley.</i> <i>Walk</i>, Walk; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling Walk.</p> + +<p><i>Wall.</i> <i>Weall</i>, or <i>wáll</i>, a wall, a rampart.</p> + +<p><i>Wallace.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a rampart, a bulwark; <i>lǽce</i>, a surgeon. +The surgeon of a rampart. Wallack, Wallick, of like +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wallen.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>en</i>, a termination denoting an adjective. +Wall-like.</p> + +<p><i>Waller.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A waller; a +mason.</p> + +<p><i>Wallers.</i> <i>Waller</i>, Waller; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Waller.</p> + +<p><i>Walley.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>ig</i>, denoting an adjective. Wall-like.</p> + +<p><i>Wallgren.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>gréne</i>, green. Wall-green.</p> + +<p><i>Wallin.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>in</i>, an inn, a dwelling. A walled +dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Walling.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant of +Wall.</p> + +<p><i>Wallington.</i> <i>Walling</i>, Walling; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of +Walling.</p> + +<p><i>Wallis.</i> <i>Weallisc</i>, foreign, Welsh.</p> + +<p><i>Walliser.</i> <i>Weallisc</i>, Welsh; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A Welshman.</p> + +<p><i>Walls.</i> <i>Wall</i>, Wall; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wall.</p> + +<p><i>Wallum.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>um</i> for <i>hám</i>, a house, a dwelling. +A walled house.</p> + +<p><i>Walmsley.</i> <i>Wælmes</i>, genitive of <i>wælm</i>, heat, anger; <i>líc</i>, +form, likeness. Form of anger; resembling heat.</p> + +<p><i>Wain.</i> <i>Wǽn</i>, a wain, wagon, carriage.</p> + +<p><i>Walnut.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>hnut</i>, a nut. A walled nut.</p> + +<p><i>Walraun.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>hræfen</i>, a raven. A wall-raven.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p> + +<p><i>Walsh.</i> <i>Weallisc</i>, Welsh. Welch, Welsh, Welsch, from +the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Walstead.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall; <i>stede</i>, a place. A walled, or +fortified place.</p> + +<p><i>Walstrum.</i> <i>Wáll</i>, a wall, a rampart; <i>streom</i>, a stream. +A walled stream; an aqueduct.</p> + +<p><i>Walt.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood, a forest.</p> + +<p><i>Walter.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a forest; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A forester. +Walther, doubtless, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Walters.</i> <i>Walter</i>, Walter; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Walter.</p> + +<p><i>Waltman.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>man</i>, a man. A woodman; a +hunter.</p> + +<p><i>Waltoe.</i> <i>Wál</i>, a wall; <i>tǽ</i>, a toe. A wall-toe; the toe +used in scaling a rampart.</p> + +<p><i>Waltun.</i> <i>Wál</i>, a wall; <i>tún</i>, a dwelling. A walled dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Waltram.</i> <i>Wald</i>, a wood; <i>ram</i>, a ram. A wooden ram; +a battering-ram.</p> + +<p><i>Walwork.</i> <i>Wáll-geweorc</i>, from <i>wáll</i>, a wall, and <i>geweorc</i>, +work. Wall-work.</p> + +<p><i>Wamalong.</i> <i>Woma</i>, a sound; <i>long</i>, long. A continued +sound.</p> + +<p><i>Wambold.</i> <i>Wam</i>, crime; <i>bóld</i>, audacious. An audacious +crime.</p> + +<p><i>Wampole.</i> <i>Wam</i>, a stain; <i>pol</i>, a pole. A stained pole; a +bludgeon.</p> + +<p><i>Wanamaker.</i> <i>Wana</i>, deficient, lacking, imperfect; <i>macian</i>, +to make; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An unskilled mechanic.</p> + +<p><i>Wandall.</i> <i>Wan</i>, deficient, wanting, void; <i>dál</i>, a valley. +An empty valley. Wandell, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Wanner.</i> <i>Wann</i>, pale, livid, dusky, dark; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A wan person.</p> + +<p><i>Warbrick.</i> <i>Wár</i>, caution; <i>bric</i>, a bridge. A caution-bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Warburton.</i> <i>Wǽr-borh</i>, a pledge for the payment of the +were or fine for slaying a man; <i>tún</i>, a town. A town’s +pledge for the payment of the were or fine for slaying a man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ward.</i> <i>Weard</i>, a warden, ward-keeper, guardian, watchman.</p> + +<p><i>Warder.</i> <i>Weard</i>, watch, vigilance; <i>ere</i>, denoting an agent. +A watchman.</p> + +<p><i>Wardin.</i> <i>Weardin</i>, a watch-tower.</p> + +<p><i>Wardle.</i> <i>Weard</i>, a guard, guardianship, watch; <i>le</i> for <i>el</i>, +implying a person. A watchman.</p> + +<p><i>Wardrop.</i> <i>Weard</i>, a warden; <i>rop</i>, broth, pottage. A +warden’s pottage.</p> + +<p><i>Ware.</i> <i>Ware</i>, a harbor, a haven. Or, from <i>wǽr</i>, an +enclosure.</p> + +<p><i>Wareham.</i> <i>Wǽr-hám</i>, from <i>wǽr</i>, an enclosure, and <i>hám</i>, +a house, a dwelling. A fortified dwelling. Waream, an +abbreviated form of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Warfield.</i> <i>Wær</i>, war; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. A battlefield.</p> + +<p><i>Warford.</i> <i>Wǽr</i>, an enclosed place; <i>ford</i>, a ford. An +enclosed ford.</p> + +<p><i>Waring.</i> <i>Ware</i>, Ware; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Son of Ware. +Or, from <i>wǽring</i>, a wall.</p> + +<p><i>Wark.</i> <i>Wærc</i>, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain, grief, +anguish.</p> + +<p><i>Warley.</i> <i>Wær</i>, war; <i>líc</i>, like. Warlike.</p> + +<p><i>Warman.</i> <i>Wær</i>, war; <i>man</i>, a man. A warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Warmuth.</i> <i>Wær</i>, war; <i>múdh</i>, mouth. War-mouth; declaration +of war.</p> + +<p><i>Warne.</i> <i>Wearn</i>, a keeping off, obstacle, resistance, refusal, +denial.</p> + +<p><i>Warner.</i> <i>Warnian</i>, to warn; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +gives warning.</p> + +<p><i>Warnig.</i> <i>Wearn</i>, obstacle, resistance; <i>ig</i>, denoting an +adjective. Opposing; resistful. Warnick, Warnecke, Warnock, +kindred terms.</p> + +<p><i>Warr.</i> <i>Wearr</i>, a knot, a wart.</p> + +<p><i>Warrick.</i> <i>Wearr-ig</i>, or <i>wearr-iht</i>, knotty, rough.</p> + +<p><i>Warris.</i> <i>Wearr</i>, a knot, a wart; <i>isc</i>, implying like. Knot-like; +hard; rough.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span></p> + +<p><i>Warth.</i> <i>Warodh</i>, a shore, a weed on the shore.</p> + +<p><i>Warthman.</i> <i>Warodh</i>, a shore; <i>man</i>, a man. A shore-man; +a land-man.</p> + +<p><i>Wartman.</i> <i>Weart</i>, a wart; <i>man</i>, a man. A warty man.</p> + +<p><i>Warwick.</i> <i>Wǽring-wic</i>, from <i>wǽring</i>, a bulwark, and <i>wic</i>, +a dwelling. A fortified dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Wasch.</i> <i>Wæsc</i>, a washing.</p> + +<p><i>Wasrott.</i> <i>Wæs</i>, water; <i>rot</i>, a mastiff. A water-mastiff.</p> + +<p><i>Washam.</i> <i>Wæsc</i>, a washing; <i>hám</i>, a house. A wash-house; +a laundry.</p> + +<p><i>Washburne.</i> <i>Wæsc</i>, a washing; <i>burne</i>, a stream, brook, +river, well. A washing stream. Washburn, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Washington.</i> <i>Wæsc-ing</i>, a washing; <i>tún</i>, a house. A +washing house.</p> + +<p><i>Waste.</i> <i>Wæsten</i>, or <i>wéste</i>, a desert.</p> + +<p><i>Water.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water.</p> + +<p><i>Waterall.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>all</i>, all. All-water; a deluge.</p> + +<p><i>Waterbury.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>byrig</i>, a city. A watery city; +a watering-place.</p> + +<p><i>Waterfield.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>feld</i>, a plain. A watery field; +a meadow.</p> + +<p><i>Waterford.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A watery ford; +a ford that is not dry.</p> + +<p><i>Waterhouse.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>hús</i>, a house. A spring-house.</p> + +<p><i>Waterman.</i> <i>Wæter</i>, water; <i>man</i>, a man. A water-man; +a boatman.</p> + +<p><i>Waters.</i> <i>Water</i>, Water; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Water. +Watters, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Waterson.</i> <i>Water</i>, Water; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Water. +Watterson, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Watford.</i> <i>Wæt</i>, wet, moist; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A wet ford; a +water-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Watkin.</i> <i>Wæt</i>, water, liquor, drink; <i>cyn</i>, akin. Akin to +water.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span></p> + +<p><i>Watkins.</i> <i>Watkin</i>, Watkin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Watkin.</p> + +<p><i>Watkinson.</i> <i>Watkin</i>, Watkin; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Watkin.</p> + +<p><i>Watt.</i> <i>Wæt</i>, wet, moisture, drink, liquor, water.</p> + +<p><i>Wattis.</i> <i>Wæt</i>, water; <i>isc</i>, like. Water-like.</p> + +<p><i>Watton.</i> <i>Watt</i>, Watt; <i>tún</i>, house. House of Watt.</p> + +<p><i>Watts.</i> <i>Watt</i>, Watt; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Watt.</p> + +<p><i>Wattson.</i> <i>Watt</i>, Watt; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Watt. Watson, +a slightly abbreviated form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Wax.</i> <i>Weax</i>, or <i>wæx</i>, wax.</p> + +<p><i>Waxler.</i> <i>Weax</i>, wax; <i>lǽr</i>, doctrine. Wax-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Way.</i> <i>Wæg</i>, or <i>weg</i>, a way, passage, road.</p> + +<p><i>Wayland.</i> <i>Wæg</i>, a road; <i>land</i>, land, ground. Road-land; +a highway.</p> + +<p><i>Waylen.</i> <i>Wæg</i>, a road; <i>lén</i>, a loan. Loan, or leased +road.</p> + +<p><i>Wayman.</i> <i>Wæg</i>, road; <i>man</i>, a man. A road-man; a +wayfarer; a traveler.</p> + +<p><i>Wayne.</i> <i>Wǽn</i>, a wain, wagon, carriage.</p> + +<p><i>Waysz.</i> <i>Ways</i>, from <i>Way</i>, Way, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Way.</p> + +<p><i>Weaber.</i> <i>Wæbb</i>, a web; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or that +which, makes a web; a weaver.</p> + +<p><i>Weadley.</i> <i>Wǽd</i>, a garment, apparel, weeds; <i>líc</i>, form. +Form of weeds; garment-like.</p> + +<p><i>Weagle.</i> <i>Wægel</i>, a gill, a little vessel.</p> + +<p><i>Weak.</i> <i>Wǽc</i>, weak.</p> + +<p><i>Weakley.</i> <i>Wǽc-líc</i>, from <i>wǽc</i>, weak, and <i>líc</i>, like. Weakly; +foolishly; vilely.</p> + +<p><i>Weaks.</i> <i>Weak</i>, Weak; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Weak.</p> + +<p><i>Weand.</i> <i>Wænd</i>, or <i>wend</i>, a turn, a change.</p> + +<p><i>Wear.</i> <i>Wear</i>, a knot, a wart. Weare, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wears.</i> <i>Wear</i>, Wear; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wear.</p> + +<p><i>Weart.</i> <i>Weart</i>, a wart.</p> + +<p><i>Weaser</i>. <i>Wæs</i>, water; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A waterer.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span></p> + +<p><i>Weatherby.</i> <i>Wæder</i>, or <i>weder</i>, weather, storm, tempest; +<i>bý</i>, a habitation, a dwelling. A signal dwelling; a weather-house.</p> + +<p><i>Weatherhead.</i> <i>Wæder</i>, storm; <i>heáfd</i>, a head. Storm-head.</p> + +<p><i>Weatherley.</i> <i>Wæder</i>, weather, storm; <i>líc</i>, like. Weather-like; +storm-like. Wetherly, of like meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Weaver.</i> <i>Wæfre</i>, or <i>wyfre</i>, a weaver.</p> + +<p><i>Webb.</i> <i>Webb</i>, a web, cloth, tapestry.</p> + +<p><i>Webber.</i> <i>Webb-ere</i>, from <i>webb</i>, a web, and <i>ere</i> an agent. +A weaver.</p> + +<p><i>Weber.</i> <i>Web</i>, a web, cloth, tapestry; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +weaver. Weeber, of similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Webster.</i> <i>Web</i>, a web, cloth; <i>ster</i> from <i>steóre</i>, direction, +a noun-ending denoting direction, guidance. Web-direction.</p> + +<p><i>Wecker.</i> <i>Wæccer</i>, watchful, lively.</p> + +<p><i>Weckerly.</i> <i>Wæccer-líc</i>, from <i>wæccer</i>, watchful, and <i>líc</i>, +like. Watchful-like; watchfully. Weckerley, a kindred +term.</p> + +<p><i>Weddell.</i> <i>Wed</i>, a pledge, a promise; <i>dál</i>, a dale. A +promised dale. Wedell, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Weder.</i> <i>Weder</i>, weather, the air, firmament, storm, tempest. +Or, from <i>weder</i>, a wether.</p> + +<p><i>Wedge.</i> <i>Wecg</i>, a wedge.</p> + +<p><i>Wedig.</i> <i>Weód</i>, a weed; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Weedy.</p> + +<p><i>Wedinger.</i> <i>Weódung</i>, a weeding; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, +or that which, weeds; a weeder.</p> + +<p><i>Wedlock.</i> <i>Wed-lác</i>, from <i>wed</i>, a pledge, and <i>lác</i>, a gift. A +pledge-gift.</p> + +<p><i>Wedman.</i> <i>Wed</i>, a pledge; <i>man</i>, a man. A pledge-man; +a married man. Wedmann, of like meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Weed.</i> <i>Weód</i>, herb, grass, pasture, a weed.</p> + +<p><i>Weeden.</i> <i>Weód-ian</i>, to weed; <i>weód-en</i>, perfect participle. +Weeded; rid of weeds.</p> + +<p><i>Weeder.</i> <i>Weód-ere.</i> A weeder.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> + +<p><i>Weedstram.</i> <i>Weód</i>, a weed; <i>streám</i>, a stream, a river. A +weedy stream.</p> + +<p><i>Weekes.</i> <i>Weoces</i>, genitive of <i>weoc</i>, a week. Weeks, a +kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Weckley.</i> <i>Weoc</i>, a week; <i>líc</i>, like. Week-like; weekly. +Weekly, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Weer.</i> <i>Wér</i>, a fine for slaying a man, the price or value +of a man’s life. Every man was valued at a certain sum, +which was called his <i>wér</i>, and whoever took his life was +required to pay this <i>wér</i> to the family or relatives of the +deceased. Perhaps the name is derived from <i>wér</i>, an enclosure.</p> + +<p><i>Weest.</i> <i>Weast</i>, <i>wæst</i>, or <i>west</i>, west.</p> + +<p><i>Weger.</i> <i>Weg</i>, a wey, a weight; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A weigher.</p> + +<p><i>Wegman.</i> <i>Weg</i>, a wey, a weight; <i>man</i>, a man. A weigher.</p> + +<p><i>Weightman.</i> <i>Wiht</i>, weight; <i>man</i>, a man. A weigher.</p> + +<p><i>Welbank.</i> <i>Well</i>, a well, a fountain; <i>banc</i>, a bench, bank, +hillock. A well-bank. Wellbank, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Welchman.</i> <i>Weallisc</i>, Welsh; <i>man</i>, a man. A Welshman.</p> + +<p><i>Welcher.</i> <i>Wealcere</i>, a fuller, a walker. Welker, of similar +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Welcom.</i> <i>Wél-cuma</i>, a pleasure-comer, one received with +gladness, a beloved guest.</p> + +<p><i>Welle.</i> <i>Well</i>, a well, a fountain.</p> + +<p><i>Weller.</i> <i>Wellere</i>, a hollow, a bosom.</p> + +<p><i>Wellers.</i> <i>Weller</i>, Weller; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Weller.</p> + +<p><i>Welles.</i> <i>Welle</i>, Welle; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Welle. +Wells, Welz, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Welling.</i> <i>Well</i>, Welle; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant of +Welle.</p> + +<p><i>Wellington.</i> <i>Welling</i>, Welling; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of +Welling.</p> + +<p><i>Wellwood.</i> <i>Well</i>, rich, flourishing; <i>wud</i>, wood. A flourishing +wood.</p> + +<p><i>Welman.</i> <i>Wel</i>, rich, wealthy; <i>man</i>, a man. A wealthy +man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> + +<p><i>Welmesley.</i> <i>Welmes</i>, genitive of <i>welm</i>, heat, fire; <i>líc</i>, form. +Form of heat; fire-like.</p> + +<p><i>Welstead.</i> <i>Wel</i>, a well; <i>stæde</i>, a place, a station. A well-place.</p> + +<p><i>Welton.</i> <i>Wel</i>, rich, flourishing; <i>tún</i>, a city. A flourishing +city.</p> + +<p><i>Wemmer.</i> <i>Wemere</i>, a harlot.</p> + +<p><i>Wenban.</i> <i>Wen</i>, a wen, a tower; <i>bán</i>, a bone. A wen-bone.</p> + +<p><i>Wence.</i> <i>Wencle</i>, a maid, a daughter. Wence, Wenk, of +similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wendel.</i> <i>Wend</i>, a turn, change; <i>el</i>, implying a person. +One who turns, or changes; a fickle person. Wendell, +Wendle, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wendling.</i> <i>Wend</i>, a turn, a change; <i>ling</i>, a termination +denoting the state of a person. Turning; changing.</p> + +<p><i>Wenner.</i> <i>Wenn</i>, a wen; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A wen-doctor.</p> + +<p><i>Wenger.</i> <i>Wengere</i>, a pillow, a bolster.</p> + +<p><i>Wenhold.</i> <i>Wen</i>, pleasure; <i>hold</i>, friendship. A pleasure-friendship.</p> + +<p><i>Wenrich.</i> <i>Wen</i>, joy, pleasure; <i>ríce</i>, power, dominion. +Pleasure-dominion.</p> + +<p><i>Wensel.</i> <i>Wen</i>, pleasure; <i>sel</i>, palace, hall. Pleasure-hall.</p> + +<p><i>Wensler.</i> <i>Wenes</i>, genitive of <i>wen</i>, pleasure; <i>lár</i>, doctrine. +Pleasure-knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Wensley.</i> <i>Wenes</i>, genitive of <i>wen</i>, pleasure; <i>líc</i>, form. +Form of pleasure; joy-like.</p> + +<p><i>Wentling.</i> <i>Wente</i>, the Gwents, or Welsh; <i>ling</i>, a termination +denoting the state or condition of a person. Welsh-state.</p> + +<p><i>Wentworth.</i> <i>Wente</i>, the Gwents, or Welsh; <i>weordh</i>, dignity. +Welsh dignity.</p> + +<p><i>Werfel.</i> <i>Wer</i>, a man; <i>fel</i>, skin. Man’s skin.</p> + +<p><i>Wermouth.</i> <i>Wer</i>, a man; <i>múdh</i>, the mouth. Mouth of +man.</p> + +<p><i>Werner.</i> <i>Wernan</i>, to warn; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +warns; a warner.</p> + +<p><i>Wernley.</i> <i>Wern</i>, a squirrel; <i>líc</i>, like. Squirrel-like.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> + +<p><i>Werson.</i> <i>Wer</i>, a man; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of man.</p> + +<p><i>Werst.</i> <i>Werst</i>, worst.</p> + +<p><i>Wert.</i> <i>Wert</i>, wort, an herb, plant.</p> + +<p><i>Wertman.</i> <i>Wert</i>, an herb; <i>man</i>, a man. An herb-man.</p> + +<p><i>Wertz.</i> <i>Werts</i>, from <i>Wert</i>, Wert, and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Wert.</p> + +<p><i>Wesley.</i> <i>Wes</i>, the west; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling the west; +westernly.</p> + +<p><i>Weslyn.</i> <i>Wesline</i>, a rough coat.</p> + +<p><i>Wesson.</i> <i>Wes</i>, the west; <i>sun</i>, son. A western son.</p> + +<p><i>West.</i> <i>West</i>, the west. Weste, of like meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Westscott.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>scot</i>, payment. The western +payment.</p> + +<p><i>Westall.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>all</i>, all, whole. Wholly west.</p> + +<p><i>Westbrook.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>bróc</i>, a brook. A western +brook.</p> + +<p><i>Westcott.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>cóte</i>, a cottage. A western +cottage. Westcote, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wester.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A western man. +Or, from <i>wéste</i>, a desert, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. A man of the +desert.</p> + +<p><i>Westerman.</i> <i>Western</i>, a desert place; <i>man</i>, a man. A +desert-man.</p> + +<p><i>Westholt.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>holt</i>, a forest. A western +forest.</p> + +<p><i>Westing.</i> <i>West</i>, west; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant of +West.</p> + +<p><i>Westly.</i> <i>West</i>, west; <i>líc</i>, like. West-like; westernly.</p> + +<p><i>Westney.</i> <i>Westan-ig</i>, from <i>westan</i>, west, and <i>ig</i>, an island. +Western island.</p> + +<p><i>Weston.</i> <i>West</i>, the west; <i>tún</i>, a town. A western town.</p> + +<p><i>Westwood.</i> <i>Westan-wudu</i>, from <i>westan</i>, western, and +<i>wudu</i>, wood. Western wood.</p> + +<p><i>Weter.</i> <i>Weter</i>, water.</p> + +<p><i>Wetherald.</i> <i>Wedher</i>, a wether, a ram; <i>ald</i>, old. An old +wether; an old ram.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wetherbee.</i> <i>Wedher</i>, weather; <i>beo</i>, a bee. A weather-bee. +Weatherbee, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Wetherell.</i> <i>Wedher</i>, weather; <i>ell</i>, all. All weather; weather +for all. Wetherill, doubtless, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wetherhold.</i> <i>Wedher</i>, weather; <i>hold</i>, pleasant. Agreeable +weather.</p> + +<p><i>Wetmer.</i> <i>Wet</i>, wet; <i>mere</i>, a sea. A wet sea.</p> + +<p><i>Wetmore.</i> <i>Wet-mór</i>, from <i>wet</i>, wet, and <i>mór</i>, a moor. A +wet moor.</p> + +<p><i>Wetstone.</i> <i>Wet</i>, wet; <i>stæn</i> a stone. A wet stone.</p> + +<p><i>Wetton.</i> <i>Wet</i>, wet; <i>tún</i>, a town. A wet town.</p> + +<p><i>Wheat.</i> <i>Hwǽte</i>, wheat.</p> + +<p><i>Wheatcroft.</i> <i>Hwǽte</i>, wheat; <i>croft</i>, a small field. A wheat +field.</p> + +<p><i>Wheatland.</i> <i>Hwǽte</i>, wheat; <i>land</i>, land. Wheat land.</p> + +<p><i>Wheatley.</i> <i>Hwǽte</i>, wheat; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling wheat.</p> + +<p><i>Wheaton.</i> <i>Hwǽte</i>, wheat; <i>tún</i>, farm. A wheat farm.</p> + +<p><i>Wheeler.</i> <i>Hweohl</i>, or <i>hweol</i>, a wheel, circle, the world; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A wheeler. Or, from <i>hweolere</i>, a diviner.