diff options
Diffstat (limited to '76262-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 76262-0.txt | 9461 |
1 files changed, 9461 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/76262-0.txt b/76262-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa461bf --- /dev/null +++ b/76262-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9461 @@ + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76262 *** + + + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE + + Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. + + A superscript is denoted by ^x, for example Gen^l. + + Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been + placed at the end of the paragraph or table where they occur. + + Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. + + + + +[Illustration: OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES BREWERS ASSOCIATION. + + _HENRY H. RUETER, Pres’t., Boston, Mass._ + _J. AHLES, Treas., New York._ _R. KATZENMAYER, Sec’y., New York._ + _H. CLAUSEN, Jr., Vice Pres’t., New York._] + + + + + BEER, + + ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE + + AS A + + NATIONAL BEVERAGE. + + BY + + F. W. SALEM. + + [Illustration: (Decorative image)] + + HARTFORD, CONN.: + F. W. SALEM & COMPANY. + 1880. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by + F. W. SALEM, + In the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. + + THE CLARK W. BRYAN COMPANY, + PRINTERS, ELECTROTYPERS AND BOOK-BINDERS, + SPRINGFIELD, MASS. + + + + + DEDICATION. + + + TO THE BEER BREWERS OF THE UNITED STATES OF + AMERICA. + +Thinking as I do, that in the Beer Brewers of the United States we must +recognize real, though perhaps unconscious, promoters of the great +and glorious cause of genuine temperance, and that greater practical +results may be attained through their instrumentality than in any other +way, it seems fitting that this attempt to expound the true nature and +value of beer should be specially dedicated to them as a body, and +accompanied with the assurance of the author’s profound respect and +esteem. + + FREDERICK WILLIAM SALEM. + + HARTFORD, CONN., January, 1880. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + PREFACE— 9 + + CHAPTER I—Preliminary view of the subject, 11 + + CHAPTER II—Early History of Beer, 16 + + CHAPTER III—Early History of Beer, continued, 30 + + CHAPTER IV—Modern History of Beer, 47 + + CHAPTER V—How Beer is made, and what it is, 60 + + CHAPTER VI—The development of ale, porter and lager beer, 68 + + CHAPTER VII—The condition and prospects of the beer trade, 74 + + CHAPTER VIII—Comparative advantages of Beer over distilled or + spirituous liquors, 84 + + CHAPTER IX—Beer brewing a benefit to farmers, 101 + + CHAPTER X—Prohibitory laws and their effects, 108 + + CHAPTER XI—What authorities say, 128 + + CHAPTER XII—Conclusion, 151 + + APPENDIX A—Total production and consumption of Beer + in various countries and cities, 166 + + “ B—Analyses of Beers, 170 + + “ C—Illustrations and descriptions of Breweries, 177 + + “ D—List of Brewers, with product for the past + two years, also product by states, 185 + + + + + ILLUSTRATIONS. + + + 1. JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE, “Brewer of Ghent,” Patrician, Orator and + Ruler of the Province of Flanders. Killed July 17, 1345. Taken from + the original oil painting in possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in + Amsterdam. + + 2. MYNHER JACOBUS, Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam + [the present New York], 1644. + + 3. WILLIAM PENN, the Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Pennsylvania, + 1644-1718. + + 4. ISRAEL PUTNAM, the great American General, Brewer and Tavern + Keeper, at Brooklyn Conn., 1718-1790. + + 5. Sign of General Putnam’s Tavern in Brooklyn, Conn. (Original of + which is now in the Rooms of the Historical Society, at Hartford, + Conn.) + + 6. Portraits of the officers of the United States Brewers’ + Association. + + 7. Portrait of Hon. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa. + + 8. Portrait of Hon. M. T. Bass, M. P., of Burton on Trent. + + 9. View of a Brewery of the old Egyptians, as described by Manathos + (3d century B. C.), High Priest in Heliopolis. (Said Brewery must + have stood at El Kahirch, the present Cairo.) + + 10. View of a Brewery connected with a convent in Bohemia, as + described by Thaddeus Hagecius, ab Hayek, 1585, in his book written + in Latin, under the title “De Cerevisia.” + + 11. William Penn’s House and Brewery in Pennsbury, Bucks County, Pa. + + 12. Brewery of the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. + + 13. Brewery of the Hon. Frederick Lauer, Reading, Pa. + + 14. Brewery of the Hon. Gottfried Krueger, Newark, N. J. + + + + + PREFACE. + + +Our object in presenting the following pages to the public, is to call +attention to the value of pure beer as a preventive of intemperance. +Few persons are aware of the amount of patient investigation this +question has received at the hands of eminent social economists and +men of science, or of the mass of facts and testimony that has been +collected, and lies ready at the hand of any one who is able and +willing to work it over into a compact consecutive form, in which +it shall be easy of access, and available for use in the further +discussion of the subject. This we have attempted to do thoroughly +and fairly. Great caution has been used in making statements and no +inference has been drawn that could be considered in any way forced or +doubtful. + +There are doubtless many persons to whom some of the facts and +conclusions here presented, may seem strange or even startling, and +to such it must be said that the authorities quoted are generally men +whose reputation for accuracy and sound judgment stands so high that +they cannot afford to make a mistake or a loose assertion. + +The work has involved much labor and historical research, and the +author believes that the information contained in the following pages +cannot fail to be of value to those who are interested in any phase +of the beer question, whether as brewers, legislators or students +of sociology. The end proposed to be served is that of temperance, +and the method suggested is one that has been successfully tried in +other countries. From the total abstinence party we ask the candid +examination of our facts and arguments that is due to a fair statement +from all who claim respect for their own opinions, and are honest +friends of real temperance. + + + + + BEER, + + ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE + + AS A + + NATIONAL BEVERAGE. + + + + + CHAPTER I. + + PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE SUBJECT. + + +As extremes do and must perforce exist, the noblest philosophy of life +is _compromise_. + +Temperance then is the truest medium between total abstinence and +excess, and in the same manner, beer occupies the medium position +between ardent spirits and water. This fact is of the greatest +importance, and until the public thoroughly understands the +differences, whether from a moral, social, economic, or sanitary point +of view, between distilled and fermented liquors, or in other words, +beer and whisky there can be no hope of proper legislation as to the +traffic in these articles. This legislation is now greatly influenced +by the public advocates of total abstinence, among whom, if their own +repeated claims be taken into account we might expect to find only +disinterested, high-minded philanthropists. But it is notorious that +their ranks are largely swelled by ignorant, ambitious or foolish men, +whose vanity or pecuniary interest determines their action, and whose +persistence and numerical strength will constitute an effective power +until legislative bodies and the people at large are more thoroughly +informed as to the actual experience of countries in which the problem +has been dispassionately studied and brought to a successful solution. +In too many of our states the liquor laws represent the triumph of +ignorance and prejudice over reason and the welfare of the community. +We hold that the solution of the temperance question is to be found +through fermented liquors, and “BEER AGAINST WHISKY” is our motto. + +Before coming, as we shall do later in this book, to a detailed +examination of the facts in regard to the use of beer, it may be well +to declare briefly our position, and give some indication of the kind +of testimony that will be more fully displayed under a separate heading. + +We hold that the production and sale of beer is so far from being +subversive of public morals, that experience in all countries where +beer is the national beverage, demonstrates precisely the opposite +of this position. We hold too, that the use of beer is not merely +indifferent, but, within the limits of temperance (_i. e._ moderation), +a good and rational means of developing the mental and bodily powers of +man. + +We cannot join in the gratulations of those who now—as they say—so +enthusiastically enjoy the blessings of total abstinence. During the +last thirty years we have seen something of the operation of this +enthusiasm, not only in Great Britain, but in the native state of the +originator of the movement in this country, and we find it impossible +to assent to the famous proposition that a pledged abstainer is a +drunkard saved. We have been convinced that a pledged abstainer is too +often a man who drinks in secret and thus adds hypocrisy to his other +sins. + +Notice this passage from evidence given before a state committee +appointed to inquire into the action of the restrictive laws. The Hon. +James H. Duncan of Haverhill, says: + +“My observation and convictions are, that temperance has not been +promoted by the prohibitory law; that the temperance of our people is +not so good now as before the passage of the law; it has no efficacy in +checking intemperance and the evils that result from it; it has been +productive of more mischief than good, and I think it an unwise act. +It is impossible to make that a crime which is not made a crime by the +divine law, and the use of beer, wine and cider cannot by any effort be +made a crime _per se_, yet the prohibitory statute makes it a crime to +sell either, and worse, it is a crime for a carrier to carry them. No +wonder that such a law demoralizes the community, for a vast amount of +lying and fraud have been called into existence through its agency.” + +The Rev. George Putnam, D.D., said; “I believe and know that the +prohibitory law produces demoralization, and disrespect for a law that +cannot be enforced. It demoralizes jurors and witnesses. It demoralizes +the buyers and sellers of liquors, inducing them to resort to all +manner of frauds, tricks and evasions to do that unlawfully which they +cannot do lawfully. It is injurious to the conscience of the people to +be always violating this law; and so far as liquor selling is concerned +the law has done no good.” + +These extracts and many others to be given later, go to prove that it +is most unwise to interfere with the social habits of a people, that +it is dangerous for a state to do so, and that, as a matter of fact, +temperance is not promoted by a prohibitory law. Public testimony +that such laws are a blunder, or worse, has been given by such men +as John Quincy Adams, Professor Agassiz of Cambridge, Rev. Leonard +Bacon, D. D., of Connecticut, Professor Bigelow of Boston, Professor +Edward Clark of Boston, ex-Governor Clifford, the late Right Rev. +M. Eastburn, D. D., the late Governor Andrews, and Oliver Wendell +Holmes, all of Boston, ex-Governor Washburn of Massachusetts, Professor +Bowen of Cambridge, General Burrell of Roxbury, Hon. Joel Parker of +Cambridge, Judge Patch of Lowell, Hon. James H. Duncan of Haverhill, +Mass., Rev. George Putnam, D. D., of Mass., Dr. Garcelon, Governor +of Maine, Dr. Willard Parker of the Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton, +N. Y., A. Schwartz, Esq., the distinguished editor and publisher of +the _Americanischer Bierbrauer_, and many others, comprising eminent +statesmen, judges, and divines of all the states of the Union. + +Our legislators should consider it their solemn duty to protect +and foster the manufacture and sale of pure beer, and should frame +such laws as will protect the people against imposition and secure +the manufacture of an article that shall not only be made from good +materials, but be thoroughly well brewed and wholesome, and sold at a +moderate price. + +Such a course will prove a blessing to mankind, and we do not hesitate +to say, that notwithstanding what fools or fanatics may say, preach or +write, Americans, and particularly those of the Eastern States, who +are probably the most practical people on the face of the globe, will +before long adopt beer as their national beverage. In doing so they +will but follow the example of the most civilized countries of Europe; +and it will soon be recognized that every brewery and every beer saloon +helps to loosen the grasp which alcohol has on any country where +distilled liquors are habitually used. Thomas Jefferson, writing Dec. +13, 1818, to M. de Neuville in reference to intemperance and the use of +light wines as a substitute for spirits, says, “No nation is drunken +where wine is cheap.” Beer is yet less alcoholic than wine of any sort +and has advantages of its own which will be discussed in due place. +Experience shows that sound, wholesome beer at a moderate cost is the +best catholicon yet discovered for intemperance. It weans a people +gradually but surely from strong drink and brings happiness, content +and morality in the place of dissipation and suffering. But it must +be good, cheap and accessible, and the responsibility of making it so +rests with our lawgivers. The poorer classes are those who need it most +and cause most injury and loss to the state when for lack of it they +consume ardent spirits—and these cheap and adulterated. + +In spite of all difficulties considerable progress has been made, as is +shown by a consumption last year of more than nine million (9,473,361) +barrels of beer, which is the best evidence of a step in the right +direction towards national temperance. + + + + + CHAPTER II. + + EARLY HISTORY OF BEER. + + +It is impossible to say where and when the brewing of beer began, for +the earliest historical records show its general use. + +It is mentioned by Manathos, High Priest of Heliopolis, an Egyptian of +Greek education, who lived about 300 B. C. and by command of Ptolemaus +Philadelphus translated the old Egyptian history into Greek. He says +that the Egyptians, thousands of years before, had beer, and that its +invention was attributed to Osiris, a divinity representing all the +beneficent principles, also that celebrated breweries existed at that +time at El Kahirch, the Cairo of Europeans, and at Pelusinum on the +river Nile. + +The Greeks had their _zythos_ (beer) as also their wine of barley, _ek +krithon methu_, and the _oinos krithinos_ as mentioned by Sophocles, +Æschylus, 470 B. C., Diodorus of Sicily and Pliny. Xenephon in his +account of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, written 400 B. C., mentions +that the inhabitants of Armenia used fermented drinks made from barley. + +[Illustration: VIEW OF AN OLD EGYPTIAN BREWERY, + +_As described by Manathos (third century B. C.), High Priest in +Heliopolis_] + +The Romans had their _cerevisia_ (beer) but with them it was a special +luxury. Julius Cæsar was a noted admirer of it, and Plutarch, 50 A. D., +and Suetonius, each of whom wrote of Cæsar, tell us that after he had +crossed the Rubicon, 49 B. C., he gave a great feast to his leaders at +which the principal beverage used was _cerevisia_, and the biographers +of Lucullus tell us that at his magnificent entertainments beer was +served to his guests in golden goblets of the most costly device. +And at that time also the Romans were already accustomed to sing +_Cerevisiam bibunt homines, cœtera animalia fontes_. + +In Germany beer was known about the same time, and Tacitus (54 A. +D.,) says, that the Roman general Varius, who was sent by Augustus to +conquer the country and subdue the inhabitants, but was defeated by +Arminius the leader of the Teutons, attributed the desperate valor of +the enemy and their complete success, in great measure to their free +use of _bior_ (beer). + +The Allemanni, a large German tribe who were first mentioned by Dion +Cassius, 213 A.D., and who occupied the country between the river Main +and the Danube, were formidable enemies both to the Romans and the +Gauls. They attached great importance to their beer which was brewed +under the supervision of the priests, and before use was blessed with +many solemn rites. In an old code of theirs we find that every member +of a church (_Gotteshaus_) had to contribute for its maintenance +fifteen _seidel_ of beer or some equivalent. The Emperor Julian who +defeated them in the year 357 A. D., near Strasburg, where all their +forces were assembled under seven chiefs, found on the field of battle +numerous utensils designed to be employed in brewing. + +The old Saxons in the seventh and eighth centuries when sitting in +council to consider questions of high importance would only deliberate +after drinking beer, which they took in common out of large _Humpen_ +(stone mugs). + +Charlemagne (742-814 A. D.,) himself gave directions how to brew the +beer for his court, and was as careful in selecting his brew-masters +as in choosing his councilors and leaders. A single circumstance, +attendant on his defeat of the Saxons at Paderborn, 777 A. D., +illustrates the high respect in which brewing was then held, and in +this particular, is suggestive of its semi-sacred character among the +Allemanni as mentioned above. On that occasion it is related that the +Emperor, surrounded by his chief leaders and councilors and by the +ambassadors of distant nations, received the homage of the heathen +Saxon warriors, caused many thousands of them to be baptized and then +celebrated the double triumph of his arms and the Christian faith at +a great feast, at which there were seated with him Eginhard, Paul +Warnefried and Alcuin, the Emperor’s friends and advisers, and all +drank of beer brewed by Charlemagne himself, while they discussed the +great events that had just occurred. The drinking vessels were large +mugs of a peculiar form which are still to be seen among a collection +of relics presented to the Emperor by eastern potentates and now kept +in a tower at the west end of the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, and +exposed to public view once in every seven years. Within a few years +numerous relics have been found in the vicinity of Paderborn which +indicate that beer brewing must have been as common and necessary in +both parties as the cooking of food. + +The old Danes as far back as 860 A. D. under Gorm the Old, 936 A. +D. under Harold Bluetooth, and 985 A. D. under Swend Twybeard, were +acquainted with the art of brewing, and their old codes mention it as a +most honorable occupation. + +In Bohemia, breweries were built at Budweis in the year 1256 A. D. by +direction of Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, and few cities in the world +can point to an establishment of such antiquity. Budweis beer is now +almost universally known and approved, though it is needless to say +that it differs materially from that made six hundred years ago. + +In the thirteenth century we see by an old law of France, in the reign +of Louis IX., of the year 1268, how highly beer was esteemed and that +laws were already made to secure the purity of beer as well as to +protect the brewers in their avocation, and for curiosity’s sake we +give our readers an extract of those laws as mentioned above: + +1. No one shall brew beer or remove it in drays or otherwise, on +Sundays or on the solemn feasts of the Holy Virgin. + +2. No one shall set up in the brewery who has not served a five years’ +apprenticeship, and been three years a partner with a regular brewer. + +3. Nothing shall enter into the composition of beer, but good malt +and hops, well gathered, picked, and cured, without any mixture of +buckwheat, darnel, etc., and the hops shall be inspected by juries, +to see that they are not used after being heated, moldy, damp, or +otherwise damaged. + +4. No beer yeast shall be hawked about the streets, but shall be all +sold in the brew-houses to bakers and pastrycooks, and to no others. + +5. Beer yeast brought by foreigners shall be inspected by a jury before +it is exposed to sale. + +C. No brewer shall keep in, or about, his brew-house any cows, oxen, +hogs, geese, ducks, or poultry, as being inconsistent with cleanliness. + +7. There shall not be made in any brew-house more than one brewing of +fifteen septiers at the most, of ground malt in a day. + +8. Casks, barrels, and other vessels made to hold beer, shall be marked +with the brewer’s mark, in the presence of a jury. + +9. No brewer shall take away from a house he serves with beer any +vessels which do not belong to him. + +10. Those who sell beer by retail shall be subject to the inspection of +juries. + +11. No one shall be a partner but with a master brewer. + +12. No master brewer shall have more than one apprentice at a time, +which apprentice shall not be turned over without the consent of a jury. + +13. No one shall take a partner who has quitted his master without the +consent of such master. + +14. A widow may employ servants in brewing, but may not take an +apprentice. + +15. Master brewers shall not entice away one another’s apprentices nor +servants. + +16. There shall be three masters elected for jurymen, two of which +shall be changed every two years. + +17. Such jurymen shall have the power to inspect in the city and +suburbs. + +In addition every brewer had to pay duty, so that the king might +not be defrauded, was obliged to give notice of every brewing to a +commissioner, stating the day and hour he intended to kindle the fire +of his boiler, under a penalty of fine and confiscation. As brewing +necessitates the employment of a large quantity of grain, it was +customary, in times of scarcity, for the king to put a stop to the +manufacture of beer for a certain number of weeks. These rules and +regulations, made more than six hundred years since, are interesting +and curious to the brewers of to-day. + +[Illustration: JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE, + + “Brewer of Ghent,” Patrician, Orator and Ruler of the Province of + Flanders. Killed July 17, 1345. Taken from the original oil painting + in possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in Amsterdam.] + +In the fourteenth century the monks were the ordinary brewers, and one +brewery founded by them at Dobraw near Pilsen, Bohemia, and endowed by +Charles IV. shortly before his death with a prescriptive right to brew +beer, is still in existence and is probably the oldest in the world. +Its five hundredth anniversary was lately celebrated with great pomp, +by all classes of society in that ancient city. Bohemian beer is to be +ranked with the very best known, and an idea of the annual product for +home and foreign consumption may be formed from the fact that there are +now no less than eight hundred and eighty-seven breweries in actual +operation. + +In Austria, the first brewery built at Vienna was on the Weidenstrasse +and dates back as far as 1384. The oldest standing brewery in the same +place is the St. Marx Brew-house, founded in 1706. + +In the Provinces of Flanders and Brabant a beer brewed of malt and +hops was the national beverage as early as the fourteenth century, and +brewers occupied an important position and were held in high esteem. +History tells us that one of them, _Jacob Van Artevelde_ the Brewer +of Ghent, a nobleman by birth, became a celebrated popular leader who +drove Louis I., Count of Flanders, into France, held the government of +the province and supported Edward III. of England until his death, July +17, 1345. + +His son Philip, who at one time was chosen ruler of the provinces and +who died 1382, was as well known as a celebrated brewer as his father. + +To Flanders also belongs the celebrated Gambrinus, who under his real +name of Jan Primus, Duke of Flanders, ruled Flanders and Brabant +wisely, and became the protector of the beer brewing fraternity. Under +the popular cognomen, however, (to which many mythical attributes have +been attached) he is universally known, and perhaps held in higher +esteem by a greater number of adherents than all the saints, even +including Saint Patrick, who have been canonized up to the present day. + +In England beer was introduced by the Romans. The Saxons found it there +and improved wonderfully upon the discovery. For centuries it received, +in the modern literature of England, the constant attention and +consideration of churchmen, historians, poets and political economists. +The churchmen especially were active in the improvement of malt +liquors. William of Malmsbury says that the best brewers in England at +the time of Henry II. were to be found in the monasteries, and every +reader of early English literature remembers frequent allusions not +only to beer in general but to that of the holy fathers in particular. +The monks were the first to discover the peculiar fitness of the waters +of Burton on Trent for brewing purposes, and may thus be said to have +paved the way for the development of the enormous establishments that +now scatter their product over all the world. + +According to “Tennant’s Guide to London,” published at the beginning +of the present century, there were in the reigns of the Tudors great +breweries at London, situated on the river-side below St. Katherine’s. +In 1492 King Henry VII. licensed a Flemish brewer, John Merchant, +to export a large quantity of the so-called “berre,” and that the +beer had to be of good quality and was under the surveillance of the +authorities, is proved by the fact that Geffrey Gate, an officer of the +king, twice destroyed the brew-houses on account of the weakness of the +beer. + +In the reign of Elizabeth the demand for ale increased very largely, +and we find mention of an export of five hundred tuns of the precious +liquor at one time. This was sent to Amsterdam for the use of the +thirsty army in the Netherlands. Mary Queen of Scots in the midst +of her troubles seems not to have been altogether insensible to the +attractions of English beer, for when she was confined in Tutbury +Castle, Walsingham, her secretary asked “At what place near Tutbury +beer may be provided for her majestie’s use?” To which Sir Ralph +Sadler, governor of the castle made reply, “Beer may be had at Burton, +three miles off.” This Burton on Trent began to be famous for its +water in the thirteenth century. There is a document still extant, +dated 1295, in which it is stated that Matilda, daughter of Nicholas +Shoben had released to the abbot and convent of Burton on Trent certain +tenements, for which release they granted her daily for life two white +loaves from the monastery, two gallons of conventual beer and one +penny, besides seven gallons of beer for the men. + +In the fifteenth century the monks in Germany brewed two kinds of beer +in the convents, one kind for the _Patres_, and an inferior beer for +the convents. + +In the sixteenth century the breweries in Germany were already +celebrated for their malt beer. + +Cities not having good cellars, on account of which good beer could +not be produced, were provided with the beverage through their city +fathers from other places, stored and sold in the cellars of the city +hall, hence the origin of the name Rathskeller. The most celebrated +beer at that time, was the Braunschweiger Mumme, and the beer of +Eimbeck, Merseburg and Bamberg. Beer before it could be sold had +to pass a strict examination by a committee consisting of brewers +of the greatest reputation, appointed by the burgomaster under and +by advice of the city fathers; and a “Brauherr,” (proprietor and +brew-master of a brewery) was a man of importance. In the principality +of Brandenburg—afterwards the kingdom of Prussia—it was thought as +early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that beer was the +most wholesome of all beverages, and the electors of Brandenburg, later +the kings of Prussia, fostered breweries by the concession of numerous +privileges which were increased from time to time. Grants of this +character and of no small advantage were held by brewers in Cottbus,[1] +Province of Brandenburg, and were considerably enlarged by Frederick +the Great in favor of Huguenots who had at his invitation settled in +the kingdom after being forced by the revocation of the edict of Nantes +to leave France. These privileges, enjoyed by the Toussaints, Salems +and others for many years, were abolished by the declaration of the +freedom of trade in 1838. + +[1] Celebrated for the famous white beer which was at that time largely +exported to Upper Silesia, Bohemia, Berlin, Hamburg, etc. + +[Illustration: MYNHER JACOBUS, + +Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam (the present New York), +1644.] + +After the year 1721 coffee began to be extensively used, and at last +Frederick the Great in order to check its introduction erected large +coffee roasting establishments which had a monopoly of the business, +and where the coffee was sold at an enormous price, only the nobility, +having the right of roasting their coffee beans. “Coffee smellers” or +spies were appointed to look out for evaders of the law, just as we +have now beer and whisky smellers. On the 13th day of September, 1777, +the great king issued his celebrated “coffee and beer manifesto.” It +was particularly addressed to the provincial members (_Landstande_) +of the provinces of Pommerania and Brandenburg, which were called +the nurseries of his armies, and read as follows: “It is disgusting +to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects +and the amount of money that goes out of the country in consequence. +Everybody is using coffee. If possible this must be prevented. My +people must drink beer. His majesty was brought up on beer and so +were his ancestors and his officers and soldiers. Many battles have +been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the king does +not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be depended on to +endure hardship or to beat his enemies in case of the occurrence of +another war.” This proclamation had the desired effect, and coffee was +thenceforth used merely as a luxury, while beer became the usual drink +of the people. + +In the United States the pioneers in the brewing business were William +Penn and Jacobus, a Dutch brewer of whom Irving tells us that he +left the States General of Holland to settle on Manhattan Island in +company with Hendricks, the Kips and others. It will be remembered +that Manhattan Island was discovered by Hendrik Hudson in 1609 when he +passed inside Sandy Hook in search of a northwest passage, and that it +was granted by charter of the States General to the West India Company +to colonize the island. The company was not slow to discover the +advantages of such a concession and immediately set at work to build +forts, a church, a mill and a bakery while Jacobus, who thoroughly +understood the good effects of beer and the benefits that would follow +its introduction in the colony, established a brewery (in 1644) and a +beer garden on what is now the corner of Pearl street and Old Slip. He +afterwards became the first burgomaster and is said to have dispensed +beer and justice with equal gravity and impartiality, and to the +complete satisfaction of the inhabitants of new Amsterdam. + +It may be interesting to some readers to know that while Jacobus +settled near the lower end of the present city the Kips were +established in the neighborhood of Bellevue Heights, and that on a part +of that settlement—in East 38th street—stands now the well known and +justly esteemed lager beer brewery of A. Huepfel’s Sons. + +Somewhat later the same business was undertaken by Israel and Timothy +Horsfield, who came from England, one in 1706 and the other in 1720, +and settled in Brooklyn, L. I. Their brewery was near the ferry in what +is now Wallabout. + +William Penn, 1644-1718, a man of Dutch extraction on his mother’s +side, founder of Pennsylvania and the leading spirit of its +settlement—so justly celebrated for his virtues—brewed and sold beer at +Pennsbury, Bucks County, Pa. + +Good Quaker as Penn was, he was no ascetic. He was a great lover +of beer, and accustomed to praise his own brewing—he was not +averse to society, in his house was no lack of comfort, his table +was well provided, and his taste for good living could never be +impeached—dancing did not shock him, for both he and his family +patronized country dances and country fairs, and William Penn’s beer +was the beverage used on such occasions. + +Under his proprietary laws he allowed beer to be sold free of license, +and this sensible enactment was continued under the state laws until +the year 1847, when a ten dollar license was substituted. Such a +tax certainly compares favorably with that of many other states and +displays a moderation and reasonableness that does credit to the Quaker +community and is in strong contrast to the spirit recently exhibited in +some parts of the country. + +Another celebrated promoter of early beer brewing in America was Gen. +Israel Putnam, known to every child as the hero of the wolf’s den and +the desperate ride down the rocks, and to an older generation as a +brave soldier and marked character, the man who “dared to lead where +any dared to follow,” and who has gained a higher position in history +by virtue of his personal qualities and a touch of romance that clings +to his name than might strictly attach to his military services. + +Although generally known as a Connecticut man he was born at Salem, +Mass., 1718, and in 1739, at the age of twenty-one, removed to Pomfret, +Conn., and later to Brooklyn in the same state, with which latter place +his name is afterwards associated. Here as a farmer and tavern keeper +he passed the remainder of his life except that considerable part which +was given to the active military service of his country. The change +from the life of a successful soldier to these commonplace pursuits +would seem to many to be near akin to a fall, but Putnam’s practical +good sense found no difficulty in it. When he returned from the army +he resumed his farming, tavern business and beer brewing, and seems +to have had no false shame at either of the humbler avocations. Like +a wise and self-contained man he did the work nearest to his hand and +found honor in it whatever it might be. On the other hand, however, it +is no small credit to the beer brewing fraternity to have had such a +man in their ranks, even were it in a more limited and incidental way +than was actually the case. The tavern sign of General Israel Putnam, +which hung before his door in Brooklyn, (Conn.,) in the year 1768 and +later, is now preserved in the rooms of the Historical Society at +Hartford, (Conn.,) and an illustration representing it will be found on +the opposite page. + +The sign is made of yellow pine, painted alike on both sides. The +device is a full length portrait of General Wolfe, dressed in scarlet +uniform. The portrait of the young hero is quite correct. + +The sign was presented to the Historical Society by Rufus S. Mathewson +of Woodstock. + +Aside from the early public breweries there were doubtless many in +which beer was made for family consumption. “Home brewed” was common in +the native homes of most of the colonists, and there is no reason to +suppose that they voluntarily changed their accustomed manner of living +and dispensed with a wholesome drink to which they had been used from +infancy. + +In leaving this branch of the subject it should be noted that the beer +of the earliest periods, like the ale of England before the seventeenth +century, was usually made without hops, and it is impossible to say +when these were first employed, although the experiment was certainly +of no very modern date. It was probably the greatest improvement ever +made in the production of beer, since it gives a light, clear, and +elegant product very different from anything that was produced on the +other plan. The modern demand was for a drink that should be agreeable, +refreshing and moderately stimulating, and it is now abundantly +recognized that the fermented decoction of malted barley, clarified and +preserved by the hops, best fulfills this requirement. + +[Illustration: Gen^l WOLFE. + +SIGN OF GENERAL PUTNAM’S TAVERN IN BROOKLYN, CONN. + +_The original is now in the Rooms of the Historical Society, at +Hartford. Conn._] + +Beer has been considered a necessity in all generations, and only in +this, the nineteenth century, have extremists arisen to condemn its +use. It is worthy of note that its greatest enemies are among a class +who, in the olden times, were its greatest friends. The old abbeys and +monasteries were the places where the best malt liquor was brewed; and +not least among the benefactors of their species were the Franciscans +and Dominicans, who brewed good beer to cheer the hearts of toiling +humanity. Bishops have written in its praise; universities have +encouraged its production; and kings having the comfort and contentment +of their subjects in view have cared for its proper provision. Under +date January 27, 1617, it is noted in “Langbaine’s Collections” that +one John Shurle had a patent from Abraham Lake, Bishop of Bath and +Wells and Vice Chancellor of Oxford, for the office of Ale-taster to +the university. “The office of Ale-tasting requires that he go to every +ale-brewer that day they brew, according to their courses, and taste +their ale; for which his ancient fee is one gallon of strong ale and +two gallons of strong wort.” + +Such a fact is enough to make the modern teetotal dominies stand +aghast, but it may well be doubted if they are better or wiser men than +their predecessors, one of whose distinguishing characteristics was +usually a sound common sense in the ordinary affairs of life. + + + + + CHAPTER III. + + EARLY HISTORY OF BEER—CONTINUED. + + +With the close of the preceding chapter we had intended to leave this +branch of the subject, but a paper of Hans von der Planitz, written +in German on the same topic, is so interesting that we cannot do +better than quote a considerable portion. It is written with genuine +enthusiasm and is valuable not merely for its facts regarding the early +history of beer, but also as a picture of customs and manners, often +given in the words of writers contemporary with the circumstances +described. The picturesque or realistic effect of the old German +has been as far as possible preserved in the rendering of passages +written in that style, and very often the original is added in a note +or otherwise, for the enjoyment of readers who are able to appreciate +its flavor. Quotation at such length has involved a trifling amount of +repetition of matter already stated, but it has seemed better to submit +to this than to mutilate an independent account, much of whose effect +depends on its manner of developing the subject. Commencing with the +ninth century the writer says: + +“Beer brewing in England and Flanders is mentioned by Walafried +Strabo. (849 A. D.) It had been known from a remote antiquity and +continued in use partly, at least, through Celtic influence. In France +beer gradually gave place to wine, while in Germany it made good its +position, and lager beer was discovered as early as the thirteenth +century, that of the Mark being especially celebrated. In Bohemia the +earliest account of beer brewing dates as far back as 1086 A. D. Poland +and Prussia were addicted to the barley juice before the time of modern +civilization and honored a special god of beer, _Raugunzemapat_, whose +name is derived from _rugti_, to ferment, and literally signifies +the god of fermentation. In Bavaria, where, under Roman influence, +wine growing had attained an important place which it was destined +afterwards to lose, beer was commonly known within the first thousand +years of the present era and is mentioned by Voehrung, 816, and +others. According to Graesse it was a dull brown and reddish drink and +soured easily. In the more primitive districts oats were used as the +basis, and only “upper-ferment” beer was made. In the latter part of +the middle ages the process by “under fermentation” was discovered, +its origin, according to Professor Holzner of Weihenstephan, being +in one of the monasteries. From this point beer brewing increased +vigorously until Bohemian competition and Bohemian hops gave it a +staggering check. In the southern countries of Europe beer does not +easily give place to wine though hard pushed, while in Asia and Africa +the inhabitants use their traditionary drink from one generation to +another, and in Egypt especially, the Arabs acquired a taste for the +beer of the Copts. Such was the condition of things when the dawn of a +new age showed itself on the horizon. + +“The characteristic of a period is found essentially in its variation +from the adjacent epochs, and that of the one under consideration has +been already indicated. But beside the scientific researches, that +had very little connection with trade, there grew up a descriptive +literature that stands in close relation to the first general empire +of beer. To suppose that the present age is the first time of real +triumph for the liquor of Gambrinus, shows a very superficial knowledge +of the history of civilization, for apart from the Egyptian and +Celtic-Germanic beer epochs, which were somewhat local, we have already +long passed the real first period of success which fell in the time of +the _Renaissance_. In those days the brown flood spread out not merely +over Germany, England and Belgium, but into the far corners of recently +discovered countries; in village taverns and _rathskellers_ peasants +and citizens drank themselves full and merry. At the high schools the +students already went to the _kneipen_ with their rapiers (_spiessen_) +and swords, studied and rioted behind the tin can, and in the banquet +halls of princes and the cabinets of noble ladies, the barley juice +was a favorite beverage, not swallowed hastily from tumblers, but +taken with deliberation and full enjoyment from deep, wide-mouthed +mugs or tankards. Seven maas a day was the allowance for a lady of +high rank.