</p> + +<p><i>Wheelock.</i> <i>Hweohl</i>, a wheel; <i>loc</i>, a lock. A wheel-lock.</p> + +<p><i>Whelan.</i> <i>Hwélan</i>, to become foul, to putrefy.</p> + +<p><i>Whelen.</i> <i>Hwélen</i>, a participle derived from <i>hwélan</i>, to +become foul. Made foul.</p> + +<p><i>Whetham.</i> <i>Hwet</i>, wet; <i>hám</i>, house. Wet house; water-house. +Whithem, Whittem, other forms of spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Whetstone.</i> <i>Hwet-stán</i>, from <i>hwet</i>, sharpening, and <i>stán</i>, +stone. Whetstone.</p> + +<p><i>Whipp.</i> <i>Hweop</i>, a whip.</p> + +<p><i>Whipper.</i> <i>Hweop</i>, a whip; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +whips; a whipper.</p> + +<p><i>Whippey.</i> <i>Hweop</i>, a whip; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Whip-like.</p> + +<p><i>Whipple.</i> <i>Hweop</i>, a whip; <i>el</i>, a termination expressive of +an inanimate object. A whip-like bar.</p> + +<p><i>Whistler.</i> <i>Hwistlere</i>, a whistler, a piper. Whisler, an +abbreviated form of the name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p> + +<p><i>Whitaker.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>æcer</i>, a field. A white field. +Whitecar, Whittaker, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Whitall.</i> <i>Hwítel</i>, a white mantle; a priest’s cope. Whital, +Whittle, cognate terms.</p> + +<p><i>Whitby.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A white habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Whitcomb.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>comb</i>, a valley. A white valley.</p> + +<p><i>White.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white. Whyte, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Whitechurch.</i> <i>Hwíte-cirice</i>, from <i>hwít</i>, white, and <i>cirice</i>, a +church. A white church.</p> + +<p><i>Whitecraft.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>cræft</i>, trade, occupation. A +white trade.</p> + +<p><i>Whitefield.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>feld</i>, a field. A white field. +Whitfield, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteford.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A white ford.</p> + +<p><i>Whitehead.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>heáfod</i>, a head. A white head.</p> + +<p><i>Whitehill.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>hyll</i>, a hill. A white hill.</p> + +<p><i>Whitehouse.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>hús</i>, a house. A white house.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteley.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling white. +Whitely, Whitley, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteline.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>lín</i>, flax. White flax. Or, from +<i>hwíte</i>, white, and Latin <i>linea</i>, a line: hence, a white line.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteling.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>ling</i>, a termination denoting +state of a person. Whiteness. Whitling, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Whitelock.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>locc</i>, a lock, hair. White hair. +Whitlock, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteman.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>man</i>, a man. A white man. +Whitman, kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Whitenack.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>naca</i>, a skiff. A white skiff.</p> + +<p><i>Whitesell.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>sel</i>, a hall. A white hall. +Whitzell, of similar import.</p> + +<p><i>Whiteside.</i> <i>Hwíte</i>, white; <i>síde</i>, a side. A white side.</p> + +<p><i>Whitesides.</i> <i>Whiteside</i>, Whiteside; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Whiteside.</p> + +<p><i>Whiting.</i> <i>White</i>, White; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant +of White.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> + +<p><i>Whitmore.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>mór</i>, a moor. A white moor.</p> + +<p><i>Whitnall.</i> <i>Hwíten</i>,—participle from <i>hwítian</i>, to whiten,—made +white or whitened; <i>all</i>, all. All whitened.</p> + +<p><i>Whitney.</i> <i>Hwíten</i>, whitened; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Whitish; somewhat white.</p> + +<p><i>Whitnight.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>niht</i>, night. A white night; a +moonlit night.</p> + +<p><i>Whiton.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A white farm.</p> + +<p><i>Whitson.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>sun</i>, son. A white son; a pale son.</p> + +<p><i>Whitten.</i> <i>Hwíten</i>, from <i>hwítian</i>, to whiten. Whitened.</p> + +<p><i>Whittenberg.</i> <i>Hwíten</i>, whitened; <i>beorg</i>, a hill. A whitened +hill.</p> + +<p><i>Whittendale.</i> <i>Hwíten</i>, whitened; <i>dál</i>, a valley. A whitened +valley.</p> + +<p><i>Whittig.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Whitish. Whittick, Whitty, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Whittingham.</i> <i>Whitting</i>, Whiting; <i>hám</i>, house. Home +of Whiting.</p> + +<p><i>Whittington.</i> <i>Whitting</i>, Whiting; <i>tún</i>, house. House of +Whiting.</p> + +<p><i>Whitworth.</i> <i>Hwít</i>, white; <i>weordh</i>, honor, dignity. White, +or unsullied honor.</p> + +<p><i>Whorf.</i> <i>Hwearf</i>, a wharf, a shore.</p> + +<p><i>Why.</i> <i>Hwy</i>, why, wherefore, indeed.</p> + +<p><i>Whyard.</i> <i>Hwy</i>, why; <i>ard</i>, indicating an ensign. One +who asks for reasons; a questioner.</p> + +<p><i>Wiard.</i> <i>Wí</i>, an idol; <i>ard</i>, indicative of an ensign. An +idolater.</p> + +<p><i>Wibberley.</i> <i>Wibba</i>, a worm; <i>líc</i>, like. Worm-like.</p> + +<p><i>Wíble.</i> <i>Wibil</i>, a weasel, a beetle.</p> + +<p><i>Wicemann.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a castle; <i>mann</i>, a man. Man of the +castle. Wichmann, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wichelmann.</i> <i>Wicelian</i>, to stagger, to reel; <i>mann</i>, a man. +A staggering man.</p> + +<p><i>Wick.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a dwelling-place, mansion, village, street, convent, +camp, castle, fortress.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wickel.</i> <i>Wicele</i>, present indicative first person of <i>wicelian</i>, +to stagger, to reel.</p> + +<p><i>Wickersham.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a camp; <i>ere</i>, an agent; <i>wiceres</i>, genitive +of <i>wicere</i>, a soldier; <i>hám</i>, a house. A soldier’s home.</p> + +<p><i>Wicks.</i> <i>Wick</i>, Wick; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wick. +Wickes, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wickfield.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a camp; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. A camp-field; +a tented plain.</p> + +<p><i>Wickham.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a camp; <i>hám</i>, home. A camp-home.</p> + +<p><i>Wickman.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a camp; <i>man</i>, a man. A camp-man; a +soldier.</p> + +<p><i>Widdall.</i> <i>Wíd</i>, grass; <i>dál</i>, a valley. A grass-valley.</p> + +<p><i>Widdifield.</i> <i>Wídisc</i>, grassy; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. A grassy +plain.</p> + +<p><i>Widdis.</i> <i>Wíd</i>, grass; <i>ísc</i>, an adjective termination denoting +like. Grassy.</p> + +<p><i>Widdows.</i> <i>Widewe</i>, a widow; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a +widow. Widdoes, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Wideman.</i> <i>Wíd</i>, wide, broad, famous; <i>man</i>, a man. A +broad man; a famous man. Widemann, Widman, Widmann, +of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Widemer.</i> <i>Wíd-mǽre</i>, from <i>wíd</i>, far, and <i>mǽre</i>, famed. +Far-famed. Widmer, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Widener.</i> <i>Wíd</i>, grass; <i>nere</i>, a refuge. A grass-refuge. +Widner, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Widger.</i> <i>Wicg</i>, a horse, a steed; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A horseman; +a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Widley.</i> <i>Wíd</i>, wide; <i>líc</i>, like. Widely.</p> + +<p><i>Wiese.</i> <i>Wiese</i>, wise, prudent.</p> + +<p><i>Wigand.</i> <i>Wigend</i>, a warrior, a soldier.</p> + +<p><i>Wiggan.</i> <i>Wiggan</i>, to carry on war, to fight, to contend.</p> + +<p><i>Wiggins.</i> <i>Wiggin</i>, Wiggan; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Wiggan.</p> + +<p><i>Wigham.</i> <i>Wig</i>, war; <i>hám</i>, a house. A war-house; castle; +tower; fortress.</p> + +<p><i>Wight.</i> <i>Wiht</i>, a creature, wight, animal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wightman.</i> <i>Wiht-man</i>, from <i>Wiht</i>, the Isle of Wight, and +<i>man</i>, a man. A man of the Isle of Wight.</p> + +<p><i>Wigley.</i> <i>Wig-líc</i>, from <i>wig</i>, war, and <i>líc</i>, like. Warlike.</p> + +<p><i>Wigman.</i> <i>Wig-mann</i>, from <i>wig</i>, war, and <i>mann</i>, a man. +A warlike man; a warrior; a soldier.</p> + +<p><i>Wigmore.</i> <i>Wig</i>, battle; <i>mór</i>, a moor. A battle-moor.</p> + +<p><i>Wigo.</i> <i>Wiga</i>, a soldier, a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Wigton.</i> <i>Wig</i>, a battle; <i>tún</i>, town. A battle-town.</p> + +<p><i>Wike.</i> <i>Wic</i>, a dwelling-place, mansion.</p> + +<p><i>Wilbank.</i> <i>Wil</i>, a prefix denoting pleasant; <i>banc</i>, a bank. +A pleasant bank.</p> + +<p><i>Wilbraham.</i> <i>Wilbra</i>, Wilbur; <i>hám</i>, house. House of +Wilbur.</p> + +<p><i>Wilbur.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>búr</i>, a bower. A pleasant bower. +Wilber, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wilby.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>bý</i>, dwelling. A pleasant dwelling.</p> + +<p><i>Wilcock.</i> <i>Wil</i>, good, well; <i>cocc</i>, a cock. A well-bred +cock.</p> + +<p><i>Wilcocks.</i> <i>Wilcock</i>, Wilcock; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Wilcock. Wilcox, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Wild.</i> <i>Wíld</i>, following its own will and impulse, wild, +powerful. Wilde, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Wildermore.</i> <i>Wíld</i>, wild; <i>mór</i>, a moor. A wild moor; an +uncultivated moor.</p> + +<p><i>Wilder.</i> <i>Wíld</i>, wild; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or that +which, is wild.</p> + +<p><i>Wildes.</i> <i>Wild</i>, Wild; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wilde. +Wilds, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wildey.</i> <i>Wíld-ig</i>, from <i>wíld</i>, wild; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Wild-like; wildly. Willdey, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wilding.</i> <i>Wíld</i>, wild; <i>ing</i>, expressing action. Growing +wild.</p> + +<p><i>Wildman.</i> <i>Wíld</i>, wild; <i>man</i>, a man. A wild man. An +uncivilized man.</p> + +<p><i>Wile.</i> <i>Wíle</i>, a wile, craftiness.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wileman.</i> <i>Wíle</i>, a wile, craftiness. A wily man; a crafty +man.</p> + +<p><i>Wilen.</i> <i>Wilen</i>, or <i>wilhen</i>, a maid, a foreign woman, a female +slave.</p> + +<p><i>Wiler.</i> <i>Wíle</i>, a wile; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A trickster.</p> + +<p><i>Wiles.</i> <i>Wile</i>, Wile; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wile.</p> + +<p><i>Wiley.</i> <i>Wíle</i>, wile; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Wily; +tricky; crafty. Wilie, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wilfong.</i> <i>Wil</i>, well; <i>fong</i>, received. Well-received.</p> + +<p><i>Wilfonger.</i> <i>Wil</i>, well; <i>fong</i>, received; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who is well received.</p> + +<p><i>Wilford.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A pleasant ford.</p> + +<p><i>Wilgus.</i> <i>Wiliges</i>, genitive of <i>wilig</i>, a willow. Belonging +to a willow.</p> + +<p><i>Wilhare.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>harra</i>, a lord. A pleasant lord. +Wilher, from the same roots.</p> + +<p id="Wilhelm"><i>Wilhelm.</i> <i>Wil</i>, well, pleasant; <i>helm</i>, a crown. An easy +crown; a happy monarch. Or, from <i>will</i>, a will, and <i>helm</i>, +a helmet. A will-helmet; an undaunted helmet.</p> + +<p><i>Wilkening.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>cyn</i>, people; <i>ing</i>, offspring. +Descendant of pleasant people.</p> + +<p><i>Wilkens.</i> <i>Wilken</i>, pleasant people; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +pleasant people. Wilkes, Wilks, possibly, contractions of +the same name.</p> + +<p><i>Wilkinson.</i> <i>Wilken</i>, pleasant people; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +pleasant people.</p> + +<p><i>Will.</i> <i>Will</i>, will, mind, disposition, affection, consent.</p> + +<p><i>Willahan.</i> <i>Will-an</i>, of one’s will, willingly. Willian, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Willand.</i> <i>Willende</i>, willing, wishing. Willang, doubtless, +from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Willans.</i> <i>Willan</i>, Willahan; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Willahan.</p> + +<p><i>Willard.</i> <i>Wil-laueord</i>, from <i>wil</i>, good, pleasant, and +<i>laueord</i>, a lord. A kind lord; a beneficent master. Willauer, +Williard, from the same.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p> + +<p><i>Willdon.</i> <i>Wil-dón</i>, from <i>wil</i>, well, and <i>dón</i>, to do. To do +well; well-done.</p> + +<p id="Willeman"><i>Willeman.</i> <i>Wille</i>, a well; <i>man</i>, a man. A well-man; a +well-borer. Williman, Willman, of like import.</p> + +<p><i>Willemin.</i> <i>Willan</i>, to will; <i>mine</i>, the mind. A willing +mind. Willimen, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Willems.</i> <i>Willem</i>, Wilhelm; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wilhelm.</p> + +<p><i>Willer.</i> <i>Willan</i>, to will, to wish; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +wills, or wishes; a willer; a wisher. Willar, another form +of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Willers.</i> <i>Willer</i>, Willer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Willer.</p> + +<p><i>Willes.</i> <i>Wille</i>, Will; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Will.</p> + +<p><i>Willess.</i> <i>Will</i>, a will; <i>leas</i>, free from. Free from will.</p> + +<p><i>Willet.</i> <i>Wil</i>, a well, a fountain; <i>lyt</i>, little. A small fountain. +Or, from <i>will</i>, mind, and <i>lyt</i>, little. A little mind. +Willett, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Willets.</i> <i>Willet</i>, Willet; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Willet. +Willetts, Willitts, from the same roots.</p> + +<p id="Willey"><i>Willey.</i> <i>Will-íce</i>, contraction of <i>willendlíce</i>, from <i>willende</i>, +willing, and <i>líce</i>, like. Willing-like; willingly. Willi, Willie, +perhaps, corruptions of the name.</p> + +<p><i>William.</i> Old History German for Wilhelm. See <a href="#Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Williams.</i> <i>William</i>, William; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +William.</p> + +<p><i>Williamson.</i> <i>William</i>, William; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of William.</p> + +<p><i>Willig.</i> <i>Will</i>, will; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Willing; +desirous; prone. Willey, Willi, and Willie, may be derived +from the same roots. See <a href="#Willey">Willey</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Willimeit.</i> <i>Willa</i>, will; <i>miht</i>, might, power. Will-power.</p> + +<p><i>Willing.</i> <i>Will</i>, will; <i>ing</i>, an offspring. Descendant of +Will.</p> + +<p><i>Willinger.</i> <i>Willing</i>, willing; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A servant of +Willing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span></p> + +<p><i>Willingmyre.</i> <i>Willing</i>, from <i>willende</i>, willing; <i>myre</i>, a +mare. A willing mare; a ready mare. Willingmeyer, from +the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Willings.</i> <i>Willing</i>, Willing; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Willing.</p> + +<p><i>Willis.</i> <i>Willíce</i>, willingly.</p> + +<p><i>Willman.</i> <i>Will</i>, a will; <i>man</i>, a man. A will-man; a man +of will; a resolute man. Willeman, Williman, may be traced +to the same roots. See <a href="#Willeman">Willeman</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Willmanns.</i> <i>Willmann</i>, Willman; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Willman.</p> + +<p><i>Willmarth.</i> <i>Will</i>, mind; <i>mǽrdh</i>, wonders. Mind-wonders. +Wilmarth, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Willmunder.</i> <i>Will</i>, mind; <i>mundian</i>, to protect; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A mind-protector; an instructor; a teacher; a physician.</p> + +<p><i>Willoughby.</i> <i>Wilige</i>, what is made of willow, a basket; +<i>bý</i>, a habitation. A house where baskets are made; a basket-factory.</p> + +<p><i>Willow.</i> <i>Wilig</i>, or <i>wileg</i>, a willow.</p> + +<p><i>Wills.</i> <i>Will</i>, Will; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Will.</p> + +<p><i>Willsey.</i> <i>Willes</i>, Will’s; <i>ig</i>, an island. Will’s island. Wilsey, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Willson.</i> <i>Will</i>, Will; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Will. Wilson, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wilmer.</i> <i>Wil</i>, well; <i>mǽre</i>, famed. Well-famed; distinguished; +illustrious.</p> + +<p><i>Wilmerton.</i> <i>Wilmer</i>, Wilmer; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of +Wilmer.</p> + +<p><i>Wilmoore.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>mór</i>, a moor. A pleasant moor. +Wilmore, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wilmot.</i> <i>Wil</i>, pleasant; <i>mót</i>, an assembly. An agreeable +assembly. Wilmott, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Wilsher.</i> <i>Wilsc</i>, Welsh; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A Welshman.</p> + +<p><i>Wilsky.</i> <i>Wilsc-ig</i>, from <i>Wilsc</i>, Welsh, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective +termination. Welsh.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span></p> + +<p><i>Willsleger.</i> <i>Willes</i>, genitive of <i>will</i>, mind, affection; <i>leger</i>, +disease, couch. Disease of the mind; couch of affection.</p> + +<p><i>Wilsman.</i> <i>Willes</i>, genitive of <i>will</i>, mind; <i>man</i>, a man. A +man of mind.</p> + +<p><i>Wilstach.</i> <i>Wil</i>, a well; <i>stác</i>, a pole. A well-pole.</p> + +<p><i>Wilt.</i> <i>Wilt</i>, from <i>willan</i>, to will, to wish. Wilt; willest; +wishest.</p> + +<p><i>Wiltbank.</i> <i>Wilt</i>, willest; <i>banc</i>, a bank. A bank thou +willest, or wishest; a wished-for bank.</p> + +<p><i>Wilten.</i> <i>Wiltún</i>, contraction of <i>Willy-tún</i>, from <i>Willy</i>, the +name of a river, and <i>tún</i>, town. Town on the river Willy. +Willy is, perhaps, from <i>wilie</i>, a basket, or <i>wilig</i>, a willow.</p> + +<p><i>Wiltshire.</i> <i>Wiltún-scíre</i>, from <i>Wil</i>, Willy, and <i>tún</i>, town; +<i>scíre</i>, a shire, a district. Wiltonshire; Wilton-district.</p> + +<p><i>Winch.</i> <i>Wince</i>, a winch, a reel to wind thread upon. +Winsch, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Winchell.</i> <i>Wincel</i>, a corner. Winsel, doubtless of like +import.</p> + +<p><i>Winchester.</i> <i>Win-ceaster</i>, from <i>wín</i>, wine; <i>ceaster</i>, a castle. +A wine-castle.</p> + +<p><i>Wind.</i> <i>Windan</i>, to wind, to bend, to twist, to twine.</p> + +<p><i>Winder.</i> <i>Winde</i>, what winds round, a winder, a reel. +Or, from <i>windan</i>, to wind, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +winds; a winder.</p> + +<p><i>Windisch.</i> <i>Windan</i>, to wind; <i>isc</i>, an adjective termination +denoting external quality of a thing. Winding; flexuous.</p> + +<p><i>Windle.</i> <i>Wíudel</i>, dative <i>wíndle</i>, anything twined, a +basket.</p> + +<p><i>Windpipe.</i> <i>Wind</i>, wind; <i>píp</i>, a pipe, a flute. A wind-pipe.</p> + +<p><i>Windrim.</i> <i>Wyn-drím</i>, or <i>wyn-dreám</i>, from <i>wyn</i>, joy, +and <i>drím</i>, or <i>dreám</i>, joy, rejoicing. Great joy, exultation.</p> + +<p><i>Windsor.</i> <i>Wind</i>, wind; <i>sór</i>, sorrow, grief. Wind-sorrow. +Windser, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wine.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine.</p> + +<p><i>Wineland.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>land</i>, a region. Wine-region.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span></p> + +<p><i>Winelander.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>land</i>, a region; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A resident of a wine region.</p> + +<p><i>Winfield.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>feld</i>, a field. A wine-field; a vineyard.</p> + +<p><i>Winfree.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>freó</i>, free. Wine free; abstaining +from wine.</p> + +<p><i>Wing.</i> <i>Winge</i>, a wing.</p> + +<p><i>Wingart.</i> <i>Wín-geard</i>, from <i>wín</i>, wine, and <i>geard</i>, a garden. +A wine-garden; a vineyard. Wingert, a kindred +name.</p> + +<p><i>Wingate.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>geát</i>, a gate, a door, an opening. A +wine-gate; an opening to a wine-cellar.</p> + +<p><i>Winig.</i> <i>Wín</i>, wine; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Wine-like; +vinous.</p> + +<p><i>Wink.</i> <i>Wincian</i>, to bend one’s self, to nod, to wink.</p> + +<p><i>Winkel.</i> <i>Wincle</i>, a wilk, cockle, shell-fish.</p> + +<p><i>Winkelmann.</i> <i>Wincle</i>, a wilk, a cockle; <i>mann</i>, a man. A +wilk-man; a cockler.</p> + +<p><i>Winkler.</i> <i>Wincle</i>, a wilk, a cockle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +wilk-man; a cockler.</p> + +<p><i>Winkley.</i> <i>Wincle</i>, a cockle; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a +cockle.</p> + +<p><i>Winline.</i> <i>Winn</i>, acquisition, possession, winning; Latin +<i>linea</i>, a line. Acquisition-line; border-line; winning-line.</p> + +<p><i>Winn.</i> <i>Winn</i>, contention, strife, war, trouble, acquisition, +possession, winning. Winne, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Winnel.</i> <i>Winn</i>, a contest; <i>el</i>, implying a person. A contestant; +a rival; a fighter.</p> + +<p><i>Winnemoore.</i> <i>Winn-an</i>, to win, to conquer, to subdue; +<i>mór</i>, a moor. A conquered moor.</p> + +<p><i>Winner.</i> <i>Winna</i>, a rival, an enemy, a fighter. Or, from +<i>winn</i>, contest, war, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. A contestant; a +warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Winners.</i> <i>Winner</i>, Winner; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +Winner.</p> + +<p><i>Winnett.</i> <i>Win</i>, pleasure; <i>nett</i>, a net. A pleasure net.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span></p> + +<p><i>Winnig.</i> <i>Winn</i>, contention, war, labor; <i>ig</i>, an adjective +ending. Contentious; warlike; laborious. Winnie, a +slightly modified form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Winning.</i> <i>Winn</i>, Winn; <i>ing</i>, offspring. Descendant of +Winn.</p> + +<p><i>Winpenny.</i> <i>Winn</i>, labor, winning; <i>pening</i>, a penny. Labor-penny; +win-penny; winning penny.</p> + +<p><i>Winrick.</i> <i>Win</i>, winning; <i>ríce</i>, power, kingdom. Winning +power.</p> + +<p><i>Winring.</i> <i>Win</i>, winning; <i>hring</i>, a ring. Winning ring. +Or, from <i>win</i>, pleasure, and <i>hring</i>, a ring. A pleasure-ring; +a wedding-ring.</p> + +<p><i>Winship.</i> <i>Wine-scipe</i>, from <i>wine</i>, a friend, and <i>scipe</i>, a +termination denoting form, condition, state, office, dignity. +A society of friends; a fraternity.</p> + +<p><i>Winslow.</i> <i>Win</i>, contest; <i>sláw</i>, slow, idle, lazy. A slow +contest. Or, from <i>win</i>, pleasure, and <i>sláw</i>, idle. An idle +pleasure.</p> + +<p><i>Winsmore.</i> <i>Wines</i>, genitive of <i>win</i>, contention; <i>mór</i>, a +moor. A contending moor.</p> + +<p><i>Winstanley.</i> <i>Wine</i>, a friend; Stanley, Stanley. Stanley’s +friend. See <a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Winston.</i> <i>Wínes-tún</i>, from <i>wínes</i>, genitive of <i>wín</i>, wine, and +<i>tún</i>, a house. A house of wine; a wine-house; a tavern.</p> + +<p><i>Wint.</i> <i>Wint</i>, from <i>wintan</i>, to wind. Winds.</p> + +<p><i>Winter.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter, a year. The Anglo-Saxon, and +other northern nations, reckoned by winters instead of years.</p> + +<p><i>Winterbottom.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>botm</i>, bottom. Winter’s +close.</p> + +<p><i>Winterbourn.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>burne</i>, a brook. A winter +brook.</p> + +<p><i>Winterer.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or +that which, winters in a certain place.</p> + +<p><i>Winterfield.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>feld</i>, a field, a plain. A +wintry field.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p> + +<p><i>Winterhall.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>heal</i>, a palace. Winter-palace.</p> + +<p><i>Winterhalter.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>healtian</i>, to halt; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One who, or that which, halts for the winter; a +winter sojourner.</p> + +<p><i>Winterholer.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>hole</i>, a hole; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who, or that which, seeks winter-quarters in holes.</p> + +<p><i>Winternight.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>niht</i>, night. A winter night.</p> + +<p><i>Winters.</i> <i>Winter</i>, Winter; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>. Son of Winter.</p> + +<p><i>Wintersteen.</i> <i>Winter</i>, winter; <i>stǽn</i>, or <i>stén</i>, stone. A +winter stone.</p> + +<p><i>Winther.</i> <i>Windh</i>, from <i>winnan</i>, to labor; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A laborer.</p> + +<p><i>Winton.</i> <i>Wín-tún</i>, from <i>wín</i>, wine, and <i>tún</i>, a house. A +wine-house; a tavern.</p> + +<p><i>Wire.</i> <i>Wír</i>, wire.</p> + +<p><i>Wireback.</i> <i>Wír</i>, wire; <i>bæc</i>, a back. A wire-back. Wirebach, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wireman.</i> <i>Wír</i>, wire; <i>man</i>, a man. A worker in wire.</p> + +<p><i>Wirgman.</i> <i>Wirg</i>, wicked, cursed; <i>man</i>, a man. A wicked +man.</p> + +<p><i>Wirsing.</i> <i>Wirs</i>, worse; <i>ing</i>, expressing action. Making +worse.</p> + +<p><i>Wirth.</i> <i>Wirdh</i>, from <i>weordhan</i>, to be made. Is made.</p> + +<p><i>Wischan.</i> <i>Wiscan</i>, to wish, to adopt.</p> + +<p><i>Wischman.</i> <i>Wiscan</i>, to wish; <i>man</i>, a man. A man that +wishes; a wisher. Wischmann, Wishman, from the same +roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wisdom.</i> <i>Wís-dóm</i>, from <i>wísa</i>, a sage, and <i>dóm</i>, opinion. +Opinion of a sage; wisdom.</p> + +<p><i>Wise.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise, prudent; a wise man, a hero, a prince.</p> + +<p><i>Wisely.</i> <i>Wís-líce</i>, from <i>wís</i>, wise, prudent, and <i>líce</i>, like. +Wise-like; wisely; prudently.</p> + +<p><i>Wiseman.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise, prudent; <i>man</i>, a man. A wise +man; a prudent man. Wisman, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wiser.</i> <i>Wísa</i>, a sage, a philosopher, a wise man, a leader, +guide, director. Or, from <i>wís</i>, wise, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who, or that which, is wise or prudent.</p> + +<p><i>Wisham.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise, prudent; <i>hám</i>, home. A wise home.</p> + +<p><i>Wishart.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise, prudent; <i>heort</i>, a termination denoting +hearty, hearted, brave. Wise-hearted.</p> + +<p><i>Wisher.</i> <i>Wisc-ere</i>, from <i>wiscan</i>, to wish; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +A wisher.</p> + +<p><i>Wisenger.</i> <i>Wísung</i>, making wise, instruction, command, +a governing, regulator; <i>ere</i>, an agent. Wisdom-maker; +instructor; commander; governor; regulator.</p> + +<p><i>Wisler.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise, prudent; <i>lár</i>, doctrine. Wise doctrine. +Wissler, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Wismer.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise; <i>mǽre</i>, famed. Wise-famed; famous +for wisdom.</p> + +<p><i>Wisner.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise; <i>nere</i>, a refuge. A wise refuge.</p> + +<p><i>Wisse.</i> <i>Wisse</i>, for <i>wiste</i>, past of <i>witan</i>, to know, to be +conscious. Knew; was conscious.</p> + +<p><i>Wissman.</i> <i>Wisse</i>, knew, was conscious; <i>man</i>, a man. A +man that knew; a wise man.</p> + +<p><i>Wist.</i> <i>Wiste</i>, past of <i>witan</i>, to know. Knew; was conscious.</p> + +<p><i>Wister.</i> <i>Wiste</i>, knew; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One that knew. +Wistar, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Wiswell.</i> <i>Wís</i>, wise; <i>well</i>, much. Exceedingly wise.</p> + +<p><i>Witchel.</i> <i>Wicce</i>, a witch, an enchantress; <i>el</i>, a termination +denoting a person. A witch; an enchantress.</p> + +<p><i>Witcher.</i> <i>Wicce</i>, a witch, an enchantress. Witscher, of +kindred derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Witcraft.</i> <i>Wit</i>, mind, wit, understanding; <i>cræft</i>, continuance. +Mind-continuance; invention.</p> + +<p><i>Witham.</i> <i>Wit</i>, mind, wit; <i>hám</i>, house. Home of wit; +the brain.</p> + +<p><i>Witheat.</i> <i>Wit</i>, mind; <i>hát</i>, heat, fervor. Mind-fervor.</p> + +<p><i>Witman.</i> <i>Wit</i>, wit; <i>man</i>, a man. A witman; a man +of wit. Wittman, of kindred significance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span></p> + +<p><i>Witmer.</i> <i>Wit</i>, wit; <i>mǽre</i>, famed. Wit-famed. Wittmer, +a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Witsil.</i> <i>Wit</i>, wit; <i>sel</i>, best. Best wit.</p> + +<p><i>Witt.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit, mind, understanding. Witte, from the +same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Wittig.</i> <i>Witt-ig</i>, from <i>witt</i>, wit, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Witty; wise.</p> + +<p><i>Wittingham.</i> <i>Witting</i>, Wittig; <i>hám</i>, house. Home of +Wittig.</p> + +<p><i>Wittkamp.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit; <i>camp</i>, a contest. A wit-contest.</p> + +<p><i>Wittkorn.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit; <i>corn</i>, a grain. A wit-grain; a grain +of wit.</p> + +<p><i>Wittland.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit; <i>land</i>, a land. A land of wit.</p> + +<p><i>Wittrook.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit; <i>róc</i>, a rook. A witty rook.</p> + +<p><i>Witts.</i> <i>Witt</i>, Witt; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Witt.</p> + +<p><i>Wittwer.</i> <i>Witt</i>, wit; <i>wer</i>, a man. A witty man. Witwer, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Woddrop.</i> <i>Wod</i>, a wood; <i>drop</i>, a drop, a spot. A +wood-spot.</p> + +<p><i>Wogan.</i> <i>Wógan</i>, to woo, to marry.</p> + +<p><i>Wolbert.</i> <i>Wól</i>, mischief; <i>beorht</i>, glistening. Glistening +with mischief.</p> + +<p><i>Wolbold.</i> <i>Wól</i>, mischief; <i>báld</i>, audacious. Audacious +mischief.</p> + +<p><i>Wolcott.</i> <i>Wól</i>, disease; <i>cóte</i>, a couch, a bed. A diseased +couch.</p> + +<p><i>Wolf.</i> <i>Wulf</i>, a wolf. Wolfe, Wolff, Woolf, Wulf, Wulff, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Wolfel.</i> <i>Wulf</i>, wolf; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting a person. +A wolfish person; a ravenous person.</p> + +<p><i>Wonder.</i> <i>Wunder</i>, a wonder, a miracle.</p> + +<p><i>Wonderly.</i> <i>Wunder-líc</i>, from <i>wunder</i>, wonder, and <i>líc</i>, like. +Wonder-like; wonderful; wondrous.</p> + +<p><i>Wondle.</i> <i>Wúnd-el</i>, a wound.</p> + +<p><i>Wonhart.</i> <i>Won</i>, lacking; <i>heort</i>, heart. Lacking heart; +faint-hearted.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wood.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood.</p> + +<p><i>Woodall.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>eall</i>, all. Well-wooded.</p> + +<p><i>Woodbridge.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>bricg</i>, a bridge. A wooden +bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Woodburn.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>burne</i>, a stream. A wooded +stream.</p> + +<p><i>Woodbury.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>bury</i>, from <i>byrig</i>, a city, a town. +A wooded town.</p> + +<p><i>Woodcock.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>coc</i>, or <i>cocc</i>, a cock, a male fowl, +or bird. A woodcock; a bird that affects wooded places.</p> + +<p><i>Woodelton.</i> <i>Wudelíc-tún</i>, from <i>wudelíc</i>, woody, wild; <i>tún</i>, +a farm. A woody, or wild farm.</p> + +<p><i>Wooder.</i> <i>Wudere</i>, a wooden shoe.</p> + +<p><i>Woodfall.</i> <i>Wude</i>, a wood; <i>fealle</i>, a trap. A wood-trap.</p> + +<p><i>Woodhead.</i> <i>Wude</i>, a wood; <i>heáfd</i>, head. A wood-head; +a wooden head.</p> + +<p><i>Woodhouse.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>hús</i>, a house. A wood-house.</p> + +<p><i>Woodhull.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>hul</i>, a hill. A wooded hill.</p> + +<p><i>Woodington.</i> <i>Wudiende</i>, present participle of <i>wudian</i>, to +cut wood; <i>tún</i>, a farm. A wood-cutting farm.</p> + +<p><i>Woodland.</i> <i>Wudu-land</i>, from <i>wudu</i>, or <i>wude</i>, wood, and +<i>land</i>, land, region. A woodland; a wooded region.</p> + +<p><i>Woodlands.</i> <i>Woodland</i>, Woodland; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Woodland.</p> + +<p><i>Woodley.</i> <i>Wudu-líc</i>, from <i>wudu</i>, wood, and <i>líc</i>, like. +Wood-like; woody; wild.</p> + +<p><i>Woodman.</i> <i>Wudu-mann</i>, from <i>wudu</i>, wood, and <i>mann</i>, a +man. A woodman; a wood-ward.</p> + +<p><i>Woodmansee.</i> <i>Wudu-mann-seo</i>, from <i>wudu-mann</i>, a woodman, +and <i>seo</i>, the sight of the eye. A woodman’s vision.</p> + +<p><i>Woodnutt.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>hnut</i>, a nut. A wood-nut.</p> + +<p><i>Woodring.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>hring</i>, a girdle. A wood-belt; +a belt of woods.</p> + +<p><i>Woodrow.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>ræwa</i>, a row. A wood-row; a +line of woods.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span></p> + +<p><i>Woodruff.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>róf</i>, a roof. Woodroof, Woodroff, +Woodroffe, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Woods.</i> <i>Wood</i>, Wood; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wood.</p> + +<p><i>Woodside.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>síde</i>, side. Side of a wood.</p> + +<p><i>Woodsides.</i> <i>Woodside</i>, Woodside; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of Woodside.</p> + +<p><i>Woodson.</i> <i>Wood</i>, Wood; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wood. Or, +from <i>wude</i>, wood, and <i>sun</i>, son. Son of the woods.</p> + +<p><i>Woodstocker.</i> <i>Woodstock</i>, from <i>wude</i>, wood, and <i>stóc</i>, a +place; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A resident of Woodstock—a woody +place.</p> + +<p><i>Woodward.</i> <i>Wudu-weard</i>, from <i>wudu</i>, wood, and <i>weard</i>, +a ward, a guardian. A wood-ward; a woodman.</p> + +<p><i>Woodworth.</i> <i>Wude</i>, wood; <i>weordh</i>, value. Wood-value.</p> + +<p><i>Woody.</i> <i>Wudu-líc</i>, from <i>wudu</i>, wood, and <i>líc</i>, like. Wood-like; +woody; wild. Or, from <i>wud</i>, wood, and <i>íg</i>, an adjective +termination. Woody; wild.</p> + +<p><i>Wooldridge.</i> <i>Wold</i>, a wood; <i>hrycg</i>, a ridge. A wooden +ridge.</p> + +<p><i>Woolery.</i> <i>Wúlle</i>, wool; <i>ríce</i>, a region. A wool-growing +region. Woolrey, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Woolford.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A wool-ford; a +place where the wool-bearers crossed the stream.</p> + +<p><i>Wooliscroft.</i> <i>Wúlles</i>, genitive of <i>wúll</i>, wool, sheep; <i>croft</i>, +a croft, a field. A wool-field; a sheep-pasture.</p> + +<p><i>Woollard.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>hlaford</i>, a lord. A wool-lord; +a wool-master.</p> + +<p><i>Woollerton.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>ere</i>, an agent; <i>tún</i>, house. Home +of a wool-grower.</p> + +<p><i>Woolley.</i> <i>Wúll-íc</i> from <i>wúll</i>, wool, and <i>íc</i> for <i>líc</i>, like. Wool-like; +woolly; hairy.</p> + +<p><i>Woolman.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>man</i>, a man. A woolman; a +dealer in wool.</p> + +<p><i>Woolsey.</i> <i>Wúlles</i>, genitive of <i>wúll</i>, wool, sheep; <i>íg</i>, an +island. Isle of wool, or sheep.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span></p> + +<p><i>Woolson.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of wool; offspring +of a sheep.</p> + +<p><i>Woolston.</i> <i>Wúlles</i>, genitive of <i>wúll</i>, wool; <i>tún</i>, town. A +wool-town.</p> + +<p><i>Woolworth.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>weordh</i>, value. Wool-value.</p> + +<p><i>Wopson.</i> <i>Wóp</i>, a whoop, weeping, cry, bewailing, lamentation; +<i>sun</i>, son. A weeping son.</p> + +<p><i>Worden.</i> <i>Worden</i>, or <i>weordhan</i>, to become, to be, to +happen, to come to pass.</p> + +<p><i>Work.</i> <i>Weorc</i>, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain.</p> + +<p><i>Workman.</i> <i>Weorc</i>, work, labor; <i>man</i>, a man. A workman; +a laborer.</p> + +<p><i>Worknot.</i> <i>Weorc</i>, work; <i>not</i>, for <i>nota</i>, office. A work-office.</p> + +<p><i>Wormley.</i> <i>Worm</i>, a worm; <i>líc</i>, like. Worm-like; spiral.</p> + +<p><i>Wormsley.</i> <i>Wormes</i>, genitive of <i>worm</i>, a worm; <i>líc</i>, form. +Form of a worm; worm-like; spiral. Or, from <i>worms</i>, corruption, +and <i>líc</i>, like. Corruption-like.</p> + +<p><i>Worn.</i> <i>Worn</i>, a number, multitude, body, company, band, +troop, crowd, herd, power, force. Worne, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Worrall.</i> <i>Worold</i>, the world. Worrell, Worl, from the +same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Worsley.</i> <i>Wyers</i>, worse; <i>líc</i>, like. Worse-like.</p> + +<p><i>Worst.</i> <i>Wærst</i>, or <i>wyrst</i>, worst.</p> + +<p><i>Worth.</i> <i>Weordh</i>, worth, value, price, honor, dignity.</p> + +<p><i>Worthington.</i> <i>Weordh-ung</i>, honoring, worshipping; <i>tún</i>, a +house. A worshipping-house.</p> + +<p><i>Worthline.</i> <i>Weordh</i>, wealthy, honorable; <i>line</i>, a line. An +honorable line.</p> + +<p><i>Wosser.</i> <i>Wosa</i>, a leader.</p> + +<p><i>Wotherspoon.</i> <i>Wodh-spónere</i>, from <i>wodh</i>, eloquence, song, +and <i>spónere</i>, an enticer. Song-enticer.</p> + +<p><i>Wrangham.</i> <i>Wrang</i>, wrong; <i>hám</i>, house. Wrong home.</p> + +<p><i>Wrede.</i> <i>Wrǽde</i>, a latch, buckle, clasp, restraint, control, +fastness, haft, handle.</p> + +<p><i>Wren.</i> <i>Wrenna</i>, a wren, a small bird.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span></p> + +<p><i>Wrench.</i> <i>Wringe</i>, an instrument to wring or strain, a press.</p> + +<p><i>Wrensley.</i> <i>Wrǽnnes</i>, extravagance, luxury, lust, lechery; +<i>líc</i>, like. Extravagantly; luxuriously.</p> + +<p><i>Wright.</i> <i>Wryhta</i>, a wright.</p> + +<p><i>Wrightley.</i> <i>Wryhta</i>, a wright; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a +wright.</p> + +<p><i>Wrightson.</i> <i>Wright</i>, Wright; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Wright.</p> + +<p><i>Wrigley.</i> <i>Wríge</i>, covered, hidden; <i>líc</i>, like. Covered-like; +hidden-like.</p> + +<p><i>Writt.</i> <i>Writ</i>, a writ, scripture, writing, letter.</p> + +<p><i>Wroth.</i> <i>Wrádh</i>, wrath, anger.</p> + +<p><i>Wulton.</i> <i>Wúll</i>, wool; <i>tún</i>, town. A wool town.</p> + +<p><i>Wunder.</i> <i>Wundr</i>, or <i>wundor</i>, wonder.</p> + +<p><i>Wunderly.</i> <i>Wundr</i>, wonder; <i>líc</i>, like. Wonder-like. +Wunderle, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Wunning.</i> <i>Wun-ung</i>, from <i>wun-ian</i>, to won, to dwell, to +inhabit. A woning; a dwelling; a habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Wurst.</i> <i>Wurst</i>, worst. Wust, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Wurster.</i> <i>Wurst</i>, worst; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or that +which, is the worst. Wuster, perhaps, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Wurtele.</i> <i>Wurt</i>, a wort, an herb; <i>el</i>, implying a person. +An herb collector; an herbalist.</p> + +<p><i>Wurts.</i> <i>Wurtes</i>, genitive of <i>wurt</i>, a wort, an herb. Belonging +to an herb. Wurtz, another spelling of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Wyche.</i> <i>Wyc</i>, a habitation, city, castle, fortress.</p> + +<p><i>Wyckoff.</i> <i>Wyc</i>, a dwelling-place, habitation, city, castle, +fortress; <i>cofa</i>, a room, a chamber. A castle-chamber.</p> + +<p><i>Wylie.</i> <i>Wyllíc</i>, from <i>wyl</i>, a well, a fountain, and <i>líc</i>, like. +Like a well; as a fountain.</p> + +<p><i>Wyman.</i> <i>Wí</i>, an idol; <i>man</i>, a man. An idolater. Wymann, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Wynkoop.</i> <i>Wyn</i>, joy, pleasure, light; <i>copp</i>, or <i>cuppa</i>, a +cup. A pleasure-cup.</p> + +<p><i>Wynn.</i> <i>Wyn</i>, joy, pleasure, delight.</p> + +<p><i>Wynne.</i> <i>Wyne</i>, one that gives pleasure, a friend.</p> + +<p><i>Wyss.</i> <i>Wíss</i>, a wise man, a hero, a prince.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span></p> + +<h4>Y.</h4> + +<p><i>Yard.</i> <i>Ierd</i>, a yard.</p> + +<p><i>Yardley.</i> <i>Ierd</i>, a yard; <i>líc</i>, like. Yard-like.</p> + +<p><i>Yarnall.</i> <i>Gearn</i>, yarn, spun wool; <i>eall</i>, all, whole. All +yarn; entirely woollen.</p> + +<p><i>Yateman.</i> <i>Iát</i>, or <i>geát</i>, a gate; <i>man</i>, a man. A gate-keeper. +Yeatman, Yetman, from the same roots.</p> + +<p id="Yates"><i>Yates.</i> <i>Iátes</i>, or <i>geátes</i>, genitive of <i>iát</i>, a gate. Belonging +to a gate. Yeats, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Yeager.</i> <i>Ia</i>, yea, yes; <i>gare</i>, ready. A ready yes; a +ready reply.</p> + +<p><i>Yeagle.</i> <i>Iagul</i>, pronounced <i>yeagul</i>, a gargle.</p> + +<p><i>Yeakle.</i> <i>Iac</i>, a cuckoo; <i>el</i>, indicative of personality. A +person like a cuckoo; a simpleton.</p> + +<p><i>Yeakley.</i> <i>Iac</i>, a cuckoo; <i>líc</i>, like. Cuckoo-like; wild; +careless; lascivious. Yeckley, of similar meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Yeamans.</i> <i>Ie</i>, a river; <i>man</i>, a man; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of a river-man.</p> + +<p><i>Yeansson.</i> <i>Geean</i>, yearning; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of +yearning.</p> + +<p><i>Yearick.