[2] About the end of the seventeenth century the increasing +use of brandy and coffee put a stop to this immoderate consumption, +as at the same time the influence of France and the colonies with +their new dishes and resulting change of tastes, brought about the +progress from middle age cookery to that of modern times, and as the +Gustavus Adolphus boots and wide-brimmed plumed hats gave place to silk +stockings and perukes. The present age witnesses the second triumph of +Gambrinus, a triumph perhaps even greater than the first, for though +the capacity of individuals is far from equal to that of the men of +the Renaissance, except in the case of some academic beer soakers and +Munich _Danaidenfaesser_ (bottomless vessels), yet the distribution of +beer is more extensive, more general and more uniform. The consumption +in Europe alone has increased tenfold within fifty years and grows +constantly. In the first quarter of this century the wave spread from +Bavaria farther and farther over the whole map of Europe, and about +twenty years ago a new source was opened in Austria, and the Vienna +beer flowed through the canals which the Bavarian product had opened. + +[2] Sieben Maas Bier per Tag vors graefliche Frauenzimmer war +Vorschrift. + +This first epoch stands in close relation with the general abounding +strength of that period of civilization. Adventurous sailors and +explorers had broken the bonds of the known earth, plain men had dared +to enter the lists with that hierarchy, to attack which had been held +profanation; art had thrown aside the old traditions and brought out +the old master-works, the world of scholars had torn itself loose +from petrified scholasticism and turned to the ancient classics, +and, as in most branches of science, so also in chemistry, there was +a genuine revolution, and it was studied in reference to medicine +almost as assiduously as it had previously been in the search for the +philosopher’s stone. New inquiries were set on foot, old problems +revived and attacked from a new point of view, and among these the +subjects of yeast and fermentation played an important part. Not +many decades have passed since the practical brewer found neither +interest nor profit in theories of fermentation, and especially all +chemical and physical discussion of his work and processes. The +purely scientific style which too often had very little reference to +the practical man, and the various contradictory views and learned +controversies were not calculated to attract the interest of the beer +brewer. Scholars discussed and disputed, the man of trade brewed and +coopered, and neither paid any attention to the other. Now the case is +very different. Intelligent and thoughtful brewers have been forced to +admit that an insight into the nature of the materials they use, and +the changes these undergo while in their hands will not merely enlarge +their intellectual horizon, but be of great practical use in their +business, and in consequence are found keenly alive to the progress of +scientific inquiry. + +Some reference has already been made to the empirical knowledge of the +earlier ages. Even Pliny’s often quoted “_Palam est naturam (farinæ) +acore fermentari_” is merely a summary of the result of observation. +Noah’s wine making, the leaven[3] of the Jews and such like may be left +to special history. The word _fermentum_ as used by the alchemists +has no very definite meaning; in general their explanation is to the +effect that by means of the ferment a purifying and refining process +is set in action—and hence many efforts were made to discover a +general ferment by whose instrumentality it would become possible +among other things, to transform the baser metals into gold. For this +reason they often use the word _fermentum_ to indicate the anxiously +sought “philosopher’s stone.”[4] The indefinite character of the word +is mentioned by Petrus Bonus of Ferrara (1345): “_Apud philosophos +fermentum dupliciter videtur dici: uno modo ipse lapis philosophorum +ex suis elementis compositus et completus, in comparatione ad metalla; +alio modo illud quod est perficiens lapidem et ipsum complens_,” and +Raymond Lull’s definition, “_Fili, fermentum est corpus perfectum, +subtiliatum et alteratum per potestatem convertentium_,” has the +predicate so indefinite as to give no real information. We add another +quotation from the same author merely to show further the jargon these +men of learning were accustomed to use. He writes “_Fili, præparatio +istius est, quod illud sit transactum primo per naturæ principalia +controvertentia, antequam de isto facias fermentationem, quia illud +fiat principio pulvis calcinatus per coagulationem et quarto sublimatus +per separationem._” George Ripley’s consideration of the subject +calls for no special notice, but the views of Basilius Valentinus +who wrote in the latter half of the fifteenth century will be found +more interesting. He held fermentation to be a purification by means +of which the spirit of wine that already existed in a fluid was put +in condition to act, unfermented beer being dead, “because existing +impurities prevent the spirit from doing its work. Yeast induces in +beer an internal quickening that advances of itself and results in a +division and segregation of the clear and muddy elements, and after +this separation _puri ab impuro_ the spirit can accomplish its duty +successfully, as appears from the subsequent power of the liquor to +produce intoxication.” Valentine is the last in the series of scholars +who though belonging chronologically to a previous epoch must from +the nature and relations of their inquiries be reckoned as belonging +to the new era. It is not in the history of progress as in that of +politics where two adjacent periods can be sharply defined and their +limits assigned to exact dates. Progress goes on gradually, modifying +or adding to what has already existed, and we do not clearly notice +the transformation until it is complete or at least far advanced. So +it was in this case. Far back in the middle ages men turned their +attention to the “ferment” and to fermentation. Much was written, much +nonsense and humbug published; almost no results were attained, but +the beginning was made. Men of the later time grasped the collected +material, regulated and systematized the inquiry and vied with each +other in its prosecution. Struggle and activity were then so universal +that there was a disposition to consider fermentation a special branch +of chemistry, and after treating of the fermentation of wine, beer, +vinegar, etc., it was suggested that the whole vital process might be +nothing more than a continual fermentation. + +[3] _Galliæ et Hispaniæ frumento in potum resoluto spuma ita concreta +pro fermento utuntur; qua de causa levior illis quam ceteris panis est._ + +[4] _De fermento, sine quo ars alchemiæ perfeci et compleri non potest._ + +[Illustration: View of a Brewery connected with a convent in Bohemia +(14th century), as described by Thaddeus Hagecius ab Hayek, 1585, in +his book, written in Latin, under the title, _De cerevisia_.] + +Notwithstanding all that has been said it seems best to date the new +epoch definitely from the beginning of the sixteenth century, and this +although we can reckon no names or events of importance in the year +1501, and must pass over a number of decades to reach Libarius the +first theorist of the second epoch. The reasons for such a division +are various, partly to remove as far as possible all uncertainty from +the discussion, partly because at that memorable time the general +break with blind tradition and the development of new intellectual +and social conditions took place in such a manner as to have a direct +influence on the history of beer and so connect the general revolution +with the province of zymotechnic inquiry. If we date from Libarius we +commit an anachronism, for he stands in the full light of the new era. +In short, beer and its history are so intimately related to social +life and its development that we cannot consider the former alone +and without regard to the latter. The oldest book in this sort of +literature at present known, was published in 1530, under the title, +“An Excellent Little Book of the Making of Wine and Beer so that they +may be Useful and Wholesome to Man. Printed at Erfurt by Melchior +Sachssen at Noah’s Ark.”[5] In 1551, a scholar (Plocotamus) wrote “_De +natura cerevisiarum et de mulso_,” and somewhat later (1585) Thaddeus +Hagecius ab Hayek wrote in Latin a work with the title “_De cerevisia +ejusque conficiendi ratione, natura, viribus et facultatibus_.” More +important than any of these is a book written in German by Heinrich +Knaust, its value consisting not so much in historical deductions as +in a review, grounded on the personal knowledge of the author, of the +facts regarding beer in his time. It is chiefly through this volume +that we are able to form a clear conception of the high development and +actual power of beer at the end of the sixteenth century. On the first +page of the book the master wrote in a style thoroughly characteristic +of the period with its swelling, stilted bombast and magniloquence, +the famous title, “Five Books of the Divine and Noble Gift of the +Philosophical, Precious and Admirable Art of Beer Brewing. Also of the +names of the most Admirable Beers in all Germany, and of their Natures, +Temperaments, Qualities, Individual Characters, Wholesomeness, and +Unwholesomeness, whether wheat or barley, white or red beer, spiced +or not spiced. Newly revised and much Fuller and More Perfect than +the former edition. By Master Heinrich Knaust, Doctor of Law and of +Medicine. Published at Erfurt by George Baumann, 1575, in the twelfth +month.”[6] As a matter of curiosity we reproduce his view of the origin +of beer. According to this the men before the deluge ate herbs and +vegetables and drank water, and he thinks it strange that they should +ever have plucked up heart to become saucy on such a diet. “After the +deluge they received the gift of wine, and where no vines grew God +taught them to make a drink of wheat and barley that was both healthful +and agreeable and as well fitted to strengthen and support the human +system as wine itself.” + +[5] Ein schoenes Buechlein von bereytung der wein und bier zu +gesundheit und nutzbarkeit der menschen gedruckt zu Erffurd durch +Melchior Sachssen zu der Archen Noe. + +[6] Fuenf Buecher von der goettlichen und edeln Gabe der +philosophischen hochteuren und wunderbaren Kunst Bier zu brauen. Auch +von Namen der vornempstere Biere in ganz Teutschland und von deren +Naturen, Temperamenten, Qualitaten, Art und Eigenschaft, Gesundheit +und Ungesundheit, sey ein Weitzen oder Gersten, Weisse oder Rotte +Biere, Gewuertzet oder Ungewuertzet. Aufs neue uebersehen und in viel +wege ueber vorige edition gemehrt und gebessert. Durch Herrn Heinrich +Knausten, beider Rechten Doctor. Getr. zu Erfurt durch Georgium Baumann +1575 in 12. + +When a well known physician of Berlin, Dr. F. G. Zimmerman, felt +himself compelled to declare beer a poison, it was Abraham A. Santa +Clara of Vienna who, in his “History of the Discovery of Beer,” +entitled “Something for All,” 1710, spoke as follows: “Noah planted +the first vineyard and the culture of the vine afterwards spread all +over the world, but as some climates are too harsh for the grape and +prevent its ripening, human ingenuity was forced to discover another +drink which should not merely quench thirst, but like wine excite the +brain.[7] Among the Germans it is called beer, and its brewing requires +a special experience, so that the men of this craft are not counted +least among workmen.” So said also Ehinger, Fritsch, Germershausen, +Gleditsch, Heuman, Hofman, Sensky, Solms and Trafenreuter. In all +this scientific and learned emulation in the matter of fermentation +(zymologie) we learn plainly enough that even the representatives +of science did not confine their attention to a purely theoretical +consideration of the barley juice, but hid the contents of many a can +and mug behind their wide stiff collars, the clergy taking their full +share in this part of the discussion. Luther’s fondness for beer is +well known, and on the evening of that eventful day at Worms, April +18, 1521, the Duke Erich von Braunschweig, sent him a pot of Eimbecker +beer, to which he was specially addicted. The students, whether of +medicine or theology, used every effort to follow faithfully the +illustrious example, whence perhaps it comes that the youth of the +high schools and universities, wedded to tradition, still delight to +hang about the inviting, wide-yawning door of the cool beer cellar. +In the Renaissance, however, the last trace of the _Biercomment_ and +_Bierspielen_ was finally lost. + +[7] Der Noë hat zwar den ersten Weinstock gepflantzt welches Gewuechs +nachmals durch die ganze Welt ausgebreitet worden; weil aber etlicher +Orten der rauhe Luft dem Weinstock zuwider und folgsam, solcher in +dergleichen Orten nicht fruchtsam tuht, also hat der Menschen Witz ein +anderes Trunk erfunden welches nicht allein den Durst loeschet sondern +gleich dem Wein, auch den Tuermel in den Kopf bringt. + + [8] The common people would not sober stay, + Could find to cup or mouth the nearest way; + Enjoyed their life, and of the barley’s blood + Swilled day and night the brown and foamy flood. + +[8] Des Volks gemeine Horte blieb nicht hinten, + Es wusste Kneip’ und maul sehr wohl zu finden; + Im Hochgenuss des Seins, aus Schlauch und Fass + Soff’s Tag und nacht das edle braune Nass. + + +Beer was retailed in beer-houses and vaults, and in warm weather before +the door, and places which had the hereditary right of brewing also +sold beer occasionally in the living room of the house, and announced +the fact by a mat-weed stuck horizontally above the door. In this +custom we see plainly enough the origin of the later shop signs. In +Oberpfalz (the Upper Palatinate), in the Schwarzwald (Black Forest), +and elsewhere, even now when a privileged brewer wishes to give notice +that he will sell on draught, he hangs up a broom or a triangle of fir +boughs. The publicans of a later time simply exchange this primitive +advertisement for the more durable ones of tin and iron. Before the +windows of the pot houses were folding tables at which the wagoners +usually preferred to drink, and the wandering bands, of whom there was +then an immense number, were accustomed to seat themselves at these +same tables and pass the time in riotous talk and games of dice until +the “beer bell” of the place broke up the assembly and drove them to +their homes and to the inn.[9] When a fair was held the women dealers +in refreshments (Kretschenweiber) took possession of the benches and +sold their beer there in cups of tin, stone or wood, while bread, meat, +sausages, cheese, etc., were brought from the neighboring stands of the +butchers and bakers, for even then people liked to do their business +where wine and beer were close at hand. On any occasion of public +festivity beer booths were a prime necessity, bagpipes and fiddles +were not wanting and a lusty, merry throng danced in the open space +between the crowded benches and tables. The Netherlandish painters have +left us hundreds of cabinet pictures of these festivities and of the +manner and fashion in which they were carried on, and their delightful +and characteristic variations of the theme enable us to form a vivid +conception of what it must have been. Especially worthy of notice in +this respect are Teniers, (whose “Yearly Market”[10] in the Munich +Pinakothek contains 1138 human figures, 45 horses, 67 asses, 37 dogs, +etc., curiously crowded in a jovial throng,) P. Brueghel, the Ostades, +Brower, Jan Steen, who from a fancy for this sort of life himself +became a tavern keeper, and Rubens, whose sketches in this sort are +strikingly good. During the “Thirty Years War,” that is, at the very +culminating point of the epoch, tobacco came into use and the now +inseparable pair, “beer and tobacco,” played an important rôle together +even then. Barley and “mixed corn” (rye and wheat, barley and oats, +oats and rye,) were chiefly used for brewing purposes, but there were +always those who preferred plant beer. It is interesting to know that +pitch was supposed to give the product of fermentation a better keeping +quality. + +[9] See the Civil Law of Erfurt. + +[10] The picture is eight feet high and twelve feet wide. + +We must not omit to mention that this beer worship was not so well +developed in South Germany where it is now best marked, as in North +Germany. Saxony, the Mark and Pomerania were mentioned as “the great +drinking countries.” There was a swarm of names celebrated in beer, +and Knaust’s book shows that it was held no small credit to have drunk +various noted kinds of beer where they were made. There was a Lubeck +Israel, an old Klaus (Brandenburg), a Goslauer Gose, a Hanover Braehan, +a Soltzman at Saltzwedel, a Rastrun at Leipsic, beer of Corvey, beer of +Harlem, Dantzic brew, Eimbecker brew, and many others.[11] Of English +beer, Hersford (Kamma) and the Yorkshire ale were chiefly esteemed. +Most celebrated of all, however, was the Braunschweig _Mumme_, named +for its discoverer, Christian Mumme (1492). By the side of these +brewing celebrities the old beer cities of the middle ages had retained +their character into the time of the Renaissance, as for instance, +Hamburg, with its wheat beer,[12] and others; and many places made +every effort to reach a similar position, partly by the adoption of new +methods, and partly by the enlargement and increase of beer breweries. +In Nuremberg, for instance, the first white beer was brewed in 1541; in +Vienna the brewery with a hundred towers was built in 1564; breweries +were erected at Gumpendorf in 1689, and at St. Marx in 1706; and in +1633 there were established at Freiburg six malt-houses and twelve +breweries. + +[11] To these should be added the celebrated beers of Cottbus, and the +Karthuser of Frankfort on the Oder.—_Author._ + +[12] Wheat beer played an important rôle in the thirty years war. +Wallenstein himself was very much addicted to its use. + +The important beer privileges that had been so eagerly grasped by +the monasteries and cities in the middle ages, were by hereditary +right brought over into the new era. The landed estates of the nobles +received back in 1517 the privileges which had been so long kept +from them, and by this means all obstacles were removed from the +beer traffic which had reached so hopeful a development during the +middle ages, and it became possible for it to develop to an extent of +which our own time need not be ashamed. Now it is no great matter to +transport beer from Vienna to Paris by rail and in iced compartments, +but we can not but admire the successful enterprise that in those +days and with such means of transportation as existed, could export +Eimbecker beer to Lombardy as described by the Italian Arnoldus of +Villanova in 1594, and even to Alexandria and Cairo. Nuremberg was one +of the great centers of the beer trade. Rostock and Lubeck supplied all +England and sent not less than 800,000 barrels yearly to that country +until the business was checked by a marked increase in the quantity +brewed by the English themselves. A number of the large English +breweries were founded about this time. + +In the households of the reigning princes, there was a strong tendency +to supplement the native brew by imported products, and at such +festivities as marriages, christenings, target-shooting and hunting, +immense quantities of drink were swallowed. The cellar ordinance of +Duke Ernst the Pious, in 1648, allowed for ladies of noble rank four +_maas_ of beer a day, and three _maas_ for a “nightcap.” How much ought +in such circumstances to be the allowance for a man of similar rank, +and of his hangers on is left to the imagination of the reader. + +Noble families that had no brew-houses were obliged to supply +themselves from the brewery of the prince. A beer tax also was levied +on vassals who brewed their own beer. An excellent illustration of +the condition of things is afforded by the celebrated Hofbrauhaus at +Munich, in whose whitewashed rooms every stranger still takes at least +one _maas_. As early as the time of Louis the Severe, there existed a +little court brewery at Munich near the _Burggasse_, but towards the +end of the sixteenth century, the demand increasing and the facilities +for production having long been inadequate, William V. proceeded to +the building of the present brew-house, which was at first intended +only for the making of white beer, the brown being still made in the +old quarters. In 1708, however, brown beer also began to be made in +the new establishment. This topic is treated in a stereotyped article +which appears every year in the May number of the Munich Beer Gazette, +under the title “Bock article,” and gives the worshipful bock-drinking +community a solemn and moving account of the court brewery and its +products down to the minutest particulars. As regards bock itself, +which is no longer an exclusive specialty of Munich, as a drink under +the same name is sold every year in various cities, Graesse places +its origin in the seventeenth century, and suggests that it was an +imitation of the Eimbecker beer,—the last rather in virtue of a general +theory and of a supposed play on words, Eimbeck, Aimbock Bock—than +as an actual fact.[13] He says that “the Munich Aimbock or Bock was +made before 1616, the same that is now sold at the beginning of May on +Corpus Christi day.” Now, however, it has been shown that all through +the second half of the sixteenth century (1553-1574) Aimpecker and +Eimbecker beer was spoken of, and that there was an import of beer to +Vienna from Eimbeck as late as 1771, while no trace of any play of +words on the name is discovered. Moreover, that the “bock cellar”[14] +(on the place of the present Restaurant Bonner) was in full operation +at the beginning of the present century, is shown by Chr. Mueller +who wrote under Max Joseph, and described the manners of the place +very nearly as they were to be observed recently, just before the +disappearance of this historical locality, and it is doubtless the +fact that the larger half of the reputation of Munich beer is due to +this specialty. Graesse, speaking of the high reputation of Bavarian +beer, in which he includes as a matter of course that of Munich, is +of the opinion that the general preference for it does not reach +back farther than the early part of this century, and produces some +important evidence to support this view of the case. On the other hand +it is to be claimed in opposition that in such a discussion a careful +distinction is to be made between Bavarian beer and Munich beer, since +the renown of the first is relatively new and hardly goes to the first +twenty years of the century, and its export did not begin in Munich, +and also because that city has not yet been able to attain to the first +rank as an exporter of beer. The reputation of Munich beer is older, +for Mueller (1816) speaks of it as celebrated, and complains that +the excellence of the native product is far surpassed by that of the +Toelzer and Dachauer beers, and that the latter prevail in the Munich +beer shops. This statement corresponds with the unfortunate situation +of the beer interest that was inherited from the previous century, +and that forces us to go back to the seventeenth century for a time +of unquestioned supremacy for beer. In connection with this subject +should be mentioned the successful founding of the Munich Court Brewery +by William V. at the end of the sixteenth century, and these same old +rooms should be regarded as the center and starting point where the +fame of Munich beer was born and nourished, and where even through +all the epoch of perukes and cues, after the fall of the monasteries +that had contributed so much to the reputation of Munich beer, it was +preserved from decay. + +[13] The Munich “Fremdenblatt” has lately expressed the same view. + +[14] In a coach house of the old _residenz_ in Munich, Bavaria. + +In the seventeenth century, in the time of Louis XIV., all Germany fell +under the sway of French influence. There were French conversation, +prayers and oaths, French amusements and French sins, French eating +and drinking. An effort to imitate all the French fashions that the +cavaliers brought from Paris was a characteristic of the sad season +that followed, a time sad for patriots, sad for beer brewers and for +beer. Beer was _une boisson de commun_. The beautifully ornamented +mugs and beakers were put away in the lumber-room (_rumpel kammer_) +and champagne glasses from Paris took their place. At evening, where +formerly the jovial barons and their chief followers had encamped round +the carved-oak table and laid a strong grasp on the mug—there was now +a service of cakes and tea, and where formerly milk and pepper or beer +was used as a morning draught, the coffee breakfast constantly acquired +more use and repute. The common people, however, stood fast for the old +way, and were never better pleased than when the privileged beer came +to honor. At this time, too, the change of rôles took place, and South +Germany entered on its new and important course at the beginning of the +present century. (The brewery at St. Marx was built in 1710, and in +1732 there were three brew-houses at Schwechat.) + +It is as if the minds of men slumbered long, only to come at once into +a never suspected activity. In the midst of the tumult we find Balling, +Dreher, Sedlmayer, Kaiser, Otto and many others. Everything in brewing +is changed. Laboratories spring out of the ground and discoveries and +inventions come in countless numbers, brewing journals are started, +schools opened, fairs and associations multiply, and all in the space +of a single half century. + + + + + CHAPTER IV. + + MODERN HISTORY OF BEER. + + +From the account already given, it will be seen that beer not only +took an early hold on the affections of the people, but kept its +position wherever it was introduced. It is now well established in +every civilized country and plays so important a part in the economy of +nations that a review of the light in which it is regarded by different +governments cannot fail to be both interesting and useful. + +In Germany the state uses every possible means to provide good, +wholesome beer for the people. It is the habitual beverage of most +of the population, used by them at their meals and their places of +amusement, cheering but not intoxicating, and rendering them temperate, +industrious, healthy and contented, a people whose bravery is beyond +question, and whose peaceable yet progressive qualities tend to make +the nation powerful, and its government respected at home and abroad. +And yet an advance by the government of half a cent a quart on the +price of beer has in years not long passed caused a serious riot. +Cheap, wholesome beer is considered a necessity of life, and the +attempt to increase its cost an interference with the primary rights of +the community. + +In Austro-Hungary, too, for many years government supervision has +secured the production of pure beer, which is sold at a very moderate +price. Some of the breweries are very large and the product is by +many held to be unsurpassed in quality. That of Vienna and Pilsen, in +particular, is universally known and esteemed. Beer is thoroughly the +national drink, and the beer gardens of Vienna are the resort of all +classes, from the Emperor down to his private soldiers. + +The most important men of the empire have extensive breweries, and +among the great Austro-Hungarian brewers we find such names as Anton +Dreher of Schwechat near Vienna, Count Arco Valley of Zell, Upper +Austria, Count Arco Zinneburg of Kaltenhausen, Count Thurn Valsassina +of Sorgendorf, and in Bohemia Count Thun Hohenstein of Alt Benatek, +His Majesty the Emperor Franz Josef, Prince Carl Hohenzollern, Prince +Trautmansdorf, Prince Josef Mansfeld, Prince J. A. Schwartzenberg, +Prince Max Thurn Taxis, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Rudolf Count von +Schoteck and many others. + +A correspondent says: “At Trieste the drinking of beer is universal; +from infancy to age light wine and beer are the common beverages.” +He states that on Saturday night a pretty large number of laboring +people are “jolly drunk,” but not savage drunk. The latter condition is +unknown except among English and American sailors visiting the port. +Among the better classes no instance is known of a merchant, lawyer, +physician, shop-keeper, or master-mechanic becoming an inebriate and +gradually losing position, prosperity and business, and sinking into +a drunkard’s grave. Sometimes an Englishman or American has ruined +himself by the use of spirits—not of wine or beer. + +Holland has brewed good beer for centuries, and though this country +has been better known as a producer of gin, the national beverage is +certainly beer. Professors Tilamus and Swingar of Amsterdam, and the +Secretary of the “Netherlands Society for the Abolition of Spirituous +Drinks,” say that gin drinking is no longer respectable, and they +recommend beer as a daily beverage. The beer gardens of Amsterdam and +Rotterdam are very widely known. Good bands are provided and people of +all ranks congregate to sip beer, smoke, talk, or listen to the music. +On his first visit to these places the writer made careful inquiries +as to the consumption of gin and other spirits, and was agreeably +surprised to learn that their use was practically confined to the +lowest classes and that beer was the common beverage. To find a drunken +man it was necessary to go to the docks and wharves, among the Irish +and American sailors. Nine-tenths of the gin manufactured is exported +to the United States, and most of its use at home is for medical +purposes. + +The little kingdom of Belgium ranks next Bavaria as a beer consuming +country. There are three kinds of beer—Mars, a light beer and generally +used by the laboring class, Lambic, strong and light, and the Faro, +a mixture of Mars and Lambic. Brussels and Antwerp have some of the +finest beer gardens in the world, which furnish music to their patrons +equal to the best, and the general habits of the people are temperate. +Drunkenness is hardly found even among the lower classes. + +Spain even is becoming a beer-drinking country. The beer formerly +consumed there was imported from England, Germany and Austria, and +in 1869 all the breweries in the country did not produce 500,000 +liters, equal to 132,062 gallons, while the returns of the year 1878 +show a production of over 4,750,000 liters, or 1,254,594 gallons—an +astonishing increase in a wine producing country—and the beer brewed at +the Santa Barbara brewery at Madrid is taking the lead of the imported +article. + +Sweden and Norway also recognize the necessity of providing a wholesome +stimulant for the people, and for more than a hundred and fifty years +their respective governments have given attention to the matter. Not +long ago patents for the manufacture of ardent spirits, which had +long been held among the nobility, were revoked, and an attempt made +to secure temperance through the more common use of malt liquors. Mr. +George Hayward, then proprietor of the celebrated Lion Brewery at +London, England,[15] was engaged by the government to superintend the +introduction of improved beer in Sweden, and the experiment proved a +thorough success. As beer increased drunkenness diminished, and both +government and people have recognized the benefits of malt liquors. +According to figures lately furnished by Dr. Ellis Sodenbladh of the +Swedish statistical bureau, beer brewing has attained the position of a +leading industry in that country. The annual product exceeds twenty-six +million gallons, and this result is largely due to an increased tax on +spirits and the remission of all taxation on beer, which may now be +fairly considered the national beverage. + +[15] Mr. Hayward died a short time ago at Albany, N. Y. + +Denmark formerly consumed great quantities of ardent spirits, the +amount used in proportion to the population being even greater than in +the prohibitory state of Maine. The introduction of the excellent beer +made by Jacobsen at Carlsberg brought about an entire change. Beer is +now the drink of the country and public feeling is strongly opposed to +the use of whisky. The people have become remarkable for quiet and good +order, and the police magistrates of the larger cities, as Copenhagen +and Elsinore report that for a long time no cases of murder, homicide +or theft brought before them have been traced to the influence of +strong drink. Arrests for street disorder are very rare and chiefly +confined among the foreign seamen. The consumption of beer is about +twenty gallons annually to the individual, and this amount seems to +produce only favorable effects, as the people are a strong, hardy race +with an average longevity far above that of the United States. The +advantages of all kinds that have followed the general introduction of +beer are very remarkable. + +In Russia, a commission was some time ago appointed to investigate +the question of drunkenness in the empire. The use of strong ardent +spirits had been almost universal. Drunkards were not to be reckoned by +individuals or even families. Whole districts were plunged in habits +of brutal intoxication and this national pest demoralized the armies, +filled poor-houses and hospitals, the lunatic asylums and the prisons. + +As a result of the labors of this commission, and in accordance with +the unanimous report of its members, the Czar has recently conferred +very valuable privileges on those who establish breweries in his +dominions. The object being to secure for the people good beer at a low +price, all taxes on beer and articles used in its manufacture have been +abolished, while the use of ardent spirits is still further checked by +the imposition of heavy duties on all introduced to the country, and +severe taxes on its manufacture or sale; and[16] whenever the crop of +barley turns out to be light, the government prohibits exporting the +same. + +[16] Owing to a light crop the Russian government has prohibited the +export of barley for the current year, 1879. + +In Greece, breweries are springing up about Athens and the Piræus, and +all over the Levant and the neighboring islands, and the _ek krithon +methu_ (barley wine) of olden times is going to be the ordinary +beverage of the people instead of the rather strong wines that the +country produces. + +In France during the reign of Napoleon III., it was discovered that +the ardent spirits most in use were so adulterated as to produce +serious injury to consumers apart from that which always attends the +free use of these liquors. Spirits were used to a much greater extent +than could be justified on any sound principle. The Emperor, whose +practical judgment was excellent in matters not immediately affecting +his own ambition, offered inducements to English and German brewers to +establish themselves in the country and the consumption of beer was +increased with very advantageous results. The change has already gone +so far as to alarm the wine merchants, and according to the “British +Mercantile Gazette” the consumption in Paris alone now reaches one +hundred million _liter_ bottles _per annum_ or nearly half a pint a day +to every Parisian, which is not bad for a beginning. The beer used, +however, is still chiefly of foreign manufacture, the lager beer coming +chiefly from Vienna and Bavaria, and the ale from Alsopp and Bass. Some +American brewers of New York, Philadelphia and St. Louis received gold +medals at Paris for the excellence of their beer, and are now shipping +considerable quantities to that place. + +Americans who have lately been in France must usually have been +surprised to notice how _bogk_ (lager beer) is already the common +beverage in the fashionable _cafés_ of the chief cities. + +Some leading French savants trace a direct connection between the free +use of beer and the national greatness and indomitable personal courage +of their opponents in the late war, and hope by the development of +the brewing interest to add to the traditional virtues of Frenchmen +some of those displayed in the neighboring empire. The notion may be +rather fine spun, but the actual benefit of the development of a home +industry in beer will be none the less, and it cannot be doubted that +their end will be at least partially attained, though perhaps not in +so direct a fashion as they suppose. Monsieur Lunier has just brought +before the French Academy of Medicine, some very interesting statistics +on the use of fermented and other liquors. According to him, wine is +still the national drink. The consumption of cider is diminishing, +although still large, and brandy is much used to facilitate the +digestion of cider. The more cider, the more brandy. The quantity of +beer used, has considerably increased in most of the Departments, +and he proves conclusively that most cases of accidental death in +consequence of excess, occur in the departments where there is most +drinking of spirits, that apprehensions for drunkenness are five times +as numerous in these Departments as in those where wine is chiefly +used, that drunkenness in the beer-drinking regions is hardly known, +and that alcoholic insanity is almost everywhere in proportion to the +consumption of ardent spirits. The only exceptions are La Vendée and +Charente Inferieure where they drink only white wines, but use them in +immoderate quantities. + +French brewers are now engaged in forming an association and the first +meeting has been announced to take place at Toulouse, in the late +autumn of the present year (1879). The _Industriel de Lyon_ speaks of +the matter as follows: + +“In consequence of their number, and as representing forty-two +departments, the brewers who should support this association are most +influential. They would, by means of combination, be able to properly +protect their important industry, and struggle against errors of the +past, such as excise regulations, octroi, etc. Besides the meetings of +the Syndicate, whether held at Toulouse or Lyons, might take up general +economical questions of interest to its members, and also deal with +the fabrication of beer, malting, and the scientific phenomena, which +are more numerous and complex than is imagined. Brewing, it is further +asserted, is an industry of the future. Beer is a drink of progress +on account of its refreshing and especially nutritive qualities. +To produce beer cheap, appetizing to the eye, and agreeable to the +stomach, is the program which the brewers of the South have in view, +and which they must strive energetically to carry out if they wish +to compete at all successfully with the German beers. The phylloxera +is not an eternal enemy. Sooner or later science will neutralize its +effects. + +“In the South of France, therefore, the opinion is held that the +greatest care should be given to the production of beer. Besides, +people in the South do not drink the good wine which they produce; they +export it. Money is more valuable to them than good wine. Inferior +wine, however, remains, and is consumed to a great extent. We are of +opinion that beer would offer to all considerable advantages; and +therefore it is desirable that the brewing industry in the South of +France should be developed in the fullest possible manner.” + +In England about the year 1833 the use of intoxicating liquors had +increased to such a point that government applied itself to the +discovery of some means of diminishing the consumption. The Duke +of Wellington, whose long career as a soldier on the continent and +elsewhere had taught him the beneficial influence of beer, and who +saw clearly the amount of misery and degradation caused among his +countrymen by the use of distilled liquors, introduced while Prime +Minister, the well known “Beer Bill.” Its passage was urged distinctly +on the ground that a free consumption of beer would greatly diminish +the use of spirits. The Duke himself strongly advocated the bill and +instanced the continental beer-drinking countries as the happiest and +most temperate on the globe. + +On the other hand the so-called temperance men appeared in large +deputations to urge (against all reason) that whatever beer might be +consumed would be in addition to the previous consumption of ardent +spirits and not in place of it, or any part of it, that intoxication +would be increased in a ratio correspondent to the amount of beer used, +and in short that the proposed plan of reform was much like an attempt +to quench fire by pouring on oil. The bill, however, was at last passed +by a large majority and has proved very successful. The consumption +of beer has largely increased, distilled liquors are less used, and, +notwithstanding the assertions of some over-zealous partisans of total +abstinence, we can prove by statistics carefully collected that the +amount of drunkenness in the country began to decrease immediately +after the passage of the bill. William E. Gladstone, the great English +statesman who, in the year 1868-9, carried through Parliament an act +intended to promote the cause of temperance by cheapening wine and +beer and making their sale part of the business of restaurants and +confectioners’ shops, wrote a short time ago as follows: “I am opposed +to coffee and tea palaces as I believe they are more deteriorating than +beer shops. The stimulating properties of coffee or tea are greater and +more injurious than those of malt liquors.” + +The course advocated by the Duke of Wellington and Mr. Gladstone has +been fully justified by the results. Drunkenness has decreased and +breweries have multiplied. The measure of advantage is to be found in +the increase of large breweries whose product is distributed through +many channels, for these furnish what is to take the place of the +ardent spirit formerly consumed when one was away from home or wanted a +change from the home-brewed ale to which he was accustomed. They also +attract the favor of the poorer classes because they furnish so much +more in bulk and nutritive power at the same or a less price. + +There are, however, many small breweries, such as those attached +to country inns or to private houses. Some breweries also confine +their business to supplying families with pale and table ales, stout +or porter, in small barrels of four and a half, nine, and eighteen +gallons. The number of breweries in Great Britain—aside from those +which are strictly for private use—is, according to official returns, +twenty-six thousand, two hundred and fourteen, which it will be seen is +about nine times the number in the United States. The cost of good ale +is about one shilling sterling a gallon. + +[Illustration: M. T. BASS, ESQ. MP. + +THE GREAT BURTON-ON-TRENT BREWER, ENGLAND.] + +It is worthy of notice that the brewers of England are distinguished +for a wise generosity and public spirit, and such men as Charington, +Fox, Meux, Alsopp, Hanbury, Buxton, Mann, Truman, Guinness, Walker +and Bass,[17] will be long remembered for the magnificent charities +that ennoble and perpetuate their names. To a greater or less degree +the same characteristic comes to light in every country where beer +is established as the popular beverage. Jacobsen, a brewer of +Copenhagen, before his death set aside $280,000 to found a laboratory +of scientific research. A part of the money is to be spent in keeping +up the laboratories attached to his brewery, in which chemical and +physiological researches are carried on with a view to establish as +completely as possible a scientific basis for brewing and malting. + +[17] Michael Thomas Bass, the senior member of Parliament for Derby, is +best known as the largest brewer in the world. He is now over eighty +years old, and has been engaged in the brewery business founded by his +grandfather for about sixty-two years. He was educated at the Buxton +Grammar School, and has supplemented this early instruction by a course +of reading that leaves him not at all behind many University men in +the matter of scholarly attainments. He has always been noted for the +efficient discharge of his public and private duties, and has for more +than thirty years represented the old town of Derby as senior member +of Parliament. His public and private gifts have been frequent and +munificent, the last of importance being a free library for the town of +Derby. + +The generous juice of barley, seems to draw out the more kindly and +human feelings of all who have their dealings in it. Can any such thing +be said of distilled liquors? + +The late Khedive of Egypt, who has done more for the advancement of +that country than any other ruler since the time of the Pharaohs, +perceived the advantages to be gained by the introduction of beer, and +granted very valuable privileges to a company of Swiss brewers, whose +establishment is now in full and successful operation at Cairo. The +consumption is chiefly in the cities which are largely inhabited by +Europeans, generally disposed to drink beer if it is good and readily +attainable, but sure to use stronger drinks if the beer is wanting, and +perhaps, from the circumstance of residence at a distance from home, +more apt to use any intoxicating liquor to excess. + +Japan, a kingdom hardly known to us twenty-five years ago, and now +recognized as one of the most highly civilized in the world, has thus +far suffered very little from intoxicating drinks. Native stimulants +have been used, and in some cases have proved as injurious as strong +whisky, though perhaps more strictly harmful to the individual, and +less so to his family and the community. The people are by nature and +education gentle and polite, and their social manners are in many +particulars a lesson to Europeans. They are usually temperate in all +things, happy and contented. The Mikado, however, wisely considering +that in the growing intercourse of Japan with foreign countries, a +taste for ardent spirits can hardly fail to be developed, unless some +counteracting influence be at work, has decided to foster the erection +of beer breweries, and thus avert as far as possible an impending +danger, while at the same time he gives his subjects an innocent and +refreshing beverage. With this view, the representatives of Japan, +now in Germany, have been directed to enter into arrangements with +well-known brewers, for the erection of large breweries in Yokohama, +Tokio, Saga, Nagasaki and Shidz-u-o-ka. + +The Shah of Persia also, is so far convinced of the advantages of beer, +as to have made arrangements during his last visit to Vienna, for +parties there to undertake its introduction in his kingdom. + +In Turkey, there are at Constantinople six breweries with an annual +product of about one hundred and twenty thousand gallons. The hops are +imported from Germany, but the other materials are supplied by the +country. After the island of Cyprus passed from Turkish to English +rule, it is worthy of notice that the first shipment by the _Thessalia_ +was fifty barrels of beer, a shipment well illustrating English +national habits. + +The condition of the beer trade in the United States being part of the +general subject of this book, and especially illustrated in the chapter +under the heading “The Condition and Prospects of the Beer Trade,” and +also in the list of breweries given in Appendix C, needs no remark here. + + + + + CHAPTER V. + + HOW BEER IS MADE AND WHAT IT IS. + + +The production of beer, as of all other malt liquors, bears a striking +similarity to the making of bread; the chief difference being in the +quantity of grain employed, and the amount of water added. The one +intended for a solid food is baked, the other for a liquid refreshment +is boiled. + +The process of making beer is as follows: A certain quantity of malted +barley is taken and ground, it is then mashed with hot water, the +sweet liquor or wort extracted, a portion of hops added, and the whole +boiled until the preservative quality as well as the aroma of the hops +is obtained. It is then allowed to cool, and afterwards fermented +with yeast to produce the small quantity of alcohol it contains, and +to give it life. According to analyses made by different chemists, +lager beer contains 91.0 water, 5.4 malt extract, 3.5 alcohol, and the +remainder—making in all 100 parts—carbonic acid. Ale and porter differ +only in having a slight additional percentage of alcohol, and a large +amount of solid extract. + +The substantial and useful character of the chief ingredient of beer +may be seen from the nature of an analysis of the malt which forms +its basis. The result is from Dr. Lermer, whose researches in this +direction have been of great value. + + DRY BARLEY. DRY MALT. DIFFERENCE. + + Starch, 63.43 minus 48.86 14.57 + Proteic substances, 16.25 minus 15.99 0.26 + Dextrine, 6.63 plus 6.86 0.23 + Sugar, — plus 2.03 2.03 + Fatty matters, 3.08 minus 2.50 0.58 + Cellulose, 7.10 plus 7.31 0.21 + Other substances, 1.11 plus 3.16 2.05 + Ash, 2.40 minus 2.10 0.30 + ------- ------- + 100.00 88.81 + +In the ordinary process of bread fermentation, a portion of the sugar +contained in the flour is decomposed and converted into alcohol. It +has been supposed that the whole of this alcohol was expelled by heat +during baking; but recent experiments indicate that a perceptible +amount still remains in yeast-raised bread after baking. The result of +six experiments, showed that one-third of one per cent. in weight of +alcohol was obtained from fresh baked bread. From forty loaves of fresh +bread, two pounds each, alcohol equal to one bottle of port wine may be +extracted. + +The celebrated Professor Balling of Prague, who has spent much time in +the chemical analysis of different fermented beverages, arrives at the +following result in reference to lager beer: “Lager beer manufactured +of malt and hops according to the noble rules of brewing, properly +fermented, stored for some time and perfectly clear, is a healthy +and agreeable beverage, which when partaken of quenches thirst and +strengthens, and thus combines the qualities of water, wine and food. +The water is the thirst-quenching element, the wine the enlivening, the +malt extract (composed of sugar, gum, etc.) the nourishing, and the +carbonic acid gas the refreshing, while the hop extract strengthens the +stomach, helps digestion, acts on the bladder and is grateful to the +human constitution. There is no doubt that lager beer brewed and stored +strictly as before mentioned is hardly intoxicating.” + +An impression has gained ground in some quarters that as a matter of +fact, beer is extensively and injuriously adulterated and certain +persons claiming to be well informed have spread statements that +potato starch, grape sugar, glycerine and molasses are added as +substitutes for malt (barley), that Indian corn and rice are used +instead of barley, that pine bark, quassia, walnut leaf, wormwood, +bitter clover, aloes, picric acid, cocculus indicus and strychnine +are substituted for hops, and that various chemicals are used to +neutralize acidity or conceal dilution. A few of the first named would +not be objectionable, unless in point of flavor, and as a matter of +fact all of the substances named may at some time have been used by +irresponsible brewers. A careful inquiry, however, has satisfied us +that the adulteration of beer is rare, and one who reflects on the +lively competition that exists in the trade must see how speedily +and surely such a practice would be detected and exposed by business +rivals. Touching the use of strychnine in particular, Dr. Ure says that + +1st. “Strychnine is exceedingly costly. + +2d. “It has a most unpleasant bitter, metallic taste. + +3d. “It is a notorious poison whose use would ruin the reputation of +any brewer. + +4th. “It cannot be introduced into ordinary beer brewed with hops +because it is entirely precipitated by the infusion of that wholesome, +fragrant herb. * * * * Were the _nux-vomica_ powder from which +strychnia is extracted even stealthily thrown into the mash tun, its +dangerous principle would be all infallibly thrown down with the +grounds in the subsequent boiling with the hops.” + +When we remember the immense improvement in the quality of American +beer within the past few years and learn how often expensive machinery +and appliances have been abandoned after a short use in favor of +something better, we can hardly believe that brewers who conduct their +business after such a fashion, will at the same time try to make a +petty profit by using poor material and so deteriorating the product on +whose excellence the success of their business depends. The genuineness +of beer from any established brewery may usually be taken for granted. +In 1872 after an extensive examination of beers in Great Britain only +six samples were found to be adulterated.[18] + +[18] Encyclopedia Britannica, Art. Brewing. + +An effort has been made by many so-called temperance papers to +disseminate an opposite view in this matter and the statements made can +only be excused on the ground of ignorance—which in the circumstances +is inexcusable. No doubt beer has been often adulterated, but to +represent the practice as common or as prevailing in breweries that +expect to live and that have a character to maintain is to speak in +contradiction to the facts and to common sense. Lately at Newark, New +Jersey, charges of this general nature were made by a total abstinence +speaker and the matter was for once taken up by the brewers of the +city, in whose behalf a well known member of the trade addressed the +following letter to the orator of the day: + +The REV. W. F. BOOLE, Brooklyn: + + SIR—In a lecture delivered by you at Park Hall, Newark, N. J., on + Sunday afternoon, July 13, 1879, you are reported in the _Newark + Morning Register_ to have said: “The traffic is a traffic of compound + poisons, and not even the finest imported liquors are free from + them. Strychnine and stramonium, two deadly poisons, are used in the + manufacture of beer, and a little potash is added to prevent the + taste. Belladonna, one of the most virulent of poisons, is also used, + and not less than 10,000 tons of the deadly cocculus are consumed. + Cocculus is never given as a medicine, but it is drank daily by the + masses in their beer and ale.” + + You, as a teacher of religion, should be a lover of truth. On behalf + of the brewers of the United States, I denounce this statement as a + deliberate falsehood, and I challenge you to prove any part of it; + and in the event of your not doing so, or withdrawing your assertion, + I shall not only take steps to publish the fact that you are a + willful perverter of the truth, but also to prosecute you for slander. + + Yours truly, + + (Signed) C. FEIGENSPAN. + +Thereupon the lecturer made answer that the papers had not reported +him correctly. Here the matter might have dropped, and there was +in fact an end of this particular phase of the question. The case, +however, had made a stir and presently a representative of the teetotal +party called at the office of the United States Brewing Association +to collect information which was given him as a matter of course. +Then came a proposition from the same party for a public discussion +on the following extraordinary terms. Twelve propositions were to be +advanced and supported by a practiced speaker on the teetotal side. +The representative of the Newark Brewers was to have an opportunity to +reply to each, and the other speaker was then to sum up and conclude +the discussion. The brewers’ representative had only three days notice +and naturally declined any such arrangement in which all the advantage +was evidently assumed by the other side. The discussion also was to +be confined to one evening, and a collection was to be taken up “to +defray expenses.” The Newark Brewers’ Association, however, expressed +their willingness to debate on fair terms and with one evening for each +proposition, but this arrangement was declined. We have taken pains +to procure the twelve propositions of the total abstinence club, and +append them here chiefly in order to call attention to the fact that +the greater part are especially treated in this book, while the others +are touched incidentally or by direct inference. The propositions are +as follows: + + No. 1.—The use of malt liquors is a direct cause of intemperance. + + No. 2.—The use of malt liquors tends to the use of stronger liquors. + + No. 3.—Malt liquors, if habitually used to any considerable extent, + tend to cause ill-health. + + No. 4.—The claim that malt liquors are valuable as food is without + foundation. + + No. 5.—As a medicine, malt liquors are of use only to those who do + not ordinarily use them, and are dangerous because of their tendency + to create habit. + + No. 6.—The theory that malt liquors can be substituted by consumers + of alcoholic beverages for distilled liquors, to any important + extent, is false. + + No. 7.—Beer in this country is far more evil in its effects than in + Germany; but even there its bad effects, as used by the people, are + obvious to every traveler who has no theory to maintain. + + No. 8.—The use of beer by the working classes has a direct relation + to poverty. + + No. 9.—The use of malt liquors by the masses has a relation to crime, + which, though differing in some respects from that of distilled + liquors, is marked and alarming. + + No. 10.—Beer saloons and gardens, as a whole, are demoralizing in + their effects on individuals, families, and especially on children. + + No. 11.—The great increase in the use of malt liquors and the + increase in intemperance for the past fifteen years have been + parallel, and are intimately connected. + + No. 12.—That beer saloons should be subjected to the same + restrictions under which ordinary grog shops are placed. + +Further comment would be superfluous, especially as this whole matter +is, strictly speaking, a digression from the purpose of the chapter, +although one that is so natural as to be almost inevitable. + +There has also been much misrepresentation of the views of prominent +men. For instance, the _Religious Herald_ of Hartford, Conn., recently +reprinted an article in which it is asserted that Professor Liebig “has +proved to a certainty that as much flour as can lie on the point of +a table knife is more nutritious than eight quarts of Bavarian beer, +counted the best made. Also that the man who drinks two gallons of +Bavarian beer a day for a year, gets only as much nutriment from his +seven hundred and thirty gallons as he would from one five-pound loaf +of bread or three pounds of flesh!” The article has been extensively +copied all over the country and is calculated to do much harm by +throwing the influence of an important name on a side where it was +never intended to go. + +Now it is barely possible that Professor Liebig made such a statement +as to nutriment of a special form, though we are not aware of any +passage that can give the least color to the assertion. On the other +hand his real view appears in such passages as the following: “Pure +lager beer, when taken with lean flesh and little bread yields a diet +approaching to milk; with fat meat, approaching to rice or potatoes.” +And again, “In beer-drinking countries it is the universal medicine +for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is milk to the aged.” +These views are shared by almost all the eminent men who have made +a scientific study of beer, and the opinions and results reached +by a large number of chemists of high authority will be found in a +subsequent chapter. “We have anticipated thus much here because in +describing beer as it is, it seemed necessary to indicate to some +degree what it is not, at least so far as to explain that it is not +generally adulterated, and is not wholly useless, as a large party +constantly asserts it to be.” + + + + + CHAPTER VI. + + THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALE, PORTER AND LAGER BEER. + + +It has been already mentioned that the earliest beers were made without +hops. After the use of this plant was discovered beer brewing as an +art made rapid progress, and not only did every country make its own +special sort of beer, but many varieties existed side by side in most +of the German states and in England. Experiments were made with all +sorts of grain, with potatoes and with plants and herbs, the object +being in every case to produce a wort whose beer should have special +advantages in point of flavor or cost or both. Gradually, however, most +of the materials were quietly dropped, although potatoes are still used +for the Strasbourg beer, and wheat forms an important element of the +famous white beer of northern Germany. Barley is the grain that has +universally been found best adapted to the purpose of making a brown +beer of an agreeable flavor and of moderate price. With the question +of material thus practically settled, it might be supposed that the +difference between various brews of beer would disappear. On the +contrary the number of varieties is to-day greater than ever before. +Every step in the manufacture, from the selection of the grain and hops +on to the final delivery of the product to the consumer, has something +to do with the characteristics of the beer, and the difficulty does not +lie in producing something new, but in reproducing accurately what has +once been successfully tested. + +Whatever the distinguishing features of the product, it is still +beer, and any one specimen of the genus has the general properties of +all the others. All beer has a notably small percentage of alcohol, +the strongest ales and porters showing less than many specimens of +cider; all contain an appreciable amount of solid nutriment which in +some heavy-bodied beers is quite considerable; all are palatable and +wholesome, and all are adapted to take the place of ardent spirits and +thus reduce intemperance and drunkenness to a _minimum_. It is hardly +necessary to explain that in this book the word beer is used in its +wide sense. When special varieties are meant they are spoken of by name +unless the context is such as to remove all doubt. + +After the time of experiment and the disuse of most of the grains, +etc., that had been tried, there still remained two well-marked +varieties differing essentially in the mode of fermentation, and +our modern ale and lager beer may be taken as types of the two +kinds. The former is fermented rapidly at a high temperature and the +fermentation checked while a considerable portion of sugar still +remains unchanged, while the latter is fermented slowly and thoroughly +at a low temperature. The first process is the one originally employed +everywhere and has held almost undisputed ground in England, where, +as might in such circumstances be expected, ale-brewing has reached +its most thorough development. At the beginning of the eighteenth +century there were in that country three recognized sorts, ale, beer +and two-penny, differing chiefly in the quantity of malt used for +each kind. These were often mixed to suit customers and in 1730, +to avoid the trouble of constant mixing, a new drink was brewed, +called “entire,” and meant to resemble the triple compound. This was +afterwards known as porter, and at present the general distinction is +between porter and ale, though we still hear of small beer. The variety +of ales, however, is very great. They are made of all colors and all +degrees of strength, very bitter like the pale ale, and sweetish +like the Scotch ale, so long-lived that they can be exported to hot +climates and kept for years, and so short-lived that they must be +used within three or four weeks. Some are perfectly clear and bright, +and resemble nothing so much as Rhine wine, of whose flavor also they +have an indescribable suggestion, while others are dark with solid +extract and possess a characteristic delicate flavor that resembles +nothing else. In this respect America is yet far in the rear. There is +plenty of good ale but there has been no demand sufficient to cause so +varied a supply or to develop so well-marked special flavors. When, +however, we remember for how long a time cider was the common drink +of the people to the exclusion of beer, and see how, in spite of such +an obstacle at the start, the business gradually gained ground, and +when we remember that outside the larger cities, even twenty years +ago, ale was almost sure to be dull and muddy and very apt to be sour, +we must admit that American ale-brewers have accomplished much. They +have succeeded so far as to secure a large sale for their brew, and +so far that now almost anywhere one is certain of a tolerable glass +of beer—unless the existence of a prohibitory law excludes everything +but whisky. Their success appears the more striking because of the +recent great increase in the use of lager beer, for enormous as is the +consumption of the latter it has hardly produced any effect on the +sales of the ale-brewers. There is a large number who prefer the flavor +of ale, others drink it from habit and will always do so, others drink +it because they ape English fashions, others because the comparatively +secluded and unsocial character imported from England to our ale-houses +suits them better than the more social and gregarious customs of the +lager beer garden, some even because it is usually the more costly of +the two beverages. Some doubtless prefer it because it usually contains +a little more alcohol than lager beer, and very many use either beer +indifferently according to circumstances and convenience. + +As to porter there is little that need be said. Its origin has been +already mentioned, and when we add that the color is due to browned +malt and its flavor to seeds or the like we have stated all that would +interest the general reader. It is essentially a heavy-bodied ale, +however great the superficial unlikeness. + +The difference in the manner of fermentation of ale and lager beer has +been previously indicated, but the following passage from Professor +Liebig will be found of interest: “In that country (Bavaria) the malt +wort is set to ferment in open backs with an extensive surface, and +placed in cool cellars having an atmospheric temperature not exceeding +8° or 10° C (46½ or 50 F.). The operation lasts from three to four +weeks; the carbonic acid is disengaged, not in large bubbles that burst +on the surface of the liquid, but in very small vesicles like those of +a mineral water or of a liquor saturated with carbonic acid when the +pressure is removed. The surface of the fermenting wort is always in +contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere as it is hardly covered with +froth and as all the yeast is deposited at the bottom of the back under +the form of a very viscid sediment, called in German _unterhefe_.” + +The process thus described results in the production of a beer which +will not sour even if kept exposed to the air for a long time. Barrels +only half full have remained uninjured for months. It is to be noticed, +however, that both ale and lager beer can be prepared under many +modifications of the main plan, and both are often made for immediate +use without regard to keeping qualities and pass by the names of +present use ale and Schenck beer. + +As lager beer usually contains a little less alcohol than ale, it has +been most commonly spoken of by those who are striving to eradicate +intemperance by introducing beer in the place of ardent spirits. The +difference in alcoholic strength is not, however, so great as many +persons suppose, the percentage in ales ranging from 8.88 to 5.36, +while that of lager beer varies from 6.50 to 3.06. The kind of beer to +be preferred for the work in any country is that best suited to the +tastes and traditions of the people. On the continent of Europe and in +America lager beer has thus far played the more prominent part, while +in England the responsibility of all that has been accomplished belongs +to ale. + +It is not improbable that the English brewing business has already +reached its culminating point. A large part of the annual product +has long been exported to the colonies, and now these are beginning +to brew beer for themselves and will soon have a supply of their own +make, sufficient in quality and quantity to make them independent of +the mother country. With us the case is different. The consumption is +increasing rapidly, and brewers show a wise liberality in securing +new processes and appurtenances, and spare no effort to improve the +quality of their product. Those who make the best beer secure the +most custom, and the fraternity are fully aware of the fact. All this +rivalry cannot fail to benefit the consumer. Every year sees better +ale and lager beer sent over the country, and every year something is +contributed to the solution of the problem in brewing—to produce a mild +beer that with more extract than is now found shall contain even less +alcohol, and remain bright and refreshing. Whether full success in such +an attempt is to be sooner reached by the ale or lager beer brewers +remains to be seen, or it may well be that some new malt beverage may +be discovered, unlike either of the others and superior to both. Such a +result would be no more striking than other steps in progress already +made, and brewers of large experience are to be found who believe +that some such discovery is impending. In the meantime we have the +satisfaction of knowing that America already produces malt liquors made +from native materials that are wholesome and agreeable and at least up +to the average of similar liquors made in countries where brewing has +been carefully studied and extensively practiced for centuries, while +with us it is chiefly a recent growth. The degree of success that is +possible when we take into account the natural resources of the country +and the enterprising character of the brewers is hardly to be realized. + + + + + CHAPTER VII. + + THE CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS OF THE BEER TRADE. + + I believe that Germans are destined to be really the greatest + benefactors of this country by bringing to us—if we choose to accept + the boon—their beer. Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the + native grape wines. This fact, with the other fact, that the Germans + have not the pernicious habits of our people, would, if we choose to + adopt their custom, tend to diminish intemperance in this country. + + DR. HENRY J. BOWDITCH, + _Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts._ + + Geniesst im edlen Gerstensaft + Des Weines Geist, des Brodes Kraft. + + The strength of bread, the fire of wine + O noble barley juice are thine. + + TIVOLI. + +[Illustration: FREDERICK LAUER’S PARK BREWERY. READING, PA. + +_For historical sketch see Appendix C. Page 180._] + + +The brewing of ale has been so long an established industry in this +country and advances so regularly from year to year as to offer no +striking facts for comment. With lager beer the case is different, and +the rapidity of the increase in its use is something remarkable. Fifty +years ago it was hardly known as a beverage in the United States. Now +and then some good old German would import a keg from his native home +in the old country, to be drunk on the occasion of some great family +festival, and call up in his adopted home thoughts of the merry days +of youth and friendly faces, last seen perhaps in some deep valley of +the Tyrol or in the shadows of a city that was old when the Pilgrims +landed at Plymouth Rock. But in the case of so good a creature as lager +beer such occasional and almost poetical use could not always remain +the only one, and at last a German of Philadelphia conceived the idea +of erecting a lager beer brewery. According to the Hon. Frederick Lauer +of Reading, Pa., (and we have all reason to put implicit faith in his +version) it was introduced by one Wagner, a practical brewer who came +from Germany to the United States in a sailing vessel in the year 1842, +and shortly after landing he brewed the first lager in a miserable +shanty on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and thus became the Gambrinus +of America. (We would here refer the reader to the biographical sketch +of Frederick Lauer, Esq., in Appendix A.) + +His success induced another German to try the same experiment on a +small scale in the city of New York, and from this insignificant +beginning the business has increased to its present immense +proportions, so that there are now according to the latest return +of the Internal Revenue Department at Washington, no less than two +thousand eight hundred and thirty ale and lager beer breweries in +active operation. The number is in fact considerably larger than that +given by the Department, owing to the method of returning only those +in actual business at the beginning of the year and to other causes. +The annual product according to the Department figures, is over three +hundred million gallons. More exactly the figures are, 303,147,552 +gallons, or 9,473,361 barrels. In addition to this there are numerous +private breweries where beer is made for home consumption but not for +sale, and these do not fall under the Internal Revenue regulations and +are consequently not reported. + +Figures as given below in reference to the capital invested in +the brewing, malting and hop business, and taken after careful +investigation from the best sources attainable, will give the reader a +faint idea of its vast extent. + + CAPITAL. + + Capital invested in 2,830 breweries in operation at the end of + the last fiscal year, (taking the low estimate of $10.00 upon + every barrel of malt beverage produced, viz.: 9,473,361 + barrels at $10.00) $94,733,610.00 + + Capital invested in 485 malt-houses of all dimensions having + altogether a malting capacity of 35,227,984 bushels: + + Real estate, $16,567,562.00 + + Capital invested in the production, 18,620,950.00 + + ----------------- $35,188,512.00 + + Capital invested in 1,614,654 acres of land under cultivation for + barley, $72,659,430.00 + + Capital invested in 67,216 acres of land under cultivation for + hops, 2,689,232.00 + + Capital invested in gathering ice needed for brewers, 15,000,000.00 + + Capital invested in fodder of all kinds, 5,000,000.00 + + + LABOR. + + Men employed in breweries now in operation; men 22,640; + annual wages, $13,584,000.00 + + Men employed in malt-houses; men 3,045; annual wages, 1,324,575.00 + + Men employed in the culture of barley, 10 men to every 100 + acres; men 16,446; annual wages, 4,844,000.00 + + Help employed in the culture of hops, 1 person to every 10 + acres; persons 6,721; annual wages, 2,016,630.00 + + All other adjuncts necessary as capital invested by architects, + builders, wagon and harness-makers, coppersmith, coopers, + machinists, etc., will amount to not less than, 60,000,000.00 + --------------- + Total, $307,039,989.00 + +A glance at the figures just quoted is enough to show that this branch +of industry has become very important. Such a production implies +the contribution of a large amount of capital, and after careful +investigation of the most trustworthy _data_ we find that there +are more than three hundred million dollars invested in breweries, +malt-houses and other adjuncts of the manufacture of beer in the +United States. The direct investment however, is not the only thing to +be considered. A business of this magnitude furnishes occupation not +merely to vast numbers of laborers, but also to thousands of men who +follow some profession or trade, such as architects, civil engineers, +masons, carpenters, coopers, coppersmiths, wagon and harness-makers, +and the like. + +The following table exhibits the production of the various states and +territories for the last year, together with the increase or decrease +as compared with the previous year, and also the amount of brewers’ +manufacturing tax collected: + + BREWERS’ MFG. + NAME. BBLS. INCREASE. DECREASE. TAX COLLECTED. + North Carolina, 4 4 —— $100 + Maine, 7 —— 7,024 —— + Alabama, 74 —— 110 —— + Arkansas, 104 —— 6 100 + Vermont, 173 —— 112 115 + South Carolina, 586 —— 246 100 + New Mexico, 847 —— 164 245 + Arizona, 1,030 299 —— 100 + Idaho, 1,207 457 —— 100 + Wyoming, 4,227 —— 132 260 + Dakota, 4,548 1,213 —— 640 + Montana, 4,596 1,005 —— 580 + Georgia, 5,690 —— 1,319 620 + Delaware, 7,387 215 —— 250 + Washington, 7,473 544 —— 480 + Utah, 7,909 25 —— 205 + Texas, 9,585 —— 4,859 2,362.49 + Tennessee, 10,278 9,572 —— 320.84 + Nevada, 12,002 —— 387 1,640 + Oregon, 13,028 2,776 —— 1,480.50 + Virginia, 14,302 —— 1,195 316.67 + Colorado, 21,185 1,242 —— 360.50 + W. Virginia, 22,157 Same Amount. —— 858.83 + Kansas, 24,102 1,801 —— 1,890.67 + Nebraska, 28,403 4,455 —— 2,460.75 + Rhode Island, 32,510 4,514 —— 2,640.50 + Louisiana, 38,275 375 —— 2,210.30 + Connecticut, 51,235 —— 8,239 2,008.34 + Minnesota, 103,020 12,329 —— 9,435.82 + New Hampshire, 113,740 —— 4,954 8,760.40 + Kentucky, 116,493 15,810 —— 3,570.88 + Indiana, 170,573 7,881 —— 6,937.49 + Iowa, 171,951 14,271 —— 11,449.99 + Michigan, 185,606 —— 2,592 11,266.67 + Maryland, 218,642 9,496 —— 6,583.35 + California, 346,369 —— 5,628 15,327.91 + Wisconsin, 463,409 20,345 —— 17,954.17 + New Jersey, 478,782 —— 11,979 5,608.34 + Missouri, 507,963 46,793 —— 5,762.50 + Illinois, 550,976 29,270 —— 11,470.82 + Massachusetts, 572,098 77,639 —— 3,904.22 + Ohio, 908,254 89,468 —— 17,066.70 + Pennsylvania, 957,060 —— 20,848 17,358.05 + New York. 3,285,498 125,646 —— 32,601.01 + +The percentage yielded by the several leading states to the total +government income from malt beverages during the last fiscal year is +shown in the following table: + + New York having 405 Breweries, contributed 34.31 per cent. + Pennsylvania “ 383 “ “ 10.07 “ “ + Ohio “ 207 “ “ 9.41 “ “ + Massachusetts “ 35 “ “ 5.94 “ “ + Illinois “ 154 “ “ 5.75 “ “ + Missouri “ 65 “ “ 5.21 “ “ + New Jersey “ 69 “ “ 5.00 “ “ + Wisconsin “ 248 “ “ 4.89 “ “ + California “ 213 “ “ 3.69 “ “ + Maryland “ 82 “ “ 2.31 “ “ + Michigan “ 141 “ “ 2.13 “ “ + Iowa “ 150 “ “ 1.94 “ “ + Indiana “ 101 “ “ 1.82 “ “ + Kentucky “ 34 “ “ 1.24 “ “ + New Hampshire “ 4 “ “ 1.20 “ “ + Minnesota “ 140 “ “ 1.17 “ “ + All other States + and Territories “ 399 “ “ 3.92 “ “ + ----- ------ + 2,830 Breweries. 100.00 + +It thus appears that 96.08 per cent. of the revenue was derived from +the sixteen states just mentioned. They contain 2431 breweries as +against 399 in the remaining states and territories. The stamps issued +to brewers during the year indicate a sale of 9,473,361 barrels, put up +as follows: + + In hogsheads, 1,140,361 barrels. + In barrels, 1,220,000 “ + In half-barrels, 1,325,000 “ + In quarter “ 4,650,000 “ + In third “ 71,000 “ + In sixth “ 277,000 “ + In eighth “ 790,000 “ + --------- + 9,473,361 + +Enormous as the above figures may seem we are to remember that a great +majority of the breweries in the country have been erected within +the last fifteen years, and it is certain that no other branch of +industry can show equal progress during the same time. The following +tables, showing the imports and exports of beer for the past few years, +demonstrate the strong position American beer is taking at home and +abroad. The imports decrease. The exports increase, and this is the +best proof that our brewers produce an article which is equal if not +superior to the foreign, and we have no doubt that with the help of +wise laws they will soon be enabled to compete with those of any nation +and thus not only enrich the coffers of the United States Treasury but +add in other ways to the welfare of our great country. + + IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BEER INTO THE UNITED STATES. + + Gallons. Value in Dollars. + 1872, 1,989,713 $1,485,781.00 + 1873, 2,289,053 1,827,763.00 + 1874, 2,088,858 1,752,559.00 + 1875, 2,167,251 1,742,120.00 + 1876, 1,490,150 1,161,467.00 + 1877, 974,277 758,850.00 + 1878, 767,709 592,707.00 + + EXPORT OF BEER OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE. + + IN BOTTLES. IN CASKS. + /--------^--------\ /--------^--------\ + DOZENS. VALUE IN GALLONS. VALUE IN + DOLLARS. DOLLARS. + + 1870, 1,076 $2,250 66,467 $23,759.00 + 1871, 1,570 4,077 105,213 34,301.00 + 1872, 2,205 5,340 77,639 27,829.00 + 1873, 3,443 7,712 103,009 36,743.00 + 1874, 2,897 6,245 99,135 33,357.00 + 1875, 3,633 7,600 61,661 16,604.00 + 1876, 7,045 13,007 99,310 29,657.00 + 1877, 37,876 51,077 144,244 40,138.00 + 1878, 76,475 108,279 119,579 38,918.00 + +It will be seen from this table that whilst the export of beer in casks +has not considerably increased, the increase in the export of bottled +beer has been very large. In 1870 we exported 1,076 dozens, and in +1878, 76,475 dozen! This trade has especially been encouraged by the +Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, as it enabled us to show to the +world the quality of our production. + +The gigantic establishments that, in many cases cover entire blocks, +are monuments of very lucrative enterprise and ought to be the pride +of the American people. The truth is, that, notwithstanding a yearly +sale of more than 300,000,000 gallons, the consumption of beer is +yet in its infancy. With an increasing number of persons it ceases +to be a luxury and takes rank with the other articles of daily food. +The demand for it in all parts of the United States is increasing so +rapidly that existing breweries are enlarged and improved, and new ones +are springing up in every direction. In Appendices D, E and B will be +found a list of breweries in the United States with the names of the +proprietors and the product of each, together with the total product by +States, as also the production _per capita_ in the various countries of +Europe, the total production in the same countries, and the number of +breweries in each, and we trust that these tables will not only be of +service to the trade and to students of this question, but also serve +to give some prominence to the men who have done much for the advance +of genuine temperance and who deserve a more substantial recognition +than any it is in our power to give. + +All this progress is a natural result of the actual benefits beer has +bestowed on mankind, and these again follow logically and as might be +expected from its constitution, containing as it does a large portion +of water from which all organic impurities are eliminated, a certain +quantity of nutritive malt extract and a very small percentage of pure +alcohol, obtained by fermentation and entirely free from the injurious +properties it acquires in distillation, together with some of the +carbonic acid gas so thoroughly approved by consumers of soda water. It +offers to the public a beverage at once healthy, nutritious, and mildly +stimulating, and as refreshing and exhilarating as tea, coffee or cocoa. + +[Illustration: JOSEPH SCHLITZ BREWING COMPANY. + +HENRY UIHLEIN, ALFRED UIHLEIN, Sup^t. AUG. UIHLEIN, President. +Secretary. + +MILWAUKEE. + +_H. GUGLER & SON. GEN^L. LITHO^S. MILWAUKEE._ + +FOR HISTORICAL SKETCH, SEE APPENDIX C. PAGE 180.] + +Those who travel know very well the injurious effect of a change of +water. In no two districts are the waters alike, and we could point to +many instances where removal from East to West or from North to South +and the consequent change of water has resulted in disastrous effects +upon individuals. Any inconvenience of this sort would be diminished +or altogether avoided by means of a free use of beer. Another similar +advantage of beer is mentioned by Joseph Coppinger in his work on +brewing, called “The American Practical Brewer, etc.,” published in +New York in 1815. After recommending new ale as a preventive and yeast +as an antidote to malarial fever, he continues: “Brewing, in every +country, whose soil and climate are congenial to the production of the +raw materials, should be ranked among the first objects of its domestic +and political economy. But a still more important consideration is the +health and morals of our population, which appears to be essentially +connected with the progress of the brewing trade. In proof of this +assertion, I will beg leave to state a well-known fact; which is, +that in proportion as the consumption of malt liquors have increased +in towns, in that proportion has the health of our fellow-citizens +improved, and epidemics and intermittents become less frequent. In the +country it is well known that those families who make frequent use of +good beer during the summer, are in general healthy, and preserve their +color; whilst their less fortunate neighbors, who do not use beer at +all, are devoured by fevers and intermittents. These facts will be +less doubted when it is known that yeast, properly administered, has +been found singularly successful in the cure of fevers.” The views +thus expressed more than sixty years ago have recently received much +attention and are now advocated by many eminent authorities who hold +that they are confirmed by both fact and theory. + +The sum of the whole is that the beer brewing business has within +a short time increased immensely—and strictly on the more general +recognition of the merits of the product—and that there is every +reason to anticipate at least an equal increase in the near future. +Beer is already taking the place of ardent spirits and mixed drinks, +and not long ago there appeared in the New York _Sun_ the complaint of +a bar-keeper who said in substance that the occupation of a skilled +compounder of fancy drinks was gone, for anybody could draw beer and +beer was what everybody wanted. Large gatherings now are more orderly +than a few years ago and the reason is to be found in the general use +of beer instead of whisky. At Coney Island the proprietors speak of +the change as wonderful, and say that but for beer they could not get +on, while now a disorderly occurrence is rare, no matter how great the +throng. The same thing may be seen at the various races and in all such +great assemblages of people who gather for enjoyment, and under the old +regime were sure to become riotous. + + + + + CHAPTER VIII. + +COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF BEER OVER DISTILLED OR SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. + + +The peculiar advantages of beer as a wholesome and refreshing beverage, +as compared with either ardent spirits or water have never been so +clearly displayed as in the late war between France and Germany—and +it may with truth be asserted, that it has triumphantly withstood the +trial, and fully maintained its reputation. + +The German military surgeons, in their official report to the Imperial +medical board, bear witness to the superiority of beer over wine. They +not only state that the refreshing quality of the carbonic acid gas +contained in beer makes it especially grateful to men fatigued by a +long march, or exhausted by a day’s fighting, but lay still greater +stress on its usefulness in the hospital and ambulance, and say that +when it could be obtained it was administered with great success as +a cordial, both to the wounded, and to convalescent soldiers placed +for the time under their care. They add the interesting fact, that +throughout that campaign the wounded invariably evinced a great longing +for beer and that when brought into hospital with shattered limbs or +severe cuts or gun-shot wounds, their first request was usually for a +glass of beer. The same was true after severe operations, and the drink +was found to compose and fortify their unstrung nerves. The natural +inclination to beer as a restorative was very conspicuous among the +soldiers who were on exposed outpost duty during the cold weather at +the time of the blockade and siege of Paris. The supply was scanty, +and common soldiers did not hesitate to pay army followers a large +price for a glass containing only a few mouthfuls of beer. The report +of the Director General of the medical staff of the Imperial army is +in the same tone, and concludes with a strong recommendation not only +to supply the soldiers with rations of beer instead of spirits when +employed on active duty, but also to introduce it as the usual beverage +of the army in time of peace and when on home service. + +Professor Moleschott, the distinguished physiologist, in his work +on the chemistry of food, treats of beer and makes the following +statements: “The weak alcoholic solution called beer contains nearly +the same proportion of albumen as is found in fruits, some sugar and +gum, and another constituent which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and +oxygen, is soluble in water and is called the bitter principle of hops. +* * * Fermented liquors, particularly lager beer taken in moderation, +increase the secretion of the digestive juices and promote the solution +of the food, and further, a good lager beer partakes of all the +advantages of the alcoholic beverages and at the same time quenches +thirst by the large amount of water it contains. Hence lager beer is +particularly adapted to satisfy the frequent thirst caused by physical +exercise, and it is a laudable custom to refresh artisans who have to +work hard, with a glass of this beverage. Its albumen, equal to that of +fruit, even supplies a direct substitute for food.” + +To this we may add that a laborer who has repeatedly experienced its +invigorating property will by no means admit the truth of the assertion +that a half-pound loaf of bread and a pint of water are more supporting +than a pint of beer. A glass of good beer may often be better than food +or physic. We do not always want food and we seldom need physic, but +a glass of beer is often a useful refreshment when the stomach is not +prepared for the one and the system has no need of the other. Excessive +physical labor, long Endurance of hunger, or anything else which has a +debilitating influence, affects the appetite for solid food and unfits +the stomach for its reception. At such times beer has an excellent +effect, both in affording some present refreshment and in preparing +the system for more substantial food—and no such advantage can be +found in the use of water, and nothing like an equivalent in that of +ardent spirits. Richmond Sheen, an eminent authority, says: “That beer +is nutritive and salubrious cannot be doubted. It proves a refreshing +drink and an agreeable and valuable stimulus and support to those who +have to undergo much bodily fatigue.” + +In cases of mental depression too, a glass of beer has often the same +good effect as food after physical exhaustion. On this point Professor +T. K. Chambers of New York very justly says: “It is certain that the +habitual use of some stimulant, particularly beer, bestows on a large +class the nervous energy necessary to digest food enough to exist +upon and get through other vital functions. By this stimulus they are +enabled to be useful members of society instead of the mere drones they +must become during the rest of their existence under a total abstinence +regime.” + +The records of disease and the bills of mortality in beer-drinking +countries show longer lives and a less percentage of sickness than +prevail where malt liquors are replaced by other beverages.