</i> <i>Gear</i>, a year; <i>icg</i>, or <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Yearly. Yearicke, Yerrick, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Yearly.</i> <i>Gear-líc</i>, from <i>gear</i>, a year, and <i>líc</i>, like. Year-like; +yearly.</p> + +<p><i>Yearred.</i> <i>Geard</i>, or <i>yrd</i>, a hedge, enclosure, garden, yard, +earth, world.</p> + +<p><i>Yearsley.</i> <i>Geares</i>, genitive of <i>gear</i>, a year; <i>líc</i>, form. +Form of a year; yearly.</p> + +<p><i>Yeasler.</i> <i>Ysele</i>, a fire-spark, spark, ember, hot ashes; <i>ere</i>, +an agent. A fire-maker; a fireman; a stoker.</p> + +<p><i>Yeather.</i> <i>Ýdh</i>, what rises up, a wave, a flood; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. That which rises up; a wave; a flood.</p> + +<p><i>Yeaton.</i> <i>Geat</i>, a gate; <i>tún</i>, a house. A gate-house.</p> + +<p><i>Yeatts.</i> <i>Geátes</i>, genitive of <i>geát</i>, a gate. Belonging to a +gate. See <a href="#Yates">Yates</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p> + +<p><i>Yegen.</i> <i>Yg-búend</i>, from <i>yg</i>, or <i>ig</i>, an island, and <i>búend</i>, +an inhabitant. An inhabitant of an island; an islander.</p> + +<p><i>Yeingest.</i> <i>Iungest</i>, or <i>geongest</i>, comparative of <i>iung</i>, or +<i>geong</i>, young. Youngest.</p> + +<p><i>Yeiter.</i> <i>Ýtte</i>, past of <i>ýtan</i>, to out, to drive out, to expel, +to banish; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One expelled; an exile.</p> + +<p><i>Yellard.</i> <i>Yl</i>, or <i>il</i>, a hedgehog, a porcupine; <i>land</i>, land. +Land of the hedgehog, or porcupine.</p> + +<p><i>Yenner.</i> <i>Ynner</i>, inner.</p> + +<p><i>Yenz.</i> <i>Yntsa</i>, an ounce.</p> + +<p><i>Yeo.</i> <i>Ieo</i>, or <i>geo</i>, formerly, of old.</p> + +<p><i>Yeomans.</i> <i>Yeoman</i>, from <i>ieo</i>, or <i>geo</i>, of old; <i>man</i>, a man, +and <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a man of old; son of a yeoman; +son of a tiller of the soil.</p> + +<p><i>Yeomanson.</i> <i>Yeoman</i>, a yeoman; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a +yeoman.</p> + +<p><i>Yepson.</i> <i>Yppe</i>, plain, open, manifest; <i>sun</i>, son. A plain, +open, straightforward son.</p> + +<p><i>Yerg.</i> <i>Earg</i>, or <i>eorg</i>, inert, weak, timid, wretched.</p> + +<p><i>Yerger.</i> <i>Earg</i>, timid; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or that +which, is timid.</p> + +<p><i>Yerges.</i> <i>Yerg</i>, Yerg; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Yerg. +Yerkes, perhaps, corruption of the same.</p> + +<p><i>Yergey.</i> <i>Earg</i>, inert, timid; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Timid; inert.</p> + +<p><i>Yerpe.</i> <i>Eorp</i>, a wolf.</p> + +<p><i>Yettinger.</i> <i>Yting</i>, a way, a journey; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +wayfarer; a journeyer. Perhaps, from <i>get-ung</i>, getting, and +<i>ere</i>, an agent. A getter.</p> + +<p><i>Yetter.</i> <i>Get</i>, imperfect of <i>getan</i>, to get; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +getter.</p> + +<p><i>Yewdall.</i> <i>Iw</i>, the yew tree; <i>dál</i>, a valley. The valley of +the yew.</p> + +<p><i>Yheaulon.</i> <i>Hyew</i>, hue; <i>lon</i>, for <i>lond</i>, land. Land of hue.</p> + +<p><i>Yhost.</i> <i>Gást</i>, breath, spirit, ghost. Yoast, Yost, like it, a +corruption of the original.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span></p> + +<p><i>Yingling.</i> <i>Ging</i>, young, tender; <i>ling</i>, a termination denoting +state or condition of a person. Youth; tenderness.</p> + +<p><i>Yoce.</i> <i>Ioc</i>, or <i>geoc</i>, a yoke.</p> + +<p><i>Yochum.</i> <i>Ioc</i>, a yoke; <i>hum</i>, for <i>hám</i>, a house. A yoke-house. +Yocam, Yocum, Yokam, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Yockel.</i> <i>Ioc</i>, a yoke; <i>el</i>, a termination denoting a person. +One who has charge of a yoke of oxen; a farmer; a +bumpkin.</p> + +<p><i>Yoder.</i> <i>Gǽd</i>, a goad; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +goad.</p> + +<p><i>Yonker.</i> <i>Iunga</i>, or <i>geonga</i>, a youth. A young fellow; a +youngster. Or, from <i>iuncer</i>, a younker, a young nobleman, +one that is young, a young fellow. Younker, of like kinship.</p> + +<p id="Young"><i>Young.</i> <i>Iung</i>, or <i>geong</i>, young, tender. Younk, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Youngblood.</i> <i>Iung</i>, young; <i>blódh</i>, or <i>blód</i>, blood. Young +blood.</p> + +<p><i>Younger.</i> <i>Geongra</i>, comparative of <i>geong</i>, young, tender. +Younger; more tender.</p> + +<p><i>Younginger.</i> <i>Young</i>, Young; <i>ing</i>, an offspring; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. A descendant of Young.</p> + +<p><i>Youngling.</i> <i>Geong-ling</i>, a youngling, a boy.</p> + +<p><i>Youngman.</i> <i>Geong</i>, young; <i>man</i>, a man. A young man; +a youth.</p> + +<p><i>Younk.</i> Corruption of Young. See <a href="#Young">Young</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Yuker.</i> <i>Iuc</i>, a yoke; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or that +which, is yoked; a companion; a yoke-mate.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_THE_ANGLO-NORMAN"><span class="smcap">From the Anglo-Norman.</span></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORY-NORMAN_CONQUEST">HISTORY—NORMAN CONQUEST.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The Normans, or Northmen, were primarily of the Norse, +or Scandinavian, branch of the Teutonic race. They were +active, enterprising men—merchants, navigators, soldiers. +Restless under the restraints of a power that was slowly and +surely consolidating the Scandinavian kingdoms, they broke +away from its influence, and boldly ventured forth, conquered +the Shetland Islands, the Orkneys, and the Hebrides, founded +the kingdom of Caithness in Scotland, settled Iceland, discovered +Greenland, and colonized Vinland, which is supposed +to be on the coast of New England.</p> + +<p>In 911, Rolf, or Rollo, the Ganger, with his daring band +of vikings, obtained a footing in the fertile valley of the +Seine. The province, which was afterwards called Normandy, +was received by him as a fief from Charles the +Simple. Friendly relations were soon established, and Rollo +became the king’s vassal with the title of duke, and subsequently +married his daughter. The Normans were brought +under French law and customs, became Christians, adopted +the French language, married into French families, and +caught the French spirit.</p> + +<p>Edward the Confessor dying without issue in 1066, +Harold, his brother-in-law, succeeded to the throne. But +William, seventh Duke of Normandy, whose aunt, Emma, +had been married to Ethelred II of England, claimed it by +hereditary right and by the promise of both Edward and +Harold.</p> + +<p>Determined to establish his claim, he set sail with thirty +thousand followers for the coast of England. On October +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span>14, 1066, he met and defeated Harold, near Hastings, and +was soon afterwards crowned king at Westminster. This +was the only conquest—and British soil has throbbed to the +clatter and tramplings of four—that reached down to the +people of the island and thoroughly leavened them. The +admixture of a new blood and a new spirit with theirs +proved the greatest good that ever befell them. It can be +considered as nothing short of a regeneration, for it made +the English nation of to-day, the English language, and the +English literature.</p> + +<p>The modern Englishman owes to his Teutonic ancestry his +love of justice and fair play, his religious nature, his physical +robustness and intellectual vigor, his love of liberty, and +to his French lineage—and we must not lose sight of the fact +that, though originally Teutonic, the Normans had been +metamorphosed by their life in France—his manner, his tact, +his administrative genius, his poetic skill, and his artistic +nature. In him are most happily blended the two races, +forming a composite better than either component, greater +even than both elements while in separation. The changes +which Anglo-Saxon thus underwent are vital, fundamental, +and, we may say, revolutionary.</p> + +<p>Expressive of the change thus effected, a new name is +needed. Before 1066, writers refrained from calling the +dominant people of the island, or their language, by any +other term than Anglo-Saxon. But after the union of the +people and of the languages, no name expresses the new +condition of things so well as English. As thus applied, +English denotes always the race resulting from the marriage +of the two peoples, or the speech resulting from the union +of the two tongues.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="ANGLO-NORMAN_LANGUAGE">ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans lived side by side. +It must not be supposed, however, that either the two peoples +or the two languages were welded instantaneously. +They grew together, and the growth was slow. There were +special reasons why such should be the case. The conqueror +was of alien blood. National animosity existed between him +and the conquered. In the north, more especially than in +the south, William’s conquest was ruthless. Harvests were +destroyed, cattle killed or carried off, implements of husbandry +sacrificed, towns and villages burned, and the inhabitants +slain or driven across the border. The entire soil was +confiscated, and the land, upon condition of military service, +parcelled out among a score or more of great vassals, among +hundreds of inferior crown vassals, and among the higher +clergy. The meanest Norman was raised to opulence and +influence in the new dominion. By the establishment of +this modified feudal system, the masses were reduced to a +species of serfdom. They became mere tillers of the soil. +Shoals of Norman ecclesiastics came across the Channel, and +the people were forced to accept religious instruction and +consolation from the strangers. Everywhere, in the palace +and among the nobility, in the law courts and the schools, +as authority dictated, another language than their own prevailed. +A keen sense of the scorn with which their lack of +culture and their “barbarous tongue” were regarded, added +to a painful consciousness of their social and political degradation, +only served the more to heighten their aversion to +the strangers, and to make the problem of coalescence slow +and difficult.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p> + +<p>But the influences at work were not wholly those of repulsion. +Living together as they did, they had to meet each other +in the field and in the town. They were forced to buy from +each other and to sell to each other. Time could not but +lessen the arrogance of the one, and modify the moroseness +of the other. Definite rights were gradually acquired by the +subject race. His services became limited, and could be +commuted for money considerations. The ownership of his +hut and of the plat of ground surrounding it, and the privilege +of using the waste land of the manor for the pasturage +of his cattle, which were mere indulgences at first, grew into +rights that could be pleaded at law. The serf became a +power. He was struggling to grow to a copyholder, and +the copyholder, to a freeholder. Such things had their +effects. The military strength of the nobles waned, the +courts of the feudal baronage were shorn of their influence, +and the feudal system was fast sinking into decay. In education, +as well as in material things, the Anglo-Saxons were +improving. Intermarriages were common, and strong social +and national feelings were springing up, before which their +mutual antagonism was giving away.</p> + +<p>The vast possessions, partly hereditary and partly acquired +by marriage, held by the English kings in France, served +but to aid this feeling. To hold these against the French +kings required not only a united people, but a people unified +by the strong sentiment of nationality. And to make +progress against the encroachments of their own kings the +nobility were forced to make common cause with the people. +To what extent the interests of barons and commons were +identified may be seen from the provisions of the Great +Charter extorted from King John in 1215.</p> + +<p>For a long time after the Conquest there existed in England +the singular spectacle of two languages declining to +coalesce and yet spoken by two peoples living together. +Neither language would give way to the other. How little +these two languages had blended in the vocabulary of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>authors, may be seen when it is said that Layamon’s <i>Brut</i>, a +poem of thirty-two thousand lines, written in 1205, does not +contain a hundred and fifty French words; and that in the +<i>Ormulum</i>, a poem of twenty thousand lines, which appeared +in the year of Magna Charta, hardly fifty French words are +found. But the difficulties in the way of coalescence were +slowly diminishing. Such as were political have already been +spoken of, but those more properly linguistic will now be +considered.</p> + +<p>This period was, to the subject race, one of general +depression. Very little literature, and that of an indifferent +quality, was produced. Their language was no longer +spoken, and their standards in it forgotten. Anglo-Saxon +had been banished from the schools, was no longer used at +the palace and castles of the nobles, or in the courts. Few +were writing it. It seems to have been left in the care, if +care it can be called, of those ignorant of its literature and +grammar, and familiar only with the vocabulary employed +in colloquial speech. The effect of all this upon the language +can be easily inferred. A large fraction of the +vocabulary, the more dignified and scholarly portion, fell +into neglect and then into oblivion. The grammatical +inflections, denoting case, person, number, tense, of the +words kept in circulation, almost entirely perished. These +inflections would only be retained by those who knew their +importance, but they sloughed off as the words fell from the +tongues of those who were ignorant of them. When, then, +this Anglo-Saxon speech had forced itself upon the Normans, +as it had fairly done by the latter half of the fourteenth +century, it was far easier to master than would have been the +case immediately after 1066. Nearly one-half of the words +in the vocabulary before the Conquest, it is estimated, +dropped out of it in the three hundred years immediately +following, and it is certain that the grammar had been vastly +simplified. With one-half of its words lost, and the remaining +half nearly flectionless, the work of learning the language +was made comparatively easy for the Norman.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span></p> + +<p>This forcing of the tongue of a conquered people upon +its conquerors was a signal achievement and of far-reaching +consequences. Upon the authority of John of Trevisa, we +are told that, after the great pestilence of 1349, the instruction +of youth was revolutionized. John Cornwall changed the +instruction in the grammar-school from French into English, +and was followed by Richard Pencrich and others, so that in +1335 in all the grammar-schools of England the children +were being taught English rather than French. In 1362 +French was exchanged for English in the courts of law, +Parliament having passed an act that year ordering that in +all the courts “all pleas ... shall be pleaded, shewed, +defended, answered, debated, and judged in the English +tongue.” Great writers had now arisen—Wyclif, 1324-1384, +in prose; Chaucer, 1340-1400, in poetry. They wrote in +English, and their influence upon the plastic language of +their day, and upon all subsequent writers, is simply +incalculable.</p> + +<p>The adoption of the Anglo-Saxon by the Norman was +greatly facilitated by the fact that the French he was using +was not the French of Paris, but the degenerate tongue of +Normandy, which was at best but provincial. But during +the centuries of its use in England it had been kept from +free contact with the dialect of Normandy, and so had deteriorated +even from the imperfect standard. Even the Norman +himself had grown ashamed of it, and was not unwilling to +part with it.</p> + +<p>When it is said that by 1400, or even earlier, English was +generally used, it is meant a speech not in existence by itself +till long after the Norman Conquest, a speech neither Anglo-Saxon +nor French, but Anglo-Saxon and French. It was a +speech to which both of these languages contributed, to +form which both of these were combined. The adoption of +words was not all done by the Norman. While he borrowed +many from the Saxon, the Saxon borrowed some from +the Norman. English may, therefore, be considered a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>compromise, a compound. It is one speech after the union, +but not univocal, not all of a piece, every speaker of which +being bilingual.</p> + +<p>The tongue brought over by the Conqueror has been +called Norman-French. It is in reality Latin. Just before +the Christian era Julius Cæsar subdued the people then in +possession of Gaul, what is now France, and imposed +upon them his language, which was that of Rome. This +language, used for a thousand years by a people to whom it +was not the vernacular, was acquired by the Normans, of still +another alien stock, and by them introduced into England. +Spoken a whole millennium by people whose mother-tongue +it displaced, and from them learned by strangers, it is +not at all unreasonable to suppose that the words had lost +much of their original form and meaning. Proofs, in the +words themselves, are not wanting to sustain the assertion. +Outwardly they were almost invariably shortened. By a +dropping of vowels or consonants, or of both, two or three +syllables had been squeezed into one, as some examples will +conclusively show. French <i>sûr</i>, our <i>sure</i>, came originally +from the Latin <i>securus</i>; French <i>règle</i>, our <i>rule</i>, from Latin +<i>regula</i>; French <i>île</i>, English <i>isle</i>, from <i>insula</i>. And not +unfrequently the final and unaccented syllable or syllables +seem not to have been caught by the subject Gaul, or, if +caught by his ear, were not retained on his tongue. The +Latin <i>domina</i>, for instance, appears in French as the truncated +<i>dame</i>; <i>medius</i> as <i>midi</i>; and <i>malum</i>, as <i>mal</i>. Though +changed, yet it must be patent to all that the French words +are Latin, as their essential identity with the words used +by Horace and Virgil unmistakably show.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="ANGLO-NORMAN_NAMES">NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>A.</h4> + +<p><i>Avis.</i> <i>Avis</i>, advice, opinion. Avise, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Auter.</i> <i>Auter</i>, an altar.</p> + +<p><i>Ayler.</i> <i>Ayel</i>, a grandfather; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An active +grandfather.</p> + +<p><i>Ayles.</i> <i>Ayeles</i>, genitive of <i>ayel</i>, a grandfather. Belonging +to a grandfather.</p> + +<h4>B.</h4> + +<p><i>Batchelor.</i> <i>Bachelor</i>, an unmarried man, a knight, one +who has taken his first degree in a college.</p> + +<p><i>Bayard.</i> <i>Bayard</i>, a bay horse, a blood-horse; so called +in Chaucer, and in old romances. Byard, abbreviation of the +term.</p> + +<p><i>Beauford.</i> <i>Beau</i>, beautiful; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A beautiful +ford.</p> + +<p><i>Belfield.</i> <i>Bel</i>, beautiful; <i>feld</i>, a field. A beautiful field.</p> + +<p><i>Belford.</i> <i>Bel</i>, beautiful, good; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A good +ford.</p> + +<p><i>Bellamy.</i> <i>Bel amy</i>, from <i>bel</i>, good, and <i>amy</i>, a friend. A +good friend.</p> + +<p><i>Bellenere.</i> <i>Belle</i>, beautiful; <i>nere</i>, a refuge. A beautiful +refuge.</p> + +<p><i>Bokel.</i> <i>Bokel</i>, a buckle.</p> + +<p><i>Borell.</i> <i>Borel</i>, coarse cloth of a brown color, made of +plain, coarse stuff. Borel folk, borel men, were laymen.</p> + +<p><i>Bortel.</i> <i>Bordel</i>, a brothel.</p> + +<p><i>Bos.</i> <i>Bos</i>, a protuberance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span></p> + +<p><i>Bosek.</i> <i>Bos</i>, a protuberance; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Bossy. Bose, Bosee, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Boser.</i> <i>Bos</i>, a protuberance; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who, or +that which, has a protuberance.</p> + +<p><i>Boshart.</i> <i>Bos</i>, a protuberance; <i>heort</i>, a hart. A humped +hart.</p> + +<p><i>Bossard.</i> <i>Bosard</i>, a buzzard, a species of hawk unfit for +sporting. Bossart, Bossert, identical in derivation and +meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Boswell.</i> Latin <i>bos</i>, an ox; <i>well</i>, a well, a fountain. An +ox-well; a well where oxen are watered.</p> + +<p><i>Bosworth.</i> <i>Bos</i>, an ox; <i>weordh</i>, value, price. Ox-value.</p> + +<p><i>Botler.</i> <i>Botel</i>, or <i>botelle</i>, a bottle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A bottler. +Butler, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Bottle.</i> <i>Botel</i>, or <i>botelle</i>, a bottle.</p> + +<p><i>Brear.</i> <i>Brere</i>, a briar, a bramble.</p> + +<p><i>Brearey.</i> <i>Brere</i>, a bramble; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Briery; brambly; full of briars; rough.</p> + +<p><i>Brearley.</i> <i>Brere</i>, a bramble; <i>líc</i>, like. Bramble-like; briery.</p> + +<p><i>Brinton.</i> <i>Brin</i>, a sprig, a slip; <i>tún</i>, a house, an enclosure. +A hot-bed; a green-house; a nursery.</p> + +<p><i>Buffett.</i> <i>Buffette</i>, a blow.</p> + +<p><i>Burdon.</i> <i>Burdoun</i>, a humming noise, the base in music.