[19] Not +only is this true but the social condition of the people is better +in countries where beer is recognized and encouraged by government, +and a very striking illustration of this truth may be found through a +comparison of the state of Maine and the kingdom of Bavaria. Bavaria +is the most noted beer-drinking country on the globe and Maine is +distinctively known as the prohibitory state. The forms of government +are radically different and an American naturally holds that the +republican is superior to the monarchical, _i. e._, tends to promote +the greater happiness of the individual. Let us see what can be learned +about the matter, and first as to the terms of the comparison. + +[19] The Germans are the healthiest class of New Yorkers. Statistics +show that the mortality among them is nearly 38 per cent. less than +that of other citizens, while their increase by births is larger, +and the same is found to be generally true of Germans all over this +continent. + +The advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence are +about equal in amount though naturally different in character. In +Bavaria, society is old, habits strong, the fetters of trade not easily +broken, untilled land scarce and the population dense. In Maine there +is abundance of new land, much timber yet unconsumed, no limits on a +choice of occupation, a new society and a sparse population. The state +has a climate that stimulates to industry and the men pride themselves +on their strength and energy. In Bavaria few receive aid from the +state or the municipality; while in Maine, the records in this respect +are frightful. Maine has in addition all the advantages that can be +obtained by means of the most stringent prohibitory law ever devised, +a law that, according to its advocates, must tend to secure peace, +prosperity and happiness. Which of these countries should have most +paupers, men who are unable to find their own living and are supported +at the cost of the state? As a matter of fact the number in Bavaria is +very small while the record of Maine is bad not merely in comparison +with the old monarchy but as set against that of the United States +at large. The last census shows one pauper to every 171.65 of the +population of Maine, while the pauper rate of the whole country was +only one in 502.47. + +Again, the condition of Bavaria is such as favors emigration to a +large extent, yet her population, in spite of it, increased 4.5 per +cent. during the last census decade while that of Maine decreased +.02 _per cent._ during the same time, and _Maine was the only state +in the Union where a decrease occurred_. We have seen that in the +original comparison the _pros_ and _cons_ were pretty equally balanced. +The difference is that Bavaria encourages the use of beer and Maine +prohibits it. It must not, however, be supposed that the prohibitory +law suppresses the sale of spirituous drinks. On this point abundant +evidence will be shortly presented, and we need only say here that we +know on the best authority that “no one need go without his whisky in +Maine, though a glass of beer is not to be had for love or money.” The +reason is obvious, beer is bulky and difficult of concealment while +spirits can be easily hidden. In this connection notice that in the +United States between 1860 and 1870 the production of beer rose from +something more than a million barrels to over eight million and that +during the same time the pauper rate decreased from one in 379.09 to +one in 502.47, a striking and very significant fact which may well be +commended to the attention of our legislators and others interested in +the connection between the proverbial thrift of the German emigrant +here and his indulgence in beer. The intellectual advance of the +beer-drinking countries is so notorious as to need no special comment +here. + +At present a recapitulation of some characteristic national habits in +the matter of drinking, things well known to every one who has given +the subject attention, will serve both as a further illustration of the +superiority of beer over other beverages and as a comment on what has +been previously said of the modern history of beer-drinking in the more +important civilized countries of the world. + +The Scotchman drinks his “mountain dew,” a strong whisky containing +over 54 per cent. of alcohol,—and Scotland has long been noted for +intemperance. The Russian grows sullen and sluggish over his vadka +or kwass, containing 52.68 _per cent._ of alcohol, and drunkenness +and crime follow as natural results. The volatile Italians and +Spaniards drink their mild wines as freely as their mothers’ milk and +do not disgrace themselves or become a nuisance to others by beastly +intoxication. Frenchmen were formerly to be placed in the same category +but recent debates in the French Academy of medicine have developed the +fact that in parts of France and in some Swiss cantons the powerful and +seductive influence of brandy, absinthe and schnapps has diminished the +consumption of wine and gone far to undermine the health and morals +of the people. The excitable Irishman drinks eagerly and rapidly his +strong whisky which contains more than 57 per cent. of pure alcohol +and rouses all his combative qualities so that merry-making is almost +sure to end in a fight, and trials of strength or skill which begin +in good feeling end with broken heads and general tumult. The more +sedate German drinks slowly, with much smoke and animated conversation, +a beer which has only about four _per cent._ of alcohol. He imbibes +great quantities and may become merry or dull according to the length +of his potations, but he rarely if ever fights. The Englishman drinks +much in a solid matter-of-fact way, but is learning to substitute +beer for a great part of the stronger liquor he formerly consumed and +becoming temperate in the same ratio. The American Republic, though +chiefly British in its origin and therefore inheriting a taste for +strong liquors, has become by immigration truly cosmopolitan, and is +on the high road to temperance secured by a general use of fermented +drinks. One great obstacle in the way is the wonderful variety +of “fancy drinks,” whose names catch the ear as surely as their +ingredients tickle the palate. They entice young and old, seduce by +their novelty or piquancy and carry many thousands on the straight +road to drunkenness and its accompanying moral and physical wreck. The +practice of “treating” is also very common and very injurious. It leads +to a hasty and immoderate consumption that has little or no regard to +the requirements of the individual and has by some been considered +the real foundation stone of a habit of intemperance. The Rev. Henry +Ward Beecher, in a recent address before the Business Men’s Society of +Brooklyn, favored “moderation in drinking and total abstinence from +treating.” He said he never drank beer until he was sixty years old, +after which time he became fond of it, and evidently believed that its +use is a means to temperance for the people. There are many who might +say nearly the same thing. We are learning to appreciate malt drinks +and the tendency is unmistakable, although it must be admitted that, on +the whole, the disposition of the people is, as yet, more nearly like +that of the Celt than the Teuton. + +Mr. W. A. Lawrence of Waterville, N. Y., in a paper chiefly devoted +to facts respecting the growth of hops, thus speaks of the general +question—beer _versus_ whisky: “The fact is that the quality of beer, +as a light and refreshing drink, has been wonderfully improved within +the past few years. A bottle of beer to-day has but about half the +strength of the beer of twenty years ago, and half the strength of +ordinary wine and cider. The beer of to-day is just what the American +people want—a cool, mildly refreshing, stimulating and palatable drink. +Wine is too expensive for a common drink. Cider is too sour and strong. +Whisky is not a drink at all but a drug, and you have to take water +after it as you do after taking other drugs, and it ought to be kept in +a drug-store for sale and nowhere else. But beer is not only agreeable +and refreshing and cheap, but it is mild, and generally peaceful and +good-humored in its effects. It is true a man can get drunk on it, +but a man won’t. A hog may, but most beer-drinkers are not hogs, but +hard-working men who know what they want and what fills the bill, and +if they wanted to get drunk they would drink whisky and get a good deal +bigger drunk at less expense and in half the time. + +“The great majority of the beer-drinkers in America are these same +hard-working men and women, who also drink beer with their food as we +all do our tea and coffee. But in addition to these, who are mostly +our German citizens, there are thousands of men, old Americans, who +have learned to love beer, who will drink it as long as they live and +will live the longer for drinking it. It is among the native Americans +that the demand for beer and hops is increasing. The Germans always +did drink for fifteen generations back, as much as they could hold, +and in spite of all the theories of our anti-beer, total abstinence +friends, the Germans in Germany and in this country seem to be still +above ground; and so far as this country is concerned, as myself, an +American citizen, and the son of American ancestry for five generations +back, I wish to God we could trade off about two millions of native +American whisky-drinkers now in the “solid South,” for two millions +of hard-working Germans who would do their own work, and drink their +own beer, and keep clear of fights and strikes and riots and greenback +conventions, as they keep clear of them here in the North to-day. + +“Now everybody knows that whisky is full of the devil and that beer is +full of humor and good fellowship; and it can hardly fail to rejoice +the heart of every good hop-grower to find that in raising hops for +beer he is incidentally engaged in the great “temperance movement” of +leading men away from bad whisky to good beer. I know this is not what +the professional temperance lecturers say, but what do I care what +they say? A temperance lecturer is generally a retired whisky drinker +and can see snakes in everything, including beer. Or he is a clergyman +and has acquired the habit of talking with no one to contradict him +and hence is careless of his facts. Or he is a paid professional, and +knows that if war is made on whisky alone, whisky would soon be driven +to the drug-store and no more temperance lecturers needed or paid for. +I do not hesitate to affirm that I know more about beer by experience +and contact and study than the whole crowd of temperance lecturers put +together. They ‘mean well’ to be sure; and so do I. The difference +between us lies in the fact that they don’t know what they are talking +about, and I do, because I am personally familiar with something like +a thousand breweries in the United States and have peculiar advantages +for information. + +“And I am sick and tired of sitting in churches built by hops, whose +clergymen’s salaries are paid by hops, whose congregations live by +hops, and that is by beer at first or second hand, and there listening +to wholesale denunciations of beer, and even to cold-blooded, +cold-water propositions to pass a general United States law making it +illegal to manufacture beer anywhere in the country. One hop-grower +who paid out over two thousand dollars to the poor women and children +of one village last fall for picking hops, got up and left a church +where some of this anti-beer nonsense was being aired, but as a general +thing a man can talk against beer in a hop church with as little +restraint as a missionary to Greenland feels in preaching hell-fire to +his shivering congregation. The brewer is far away, and the connection +between hops and beer is kept carefully out of sight. But to a carnal +mind like mine it does seem a mean trick for a hop-grower to send out +a hop-dealer with a flag of truce to the brewers and sell him hops in +a friendly way, and meanwhile the hop-grower is lying in ambush behind +a stack of hop-poles, ready as soon as his hops are sold to blaze away +at the brewer with a prohibition bullet or ballot. I believe there +are very few hop-growers who are capable of such meanness as this, +but I do believe there are a great many who do not realize the close +connection between hops and beer, and to these I say respectfully, as +I did two years ago in a prominent hop paper, ‘If you believe beer +is a bad thing, plow up your hop-yards and put in corn and potatoes. +It is true that somebody may turn the corn and potatoes into whisky, +but that is not your fault. Corn and potatoes must be had for food. +But there is no such excuse as this in the case of hops. The hops are +raised on purpose for beer. Not one bale in a hundred is used for +yeast or medicine. Therefore you are the “outside man” of the brewery, +and if beer is a fraud you are a party to a fraud, and you are not +an honest man. We believe that the making of beer is an honest and +praiseworthy occupation, no better and no worse than any other branch +of manufacturing goods that are wanted either for use or pleasure.’ + +“When I say we, I mean the men who believe in a radical distinction +between fermented liquors and distilled. Such men as Rev. Dr. Howard +Crosby, and Dr. William A. Hammond, formerly medical director of the +United States army, and Dr. Willard Parker, the leading practicing +physician of New York, and a most earnest Christian man. Dr. Parker +says in the _Christian Union_: ‘Fermented liquor is the work of God; +distilled liquor is the work of man or the devil or both.’ ‘It is +the still that does the harm. It is the still that takes the alcohol +out of its proper place in a liquid where it is not ordinarily found +in a larger proportion than six or seven per cent., and where it +rarely intoxicates, and never if taken in moderate quantities, and +concentrates it in a substance that is a deadly poison. Take away the +still and we should have peace and plenty on earth. We could then leave +the vinous liquors alone. I would compromise with all my heart on that +ground, and I would go to work and preach just as old Solomon did: +Don’t use too much.’ If with such men as Crosby and Hammond and Parker +you believe beer should be distinguished from whisky, then go and raise +your hops; pick them clean and get clean money. Take your glass of beer +like an honest man when you feel it will do you good. Let it alone like +an honest man when you think it will do you harm, just as you would a +cup of coffee when you were bilious. Sign no pledges, nor encourage +your children to sign them, except those against distilled liquors. +Encourage no temperance movement that does not move in the right +direction—against whisky and in favor of beer as a temperance drink; a +drink that is killing out whisky faster than whisky killed Ireland, a +drink that will build up the American constitution as it has built up +the German.” + +We append tables showing the percentage of alcohol in a great variety +of wines, spirits, malt and fermented liquors, according to analyses +made by Brande, Gerhardt, Liebig, Prof. A. B. Prescott, Dr. Andrew Ure, +William Ripley Nichols, professor at the Technological Institute of +Massachusetts, and other chemists of well known reputation. + + PORTUGUESE WINES. + Port contains 14.27 to 25.83 per cent. of alcohol. + Bucella “ 18.49 “ “ “ “ + + SPANISH WINES. + Sherry contains 13.98 to 23.86 per cent. of alcohol. + Malaga “ 17.26 to 18.94 “ “ “ “ + + MADEIRA AND CANARY ISLANDS. + Madeira contains 14.9 to 24.42 per cent. of alcohol. + Malmsey “ 12.86 to 16.40 “ “ “ “ + + FRENCH WINES. + Claret contains 12.91 to 17.11 per cent. of alcohol. + Claret Chateau Latour “ 7.78 “ “ “ “ + Claret Vin Ordinaire “ 8.99 “ “ “ “ + Champagne “ 11.30 to 13.80 “ “ “ “ + Burgundy “ 12.10 to 16.00 “ “ “ “ + Hermitage “ 12.32 to 17.43 “ “ “ “ + Sauterne “ 14.22 “ “ “ “ + Frontignac “ 12.79 “ “ “ “ + + ITALIAN WINES. + Marsala contains 18.20 to 20.03 per cent. of alcohol. + Lacryma Christi “ 19.70 “ “ “ “ + Falernian “ 18.99 “ “ “ “ + + CAPE WINES. + Cape Madeira contains 18.11 to 22.94 per cent. of alcohol. + Constantia “ 14.50 to 19.75 “ “ “ “ + Muscat “ 18.25 “ “ “ “ + + PERSIAN WINE. + Sheraaz contains 12.95 to 19.80 per cent. of alcohol. + + BRITISH WINES, CIDER, ETC. + Grape contains 18.11 per cent. of alcohol. + Raisin “ 23.30 to 26.40 “ “ “ “ + Currant “ 20.55 “ “ “ “ + Gooseberry “ 11.84 “ “ “ “ + Orange “ 11.26 “ “ “ “ + Elder “ 8.79 “ “ “ “ + Mead “ 7.32 “ “ “ “ + Cider “ 5.21 to 9.87 “ “ “ “ + Perry “ 7.26 “ “ “ “ + + HUNGARIAN WINES. + Tokay contains 9.88 per cent. of alcohol. + Red Wine “ 13.20 to 19.04 “ “ “ “ + White Wine “ 12.10 to 12.16 “ “ “ “ + + GERMAN WINES. + Hochheimer contains 8.88 to 14.37 per cent. of alcohol. + Johannisberger “ 8.71 “ “ “ “ + Rüdesheimer “ 6.90 to 12.22 “ “ “ “ + Rhenish Wine “ 7.00 to 7.58 “ “ “ “ + + OHIO WINES. + According to analyses received from Messrs. Parisette Bro’s, N. Y., + and made five times within + six months, contain 6.11 to 11.30 per cent. of alcohol. + + CALIFORNIA WINES. + White and Red, dry, contains 8.40 to 12.90 per cent. of alcohol. + Sweet Wines “ 6.20 to 13.80 “ “ “ “ + + SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. + Irish Whisky contains 53.90 per cent. of alcohol. + Scotch Whisky “ 54.52 “ “ “ “ + Holland Gin “ 53.80 “ “ “ “ + French Brandy “ 53.40 “ “ “ “ + St. Croix Rum “ 53.68 “ “ “ “ + Batavian Arrack “ 53.70 “ “ “ “ + Russian Vadka or Kwass “ 52.68 “ “ “ “ + Ordinary American Whisky + contains 52.60 “ “ “ “ + Bourbon Whisky contains 51.00 “ “ “ “ + Whisky with much foreign matter + contains 44.50 “ “ “ “ + + ENGLISH MALT LIQUORS. + Ale—Burton contains 8.88 per cent. of alcohol. + “ Edinburgh “ 6.22 “ “ “ “ + “ London “ 6.20 “ “ “ “ + Brown Stout “ 6.80 “ “ “ “ + London Porter “ 4.80 “ “ “ “ + London Small Beer “ 2.56 “ “ “ “ + Edinburgh Beer “ 5.36 to 7.35 “ “ “ “ + + GERMAN BEER. + Bavarian Augustiner contains 3.40 to 6.80 per cent. of alcohol. + Salvator “ 4.02 to 4.20 “ “ “ “ + Vienna “ 4.20 to 5.60 “ “ “ “ + Berlin Tivoli “ 4.60 “ “ “ “ + Berlin Tivoli Export “ 5.40 “ “ “ “ + Copenhagen “ 5.04 “ “ “ “ + + AMERICAN MALT LIQUORS AND CIDER. + New York Porter contains 6.20 to 8.40 per cent. of alcohol. + New York Ale “ 5.40 to 6.90 “ “ “ “ + Albany Ale “ 5.40 to 6.20 “ “ “ “ + Lager Beer “ 3.06 to 6.50 “ “ “ “ + American Cider “ 5.80 to 11.60 “ “ “ “ + +Two analyses of beer brewed in the celebrated Brauerei Koenigstadt, of +Berlin, were found to give the following results: + + Alcohol 4.501 per cent. by weight. + Saccharine 1.893 “ “ “ “ + Dextrine 0.861 “ “ “ “ + Albuminoids 0.630 “ “ “ “ + Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 2.296 “ “ “ “ + Acid 0.005 “ “ “ “ + Unfermented extract 5.680 per cent. + +The second analysis was of dark colored beer, and was as follows: + + Alcohol 4.250 per cent. by weight. + Saccharine 1.950 “ “ “ “ + Dextrine 1.053 “ “ “ “ + Albuminoids 0.621 “ “ “ “ + Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 3.386 “ “ “ “ + Acids 0.005 “ “ “ “ + Unfermented extract 7.010 per cent. + +Good lager beer properly brewed and fermented, and stored for some +time, should contain in one hundred parts, 90 water, 5.6 malt extract, +3.50 alcohol, and the remainder carbonic acid. + +The following analyses show more particularly the percentage of extract +and of alcohol contained in the best known varieties of lager beer of +this country: + + EXTRACT. ALCOHOL. + New York, 3.6 per cent. 4.8 per cent. + “ “ 3.7 “ “ 4.4 “ “ + “ “ 4.2 “ “ 5.3 “ “ + Staten Island, 3.2 “ “ 5.9 “ “ + Milwaukee, 4.3 “ “ 5.6 “ “ + Newark, 4.2 “ “ 5.6 “ “ + Philadelphia, 4.2 “ “ 6.0 “ “ + Chicago, 3.9 “ “ 5.2 “ “ + Cincinnati, 3.4 “ “ 5.5 “ “ + Boston, 3.6 “ “ 5.6 to 6.0 “ “ + Hartford, 3.6 “ “ 4.9 “ “ + +A similar table made after results obtained by C. F. Chandler and +embracing several kinds of ales and lager beers reads as follows: + + ----------------------+-----------------+--------------------- + | |CONTENTS PER IMPERIAL + | PERCENTAGE. | PINT. + +--------+--------+---------+----------- + | | |OUNCES OF|OUNCES OF + |ALCOHOL.|EXTRACT.| ALCOHOL.|EXTRACT. + ----------------------+--------+--------+---------+----------- + Allsop’s Burton Ale | 8.25 | 13.32 | 2.16 | 2.77 + Bass’s Ale | 8.41 | 11.75 | 2.18 | 2.42 + Edinburgh Ale | 4.41 | 3.58 | 1.12 | .72 + Guinness Stout | 6.81 | 6.17 | 1.74 | 1.25 + Munich Lager Beer | 4.70 | 6.10 | 1.19 | 1.22 + Munich Schenck Beer | 3.90 | 5.07 | 1.00 | 1.16 + Munich Bock Beer | 4.60 | 9.02 | 1.17 | 1.90 + New York Lager Beer | 5.86 | 4.32 | 1.48 | .88 + ----------------------+--------+--------+---------+----------- + +In this table the term extract includes all the substances left when +the alcohol and water are removed by evaporation. + +In view of the figures above given and of the fact that the lighter +beers form the bulk of the malt liquor consumed in the country, we are +safe in assuming an average alcoholic strength of not more than 5½ per +cent. for the total product. This product we have already seen to be +9,473,361 barrels, which, on the basis just assumed, yields 521,034 +barrels or 16,673,088 gallons of alcohol. Now according to statistics +from the department at Washington the consumption of native spirits was +in 1878 over 70,000,000 gallons containing about 37,000,000 gallons +of alcohol. The cost of the native and foreign ardent spirits, wines +and liquors used in one year reaches $500,000,000, and it is among the +drinkers of spirits that we find most of the pauperism and crime of the +country. Those who drink beer use something that as far as alcohol is +concerned is more expensive than distilled liquors and yet spend less +than $120,000,000, as against the $500,000,000 above mentioned. It +should be noticed that while rum, gin, brandy, whisky, etc., contain +over 50 per cent. of alcohol, ales never reach nine per cent., and +lager beer seldom reaches six per cent. and is often below four. + +An examination of these tables taken in connection with the other +facts mentioned should be sufficient to give a general idea of the +nature and extent of the claims to be made in favor of beer as a common +beverage. Others will come to light in the course of our discussion, +and particularly in the chapter entitled, “What Authorities Say,” in +which are embodied the conclusions of some of the most noted scientific +investigators of our time. + + + + + CHAPTER IX. + + BEER BREWING A BENEFIT TO FARMERS. + + +Thus far we have been chiefly occupied with the sanitary and social +advantages that attend the general use of beer in a community, but +there is another phase of the question that is worth careful attention. +Barley and hops are the foundation of beer and we propose to show in +this chapter some of the benefits that attend their cultivation for +brewing purposes and which are by no means confined to the cash price +received from the brewer. They can be raised to good advantage when +there is no such home consumption, but the real possibilities of these +crops are only attained when there are breweries near at hand. How +this is true will be understood after an examination of the following +statistics. + +The cultivation of hops is in itself a more important industry than is +generally supposed, but for the purpose of this chapter it is of so +much less consequence than that of barley that it may be dismissed in +very few words. A few years ago our own production was not sufficient +to supply the brewers, and in 1872 we paid in round numbers $785,525.00 +to foreign growers. The next year the import was $1,310,627.00 and +in 1874 reached $1,303,686.00. Since that time the tide has turned +and each of the past four years has shown an export to a considerable +amount, the figures taken in the order of the years being as follows: +1875, $1,286,500.00; 1876, $1,348,521.00; 1877, $2,305,355.00; 1878, +$2,152,873.00. The yearly consumption in this country is about +30,000,000 pounds, which after having served their purpose in the +brewery, furnish an excellent manure, especially for potatoes. + +According to the last report of the United States Commissioner of +Agriculture, there were in 1877, no less than 1,614,654 acres under +cultivation with barley, and the product was 34,441,400 bushels +at an average value of 70 cents a bushel, making a total value of +$24,028,644.00 for the crop. The average yield to the acre was 21.3 +bushels, and the average value to the acre $14.91, as against $10.72 +for hay, $9.54 for corn, $9.25 for oats, $8.87 for rye and $15.08 for +wheat. Only three crops, potatoes, tobacco and wheat yielded a higher +value to the acre, and only six, wheat, corn, potatoes, oats, hay and +cotton had a greater total value. Again, the northern latitudes produce +the best barley and accordingly we find that in the six Eastern States, +the average value to the bushel was a little over 78 cents. In these +states the number of acres under cultivation was only 51,065, the +product 986,900 bushels, the average value to the acre $15.11, being +more than that of any other crop except potatoes. Notwithstanding all +this, we do not even now raise enough for home consumption. The import +of barley in 1877 was no less than 10,285,957 bushels at a value of +$7,887,886.00 on which a duty of 20 cents per bushel was paid by the +consumer, in addition to charges for freight and commission, all of +which could and should have been saved to our people. Nearly eight +million dollars is too large a sum to neglect when it lies at our very +hand. + +[Illustration: ISRAEL PUTNAM, + +_The great American General, Brewer and Tavern Keeper at Brooklyn, +Conn._ (1718-1790.) + +_See Page 27._] + +We have said that high latitudes are favorable to barley. It is chiefly +grown in the northern tier of states and in Canada, and a state +like Maine for instance would find immense advantage in an enlarged +production of this crop even under existing conditions. But suppose the +restriction on brewing were removed, that instead of being crushed out +by local law it were encouraged and fostered. It is not easy to compute +the material assistance such a course would be to the farming community +and the state at large, and yet the direct gain would be small in +comparison with the incidental advantages. For the proper illustration +of this point we must ask the reader to follow and keep in mind two +separate series of facts which we are about to present. The first +statistical and relating to the “refuse” of brewing establishments, and +the second general. + +The breweries of the United States use annually about 30,000,000 +bushels of malt, which yields, according to A. Schwarz of New York, +2½ per cent. or 750,000 bushels of “sprouts.” Now in estimating the +comparative value of different kinds of fodder according to the albumen +contained it is usual to take hay as the basis of comparison. Air-dried +meadow hay contains 7 per cent. of albumen. “Sprouts” contain from 24 +to 30 per cent., so that a hundred bushels of sprouts, weighing 1,200 +pounds, are equal in value to 4,628 pounds of hay, and the annual +product of sprouts as above stated to 34,710,000 pounds of hay. This +same 30,000,000 bushels of malt yields at least 35,000,000 bushels of +“grains,” having a weight of 1,520,000,000 pounds, and from 4 to 5 +per cent. of albumen. Taking 4½ per cent. as the average, 100 pounds +of grains have the same nutritive value as 64 pounds of hay and the +value of the product reaches that of 973,241,000 pounds of hay. It is +a proved fact that cattle fed on grains give better milk than when any +other fodder is used and this fact is specially appreciated in New York +and New Jersey, where the grains and sprouts are largely used with +most excellent results. These products must by no means be confounded +with the “slops” from distilleries, which is utterly different in +character—_as indeed every product of the still seems to be tainted +with some portion of the curse that has always clung to spirituous +liquors_. + +The second and general consideration is this: The past agricultural +history of New England shows a succession of specialties, each running +its course until the advent of another which existing circumstances +made more profitable. The first was grain (except barley), then came +wool, and then potatoes, while the last and most promising is dairy +farming. It is yet in its infancy but it is already important. One +thing is sure, that farming on the old-fashioned plan has seen its day +in New England. The natural advantages of the West enable it to raise +and deliver many crops cheaper than they can be grown in the older part +of the country, and under the influence of this competition Eastern +farmers have grown poorer and poorer unless they have taken up a +specialty or possessed some unusual natural advantages. We submit that +the combination of dairy farming with the growth of barley will, even +under the existing laws, prove very remunerative. The facts already +adduced point directly to this conclusion. The figures show that barley +is a profitable crop and that northern New England is well adapted to +its growth. Moreover it thrives on a comparatively poor soil while most +of the other natural products that rank high in value involve a large +expense for manure, and in many cases a great deal of hand labor. Dairy +farms are known to pay well. What then will be the result of combining +the two industries as above indicated on terms favorable to both? But +this can only be successfully done by the establishment of breweries, +and sooner or later the people will understand all these facts and act +accordingly. _Remove the laws that now make brewing impossible, and a +new industry will spring up as if by magic_—we might well say three +new industries—for barley culture and dairies will grow to keep pace +with the demands and the grants of brewing. For it must be remembered +that brewing is not like some other forms of manufacture. What it takes +with one hand it gives with the other. It receives the farmer’s grain +and pays him a good price; it gives him valuable fodder and manure for +a sum that is small in proportion to the benefit conferred. It helps +put in motion the wheels of another separate business, the manufacture +of cheese and butter, and it is again the agricultural community who +profit by the development. + +_Living in an age of progress we must recognize the fact and adapt +ourselves to it or we shall inevitably fall behind, and we do not +believe that the men of New England will long close their eyes to +the advantages offered by such a course as has been indicated. The +change must come, and sooner or later, a part of the change must be +the resolute and successful demand for a repeal of the laws that +choke industry. Maine men in especial have everything to gain. Their +business is stagnant, their population decreasing, poverty staring +them in the face and enforced idleness eating like a canker into their +very nature. They have it in their power to change all this, to become +rich, revive trade, make the state famous for progressive energy, and +banish the intemperance that now accompanies and aggravates all their +other ills and is accompanied by the other corrupting evils that, as +experience shows, always spring up in the shadow of a prohibitory law._ +The matter well deserves more space than we can give, but we have +presented the leading facts and must leave them for the examination +and mature reflection of all who are interested. Great things have +been expected of beet-root culture in Maine and other states, and we +cannot close this chapter without a word in reference to this topic. +The Commissioner of Agriculture, in the prefatory remarks to his last +Report, says: “The effort to produce a sugar beet, and the belief +and expectation of many that the beet would be made to yield in this +country as in Germany and France, of good quality, in sufficient +abundance, and at a sufficiently low cost, to make it pay has not +been realized—although no pains and money have been spared to insure +success.” The difficulty is that the sugar beet will not thrive on poor +or exhausted soil, unless it is heavily manured. Such has been the +constant experience in those places where the experiment has received +most attention, _viz._, Chatsworth, Ill., Sauk county, Wis., and some +parts of the state of Maine.[20] New England is unfit for beet-root +culture, partly by nature and partly by the exhaustion of the soil, +while on the other hand it is as we have said eminently adapted to +barley. Even had the expectations of the more reasonable part of +the beet-growers of Maine been realized, the material advantages to +the people would not have compared with those to be attained by the +encouragement of breweries, the growth of barley and hops and the +establishment of dairies. All these things go together and stimulate +other branches of industry. There will be more demand for other crops, +particularly hay and oats, and for lumber for vats, barrels, tubs and +building purposes. A busy temperate people must thrive _and we have +shown what will make them busy and temperate_. + +[20] The state of Maine is assisting the experiment with beet-root by +granting a premium of one cent a pound on all beet-root sugar produced +in the state, but even with this help the industry has failed to +establish itself to any considerable extent. + + + + + CHAPTER X. + + PROHIBITORY LAWS AND THEIR EFFECTS. + + +We have now reached a point at which we may properly recur to a +topic already suggested and inquire a little more carefully into the +actual working of the prohibitory laws. On this head we shall confine +ourselves chiefly to the testimony of men who have made the matter a +thorough study, and that not at a distance, but in the very midst of +the operation of such laws, and as Maine is the state which led the +way in the prohibitory movement and has since followed that course +with most persistency, it is proper that it should occupy most of our +attention during the inquiry. + +Not long ago a number of the most prominent men of the state, men of +different political parties, wholly above reproach, and especially +fitted by official position or private observation to form a just +opinion in the premises, became so well convinced of the evils of +the present system, and its detrimental effect on the people, as to +unite in an effort for its amendment. Their movement took form in the +presentation by Mr. Fox of Portland, a lawyer of high reputation and a +member of the Legislature, of the following proposed Act: + + + “_State of Maine, 1879._ + + “An Act in relation to Cider, Native Wines, Ale, Porter, Lager Beer + and Malt Liquors. + + “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in + Legislature assembled, as follows: + + “Cider, Native Wine, Ale, Porter, Lager Beer and other Malt Liquors, + when pure and unadulterated, shall not be considered intoxicating + liquors within the meaning of the laws of this State.” + +The bill was referred to the Committee on Temperance and able arguments +in its favor were made by Gen. Gorham, L. Boynton, Hon. Nathan Webb +and C. G. Yeaton, all men highly respected by the people of the state, +of the strictest integrity, and with no inducement to make other than +an impartial statement. Three gentlemen who have successively held +the office of county attorney of Cumberland county for about fifteen +years past and who are all Republicans, have unanimously testified +against the present prohibition law. They are Gen. Chas. T. Matlock, +C. F. Libby, Esq., and Nathan Webb. Similar views are held by such men +as Gen. W. S. Tilton of Logan Springs, Judge Goddard, postmaster of +Portland, M. P. Frank of Portland, Speaker of the House, Dr. Edw. Dana +and many other influential citizens. No party, however, was willing to +go to the people on this issue and the bill failed to pass, although +there is good reason to hope that when the next attempt is made some +who have previously upheld the present law will have learned to take a +different view. Much new light is constantly thrown on the influence of +the present statute, and can hardly fail to produce an adequate effect. +A minority report of the committee was presented and contains so much +of interest and importance that we cannot do better than to reproduce +it in these pages. Its statements are those of men who understand the +subject of which they treat and are worth a careful reading. + + + REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TEMPERANCE, OF THE FIFTY-EIGHTH + LEGISLATURE OF MAINE, 1879. + +“The Committee on Temperance have listened to the able and exhaustive +arguments presented on both sides of the matter in hearing, and the +minority of said committee respectfully present their views in dissent +from the report of the majority. The law regulating the sale of +intoxicating liquors, commonly known as the prohibitory liquor law has +had a trial of more than a quarter of a century. Its severity has no +parallel in the laws of any other civilized country. Although enforced +with all the power of the state, court records show that the number of +prosecutions and convictions is increasing, at great expense to the tax +payers. Country towns pay their share for the enforcement of this law +in cities without corresponding benefit to themselves. The cost of its +execution is a burden on an over-taxed people. A detailed statement +which is hereto annexed shows the cost for officers to enforce the law.” + +The details are here omitted but “the total reaches the enormous amount +of $220,000. The records of the Insane Hospital show a gradual increase +of patients caused by excessive use of intoxicating liquors. At the +present time that institution has nearly double the number of inmates +from that cause alone, which it had when the present prohibitory +law was enacted. While the law, with singular inconsistency, does +not recognize pure and beneficial kinds of intoxicating liquors as +property when intended for sale by other than city or town agencies, +and makes no distinction between the sale of adulterated liquors and +pure liquors, it authorizes their indiscriminate sale in numerous city +and town agencies. Liquor-drinking is not done openly to so great an +extent but the consumption is as large. It is notorious that quantities +of strong liquors have for years been transported into the state from +the Provinces, and especially from Massachusetts, which has drained us +of millions of dollars which might have been kept at home under liberal +laws. Liquor runners from New York and Boston penetrate every nook and +corner of our state to rob our people and eat out their substance. +Liquors are also imported in bond, and under the protection of the +Federal Government they cannot be seized in bulk. They are consumed in +families and in club-rooms which have been organized in large towns +and cities, under that most dangerous guise of social drinking. The +liquor agencies authorized by law have vended in some years more than a +hundred thousand dollars worth of liquors for medicinal, mechanical and +manufacturing purposes only, as is supposed. We consider these liquor +agencies as leeches upon the people. The question is whether a law, +the severity of which is without example, having failed to accomplish +the ends for which it was designed, according to experience and the +testimony of officials serving under it, who with singular unanimity +give their verdict against it, ought to be so amended that cider, +native wines, ale, porter and particularly lager beer, shall not be +considered within the meaning of the statute. + +“History shows that every nation has its peculiar stimulants in +stronger or milder forms. Men crave stimulant. It is an undeniable +fact, both in the light of history and experience, that in countries +like Germany, France, etc., whose climate is not unlike ours, +drunkenness is known scarcely more than the strong liquors which cause +it. Cheap light wines and nutritious malt beverages supersede strong +drink. Everybody uses them at his meals and as a common beverage. The +people of those countries are among the healthiest, happiest, most +prosperous and temperate on the face of the globe. We appeal to the +wisdom of this Legislature and the consideration of the people whether +it would not promote the cause of temperance and the material welfare +of our state to give the amendment proposed a fair trial. It would +tend to promote harmony by removing an irritating and festering sore +from our politics. Good citizens without distinctions of party view +with alarm the inroads that this law in its operation is working upon +our social and material interest, driving away business, depreciating +real estate, shackling enterprise, cheating labor, increasing taxes, +educating intolerance and hypocrisy, influencing elections and +encouraging bribery and perjury and the clandestine compounding, sale +and use of poisonous liquors.” + + DARIUS H. INGRAHAM of Portland. + GORHAM L. BOYNTON of Bangor. + F. B. FARREL of Van Buren. + ARTHUR MOORE of Machiasport. + +This is the statement of men whose characters stand so high as to give +great weight to their opinion and leave nothing to be objected to their +statement of fact. + +Again, Governor Garcelon is not a man to make hasty or unfounded +statements in an important matter and he has been for many years +an eminent physician of large practice and a close observer of the +habits of the people. But read this summary of an address delivered +by him before the Maine temperance convention: “He called attention +to various kinds of intemperance, which have generally escaped the +notice of reformers in that state. He spoke of the use of tobacco as an +increasing evil, especially among the young, and said that in addition +to chewing and smoking, snuff-dipping was becoming prevalent, a fact of +which many are ignorant and which excites surprise. The use of opiates, +Governor Garcelon remarked, had increased to an alarming extent. Many +a man, he said, had appeared upon the stand advocating temperance, +who had in his pocket a bottle of laudanum or black drops, which pave +the way to an early grave. The ladies carry chloroform and ether to +moisten the handkerchief with which to allay nervous excitement. As a +practicing physician and observer of human nature, he placed all these +forms of intemperance in the same category with the intemperate use of +spirituous liquors, all of which demand correction. Is the change from +the intoxicating liquors to opium an improvement? Governor Garcelon +has, undoubtedly, done the people a timely service by directing +attention to this and other evils, and if followed up it will be found +that the ‘Maine Law’ has not been the grand instrument of reform which +it is claimed to be.” + +At a convention held at Bangor, Me., July 1, 1879, a resolution +in favor of local option was presented by Mr. Charles F. Swett, a +considerable part of whose speech is here reproduced, as it deals in +facts of great importance to the present discussion: + +“In supporting this measure, I wish to distinctly define my position. +I am a practical temperance man; a total abstainer. I have belonged, +and do now belong, to every temperance organization in the state +of Maine, except the Reform Club. I have had much experience in +endeavoring to ‘reclaim the fallen and save others from falling,’ and +I therefore claim to be as conversant with the practical workings of +our prohibitory law as any man in this hall, and I declare, from my +experience, that that law, so far as it contributes to lessening the +evils of intemperance, is a complete failure, and a costly one to the +people of this state. * * * In Cumberland county there are four deputy +sheriffs, whose business it is to enforce the liquor law. These men +get from $7,000 to $9,000 per year for their services. Of course they +never reform a drunkard, but they can afford to contribute $3,000 a +year towards the campaign fund—and they do—and the people furnish the +money. Every liquor-seller thrown into jail for sixty days pays the +high sheriff a profit of $1.50 per week. When there is an average of +say fifty of these cases his profits will be $4,000 per year, from this +source alone. The people furnish the money, and the sheriff ‘comes down +handsomely’ for the campaign fund. True, there are no men reformed, but +the party gets the ‘sinews of war.’ And so it is all over the state. + +“The cost of the execution of the prohibitory law is a burden upon +our over-taxed people. The report of the temperance committee of our +last Legislature showed that although the ‘law was enforced with +all the power of the state,’ court records prove that the number of +prosecutions is annually increasing, at great expense to the tax +payers. From June 1, 1877, to June 1, 1878, the cost of enforcing +the prohibitory law, in Cumberland county alone, reached $28,000. In +the same ratio, applied to the population of the whole state, the +cost reaches the enormous sum of $220,000, annually. But we would not +complain of the expenditure even of this vast sum if the results were, +in any degree satisfactory. But they are not. The advocates of the +Maine law make bold claims, but their claims are not substantiated +by the facts. Outside of Maine, and even in the back towns of this +state, remote from the cities, people are given to understand that +liquor is not sold in Maine, and therefore there is less crime here +than formerly. Neal Dow says, ‘We have little crime here because we +have banished its cause.’ Let us look at the facts. In 1851, there +were 87 convicts in the state prison. We had then a population of +584,000, while to-day it is probably 625,000. Last year’s state prison +report shows the number of convicts to be 206, while 69 more were +serving in jail work-shops. So the number of convicts has increased, +_under the prohibitory law_, over threefold, while our population has +remained comparatively the same. Does that speak well for prohibition? +Now, take the city of Portland. In 1856, there were 650 arrests +for drunkenness, in a population of 27,000. In 1876, twenty years +later, with a population of about 30,000, there were 1800 arrests for +drunkenness, and in no year of the last eight has the list fallen +below 1,200. And this under a vigorous enforcement of the prohibitory +law. Does that speak well for prohibition? During last week, over 200 +barrels of liquor were brought into Portland, by the various railroads +and steamboats, _for home consumption_. Does that speak well for +prohibition? + +“The secret drinking in club-rooms in Portland is threefold that which +formerly took place at open bars, while the traffic outside has been +driven into worse and worse hands every year, until it has, with a +few exceptions, been taken away from respectable men, whose interest +it would be to conduct it with some show of decency, and given into +the undivided management and control of the low and criminal, so that +while ‘the law is enforced with all the power of the state,’ the upper +classes get drunk at the club-rooms, and the lower classes get drunk +at the shops in the slums. Does that speak well for prohibition? The +vilest liquors possible to make are manufactured for the market in this +state, and even our state liquor agent could not, or did not, _keep +pure_ liquors even for medicinal purposes. + +“Private club-rooms have multiplied in Portland, under the operation of +the prohibitory law, (there being over 80 in that city at the present +time,) and our young men just starting out in life are exposed to all +the dangers of the drunkard’s life, and no law can stop them. In these +club-rooms, boys who would never go to saloons to get drunk, who would +never learn to gamble were it not for their club-room temptations, +who would, in short, grow up honest and respected citizens, are being +ruined every day. This evil ought to be remedied by prompt and decisive +action. Fathers who love their sons; mothers who pray for their boys; +sisters who mourn over their disgraced brothers; wives who weep over +the wreck of what were once good men and true husbands; citizens who +care for the good name and prosperity of their communities, ought to +labor to shut these accursed gates of hell! Let us commence the good +work by striving to repeal the prohibitory law, which is a positive +detriment to the cause of temperance, an incubus upon the mercantile +interests of Maine, and a curse to the young men of our cities.” + +In Massachusetts we have very important testimony to the same effect, a +part of which is very ably and carefully summarized in an article which +we insert here, retaining for convenience a portion at the beginning +which might equally well be placed under a different heading: + +“The state Board of Health of Massachusetts, in the Tenth Annual +Report, published in January, 1879, say, under the head of +‘Intemperance’: ‘A more severe public judgment of drunkenness, in +recent times, has undoubtedly tended to very much decrease its +prevalence; and it is generally believed that light German beer is +used more and more each year, at least in our state, to the exclusion +of stronger liquors—_a change which it is of course desirable to +hasten by legislation, so far as that can be done, either by removal +of restrictions on the sale of mild liquors, and heavily taxing the +stronger spirits, or by any other just and proper means_.’ This is the +reiterated public expression of men to whom the state of Massachusetts +has committed the general care for the health of her people. For the +former public utterance of this opinion the chairman of the Board, for +years past, has been most bitterly assailed by prohibitionists; but, +undaunted by these intemperate and abusive attacks, the state Board of +Health confirm the statement of their honest conviction by repeating +the same, and embodying it in an important public document. + +“In harmony with this public expression of opinion by the state Board +of Health, appears the action of the Committee on License of the Board +of Aldermen of the city of Boston. In their report of September, 1878, +to the City Council, this committee say: ‘It may be objected that the +committee have been too liberal in their recommendations of the issue +of licenses, but their experience has convinced them that the “lunch +rooms,” established chiefly for the sale of lager beer and edible +refreshments, ought to be regarded as victualing saloons, even if +facilities are not maintained for regular meals, and no cooking is done +on the premises. The committee feel satisfied that the consumption of +lager beer, now so general, tends, in fact, to exclude from sale and +use more ardent spirits, and thereby diminishes crime and pauperism. +It is well known that in the old countries, where beer and light wines +are accessible, without restraint, at a small expense, and are freely +used by all classes of people, cases of intoxication are very rare. The +committee are confident that drunkenness, and consequently pauperism +and crime, will be diminished in this state, if no restrictions were +placed on the sale of lager beer, for it then could be provided at such +a low price as to effectually supersede the use of strong liquors. +They therefore submit for the consideration of the City Council the +following order: + +“‘_Ordered_, That his Honor the Mayor be requested to petition the next +Legislature for such amendment of chapter 99 of the statutes of 1875 as +will allow the sale of cider and lager beer without any license being +required therefor.’ + +“It must be admitted, that in the state of Massachusetts, the liquor +question has been as fully discussed, and the various legal expedients +connected therewith have had as fair and full a trial as in any other +state in the Union. It may therefore be claimed, without presumption, +that to the results there attained, and the opinions there formed, when +coming from official and authentic sources, the careful consideration +of other state governments should be given. Acting from this view, we +draw the attention of the reader to a very instructive report of the +results of an investigation relative to drunkenness and liquor selling +under prohibition and license legislation contained in the Tenth Annual +Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, issued as +a public document in January, 1879. This investigation was undertaken +at the special request of Governor Rice, whose object was to place on +record a statement, as a basis for an intelligent consideration of the +question, of as reliable a character as could be secured by impartial +statistics. These statistics are drawn from official sources, and, as +far as the figures are concerned, are thoroughly reliable. + +“The years 1874 and 1877 were selected for comparison, because 1874 +represented the last full year under the operation of the prohibitory +law, and 1877 the last full year under the license law. The advantages +resulting from this selection of years, if any, are on the side of the +prohibitory law, because that law, in 1874, had been in operation for a +number of years, while the license law, in 1877, had only been in force +a year and a half. + +“Four circulars were prepared and addressed by the chief of the state +Bureau of Statistics and Labor to town clerks, city clerks, chiefs of +police, to standing justices, clerks of district, municipal and police +courts, and trial justices. These circulars solicited information +regarding the sales of liquor, prosecutions therefor, and arrests and +convictions for drunkenness for the prohibitory year 1874 and the +license year 1877. The completeness of the investigation may be seen +from the following statement: + +“Circular ‘A’ was sent to 325 Town Clerks; 322 answered. + +“Circular ‘B’ was sent to 19 City Clerks; 19 answered. + +“Circular ‘C’ was sent to 19 Chiefs of Police; 19 answered. + +“Circular ‘D’ was sent to 132 Court and Trial Justices; 130 answered. + +“This is a total of 490 returns of 495 circulars of inquiry sent out. +There can be no question that the investigation was exhaustive, for +the few towns which did not answer are unimportant places. From the +information thus obtained and tabulated in detail in the Report, the +following totals are derived: + + ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS. + Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 28,044 + Under the license law, 1877, 20,657 + + CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS. + Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 23,981 + Under the license law, 1877, 17,862 + + NUMBER OF PLACES WHERE LIQUOR WAS ILLEGALLY SOLD. + Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 5,609 + + NUMBER OF PLACES LICENSED TO SELL LIQUOR. + Under the license law, 1877, 5,273 + + JUDGMENTS ON COMPLAINTS FOR ILLEGAL SALES. + Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 3,644 + Under the license law, 1877, 1,693 + +“It will thus be seen that the number of arrests for drunkenness under +the operation of the license law, during the year 1877, as compared to +the prohibitory year 1874, shows a decrease of fully twenty-five per +cent. In the number of convictions for drunkenness the difference in +favor of the license year is at the same rate. The number of places +where liquor was _illegally_ sold under the prohibitory law of 1874, +was larger by 336 than the number of places _licensed_ in 1877. It +is evident from these returns that the prohibitory law has failed to +prohibit, or even to regulate, the sale of liquor, while it is equally +apparent that the license law, as a legislative measure, not only +regulates the sale of liquor, but decreases drunkenness. + +“A law, to be effective, must have the support of the people; the +prohibitory law will never be thus supported, as common sense will +teach that it is neither just nor judicious, to make somebody else than +the drunkard himself responsible for his failing; and is not just this +the questionable theory upon which prohibition is based? + +“The prohibitionists condemn the use of alcoholic beverages of every +kind, as the prolific source of sin and vice. Nothing less than total +abstinence finds favor with them. To them, the terms use and abuse +have no distinctive meaning, and their curse falls upon brewery and +distillery alike. It must be admitted that as long as alcoholic +stimulants are used, intemperance will exist, and that the evil of +drunkenness will only disappear with their total suppression. In view +of the actual state of social habits, and the position which alcoholic +beverages hold in civilized life, as now constituted, no sane person +will believe such a total suppression possible. There are no means by +which a habit, transmitted from generation to generation, and forming +so important an element in the development of the civilization of the +human race, can be uprooted. Alcoholic stimulants once invented are +never again abandoned, and seem to be destined to co-exist with man. +The deplorable vice of drunkenness has always accompanied their use, +and all attempts of rulers and philanthropists, the severest penalties +and the sincerest compassion, have alike failed to suppress the evil. +But it does not follow that, because the temptation of excessive use is +too strong for some to be resisted, the great mass of people, who can +and do use these beverages in moderation, should be made responsible +for the weakness of the few. Nor does it follow that the intensity of +the temptation is to be regarded as an excuse for the drunkard. Excess +in the gratification of a desire, however natural, to the injury of +others, is to be condemned morally and legally. Many actions of man, +which the moral and legal code of society brands as a crime, and +punishes as such, are the result of an inordinate gratification of +instinctive desires implanted by nature, upon the proper indulgence of +which the very propagation and the happiness of the human race depends, +as for example, the instinct of self-preservation, of procreation and +of acquisition. The more civilization advances, the more moral and +intellectual discernment governs natural impulse, the less excess +in the use of alcoholic stimulants the world will see. The vice of +intemperance prevails to a far greater extent among the ignorant and +uneducated than among the cultured classes of society. The spread +of culture and education will do far more for temperance than the +indiscriminate prohibition of the sale of alcoholic stimulants and +the signing of pledges; it will divest the indulgence of the social +cup of vulgarity, and will punish immoderation by social ostracism; +by giving to the pleasure of exhilaration an ideal character, it +will make the vine and the hop the emblems of harmless enjoyment. +A clearer perception thus establishes a standard of ethics, which +recognizes a proper gratification of the innate craving for enjoyment +and exhilaration, as an essential to human happiness, but draws the +line between what is permissible and what is not, between the becoming +and the unbecoming. The craving for improvement of condition and for +enjoyment is strongly developed in man—happily for him, for it is the +very spur that urges him on to the physical improvement which is the +necessary concomitant of mental advance. The love for exhilarating +stimulants is but one phase of this craving. As such it is entitled +to and has found recognition in our social laws, and the temperate +use of alcoholic beverages is sanctioned by a practice as wide-spread +as civilization itself, and by all classes, whatever their station or +condition in life. Contravening legal statutes will always be found +either wholly inoperative, or to fall far short of the intended effect. +Whenever and wherever the temporary enforcement of a law prohibiting +the manufacture and sale of such beverages has taken place, the cure, +as far as the suppression of stimulants is concerned, has generally +proved worse than the disease.” + +The following particulars, taken from the report under the title of +“Nativity of Prisoners,” given by the Chief of the Police of Boston, +become very interesting when considered in reference to the usual drink +of the classes mentioned. The table shows first the number in Boston +of Irish and Germans, the number of prisoners of each nation and the +percentage of prisoners to the whole population: + + ---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------- + | | | PERCENTAGE OF + | POPULATION. | NO. OF |PRISONERS TO THE + | | PRISONERS. | POPULATION. + ---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------- + Irish | 56,900 | 14,673 | 25.78 + German | 5,606 | 364 | 6.49 + ---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------- + +Similar general results are found more or less marked wherever such +laws are in force. Druggists tell us that as a rule the consumption +of opium in various forms from paregoric to laudanum has increased, +bitters are more extensively used and in some places Scotch snuff for +“dipping” has come into demand. The amount of opium annually imported +is greater than that received by China a hundred years ago, and there +is reason to suppose that many who are called reformed drunkards have +adopted opium in some form and thus given themselves to a new bondage +no whit better than the old. Notice that the increase in the sale +of opium keeps pace in a very fair measure with the enforcement of +prohibitory laws. One dealer in drugs in Hartford, Conn., recently +advertised for sale five thousand pounds of opium, certainly a good +dose for the land of steady habits. In the state just mentioned both +prohibition and “local option” laws have been tried and neither can +be considered a success. Under the present “local option” many towns +wholly forbid the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, and this fact +has given great prominence to suits arising out of the sale of what is +called Schenck beer, which is substantially lager beer. The courts at +last decided that this article is not intoxicating within the meaning +of the act, and though the decision as to intoxicating quality is just, +the fact that this beer is allowed while lager beer under its own name +is forbidden shows how great a part prejudice instead of reason has +played in the contest. “Peripatetic gin mills” are increasing in about +the same ratio as “temperance societies” and “temperance detectives.” +Those who pass by the name of temperance reformers seem in many cases +to lose the sense of human charity and brotherly kindness, and little +else can be expected when we remember how often they are the slaves +of this single idea and how in all ages of the world bigotry has been +attended by cruelty. Before giving one striking instance of cruelty +which it is to be hoped has since been sincerely regretted by all +concerned, we must reiterate that any law which every one knows to be +constantly violated brings law into disrespect and demoralizes the +community so far forth. The case to which reference was just made was +mentioned in the New York _World_, and although other matters are added +the whole is of sufficient interest to bear reproduction. The article +is as follows: + +“Some time last September an old lady by the name of Stack who kept a +farm at Northfield, Vt., sold two glasses of cider to a man by the name +of Timothy Hogan, who informed against her and secured her conviction +and a fine of $20 and expenses. In consideration of her age, sickness +and poverty, she was allowed a short time to pay her fine, but not +being prepared with the cash in January, she was arrested by Deputy +Sheriff Avery, and, notwithstanding the severity of the weather, +hauled off to prison in an open sleigh to Montpelier insufficiently +clad. While in confinement sickness and poor treatment combined caused +a rapid decline, until her niece, a domestic in a hotel, borrowed +sufficient money to pay her fine and effect her release. Her death +followed shortly afterward, caused, no doubt, by the treatment she +had received. This at the hand and in the cause of philanthropic +reformers is bad enough, but worse remains. Here is a temperance man’s +description of the system by which these reformers are guided, and +which one of our conscientious judges in Connecticut not long since +truly denounced as infamous. The state referred to is the state of +the ‘Green Mountain Boys,’ and noble Ethan Allen—Vermont. The manner +of prosecuting liquor cases is by what is known as the ‘spy system.’ +Every informer who can secure the conviction of any person receives a +portion of the fine imposed. A respectable justice of the municipal +court in one of the most important towns in the state is authority for +the statement that there are certain justices of the peace who make +a special arrangement with these informers and come in for a share +of the profits, so that outside of the merits of the case conviction +is a foregone conclusion every time. The prohibitory law in force in +this state makes it a crime for a man to sell even a glass of cider. +In the past few weeks the _World_ correspondent has visited Rutland, +Burlington, St. Albans, Montpelier and other towns in the state, and +found in every place that at the hotels and elsewhere liquor was sold +and no questions asked. In this, as in every other state, where a +similar law has been in force, people with money and influence can +freely engage in the traffic with none to molest or make them afraid. +The class of spies or informers who engage in the work of prosecuting +liquor cases are the lowest people in the community. They are despised +by everybody except fanatical temperance reformers, who employ and +encourage them. A prominent citizen, who has held high office in the +state and is one of the substantial business men, said the other day: +‘The result of the prohibitory law has been to honey-comb the social +community with hypocrisy and immorality. I have closely investigated +the course of events since this “temperance wave” has swept the state, +and while drunkenness is not on the decrease other forms of immorality +are certainly on the increase. I would not permit my daughter, or any +respectable young lady over whom I might have any influence, to even +attend the evening meetings of these temperance societies, as I think +it has been conclusively proved that they promote immorality.’ Such a +statement coming from an influential and respected citizen, who himself +practices and inculcates temperance principles, shows the tendency of +the prohibitory movement in this state.” + +It would be an easy matter to collect volumes of evidence on this +question of the real effect of prohibitory laws, all going to show +that they do not prevent intemperance, that they do lead to the use of +other stimulants, that they undermine the character of the community, +and that, from whatever point of view regarded, they must be considered +harmful to the individual and to the state. Enough, however, for our +present purpose and for the space at command has been already said. +Those best informed will be most ready to say that the presentation +above given does not overstate, but rather falls short of displaying +the corruption that creeps in where a prohibitory law is in force. + + + + + CHAPTER XI. + + WHAT AUTHORITIES SAY. + + +What shall we do to prevent the evils of a too free use of intoxicating +drinks, and to make our people truly temperate? + +This question was ably discussed in the State Board of Health of +Massachusetts some years ago, and Dr. Bowditch, the chairman of the +board, expressed himself at that time as follows: “I am confident that +our people could be gradually led to a higher temperance by appeals to +common sense while deprecating the evils of intemperance, by observing +that the use of some liquors is deleterious, while the temperate use of +others does little or no harm. I deem a love of stimulants as much a +human instinct as any other of the so-called human instincts. And the +proposition of total abstinence from stimulants because intoxication +prevails widely in the community, seems to me as preposterous as +it would be to advise universal celibacy because of the existence +of gross evils in connection with those instincts that lead to the +divine institution of marriage. By classifying all liquors as equally +injurious, and by endeavoring to further that idea in the community, +are we not doing a real injury to the country by preventing a free +use of lager beer instead of ardent spirits to which our people are +so addicted? In the sincere belief, gentlemen, that this analysis of +our correspondence will, eventually at least, tend to help onward the +most excellent cause of temperance everywhere, and in the hope that +none will be offended at the expression at times, of my own individual +opinion, which in the course of the discussion I have deemed it my +right and duty to give, I remain + + Your colleague and friend, + + HENRY J. BOWDITCH, + + _Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts._” + +In his annual report to the State Board of Health, Dr. Bowditch said, +speaking of the question of temperance in connection with the use of +light wines and beer, “I fully agree with all that has been said of the +value of light wines as an aid to temperance, but I sincerely believe +that Germans are destined to be really the greatest benefactors of this +country by bringing to us—if we choose to accept the boon—their beer. +Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the native or foreign +grape wines. This fact with the other fact that the Germans have not +the pernicious habits of our people, would if we chose to adopt their +customs tend to diminish intemperance in this country. From the study I +have made, lager beer can be used freely without any apparent injury to +the individual, or without intoxication, and would be really a promoter +of the temperance cause, and if we could so manage as to furnish the +people with lager beer and dispense with distilled or alcoholic liquors +entirely, the community would be immensely benefited.” And on page 301 +in the same report, the Doctor properly said, “Whisky-drinkers are seen +staggering through the streets or lying insensible in some corner, +wherever this beverage is used. But among the light wine tipplers and +beer-drinkers, even when drinking freely, drunkards are very seldom +seen.” + +We have previously shown that in many cases the introduction of beer +has added to the welfare of society, and that its use is perfectly +consistent with habits of sobriety and temperance. From this we +drew the inference that the production should be encouraged and its +increase hailed as a sure pledge of improvement in the matters of +drunkenness, disorder and crime. The same conclusion was reached by +Dr. Bowditch as the result of correspondence conducted with a view to +ascertaining fully the actual state of the case at home and abroad. He +caused a series of inquiries to be carefully prepared and forwarded +to thirty-three resident American ambassadors and to one hundred and +thirty-two consuls, also to many other men in private or official +positions, whose statements and opinions would be entitled to respect. +When the answers were received the unanimity of the opinions expressed +was almost startling. _All_ are in favor of beer as a light, wholesome +beverage, superior even to the light wines. Following are given a few +extracts from the great mass of answers received: + +A physician in Massachusetts writes, “I should make a distinction +between the use of intoxicating liquors and the lighter drinks. What +a blessing it would be for the community if we could furnish the +people with the best of lager beer and dispense with distilled liquors +entirely.” + +Another physician, also resident in Massachusetts, says, “I have had +a very large practice among the Germans for twenty years, and my +observation has been that they are remarkably free from consumption and +chronic diseases. I have attributed it to their free use of lager beer, +and do conscientiously believe that the moderate use of this beverage +is beneficial.” + +A letter from the consulate general of the United States at +Frankfort-on-the-Main, reads thus: “Twenty years ago the state of +affairs in reference to temperance was different. By the improvement +in making beer and the selling of it to the people at large, at low +prices, things have changed wonderfully. Drunkards have disappeared. A +great deal less of cider and wine is consumed. Everybody now generally +drinks beer. Intoxication has decreased. It cannot be said that the +general health of the people suffers in this part of Germany. In the +city of Frankfort, with a population of over one hundred thousand, and +an average annual mortality of fifteen hundred, hardly five persons +on an average have died of delirium tremens, which all the eminent, +physicians here attribute to the free use of lager beer.” + +Mr. John Jay of the United States Legation at Vienna says: “I am +advised by those in whose judgment I have full confidence, that the +chief drinks in Austria are wine but particularly beer, the latter +of which is drunk by all classes of society at home and at places of +amusement, and that but comparatively a small amount of spirituous +liquors is consumed except in Galicia. Touching the relative amount of +intoxication in the country where I am residing, and that seen all over +the United States, I do say that I have seen more intoxicated persons +in the streets of New York in one day than I have chanced to see in +Vienna during the past year.” + +Baron Liebig, the eminent chemist, makes the following statements: +“Beer unites in its composition a number of constituents whose action +is such as to more or less completely neutralize the alcohol whose +tendency is to exalt the function of the brain and nervous system.” + +“Fermented juices, in general, differ from spirits in containing +alkalies, organic acids and certain other substances.” + +“Pure lager beer when taken with lean flesh and little bread yields a +diet approaching to milk, and with fat meat, approaching to rice or +potatoes.” And in another place, “In beer-drinking countries, it is the +universal medicine for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is +milk to the aged.” + +Dr. Schlaeger of Vienna, also a distinguished chemist, says: + +“It is my opinion, based on numerous cases that have come under my +professional observation, that delirium tremens and other maladies +to which inebriates are subject are caused chiefly by the use of +_distilled liquors_. Therefore the manufacture and sale of beer should +be encouraged. It should be free from taxation in order that it may be +placed within the reach of all at a low price and thoroughly take the +place of ardent spirits.” + +The editor of the Chicago _Tribune_, writing from Germany, says: +“Drunkenness is so rare and infrequent that it may be said not to +exist. I have traveled thousands of miles through Germany, in various +directions, visiting nearly all the chief cities, and have made +diligent inquiry of American consuls and other well-informed persons, +and received but one answer everywhere, _viz._, no drunkenness among +the Germans; public sentiment would not tolerate it; the habits of the +country are all against it. And what is the reason of this freedom from +inebriation? It is the total absence of whisky and the substitution of +lager beer.” + +[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN’S HOUSE AND BREWERY IN PENNSBURY, BUCKS +COUNTY, PA. (See page 26.)] + +Mr. Y. G. Hurd wrote to Mr. Bowditch in reference to the beer question +and after referring to the records of the Essex police court and +alluding to intemperance caused by ardent spirits, continued as +follows: “Of all our commitments 60 per cent. are directly traceable +to drunkenness. Is the enforcement of a prohibitory or any other law +alone to rid us of the monster? Were there only the pecuniary interest +of the liquor traffic to meet, powerful as it is, the result would not, +be doubtful. But there are climatic influences, the universal desire +for stimulants, the education of our civilization for some centuries, +social customs and hereditary tendencies, all tending in a greater or +less degree to perpetuate the evil. * * * * * A visit to Chicago and my +observation there of the habits of the German population, first brought +to my mind doubts that total abstinence will ever be an accomplished +fact. I visited the beer gardens on Sunday to see how the Germans spend +the day. There was a band of music, a dance floor, rude seats and +tables like our New England picnics, in a beautiful grove, and lager +in such quantities as I had never conceived. Everybody, old and young, +drank and seemed to continue to drink during the afternoon. But lager +was the only beverage. No liquors, no drunkenness and no fights or +disorderly conduct. The young men and maidens were merry and danced, +the elder drank and talked with the gravity and dignity becoming to +respectable German citizens; the children sipped their glass of lager +and gamboled on the grass, and all went home apparently sober, to +resume without doubt, their usual avocations on the morrow. There were +probably two thousand persons taking their weekly recreation, and this +was only one of half a dozen similar places about the suburbs of the +city. Now if this had been an American or Irish congregation, and the +beverage the usual vile concoctions called whisky, gin and brandy, +would not the closing scenes of the afternoon have been very different? +Broken heads, bloody noses, and the wayside strewn with the wrecks +of humanity in beastly intoxication. I thought if we could be rid of +the grosser liquors—banish them, put them in the pale of dangerous +drugs to be only dispensed by the physician like other poisons, and +substitute the lager of the Germans and the light wines of France and +_our own country_—should we not be doing our best to exterminate the +curse of drunkenness? I expect we shall yet come to this conclusion. +The difficulty is that with the tastes of our people, lager and wines +will be, indeed, now are, a cover for the sale of the grosser liquors, +and worse than all, these liquors are without exception, adulterated +or poisonous. I have written at your request this somewhat candid +statement of my present views as briefly as possible.” + +A physician who has under his professional charge, a large institution +for the maintenance of aged persons, informs us that the demand for +stimulus in the form of tea is a matter of constant observation, and +he moreover gives it as his opinion that from twenty to twenty-five +per cent. of the whole number are _tea sots_, drinking tea regularly +from four to six times a day and as much oftener as they can procure +it. They show the effect of this over-stimulation by increased mental +irritability, muscular tremors and a greater or less degree of +sleeplessness. Another fact to the same purport has been communicated +to us by a friend. A domestic in the family sometimes appeared +intoxicated and as it was certain she could not get at any of the +liquors generally considered intoxicating, the circumstance excited no +little surprise and curiosity. At last the problem was solved by the +discovery that she drank large quantities of the strongest tea. This it +will be seen is in exact conformity with the opinion of Mr. Gladstone +as previously quoted, and more or less marked cases of the same nature +have doubtless been observed by many of our readers. + +A. Schwarz, Esq., of New York, the editor of “Der Americanische +Bierbrauer,” a man known in both hemispheres, as an able writer and +chemical student, who by his life-long study in fermented beverages +has won for himself the thanks of every brewer, writes thus: “Among +all drinks, as well those which nature furnishes in abundance as those +which are produced by human skill, lager beer especially commends +itself by its properties as an excellent beverage. + +“Milk contains nutritious substances (protein) and various salts. + +“Wine