</p> + +<h4>C.</h4> + +<p><i>Cappell.</i> <i>Capel</i>, a horse.</p> + +<p><i>Caron.</i> <i>Caroigne</i>, carrion, dead, or putrefied flesh.</p> + +<p><i>Carrick.</i> <i>Carrik</i>, a large ship.</p> + +<p><i>Case.</i> <i>Cas</i>, chance, condition, circumstance.</p> + +<p><i>Casler.</i> <i>Cas</i>, chance; <i>lár</i>, doctrine. Doctrine of chance.</p> + +<p><i>Casely.</i> <i>Cas</i>, chance; <i>líc</i>, like. Chance-like; accidental. +Casley, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Casey.</i> <i>Cas</i>, chance, condition; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Accidental; conditional.</p> + +<p><i>Cattell.</i> <i>Catel</i>, goods, chattel.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cellerier.</i> <i>Celerer</i>, the officer in a monastery who had the +care of the provisions.</p> + +<p><i>Chambers.</i> <i>Chamberes</i>, genitive of <i>chamber</i>, a chamber, a +room, an apartment. Belonging to a chamber.</p> + +<p><i>Chambley.</i> <i>Chamb</i>, for <i>chamber</i>, a chamber; <i>ley</i>, for <i>líc</i>, +like. Chamber-like.</p> + +<p><i>Chesser.</i> <i>Ches</i>, chess; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A chess-player.</p> + +<p><i>Chessman.</i> <i>Ches</i>, chess; <i>man</i>, man. A chessman; a piece +used in chess.</p> + +<p><i>Chesson.</i> <i>Ches</i>, chess; <i>sun</i>, son. A son fond of chess.</p> + +<p><i>Chestney.</i> <i>Chesteyn</i>, a chestnut. Chestin, perhaps, from +the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Clary.</i> <i>Clarré</i>, wine mixed with honey and spices, and +afterwards strained till it is clear. Clarey, of like relationship.</p> + +<p><i>Clerke.</i> <i>Clerk</i>, one who has received school-learning.</p> + +<p><i>Clink.</i> <i>Clinke</i>, a ring, to tinkle.</p> + +<p><i>Clinker.</i> <i>Clinke</i>, to tinkle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. That which +tinkles.</p> + +<p><i>Coate.</i> <i>Cote</i>, a coat.</p> + +<p><i>Compayre.</i> <i>Compère</i>, a gossip, a near friend.</p> + +<p><i>Coates.</i> <i>Coate</i>, Coate; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Coate.</p> + +<p><i>Cope.</i> <i>Cope</i>, a cloak.</p> + +<p><i>Couch.</i> <i>Couche</i>, to lay, place; past participle <i>couched</i>, laid. +<i>Couched</i> with pearls means laid or trimmed with pearls. +<i>Couch</i>, also, a bed.</p> + +<p><i>Colpe.</i> <i>Coulpe</i>, a fault.</p> + +<p><i>Crowne.</i> <i>Crown</i>, crown of the head, top of the head. +Crown, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Curtis.</i> <i>Curteys</i>, or <i>curteis</i>, courteous, polite.</p> + +<h4>D.</h4> + +<p><i>Dresser.</i> <i>Dresse</i>, to address, to apply; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who addresses, or applies himself to any task.</p> + +<p><i>Drury.</i> <i>Druerie</i>, courtship, gallantry, love, a mistress.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span></p> + +<h4>F.</h4> + +<p><i>Fay.</i> <i>Fay</i>, faith, confidence, trust. Faye, from the same +radix.</p> + +<p><i>Fayer.</i> <i>Fay</i>, faith; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who has faith; a +believer.</p> + +<p><i>Fayle.</i> <i>Fay</i>, faith; <i>le</i>, for <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A person +of faith; a believer.</p> + +<p><i>Fein.</i> <i>Feyne</i>, to feign, to pretend.</p> + +<p><i>Fey.</i> <i>Fey</i>, faith, trust, confidence.</p> + +<p><i>Feyer.</i> <i>Fey</i>, faith; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One that has faith; a +believer.</p> + +<p><i>Feyhl.</i> <i>Fey</i>, faith; <i>hl</i>, for <i>el</i>, denoting a person. A +believer.</p> + +<p><i>Floyd.</i> <i>Floyte</i>, a flute.</p> + +<p><i>Forster.</i> <i>Forster</i>, a forester, an officer of the forest. Foster, +a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Fowl.</i> <i>Fowel</i>, a fowl, a bird.</p> + +<p><i>Fowler.</i> <i>Fowel</i>, a fowl; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who pursues +or traps wild fowl.</p> + +<p><i>Fowles.</i> <i>Fowle</i>, Fowl; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Fowl.</p> + +<p><i>Foyle.</i> <i>Folye</i>, folly, foolish conduct, indiscretion.</p> + +<p><i>Franklin.</i> <i>Frankeleyn</i>, the father of a family. This is +the application in Chaucer’s time. Spencer uses the term +in the sense of a freeholder, but in Queen Elizabeth’s day +it denoted a yeoman, or a man above a vassal, but not a +gentleman.</p> + +<p><i>Frearson.</i> <i>Frere</i>, a friar; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a friar.</p> + +<h4>G.</h4> + +<p><i>Gabb.</i> <i>Gabbe</i>, to jest, to talk idly, to lie.</p> + +<p><i>Gaylord.</i> <i>Gaylard</i>, gay, licentious. Perhaps from <i>galliard</i>, +a sprightly kind of dance.</p> + +<p><i>Gentil.</i> <i>Gentil</i>, gentlemanlike, gentlemanly. Gentel, +Gentle, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span></p> + +<p><i>Gentry.</i> <i>Genterye</i>, gentility. Chaucer spelt the word with +the additional e’s. Even at the present day it is not unusual +to find some writing the name—Gentery.</p> + +<p><i>Gerry.</i> <i>Gery</i>, changeable, inconstant, uncertain.</p> + +<p><i>Geyler.</i> <i>Gylour</i>, a deceiver.</p> + +<p><i>Glose.</i> <i>Glose</i>, a comment, an interpretation.</p> + +<p><i>Grace.</i> <i>Grace</i>, favor, kindness, good-will, benignity.</p> + +<p><i>Gracey.</i> <i>Grace</i>, favor, kindness; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Gracious; kind.</p> + +<p><i>Grange.</i> <i>Graunge</i>, a farm-house.</p> + +<p><i>Granger.</i> <i>Graunge</i>, a farm-house; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who has a farm-house; a farmer.</p> + +<p><i>Greeley.</i> <i>Gree</i>, pleasure, satisfaction, prize, grade; <i>líc</i>, like. +Pleasurable; satisfactory; estimable; gradual.</p> + +<p><i>Greaser.</i> <i>Grees</i>, grease, ointment; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An +anointer.</p> + +<p><i>Greasly.</i> <i>Grees</i>, grease; <i>líc</i>, like. Grease-like; unctuous.</p> + +<p><i>Grone.</i> <i>Grone</i>, to groan, to grunt.</p> + +<p><i>Groner.</i> <i>Grone</i>, to groan, to grunt; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A +groaner; a grunter.</p> + +<p><i>Groning.</i> <i>Grone</i>, to groan, to grunt; <i>ing</i>, expressive of +action. Groaning; grunting.</p> + +<h4>H.</h4> + +<p><i>Hamburg.</i> <i>Hamburgeon</i>, diminutive of <i>hauberg</i>, a coat of +mail.</p> + +<p><i>Hamburger.</i> <i>Hamburgeon</i>, a coat of mail; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who wears a coat of mail; a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Haire.</i> <i>Haire</i>, hair-cloth.</p> + +<p><i>Hackney.</i> <i>Hakeney</i>, a hackney, an ambling horse, or pad.</p> + +<p><i>Harney.</i> <i>Harneys</i>, armor, furniture.</p> + +<p><i>Hauberger.</i> <i>Hauberg</i>, a coat of mail; <i>ere</i>, an agent. An +armor-bearer; a knight; a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Houpt.</i> <i>Houped</i>, hooped, hollowed, shoaled.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span></p> + +<h4>K.</h4> + +<p><i>Keep.</i> <i>Keep</i>, care, attention.</p> + +<h4>L.</h4> + +<p><i>Lacey.</i> <i>Laas</i>, or <i>lace</i>, a lace, a net, a snare; <i>ig</i>, an adjective +termination. Resembling a lace, or net.</p> + +<p><i>Large.</i> <i>Large</i>, spacious, free, prodigal.</p> + +<p><i>Larger.</i> <i>Larger</i>, comparative of <i>large</i>, spacious, prodigal. +More spacious; more prodigal.</p> + +<p><i>Largey.</i> <i>Large</i>, large, prodigal; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Large; prodigal.</p> + +<p><i>Largly.</i> <i>Large</i>, large, free; <i>líc</i>, like. Large-like; largely; +freely.</p> + +<p><i>Layard.</i> <i>Liard</i>, a name of a horse, belonging originally +to a horse of a gray color. A gray horse.</p> + +<p><i>Lodge.</i> <i>Loge</i>, a lodge, a habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Logerman.</i> <i>Loge</i>, a lodge; <i>ere</i>, an agent; <i>man</i>, a man. A +person who lodges, or is lodged; a lodger.</p> + +<p><i>Logue.</i> <i>Loge</i>, a lodge, a habitation.</p> + +<p><i>Loos.</i> <i>Loos</i>, praise, approval.</p> + +<p><i>Luce.</i> <i>Luce</i>, the fish called a pike.</p> + +<h4>M.</h4> + +<p><i>Mallison.</i> <i>Malisoun</i>, a malediction, a curse.</p> + +<p><i>Maner.</i> <i>Manere</i>, carriage, behavior, kind, sort.</p> + +<p><i>Maris.</i> <i>Marreys</i>, a marsh.</p> + +<p><i>Mauger.</i> <i>Maugré</i>, in spite of.</p> + +<p><i>Marvill.</i> <i>Mervaille</i>, marvel, wonder. Marvel, from the +same radix.</p> + +<h4>N.</h4> + +<p><i>Nice.</i> <i>Nice</i>, foolish, simple, silly. Nyce, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Noon.</i> <i>Noon</i>, the ninth hour of the natural day, nine +o’clock in the morning, the hour of dinner.</p> + +<p><i>Norris.</i> <i>Norice</i>, a nurse.</p> + +<p><i>Nowell.</i> <i>Nowel</i>, Christmas.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span></p> + +<h4>O.</h4> + +<p><i>Oliphant.</i> <i>Olifaunt</i>, an elephant.</p> + +<p><i>Oliver.</i> <i>Oliver</i>, olive-trees.</p> + +<p><i>Opie.</i> <i>Opye</i>, opium.</p> + +<h4>P.</h4> + +<p><i>Paase.</i> <i>Paas</i>, a foot-pace.</p> + +<p><i>Paramore.</i> <i>Paramour</i>, love, gallantry.</p> + +<p><i>Pardee.</i> <i>Pardé</i>, a common oath, literally, by God. Purdie, +of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Parvis.</i> <i>Parvis</i>, a portico before a church. Purvis, perhaps, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Pass.</i> <i>Passe</i>, to surpass, to excel, to pass sentence.</p> + +<p><i>Peer.</i> <i>Peere</i>, a peer, an equal.</p> + +<p><i>Pergin.</i> <i>Peregrine</i>, wandering.</p> + +<p><i>Perry.</i> <i>Perrye</i>, jewels, precious stones.</p> + +<p><i>Person.</i> <i>Persone</i>, a man, a parson, a rector of a church.</p> + +<p><i>Pierie.</i> <i>Pierrie</i>, jewels, precious stones.</p> + +<p><i>Pile.</i> <i>Pile</i>, <i>pyle</i>, to rob, to plunder. Pyle, from the same +radix.</p> + +<p><i>Platt.</i> <i>Platte</i>, or <i>plat</i>, flat, plain.</p> + +<p><i>Pleydell.</i> <i>Plye</i>, to bend; <i>dál</i>, a dell, a valley. An undulating +valley.</p> + +<p><i>Poke.</i> <i>Poke</i>, a pocket, a bag.</p> + +<p><i>Pollak.</i> <i>Pollax</i>, a halberd. Pollock, Polock, from the +same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Pomeltree.</i> <i>Pomel</i>, any ball or round thing, as an apple; +<i>treow</i>, a tree. An apple-tree.</p> + +<p><i>Poynter.</i> <i>Poynt</i>, the principal business, a point, a stop; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. That which acts as a point, or a stop; a +pointer.</p> + +<p><i>Poynton.</i> <i>Poynt</i>, a point, a stop; <i>tún</i>, a house. A point-house; +a business place.</p> + +<p><i>Prentis.</i> <i>Prentys</i>, an apprentice. Prentiss, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Presley.</i> <i>Prees</i>, a press, a crowd; <i>líc</i>, like. Crowd-like; +dense; compact.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p> + +<p><i>Preston.</i> <i>Prest</i>, from <i>prese</i>, to press, to crowd; <i>tún</i>, a house. +A crowded house.</p> + +<p><i>Prevear.</i> <i>Preve</i>, to try, to demonstrate by trial; <i>ere</i>, an +agent. An experimenter; a demonstrator.</p> + +<p><i>Price.</i> <i>Prys</i>, price, value, praise.</p> + +<p><i>Prime.</i> <i>Prime</i>, the first quarter of the artificial day. +Sometimes metaphorically used in Chaucer for the season of +action or business. Perhaps, from <i>pryme</i>, daybreak.</p> + +<p><i>Prow.</i> <i>Prow</i>, profit, advantage.</p> + +<p><i>Pye.</i> <i>Pie</i>, a magpie, a prating gossip, a tell-tale.</p> + +<p><i>Pyne.</i> <i>Pyne</i>, pain, grief, sorrow.</p> + +<h4>Q.</h4> + +<p><i>Quint.</i> <i>Queynt</i>, strange, cunning, artful, trim, neat.</p> + +<p><i>Quinton.</i> <i>Queynt</i>, neat, trim; <i>tún</i>, a house. A neat home.</p> + +<h4>R.</h4> + +<p><i>Raffles.</i> <i>Rafles</i>, plays with dice.</p> + +<p><i>Rampe.</i> <i>Rampe</i>, to climb. Rempe, doubtless, from the +same root.</p> + +<p><i>Rampson.</i> <i>Ramp</i>, Rampe; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Rampe.</p> + +<p><i>Ransom.</i> <i>Raunsoun</i>, a ransom.</p> + +<p><i>Rems.</i> <i>Remes</i>, realms, regions.</p> + +<p><i>Revel.</i> <i>Revel</i>, entertainment, sport, festivity.</p> + +<p><i>Ribaut.</i> <i>Ribaude</i>, a low, profligate man.</p> + +<p><i>Roche.</i> <i>Roche</i>, a rock.</p> + +<p><i>Rochester.</i> <i>Roche</i>, a rock; <i>ceaster</i>, a castle. A rock-castle.</p> + +<p><i>Rocholl.</i> <i>Roche</i>, a rock; <i>ol</i>, a termination denoting a personal +noun. A rock-dweller; a man of decision.</p> + +<h4>S.</h4> + +<p><i>Scollay.</i> <i>Scolay</i>, to attend school, to study.</p> + +<p><i>Sergeant.</i> <i>Sergeaunt</i>, a squire attendant upon a prince or +nobleman.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span></p> + +<p><i>Spence.</i> <i>Spence</i>, a store-room for wine or victuals. A +buttery; a larder; a store-room.</p> + +<p><i>Spencer.</i> <i>Spence</i>, a store-room; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +has charge of the spence.</p> + +<p><i>Suel.</i> <i>Sue</i>, to follow; <i>el</i>, implying a person. A follower.</p> + +<h4>T.</h4> + +<p><i>Tally.</i> <i>Taille</i>, a tally, an account scored upon a piece of +wood.</p> + +<p><i>Talent.</i> <i>Talent</i>, desire, affection.</p> + +<p><i>Targett.</i> <i>Targe</i>, a small shield; <i>et</i>, implying a diminutive. +A small shield.</p> + +<p><i>Timbers.</i> <i>Timbres</i>, basins. <i>Timbesterre</i> was a term applied +to a woman who played tricks with timbres, or basins of +some sort or other, by throwing them up into the air and +catching them upon a single finger; a kind of balance-mistress.</p> + +<p><i>Tourison.</i> <i>Tour</i>, a tower, and <i>sun</i>, a son. Son of a tower.</p> + +<p><i>Tresse.</i> <i>Tresse</i>, an artificial lock, or gathering of hair.</p> + +<p><i>Tressley.</i> <i>Tresse</i>, an artificial lock of hair; <i>líc</i>, like. Tress-like; +gathered into a tress.</p> + +<p><i>Tressler.</i> <i>Tress</i>, a tress; <i>lár</i>, knowledge. Tress-knowledge.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><i>Verrey.</i> <i>Verray</i>, true, faithful.</p> + +<p><i>Voucher.</i> <i>Vouche</i>, contraction of <i>vouchen sauf</i>, to vouchsafe; +<i>ere</i>, an agent. One who vouches a thing safe. In +Chaucer, such expressions as <i>voucheth sauf</i>, vouchsafe ye, and +<i>the king vouches it save</i>, the king vouchsafes it, were of common +occurrence.</p> + +<h4>W.</h4> + +<p><i>Waite.</i> <i>Waite</i>, to watch. Wait, Waitt, Wayte, kindred +terms.</p> + +<p><i>Warden.</i> <i>Wardeyn</i>, a guard, a keeper of a gate.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_THE_SCOTCH"><span class="smcap">From the Scotch.</span></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORY-THE_SCOT">HISTORY—THE SCOT.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Who were the Scots? This is a question extremely difficult +to answer. No satisfactory account of the origin of the +appellation has been given. It has puzzled the most distinguished +antiquaries, whose conjectures serve rather to perplex +than clear up the difficulty. Nor is this surprising, when +Varro and Dyonysius could not agree about the etymon of +Italia, nor Plutarch and Selinus about that of Rome. All +that is known with certainty is, that it was at first a term of +reproach, and consequently framed by enemies, rather than +assumed by the nation distinguished by that name. The +Highlanders, who were the genuine descendants of the +ancient Scots, are absolutely strangers to the name, and have +been so from the beginning of time. All those who speak +the Gaelic language call themselves <i>Albanich</i> or <i>Gael</i>, and +their country <i>Alba</i> or <i>Gaeldochd</i>.</p> + +<p>The Picts, who possessed originally the northern and eastern, +and, in a later period, the more southern division of +North Britain, were at first more powerful than the Caledonians +of the west. It is therefore probable that the Picts, +from principles of malevolence and pride, were ready to traduce +and ridicule their weaker neighbors of Argyle. These +two people spoke the same language—the Gaelic. In that +language <i>Scot</i>, or <i>Scode</i>, signifies a corner or small division +of a country. Accordingly, a corner of North Britain is the +very name which Giraldus Cambrensis gives the little kingdom +of Argyle, that the six sons of Muredus, King of Ulster, +are said to have established in Scotland. <i>Scot</i>, in Gaelic, is +much the same as <i>little</i> or <i>contemptible</i> in English; and +<i>Scotlan</i> literally signifies a <i>small flock</i>, but metaphorically +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span>stands for a small body of men. <i>Scuit</i>, a wanderer, is also +from the Gaelic, and a few writers suppose that this may have +been the origin of the name of <i>Scot</i>, a conjecture which +seems to be countenanced by a passage in Ammianus Marcellinus, +where the men are characterized “<i>per diversa +vagantes</i>.” All that can be affirmed is, that, for some one of +the reasons stated above, the Picts or the Britons may have +given, out of derision, the appellation of <i>Scots</i> to the ancestors +of the Scottish nation.</p> + +<p>At what time the inhabitants of the west of Scotland +came to be distinguished by this name is uncertain. Porphyrius, +the philosopher, is the first who mentions them, and +this was about the year of the Christian era 267. Towards +the middle of the fourth century Ammianus Marcellinus +speaks of them along with other British nations.</p> + +<p>Much discussion among antiquaries of note has taken +place in regard to the origin of the Scots. Dr. Macpherson +contends that they are of Caledonian, and Mr. Whitaker that +they are of Irish extraction. Each supports his position +with such arguments and authorities that an impartial inquirer +is almost at a loss to know which to accept. What appears +most probable is, that both are partly in the right and partly +in the wrong. From what can be gleaned from past records +the Scots seem to have been originally descended from +Britons of the south, or from Caledonians, who, being pressed +forward by new colonies from Gaul till they came to the +western shore of Britain, passed over into Ireland probably +one hundred years before the Christian era. Subsequently, +about the year of Christ 320, they, or a large colony of them, +returned under Fergus to Britain, and settled on the western +coasts of Caledonia, from which place they had formerly +migrated. As early as 340 they are found associated with +the Picts in their expeditions into the Roman province, and +for ninety or a hundred years afterwards Roman and British +writers make frequent mention of their depredatory excursions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span></p> + +<p>The territory of the ancient Scots comprehended, before +the annexation of Pictavia, all that side of Caledonia that +stretched along the coast from the Frith of Clyde to the +Orkneys. Towards the east their dominions were divided +from those of the Picts by the high mountains running from +Dumbarton to the Frith of Tain. In course of time the +Scots, under the reign of Kenneth, son of Alpin, became so +powerful as to subdue their neighbors the Picts, and to give +their own denomination to all Caledonia, Pictavia and +Valentia, which territories are still comprehended under the +general name of Scotland.</p> + +<p>Like those of all other nations, the historians of Scotland +assume too great an antiquity for their countrymen, but are, +however, much less extravagant in this particular than many +others. According to them, the reign of Fergus, the first +Scot monarch, is placed at 330 B. C. He was the son of +Ferchard, an Irish prince, and is said to have been called into +Scotland by the Caledonians to assist them against the +Southern Britons, with whom they were then at war. Their +language and manners he found to be the same as those of +his countrymen. This happy condition of things rendered +his position a very easy one. Placing himself at the head of +his new allies, he engaged the Britons under their king, +Coilus. Events proved him a brave and efficient leader. +Coilus was defeated and killed, and victory soon settled +upon the banners of the Scots. Shortly afterwards Fergus +was declared, with the solemnity of an oath, king of the +Scots. But he did not long enjoy his new dignity, for, being +called to Ireland to quiet some commotions there, he was +drowned on his return voyage at a place on the coast of +Ireland, which was called for him, <i>Knock-Fergus</i>, or <i>Carrick-Fergus</i>; +that is, Fergus’s Rock.</p> + +<p>Feritharis, brother of Fergus, succeeded to the throne to +the prejudice of his nephews—Ferlegus and Mainus. His +reign was not a peaceful one, for Ferlegus fomented strifes +and dissensions, which failed of success, and only resulted, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span>after the death of his uncle, in his being set aside from the +succession. The throne was conferred upon his brother +Mainus, Ferlegus having died in obscurity. The reign of +Mainus and those of Dornadill and Nothat afford nothing +remarkable. Reutha, Thereus, Jafina and Finnan then followed +in regular succession, but no transactions of note marked +their administrations, save that of the last, where we find the +first beginnings of the Scottish Parliament. Durftus, Even +and Gillus then succeeded, but their reigns were barren of +interest. Even II, the nephew of Finnan, who came after +Gillus, is said to have built the towns of Innerlochy and +Inverness. He overcame Belus, king of the Orkneys, who +had invaded Scotland. His son Ever, who next assumed +the reins, became king at the time of the invasion of Britain +by Julius Cæsar, and assisted the Britons against the +common enemy. Even III, his successor, was a monster of +cruelty and lust. His great wickedness occasioned a rebellion, +and ended in his dethronement, imprisonment and death. +Nothing memorable in the history of Scotland is met with +from this time until that of Agricola, who having completed +the conquest of the southern parts and in a great measure +civilized the inhabitants, formed a like plan with regard to +Scotland. Here he met a most formidable opposition, but +Scotch valor was not proof against the discipline of Roman +troops and the experience of their commander. The subsequent +history of the Scot, his contact with the Dane, the +Angles and the Saxons, and the Normans, must be left +unmentioned. We have called attention to these people for +the reason that they had in manner and language impressed +the Scot of their days, and left an influence behind which +is even felt in his progenitors of the present time. Our purpose +at the beginning was to give but the history of the +origin of the name and of those who had it imposed upon +them, and this we have briefly, and it is to be hoped, +successfully, accomplished.