contains alcohol and small quantities of salts. + +“Mineral waters, which render such valuable service to the diseased +human organism, contain carbonic acid and salt. + +“Coffee and tea contain volatile aromatic oils and alkaloids. + +“Strong spirituous liquors, as whisky, brandy, rum, arrack and gin, +contain only more or less alcohol, with some etherial oils. + +“The various popular so-called temperance drinks are distinguished only +by their watery contents, which are flavored with sugar and extracts of +plants and herbs to make them taste less insipid. + +“Beer contains protein, alcohol, salts and carbonic acid gas, and hence +possesses nutritious, stimulating and refreshing properties. + +“It is not our intention to write a eulogy of beer. We will only state +in its favor what cannot be denied by any man, be he a physician or a +mechanic, a philosopher or a manufacturer, a chemist or an engineer, a +wine-drinker or a temperance man. + +“We denote as extracts of beer those solid substances which are not, +through the fermentation of the wort, transformed into volatile bodies, +and therefore remain as a sediment after the evaporation of the beer. +This extract consists of malt sugar obtained by the mashing process, of +albumen contained in the malt and now dissolved, and of certain salts, +especially phosphoric salt, which were originally contained in the +barley, and have not been lost during the process of brewing. + +“The amount of the extract of beer mainly depends on the original +concentration of the wort and on that state of fermentation in which +the beer is consumed; it varies from three to eight per cent. + +“By virtue of its protein and its salts, it has a very nutritious +effect upon the human organism, and though it does so in a less degree +than meat or bread, yet on account of the form of solution in which +it appears in the beer, it is easier assimilated, _i. e._, it easily +enters the organism and plays a prominent part in the formation of +milk, muscle, flesh and bones,—and the quantity of alcohol contained in +beer is so small and so much diluted with water, that it can produce +intoxication only if consumed in a very great quantity, _i. e._, by an +immoderate use.” + +An international congress has just been held in Paris on “Alcoholism,” +and the Belgian delegate, Dr. Barella, constituted himself the +champion of beer. He contended that the consumption of spirits should +be discountenanced, because these beverages are harmful, and that +the consumption of beer should be encouraged, because it is a sound, +wholesome and harmless drink. He pointed out that in countries where +the wines are good, and the beers agreeable and nutritive, much less +spirits are consumed, and _vice versa_. + +Following is a summary of the points made in the report of Dr. Bowditch +previously quoted. They will be found useful and interesting, and +the whole document deserves the highest praise for thoroughness of +investigation, caution of statement and fairness of spirit. + +1st. Stimulants are used everywhere, and at times abused, by savage and +by civilized men. Consequently intoxication occurs all over the globe. + +2nd. This love of stimulants is one of the strongest instincts. It +cannot be annihilated, but may be regulated by reason, by conscience, +by education, or by law when it encroaches on the rights of others. + +3rd. Climatic law governs it, the tendency to indulge to intoxication +being not only greater as we go from the heat of the equator towards +the north, but the character of that intoxication becoming more violent. + +4th. Owing to this cosmic law intemperance is very rare near the +equator. It is there a social crime and a disgrace of the deepest dye. +Licentiousness and gambling are small offenses compared with it. To +call a man a drunkard is the highest of insults. On the contrary at the +north of 50° it is very frequent, is less of a disgrace and is by no +means a social crime. + +5th. Intemperance causes little or no crime toward the equator. It is +an almost constant cause of crime either directly or indirectly at the +north above 50°. + +6th. Intemperance is modified by race as shown in the different +tendencies to intoxication of different people. + +7th. Races are modified physically and morally by the kind of liquor +they use as proved by examination of the returns from Austria and +Switzerland. + +8th. Beer, native light grape wines and ardent spirits should not +be classed together, for they produce very different effects on the +individual and upon the race. + +9th. German beer and ale can be used even freely without any very +apparent injury to the individual, or without causing intoxication. +They contain very small percentages of alcohol (4 or 4.5 to 6.50 per +cent.). Light grape wines, unfortified by an extra amount of alcohol, +can be drunk less freely but without apparent injury to the race, and +with exhilaration rather than drunkenness. Some writers think they do +no harm but a real good if used moderately. They never produce the +violent crazy drunkenness, so noticeable from the use of the ardent +spirits of the north. Ardent spirits, on the contrary, unless used very +moderately, and with great temperance, and with the determination to +omit them as soon as the occasion has passed for their use, are almost +always injurious, if continued even moderately for any length of time, +for they gradually encroach on the vital powers. If used immoderately +they cause a beastly narcotism which makes the victim regardless of all +the amenities and even the decencies of life, or perhaps they render +him furiously crazy, so that he may murder his best friend. + +10th. Races may be educated to evil by bad laws, or by the introduction +of bad habits. France and a small part of Switzerland are beginning to +suffer from the introduction of absinthe and other spirituous liquors. +Especially is this noticeable since the late Franco-German war. + +11th. A race, when it emigrates, carries its habits with it. For a time +at least, those habits may override all climatic law. + +12th. England has thus overshadowed our whole country with its love +of strong drinks, and with its habits of intoxication, as it has more +recently covered Ceylon, parts of the East and Australia. + +13th. This influence on our own country is greater now than it would +have been if our forefathers, the early settlers, had cultivated the +vine, which would have been practicable, as seen by the examples of +Ohio and California, and from the fact that the whole of the United +States lies in the region of the earth’s surface suited to the grape +culture. + +14th. If these early settlers had done this our nation would probably +have been more temperate, and a vast industry like that of France, of +Spain and of Italy and Germany, in light native wines, would long ago +have sprung up. + +15th. The example set by California and Ohio[21] should be followed by +the whole country, where the vine can be grown. As a temperance measure +it behooves every good citizen to promote that most desirable object. +We should also allow the light, unfortified wines of Europe to be +introduced free of duty instead of the large one now imposed. Instead +of refusing the German lager beer, we should seek to have it introduced +into the present “grog shops” and thus substitute a comparatively +innoxious article for those potent liquors, which now bring disaster +and death into so many families. + +[21] Ohio has already made very great progress in this direction, and +its wines are lighter than those of California. [Author.] + +16th. The moral sense of the community should be aroused to the +enormity of the evils flowing from keeping an open bar for the sale of +ardent spirits, while those for the sale of light wines and of lager +beer or ale should not be opposed, except for the sale to habitual +drunkards after due notice from friends. Sellers violating such law +might be compelled to support for a time the family of their victim. + +17th. The horrid nature of drunkenness should be impressed by every +means in our power upon the moral sense of the people. The habitual +drunkard should be punished, or if he be a _dipsomaniac_, he should be +placed in an inebriate asylum for medical and moral treatment, until he +has gained sufficient self-respect to enable him to overcome his love +of drink. + +We give next an extract from an article written by Dr. Willard Parker, +which article was printed March 20th, 1879, in the _Religious Herald_, +a temperance paper published at Hartford, Conn. Dr. Parker says: +“We have never had a single case of an inebriate in the asylum at +Binghamton, (N. Y.,) who came here from using fermented beverages, he +may have begun with them and gone on to other and stronger liquors, +but the mere fermented beverages did not make an inebriate of him; +* * * and while men use simply fermented liquors with no more alcohol +than comes from their fermentation, drunkenness is but little known.” +He says also that fermentation is a process of nature which will +continue to exist as long as there is sugar and starch. Fermentation +is the work of omnipotence, not the work of man, it grows out of the +very constitution of things and is as truly a divine process as growth +itself. + +Professor Mulder of Amsterdam remarks in the preface to his “Chemistry +of Beer,” page IV., “I dare say without exaggeration that we find +united in beer all the wholesome substances that are met separately +in the various carbonic acid mineral waters, in wine and in bread,” +and in reference to the alcoholic property of beer he says, page 461: +“Many people are prejudicially influenced by the frequent misuse of +alcoholic beverages and kept from reasoning honestly and truly as to +their salubrious effects in a diluted form such as we find in beer. If +we consider the beneficial effects of good beer on the system we cannot +help attributing a share in the result to the alcoholic element, even +if it be held that alcohol has in itself no nutritive power.” The same +opinion is held by Prof. Pittenkofer, the renowned and well-deserving +chemist and hygienist, on the strength of numerous observations and +results of minute examination. + +Professor Stahlschmied formerly at Berlin and at present at the royal +polytechnic school at Aix-la-Chapelle, says in his work “Chemistry +in reference to Fermentation,” page 255: “Up to the present time, +experiments on the nourishing properties of beer have not been +sufficiently numerous to furnish definite conclusions. It is not so +much the small amount of organic extract that is to be considered as +the ashes and phosphates which are here provided in a form easy of +assimilation. In this respect beer is next to milk and furnishes an +aliment that is directly bone producing.” It is well known that beer +is very commonly taken by nursing women on account of its nourishing +and milk-producing qualities and the fact furnishes evidence from +experience to the same purport as the technical statement just quoted. + +The report of the Department of Agriculture at Washington as far back +as the year 1866 speaks as follows: “The intemperate use of beer is +like the intemperate use of anything detrimental to health, but a +moderate use of pure beer will aid digestion, quicken the powers of +life, and give elasticity to the body and mind and will not produce +any of the terrible results named by fanatics and ignorant people. In +certain forms of dyspepsia it is a valuable assistant to other remedies +and in some cases of debility requiring a mild tonic and gentle +stimulant beer has been found of the greatest benefit.” + +Touching the nutritious properties of beer as compared with the grain +from which it is made Professor Mulder says: “The food value of beer as +compared with grain is as one to fourteen, no account being made of the +food value of the alcohol contained in beer. The albumen value of beer +as compared with grain is as one to six, the fat as one to seventy and +the chemical salts as one to twenty-five. On the whole, the latest and +most trustworthy results of scientific investigation go to show that a +well brewed beer, properly compounded with hops and well matured, is to +be considered a beverage which has a most beneficial influence on the +transmutation of substances in the human body; if moderately taken.” + +Sir Henry Labouchere, editor of “Truth” and formerly member of +Parliament for Windsor and Middlesex, an accomplished linguist, and +fitted both as an original thinker and by experience in the diplomatic +_corps_ at most of the capitals of Europe, to form a just opinion, says +that experience shows that beer is a most wholesome beverage, that when +pure it is not intoxicating and can be drunk freely, that its use adds +to the health and strength of man, that intoxication hardly exists +where it is the national beverage and that its introduction in all +parts of the world would be a blessing to mankind. + +Professors Ure and Huxley, Dr. Harvey, Dr. Abercrombie and Bayard +Taylor, the celebrated traveler and recent ambassador at the court at +Berlin, as also our great statesman and historian George Bancroft, +all came, after careful study and personal observation, to the same +conclusion, that beer is not only healthy, refreshing and enlivening +as a beverage, but also an excellent means of rooting out the love of +strong drink and securing genuine temperance. + +Dr. A. Baer, member of the Royal Sanitary Council, and chief physician +at the prisons of Berlin and Ploetzensee near Berlin has, within +a few months, published a valuable work on alcoholism. He says, +“Beer is of all drinks best adapted for a stimulating beverage of +general consumption. It combines with the refreshing, animating and +thirst-quenching elements, distinct nutritive qualities, mainly due +to the abundant presence of certain salts, and thus becomes one of +the very best substitutes for extract of meat. The greater number of +characteristic principles of the one are found in the other, but the +decided nervous animation experienced after drinking beer is chiefly +due to the large portion of phosphate of potassa, which _Mitcherlich_ +says forms 20 parts in 100 of beer ashes, and which, according to +Ranke, constitutes the principal active ingredient in meat broth. To +the presence of this salt, beer owes its strengthening influence during +convalescence and in cases of general debility, and its marked tendency +to produce corpulency, as shown in beer-drinkers. In addition to this +the bitter principle of the hops has a tonic power of marked value in +assisting digestion while the modicum of alcohol has a stimulating and +animating effect on the brain. On the whole, beer as a beverage cannot +be excelled, as it possesses a number of qualities which jointly have a +most salutary effect upon the human organism.” + +In a report presented a short time ago to the Industrial Society of +Mulhouse the well-known Dr. Schoellamer thus speaks of beer: + +“Beer is one of the best drinks that we can recommend, its consumption +being most wholesome. Good beer ought to be regarded as an excellent +drink, capable in itself of replacing all other fermented drinks. Thus +its moderate consumption must be strongly recommended. If its price is +high a great obstacle is placed in the way of a natural consumption. + +“Beer contains from two to eight per cent. of alcohol, a dose of +carbonic acid equal to three or four times its volume; when it is +exposed to the air it loses all its gas. It contains besides azote and +phosphates; for example, a liter of good beer, made exclusively with +hops and barley, contains 0.80 gr. of azote, which corresponds to 5.26 +grains of albuminoid matters. There are again from 0.60 gr. to 0.80 gr. +of phosphoric acid, that is as much as in 530 grammes of meat or 220 +grammes of bread. The solid extract of beer contains salts favorable to +nutrition, etc. It is on these accounts that beer may be considered a +beverage of the first order. + +“It slacks thirst admirably, and as it contains a great deal of water +it is perhaps the best of all for that purpose. As an alcoholic drink +it is superior to all spirituous liquors. It is the most tonic, the +most operative, and the most nourishing. Complete drunkenness is almost +impossible with ordinary beer, whatever quantity may be consumed; what +is known as “alcoholism” is not produced by it. In fact beer exercises +on the human economy a tonic, nutritive, diuretic, and slightly +stupefying action, the last effect being due to the essential oil +contained in the hops, but large quantities must be absorbed before +this effect can be produced.” + +Professor W. Nasse, president of the Society of Medical Officers of +Insane Asylums in Germany, presented for consideration at their annual +meeting held at Hamburg, Sept. 17, 1876, the following question: “How +can we specially assist in preventing the injury which results from +the use of alcoholic liquors?” It was decided that the only means was +in promoting the use of good mild beer. The same opinion has been +expressed by Dr. Selman in an address delivered at Dusseldorf, and also +by Dr. Roller of Illenau, a meritorious specialist in mental diseases, +and by Professors Griesinger of Zurich and Schreiber-Berzelius of +Sweden. All the authorities just quoted hold a high rank in their +profession, and contributions from their pens frequently appear in the +_Quarterly Journal of Inebriety_, published at Hartford, Conn. + +The Contemporary Review has lately published a series of papers on the +same topic, written in a popular style by several London physicians of +celebrity, including Dr. Walter Moxon, Sir James Paget and others, and +all opposing the doctrine of total abstinence and declaring themselves +in favor of beer as a promotive of the real temperance cause. Dr. +Albert T. Bernays, too, has considered with great minuteness the cause +of intemperance and his conclusion is that beer is the safest kind of +alcohol and should be adopted as a common beverage by all classes of +people. + +In the Minnesota Legislature when the prohibitory law was under +consideration, Dr. Riley, a representative from Houston county, spoke +as follows: “In the district where I reside there is a large number of +Germans who have come from the old country and planted grapes, and now +there are magnificent vineyards stretching along the hillsides where +formerly there was not grass enough to feed a sheep. They raise large +quantities of very fine grapes which they ship all over the country. +They also make very fine wine. The proposed law will destroy these +vineyards of my constituents. * * * Perhaps it will be necessary to +pass a law to protect those miserable drunkards who cannot protect +themselves but it is not necessary to restrain others of their liberty +to drink when they want or need it. + +“Why, I have seen ladies at a tea-party, perhaps not drunk, but +certainly very jolly from drinking tea, and yet they come to this +Legislature with petitions signed by all whom they could influence +or bulldoze into signing, men, women or children to the number of +ten thousand. There are eight hundred thousand people in Minnesota, +and we are proposing to let these ten thousand override the other +seven hundred and ninety thousand. They claim as prohibitionists that +drinking tends to impoverish the people. Do you believe that? Look at +the Germans! Many of them take a piece of land that would scarcely +support a hog and make a fortune of it. They all drink beer. They take +their wives and their children to the beer garden and sit down and +drink their beer every day, and even the babe in arms will stretch +to get a taste of it. These people are not impoverished by it. These +people are so healthy in my neighborhood that I have actually not been +able to make a living out of my German constituents. + +“They say it tends to the degeneration of the human race. How does it +happen that in New England where prohibitory laws are in force the +race has so degenerated that they do not seem to be able to raise any +children? Look at the Germans who drink beer all the time. You will +find a large family of healthy children in almost every German house. +Are they degenerated? + +“The children of total abstinence people are constantly dying. From the +vital statistics of Minnesota I learn that over two thousand children +died last year under two years of age. They would not have died if they +had been fed on good wholesome beer. I would advise mothers—and I have +advised them in my practice—to give their sickly children plenty of +beer, and I know I have saved many an infant’s life. Beer is the best +cure for dyspepsia in the world. I have cured women of this terrible +disease by advising them to drink three glasses of beer every day, and +I say again to you mothers that if you will drink beer and feed your +children on beer you will raise more and healthier children. + +“Referring to the vital statistics of the state, I find that but six +men died of intemperance during last year—two of delirium tremens and +four of something else, which they couldn’t tell anything about, and +so called it intemperance. And yet you want to stop drinking. Eleven +were killed by horses during the same time. Why don’t you abolish +horses—never use them or go near them? Thirty-five committed suicide. +Why don’t you prohibit the use of firearms and knives, and drain all +your lakes and rivers for fear some poor fool will drown himself? Some +152 died of heart disease. I don’t want any heart in mine. Twenty +ladies were scalded to death. You ought to prohibit the use of hot +water for fear that more ladies will get into it and perish. + +“England away across the sea has brewed beer for many hundred years and +will continue to brew for thousands of years more, and to the fact that +the English people have drunk beer all that time I do conscientiously +attribute her present greatness. Beer-drinkers are slow but sure. Look +at Germany, that great nation. We could not pay her for the money we +have borrowed of her. Her great army, the best in the world, her great +statesmen, her philosophers, were all raised on beer.” + +[Illustration: _Fred Lauer_ + +HONORARY PRESIDENT UNITED STATES BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION] + +The Hon. Frederick Lauer in a speech before the Brewers’ Convention at +St. Louis, June 4, 1879, thus presents a phase of the beer question +which is certainly of importance: + +“What we now want to ensure the future happiness and prosperity +of the country is the enactment of liberal laws to induce the +industrious classes of overcrowded Europe to flock to our shores. +We want immigration for the purpose of building up our towns and +cities, developing our manufacturing enterprises, and cultivating the +millions of fertile acres in this country now lying idle. The thrifty +German is accustomed to his daily ration of beer. In the land of his +nativity he has his parks and public gardens, where family unions +and social gatherings take place amid the ecstatic influence of the +foaming lager. The English, Irish, Scotch, and people of other European +countries are noted patrons of malt liquors. The greatest liberality +should, therefore, be shown them in the indulgence in their customary +beverages in the land of their adoption. With the more general use of +malt liquors the hundreds of quack medicines now in the market will +disappear, as it has been proved by experience in countries where malt +beverages are the popular drink, that health and longevity are marked +features, and dyspepsia and chronic complaints are rare. The tide of +emigration is again swelling to this country. According to the _New +York Herald_ of the first of May last, the total number of immigrants +landed at New York for the first three months of 1879 was 11,288, more +than two-thirds of whom came from Germany, England and Ireland. The +emigration of aliens to the United States from 1789 to 1877 is set down +in round numbers at 10,000,000, who, with their descendants have built +up this great nation. Since May 5, 1847, the emigration to this country +has reached 5,732,183 souls. In view of these facts nothing should be +done to interfere with the happiness of those who seek our shores, but +by means of wise laws they should be protected in the enjoyment of +their rights and privileges. To be successful as a government we should +invite immigration, and develop our great natural resources, and then +by promoting health and temperate habits by the adoption of beer as the +national beverage, we will increase as a nation, and be in truth and in +fact the greatest country on the face of the earth.” + + + + + CHAPTER XII. + + CONCLUSION. + + +In the foregoing pages it has been impossible to give a hundredth part +of the evidence that lies ready at hand in this matter of the use and +effects of beer, but we have endeavored, by careful selection, to +present such as must have weight with all readers. Nothing has been +stated as a fact which cannot be amply corroborated, and no inference +drawn that did not seem to be fully warranted by the premises. It has +been shown that beer is wholesome, and so mildly alcoholic as to make +drunkenness from its use very uncommon. A man who drinks in order to +become intoxicated, can, no doubt, accomplish his purpose with beer; +but such men are almost unknown where beer is the common beverage. +This abnormal impulse usually comes only in consequence of a course of +ardent spirits. + +The evidence as to the cure of intemperance by the introduction of a +free use of beer is especially important, and one of the most striking +instances of such success is to be found in the case of Denmark, to +which we desire again to call special attention. This is the central +point of the whole question. Heartily desiring the progress of genuine +temperance, and fully believing that all efforts in the direction of +prohibition are false in theory and injurious in practice, that they +do not prevent intemperance and do produce many other evils, we hold +that the safe and only course is to popularize the use of beer, and +cannot doubt that government would do well to foster its manufacture +in every practicable way, and that taxation on the product should +be abolished, or at least made very light. Such a course would not +merely secure the very end which has been unsuccessfully attempted by +prohibitory laws, but it would do much more. It would diminish the poor +rates, save the money spent in prosecutions, which, after all, do no +real good, and incidentally improve the whole business condition. Some +refreshing, stimulating drink the people will have, and legislators +should seek to guide the instinct, not eradicate it. Men of the highest +scientific authority have again and again pronounced beer to be not +merely harmless, but beneficial. Experience in the countries where it +is most used develops the same result, and the readiness with which it +is adopted in place of ardent spirits, whenever it is of good quality +and low price, shows how easily the experiment of temperance on this +basis can be tried. Even advocates of total abstinence must admit +that beer is better than whisky. The fact that it adds greatly to the +enjoyment of a people must not be ignored. Here in America we are apt +to forget all but the work-a-day part of life, but the demand for +recreation exists and must be gratified in some way, and almost always +recreation is social, and is made more enjoyable and cheerful by some +mild stimulant. It refreshes and enlivens, and so contributes directly +to the social happiness that is the object sought. + +It is to be hoped that legislators in general will soon learn to take +broader views than seem generally to have prevailed in the past. +Statesmanship is not bounded by the views of one or the other party +and is affected by no popular clamor. It does not enact a law because +it is loudly demanded by a certain set of persons, especially if these +persons have a hobby to ride, no matter how earnestly they may believe +in it. A statesman will see for instance in this temperance question, +that the stay of drunkenness must be through a social change. Legal +prohibition can do little while all the other conditions of the problem +remain unchanged. Something must be given for what is forbidden. If +beer is encouraged ardent spirits can be driven out, and when this idea +is once thoroughly understood and put in practice we shall have the +temperance era, so long expected and so ardently desired. + +There is another subject which we approach with some reluctance, +knowing that however carefully our words may be weighed, there is +a large number of estimable individuals throughout the country and +particularly in the Eastern states, to whom they will probably give +offense. We allude to what is called the Sunday question, and the topic +is treated here because in this country beer drinking is, in the common +mind, intimately associated with the German Americans and their custom +of spending part of Sunday in recreation in a beer garden. The fact +that they do so has been more than once used as an argument against +them and against the use of beer, as if there were any real connection +between the character of the drink and such a custom on the part of its +greatest consumers even supposing the custom to be actually harmful or +immoral. As such a feeling exists, however, it seems worth while to +call attention to the fact that what is known as the New England Sunday +is not an essential part of Christianity as so many honestly suppose, +but something that in comparison with Christianity is new and local. We +need hardly say that in the early days of the church it was distinctly +taught that the time of the Jewish sabbath was past and for several +hundred years this view was generally held. Notice the following +passages from the New Testament: + + “The law and the prophets were until John. * * Old things are passed + away; behold all things are become new. * * Brethren ye have been + called unto liberty; only use not that liberty for an occasion to the + flesh, but by love serve one another. For all the law is fulfilled in + one word, even in this: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. * * + Love worketh no ill to his neighbor. + + “If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is + perfected in us. * * For love is of God; and every one that loveth is + born of God and knoweth God. He that loveth not, knoweth not God; for + God is love. * * But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and + walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that + darkness hath blinded his eyes. + + “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another. * * + Love is the fulfilling of the law.” + +Jesus himself taught the disregard of the sabbath as a day of ceasing +from labor or recreation and are we to suppose that both his teaching +and practice had no meaning? + +Paul says, “One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth +every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. Let +no man therefore judge you in respect of a holy day or of the new moon +or of the sabbath days.” + +The first legal enactment requiring an observance of Sunday as a +Sabbath, was foisted upon the Christian world A. D. 321, by Constantine +the Great—a heartless tyrant who had caused seven members of his family +to be put to death in cold blood, that he might attain political +and religious supremacy! He embraced Christianity because the Pagan +priests and pontiffs could not grant him absolution, and would not +fraternize with such a murderous monster! Hence he became the father +of the so-called Sunday laws. Even Constantine’s decree did not +interdict recreation nor the tillage of the soil. In general, through +the Christian world, the day was a holiday, such as it now is on the +continent of Europe. There the hours of service in the churches fall, +usually, in the morning, and are strictly observed while the rest of +the day is universally given to enjoyment. Let those, however, who are +accustomed to cry out at the notion of a continental Sunday, remember +that they are themselves the innovators, and let them, too, examine the +following passages from the writings of men whose names must command +respect, and not one of whom would speak in such a matter without +mature consideration: + + “It will be plainly seen that Jesus did decidedly and avowedly + VIOLATE THE SABBATH. The dogma of the assembly of divines at + Westminster, that the observance of the Sabbath is a part of the + moral law, is to me utterly unintelligible.”—Archbishop Whately. + + “As for the seventh day, that has gone to its grave with the signs + and shadows of the Old Testament. Its imposition by law leads to + blood and stoning to death those who do but gather sticks thereon; a + thing which no way becomes the gospel.”—Bunyan. + + “The law of the Sabbath being thus repealed, that no particular day + of worship has been appointed in its place is evident.”—Milton. + + “They who think that by the authority of the Church, the observance + of the Lord’s day was appointed instead of the Sabbath, as if + necessary, are greatly deceived.—Melancthon. + + * * “And truly we see what such a doctrine has profited; for those + who adopt it far exceed the Jews in a gross, carnal and superstitious + observance of the Sabbath.”—John Calvin. + + “As regards the Sabbath or Sunday, there is no necessity for + keeping it; but if we do it ought not to be on account of Moses’s + commandment, but because nature teaches us from time to time to + take a day of rest. * * If anywhere the day is made holy for the + mere day’s sake, then I order you to work on it, to ride on it, to + dance on it, to do anything that will reprove this encroachment on + Christian spirit and liberty.”—Martin Luther. + + “These things refute those who suppose that the first day of the + week (that is, the Lord’s day), was substituted in place of the + Sabbath, for no mention is made of such a thing by Christ or his + Apostles.”—Grotius. + +Tyndale the martyr, Erasmus, Paley, McNight and a host of other +Christian authorities, were and are of the same opinion regarding +Sabbath observance. England and America stand practically alone in +retaining so much of the Jewish Sabbath. Here is a letter from Benjamin +Franklin to Jared Ingersoll of New Haven, Conn., which bears directly +on the subject and may be read with both interest and profit by those +who concern themselves in Sunday laws.[22] + +[22] The original is in the possession of the New Haven Colony +Historical Society. + +[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN, + +The Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Pennsylvania, 1644-1718. (See page +26.)] + + PHILADELPHIA, December 11, 1762. + + “I should be glad to know what it is that distinguishes Connecticut + Religion from common Religion:—communicate, if you please, some of + these particulars that you think will amuse me as a virtuoso. When I + traveled in Flanders I thought of your excessively strict observation + of Sunday; and that a man could hardly travel on that day among + you upon this lawful occasion, without Hazard of Punishment, while + where I was every one traveled, if he pleased, or diverted himself + in any other way; and in the afternoon both high and low went to + the Play or the Opera, where there was plenty of Singing, Fiddling + and Dancing. I looked around for God’s Judgments, but saw no signs + of them. The Cities were well built and full of Inhabitants, the + Markets filled with Plenty, the People well favored and well clothed; + the Fields well tilled; the Cattle fat and strong; the Fences, + Houses and Windows all in Repair; and no _Old Tenor_ anywhere in the + Country;—which would almost make one suspect that the Deity is not so + angry at that offense as a New England Justice.” + + B. FRANKLIN. + +A correspondent of the New York _Staats-Zeitung_[23] writes as follows: +“The Emperor of Germany has made a contribution to the discussion of +the Sunday question, that is very much to the point. It is an address +to the Prussian Synod, which had recently objected to the holding of +a review on Sunday, and reads thus: ‘He who instituted the Sabbath +has declared that the Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the +Sabbath. The puritanic and Calvinistic conception of the Sabbath as a +day of penance and repentance, has always been foreign to the feeling +and taste of the German people.’” + +[23] New York _Staats-Zeitung_, Nov. 1, 1879. + +These words of the Emperor will receive the hearty assent of every +German-American, and preachers and pietists may as well understand +that Germans in America will struggle as long for their free Sunday +as Germans in their old home have for a free German Rhine. They have +conquered back the “sacred stream” and something more into the bargain, +and we here shall have no less success in securing a free, cheerful +Sunday, if we remain united and true to our principles. + +England formerly held the same views that then and since have prevailed +on the continent, but gradually the liberty of the day was restricted +and its character wholly changed. We have lately met with an excellent +summary of the course of legislation that produced this result. It +marks clearly the various stages of the restrictive process and we +cannot do better than reproduce it here for the benefit of readers to +whom it may prove novel. + +“Prior to the statute of 1676, any act done on Sunday, except in +proceedings of courts, was of the same binding force as if performed on +any other day. Parliament sat on that day, for in the reign of Edward +I., in 1278 and 1305, three statutes were made on Sunday. Nor did the +first restraining laws make any distinction between Sundays and other +holy days. Thus the statute of 28 Edward III., Cap. 14, in 1357, says: +“Shewing of wools (_i. e._, by merchants) shall be made at the staple +every day in the week except the Sunday and solemn feasts of the year.” +No further enactment was made touching the matter in question for +nearly 100 years; but in 1448 was passed the act of 27 Henry VI., Cap. +5, entitled, “Certain days wherein fairs and markets ought not to be +kept,” which sets forth that “The King hath ordained that all manner +of fairs and markets in said principal feasts (of Ascension, Corpus +Christi, Assumption, and All Saints) and Sundays and Good Friday shall +clearly cease from all shewing of any goods or merchandises (necessary +victuals only except);” but in recognition of the fact that there had +previously been no such restriction, it is provided that “Nevertheless, +of his special grace (the King) granted to them power which of old time +had no day to hold their fair or market, but only upon the festival +days aforesaid, to hold the same authority and strength of his old +grant within three days next before said feasts or next after.” + +The act of 4, Edward IV., Cap. 7, in 1464, seems to have been +occasioned by some special irritation from the dishonesty of +leather-dressers and shoemakers; for, after sundry stringent provisions +applying to them generally, it is provided that “No person, cordwainer +or cobbler, within the City of London * * * upon any Sunday in the +year, or in the feasts of the Nativity or Ascension of our Lord, or +in the feast of Corpus Christi, shall sell, or command, or do to be +sold, any shoes, huseaus, or galoches, or upon the Sunday, or any of +said feasts, shall set or put upon the feet or legs of any person, any +shoes, huseaus, or galoches.” This statute was repealed in 1522, but +re-enacted, in part, in 1604. + +In 1552 was passed “An act for keeping holy days and feasting days” +(5 and 6 Edw. IV., Cap. 2), the preamble of which is an instructive +example of the pains taken by all Christians, Catholic and Protestant, +prior to the seventeenth century, to deny that Sunday or any other holy +or feast day, possessed of itself any sacredness or any higher claim +to observance than that of convenience for the purpose of uniformity +in worship. It ran thus: “For as much as at all times men be not +so mindful to laud and praise God * * * as their bounden duty doth +require; therefore, to call men to remembrance of their duty and help +their infirmity, it hath been wholesomely provided that there shall +be some certain times and days appointed wherein the Christian should +cease from all kinds of labors; * * * neither is it to be thought +that there is any certain time or definite number of days prescribed +in Holy Scripture, but that the appointment, both of time and also of +the number of the days, is left by the authority of God’s word to the +liberty of Christ’s Church to be determined and assigned orderly in +every country by the discretion of the rulers and ministers thereof, +as they shall judge most expedient for the true setting forth of God’s +glory and the edification of their people; be it therefore enacted, +that all the days hereafter mentioned (to wit: Sundays, the Feast of +the Circumcision, and twenty-two other feast days that are named, and +Mondays and Tuesdays in Easter Week and Whitsun Week) shall be kept +and commanded to be kept holy days, and none other.” It was further +provided, “That it shall be lawful to every husbandman, laborer, +fisherman, * * * upon the holy days aforesaid, in harvest, or at any +other time of the year when necessity shall require, to labor, ride, +fish, or work any kind of work at their free wills and pleasure.” This +Protestant law was repealed the next year by the Catholic government +of Mary, and restored in 1604, in the first year of James I. It is +strikingly similiar to the decree of Constantine the Great, made in +the year 321: “Let all Judges and people of the town rest, and all the +various trades be suspended, on the venerable day of the sun. Those who +live in the country, however, may freely and without fault attend to +the cultivation of their fields * * * lest, with the loss of favorable +opportunity, the commodities offered by Divine Providence should be +destroyed.” + +In 1558 (1 Eliz., Cap. 2, Sec. 14,) was passed the first law requiring +attendance upon public worship “upon every Sunday, and other days +ordained and used to be kept as holy days,” upon pain of church censure +and a fine of twelvepence. + +The English Puritans of the time of James I., were the first to impose +the name and character of the Jewish Sabbath upon the first day of the +week, and those who came to America brought the name and the idea with +them. To that seventeenth-century influence, and not to any scriptural +or ecclesiastical teaching of any earlier time, are we indebted for +sermons on Sunday observance. The doctrine held on that subject by most +evangelical Christians is not yet three hundred years old. + +In 1625 was passed a law (1 Car. I., Cap. 1,) that “There should be no +meeting, assemblies, or concourse of people out of their own parishes +on the Lord’s day, for any sports or pastimes whatsoever; nor any +bear-baiting, bull-baiting, interludes, common plays, or other unlawful +exercises or pastimes used by any persons within their own parishes.” +“_This statute_,” says Blackstone, “_does not prohibit, but rather +impliedly allows any innocent recreation or amusement within their +respective parishes, even on the Lord’s day, after Divine service is +over;_” _and, in point of fact, both Charles I. and his father before +him issued proclamations encouraging such amusements after Divine +service._ + +In 1676 was enacted the well known “Lord’s Day act,” of 29 Car. II., +Cap. 7, which prohibits generally all work, labor, and business on +Sunday, except works of necessity and charity, and which, with more or +less modification, forms the basis of all Sunday laws now extant in the +United States. Exceptions to this law in favor of hackney coachmen, +fishwomen, and chairmen, were enacted in 1694, 1699, and 1710, and a +clause prohibiting bird hunting was subsequently added, but it remained +in substance until alterations and repeals of English laws ceased to +have any force in this country.” + +As an historical matter the question is not very abstruse and the truth +is well enough known to scholars everywhere; should there not then be +charity for honest convictions? + +In many cases the practice for years has been tolerably liberal while +all the time the old and stringent puritanical Sunday laws of 1702 were +retained on the statute books liable to be enforced whenever a minority +should choose to demand their revival. + +[Illustration: Belmont Avenue Brewery, + +NEWARK, N. J., + +GOTTFRIED KRUEGER, PROPRIETOR. + +_For historical sketch, see Appendix C, page 183._] + +Such cases have recently been seen in many places in this and other +states, but particularly so in Newark, N. J., where the enforcement +of such an old act forbidding the sale of beer and other beverages +on Sunday caused a reaction of unexpected violence, and very +characteristic of the profound change that has already taken place in +the popular conception of the day. The circumstances in brief were as +follows: A considerable number of prohibitionists had organized under +the name of the Law and Order Association for the purpose of enforcing +the Sunday law and preventing the licensing of bar rooms. Numerous +prosecutions were made and carried through to conviction under the old +state law after having failed in the city police courts. Thereupon the +Citizens’ Protective Association was formed and in September, 1879, +a demonstration was made by a great procession, and the adoption of +resolutions calling for a repeal of the law which, after lying idle so +long, had suddenly been revived to the great injury of an established +business, and with manifest injustice to a large number of peaceable +citizens who conceived their rights to be interfered with, inasmuch as +a law long inoperative must practically be regarded as a dead letter +and ignored by those who, if they had supposed it to possess vital +power, would have removed from its jurisdiction or taken pains never +to come within it. The procession numbered ten or twelve thousand and +great enthusiasm was displayed, not only in the ranks, but by residents +all along the line of march. The matter was evidently one which took a +deep hold on the feelings of the community and none the less because of +a common feeling that they had been unfairly treated by the appeal to a +law not in harmony with the spirit of the times or of abstract justice. +A crowd is very apt to be wrong and it is easy to stir up the people, +but here the crowd had more reason on its side than it was itself +aware of, reason founded on history, and making the law that had been +enforced an unwarrantable attack on personal liberty. They felt that +it was so, though few probably would have been able to give a clear +explanation of the feeling or trace its justification by the facts. +As for enthusiasm, we are told that it needed no stimulus and can +easily believe it to have been so, for aside from the more abstract and +philosophical justice of their complaint, there was the immediate smart +felt by men who lose the day of recreation to which they have looked +forward all the week, or find that they are to suffer a pecuniary loss +and that their occupation is not only checked but stigmatized. The +matter made a great excitement and called out many bitter paragraphs on +both sides, but chiefly among the more narrow-minded and pharisaical +of so-called religious press. We have no space or disposition to go +into the details of their criticism, even for the sake of illustrating +how far misrepresentation and innuendo may be made to stand in place +of careful statement and sound argument. The case has been spoken of +because it is in some sense typical, because it represents the course +of public thought and feeling, and the change which even within two or +three generations has come over the rigid enactments of puritan early +settlers. These puritans did much good but it was all tempered and +shadowed by an austere severity that has no merit in itself and that +crushes out much the better part of life and obscures many a truth that +in itself is clear as noonday. The mind of the people has changed. It +is time that the law should be changed also. The _Christian Union_ has +said, “The sooner the issue is made in Chicago between a whole sabbath +and none at all, the sooner the Christian element in the community +will win the victory it will deserve. Half a sabbath is hardly worth +fighting for.” We say that the best rule for observing the day is that +which gives the greatest amount of harmless freedom and enjoyment to +the greatest number, each according to his own judgment and conscience. +Our foreign element is very large and has its own beliefs and +traditions, as dear and as implicitly held as those of any one whose +training and practice have been after the strictest sabbatarian pattern. + +We have attempted here no argument, but simply given some cardinal +facts, and now leave the matter in the hope that those who dissent will +at least respect honest utterance and not allow their objections on +this one point to prejudice them against our discussion of the value of +malt beverages as aids to genuine temperance and useful friends to man. + +We close as we began, with the words which seem to us to indicate the +only practical road to real temperance, and record again our motto + + BEER AGAINST WHISKY. + + + + + APPENDIX A. + + TOTAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF BEER IN VARIOUS + COUNTRIES AND CITIES. + + +The tables here given have been prepared with great care after a +thorough examination and comparison of authorities. The discrepancies +and errors discovered in various published statements of a similar +nature have made the task a difficult one, but it is believed that the +present results will be found substantially accurate. Table A gives +a list of the chief beer producing countries, with the population of +each, its annual product in hectoliters and gallons, the number of its +breweries and the production per head of population. The countries +are arranged in the order of product _per capita_. Table B gives the +same countries arranged in the order of total production, and for +convenience of reference repeats the product _per capita_. + + TABLE A. + | Population. + | | Production In Hectoliters. [24] + | | | Production In gallons. + | | | | Number of + | | | | Breweries. + | | | | |Production + | | | | |per head of + | | | | |population. + Bavaria, 5,022,390 12,422,272 329,110,208 6,240 65.5 + + Wurtemberg, 1,881,505 3,480,795 92,241,067 2,604 49.0 + + Belgium, 5,336,185 7,942,000 210,463,000 2,500 39.4 + + Great Britain + and Ireland, 31,628,338 47,000,000 1,245,500,000 26,214 39.0 + + Baden, 1,507,177 1,297,893 34,394,164 22.8 + + Denmark, 1,940,000 38,800,000 20.0 + + Saxony, 2,760,586 52,520,480 19.0 + + Holland, 3,865,456 2,078,000 55,067,000 560 14.2 + + Prussia 25,742,404 257,630,403 10,480 10.0 + _proper_, + [25] + United States, 38,558,371 10,848,446 336,301,826 2,830 8.7 + + Switzerland, 2,759,854 890,000 23,585,000 400 8.5 + + Austro-Hungary, 36,373,000 11,323,444 300,071,266 2,353 8.3 + + Norway, 1,806,900 420,000 11,130,000 34 6.1 + + Sweden, 4,484,542 1,000,000 26,500,000 94 5.9 + + France, 36,905,788 7,370,000 195,305,000 3,110 4.4 + + Trieste and + Dalmatia, 522,800 52,575 1,393,237 3 2.6 + + Russia + _proper_, 65,504,659 3,040,000 80,560,000 520 1.2 + + German + Principalities, + not above + enumerated, 5,813,296 119,670,460 940 20.5 + +[24] Hectoliter—26½ gallons wine measure. + +[25] Barrels. + + TABLE B. + + PRODUCTION. GAL. PER HEAD. + + Great Britain and Ireland, 1,245,500,000 39.0 + United States, 336,301,826 8.7 + Bavaria, 329,190,208 65.5 + Austro-Hungary, 300,017,266 8.3 + Prussia _proper_, 257,630,403 10.0 + Belgium, 210,463,000 39.4 + France, 195,305,000 4.4 + Wurtemberg, 92,241,067 49.0 + Russia _proper_, 80,560,000 1.2 + Holland, 55,067,000 14.2 + Saxony, 52,520,480 19.0 + Denmark, 38,800,000 20.0 + Baden, 34,394,164 22.8 + Sweden, 26,500,000 5.9 + Switzerland, 23,585,000 8.5 + Norway, 11,130,000 6.1 + Trieste and Dalmatia, 1,393,237 2.6 + German Principalities, not above + enumerated, 119,670,460 20.5 + +It will be seen from the above table that Germany, exclusive of German +Austria, brews the enormous quantity of 885,646,782 gallons of beer, +or about 20.7 to each individual in a population of 42,727,360. Most +of this is consumed at home, and great quantities are imported from +Christiana, Norway, and Copenhagen, Denmark, while ale and porter are +largely brought from England. + +It is worthy of notice that Bavaria, which has been known for centuries +as the cradle of men of arts and sciences, stands at the head of the +list of beer producing countries. With a population of only about +five millions, it brews three hundred and twenty-nine million gallons +or 65.5 gallons to every individual; and next in rank is the little +kingdom of Wurtemberg, the native state of the great Schiller. Munich, +the capital of Bavaria is especially celebrated for the long array of +men of arts, letters and science who have either been born there or +adopted it as a residence. But it is, at the same time, the greatest +beer-drinking city in the world. It produced in the year 1876 no less +than 1,198,951 hectoliters = 31,772,201 gallons, and its actual home +consumption in that year was 956,455 hectoliters = 25,346,057 gallons, +which, in a population of 198,000, gives 128 gallons a year for every +individual, costing in all $6,216,955, or about $31 per head. The +amount paid for beer is less by $1,363,800 than the amount paid for +house rent. In the years 1877 and 1878 the amount paid for beer fell +off, but for the current year (1879) it will, according to statistics +thus far received, be larger than ever before. The taxes for the +municipal government and city taxes are less than a tenth of the amount +expended for beer—and yet there is not a more orderly and well behaved +city in the world than this same Munich. All this is indirect evidence +of great importance as to the social and intellectual effect that may +be expected to follow a free and even a very large use of beer. + +Vienna stands in a similar category though it offers a less striking +illustration of the case than Munich does. It has, however, one brewer +whose operations are extensive enough to deserve special mention. This +is the well-known Anton Dreher, whose business, begun at Schwechat +in 1836, now comprises large establishments in four Austrian cities, +with an annual product of 500,000 barrels, paying a government tax of +$750,000.00 or more. The business employs combined water and steam +engines of 100 horse power, 400 brewers, 200 teamsters and common +laborers, 150 horses, and no less than 250 draught oxen. + +Karlsruhe, the capital of Baden is also an important brewing city. Its +product is 4,884,350 gallons, and of this amount something over one +million gallons is contributed by the Albert Printz brewery alone. + +It is, however, useless to attempt any mention of the cities or +districts that are distinguished for the quantity or quality of their +beer. We can only say that they are very numerous, and add that their +character is such as to corroborate all that has been said in this book +touching the beneficial effects of a free use of beer in the community. + + + + + APPENDIX B. + + ANALYSES OF BEERS. + + +The following analyses will be found of interest to every student of +the beer question.[26] The first is from Professor Mulder’s work on +beer. + +[26] Additional analyses may be found in the body of the book, pages +97, 98 and 99. + + I.—BAVARIAN BEERS. Specific Water Carbonic Extract Alcohol Year + weight Acid + at 16° + Young winter beer of 1018 870.83 1.40 58.74 38.6 1849 + Munich, + “ “ “ 1019 879.13 1.60 60.16 32.8 1853 + “ “ Augsburg, 1013 883.30 1.80 45.30 38.9 1854 + “ “ Bayreuth, 1013 866.90 1.80 53.60 42.8 1854 + “ “ Landshut, 1018 880.50 1.80 57.40 33.5 1854 + “ “ Anspach, 1015 889.40 1.80 51.60 32.2 1854 + Lager (summer) beer 1011 880.50 1.60 39.40 43.5 1846 + of the brewery of the + Court of Munich, + “ “ “ “ of Degelmayer, 1022 867.20 1.30 66.40 36.5 1853 + “ “ “ ““ of the Court, 1018 870.80 1.80 51.00 42.5 1852 + “ “ (young) 1028 851.94 1.40 77.20 88.8 1850 + “ “ of June, 1852, 1017 872.22 1.80 53.18 40.7 1852 + “ “ (10 months old) 1012 854.20 1.50 50.10 51.7 1853 + of the Franciscan + Convent, + + Specific Water Carbonic Extract Alcohol Year + weight Acid + at 16° + Strong beer of 1026 825.00 1.80 77.70 52.4 1853 + Zacherl’s brewery, + Salvator beer of “ “ 1034 820.80 1.60 94.50 46.0 1853 + Bock beer 1027 830.55 1.70 92.07 42.2 1852 + Ale of 1022 769.40 1.80 84.40 77.5 1850 + Sedelmaier’s + brewery, + + + + + II.—FOREIGN BEERS. + + Bottom-yeast beer of 1016 869.40 1.80 46.90 48.4 1844 + Wauka (Prague) + Upper “ Pstross “ 1017 867,20 1.50 50.70 44.6 1844 + “ “ Pchowitz, near 1013 881.90 1.60 47.70 38.5 1844 + Prague, + “ “ Pstross, 1016 876.30 1.80 50.40 39.9 1844 + “ “ Berlin, 1014 855.50 1.90 51.80 49.9 1851 + “ “ Magdeburg, 1016 884.70 1.80 50.40 35.3 1853 + Porter of Barclay & 1017 840.20 1.60 60.20 53.7 1852 + Perkins, of London, + Scottish ale of 1030 730.50 1.50 109.40 84.7 1851 + Edinburg, two years old, + Lambick of Brussels, 1004 862.50 2.00 34.12 55.4 1841 + Faro beer of “ 1004 879.16 2.00 29.58 49.1 1841 + Barley beer of “ 1006 868.05 1.90 38.39 50.4 1841 + Mum of Brunswick, 1231 511.68 1.60 476.40 3.6 1854 + + ACCORDING TO CH. MENE. + + Kind Brewery Name of Specific Alcohol Residue of Ash Nitrogen + of Firm. Beer. weight. evaporation per + Barley. per liter. cent. + S. B. Detalle & Ord. 1.0100 3.6 50.120 1.920 0.785 + Cie. Ham. brown + (Somme) beer, + S. B. Detalle & Ord. 0.9973 4.4 48.000 1.080 —— + Cie. Ham. pale + (Somme) beer, + S. B. Detalle & Workmen’s 1.0106 4.5 57.120 1.520 0.722 + Cie. Ham. beer, + (Somme) + S. B. Detalle & Ladies’ 1.0103 4.0 48.600 1.600 0.760 + Cie. Ham. beer, + (Somme) + S. B. Lux & Co., Light 1.0106 3.8 42.480 1.800 0.620 + Paris, beer + (Seine) + S. B. Schmidt & Young 1.0225 4.3 51.400 2.600 0.770 + Co., Paris, bock, + S. B. Schmidt & Store 1.0182 4.4 57.210 2.400 0.800 + Co., Paris, beer, + W. B. Watteblest Ord. 1.0050 4.5 39.440 1.280 —— + (Vernelles) brown + Pas de beer, + Calais, + W. B. Watteblest Ord. 1.0078 4.5 35.800 1.440 0.710 + (Vernelles) pale + Pas de beer, + Calais, + W. B. Meesemaeker Barley 1.0130 5.5 73.120 3.700 0.840 + (Dunkerque) wine, + Nord, + W. B. Meesemaeker Pale ale, 1.0127 5.2 68.960 1.200 —— + (Dunkerque) + Nord, + W. B. Pollet, Export 1.0080 4.5 48.160 1.195 0.750 + Courtrai beer, + (Belgium) + W. B. Hauthyssen, Ord. 1.0115 4.7 51.105 1.310 0.715 + Haunut brown + (Liege) beer, + + S. B.—Summer Barley. W. B.—Winter Barley. + + + ACCORDING TO HEYDLOFF. + + Alcohol. Extract. + + Beer of Nuremberg, 3.8 6.2 + “ Erlangen, 3.8 6.0 + “ Bamberg, 4.1 5.8 + “ Erfurth, of Treitsokle, 3.7 5.5 + “ “ of Schlegel, 4.1 6.5 + “ “ of John, 3.7 6.0 + “ “ of Buchner, 4.2 6.5 + English porter, 5.1 9.2 + + + Composition of some Swedish beers: + ----Percentage of---- + Extract. Alcohol. Water. + + Porter of Stockholm, 6.6 6.0 87.4 + Porter of Goteborg, (Carnezie & Co.) 5.4 6.8 88.8 + Strong beer of Neumiller’s brewery in Stockholm, 12.4 4.6 83.0 + Swedish beer of Beijnoff (Upsala) 8.9 3.0 88.1 + “ Hillberg “ 8.2 2.6 89.2 + Beer of the Bavarian brewery in Upsala, 6.4 4.7 88.9 + Bavarian beer of the Munich brewery in Stockholm, 7.4 4.0 83.6 + Erlanger beer, 6.2 4.7 89.1 + Bavarian beer of Oerebeo, 5.5 4.1 90.4 + Export beer of Stockholm, 5.2 4.8 90.0 + Svagdricke (small beer) of Beijnoff (Upsala), 3.2 2.1 94.7 + Svagdricke (small beer) of Hillberg, 3.3 2.2 94.5 + + + ACCORDING TO C. HIMLEY. + + Extract of Phosphoric + Names of the Beers. Malt. Alcohol. Acid. Water. + + Double beer of Copenhagen, 13.68 2.16 0.065 84.16 + (Orp) Salvator, 8.20 4.10 0.084 87.70 + Waldschlosschen 5.50 3.84 0.088 89.66 + (Erich) Erlanger beer, 6.22 3.95 0.074 89.83 + Berliner Actienbier, 6.20 3.44 0.068 90.36 + (Betz) Eckernforder, 6.10 3.05 0.062 90.85 + Schluter, 6.09 3.60 0.074 90.31 + Scheibel, 6.00 3.12 0.064 90.88 + Erlanger, 5.70 3.57 9.070 90.73 + (Erich) Erlanger ale, 5.62 3.04 0.076 91.34 + Hoff’s malt extract, 5.60 3.04 0.075 91.36 + (Eger & Co.) Christiana, 5.54 3.77 0.088 90.69 + (Henniger) Erlanger, 5.50 2.60 0.072 91.90 + Dreiss, 5.40 3.10 0.060 91.50 + Orp, 5.00 3.25 0.056 91.75 + + ACCORDING TO HEKMEYER. + + Alcohol Acetic Lactic Carbonic Extract. Ash. Albumen. + in Acid. Acid. Acid. + 100 + volumes. + 1—_Beers of + Utrecht._ + Old Brown (uit 3.8 0.035 0.32 0.073 3.36 0.34 0.41 + den boog), + Young pale, 4.1 0.008 0.25 0.103 2.86 0.25 + (uit den boog), + Lambick, (uit 5.4 0.016 0.35 0.159 3.49 0.36 + den boog), + Lambick, (uit 4.6 0.120 0.40 0.090 1.79 0.21 + den kraus), + Table beer (uit 4.4 0.044 0.16 0.163 3.40 3.41 + den aker), + 2—_Other Dutch + Beers._ + Princessen-bier, 4.0 0.060 0.17 0.090 2.60 0.21 0.46 + Heumens-bier, 4.2 0.012 0.27 0.135 2.79 0.28 + Bosch-bier (W. 5.2 0.044 0.42 0.010 4.83 0.38 + Van Heeren), + + ACCORDING TO LACAMBRE. + + —Alcohol— —Extract— + Young Old Young Old + Beer. Beer. Beer. Beer. + + London ale, 7 8 6.5 5 + Hamburg ale, 5.5 6 6 5 + London ale, (common,) 4 5 5 4 + Porter, 5 6 7 6 + London porter, (common,) 3 4 5 4 + Munich, Salvator, 5 6 12 10 + Bock, 3.5 4 9 7 + Bavarian beer, (common,) 3 4 6.5 4.5 + Brussels, Lambick 4.5 6 5.5 3.5 + “ Faro, 2.5 4 5 3 + Diest Guide beer, 3.5 6 8 5.5 + Peeterman, of Lou vain, 3.5 5 8 5.5 + White beer, 2.25 3.25 5 3.5 + Double Ujtzet of Ghent, 3.25 4.5 5 4 + Single “ “ 2.75 3.5 4 3 + Barley beer of Antwerp, 3 3.5 4.5 3 + Strong beer of Strasburg, 4 4.5 4 3.5 + Strong beer of Lille, 4 5 4 3 + White beer of Paris, 3.5 4 8 5 + + ACCORDING TO G. MONIER. + NAMES OF THE BEER. DEXTRINE, GLUCOSE. SUBSTANCES, SALTS. + ALBUMINOID ETC. + ALCOHOL. + (in + volumes.) + Cubic Grammes. Grammes. Grammes. + cntms. + Beer of France (Nord), 40.00 7.03 31.77 1.60 + Beer of France (Nord), 32.50 4.80 31.00 2.10 + Beer of France (Nord), 36.00 6.60 33.10 2.20 + Pale ale (Burton), 60.50 8.25 39.35 2.80 + Pale ale (Burton), 55.00 8.30 40.10 2.65 + Munich beer, 56.25 15.10 58.40 2.52 + Munich beer, 56.50 16.20 56.45 2.40 + Amsterdam beer, 53.75 13.55 51.50 2.20 + Paris beer (called 47.00 16.30 45.00 2.65 + Strasburg beer), + Paris beer (called 45.00 14.35 51.30 2.05 + Strasburg beer), + Paris beer (called 47.50 11.60 43.40 2.00 + Strasburg beer), + Vienna beer, 52.50 11.00 55.30 2.30 + + + ACCORDING TO WACKENRODER. + + Alcohol. Extract. Albumen. Ash. + Beer of Lichtenhain, 3.2 4.5 0.05 0.2 + Beer of Ilmenau, 3.1 7.1 0.08 0.2 + Beer of Jena (called of 3.0 6.1 0.05 0.2 + Erlangen), + Beer of Weimar (called 2.8 6.3 0.03 0.2 + of Bamberg), + Beer of Oberweimar, 2.6 7.3 0.02 0.3 + Double beer of Jena, 2.1 7.2 0.03 0.2 + + BERLIN BEER—27 SAMPLES. + + Alcohol, 4.74 per cent. + Extract, 4.94 “ “ + Malt sugar, 3.78 “ “ + + BERLIN WHITE BEER. + + Alcohol, 1.48 per cent. + Extract, 3.65 “ “ + Ash, 0.12 “ “ + Original gravity, 7.94 “ “ + + NASSAU BEER. + + Alcohol, 3.737 per cent. + Free carbonic acid, 0.285 “ “ + Extract, 6.035 “ “ + Phosphoric acid, 0.072 “ “ + + BEER OF HANOVER. + + Max. Min. Mean. + Specific gravity at 17.5°, 1.0353 1.0115 1.0165 + Water } { In beer } 91.61 85.37 89.64 + Alcohol } { freed from } per cent., 5.05 0.72 4.01 + Extract } { carbonic acid } 13.91 4.43 6.34 + Ash, 0.28 0.19 0.24 + Phosphoric acid in ash, 0.093 0.024 0.069 + Original gravity of wort, 17.37 12.33 14.36 + + + + + APPENDIX C. + + ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF BREWERIES. + + +The brewery of modern times is very different from anything conceived +of one or two hundred years ago. Not merely its extent but all its +appliances are characteristic of this busy, progressive age, that knows +how to plant money in extensive outfits and supervision, in order that +it may yield a greater return, just as seeds put in rich earth and +carefully tended during growth give larger harvests of better quality +than were ever looked for in the old hap-hazard, starving plan. We +cannot mention one in fifty of those who deserve notice. Think, for +instance, of the great brewery of M. T. Bass, at Burton on Trent, +which produces about one million barrels a year; or those of Anton +Dreher, turning out five hundred thousand barrels, and see if it is +possible to attain such results except by modern processes and modern +business energy. No house in the United States has yet reached so +great a product, but more than one is on the direct way, and it is +not only possible but probable that within fifty years the largest +establishments and the finest beer will be found in this country. In +the multitude of those who fairly deserve mention it seems almost +invidious to select a few, but it has seemed best to give a brief +account of some that, in one way or another, may be regarded as typical +exponents of this department of American industry. Those mentioned are +not always the largest or best known, but they represent different +parts of the country and together form a tolerable epitome of the +whole brewing business, with its larger and smaller breweries, old and +new establishments, and various ways of procedure, the common feature +being that all endeavor to produce a thoroughly good article, and trust +to the merit of the product for success rather than to any temporary +advantages that may be gained by cheapening their brew at the expense +of its flavor or wholesomeness. This is the noticeable fact in the +brewing trade at the present time. + + + HISTORICAL SKETCH OF HON. FREDERICK LAUER OF READING, PA. + +The brewery of Mr. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa., is not only among +the oldest in the country, but has remained from the beginning in the +hands of the Lauer family. It was established in 1823 at Womelsdorf, a +few miles from Reading, by the father of the present proprietor, who +had just arrived from Germany. In 1826 it was removed to Reading, and +the business started on the same spot where it is now carried on. The +elder Lauer was an indefatigable worker, and is said at this time to +have taken no more than two or three hours regular sleep a day. In 1835 +his son Frederick succeeded to the sole proprietorship of the brewery, +and its progress from this time was very rapid. For several years ale +and porter had been brewed, but no lager beer was made in the country +until 1842. In the year 1844 Mr. Lauer began to brew lager beer, and +was thus one of the pioneers in this industry; and since that time ale, +lager beer and porter have been produced constantly. The brewery is a +model of neatness and convenience, perfect in every appointment and +the special pride and pet of its owner, who would much rather lose a +year’s profits than tolerate dirt or disorder or the production of a +poor beer. Mr. Lauer has not, however, been constantly occupied with +his private business. For at least thirty years he has been one of +the prominent men of the city of Reading; has held various important +public positions, political and otherwise, and has done great service +in securing equable legislation in matters affecting the brewing +trade. A man of quick perception and untiring energy, he has again and +again accomplished alone, or nearly alone, things that were considered +almost impossible, and from whose attempt his associates recoiled. An +instance in point is thus described in a recently published sketch of +his life: “The way the tax was saved was as follows: Shortly before the +adjournment of Congress, he (Mr. Lauer) received a letter apprising him +that the Committee on Ways and Means were about advising an increase. +He immediately telegraphed to the nearest members of the Brewers’ +Committee to join him at Washington. They had an interview with the +Committee of Ways and Means, but the Committee refused to make any +modification in the bill, as it had already passed the first reading in +the House. There were ten members of the Brewers’ Committee, nine of +whom, after the interview, agreed to allow the fifty cents increase and +make no further exertion in the matter. Mr. Lauer, the tenth, was not +satisfied; and, after gaining the consent of the Committee, he called +on a number of members of the House, and urged upon them the ruinous +consequences to the brewing business which would follow the passage of +the bill as reported. The same day, February 11, 1865, the bill came up +in Committee of the Whole, when the desired modification was made by a +vote of seventy-three to sixty-eight, and the following week the bill +came up for final passage, when the bill, as modified, was passed by a +majority of four. The members from Kentucky who had voted against the +modification in the first place, voted for the bill when it came up on +the third reading, they having been influenced through the exertions of +Mr. Lauer. Immediately after its passage, Thad. Stevens, chairman on +the Ways and Means, jumped up and exclaimed, ‘That d—d Lauer did it.’” + +This is only one of many instances in which Mr. Lauer’s efforts have +been of the greatest value to brewers at large and incidentally to the +whole country. He was the first president of the United States Brewers’ +Association, and has more than once been able in time of scarcity to +secure such shipments of malt or hops from foreign countries as to +relieve the distress and materially reduce the inflated price of these +articles. + + + THE JOSEPH SCHLITZ BREWING CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS. + +In the year 1849 Mr. August Krug built a small brewery at Milwaukee on +Chestnut street, between 4th and 5th streets, and the year after he +added vaults of a capacity of 150 barrels, situated on the corner of +3d and Walnut streets. His sale was about 250 barrels. From this small +beginning there developed one of the largest breweries in the country. + +Mr. Krug died in 1856, and Mr. Joseph Schlitz who had come to Milwaukee +during the previous year took the management of the business which +at first increased only moderately although managed with skill and +energy. In the year 1865 the sales were 4,400 barrels. Five years +later he began the erection of the present brewery on the corner of 3d +and Walnut streets, the same place where the original vaults had been +situated. The greater part of the present buildings were completed +within two years, and the sales for 1871 amounted to 12,283 barrels. +The period of rapid development had now been reached, and the advance +up to the present time has been remarkable as may be seen from the +following table of the yearly sales, beginning with the year 1870. + + 1870, Barrels, 8,707 + 1871, “ 12,283 + 1872, “ 30,868 + 1873, “ 49,623 + 1874, “ 69,624 + 1875, “ 74,813 + 1876, “ 71,017 + 1877, “ 79,538 + 1878, “ 82,068 + 1879, “ ending April, 110,832 + +In 1874 the business was made into a stock company under the title +“Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company,” with Mr. Schlitz as president, the +secretary and superintendent being respectively, Mr. August Uihlein and +Mr. Henry Uihlein. Being thus partially relieved of the immediate cares +of business Mr. Schlitz in the following year sailed for Germany to +visit his native home of Mayence. The vessel was the Schiller, which, +as all readers must remember, was wrecked on the Scilly Islands, May 7, +1875, and Mr. Schlitz was one of the many victims of that disaster. In +these circumstances the company organization was probably a fortunate +circumstance for the business. The death of a sole proprietor or even +a sole nominal proprietor is apt to derange a business, no matter how +capable the successor may be, and this difficulty is almost avoided +in the case of an established company. The present management is as +follows: + +President, Henry Uihlein; secretary, August Uihlein; superintendent, +Alfred Uihlein. The brewery in its present form occupies two whole +squares, and still larger accommodations may be needed at no distant +day. There is a new ice-house 100 × 124 feet, four stories high, and +with a twenty-four foot basement. The cellars have a capacity of 25,000 +barrels; the whole storage capacity is 70,000 barrels, and the brewery +is already fitted for the production of 200,000 barrels a year. There +is a large coopering establishment and the gathering of ice alone +occupies 300 men and 90 teams for about twenty days every year. The +beer is sent all over the United States and to Brazil, Central America +and Mexico, in both barrels and bottles. About one million bottles were +sold in 1877, and in the succeeding year the amount was more than two +millions. The bottling department alone occupies a building 46 × 150 +feet, with basement, and fitted with all conveniences for the work. + +The analysis of this beer gives the following result for the percentage +of alcohol: ordinary lager beer 4.5 volumetrically, and 5.6 by weight. +The bottled lager beer shows as a result of four analyses within six +months, six per cent. of alcohol volumetrically, and 4.8 by weight. +This is certainly an excellent showing, and calculated to enhance the +reputation of any brewery. + + + THE BREWERY OF MR. GOTTFRIED KRUEGER, NEWARK, N. J. + +The brewery now owned by Mr. Gottfried Krueger was founded in 1851 by +Louis Adam and J. Braun, the latter of whom died before the buildings +were completed. Mr. Adam at once formed a partnership with John Laible +under the firm name of Laible & Adam, and pushed the work so well that +within the year brewing was commenced, and a sale of 1,200 barrels for +the first twelve months secured. + +The property then consisted of six city lots, a small frame house +partly used as a saloon, a one-story frame brewery thirty feet square, +a stable for two horses and vaults for 500 barrels of beer. The brewing +capacity was about twenty barrels. + +In 1852 Mr. Gottfried Krueger, the present proprietor, came to this +country, and being a relative of Mr. Laible entered the brewery as an +apprentice. Here he remained until Messrs. Laible and Adam dissolved +partnership in 1855, Mr. Laible building a new brewery and Mr. Adam +continuing the old business. Mr. Krueger accompanied Mr. Laible and +became foreman in the establishment where he remained until 1865 +when in conjunction with Mr. Gottlieb Hill he bought the old brewery +of Louis Adam and commenced business under the firm name of Hill & +Krueger. During the interval a new brewery had been added and a new +stable for six horses, while the sale had increased to 4,000 barrels +and the brewing capacity to fifty barrels. This advance, however, was +destined to be greatly surpassed by that made under the new management. +The first step was the building of two new vaults of a capacity of +5,000 barrels. This together with numerous minor improvements was +accomplished during the first year, and within the same time the sale +of beer was doubled. The years next succeeding saw a rapid development. +In 1866 the firm built a new three-story brick malt and store-house; in +1876 a large building for fermenting rooms; in 1868 stables for twenty +horses; in 1869 an ice-house of 4,000 barrels capacity, and also vaults +for 2,000 barrels. The result fully justified these preparations for an +enlarged business for the sale increased steadily year by year and in +1875 amounted to 25,000 barrels. + +At this time Mr. Hill was compelled by the state of his health to +retire from business, and on the 16th of February, 1875, Mr. Krueger +became the sole owner of the property which then covered the entire +block. Adding in 1878 a model office building and in 1879 new stables +for forty-five horses, he has now one of the finest breweries in the +State. The sale for the current year will be over 40,000 barrels. + +In explanation of the cut we may add that the malt and brew-houses +are situated on Belmont avenue, the office and stables on West Kinney +street, the ice-house on Charlton street, and the yards etc., on +Montgomery street. + +Every one connected with the establishment, from Mr. Krueger down, +is thoroughly fit for his duties and zealous in their discharge. The +management is by the proprietor himself, ably seconded by Mr. Theodore +C. W. Eggerking who has been long and successfully connected with the +business. + + + + + APPENDIX D. + + LIST OF BREWERS WITH PRODUCT FOR THE PAST TWO YEARS, 1878 AND 1879. + ALSO, PRODUCT BY STATES. + + +There is some difference of opinion as to the propriety of publishing +such information as the annual product of the various breweries in +the country, and it therefore seems proper to explain why it has been +decided to give the figures in these pages, and how the information has +been obtained. + +For some time the particulars were furnished to certain parties in +Chicago and New York, by a clerk in the Internal Revenue Department +at Washington. In this there was probably an injustice, for what is +demanded by the law cannot be withheld by the brewer, and both analogy +and general reasoning indicate that this forced information should +be considered as confidential, and not exposed to the comment of +indifferent persons or business rivals. + +This view of the case is the one now held by the Department, as appears +from the following correspondence: + + _Official._ + + FROM THE COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE. + + (Copy.) + + TREASURY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C., + + September 15, 1879. + + HENRY H. RUETER, ESQ., + + _President United States Brewers’ Association_. + + SIR: Your attention is called to an article in the _Brewers’ Gazette_ + of August 15, ultimo, headed, “Thrown Together; A Comparative View + of the so-called Brewers’ Returns,” in which are embraced copies of + letters from this office in relation to lists of reports of sales of + fermented liquors for the years 1878 and 1879, as published by the + _Western Brewer_ and A. E. Tovey. + + Please inform me whether the brewers of the United States desire + that such tabulated statements be prepared by this Bureau as therein + stated for publication. + + Very respectfully, + + (Signed) GREEN B. RAUM, + + _Commissioner_. + + + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT OF BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION. + + (Copy.) + + UNITED STATES BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION, + + BOSTON, September 25, 1879. + + GEN. GREEN B. RAUM, + + _Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C._ + + SIR: In reply to your esteemed letter of the 15th inst., referring to + the preparation and publication of tabulated statements of brewers’ + sales, and asking if, in my opinion, the brewers of the United States + desire that such tabulated statements be prepared by the Internal + Revenue Bureau—I beg to state, that I have no data which would enable + me to answer your question definitely. Many brewers, undoubtedly, + feel indifferent in the matter; some may favor the publication, and + others are opposed to it. They argue that there is no parallel case + in any other branch of trade; that individual business affairs should + not be thus made public; that the publication of individual sales + leads to undue competition; and that these lists are a bone of bitter + contention between the publishers. + + If the inquiry has been addressed to me with reference to the future + action of the Department, I beg leave to suggest that the brewers’ + wishes can be best ascertained at their next yearly meeting, in June, + and I would respectfully ask you to delay action in the matter till + then. + + I am, sir, most respectfully yours, + + HENRY H. RUETER. + + +ANSWER TO ABOVE FROM INTERNAL REVENUE DEPARTMENT. + + TREASURY DEPARTMENT, + + OFFICE OF INTERNAL REVENUE, + + WASHINGTON, September 29, 1879. + + HENRY H. RUETER, ESQ. + + _President United States Brewers’ Association, Boston, Mass._ + + SIR: Acknowledging the receipt of yours of the 25th instant, in + reply to office letter of the 15th instant calling attention to an + article published in the _Brewers’ Gazette_ relative to errors in + reports of sales of fermented liquors for the years 1878 and 1879, + as published by the _Western Brewer_ and A. E. Tovey, and inquiring + if such publications were considered desirable by the brewers of the + United States, I have to say that I fully concur in your opinion + that, while some may favor the publication of such statistics, others + would object thereto, and would argue that there is no parallel case + in any other branch of trade; and that individual business affairs + should not thus be made public; that such publications lead to + undue competition; and that they become a bone of bitter contention + between publishers. For this reason, I have decided to prohibit the + furnishing of such lists hereafter to any and all parties. + + Respectfully, + + R. E. ROGERS. + + _Acting Commissioner._ + +On the other hand, while it is certain that many brewers are glad to +have their product extensively stated, it is at least probable that +very few have any real objection. In order to test the question we sent +a printed form of inquiry, as to production, to all the brewers in +the country. A large majority furnished the desired information, and +as many others doubtless failed to answer simply through negligence +or indifference, it seemed certain that the number of objectors +was so small that this list might be published with propriety and +to the satisfaction of far the larger part of those interested. It +is to be noticed that this is a very different thing from printing +enforced statements, without a shadow of authority from the brewers +themselves. In this book the figures are generally furnished by the +brewers and for this very purpose. Where no reply has been received, +the product has been stated according to the best testimony that could +be obtained, and the total result is certainly more accurate than +any yet published. This is not because the government returns were +incorrect, but because of carelessness in transcription, or errors +of the types, or both. Whatever the cause, so many errors have been +discovered in the so-called official lists of those who obtained their +information through Washington, as to greatly impair the value of +those tables, and create much dissatisfaction among those who find +an erroneous impression of their business thus disseminated through +the country. Without claiming that our own are absolutely free from +error, we are prepared to maintain their substantial correctness and +their superiority to any yet offered to the public. The product here +shown is greater than that stated earlier in this book. The returns +on which that statement was made seem to have been incomplete at the +time of publication, unless the fault lies in the transfer of figures +or in the footings, a kind of defect from which few public documents +of a statistical character are wholly free. The number of breweries +here given is less than the former statement, owing to the omission +of a considerable number of the smaller establishments, concerning +which no satisfactory information could be obtained, and the further +omission of those whose owners were known to object to a publication +of their business. The total product of all so left out is known to be +inconsiderable, though it cannot be exactly ascertained. + +Those most apt to find fault with a public statement of the amount of +their business are the smaller brewers, who sometimes fear that their +business will suffer if it is known that they dispose of less beer +than some rival. To such it may be said that a good business need not +be a large one. There are plenty of men in the country who work on a +comparatively small scale, and yet would not be induced to extend their +operations. They make enough, as it is, to satisfy their wants, and +they are not loaded down by the cares that attend a struggle to sell +as much as possible. They fear no injury because their sale is not so +large as that of some one else, and they are perfectly in the right, as +experience shows. Still again, there are many small breweries to-day, +that will be great fifteen or twenty years from now. We have shown in +Appendix C something of the possibilities of sudden development in this +business, and with the increasing taste for beer these opportunities +will be better than ever. It is not against a brewery that it is small. +Its product may be of the first quality, and it may be small simply +because the owner does not care to have it large. + +Other considerations might be adduced, but it seems as if enough had +been said to justify the printing of statistics prepared as are those +here furnished, especially as they must be interesting to every one +who makes a study of the beer question and wants as much and as varied +information as he can obtain. + + + + + SUMMARY + +OF THE BEER PRODUCT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE YEARS 1878 AND 1879, + WITH THE INCREASE OR DECREASE DURING THE SECOND OF THESE YEARS. + + + Name No. of No. of No. of Decrease Increase + of State Breweries Barrels Barrels + sold from sold from + May 1, May 1, + 1877-8. 