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="SCOTCH-AS_IT_NOW_EXISTS">SCOTCH—AS IT NOW EXISTS.</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Modern Scotch, or the language as spoken even a hundred +years ago, differs very materially from that in use by +the Scots when Cæsar invaded Britain.</p> + +<p>Like the Erse, the latter was an important branch of the +Celtic, or Keltic, family of Indo-European languages, of +which the Irish, now almost extinct, affords a good +illustration.</p> + +<p>Eighteen centuries, with their destructive and modifying +influences, have been at work upon its structure till its +genius has departed, never to return. The Anglo-Saxon and +Anglo-Norman have supplanted many of its word-forms, +and done away with its peculiarities of speech. What is +now left of its former glory is but the shadow.</p> + +<p>It is true we meet with Celtic words in current use, but +time and neglect have so disfigured their physiognomies that +even the practised mind of the philologist often fails to +indicate their kinship.</p> + +<p>Scotch words, or we might say with greater propriety and +exactness Scottish words, for <i>Scotch</i> is seemingly nothing +more than a corruption of <i>Scottish</i>, the English form of the +Anglo-Saxon <i>Scyttisc</i>, vary their inflections as English words +do. The changes, when there are changes, follow the usages +of the Anglo-Saxon.</p> + +<p>As should be expected, when is considered the influence +of the Teutonic and Norman-French invasions, the sounds +of certain letters, whether taken singly or in combination, +must necessarily have varied. This, as we shall now see, +has been the case.</p> + +<p><i>Ch</i> and <i>gh</i>, in Scotch, have always the guttural sound.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p> + +<p>The sound of the English diphthong <i>oo</i> is commonly +spelled <i>ou</i>.</p> + +<p>French <i>u</i>, a sound which often occurs in the language, is +marked <i>oo</i>, <i>ui</i>.</p> + +<p>In genuine Scottish words the <i>a</i>, except when constituting +a diphthong, or when followed by an <i>e</i> mute after a +single consonant, sounds generally like the broad English +<i>a</i> in <i>wall</i>.</p> + +<p>The Scottish diphthong <i>æ</i> always, and <i>ea</i> very often, +sound like the French <i>e</i> masculine, while the Scottish +diphthong <i>ey</i> sounds like the Latin in <i>ei</i>.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="SCOTCH_NAMES">NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION.</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>A.</h4> + +<p><i>Aiken.</i> <i>Aik</i>, an oak; <i>en</i>, indicative of an adjective. +Oaken.</p> + +<p><i>Auld.</i> <i>Auld</i>, old, ancient, of long duration.</p> + +<h4>B.</h4> + +<p><i>Baude.</i> <i>Baud</i>, bold, courageous, brave.</p> + +<p><i>Bauder.</i> <i>Baud</i>, bold; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A bold person.</p> + +<p><i>Bearne</i>. <i>Bearn</i>, a child, a human creature.</p> + +<p><i>Bent.</i> <i>Bent</i>, long grass, wild fields where bents, etc., +grow. Bente, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Bentley.</i> <i>Bent</i>, long grass; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling bent.</p> + +<p><i>Bicker.</i> <i>Bicker</i>, a kind of wooden dish, a short race.</p> + +<p><i>Birkey.</i> <i>Birkie</i>, a clever fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Bonney.</i> <i>Bonnie</i>, bonny, handsome, beautiful.</p> + +<p><i>Blyth.</i> <i>Blyth</i>, joy, sprightliness, liveliness. Blythe, another +spelling of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Bradley.</i> <i>Brade</i>, or <i>braid</i>, broad; <i>líc</i>, like. Broad-like; +broadly.</p> + +<p><i>Brauley.</i> <i>Braw</i>, brave; <i>líc</i>, like. Brave-like; bravely.</p> + +<p><i>Brenner.</i> <i>Brenn</i>, burn; <i>ere</i>, an agent. That which burns, +or gives light.</p> + +<p><i>Briggs.</i> <i>Brigs</i>, bridges.</p> + +<p><i>Brock.</i> <i>Brock</i>, a badger.</p> + +<p><i>Bunker.</i> <i>Bunker</i>, a window-seat.</p> + +<p><i>Burn.</i> <i>Burn</i>, water, a rivulet.</p> + +<p><i>Burney.</i> <i>Burnie</i>, diminutive of <i>burn</i>, a rivulet. A small +rivulet.</p> + +<p><i>Buss.</i> <i>Buss</i>, shelter, refuge, protection. Busse, a kindred +name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p> + +<p><i>Bussell.</i> <i>Bussle</i>, a bustle, great stir, tumultuous hurry.</p> + +<p><i>Butt.</i> <i>Butt</i>, outer room.</p> + +<p><i>Byers.</i> <i>Byres</i>, plural of <i>byre</i>, a cow-stable, a sheep-pen.</p> + +<h4>C.</h4> + +<p><i>Caddy.</i> <i>Caddie</i>, a young person, a young fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Caffey.</i> <i>Caff</i>, chaff; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Chaffy.</p> + +<p><i>Cairns.</i> <i>Cairns</i>, plural of <i>cairn</i>, a loose heap of stones.</p> + +<p><i>Callan.</i> <i>Callan</i>, a boy.</p> + +<p><i>Canny.</i> <i>Cannie</i>, gentle, mild, dexterous.</p> + +<p><i>Carl.</i> <i>Carl</i>, an old man, a churl.</p> + +<p><i>Carlin.</i> <i>Carlin</i>, feminine of <i>carl</i>. A stout old woman.</p> + +<p><i>Cauldwell.</i> <i>Cauld</i>, cold; <i>well</i>, a well. A cold well. +Caldwell, Colwell, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Child.</i> <i>Chield</i>, a fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Clapp.</i> <i>Clap</i>, clapper of a mill.</p> + +<p><i>Clater.</i> <i>Clatter</i>, an idle story.</p> + +<p><i>Clash.</i> <i>Clash</i>, an idle tale, the story of the day.</p> + +<p><i>Collie.</i> <i>Collie</i>, a general.</p> + +<p><i>Core.</i> <i>Core</i>, corps, party, clans.</p> + +<p><i>Cotter.</i> <i>Cotter</i>, an inhabitant of a cot-house, or cottage.</p> + +<p><i>Cowton.</i> <i>Cowt</i>, a colt; <i>tún</i>, a house. A colt’s house.</p> + +<p><i>Craft.</i> <i>Craft</i>, in old husbandry, a field near a house, a +croft.</p> + +<p><i>Crap.</i> <i>Crap</i>, a crop, to crop.</p> + +<p><i>Crawford.</i> <i>Craw</i>, a rook; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A rook-ford.</p> + +<p><i>Creeley.</i> <i>Creel</i>, a basket; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a basket. +To have one’s wits in a <i>creel</i>, is to be crazed, to be fascinated.</p> + +<p><i>Crees.</i> <i>Crees</i>, grease.</p> + +<p><i>Crick.</i> <i>Cricke</i>, an ant, any small insect.</p> + +<p><i>Crouse.</i> <i>Crouse</i>, cheerful, courageous.</p> + +<p><i>Curley.</i> <i>Curlie</i>, curled, hair falling naturally in ringlets.</p> + +<p><i>Curling.</i> <i>Curling</i>, a well-known game on ice. In Scotland, +where it is practised, the player is called a <i>curler</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span></p> + +<h4>D.</h4> + +<p><i>Dale.</i> <i>Dale</i>, a plain, a valley. Deal, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Dales.</i> <i>Dale</i>, a plain; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Dale.</p> + +<p><i>Daley.</i> <i>Dale</i>, a plain; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Resembling +a plain. Dealy, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Dawson.</i> <i>Dawes</i>, days; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of days.</p> + +<p><i>Dearie.</i> <i>Dearie</i>, diminutive of <i>dear</i>, a dear. A little dear.</p> + +<p><i>Dern.</i> <i>Dern</i>, secret, hidden, sequestered.</p> + +<p><i>Dolte.</i> <i>Dolt</i>, stupefied, crazed.</p> + +<p><i>Dool.</i> <i>Dool</i>, sorrow. To sing <i>dool</i> is to lament, to mourn.</p> + +<p><i>Dooley.</i> <i>Dool</i>, sorrow; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Sorrowful.</p> + +<p><i>Doupe.</i> <i>Doupe</i>, the backside, the side or part of anything +that is out of sight, or that is not observed.</p> + +<p><i>Douredoure.</i> <i>Doure</i>, stout, durable, sullen, stubborn; <i>doure</i>, +stout, durable, etc. Very stout; portly; obstinate.</p> + +<p><i>Dow.</i> <i>Dow</i>, am, or are able.</p> + +<p><i>Dowie.</i> <i>Dowie</i>, worn with grief, fatigue, etc., half asleep.</p> + +<p><i>Dripps.</i> <i>Dreips</i>, or <i>drips</i>, drops.</p> + +<p><i>Duddy.</i> <i>Duddie</i>, ragged.</p> + +<p><i>Dyce.</i> <i>Dyce</i>, dice, checker-work.</p> + +<h4>E.</h4> + +<p><i>Eldridge.</i> <i>Elriche</i>, <i>Elritch</i>, wild, hideous, ghostly, lonesome, +uninhabited, except by spectres.</p> + +<p><i>Enburgh.</i> <i>Enbrugh</i>, Edinburgh.</p> + +<h4>F.</h4> + +<p><i>Fae.</i> <i>Fae</i>, a foe, an enemy.</p> + +<p><i>Fallon.</i> <i>Fallan</i>, falling.</p> + +<p><i>Fallows.</i> <i>Fallow</i>, a fellow; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of a +fellow. Also, <i>fallows</i>, plural of <i>fallow</i>, a fellow.</p> + +<p><i>Faust.</i> <i>Faust</i>, a fault.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span></p> + +<p><i>Fay.</i> <i>Fay</i>, faith. Faye, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Fell.</i> <i>Fell</i>, keen, biting, the flesh immediately underneath +the skin, a moderately level field on the side or top of +a hill.</p> + +<p><i>Ferley.</i> <i>Ferley</i>, or <i>ferlie</i>, to wonder, a wonder. Farley, +from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Firth.</i> <i>Firth</i>, or <i>frith</i>, a wood.</p> + +<p><i>Flegel.</i> <i>Fleg</i>, a kicker; <i>el</i>, denoting a personal name. A +kicker; an opposer.</p> + +<p><i>Fothergill.</i> <i>Fother</i>, fodder; <i>gill</i>, from <i>giolla</i>, a servant. A +fodder-servant.</p> + +<p><i>Fow.</i> <i>Fow</i>, or <i>fou</i>, full, fuddled, drunk.</p> + +<p><i>Fyler.</i> <i>Fyle</i>, to soil, to dirty; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +soils, or is soiled.</p> + +<h4>G.</h4> + +<p><i>Gaber.</i> <i>Gab</i>, the mouth; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses +the mouth; a prattler.</p> + +<p><i>Gair.</i> <i>Gair</i>, gear, dress, goods, effects, stuff.</p> + +<p><i>Gash.</i> <i>Gash</i>, wise, sagacious, talkative.</p> + +<p><i>Gear.</i> <i>Gear</i>, riches, goods of any kind.</p> + +<p><i>Geary.</i> <i>Gear</i>, riches; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. Rich; +wealthy. Gearey, another spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Glen.</i> <i>Glen</i>, a dale, a deep valley.</p> + +<p><i>Goff.</i> <i>Gowff</i>, the game of Golf. A game played with a +ball and a bat. It is a favorite game in Scotland and consists +in driving the ball from one hole to another. The person +who drives his ball into a hole with the fewest strokes is +declared the winner.</p> + +<p><i>Gowdy.</i> <i>Gowd</i>, gould, gold; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Gold-like; resembling gold.</p> + +<p><i>Great.</i> <i>Great</i>, great, intimate, familiar.</p> + +<p><i>Greely.</i> <i>Gree</i>, prize, victory; <i>líc</i>, like. Victorious. Greeley, +of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Greer.</i> <i>Gree</i>, prize, victory; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +gains the prize; the victor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span></p> + +<h4>H.</h4> + +<p><i>Hagey.</i> <i>Hag</i>, a scar; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Resembling +a scar.</p> + +<p><i>Hale.</i> <i>Hale</i>, whole, tight, healthy.</p> + +<p><i>Haly.</i> <i>Haly</i>, holy.</p> + +<p><i>Haldeman.</i> <i>Hald</i>, an abiding place; <i>man</i>, a man. A man +that has an abiding place.</p> + +<p><i>Hap.</i> <i>Hap</i>, an outer garment, mantle, plaid. Happ, a +kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Haphold.</i> <i>Hap</i>, a plaid; <i>hold</i>, a captain. A captain invested +with his plaid.</p> + +<p><i>Harner.</i> <i>Harn</i>, very coarse linen; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +makes coarse linen.</p> + +<p><i>Hasher.</i> <i>Hash</i>, a fellow that neither knows how to dress +nor act with propriety; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A fellow that does +not dress becomingly.</p> + +<p><i>Haugh.</i> <i>Haugh</i>, a low, rich land, a valley.</p> + +<p><i>Haughey.</i> <i>Haugh</i>, a valley; <i>ig</i>, expressing an adjective. +Valley-like.</p> + +<p><i>Haughton.</i> <i>Haugh</i>, a valley; <i>tún</i>, a town. A valley-town.</p> + +<p><i>Haverley.</i> <i>Haverel</i>, a half-witted person, half-witted.</p> + +<p><i>Hawkey.</i> <i>Hawkie</i>, a cow, properly one with a white face.</p> + +<p><i>Hearse.</i> <i>Hearse</i>, hoarse, rough, raucous.</p> + +<p><i>Heather.</i> <i>Heather</i>, a heath, a place overgrown with heath, +a low shrub belonging to the family of ericaceous plants.</p> + +<p><i>Hecht.</i> <i>Hecht</i>, promised, foretold, the thing promised, or +offered.</p> + +<p><i>Heckle.</i> <i>Heckle</i>, a board in which is fixed a number of +sharp pins used in dressing hemp, flax, etc. Heckel, a cognate +term.</p> + +<p><i>Helm.</i> <i>Helm</i>, rudder of a vessel.</p> + +<p><i>Helmer.</i> <i>Helm</i>, rudder; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who has the +charge of the rudder; a helmsman.</p> + +<p><i>Helmbold.</i> <i>Helm</i>, rudder, helm; <i>bóld</i>, a house. The helmsman’s +house; pilot-house.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span></p> + +<p><i>Helms.</i> <i>Helm</i>, Helm; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Helm.</p> + +<p><i>Herd.</i> <i>Herd</i>, to tend flocks, one who tends flocks.</p> + +<p><i>Herder.</i> <i>Herd</i>, to tend flocks; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +tends flocks.</p> + +<p><i>Herry.</i> <i>Herry</i>, to plunder; most properly, to plunder +birds’ nests.</p> + +<p><i>Hiney.</i> <i>Hiney</i>, honey.</p> + +<p><i>Hinger.</i> <i>Hing</i>, to hang; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A hanger; a +hangman.</p> + +<p><i>Hitch.</i> <i>Hitch</i>, a loop, a knot.</p> + +<p><i>Hoff.</i> <i>Howff</i>, a tippling house, a house of resort.</p> + +<p><i>Hoole.</i> <i>Hool</i>, outer skin or case, a nut-shell, a peascod, a +pea-pod.</p> + +<p><i>Hooley.</i> <i>Hoolie</i>, slowly, leisurely.</p> + +<p><i>Horney.</i> <i>Hornie</i>, one of the many names of the devil.</p> + +<p><i>Howe.</i> <i>Howe</i>, hollow, a hollow, or dell.</p> + +<p><i>Howkins.</i> <i>Howkins</i>, diggings.</p> + +<p><i>Howlett.</i> <i>Howlet</i>, an owlet, a small owl.</p> + +<p><i>Hoy.</i> <i>Hoy</i>, to urge, to press forward. Hoye, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Hoyer.</i> <i>Hoy</i>, to urge; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who urges; +an urger.</p> + +<p><i>Hoyt.</i> <i>Hoyte</i>, to amble crazily.</p> + +<p><i>Hushen.</i> <i>Hushion</i>, a cushion.</p> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><i>Ilko.</i> <i>Ilka</i>, each, every.</p> + +<p><i>Ingle.</i> <i>Ingle</i>, fire, fire-place.</p> + +<h4>K.</h4> + +<p><i>Kain.</i> <i>Kain</i>, fowls, etc., paid as rent by a farmer.</p> + +<p><i>Kames.</i> <i>Kames</i>, combs.</p> + +<p><i>Keel.</i> <i>Keel</i>, a raddle.</p> + +<p><i>Keeler.</i> <i>Keel</i>, a raddle; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who uses a +raddle; a weaver.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span></p> + +<p><i>Keeley.</i> <i>Keel</i>, a raddle; <i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Raddle-like; +resembling a raddle.</p> + +<p><i>Kett.</i> <i>Ket</i>, matted hair, fleece of wool.</p> + +<p><i>Kirk.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church. Kirke, of similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkbride.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>bryde</i>, a bride. The church’s +bride.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkby.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A habitation +belonging to the church; a parsonage.</p> + +<p><i>Kirker.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A churchman.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkham.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>hám</i>, house. Church-house.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkland.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>land</i>, land. Church-land.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkman.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>man</i>, a man. A churchman.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkpatrick.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>Patrick</i>, Patrick. Church of +St. Patrick.</p> + +<p><i>Kirkwood.</i> <i>Kirk</i>, church; <i>wud</i>, wood. Church-wood.</p> + +<p><i>Kirn.</i> <i>Kirn</i>, the harvest-supper, a churn.</p> + +<p><i>Kitchen.</i> <i>Kitchen</i>, anything that is eaten with bread, or +that serves for gravy, soup, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Kittle.</i> <i>Kittle</i>, ticklish, lively, apt. As a verb, it signifies +to tickle.</p> + +<p><i>Knapp.</i> <i>Knap</i>, to strike sharply. A smart blow.</p> + +<p><i>Knapper.</i> <i>Knap</i>, to strike sharply; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One +who strikes a smart blow.</p> + +<p><i>Kye.</i> <i>Kye</i>, cows.</p> + +<p><i>Kyle.</i> <i>Kyle</i>, a district in Ayrshire. Doubtless from <i>kyel</i>—the +equivalent of <i>kye</i>, cows, and <i>el</i>, a personal suffix—a +cowherd.</p> + +<h4>L.</h4> + +<p><i>Laddey.</i> <i>Laddie</i>, diminutive of <i>lad</i>, a small lad, or boy.</p> + +<p><i>Laggen.</i> <i>Lagen</i>, the angle between the side and the +bottom of a wooden dish.</p> + +<p><i>Lang.</i> <i>Lang</i>, long.</p> + +<p><i>Lear.</i> <i>Lear</i>, learning, knowledge.</p> + +<p><i>Linn.</i> <i>Linn</i>, a water-fall, a precipice.</p> + +<p><i>Lowe.</i> <i>Lowe</i>, a flame.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span></p> + +<p><i>Lounes.</i> <i>Lounes</i>, plural of <i>loun</i>, a fellow, a ragamuffin, a +woman of easy virtue.</p> + +<p><i>Lowrie.</i> <i>Lowrie</i>, abbreviation of Lawrence. Lowry, from +the same name. Lawrence, from the Latin, belonging to the +laurel; secondarily, victorious.</p> + +<p><i>Lowse.</i> <i>Lowse</i>, to loose.</p> + +<p><i>Lum.</i> <i>Lum</i>, the chimney.</p> + +<p><i>Lunt.</i> <i>Lunt</i>, a column of smoke, to smoke.</p> + +<h4>M.</h4> + +<p><i>Mair.</i> <i>Mair</i>, more.</p> + +<p><i>Malley.</i> <i>Mallie</i>, Molly, nickname for Mary, a Hebrew word +signifying bitter.</p> + +<p><i>Mang.</i> <i>Mang</i>, among.</p> + +<p><i>Manse.</i> <i>Manse</i>, the house where the minister lives, the +parsonage.</p> + +<p><i>Mavis.</i> <i>Mavis</i>, the thrush.</p> + +<p><i>Maw.</i> <i>Maw</i>, to mow, a mow.</p> + +<p><i>Mawby.</i> <i>Maw</i>, to mow; <i>bý</i>, a house, a habitation. A +mow-house; a chamber in a barn where hay is stored.</p> + +<p><i>Mell.</i> <i>Mell</i>, to meddle. Also, a mallet for pounding barley +in a stone trough.</p> + +<p><i>Meslin.</i> <i>Meslin</i>, mixed corn.</p> + +<p><i>Muckel.</i> <i>Muckle</i>, great, big, much.</p> + +<p><i>Murney.</i> <i>Murne</i>, mourn; Irish <i>neać</i>, an individual. One +that mourns; a mourner.</p> + +<h4>N.</h4> + +<p><i>Napey.</i> <i>Nappy</i>, ale, to be tipsy. Naphey, perhaps, from +the same root.</p> + +<h4>P.</h4> + +<p><i>Pack.</i> <i>Pack</i>, intimate, familiar, twelve stone of wool.</p> + +<p><i>Parle.</i> <i>Parle</i>, speech, discourse, conversation.</p> + +<p><i>Pechin.</i> <i>Pechan</i>, the crop, the stomach.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> + +<p><i>Pickle.</i> <i>Pickle</i>, a small quantity. Pickel, from the same +radix.</p> + +<p><i>Pine.</i> <i>Pine</i>, pain, uneasiness.</p> + +<p><i>Plews.</i> <i>Plews</i>, or <i>pleughs</i>, ploughs.</p> + +<p><i>Prigge.</i> <i>Prig</i>, to cheapen, to dispute.</p> + +<p><i>Pund.</i> <i>Pund</i>, pound.</p> + +<p><i>Pyle.</i> <i>Pyle</i> (<i>a pyle o’ chaff</i>), a single grain of chaff.</p> + +<h4>Q.</h4> + +<p><i>Quay.</i> <i>Quay</i>, or <i>quey</i>, a young heifer, a cow from one to +two years of age.</p> + +<h4>R.</h4> + +<p><i>Raible.</i> <i>Raible</i>, to rattle nonsense.</p> + +<p><i>Rash.</i> <i>Rash</i>, a rush.</p> + +<p><i>Reamer.</i> <i>Ream</i>, cream, to cream; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who +skims the cream from anything.</p> + +<p><i>Reck.</i> <i>Reck</i>, to heed.</p> + +<p><i>Redwood.</i> <i>Red-wud</i>, stark mad.</p> + +<p><i>Reid.</i> <i>Reid</i>, a reed.</p> + +<p><i>Reider.</i> <i>Reid</i>, to advise; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One that advises; +an adviser.</p> + +<p><i>Reidy.</i> <i>Reid</i>, a reed; <i>ig</i>, indicating an adjective termination. +Reedy.</p> + +<p><i>Rever.</i> <i>Rever</i>, robber, pirate, rover.</p> + +<p><i>Rief.</i> <i>Rief</i>, or <i>reef</i>, plenty, abundance, randies, sturdy +beggars.</p> + +<p><i>Rigby.</i> <i>Rig</i>, a ridge; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A ridge-house.</p> + +<p><i>Riggs.</i> <i>Rigs</i>, plural of <i>rig</i>, a ridge.</p> + +<p><i>Rink.</i> <i>Rink</i>, the course of the stones, a term in <i>curling</i> on +ice.</p> + +<p><i>Ripley.</i> <i>Rip</i>, a handful of unthreshed corn; <i>líc</i>, like. +Resembling a handful of unthreshed corn.</p> + +<p><i>Ripp.</i> <i>Rip</i>, a handful of unthreshed corn.</p> + +<p><i>Routh.</i> <i>Routh</i>, or <i>rowth</i>, plenty, abundance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rung.</i> <i>Rung</i>, a cudgel. Runge, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Runger.</i> <i>Rung</i>, a cudgel; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A cudgeller.</p> + +<h4>S.</h4> + +<p><i>Saul.</i> <i>Saul</i>, soul. Saull, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Sauter.</i> <i>Saut</i>, salt; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who salts; a salter.</p> + +<p><i>Sax.</i> <i>Sax</i>, six.</p> + +<p><i>Scarborough.</i> <i>Scar</i>, a cliff; <i>beorh</i>, a burrow. A cliff-burrow.</p> + +<p><i>Shaw.</i> <i>Shaw</i>, to show, a small wood in a hollow.</p> + +<p><i>Sheen.</i> <i>Sheen</i>, bright, shining.</p> + +<p><i>Sheetz.</i> <i>Sheits</i>, or <i>shetes</i>, sheets.</p> + +<p><i>Shiel.</i> <i>Shiel</i>, a shed.</p> + +<p><i>Shill.</i> <i>Shill</i>, shrill.</p> + +<p><i>Shur.</i> <i>Shure</i>, did shear, shore. Shurr, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Siller.</i> <i>Siller</i>, silver, money.</p> + +<p><i>Simmer.</i> <i>Simmer</i>, summer.</p> + +<p><i>Simmers.</i> <i>Simmer</i>, Simmer; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Simmer.</p> + +<p><i>Skerl.</i> <i>Skirl</i>, to shriek, to cry shrilly.</p> + +<p><i>Slade.</i> <i>Slade</i>, did slide.</p> + +<p><i>Slaw.</i> <i>Slaw</i>, slow, tardy.</p> + +<p><i>Smithers.</i> <i>Smithers</i>, smothers.</p> + +<p><i>Snell.</i> <i>Snell</i>, bitter, biting.</p> + +<p><i>Soutter.</i> <i>Souter</i>, a shoemaker.</p> + +<p><i>Speel.</i> <i>Speel</i>, to climb.</p> + +<p><i>Spier.</i> <i>Spier</i>, to ask, to inquire.</p> + +<p><i>Stang.</i> <i>Stang</i>, an acute pain, a twinge, to sting.</p> + +<p><i>Stangle.</i> <i>Stang</i>, to sting; <i>el</i>, expressive of a personal name. +That which stings.</p> + +<p><i>Stant.</i> <i>Stant</i>, to stand.</p> + +<p><i>Stark.</i> <i>Stark</i>, stout, stiff.</p> + +<p><i>Steane.</i> <i>Stean</i>, or <i>stane</i>, a stone.</p> + +<p><i>Stell.</i> <i>Stell</i>, a still.</p> + +<p><i>Swank.</i> <i>Swank</i>, stately, jolly. A tight, strapping young +fellow or girl was called a <i>swankie</i>, or <i>swanker</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> + +<h4>T.</h4> + +<p><i>Taine.</i> <i>Taine</i>, or <i>tane</i>, a token.</p> + +<p><i>Tifft.</i> <i>Tift</i>, a puff of wind.</p> + +<p><i>Toomey.</i> <i>Toom</i>, empty; <i>ig</i>, expressive of an adjective. +Empty; unoccupied.</p> + +<h4>W.</h4> + +<p><i>Waley.</i> <i>Walie</i>, ample, large, jolly.</p> + +<p><i>Wambold.</i> <i>Wam</i>, the womb, the belly; <i>bóld</i>, a house, a +habitation. The womb-house; the abdomen.</p> + +<p><i>Ward.</i> <i>Ward</i>, watch, sentinel.</p> + +<p><i>Wark.</i> <i>Wark</i>, work.</p> + +<p><i>Warley.</i> <i>Warly</i>, worldly, eager in amassing wealth. +Warlley, a cognate term.</p> + +<p><i>Warris.</i> <i>Warris</i>, wars.</p> + +<p><i>Whidden.</i> <i>Whidden</i>, running as a hare or cony.</p> + +<p><i>Wicht.</i> <i>Wicht</i>, powerful, strong, inventive, of superior +genius.</p> + +<p><i>Wiel.</i> <i>Wiel</i>, a small whirlpool.</p> + +<p><i>Wrangham.</i> <i>Wrang</i>, wrong, to wrong; <i>hám</i>, a house. +A wrong home; a wronged house.</p> + +<h4>Y.</h4> + +<p><i>Yerkes.</i> <i>Yerkes</i>, or <i>yerks</i>, present indicative third person +singular of <i>yerk</i>, to lash, to jerk. Lashes; jerks.</p> + +<p><i>Yetter.</i> <i>Yett</i>, a gate; <i>ere</i>, an agent. One who has charge +of a gate; a gate-keeper. <i>Yett</i> was usually applied to a gate +that commanded the entrance to a farm-yard or a field.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ADDENDA_ET_CORRIGIENDA">ADDENDA ET CORRIGIENDA.</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>A.</h3> + +<p><i>Acker.</i> <i>Acer</i>, an acre, a field. Aker, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Ackley.</i> <i>Ác-lea</i>, from <i>ác</i>, an oak, and <i>leag</i>, a territory, a +district. An oak-district. Oakley, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Acorn.</i> <i>Ác-cærn</i>, from <i>ác</i>, an oak, and <i>cærn</i>, a corn. An +oak-corn.</p> + +<p><i>Adamson.</i> Hebrew <i>Adam</i>, red earth; A. S. <i>sun</i>, son. +Son of Adam; son of red earth. Adams, contracted form +of the word.</p> + +<p><i>Albertson.</i> <i>Albert</i>, from <i>æl</i>, all, and <i>beorht</i>, bright; <i>sun</i>, +son. Son of Albert; son of the all-bright, or illustrious. +Alberts, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Albright.</i> <i>Æl</i>, all; <i>beorht</i>, bright. All-bright; illustrious.</p> + +<p><i>Alderson.</i> <i>Alder</i>, an author, an originator; <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of an author.</p> + +<p><i>Anderson.</i> Greek <i>aner</i>, French <i>andré</i>, a man; <i>sun</i>, son. +Son of a man. Anders, Andrews, of like significance.</p> + +<p><i>Antrim.</i> Irish <i>antrim</i>, land of caverns. Very closely +allied to <i>antrum</i>, the Latin for cave, den, grot, lurking-place.</p> + +<p><i>Armstrong.</i> <i>Earm</i>, arm; <i>strong</i>, strong. Arm-strong.</p> + +<p><i>Ashburn.</i> <i>Æsc</i>, an ash-tree, a ship; <i>burne</i>, a bourn, +stream, creek, river. A stream bordered by ash-trees; a +river navigable by ships.</p> + +<h3>B.</h3> + +<p><i>Barrow.</i> <i>Beorh</i>, a heap, burrow or barrow, a heap of +stones, a place of burial. Barrows, son of Barrow.</p> + +<p><i>Bartram.</i> <i>Beorht</i>, bright; <i>remn</i>, or <i>hrem</i>, a raven. A +bright raven. Bertram, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span></p> + +<p><i>Becker.</i> <i>Béc</i>, a book; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A book-maker; a +bookman. <i>Béc</i>, derivable from <i>béce</i>, a beech-tree, as books +were first made out of the beech. Becher, a name of +analogous significance.</p> + +<p><i>Beckman.</i> <i>Béc</i>, a book; <i>man</i>, a man. A bookman; a +book-maker. Bechman, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Beckley.</i> <i>Béc</i>, book, or <i>béce</i>, beech; <i>líc</i>, like. Book-like; +resembling the beech.</p> + +<p><i>Berry.</i> <i>Berige</i>, or <i>berie</i>, a berry, a grape.</p> + +<p><i>Best.</i> <i>Best</i>, best, most.</p> + +<p><i>Bickel.</i> <i>Bicce</i>, a bitch; <i>el</i>, implying personality. A woman +in disgrace.</p> + +<p><i>Bickley.</i> <i>Bicce</i>, a bitch; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a bitch.</p> + +<p><i>Bigg.</i> <i>Byge</i>, or <i>bige</i>, a corner, a bay. Perhaps, from <i>byggan</i>, +to big, to build: hence, great, large in bulk.</p> + +<p><i>Bigley.</i> <i>Byge</i>, a bay; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a bay.</p> + +<p><i>Birch.</i> <i>Birce</i>, or <i>byrce</i>, a birch-tree. Birkey, from the +same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Blackburn.</i> <i>Blæc</i>, black; <i>beorn</i>, a prince, a king. A black +prince. Or, from <i>blæc</i>, black, and <i>byrne</i>, a coat of mail. A +black coat of mail.</p> + +<p><i>Blade.</i> <i>Blæd</i>, a blade, leaf, branch, twig. It also signifies +a blowing, blast, breath, life, a favorable wind, success, prosperity, +honor, reward, fame, glory.</p> + +<p><i>Blading.</i> <i>Blæd</i>, a blade, a leaf; <i>ing</i>, expressive of action. +Leaf-producing.</p> + +<p><i>Blakeley.</i> <i>Blæc</i>, black; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling black. +Blakely, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Blakey.</i> <i>Blæc</i>, black; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Blackish.</p> + +<p><i>Blakiston.</i> <i>Blæc</i>, black; <i>isc</i>, an adjective termination +denoting likeness; <i>tún</i>, town. A blackish town.</p> + +<p><i>Blane.</i> <i>Blægen</i>, a pustule. <i>Blain</i>, perhaps, from the same +root.</p> + +<p><i>Blaney.</i> <i>Blægen</i>, a pustule; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Full of pustules.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span></p> + +<p><i>Blank.</i> <i>Blanc</i>, white. Blanke, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Blankley.</i> <i>Blanc</i>, white; <i>líc</i>, like. White-like.</p> + +<p><i>Blee.</i> <i>Bleo</i>, color, hue, blee, complexion, beauty.</p> + +<p><i>Blue.</i> <i>Bleo</i>, blue, azure. Blew is, doubtless, from <i>bleow</i>, +the past of <i>bláwan</i>, to blow, to breathe.</p> + +<p><i>Boot.</i> <i>Bót</i>, a boot, remedy, amend, atonement, offering, +redress, compensation, cure. Boote, another spelling.</p> + +<p><i>Booth.</i> Ir. <i>both</i>, a house.</p> + +<p><i>Borgman.</i> <i>Borg</i>, a loan, a pledge; <i>man</i>, a man. A man +who receives a loan, or one who gives a pledge; a bondsman.</p> + +<p><i>Bostick.</i> <i>Bósig</i>, a crib, a stall, a manger, a boose. Bostwick, +from the same roots, both words, doubtless, being corruptions +of the original.</p> + +<p><i>Bower.</i> <i>Búr</i>, a bower, cottage, dwelling, an inner room, +bed-chamber, storehouse.</p> + +<p><i>Bowman.</i> <i>Boga</i>, a bow, arch, corner, bending, band, +horn, tail; <i>man</i>, a man. A bow-man; an archer.</p> + +<p><i>Brick.</i> Ir. <i>brice</i>, French <i>brique</i>, a brick. Earth or clay +formed into regular blocks and burnt in a kiln or baked in +the sun.</p> + +<p><i>Bridge.</i> <i>Bricg</i>, or <i>brycg</i>, a bridge.</p> + +<p><i>Bradbury.</i> <i>Brád</i>, broad, vast; <i>beorh</i>, a barrow, or burrow. +A vast barrow.</p> + +<p><i>Braddock.</i> <i>Brád</i>, broad; Gothic <i>dok</i>, a deep or gulfy +place. A broad dock. Or, from <i>brád</i>, broad; <i>docce</i>, a +dock, a kind of plant. A broad-leaved dock.</p> + +<p><i>Bradford.</i> <i>Brád</i>, broad; <i>ford</i>, a ford. A broad ford.</p> + +<p><i>Bray.</i> Ir. <i>breáǵ</i>, fine. Or, from <i>breać</i>, ever.</p> + +<p><i>Brightly.</i> <i>Beorht</i>, bright; <i>líc</i>, like. Bright-like; with +lustre; splendidly.</p> + +<p><i>Bryan.</i> Ir. <i>briǵ</i>, virtue, vigor, force; <i>an</i>, a personal +termination. A virtuous person; a man of vigor.</p> + +<p><i>Buckingham.</i> <i>Boccenham</i>, from <i>bóccen</i>, an adjective derived +from <i>bócce</i>, a beech, and <i>hám</i>, a house. A beechen house; +a house surrounded by beech trees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span></p> + +<p><i>Burk.</i> <i>Bearoc</i>, from <i>bearo</i>, a grove, a wood, a hill covered +with wood. Burke, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Burkley.</i> <i>Bearoc</i>, a grove, a forest; <i>líc</i>, like. Forest-like.</p> + +<p><i>Burr.</i> <i>Búr</i>, a bower, dwelling, storehouse. Also, from +French <i>bourre</i>, the down on herbs and fruits. Most properly, +from the Anglo-Saxon.</p> + +<p><i>Burrell.</i> <i>Búr</i>, a bower, a storehouse, a dwelling; <i>el</i>, a termination +denoting both persons and inanimate objects. One +who, or that which, dwells in a bower; a cottager; a storehouse.</p> + +<p><i>Burrow.</i> <i>Beorh</i>, a heap, a barrow, a heap of stones, a +place of burial. Burrough, from the same radix.</p> + +<h3>C.</h3> + +<p><i>Cade.</i> Ir. <i>céad</i>, a hundred, first. Perhaps, from <i>cat́</i>, +pronounced <i>cath</i>, or <i>cadh</i>, war, battle.</p> + +<p><i>Cadic.</i> Ir. <i>céad</i>, first; <i>eać</i>, for <i>neać</i>, an agent. The first +man. Caddy, from the same roots. Probably, from <i>cat́-aid́</i>, +a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Callow.</i> <i>Calo</i>, or <i>caluw</i>, callow, bald, without hair.</p> + +<p><i>Camley.</i> Ir. <i>cam</i>, curved, crooked, bent; A. S. <i>líc</i>, like. +Curved-like; crooked.</p> + +<p><i>Camp.</i> <i>Camp</i>, from Latin <i>campus</i>, a contest, battle, war, +a camp.</p> + +<p><i>Campbell.</i> <i>Camp</i>, a camp; <i>bel</i>, a bell. A camp-bell. Possibly, +from French <i>camp</i>, a camp, and <i>bel</i>, beautiful: hence, a +beautiful camp.</p> + +<p><i>Canby.</i> <i>Can</i>, or <i>cann</i>, clearance; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A +clearance-house.</p> + +<p><i>Capp.</i> <i>Cappa</i>, a cap, cope, priest’s garment.</p> + +<p><i>Carl.</i> <i>Carl</i>, a male; chiefly used before words to denote +the male, as <i>cwén</i> does the female. <i>Carl-catt</i>, meaning a +male cat, and <i>carl-fugol</i>, a male or cock bird. Later, <i>carl</i> +came to signify man, a married man, as well as the male of +any kind.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p> + +<p><i>Carley.</i> <i>Carl</i>, a male, a man; <i>líc</i>, like. Male-like; resembling +a man; churlish. Carle, from the same.</p> + +<p><i>Carncross.</i> Ir. <i>carn</i>, a heap of stones; <i>cros</i>, a cross. A +cross composed of a heap of stones.</p> + +<p><i>Carra.</i> Ir. <i>cara</i>, a friend.</p> + +<p><i>Carritt.</i> Ir. <i>car</i>, dear; <i>aid́</i>, a termination indicative of +personality. A dear person; a friend.</p> + +<p><i>Carter.</i> <i>Cræt</i>, or <i>crat</i>, a carriage, a cart; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who drives a cart or carriage; a carter; a teamster. In +Anglo-Saxon, <i>cræt-wǽn</i> was applied to a wain, a chariot. It +is highly probable that <i>cræt</i> or <i>crat</i> is traceable through the +Gaelic words <i>cairt</i> and <i>carr</i> to Latin <i>carrus</i>, a car, a +chariot.</p> + +<p><i>Caskey.</i> Ir. <i>Caisg</i>, Easter; <i>eać</i>, an individual. One who +celebrates Easter.</p> + +<p><i>Caton.</i> A. S. for the Latin <i>catus</i>, or <i>cautus</i>, cautious, +weary, provident.</p> + +<p><i>Cilles.</i> <i>Cille</i>, a bottle; genitive <i>cilles</i>, of bottle. Belonging +to a bottle.</p> + +<p><i>Conrad.</i> <i>Cón</i>, bold; <i>rǽd</i>, counsel, reason, opinion. Bold +counsel; courageous opinion.</p> + +<p><i>Conway.</i> <i>Cón</i>, bold; <i>wæg</i>, a way, a passage. A bold +passage.</p> + +<p><i>Cormac.</i> Ir. <i>corb</i>, a chariot; <i>mac</i>, son. Son of a chariot; +a charioteer. Cormick, Cormuck, barbarous spellings of the +name.</p> + +<p><i>Coulter.</i> <i>Culter</i>, and not <i>colter</i>, a coulter. See <a href="#Page_67">page 67</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Crawford.</i> <i>Cráw</i>, a crow, chough, jackdaw; <i>ford</i>, a ford. +A crow-ford; a ford crossed by crows.</p> + +<p><i>Crock.</i> <i>Croc</i>, a crock, a pitcher.</p> + +<p><i>Crook.</i> <i>Cruc</i>, a crook, a crutch.</p> + +<p><i>Crookes.</i> <i>Crook</i>, Crook; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Crook.</p> + +<p><i>Crouch.</i> Corruption of <i>cruc</i>, a crook, a crutch.</p> + +<p><i>Crowley.</i> <i>Cráw</i>, a crow; <i>líc</i>, like. Resembling a crow.</p> + +<p><i>Culbert.</i> <i>Col</i>, a helmet; <i>beorht</i>, bright. A bright helmet. +Colbert, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span></p> + +<p><i>Curby.</i> <i>Cear</i>, anxious, careful; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. An +anxious home.</p> + +<p><i>Curry.</i> Ir. <i>curam</i>, care (applied in Irish to all over whom +one has charge); <i>eać</i>, an agent, and not <i>lać</i>. A supervisor. +See <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>.</p> + +<h3>D.</h3> + +<p><i>Dalby.</i> <i>Dál</i>, a dale, a valley; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. A valley-home.</p> + +<p><i>Darby.</i> Common name for <i>Diarmoid</i> in Limerick and +Tipperary. See <a href="#Dermod">Dermod, page 23</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Darcey.</i> <i>Dearc</i>, or <i>deorc</i>, dark, dusky; <i>ig</i>, an adjective +termination. Dark; dusky.</p> + +<p><i>Darkis.</i> <i>Dearc</i>, dark; <i>isc</i>, an adjective ending. Darkish; +dusky.</p> + +<p><i>Darling.</i> <i>Deór</i>, dear; <i>ling</i>, a termination denoting state +or condition of a person. A person that is dear, or beloved.</p> + +<p><i>Darlington.</i> <i>Darling</i>, Darling; <i>tán</i>, house. Home of +Darling.</p> + +<p><i>Darley.</i> <i>Deór</i>, dear; <i>líc</i>, like. Dear-like; dearly.</p> + +<p><i>Davidson.</i> <i>David</i>, Hebrew for “beloved;” <i>sun</i>, son. Son +of David. Davids, a contracted form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Davies.</i> <i>Davie</i>, Scotch for the Hebrew for “beloved;” <i>s</i> +for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Davie. Davieson, unabbreviated name, +and Davis, a contraction thereof.</p> + +<p><i>Daw.</i> <i>Dæg</i>, a day; <i>dawe</i>, Old English for the same. Day, +of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Dawson.</i> <i>Daw</i>, Daw; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Daw.</p> + +<p><i>Deacon.</i> <i>Deacon</i>, or <i>diacon</i>, a deacon, a levite.</p> + +<p><i>Deane.</i> <i>Deane</i>, the Danes: so called from <i>dene</i>, a valley, +a plain, for they are dwellers in a vale or plain. <i>Dean</i>, as +commonly applied, is the same as <i>deacon</i>, a levite.</p> + +<p><i>Denison.</i> <i>Denis</i>, French of the Greek <i>Dionysos</i>, god of +Nysos; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Denis.</p> + +<p><i>Denn.</i> <i>Den</i>, a valley, a plain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p> + +<p><i>Derby.</i> <i>Deór-bý</i>, from <i>deór</i>, a deer, a beast, and <i>bý</i>, a +habitation. A deer-park.</p> + +<p><i>Dilg.</i> <i>Dilge</i>, present indicative of <i>dilgian</i>, to destroy.</p> + +<p><i>Donald.</i> Ir. <i>Donghal</i>, from <i>donn</i>, brown, and <i>gall</i>, stranger. +Brown-haired stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Donaldson.</i> <i>Donald</i>, Donald; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Donald.</p> + +<p><i>Donnell.</i> Ir. <i>Domhnall</i>, possibly <i>Donghal</i>, from <i>donn</i>, +brown, and <i>gall</i>, stranger. Brown-haired stranger.</p> + +<p><i>Donaghy.</i> Ir. <i>Donoghoc</i>, from <i>Donnachu</i>, which is from +<i>donn</i>, brown, and <i>neać</i>, an individual, an agent. A brown-haired +chief. Donnogh, Donahoe, Donahue, Donohoe, +Donohue, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Douglass.</i> Ir. <i>dhu</i>, from <i>dub́</i>, black, dark; <i>glas</i>, green, gray. +Dark green; dark gray.</p> + +<p><i>Dugall.</i> Ir. <i>dhu</i>, from <i>dub́</i>, black; <i>gall</i>, a stranger. A +black stranger. Dugald, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Downes.</i> <i>Dúnes</i>, genitive of <i>dún</i>, a mountain, a hill. +Belonging to a hill.</p> + +<p><i>Douney.</i> <i>Dún-ig</i>, from <i>dún</i>, a mountain, a hill, and <i>ig</i>, an +adjective ending. Mountainous; hilly. Downy, from the +same derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Durburrow.</i> <i>Dur</i>, a door, a gate; <i>beorh</i>, a burrow, a place +of burial. A door-burrow; a place of burial entered by +door, or gate. Durborrow, Durborow, cognate terms.</p> + +<h3>E.</h3> + +<p><i>Earl.</i> <i>Eorl</i>, not <i>earl</i>, noble, earl, man. See <a href="#Page_68">page 68</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Earley.</i> <i>Eorl-líc</i>, from <i>eorl</i>, an earl, and <i>líc</i>, like. Earl-like; +belonging to an earl.</p> + +<p><i>Easby.</i> <i>Eás</i>, genitive of <i>eá</i>, a river; <i>bý</i>, a habitation. +Habitation of a river; banks of a river.</p> + +<p><i>Eastburn.</i> <i>East</i>, eastern; <i>burne</i>, a river. An eastern +river.</p> + +<p><i>Eastman.</i> <i>East</i>, eastern; <i>man</i>, a man. An eastern man.</p> + +<p><i>Eck.</i> <i>Éce</i>, eternal, perpetual, everlasting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p> + +<p><i>Eckley.</i> <i>Éce-líc</i>, from <i>éce</i>, eternal, and <i>líc</i>, like. Eternal-like; +everlasting.</p> + +<p><i>Edgar.</i> <i>Eádg</i>, happy, prosperous, blessed, rich, perfect; +<i>gár</i>, a dart, javelin, spear, weapon. A prosperous spear. +<i>Eádg</i>, contraction of the adjective <i>eád-ig</i>, which is derivable +from the substantive <i>eád</i>, prosperity, happiness. It is highly +probable that <i>eád</i> is an altered form of <i>eard</i>, earth, a man’s +prosperity and consequent happiness being measured by the +extent of his earthly possessions. See <a href="#Page_68">page 68</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Edmund.</i> <i>Eádmund</i>, from <i>eádg</i>, happy, and <i>mund</i>, hand, +protection, defence. Happy defence.</p> + +<p><i>Edson.</i> <i>Eádg</i>, rich; <i>sun</i>, son. Rich son.</p> + +<p><i>Edward.</i> <i>Eádward</i>, from <i>eádg</i>, blessed; <i>weard</i>, guardian, +watchman. A blessed guardian.</p> + +<p><i>Egge.</i> <i>Egge</i>, present indicative first person singular of +<i>eggian</i>, to egg, to excite.</p> + +<p><i>Eglee.</i> <i>Egle</i>, troublesome, difficult, hateful. Or, from +<i>egle</i>, a sprout, an ear of corn, a thistle.</p> + +<p><i>Eggleson.</i> <i>Egle</i>, troublesome; <i>sun</i>, son. A troublesome +son.</p> + +<h3>F.</h3> + +<p><i>Farley.</i> <i>Far-líc</i>, from <i>fær</i>, sudden, fortuitous, wonderful, +and <i>líc</i>, like. Sudden; fortuitous; wonderful.</p> + +<p><i>Ferguson.</i> <i>Fergus</i>, Fergus; <i>sun</i>, son, Son of Fergus. +See <a href="#Fergus">Fergus, page 25</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fetter.</i> <i>Feoter</i>, or <i>fetor</i>, a fetter.</p> + +<p><i>Fetterling.</i> <i>Feoter</i>, a fetter; <i>ling</i>, a termination denoting the +state or condition of a person. Bondage.</p> + +<p><i>Finan.</i> Ir. <i>fionn</i>, fair, white; <i>an</i>, a personal ending. A +fair person. Finian, kindred in derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Fitler.</i> <i>Fit</i>, or <i>fitt</i>, a song; <i>lár</i>, lore, learning, law. Song-lore.</p> + +<p><i>Forder.</i> <i>Ford</i>, a ford; <i>ere</i>, an agent. On who, or that +which, fords a stream.</p> + +<p><i>Fordham.</i> <i>Ford</i>, ford; <i>hám</i>, house. Ford-house.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span></p> + +<p><i>Fowler.</i> <i>Fugel-ere</i>, from <i>fugel</i>, a bird, a fowl, and <i>ere</i>, an +agent. One who pursues or traps wild fowl.</p> + +<p><i>Freeborn.</i> <i>Freó-bearn</i>, from <i>freó</i>, free, and <i>bearn</i>, born. One +free born.</p> + +<p><i>Fricka.</i> <i>Fríga</i>, Saxon Venus, the goddess of love. Or, +which is more likely, from <i>fricca</i>, a crier or preacher. Frick, +from the same radix. See <a href="#Frick">Frick, page 70</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Frost.</i> <i>Frost</i>, or <i>forst</i>, frost.</p> + +<p><i>Fry.</i> <i>Frý</i>, free, having liberty or authority. Frye, of +similar derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Fuller.</i> <i>Fullere</i>, from <i>fullian</i>, to whiten, and <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One that whitens anything; a bleacher.</p> + +<p><i>Fullerton.</i> <i>Fuller</i>, Fuller; <i>tún</i>, house. Home of Fuller.</p> + +<p><i>Fullom.</i> <i>Fúle-hám</i>, from <i>fúle</i>, foul, muddy, corrupt, and +<i>hám</i>, a house. A muddy house; a corrupt home. Fullum, +a cognate term.</p> + +<h3>G.</h3> + +<p><i>Gadd.</i> <i>Gád</i>, or <i>gǽd</i>, a point of a weapon, a prick, a goad. +Also, from <i>gád</i>, want, need, deficiency.</p> + +<p><i>Gadsby.</i> <i>Gádes</i>, genitive of <i>gád</i>, want, deficiency, need; +<i>bý</i>, a habitation. A needy home.</p> + +<p><i>Gaff.</i> <i>Gaf</i>, base, vile, lewd.</p> + +<p><i>Gaffney.</i> <i>Gaf</i>, base; Ir. <i>neać</i>, an individual. A base +person.</p> + +<p><i>Gale.</i> <i>Gale</i>, a nightingale, is from <i>galan</i>, to sing, to enchant. +Galey, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Galen.</i> <i>Galen</i>, past participle of <i>galan</i>, to sing, to enchant.</p> + +<p><i>Garlic.</i> <i>Gár-leac</i>, from <i>gár</i>, a spear, and <i>leac</i>, a leek, an +onion, an herb. Spear-leek; garlic.</p> + +<p><i>Garman.</i> <i>Gár</i>, a spear; <i>man</i>, a man. A spearman.</p> + +<p><i>Garret.</i> <i>Gár</i>, a spear; <i>rédhe</i>, cruel. A cruel spear.</p> + +<p><i>Gillingham.</i> <i>Gillinga-hám</i>, or <i>Gill-ingahám</i>, from <i>Gill</i>, Gill, +and <i>ingahám</i>, residence of the sons. Home of the sons of +Gill. See <a href="#Gill">Gill, page 27</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Glade.</i> <i>Glade</i>, a river, a brook. Or, <i>glade</i>, gladly.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span></p> + +<p><i>Gladney.</i> <i>Glǽd</i>, purified, bright; Ir. <i>neać</i>, an individual. +A purified person; a saint; an angel.</p> + +<p><i>Glenney.</i> <i>Glen</i>, a glen, a valley; Ir. <i>neać</i>, an individual. +A dweller in a glen, or a valley.</p> + +<p><i>Guildford.</i> <i>Gild-ford</i>, from <i>gild</i>, a guild, society, or club +where money was paid for support, and <i>ford</i>, a ford. A +stock-ford.</p> + +<h3>H.</h3> + +<p><i>Haddock.</i> <i>Hacod</i>, by the inversion of the letters in the +last syllable became <i>hadoc</i>, and signifies a pike, mullet.</p> + +<p><i>Hadley.</i> <i>Heáfod-líc</i>, from <i>heáfod</i>, a head, and <i>líc</i>, like. +Head-like; capital; chief. Headley, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Haines.</i> <i>Heánes</i>, from <i>heáh</i>, high, and <i>nes</i>, a termination +of feminine nouns denoting qualify or state. Highness; +height; top; end; pinnacle; fortress.</p> + +<p><i>Haley.</i> <i>Heálig</i>, from <i>heáh</i>, high, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective ending. +High; lofty. Or, from <i>hál</i>, healthy, sound, whole, and +<i>ig</i>, implying an adjective. Healthy; sound; wholly; holy.</p> + +<p><i>Hallowell.</i> <i>Heálig</i>, holy; <i>well</i>, a well. A holy well. +Halliwell, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Hambright.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>beorht</i>, bright. A bright home.</p> + +<p><i>Hambrook.</i> <i>Hám</i>, home; <i>bróc</i>, a rivulet. A home rivulet.</p> + +<p><i>Hancock.</i> <i>Hean</i>, worthless; <i>cocc</i>, or <i>coc</i>, a cock, a male +bird. A worthless cock. See <a href="#Hancock">Hancock, page 72</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Handley.</i> <i>Handle</i>, that which is used by the hand. A +handle; a haft. Hanley, a kindred term.</p> + +<p><i>Hane.</i> <i>Heán</i>, high, lofty, sublime, chief, noble, excellent.</p> + +<p><i>Hanna.</i> <i>Heana</i>, poor, needy, humble, despised.</p> + +<p><i>Hansbury.</i> <i>Heán-burh</i>, from <i>heán</i>, high, lofty, and <i>burh</i>, a +tower. A lofty tower.</p> + +<p><i>Harbeck.</i> <i>Hár</i>, hoar, hoary, gray; <i>béc</i>, a book. A hoary +book.</p> + +<p><i>Harbert.</i> <i>Hár</i>, hoary, gray; <i>beorht</i>, glistening. Glistening +with gray.</p> + +<p><i>Harding.</i> <i>Heard</i>, hard; <i>ing</i>, implying action. Hardening.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hardick.</i> <i>Heard</i>, hard; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination. +Hardy. Hardie, Hardy, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Hare.</i> <i>Hara</i>, a hare. As hares are gray, the name was +originally derived from <i>hár</i>, hoar, hoary, gray. <i>Hare</i>, an +estuary, is a probable etymology.</p> + +<p><i>Hargis.</i> <i>Heregas</i>, armies, a host.</p> + +<p><i>Harmer.</i> <i>Hearm</i>, harm, damage, calamity; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who, or that which, produces harm. Perhaps, from +<i>harma</i>, a sling to support a wounded arm, an arm that has +been harmed or damaged.</p> + +<p><i>Hay.</i> <i>Hoeg</i>, or <i>hég</i>, hay.</p> + +<p><i>Hayes.</i> <i>Haye</i>, Hay; <i>s</i> for sun, <i>son</i>. Son of Hay.</p> + +<p><i>Hazel.</i> <i>Hæsel</i>, or <i>hæsl</i>, a nut-tree, hazel. <i>Hæsel</i>, also, +signifies a hat. The husk of the hazel-nut resembles a hat, +but whether the plant took its name from the form of the +covering of the nut, or the hat received its name from its +resemblance to the covering, is a question. We incline to the +latter belief.</p> + +<p><i>Heany.</i> <i>Heane</i>, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised. +Heeny, from the same root.</p> + +<p><i>Heberton.</i> <i>Heber</i>, a goat; <i>tún</i>, a house. A goat-house.</p> + +<p><i>Heller.</i> <i>Helle</i>, clear, eminent; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A man of +eminence.</p> + +<p><i>Heppe.</i> <i>Heope</i>, a hip, fruit of the dog-rose.</p> + +<p><i>Herman.</i> <i>Here-man</i>, from <i>here</i>, an army, and <i>man</i>, a man. +An army-man; a soldier.</p> + +<p><i>Hill.</i> <i>Hill</i>, or <i>hyll</i>, a hill.</p> + +<p><i>Hilles.</i> <i>Hilles</i>, or <i>hylles</i>, genitives of <i>hill</i> and <i>hyll</i>, a hill. +Belonging to a hill.</p> + +<p><i>Hocker.</i> <i>Hocer</i>, or <i>hocor</i>, mocking, reproach.</p> + +<p><i>Hood.</i> <i>Hód</i>, a hood.</p> + +<p><i>Hodge.</i> <i>Hog</i>, prudent, careful, anxious.</p> + +<p><i>Hodgson.</i> <i>Hog</i>, prudent; <i>sun</i>, son. A prudent son.</p> + +<p><i>Holcombe.</i> <i>Hol</i>, a hole, cavern, den; <i>comb</i> a valley. A +cavernous valley.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></p> + +<p><i>Holden.</i> <i>Healden</i>, past participle of <i>healdan</i>, to hold, +rescue, fasten, rule, govern. Held; ruled; governed.</p> + +<p><i>Holland.</i> <i>Hol</i>, a hole, a cavern; <i>land</i>, region. A cavernous +land. Or, <i>hol</i>, hollow; land, <i>land</i>. A hollow land.</p> + +<p><i>Hookey.</i> <i>Hóc</i>, or <i>hooc</i>, a hook, a stick, or iron bent at the +end; <i>iht</i>, an adjective termination. Hooked.</p> + +<p><i>Hoopes.</i> <i>Hópes</i>, genitive of <i>hóp</i>, a hoop, circle, company. +Belonging to a hoop.</p> + +<p><i>Hough.</i> <i>Hoh</i>, or <i>hó</i>, a heel, hough, ham.</p> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<p><i>Inger.</i> <i>Ing</i>, Ing; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A descendant of Ing. +According to Teuton mythology, Ing was the son of Tuisco, +and is, without doubt, the name-father of the Anglo-Saxon +and English.</p> + +<p><i>Ingham.</i> <i>Ing</i>, Ing; <i>hám</i>, house. Home of Ing.</p> + +<p><i>Ingram.</i> <i>Ing</i>, Ing; <i>remn</i>, or <i>hrem</i>, a raven. Ing’s raven.</p> + +<h3>K.</h3> + +<p><i>Kane.</i> Ir. <i>cat́on</i>, pronounced <i>cahon</i>, from <i>cat́</i>, battle, and +<i>an</i>, a termination denoting a personal noun. A warrior.</p> + +<p><i>Kindall.</i> <i>Cyn</i>, or <i>cin</i>, suitable; <i>dál</i>, valley. A suitable +valley. Kendall, of like kinship.</p> + +<p><i>Kettle.</i> <i>Cetel</i>, a kettle.</p> + +<p><i>Kidder.</i> <i>Cidan</i>, to contend, quarrel, chide; <i>ere</i>, an agent. +One who chides; a chider.</p> + +<p><i>Kille.</i> <i>Cile</i>, cold, coldness. Or, more likely, <i>cille</i>, a +battle.</p> + +<p><i>King.</i> <i>Cyng</i>, king, ruler, prince.</p> + +<p><i>Kingsbury.</i> <i>Cynges</i>, genitive of <i>cyng</i>, king; <i>beorh</i>, a city. +King’s city.</p> + +<p><i>Kingston.</i> <i>Cynges</i>, genitive of <i>cyng</i>, a king; <i>tún</i>, town. +King’s town.</p> + +<p><i>Kitchen.</i> <i>Cicene</i>, a kitchen.</p> + +<p><i>Knapp.</i> <i>Cnæpp</i>, a top, cop, knop, button.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p> + +<p><i>Knauf.</i> <i>Cnáfa</i>, one begotten, an offspring, a son, boy, +youth.</p> + +<p><i>Knaup.</i> <i>Cnápa</i>, son, boy, youth.</p> + +<p><i>Knight.</i> <i>Cniht</i>, a boy, youth, attendant, a military follower.</p> + +<p><i>Knoll.</i> <i>Cnoll</i>, a knoll, a hill, top, cop, summit.</p> + +<p><i>Knott.</i> <i>Cnott</i>, a knot, a fastening, knitting.</p> + +<p><i>Knowles.</i> <i>Cnolles</i>, genitive of <i>cnoll</i>, a knoll, a hill. Belonging +to a knoll, or hill.</p> + +<h3>L.</h3> + +<p><i>Landes.</i> <i>Landes</i>, genitive of <i>land</i>, land, ground, earth, +field, country. Belonging to the country. Landis, of cognate +derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Lang.</i> <i>Lang</i>, long, tall.</p> + +<p><i>Langfeld.</i> <i>Lang</i>, long; <i>feld</i>, a field. A long field.</p> + +<p><i>Langham.</i> <i>Lang</i>, long; <i>hám</i>, home. Long home.</p> + +<p><i>Langley.</i> <i>Lang-líce</i>, from <i>lang</i>, long, and <i>líce</i>, form. Form +of long; a long time.</p> + +<p><i>Lapp.</i> <i>Lappa</i>, a lap, border, hem, piece, portion.</p> + +<p><i>Lark.</i> <i>Lauerc</i>, or <i>lawerc</i>, a lark.</p> + +<p><i>Lau.</i> <i>Láu</i>, a relict, a widow.</p> + +<p><i>Lawman.</i> <i>Lah</i>, law; <i>man</i>, a man. A man of the law; +a lawyer.</p> + +<p><i>Lawson.</i> <i>Lah</i>, law; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of the law; a lawyer.</p> + +<p><i>Lea.</i> <i>Lea</i>, or <i>leag</i>, a law, a territory or district in which a +particular law or custom was in force. See <a href="#Lea">Lea, page 75</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Leak.</i> <i>Leac</i>, a leek, an onion, garlic, an herb.</p> + +<p><i>Light.</i> <i>Liht</i>, light, bright, not heavy.</p> + +<p><i>Lightham.</i> <i>Liht</i>, bright; <i>hám</i>, home. A bright home.</p> + +<p><i>Lillie.</i> <i>Lilie</i>, a lily. Lilly, from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Lillig.</i> <i>Lilige</i>, a lily.</p> + +<p><i>List.</i> <i>List</i>, wisdom, science, power, faculty, art, deceit.</p> + +<p><i>Loos.</i> <i>Lús</i>, pronounced <i>loos</i>, a louse.</p> + +<p><i>Lord.</i> <i>Laueord</i>, or <i>hláford</i>, a lord, a master, a ruler.</p> + +<p><i>Love.</i> <i>Lóf</i>, praise. Or, from <i>luf</i>, love, favor, grace.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span></p> + +<p><i>Lovely.</i> <i>Lóf</i>, praise; <i>líc</i>, like. Praise-like; lovely. Or, +from <i>luf-líc</i>, lovely.</p> + +<p><i>Luff.</i> <i>Luf</i>, love, favor, grace.</p> + +<p><i>Lunger.</i> <i>Lunger</i>, immediate, quick.</p> + +<p><i>Lust.</i> <i>Lust</i>, desire, will, power, pleasure, delight, exultation.</p> + +<h3>M.</h3> + +<p><i>McAlpin.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>ailpin</i>, from <i>ailp</i>, a lump, a +height, and <i>in</i>, implying a diminutive. Son of a small lump, +or height.</p> + +<p><i>McArthur.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>Arthur</i>, Anglicised form of +Ir. <i>ard</i>, high. Son of Arthur; son of the high.</p> + +<p><i>McBride.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>briǵ</i>, virtue, vigor, force. Son +of virtue; son of force. Anglo-Saxon <i>bride</i> is, doubtless, +traceable to Ir. <i>briǵ</i>.</p> + +<p><i>McCadden.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>cat́in</i>, pronounced <i>cathin</i>, or, +possibly, corrupted into <i>cadhin</i>, a warrior. Son of a warrior.</p> + +<p><i>McCandless.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; Anglo-Saxon <i>candeles</i>, genitive +of <i>candel</i>, a candle. Son of a candle. Candle is from +the Latin <i>candeo</i>, I burn.</p> + +<p><i>McCarrick.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>Carrick</i>, Carrick. Son of +Carrick. See <a href="#Carrick">Carrick, page 21</a>.</p> + +<p><i>McCartney.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>cairt</i>, a cart; <i>neać</i>, an agent. +Son of a carter.</p> + +<p><i>McClay.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>clæg</i>, clay. Son of Clay; +son of clay.</p> + +<p><i>McClerk.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>clerc</i>, a clerk, a priest. Son +of a priest.</p> + +<p><i>McCombes.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>combes</i>, genitive of <i>comb</i>, +a valley. Son of a valley. McComb, McCombs, McCoomb, +McCoombs, of kindred derivation.</p> + +<p><i>McCoon.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>coones</i>, genitive of <i>coon</i>, +bold. Son of the bold.</p> + +<p><i>McCord.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>coird</i>, genitive of <i>cord</i>, a string. +Son of a string.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></p> + +<p><i>McCormac.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>cormac</i>, from <i>corb</i>, a chariot, +and <i>mac</i>, a son; hence, a charioteer. Son of a charioteer.</p> + +<p><i>McCourt.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>cuirte</i>, genitive of <i>cuirt</i>, a yard, +an enclosed place. Son of an enclosed place. McCort, +from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>McDade.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>dǽde</i>, genitive of <i>dǽd</i>, +deed, action. Son of action.</p> + +<p><i>McFeat.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>fearte</i>, genitive of <i>feart</i>, a feat, an +achievement. Son of achievement.</p> + +<p><i>McFeeters.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>fæteres</i>, genitive of <i>fæter</i>, +a fetter. Son of a fetter.</p> + +<p><i>McGade.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; A. S. <i>gádes</i>, genitive of <i>gád</i>, a +goad, a prick. Son of a goad.</p> + +<p><i>McManus.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>manus</i>, most likely a corruption +of A. S. <i>mannes</i>, genitive of <i>mann</i>, a man. Son of a man.</p> + +<p><i>McMaster.</i> Ir. <i>mac</i>, son; <i>maiǵistera</i>, genitive of <i>maiǵister</i>, +a master. Son of a master.</p> + +<p><i>Mader.</i> <i>Mædere</i>, or <i>mæddere</i>, madder.</p> + +<p><i>Madge.</i> <i>Mæge</i>, a kinswoman, a daughter.</p> + +<p><i>Madison.</i> <i>Mæge</i>, genitive of <i>mæge</i>, a maid. Son of a maid.</p> + +<p><i>Maiden.</i> <i>Mæden</i>, a maiden, a virgin.</p> + +<p><i>Mallow.</i> <i>Malwe</i>, or <i>malu</i>, mallow. Mallow, name of a +species of malvaceous plant.</p> + +<p><i>Mear.</i> <i>Mear</i>, a field. Also, from <i>mear</i>, or <i>mearh</i>, a horse. +See <a href="#Mear">Mear, page 76</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Mease.</i> <i>Measse</i>, the mass, a feast, a festival.</p> + +<p><i>Mennig.</i> <i>Menigo</i>, a multitude, a host.</p> + +<p><i>Mennis.</i> <i>Mennisc</i>, human, manlike, mortal.</p> + +<p><i>Merrill.</i> <i>Mere</i>, the sea; Ir. <i>aill</i>, a wall, a cliff. A sea-wall; +a sea-cliff.</p> + +<p><i>Mood.</i> <i>Mód</i>, mind, disposition, mood, passion, violence, +force.</p> + +<p><i>Moody.</i> <i>Mód-ig</i>, from <i>mód</i>, mind, and <i>ig</i>, an adjective +ending. Proud; courageous; bold; irritable; moody. +Moodie, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p> + +<p><i>Moon.</i> <i>Món</i>, pronounced <i>moon</i>, wickedness. Or, from +<i>móna</i>, the moon.</p> + +<p><i>Mooney.</i> <i>Mon-ig</i>, from <i>móna</i>, the moon, and <i>ig</i>, an island. +Mona Island; Isle of the Moon.</p> + +<p><i>Morley.</i> <i>Mǽr-líc</i>, from <i>mǽr</i>, great, high, lofty, exalted, +illustrious, famous; <i>líc</i>, like. Noble; lofty; glorious.</p> + +<p><i>Morning.</i> <i>Morgen</i>, the morning, morrow.</p> + +<p><i>Morrow.</i> <i>Morhgen</i>, or <i>morgen</i>, the morning, morrow.</p> + +<p><i>Morton.</i> <i>Mór</i>, moor, heath; <i>tún</i>, town. A moor-town; a +town built on a moor.</p> + +<p><i>Moss.</i> <i>Meos</i>, moss.</p> + +<p><i>Mott.</i> <i>Mot</i>, a mote.</p> + +<p><i>Mould.</i> <i>Molde</i>, mould, earth, dust.</p> + +<p><i>Mund.</i> <i>Mund</i>, a hand, a protection, fence, defense, security.</p> + +<p><i>Munder.</i> <i>Mund-bora</i>, from <i>mund</i>, protection, and <i>bora</i>, a +bearer. A bearer of protection; a protector.</p> + +<p><i>Mundy.</i> <i>Mundig</i>, from <i>mundean</i>, to remember, and <i>ig</i>, an +adjective termination. Mindful.</p> + +<h3>N.</h3> + +<p><i>Nutt.</i> <i>Hnut</i>, a nut.</p> + +<p><i>Nuttall.</i> <i>Hnut-hule</i>, from <i>hnut</i>, a nut, and <i>hule</i>, hull or +husk. A nut-hull.</p> + +<p><i>Nutter.</i> <i>Hnut</i>, a nut; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A nut-gatherer.</p> + +<h3>O.</h3> + +<p><i>Oakey.</i> <i>Ác</i>, an oak; <i>ig</i>, an adjective termination, Oaky; +like oak; hard as oak.</p> + +<p><i>Oakford.</i> <i>Ác</i>, an oak; <i>ford</i>, ford. The ford of the oak.</p> + +<p><i>Oakley.</i> <i>Ác-lea</i>, from <i>ác</i>, oak; <i>lea</i>, a place. An oak place.</p> + +<p><i>Oat.</i> <i>Áta</i>, an oat.</p> + +<p><i>Oats.</i> <i>Oat</i>, Oat; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Oat.</p> + +<p><i>Oatis.</i> <i>Áta</i>, an oat; <i>isc</i>, resembling. Resembling an oat.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></p> + +<p><i>Oldham.</i> <i>Eald</i>, old, ancient; <i>hám</i>, house. An ancient +home. Oldam, contracted form of the name.</p> + +<p><i>Olding.</i> <i>Eald</i>, old; <i>ing</i>, expressing action. Growing old.</p> + +<p><i>Otter.</i> <i>Oter</i>, or <i>otor</i>, an otter.</p> + +<p><i>Otterson.</i> <i>Oter</i>, an otter; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of an otter.</p> + +<h3>P.</h3> + +<p><i>Palmer.</i> <i>Palm</i>, a palm; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A palm-bearer.</p> + +<p><i>Park.</i> <i>Parruc</i>, or <i>pearroc</i>, a park. Parke, a kindred name.</p> + +<p><i>Parker.</i> <i>Parruc</i>, a park; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A keeper of a +park.</p> + +<p><i>Parkerson.</i> <i>Parker</i>, Parker, <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Parker.</p> + +<p><i>Parkhill.</i> <i>Parruc</i>, a park; <i>hyll</i>, a hill. A park hill.</p> + +<p><i>Pearl.</i> <i>Pærl</i>, a pearl.</p> + +<p><i>Peak.</i> <i>Peac</i>, or <i>pic</i>, a peak, point, top, head. Peck, doubtless, +from the same radix.</p> + +<p><i>Perkin.</i> <i>Peter-kin</i>, from Greek <i>Peter</i>, a rock; A. S. <i>cyn</i>, +a relative. Peter’s relative.</p> + +<p><i>Perkins.</i> <i>Perkin</i>, Perkin; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Perkin.</p> + +<p><i>Peters.</i> Greek <i>Peter</i>, a rock; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>. Son of Peter; son +of a rock. Peterson, from the same roots.</p> + +<p><i>Pinn.</i> <i>Pinn</i>, a pen.</p> + +<h3>Q.</h3> + +<p><i>Quernin.</i> <i>Cwéorn</i>, a mill.</p> + +<p><i>Querner.</i> <i>Cwéorn</i>, a mill; <i>ere</i>, an agent. A miller.</p> + +<h3>R.</h3> + +<p><i>Riddle.</i> <i>Hriddel</i>, a sieve, a riddle.</p> + +<p><i>Ridgway.</i> <i>Ricg</i>, a ridge; <i>wæg</i>, a way. A ridge-way; a +way along a ridge.</p> + +<p><i>Roberts.</i> <i>Rodor-beorht</i>, from <i>rodor</i>, heavens, and <i>beorht</i>, +bright; <i>s</i> for <i>sun</i>, son. Son of the heavenly bright. Robertson, +a lengthened form of the same name.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> + +<p><i>Robinson.</i> <i>Robin</i>, endearing name for Robert; <i>sun</i>, son. +Son of Robin; son of the heavenly bright. Robbinson, +Robbins, of like derivation.</p> + +<p><i>Robson.</i> <i>Rob</i>, Robb; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Robb. Robb, +contraction of Robbin, title of endearment for Robert—heavenly +bright. Robeson, of like kinship.</p> + +<h3>S.</h3> + +<p><i>Scofield.</i> <i>Sceawe</i>, a show; <i>feld</i>, a field. A show-field. See +<a href="#Scofield">Scofield, page 99</a>, which contains two errors.</p> + +<p><i>Shourds.</i> <i>Sceardes</i>, genitive of <i>sceard</i>, a sheard, division. +Belonging to a sheard.</p> + +<p><i>Sowden.</i> Anglo-Norman <i>soudan</i>, from Moorish <i>soldan</i>, a +prince. A prince; a sultan.</p> + +<p><i>Sumpter.</i> Anglo-Norman <i>summere</i>, a sumpter horse; and +<i>sumpter</i>, a horse that carries clothes, furniture, etc. Going +back to the original, from the Latin <i>sumo</i>, I take, <i>sumptum</i>, +to take, with Anglo-Saxon <i>ere</i>, an agent: that is, one that +takes or carries.</p> + +<h3>T.</h3> + +<p><i>Thomason.</i> <i>Thomas</i>, Thomas; <i>sun</i>, son. Son of Thomas. +In the Hebrew, <i>Thomas</i> signifies a twin. Thompson, of like +derivation and meaning.</p> + +<p><i>Tolbert.</i> <i>Tohl</i>, or <i>tól</i>, a tool; <i>beorht</i>, bright. A bright tool.</p> + +<p><i>Tolley.</i> <i>Tohl-líc</i>, from <i>tohl</i>, a tool, and <i>líc</i>, like. Tool-like. +Or, from <i>toh-líc</i>, compounded of <i>toh</i>, tough, clammy, and <i>líc</i>, +like. Clammy.</p> + +<hr> + +<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note: The book cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> + + + + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77230 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/77230-h/images/cover.jpg b/77230-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd67298 --- /dev/null +++ b/77230-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c72794 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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