1878-9. + Alabama, 1 184 74 110 + Arkansas, 1 110 72 38 + Arizona, 7 713 720 7 + California, 195 379,373 385,839 6,466 + Colorado, 29 23,901 23,464 437 + Connecticut, 19 53,528 51,988 1,540 + Dakota, 14 4,616 4,531 85 + Delaware, 3 7,841 9,563 1,722 + District 10 27,506 29,126 1,620 + Columbia, + Georgia, 1 7,330 7,710 380 + Idaho, 12 936 1,484 548 + Illinois, 115 579,888 608,627 28,739 + Indiana, 76 182,448 191,729 9,281 + Iowa, 136 186,176 169,030 17,146 + Kansas, 34 20,995 24,709 3,714 + Kentucky, 36 127,771 143,753 15,982 + Louisiana, 10 36,352 47,407 11,055 + Maine, 1 7,031 7 7,024 + Maryland, 63 208,228 205,042 3,186 + Massachusetts, 39 711,166 663,978 47,188 + Michigan, 140 203,043 212,231 9,188 + Minnesota, 114 101,916 113,529 11,613 + Missouri, 72 547,590 582,372 34,782 + Montana, 22 4,677 5,516 839 + Nebraska, 27 27,100 29,270 2,170 + Nevada, 35 12,116 13,969 1,853 + New Hampshire, 5 127,07 116,888 10,183 + New Jersey, 57 502,54 519,864 17,290 + New Mexico, 2 110 180 70 + New York, 365 3,556,678 3,980,716 424,038 + North 1 4 4 + Carolina, + Ohio, 186 968,332 965,480 2,852 + Oregon, 39 13,362 16,159 2,797 + Pennsylvania, 317 1,041,486 1,034,082 7,404 + Rhode Island, 8 25,210 27,831 2,621 + South 2 778 372 406 + Carolina, + Tennessee, 4 6,980 7,107 127 + Texas, 37 10,050 7,718 2,332 + Utah, 20 9,490 11,476 1,986 + Vermont, 1 285 173 112 + Virginia, 3 10,694 15,694 5,000 + Wash. 20 7,965 7,231 734 + Territory, + West Virginia, 10 23,086 23,906 1,036 + Wisconsin, 226 508,553 585,068 76,515 + Wyoming + Territory, 8 4,060 4,505 445 + ----- ---------- ---------- ------- ------- + 2,520 10,279,299 10,848,194 100,777 671,888 + + + LIST OF BREWERS IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH THE PRODUCT FOR + THE YEARS ENDING MAY, 1878, AND MAY, 1879. + + + ARKANSAS. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Fort Smith, Freiseis, Joseph, 110 72 + + + ARIZONA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Alexandria, Minger, Jos. 54 50 + Florence, Will, P. & Co., 60 60 + Globe City, Medler, Fred & Co., 41 49 + Prescott, Raible, John, 225 269 + “ Rodenberg, J. N., 250 211 + Rio Verde, Horn, Wm., 37 34 + Tucson, Levin, Alex., 46 47 + --- --- + Number of Breweries, 7. 713 720 + + + CALIFORNIA. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Adin, Jonas & Bofinger, ---- ---- + Alameda, Alameda Brewery, 817 487 + Altaville, Becker, John, 350 350 + Anaheim, Conrad, Fred, 145 158 + “ Goodale, I, 357 281 + Auburn, Grohs, Frederick, 1,060 1,020 + Benicia, Rueger, John, 622 697 + Benton, Partzwick Brewery, 116 87 + Bishop Creek, Munzinger, Philippay & Co., 57 189 + Boca, Boca Brewing Company, 9,717 11,035 + Bodie, Frankenberger & Davidson, ---- 198 + “ Carion, A. A., ---- ---- + Boonebar, Ganser, Benj., ---- ---- + Camp Star Brewery, 30 61 + Independence, + Castroville, Lauck, George, 284 404 + Cherokee, Bader, Chs., 139 144 + Chico, Croissant, Chs., 448 563 + Chollas Doblin, C., 140 150 + Valley, + Cloverdale, Schaeffer & Auker, 48 159 + Colusa, Kammerer, G. & Co., 800 884 + Columbia, Bixel, Joseph, 174 185 + Crescent City, Mayhoffer, Joseph, 59 81 + Davisville, Faber, Wm., 74 77 + Dixon, Sieber & Oberholzer, 622 586 + Downieville, Bosch, F., 300 321 + “ Nessler, L., 275 282 + Dutch Flat, Mitchell, Wm., 320 365 + Etna, Küppler, Chs., 336 394 + Eureka, Harper, I., 148 126 + “ Huck & McAllenan, 210 273 + Folsom, Yaeger, Peter, 320 419 + Forest Hill, Andres, Joseph, 112 114 + Fort Bidwell, Fulger, M., 102 159 + Fresno, Erpelding, J. L., ---- 48 + Garrote, Garrote Brewery, 125 149 + Germantown, Miller, A. & Co., 162 300 + Gilroy, Herold, Adam, 742 718 + Grass Valley, Benkelman, D., 666 699 + “ Frank, John, 162 183 + “ Fritz, Chs., 465 398 + “ Hodge, Thomas & Co., 944 10,085 + Greenwood, Muhlback, Nancy, ---- 35 + Gaudalupe, Togninva, Tomasine, 32 87 + Havilah, Neff, Bernhard, 34 87 + Haywards, Lyon’s Brewery, 483 502 + “ Booken & Herman, 1,198 1,587 + Healdsburg, Müller, Carl, 170 180 + Hormitos, Lessmann, Henry, 81 61 + Hollister, Narcoe, Henry, 300 366 + Hot Springs, Fantz, Edw., 661 678 + Independence, Fernbach, Jo., 138 139 + Ione City, Raab, C., 314 380 + Iowa Hill, Schmidt, John, 100 87 + Jackson, Beiser & Schroeder, 241 435 + Kernville, Cook, Wm, 220 109 + “ Wroesch, R. R., 149 137 + Knight’s Dolling, Victor, 221 263 + Ferry, + Lakeport, Smith, R. O., 170 188 + Livermore, Livermore Brewery, 215 261 + Lone Pine, Lubken, John, 115 74 + “ Munzinger & Dodge, 155 35 + Los Angeles, New York Brewery, 2,479 2,075 + “ Philadelphia Brewery, ---- 1,430 + “ U. S. Brewery, ---- 236 + “ Schwarz, Louis, ---- ---- + Lower Lake, Mather & Linck, 330 380 + Mariposa, Weiler, John, 124 115 + Marysville, Lieber, Gottlieb, 725 756 + Mayfield, Ducker & Company, 950 1,056 + Mendocino, Larowskia, J. C., ---- 93 + Merced, Heinerath & Gossner, 239 290 + Middletown, Munz and Scott, 180 318 + Modesta, Lorensen & Peterson, 454 531 + “ Braun, M., 141 260 + Mokelumne Disbrow & Co., 224 192 + Hill, + “ Mokelumne Hill Brewery, 452 382 + Monitor, Scossa, John, ---- ---- + Napa, Pfeiffer, Philip, 251 328 + Nevada City, Blasauf, Mary, 186 157 + “ Dreyfuss, L. W., 833 702 + “ Fogeli, Casper, 142 163 + “ Weiss, Emile, 385 422 + North Weiss, Valentine, 39 57 + Bloomfield, + “ Hieronimus, S., ---- 105 + North San Koch, G. W., 356 427 + Juan, + Oakland, Welscher & Westermann, 2,600 3,670 + “ Kramm & Dieves, 7,385 9,000 + “ Bredhoff & Co., 4,124 4,600 + Oleta, Schroder, Henry, 459 376 + Oroville, Schneider, Wm., 456 439 + Pajaro, Dulla & Werner, 136 249 + Petaluma, Robinson, Geo. & Co., 818 531 + “ Michelie & Griess, 613 666 + Pine Grove, Sass, C. D. F., 232 234 + Placerville, Collins, Fred, 408 424 + “ Zeiss, Jacob, 300 281 + Point Arenas, Schlachter, John, 181 105 + Quincy, Schlatter, Wm., 954 94 + Red Bluff, Bofinger, W. F., 602 563 + Redwood City, Eureka Brewery, 572 576 + “ Hadler, C., 896 1,077 + “ Kriess, M., ---- 418 + Sacket’s Gulf, Wolf, John, 720 20 + Sacramento, Borchers & Schwartz, 2,416 2,504 + “ Gruhler, E. & C., 2,885 2,675 + “ Kerth & Nicolaus, 3,812 4,242 + “ Knauer, F. C., 3,020 2,995 + “ Scheld, P., 2,040 2,164 + “ Ochs, M., 1,763 2,163 + Salinas, Lurz & Menke, 324 478 + San Andreas, Bloom, John, 124 96 + San Anderson, John, 499 424 + Bernardino, + San Buena Hartman, Fredolin, 140 237 + Ventura, + San Diego, Dobler, C., 49 155 + “ Walter, Otto, 147 200 + San Albany Brewery, Everett St., + Francisco, Hagerman, F. & Co., props., 13,815 13,000 + “ Albrecht, James, 623 Braman 880 + St., ---- + “ Bauer, John, 120 Fillmore St. ---- 617 + “ Buss & Hensler, 209 Treat ---- 800 + Ave., + “ Bavaria Brewery, Vallejo and + Green Sts. 3,335 3,297 + “ Bay Brewery, 612, 614 and + 616 7th St., Lumann, G., + proprietor, 6,244 1,750 + “ Broadway Brewery, 637 + Broadway, Adams, Jacob, 5,225 4,045 + prop., + “ Burnell, J. H. & Bro., Ninth + Avenue, 142 400 + “ Chicago Brewery, 1420 to + 1434 Pine St., Aherns, H. & + Co., proprietors, 22,088 20,261 + “ Christ, John, 25th St., 90 80 + “ Empire Brewery, Chestnut + St., Harold, John, 19,535 17,014 + proprietor, + “ Enterprise Brewery, 2019 + Folsom St., Hildebrant & + Co., proprietors, 4,190 4,300 + “ Eureka Brewery, 235 First + St., Schweitzer & Bro., + proprietors, 7,154 6,800 + “ Golden City Brewery, 1431 + Pacific St., Buckle, Geo., + proprietor, 1,610 1,500 + “ Golden Gate Brewery, 713 + Greenwich Chas., proprietor, + St., Metzler, 4,675 4,969 + “ Hayes Valley Brewery, 612 + Grove St., Wahlmuth & Co., + proprietors, 2,901 3,000 + “ Hensler & Fredericks. ---- ---- + “ Hibernia Brewery, Howard + St., Nunan, M., proprietor, 17,250 19,546 + “ Humbold Brewery, 1839 + Mission St., Noethig & Turk, + proprietors, 6,784 8,000 + “ Jackson Brewery, Mission + St., Frederick, Wm. A., 7,522 8,008 + proprietor, + “ Kirby, Thos. J., 528½ Noe ---- ---- + St., + “ Lafayette Brewery, 725 Green + St., Grogan & Austell, + proprietors, 5,462 5,649 + “ Marks Brewery, Tehama St., + Marks, Samuel, proprietor, 498 312 + “ Mason’s Brewery, 527 + Chestnut St., Mason, John, 9,625 8,000 + proprietor, + “ National Brewery, Fulton + and Webster Sts., Gluck & + Hansen, proprietors, 13,270 13,200 + “ New York Brewery, Shotwell + St., Kirby, L. J., 2,457 508 + proprietor, + “ North Beach Brewery, Powell + and Chestnut Sts., Schwarz, + Jos., proprietor, 426 360 + “ Pacific Brewery, 271 Tehama + St., Fortmann & Co., + proprietors, 12,668 9,947 + “ Philadelphia Brewery, 240 + Second St., Wieland, John, + proprietor, 43,407 44,276 + “ Railroad Brewery, Valencia, + between 15th and 16th Sts., + Schuster, Fred., proprietor, 1,647 1,300 + “ Schultz & Geitner, 26th St., ---- 1,400 + “ South San Francisco Brewery, + R. R. Ave. and 14th St., + Hoelscher, A. &. Co., + proprietors, 2,192 2,200 + “ South San Francisco Stock + Brewing Co., 2118 Powell St., + 10,420 8,900 + “ Swan Brewing Co., 15th and + Dolores Sts., 971 481 + “ Swiss Brewery, 414 and 416 + Dupont St., 765 498 + “ Union Brewery, Hess & Co., + proprietors, 7,020 5,800 + “ U. S. Brewery, Franklin and + McAllister Sts., 15,477 13,300 + “ Washington Brew’y, 723 + Lombard St., 17,326 16,321 + “ Wilmot Brewing Co., 324 + Green St. 250 100 + “ Willows Brewery, Fauss, O. & + Co., proprietors, cor. 19th + and Mission Sts., 6,501 7,600 + San Jose, Eagle Brewery, 3,983 4,052 + “ Herman A., 191 159 + “ Krumbs Brewery, 938 859 + “ San Jose Brewery, 1,343 1,864 + “ Schramm & Schnabel, 8,372 10,034 + San Juan, Bentler & Beck, 162 96 + San Leandro, Columbia Brewery, 181 239 + “ Rantzan, T. H., 181 102 + San Luis Lindenmeyer, Julius, 295 122 + Obispo, + “ Hauser & Williamson, ---- ---- + San Rafael, Bagen & Goerl. 1,374 1,559 + Santa Barbara, Mueller, H. & Bro., 110 144 + Santa Clara, Santa Clara Brewery, 284 480 + Santa Cruz, Bausch, Henry, 793 625 + Santa Rosa, Metzger & Haltinner, 1,029 1,146 + Shasta, Behrle & Litsch 358 379 + Sonora, Baccigalapi, Louis, 297 179 + “ Bauman, John, 640 571 + South Vallejo, Deminger, Fred, 1,706 2,534 + Stockton, Boemer & Wirth, 515 612 + “ Neistrath, Eliz., 505 716 + “ Rothenbush, D., 384 819 + Sutter Creek, Rabolt, L. 661 759 + Sutterville, Theilen, N., 1,168 1,081 + Truckee, Grazer & Stoll, 245 234 + “ Menk, Paul, 76 52 + Ten-Mile Franz & Bader, ---- 5 + River, + Ukiah, Wurtenburg, S., 338 259 + Vallejo, Widenmann & Rothenburg, 1,722 1,706 + “ Smith, P. & J., 250 1,097 + Vallecito, Vallecito Brewery, 129 113 + Visalia, Mooney’s Brewery, 594 581 + “ Empire Brewery, ---- 33 + Volcano, Griesbach, Geo. 40 28 + Watsonville, Kuhlitz, C., 72 118 + “ Palmtag, Christian, 1,495 1,721 + Weaverville, Meckel, J., ---- 34 + Woodland, Schuerley & Miller, 1,458 1,206 + “ Wirt, Geo. L., 200 180 + Yreka, Yeters, Chas. 297 305 + “ Junker, Chas., 311 298 + Yuba City, Klempp, Fred., 270 305 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 189. 379,373 385,839 + + + COLORADO. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Black Hawk, Haubrick, Sam’l, 791 580 + Boulder City, Weisenhorn & Voegte, 1,410 945 + Central City, Lehmkul, Wm., 890 1,175 + “ Richards & Wickett, 777 190 + “ Staum, Chr., 903 ---- + Colorado City, El Paso Co. Brewing Co., 222 723 + Del Norte, Bingle & Co., 170 300 + Denver, Denver Brewing Co. 5,858 ---- + “ Colorado Brewing Co., ---- 59 + “ Bendleburg, Geo., 40 60 + “ Melsheimer, Max, ---- 1,290 + “ Oppenlander, G. F., 1,423 1,472 + “ Zang, Philip, 6,110 8,408 + Fair Play, Summer, Leonard, 229 344 + Georgetown, Summer, John & Bro. 694 670 + Golden, Schueler & Coos, 2,857 3,004 + Granite, Mesch & Gerter, 11 155 + Idaho Springs, Ullrich, Fred, 106 99 + Lake City, Fisher & Co, 50 182 + “ Hirt, Chas., 135 203 + Leadville, Fuernstein. C., ---- 210 + “ Leadville Brewery, ---- 300 + “ Gau, Elizabeth J., ---- 632 + Malta, Sponagel, V. H., ---- 300 + Ouray, Geiger, D., ---- 80 + Pueblo, Merz, Elias, 850 1,062 + Rosita, Townsend, T. D., 95 153 + Silver Plume, Boche, Otto, ---- ---- + Trinidad, Schneider, Henry, 280 868 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 29. 23,901 23,464 + + + CONNECTICUT. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Bridgeport, Eckart Bros., 2,599 2,120 + “ Kutscher, Louis, 164 162 + “ Klaus, Fred, 3,200 3,584 + “ Knoedler, Christian, 66 86 + “ Loehr, C., 1,687 2,588 + “ Stoehr, C., 1,687 2,588 + “ Winter, Albert, 4,170 3,362 + Hartford, Herold Capitol Brewing Co., 2,058 2,339 + “ Shannon & McCann, 5,547 6,151 + “ Sichler, George, 2,243 2,400 + Middletown, Hopke & Wilkins, Jr., 689 1,870 + New Haven, Bassermann, Geo. A., 4,564 3,902 + “ Fresenius, Ph., 8,716 8,080 + “ Hull, Wm. & Son, 9,454 7,430 + “ Nicholas, Chas., 321 233 + “ Yastron, Rich., 22 18 + Rockville, Link, Erhardt, 1,018 784 + Thompsonville, Matthewson, John, 4,967 3,791 + Waterbury, Hellman & Kipp, 356 500 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 19. 53,528 51,988 + + DAKOTA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Bismarck, Walker, J. E., 684 502 + “ Walters & Kalberer, 714 404 + Central City, Rosenkranz & Werner, ---- 264 + Custar City, Parks, Robert, ---- ---- + Deadwood, Downer & Co., 12 120 + “ Nishwitz, Wm., ---- 25 + “ Rodebank & Nielson, ---- ---- + “ Schuchardt, A., ---- ---- + Fargo, Brokorsch, Jos. W., ---- 90 + Fort Totten, Brenner, E. W., 339 365 + Lead City, Jentes, Hall, ---- 19 + Sioux Falls, Knott, G. A. & Co., 371 1,023 + Yankton, Forester John, 1,621 885 + “ Roptenscher & Co., 875 834 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 14. 4,616 4,531 + + + DELAWARE. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Wilmington, Hartman & Fehrenbach, 3,871 4,700 + “ Specht, Carl, 90 308 + “ Stoeckle, Jos., 3,880 4,555 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 3. 7,841 9,563 + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Georgetown, Duetz, Catherine, 38 and 40 792 661 + Green St., + Washington, Adt. F. J., bet. 13th and + 14th Sts., E. and D. and S. 2,569 1,960 + E., + “ Albert, John, cor. 25th and + F. N. W., 686 597 + “ Cook, John G., 45 N St., N. 264 364 + W., + “ Dickson, Chris., 719 4 1-2 1,373 1,309 + St., + “ Henrich, Christian, 1229 + 20th St., N. W., 7,400 10,711 + “ Juenemann, Geo., 400 E St., + N. W., 11,341 11,151 + “ Kernwein, George, No. 124 N + St., N. W., 203 261 + “ Roth, Jacob, 318 First St., 2,258 1,674 + N. W., + “ Zanner, Wm., 526 4 1-2 St., 620 438 + S. W., + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 10. 27,506 29,126 + + + GEORGIA. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Atlanta, Atlanta City Brewing Co., W. + H. Tuller, President, 7,330 7,710 + + + IDAHO. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Atlanta, Wilmer & Motlow, 6 240 + Boise City, Broadbeck, John, + “ Lemp, John, 329 492 + Bonanza City, Hepburn, John & Co., + Challis, Albiez, Frederick, + Idaho City, Haug, Nicolas, 160 198 + Jordan Creek, Frank & Gundorf, + Lewiston, Weisgerber Bros., 307 380 + Pioneer City, Stadtmiller, Jos., 45 58 + Placerville, Kohny, Chas., 25 11 + Salmon City, Spahn, Michael, 31 45 + Silver City, Summercamp, W. F., 33 60 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 12. 936 1,484 + + + ILLINOIS. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Alton, Jehle & Peters, 3,183 3,995 + Aurora, Knell, John, + “ McInhill, J. V., 651 + Beardstown, Rink, Anton, 1,645 1,284 + Belleville, Hartman Bros., 11,951 13,452 + “ Stoegle, Fidel, 4,300 4,022 + Belvidere, Waldeck, J., 307 77 + Blue Island, Bauer, Henry, 238 116 + “ Metz & Schwachow, 2,199 680 + Bloomington, Meyer & Wochner, 4,968 5,169 + Bowmanville, Volmer, W., 1,006 1,004 + Canton, Koebel, L., 182 144 + Carlinville, Deibel, G. P. & Bro., 1,244 1,188 + Chicago, Bartholomae & Leicht Brewing + Co., 688 to 706 Sedgwick St., 28,293 31,245 + “ Bartholomae & Roesing, 335 W. + 12th St., 12,939 10,648 + “ Brand, M. & Co., Elston Ave. + and River St., 6,173 34,419 + “ Busch & Brand Brewery Co., 29 + and 31 Cedar St., (May and + June, 1878), 29,941 5,070 + “ Chicago Union Brewing Co., + 27th St. and Johnson Ave., 6,379 4,283 + “ Devereaux, J., 432 N. State 250 138 + St., + “ Downer & Bernis Brewing Co., + 91 S. Park Ave., 56,770 66,878 + “ Fortune Bros., 138 to 144 W. + Van Buren St., 12,222 13,555 + “ Funk, Ernst, 44 Willow St., 362 180 + “ Gillen, Schmidt & Co., 416 + 25th St., 256 462 + “ Gottfried, M., 166 Archer 19,595 16,831 + Ave., + “ Hoerber, Jno. L., 220 and 222 + W. 12th St., 1,912 2,125 + “ Jerusalem, Jos., 307 Rush St., 342 476 + “ Keeley Brewing Co., 28th St., + near Cottage Grove Ave., 6,499 8,766 + “ Schmidt & Glade, 9 to 35 + Grant Place, 21,128 26,534 + “ Schoenhofen, Peter, 34 to 50 + Seward St., 36,014 41,447 + “ Seipp, Conrad Brewing Co., + foot of 27th St., 103,787 108,347 + “ Seiben, Michael, 335 and 337 + Larrabee St., 2,942 3,182 + “ Wagner, Ludwig, 942 N. Clark + St., 388 446 + “ Walther, Frank, 408 Paulina + St., (March and April, 1879), ---- 517 + Columbia, Monroe Brewery., 1,173 1,384 + Danville, Stein, John, 1,861 1,587 + Decatur, Harpstrite & Schlanderman, 4,147 3,076 + DeKalb, Corkings, Thos., 1,013 797 + Dixon, Clears, Jas. B., 510 435 + “ Plein, Nicholas, 977 1,475 + East St. Louis, Heim, F. & Bro., 11,380 14,020 + Edwardsville, Mick, Henry, 1,026 564 + Elgin, Althen, Casper, 1,350 962 + Fayetteville, Luers, P. & F., 474 ---- + Freeburg, Meyer, Aug., 675 313 + Freeport, Baier & Seyfarth, 2,134 1,954 + “ Milner, Jos. & Bros., 358 539 + Galena, Hony & Metzger, 456 488 + “ Heller & Haser, 831 628 + “ Meller, Math., 1,550 2,066 + “ Speier, Rudolph, 783 476 + Geneseo, Gasser, Geo. & Co., 2,718 2,453 + Harvard, Huebner, John, 630 536 + Havana, Dehm & Mack, 1,590 1,192 + Highland, Schott, Martin J., 3,023 3,855 + Jacksonville, Rick, H. & Sons, 2,144 1,177 + Joliet, Eder, Henry, 4,544 4,608 + “ Porter, Edwin, 7,494 7,467 + “ Sehring, Fred., 4,143 4,258 + Kankakee, Radeke, F. K., Brewing Co., 2089 1,779 + Kewanee, Lee, Frederick, 590 560 + Knoxville, Krotter, John, 363 130 + Lacon, Hochstrasser & Co., 936 652 + La Salle, Eliei, L. & Co., 13,184 12,225 + Lebanon, Hammel, Jacob, 3,772 3,717 + Limestone, Keller, Geo., 60 70 + Lincoln, Mueller, P. & Son, 1401 ---- + Mascoutah, Eisele & Koehler, 1,887 1,232 + McHenry, Bailey, G., 697 710 + Mendota, Henning, Christian, 5,715 5,457 + Morris, Bauman & Hahl, 204 318 + “ Gabhard, Lewis, 1,611 1,701 + Mt. Carroll, Medlar, Chas., 114 114 + Mt. Vernon, Wetzel & Fuchs, ---- ---- + Murphysboro, Broeg, Conrad, 565 272 + Naperville, Stenger, John, 4,939 2,640 + Nauvoo, Schenk, G. T. 441 288 + New Athens, New Athens Brewery, 1,023 698 + Northville, Rentlinger, Richard, ---- 141 + Ottawa, Rabenstein, C., 3,278 2,857 + “ White, Alfred, 1,441 1,594 + Pecatonica, Berridge, Wm., 251 256 + Pekin, Winkel, Aug., 2,186 2,221 + Peoria, Bitz, Conrad, 171 296 + “ Gipps & Co., 9,526 11,019 + “ Weber, Aug., 2,503 921 + Peru, Peru Beer Co., 3,446 3,743 + “ Union Beer Co., 2,778 2,705 + Quincy, Eber Bros., 1,556 1,386 + “ Dick & Bros., 12,926 15,600 + “ Koerner, M., 19 85 + “ Luther, J., 483 2,100 + “ Ruff Bros. & Co., 3,793 4,775 + Rockford, Fisher & Wahl, 473 336 + “ Kauffman, Aug., 398 493 + “ Peacock, Jonathan, 982 846 + Rock Island, Huber, Ignatz, 6,758 7,308 + “ King, J. A. & Co., 2,826 2,856 + “ Wagner, Geo., 10,205 9,937 + Savannah, Keller, Jos., 1,200 1,194 + Sigel, Wiedmeier, D. & Co., 42 7 + Silver Creek, Haegeli & Roth, 345 897 + Spring Bay, Eichhorn, Peter, 630 610 + Springfield, Reisch & Bros., 8,758 9,358 + Sterling, Decker, J. & Co., 737 510 + “ Hermann, Chas., 315 1,129 + Thornton, Bielfeldt, J. S., 932 1,105 + Trenton Bassler, Paul, 1,110 850 + Warsaw, Popel, Martin, 58 160 + “ Schott & Son, 1,073 877 + Washington, Roth, John, ---- 14 + Waukegan, Besley’s Waukegan Brewing + Company, 4,596 4,081 + West Western Brewing Co., 10,019 11,618 + Belleville, + Wheeling, Periolat Bros. & Co., 1,875 1,889 + Wilmington, Markert & Co., 2,844 3,512 + Woodstock, Arnold, Zimmer & Co., 4,031 3,336 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 115. 579,888 608,627 + + + INDIANA. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Aurora, Crescent Brewing Co., 29,037 30,731 + Bowling Green, Stucki, Fred, 420 188 + Bremen, Wolff, Hugo, 471 277 + Cambridge, Straub, Cleophas, 418 366 + “ Ingerman, Henry, 477 390 + Cannelton, Huber, Jacob, 300 373 + Centre, Weckerie, J., 1,300 ---- + Columbia City, Schaffer, H., 986 1086 + Columbus, Schreiber, Aug., 720 434 + Connersville, Billan, Valentine, 190 405 + Covington, Miller, Joseph, 958 1,290 + Crawfordsville, Muth, Jacob, 1,285 676 + Crown Point, Korn & Suckfield, 828 515 + Decatur, Rolver, Anna, 218 280 + Evansville, Cook & Rice, 15,738 17,158 + “ Ulhner & Hoerz, 1,522 6,119 + Ferdinand, Ruhkamp, Henry, Jr., 665 775 + Fort Wayne, Centlivre, C. L., 2,245 3,715 + “ Horning, L. J., ---- 41 + “ Linker, Hey & Co., 1,310 1,616 + “ Lutz & Co., 3,436 3,327 + German Pauli, A., 145 ---- + Township, + Harmony, Bauer, John, 40 ---- + Harrison, Klant, Reinhold, 385 180 + “ Krodle, Jno. B., 453 378 + Huntington, Boos, Jacob, 901 889 + “ Herrberg, J. & A., 202 106 + Indianapolis, Balz & Co., 1,452 ---- + “ Lieber, P. & Co., 12,000 15,000 + “ Maus, C., 5,233 7,037 + “ Koehler & Co., 300 344 + “ Schmidt, Mrs. C. F., 22,640 25,288 + Jeffersonville, Lang Henry, 533 429 + Kendallville, Paul, H. C. 1,164 1,068 + La Fayette, Newman & Bohrer, 5,537 4,872 + “ Thieme & Wagner, 5,076 6,524 + La Porte, Puissant, Jno. B., 1,555 880 + Lawrenceburgh, Gamer, J. B., 3,988 2,542 + Lawrenceville, Ritze, Anton, 368 343 + Logansport, Mutschler, Jno., 2,097 1,044 + Madison, Belser & Co., 1,808 ---- + “ Greiner, Jno., 2,202 2,522 + “ Weber, Peter, 5,104 5,040 + Michigan City, Zorn, Philip, 2,592 3,300 + Mishawaka, Kaume, A., 3,595 3,642 + Muncie, Garst, A. J., ---- 100 + “ Alvery, Ch., ---- ---- + Napoleon, Morbach, Nicholas, 175 280 + New Albany, Buchheit, Barbara, 3,045 3,535 + “ Nadorff, Frank, 105 492 + “ Reising, Paul, 3,900 3,211 + New Alsace, Meyer, Martin, 248 192 + “ Zix, Michael, 210 190 + Newburg, Brizins, Chas., & Co., 489 378 + North Vernon, Schierling, John, 169 156 + Oldenberg, Roell, B., 988 805 + Perry, Hartmetz, John, 667 620 + Peru, Cole, J. O., 5,312 4,729 + Plymouth, Weckerle, J., 1,031 928 + Richmond, Martischang, Joseph, 170 197 + “ Minck, Enril, 215 217 + Rochester, Metzler, John B., 437 218 + Seymour, Dammrich, Martin, 396 250 + “ Kaufman, J. D., 279 288 + South Bend, Muessel Bros., 1,811 2,129 + St. Leon, Biscoff, L., 20 36 + St. Peters, Busold, John A., 195 240 + Suhman, Schneider, P., Jr., ---- 400 + Tell City, Becker, Chas., 480 430 + “ Voelke, Fred, 765 776 + Terre Haute, Mayer, Anton, 10,043 11,753 + “ Wheat, N. S., 351 271 + Troy, Thaeny, John, 595 745 + Valparaiso, Hiller Geo., 798 468 + Vincennes, Hack & Simon, 3,969 5,919 + Wabash, Rettig & Alber, 1,310 1,126 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 76. 182,448 191,729 + + + IOWA. + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Afton, Heine, John, 277 64 + Anamosa, Rick, M. F., 572 208 + Atlantic, Fisher, Ernest, 219 1,370 + Auburn, Bilger, Katherine, 885 540 + Avoca, Kampf, Jacob, 1,300 1,250 + Bellevue, Neustatdt, H., 814 892 + Belle Plaine, Michel, Mathias, 1,258 1,258 + Boone, Herman, J. M., 2,482 2,017 + Boonsboro, Zimbelman, L. & Co., 2,583 3,090 + Bridgeport, Walz, Bernhart, 321 408 + Brown’s Brown, Henry, 174 147 + Station, + Buffalo, Barthberger, John, ---- ---- + “ Hoffbauer, Hugo, 374 282 + “ Kantz, Theo., 366 286 + Burlington, Bosch Bros., 2,124 ---- + “ Bosch, John, Geo., & Co., 2,778 2,255 + “ Heil, Casper, 1,808 ---- + “ Rothenberger, P. P., 1,670 1,091 + “ Werthmueller & Ende, 2,500 2,441 + Cascade, May, Francis, 947 757 + Cedar Falls, Lund, Hans N., 597 ---- + “ Pfeiffer, H. & Bro., 412 547 + Cedar Rapids, Magnus, C., 5,932 6,915 + “ Williams, Geo. & Co., 6,237 6,166 + Charles City, Andre, Gertrude, 2,514 1,678 + Clarinda, Peterson, B. A., 495 368 + Clinton, Lauer & Allen, 1,032 1,417 + Concord, Sandler, A. Jr., 10 ---- + Council Bluffs, Geise, Conrad, 6,006 5,740 + County of Iowa, Amana Society, 1,731 1,813 + Creston, Bolig, P., 118 ---- + “ Bolig & Co. ---- ---- + Davenport, Frahm, M., 6,006 6,107 + “ Koehler & Lange, 6,609 7,563 + “ Lage, J. & Co., 4,052 3,779 + “ Lehrkind, J. & Co., 2,676 3,012 + “ Noth, G. & Sons, 2,125 ---- + Decorah, Addicken, Mrs. G., 1,890 1,872 + “ Klein, Jos., 1,395 924 + Des Moines, Aulmann & Schuster, 1,646 2,185 + “ Kinsley, Joseph, 341 362 + “ Mattes, Alois, 3,325 2,169 + “ Mattes & Jung, 1,224 1,314 + De Witt, Yegge, V., 1,234 1,234 + Dorchester, Tacke, Jos., 321 183 + Dubuque, Glab, Adam, 3,483 ---- + “ Heeb, A., 8,327 8,072 + “ Meuser & Co., 3,288 3,437 + “ Peaslee & Co., 3,497 940 + “ Peir, John, ---- 1,410 + “ Tschirgi, & Schwind, 4,171 4,348 + Dyersville, Esch & Bros., 1,198 1,432 + Elgin, Shorie & Lehman, 604 532 + Elkader, Schmidt, J. B. & Bro., 1,644 1,145 + Fairfield, Toeller & Suess, 795 482 + Fayette, Moser, Martin, 119 ---- + Fort Dodge, Koll, Jno., 882 ---- + “ Schmidt, D., 802 ---- + Fort Madison, Burster, Anton, 558 476 + Schlapp, Henry, 1,584 1,316 + Franklin Best, William, 134 150 + Center, + Garnavillo, Schumacher, H., 611 663 + Grand Meadow, Koering, Jos., 1,051 736 + Guttenburg, Hassfield, Wm., 55 60 + “ Jungk, Aug., 1,146 1,050 + “ Roth, John, 144 352 + “ Walter, Rudolph, 100 ---- + Hamburg, Nies, Philip, 1,984 2,095 + Independence, Seeland, Cris., 429 489 + “ Wengert, John, 1,235 1,608 + Iowa City, Dostal, Jno. P., 3,999 3,301 + “ Englert & Rittenmeyer, 1,398 1,052 + “ Hotz, Simon, 2,945 2,452 + Iowa Falls, Althen, John, 166 ---- + Jefferson, Roth, Peter, 400 ---- + Keokuk, Anschutez, F. W., 703 580 + “ Leisy, Mrs. M. 2,425 2,239 + “ Pechstein & Nagel, 973 949 + Lansing, Haas, Jacob, 1,907 1,373 + Lemars, Diamond, Herbut A., 58 ---- + “ Maning, L. H. & Co., ---- 45 + Lyons, Tritschler & Tiesse, 3,414 3,187 + Marengo, Knepper, T. C., 420 480 + Marion, Schneider Bros., 3,588 3,916 + Marshall, Roth, Peter, 276 ---- + Marshalltown, Bowman Bros., 2,224 3,018 + “ Vogel, Geo., 42 265 + Mason City, Brohm & McDevitt, 210 385 + Maquoketa, Dostal & Hoffmann, 1,713 1,782 + McGregor, Hagensick, J. L., 939 773 + Montrose, Spring, Martin, 169 62 + Mt. Carmel, Gram, A. L., ---- ---- + Muscatine, Dold, Chas. J. Brewing Co., 1,980 2,120 + “ Dorn, Jacob, 204 108 + “ Eegerman, Mary, 995 1,025 + “ Schaefe, John, 1,800 ---- + “ Witteman, A., 2,117 1,580 + New Hampton, Gross, A. A. 1,050 1,050 + New Vienna, Baeumle & Ferring, 754 1,238 + Nodaway, Auun & Peterson, 495 ---- + Nora Springs, Festel, Florian, 112 120 + Osage, Pierce, R. H., 770 600 + Osceola, Jacobs, Chas., 370 480 + Oskaloosa, Blatner & Newbrand, 975 728 + Ottumwa, Hausman & Bauer, 2,379 2,398 + “ Hoffman, B., 2,756 3,398 + “ Schaefer & Hoffmann, ---- ---- + “ The Wm. Kranner Brewing Co., 2,320 4,351 + Pella, Blattner & Herbig, 372 419 + Postville, Koenig, Jos., 1,051 ---- + Red Oak, Stroh, Charles, 960 550 + Rockford, Marke, S., 942 1,042 + Sevastopool, Munzinger, G., 1,250 1,275 + Shell Rock, Scully, Jas., 287 97 + Sherrill’s Haberkon, Geo., 140 ---- + Mound, + Sioux City, Franz & Co., 2,148 3,120 + “ Selzer, R. 1,512 1,522 + Spillville, Nockles, Frank, 911 945 + “ Schwela & Glasbrenner, ---- 288 + Stacyville, Huxhold, J. H. C., 201 150 + Strawberry Kleinlein, John, 921 858 + Point, + Stuart, Eber, John, 742 1,114 + Tama City, Matthews, A., 516 780 + Vail, Smutney, A., 220 200 + Vinton, Biebesheimer, H. 168 312 + Washington, Jugenheimer, Wm. & Co., 1,360 920 + “ Zahm, H., 410 377 + Waterloo, Goldstein & Rainer, 806 840 + Waukon, Mauch, George, 308 270 + Waverly, Foselman, Peter, 1,632 1,671 + “ Tabor, S. A., 43 66 + Webster City, Ramharter, A., 477 639 + West Mitchell, Fey, John, 1,375 1,144 + West Point, Lampe, Bernard, 159 ---- + “ Troup, Fritz, ---- ---- + Wilton, Miller, Philip F., 923 890 + Winterset, Schroeder, Morris, 75 ---- + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 136. 169,030 186,176 + + + KANSAS. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Atchison, Young, Frank, 752 328 + “ Zibold & Haegelin, 2,079 2,700 + Beloit, Pupka & Eberle, 30 214 + Carr Creek, Marsch, Peter, Jr., 44 78 + Cawker City, Schaaf, Jos., 208 126 + Chanute, Hartman Bros., 300 80 + Elinwood, Hess, John, 286 576 + Emporia, Macke, F. H. & Co., 400 349 + Eudora, Bartusch, Robert, 101 61 + Fort Scott, Schultz & Co., 2,040 2,640 + Hanover, Jockers, Charles, 128 119 + Highland, Weidemaier, Peter, 66 57 + Independence, Hebrank & Truman, 504 253 + Iola, Schindler, R., 125 120 + Junction City, Cammert, Helmon, ---- 100 + “ Frzaskowsky, L. W., 215 257 + Kinsley, Kinsler, J., 39 44 + Kirwin, Strebel, John, 100 200 + Lawrence, Walruff, John, 1,96 3,491 + Leavenworth, Becker & Link, 1,532 5,329 + “ Brandon & Kirmeyer Brewing Co., 4,403 3,774 + “ Kunz, Charles, 889 ---- + “ Peipe, G., 347 274 + Leroy, Schmidt, Albert, 303 209 + Manhattan, Alten, Chas., 186 70 + Marysville, Kalenborn, P. C., 365 483 + Ogden, Weichselbaum, Theo., 494 ---- + Paola, Hausman, C., 283 292 + Salina, Mugler, Peter, 266 552 + Topeka, Alfeman & Elsner, 143 233 + “ Herboldsheimer, A. 521 281 + “ Moeser, Philip, 1,463 901 + Wichita, Wiegand, A., & Co., 418 450 + Wyandotte, Hafner, Anna, ---- 60 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 34. 20,995 24,709 + + + KENTUCKY. + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Alexandria, Meister, August, 1,169 790 + Covington, Geisbauer, L., 8,629 9,345 + “ Lang, Chas., & Co., 8,708 7,986 + “ Ruh & Meyer, 4,258 5,248 + “ Steinrude, J. H., 7,446 8,651 + Frankfort, Luscher, S., 2,265 2,829 + Henderson, Reutlinger & Eisfelder, 2,061 2,500 + Jefferson City, Antsch & Metzner, ---- ---- + Louisville, Bauer, Elizabeth, ---- 1,759 + “ Bott, Sebastian, 1,070 1,317 + “ Christ, M., 2,280 2,475 + “ Dierson, A. F., & Co., ---- ---- + “ Fehr, Frank, 17,189 22,131 + “ Gebhard, Julius, 2,383 357 + “ Hartmetz, Charles, 1,925 1,885 + “ Huber, Henry, 1,211 1,559 + “ Knipers, G., 790 1,437 + “ Laux, Peter, 1,065 1,560 + “ Loeser, Adam, 2,259 2,668 + “ Nadorff, Henry, 725 1,337 + “ Sauffer & Brands, ---- ---- + “ Schanzeubecker, J., 140 181 + “ Senn, M., & Bro., 2,558 4,381 + “ Steurer. J., 422 484 + “ Stein, J. & Co., ---- 1,026 + “ Senn & Ackerman, 2,610 7,800 + “ Templeton, A., 4,734 1,890 + “ Weber & Schillinger, 19,170 25,011 + “ Walter, Eva, Mrs., 4,203 4,310 + “ Walter & Kittinger, ---- 40 + “ Zeller, John, 7,650 5,870 + Maysville, Jaeger, Jacob, 162 152 + Newport, Deppe & Co., 4,607 ---- + “ Schussler & Butcher, 4,607 6,393 + “ Wiedemann, Geo., 11,085 9,973 + Owensboro, Breidenbach, A., 387 404 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 36. 127,771 143,753 + + + LOUISIANA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + New Iberia, Erath, Aug., 579 783 + New Orleans, Armbruster, Mrs. W., 537 Chartres + St., 1,934 2,422 + “ Auer, Geo., 540 Tchoupitoulas 8,136 9,259 + St., + “ Bassemeier, Henry, 1010 New Levee + St., 2,367 3,055 + “ Blaise, Peter, 5 Prieur St., 3,973 6,775 + “ Erath, E., 282 Villeré St., 5,192 6,400 + “ Lusse, Henry, 478 Chartres St., ---- 1,968 + “ Soule, Mrs. S. P., 112 & 113 + Peter St., 2,514 3,006 + “ Sturcken, H. F., 82, 84 & 86 + Marais St., 6,156 7,066 + “ Weckerling, J. J., Magazine & + Delerd Sts., 5,481 6,673 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 10. 36,352 47,407 + + + MARYLAND. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Baltimore, Bauernschmidt, Jno., 803 W. Pratt 3,573 3,778 + St., + “ Bauernschmidt, Jno., foot of + Ridgley St., 12,017 10,037 + “ Bauernschmidt, G., Belair Ave., 10,761 10,923 + “ Beck, Thos., & Son, W. Baltimore + St., 4,209 3,875 + “ Beck, Henry, 153 East Fayette St., 113 92 + “ Beck, Aug., Frederick Road, 7,706 6,935 + “ Beh, Jno. G., corner 3d and + Lancaster Sts., 2,083 2,311 + “ Berger, Bernard, 197 2,113 + “ Berger, Jno. M., 317 S. Bond St., 188 2,987 + “ Berger, John M. 360 S. Caroline + St., 188 115 + “ Brehm, George, 12,656 11,836 + “ Butterfield & Co., 113 Hanover + St., 2,390 1,463 + “ Clauss, Jos., cor. Cross & + Covington Sts., 428 ---- + “ Dukehart, Thos. M., Holiday St., + 5,925 4,750 + “ Eigenbrot Henry, 28 & 30 Wilkens + St., 3,936 3,195 + “ Extel, N., 360 Pa. Ave., 174 ---- + “ Hecht, Miller & Co., 9,149 9,297 + “ Helldorfer, S., cor., Clinton & + Lancaster Sts., 5,358 5,063 + “ Hertlein, G. C., Belair Road, 1,406 1,102 + “ Hœnervogt, Elizabeth, Eastern + Ave., 3,370 3,533 + “ Kemper, Wm., corner 2d and + O’Donnell Sts., 2,799 2,565 + “ Kohles, John, 36 S. Wolf St., 264 208 + “ Miller, R., 373 Biddle St., ---- 36 + “ Mueller, John, 394 Pa. Ave., 673 732 + “ Mueller, Val., 48 Burke St., ---- ---- + “ Muth, Louis, Belair Ave., 7,741 6,694 + “ Rost, Sophia, Blair Ave., 10,009 8,864 + “ Schlaffer, Franz, Belair Road, 3,701 3,640 + “ Schreier, Jos., Belair Ave., 7,198 6,664 + “ Schultheiss, John, Garrison’s + Lane, 2,504 1,994 + “ Schultheiss & Bros., 183 ---- + “ Schierlitz, Jacob, 413 W. + Baltimore St., 270 208 + “ Seeger, Jacob, 1053 W. Pratt St., 10,005 7,362 + “ Sommerfield & Co., 7 Calverton + Road, 6,063 5,193 + “ Stab, Lina, 74 Burke St., 497 424 + “ Strauss, H. S., Bro. & Bell, + Hartford Road, 10,620 12,950 + “ Thau & Muhlhauser, ---- ---- + “ Von der Horst, J. H., Belair Ave., + 16,298 18,309 + “ Weber, Fred, Hartford Road, 3,254 2,310 + “ Werner & Honig, 370 Penn. Ave., 1,135 1,258 + “ Wiessuer, Jno. F., Belair Ave., 12,673 14,799 + “ Wunder, Fred, cor. McDonnell and + 3d Ave., Canton, 5,899 5,275 + Barton, Kolberg & Co., 500 ---- + Canton, Gunther & Gehl, cor. 3d and + McDonald, 3,901 6,851 + “ Schneider, Fritz, 2,500 2,696 + “ Trost, Jno., O’Donnell St., 4,459 3,973 + Carroll P. O., Stiefel, Ed. W., 4,253 3,568 + Carrollton, Knecht, John, 20 83 + Cumberland, Fesemneier, C., 279 500 + “ Himmler, Geo., 591 500 + “ Leonard, Wm., ---- 500 + “ Ritter, Paul, 665 500 + “ Stucklauser, Gus., 700 500 + Frederick, Hauser, Paul, 205 497 + “ Lipps, J. G., 392 457 + Frostburg, Mayer, John, 240 264 + Hagerstown, Heimel, Justus, 172 149 + “ Schuster, Robert, 150 145 + “ Wagner, Wm., 236 229 + “ Witzenbacher, Wm., 115 126 + Lonaconing, Fredericks & Hanekamp, 581 ---- + “ Honig, C., 564 500 + Mt. Savage, Henckel, H., 92 114 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 63. 208,228 205,042 + + + MASSACHUSETTS. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Bedford, Walter, Fred A., ---- ---- + Boston, Boston Beer Co., 249 Second St., + 87,377 77,232 + “ Burkhardt, G. F., 45,500 39,382 + “ Burton Brewing Co., 29,189 24,028 + “ Cook, Isaac & Co., 11,358 10,059 + “ Decker, Conrad, 5,878 6,748 + “ Engle, S. & Co.,[27] ---- ---- + “ Habich, Edward, 30,486 30,853 + “ Haffenreffer & Co., 14,480 16,327 + “ Houghton, A. J. & Co., 45,736 32,474 + “ Hunt, W. P., ---- ---- + “ Jones, Cook & Co., 34,693 31,914 + “ Kenney, James, 13,161 13,663 + “ Kenney & Ballou, 9,167 9,706 + “ Kenney, N., 10,600 5,707 + “ Lang & King, [28]3,420 9,822 + “ Parsons & Co., 8,112 [29]4,530 + “ Pfaff, H. & J., 26,860 34,862 + “ Roessle, John, 41,000 42,827 + “ Rueter & Alley, 60,156 40,509 + “ Smith & Engle, [30]3,160 19,174 + “ Suffolk Brewing Co., 39,409 44,055 + “ Van Nostrand & Co., 42,828 37,912 + Chicopee, Chicopee Brewery, ---- ---- + Fall River, Healy, Thos., Jr., 166 ---- + “ Hurst, J. H., 2,228 4,625 + “ Ogden, Henry, 134 130 + Lawrence, Evans & Co., 2,907 3,087 + “ Stanley & Co., 26,035 28,184 + Newburyport, Whitmore, W. H., Jr., 5,119 ---- + Pittsfield, Gimlich, White & Co., 5,699 4,371 + Salem, Walter, F. A., & Co., 2,459 1,794 + Springfield, Kalmbach & Geisel, 5,093 6,407 + “ Shaw, Wallace, 5,813 4,405 + “ Springfield Brewery, 1,069 1,511 + Willimansett, Brierly, Wm., 1,543 ---- + Worcester, Hines, N., 783 1,933 + “ McNamara, John, 375 285 + “ Webster, Esther A., 1,716 ---- + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 39. 711,166 [31]663,978 + +[27] Leased Houghton & Co.’s Ale Brewery and commenced brewing ale, +April, 1879. + +[28] Lang & King, 4 mos. + +[29] Parsons & Co., 10 mos. + +[30] Smith & Engle, 3 mos. + +[31] The Ale Brewers enlarged their barrels during the year, from 27 +to 31½ gals. If 15 per cent. is allowed for enlargement, the number of +gallons of Ale sold this year will be equal to last year’s sales. + + + MICHIGAN. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Adrian, Eason, Thos., & Son, 337 256 + “ Fischer, Jos., 1,935 1,989 + “ Lehmann, Wm., 1,523 1,462 + “ Mulligan, Daniel, 897 ---- + Allegan, Ellinger, Geo. S., 120 117 + “ Ely, T. D., ---- ---- + Alpena, Leins, Aug., 306 337 + Ann Arbor, Frey, John, 2,523 2,334 + “ Ruck, Frank, 1,448 1,370 + Bay City, Rosa, Thos., ---- 60 + “ Schram, Martin, 90 90 + “ Young, Chas. E., 2,949 3,878 + Big Rapids, Erickson & Hoelm, 198 ---- + Blackman, Haehnle, Casper, & Co., 2,246 3,358 + Charlotte, Crout & Staudacher, 750 598 + Cheboygan, Heutschel, C., & Bro., 217 83 + Clinton, Miller, Wm., 271 ---- + Coldwater, Kappler, Geo., 508 793 + “ Patsch, Louis, 865 601 + Corunna, Storz, Geo., 262 ---- + Detroit, Arndt, Henry, 883 1,154 + “ Darmstaetter, Jacob, 412 + Howard St., 1,347 1,617 + “ Darmstaetter, Wm., 1,944 887 + “ Dittner & Co., 4,369 7,438 + “ East India Brewing Co., 630 + Woodridge St., 2,723 2,226 + “ Endriss, Charles, 5,218 6,616 + “ Fastnacht, D., 279 ---- + “ Goebel, A. & Co., 8,224 9,620 + “ Grieser, Eliza, 153 238 + “ Hauck, Geo. & C., 2,163 3,127 + “ Johnson, E., Jr., Michigan + cor. Sixth St., 565 456 + “ Kling & Co., 13,326 14,053 + “ Koch, John, 3,694 4,248 + “ Kuhl, Mrs. A., 882 74 + “ Kurtz, J. A., 473 320 + “ Lion Brewing Co., Gratiot 5,581 9,499 + St., + “ Mann, Chris., 1,441 1,341 + Mann, Jacob, 5,220 5,006 + “ Martz Bros., 5,632 5,985 + “ McGrath, Thomas, 511 Seventh + St., 1,367 2,658 + “ Michelfelder, A., 5,270 5,103 + “ Miller, Henry, 1,658 308 + “ Moloney, Schneider & Co., 499 924 + “ Ochsenhirt French, 1,917 2,268 + “ Ruoff, Aug., 4,508 4,741 + “ Scheu, John, 21 66 + “ Seeger, Geo., 230 134 + “ Steiner, John, 2,871 3,450 + “ Voigt, E. W., 213 Grand + River Ave., 17,358 17,552 + “ Williams & Co., 232 + Woodridge St., 4,027 3,710 + Dowagiac, Horder, Vincent, 1,058 884 + Eagle River, Kuvel & Bro., 888 547 + East Saginaw, Darmstaetter, L., 1,979 2,090 + “ Mawbray, Wm., 1,264 2,606 + “ Raquet, P. & J., 2,356 2,932 + “ Ziegner, F., 1,245 1,270 + Escanaba, Nolden, Joseph, 401 234 + Fenton, Hux, C., ---- ---- + Flint, Golden, Wm., 428 437 + “ Lewis, William, 409 274 + Forestville, Leonhardt, C., ---- 16 + Fraukenmuth, Geyer, John C., 608 702 + “ Rupprecht, John, 549 577 + Franklin, Rublein, Geo., ---- ---- + Grand Rapids, Adrian Bros., 580 444 + “ Brandt, George, 2,447 2,971 + “ Frey Bros., 4,519 5,608 + “ Goldsmith, Jno., 380 ---- + “ Kusterer, C., 4,648 5,752 + “ Tusch Bros., 444 ---- + “ Veit, J. & Co., 2,032 2,478 + “ Weirich, Peter, 3,286 3,136 + Hancock, Schuenemann, Ph., 4,231 3,620 + Highland, Bentler, J., 29 29 + Hillsdale, Haas, John, 306 630 + Holland, Sutton, E. F., 423 235 + Houghton, Haas, Adam, Estate of 3,504 3,040 + “ Hofen, Henry, 499 491 + Inverness Hentschell, Chas., ---- ---- + Township, + Ionia, Summ, B. & Co., 594 658 + Jackson, Frey, Gottlieb, 1,146 511 + “ Mills, Jas. H., 489 ---- + “ Redmond, John, 204 41 + Kalamazoo, Kinast, L., 1,230 1,078 + “ Loescher, B., 1,298 808 + “ Neumaier, Geo., 1,189 88 + “ Schroder, Henry, 354 378 + Lake Linden, Bosch, J. & Co., 2,124 2,919 + Lansing, Foerster, Adam, 400 1,588 + “ Renz, Mary, 11 ---- + “ Schlotter, Geo., 94 82 + “ Yeiter, F., & Co., 493 581 + L’Ance, McKeman & Steinbeck, 502 ---- + Lapeer, Burger, J. A., 578 807 + Lexington, Walter, F. L., 742 911 + Luddington, Friedeman & Stoekle, ---- 7 + Manchester, Seckinger, Jos., 360 195 + Marshall, Central Brewery, 162 484 + “ Effinger Bros., 350 320 + “ Nonemann & Lutz, 450 450 + Marine City, Bauman, John, 523 497 + “ Marshall, Jas., 273 250 + “ Meschke & Hoch, ---- ---- + Marquette, Rublein, George, 855 ---- + Mt. Clemens, Bieber, Aug., 857 856 + “ Miller, Wm., 301 180 + Menominee, Leisen & Henes, 950 1,328 + Muskegon, Muskegon Brewing Co., 2,025 3,095 + Monroe, Roeder, Jacob, 817 719 + “ Wahl, John, 2,300 2,576 + Negaunee, Liebenstein, F. A., 375 220 + “ Winter, F., 198 285 + New Baltimore, Heuser, A., 246 282 + Niles, Dosch, Aug., 382 455 + Oxford, Findon, Wm., 120 93 + Owasso, Gute Bros., 747 93 + Pentwater, Fricke, C., 4,291 3,929 + Pontiac, Dawson, Robt., 361 301 + Port Huron, Kern, Chris., 2,332 1,843 + “ Senberg, Chas., 785 778 + Rogers, Bittner, Paul, 120 125 + Saginaw, Rosa, John L., 386 386 + “ Schemm & Schoenheit, 3,238 3,708 + Saugatuck, Climpson, Samuel, 38 32 + Sebewaing, Brandle, Sophia, 110 ---- + St. Clair, Schlinkert, John, 496 456 + “ Schroeder, John, 102 80 + Sturgis, Schlegel, John, 714 410 + Three Rivers, Esslinger & Sulliman, 170 ---- + Traverse City, Kratockvill, F. W., 248 140 + “ Smith, John, 238 217 + West Bay, City, Kohler & Jordan, 530 937 + “ Kolb, George, 1,884 2,228 + “ Rosa, Thomas, 530 ---- + Westfield, Kording, H., 18 40 + Westphalia, Arens & Drostle, 34 583 + Whitefield, Rublein, Geo, 855 ---- + Wyandotte, Marx, Geo., 809 946 + Ypsilanti, Forrester, L. Z. & Co., 2,156 2,473 + “ Grob, Jacob, 190 173 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 140. 203,043 212,231 + + + MINNESOTA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Albert Lea, Weile & Co., R., 417 453 + Alexandria, Volk, Carl, 210 319 + “ Wegener, R., 444 629 + Arlington, Klinkers, C., 93 ---- + Austin, Weisei, Jacob, 241 969 + Beaver Falls, Betz, Andreas, 16 28 + Belle Plaine, Schmidt, C., 235 399 + Blue Earth City, Fleckenstein, Paul, 228 228 + Brownsville, Fetzner, V. & J., 672 680 + Canby, Schmohl, J., 67 59 + Carver, Hertz, B., 348 360 + Chaska, Ittis, Peter, 820 636 + “ Karcher, Geo., ---- 510 + “ Liverman, B., 898 844 + Caledonia, Wagner, Philip, 739 ---- + Cold Spring Sarge, M., ---- ---- + City, + Corunna Falls, Kowitz, Ferdinand, 618 650 + Crockton, Burkhard & Co., ---- ---- + Duluth, Fink, Michael, 1,180 614 + Fairmount, Smales, G. S., 103 ---- + Faribault, Fleckenstein, G., 1,015 1,302 + “ Fleckenstein, Ernst, 485 560 + “ Shefield, S. A., 2,389 1,919 + Fergus Falls, Brown, Chas. & Co., 100 180 + “ Oehlschlager, Peter, ---- 45 + Frankfort, Weiss, Geo. E., 272 273 + Frazee, Carl, G., ---- 56 + Glencove, Samuel, Ed., 513 618 + Granger, Hasse, Henry, 536 305 + Hakah, Streigel, John G., 236 140 + Hastings, Busch, Fred, 780 682 + “ Ficker & Dandelinger 1,190 1,148 + Henderson, Enes, C., ---- ---- + Hutchinson, Englehorn & Co., ---- 204 + Jackson, Owens, Evan, 85 67 + Jordan, Gehring, Sebastian, 1,837 1,850 + “ Heiland, Fred, 1,600 1,400 + Lake City, Beck, Peter, & Co., 402 387 + “ Schmidt & Co., 503 829 + Lanesboro, Frietschel, M., 207 ---- + Lanesburg, Radly & Chalupsky, 384 691 + Le Sueur, Arbes, Peter, 229 691 + Litchfield, Lenhardt & Roetger, 318 334 + Madelia, Brennis, P. A., 138 233 + Mankato, Bierbauer, W., 1,391 1,489 + “ Gassler & Co., 977 1,112 + “ Ibach, Joseph, Sen., 339 420 + Mantorville, Maegeli, H., 483 421 + Marine, Wishman & Garner, 127 98 + Mazeppa, Trausch, J., 131 238 + Minneapolis, Mueller & Hendrick, 7,380 8,042 + “ Orth, John, 4,892 6,665 + “ Zahler & Nohrenberg, 1,735 1,966 + Moorhead, Erickson, John, 379 515 + New Munich, Schmidt, N., ---- 476 + New Ulm, Bender, Jacob, 216 299 + “ Hanenstein, Jno., 1,017 1,523 + “ Holl, Aug., 35 173 + “ Schell, Aug., 2,124 2,536 + “ Schmuker, Jos., 209 296 + Northfield, Grafmueller, A., 490 452 + Oshawa, Veith, Fred A., 311 145 + Owatumwa, Bion, Louis, 1,138 1,018 + “ Gauser, Petro, 781 823 + Perham, Schroeder, Peter, 336 307 + Pine Island, Ferber, John, 100 135 + Red Wing, Christ, Jacob, 1,439 1,339 + “ Hartman, John, 267 167 + “ Hoffman, L., 624 607 + “ Remmler, A., 1,456 1,428 + Reeds, Voelke, J., 379 180 + Reed’s Landing, Burkhard, Samuel, 520 603 + Redwood Falls, Weiss, John, 32 57 + Richmond, Webber, C., 225 122 + Rochester, Bang, Joseph, 140 500 + “ Schuster, Henry, 1,176 1,157 + Rollingstone, Vill, Otto, 378 861 + Rushford, Pfeiffer, Jacob, 355 234 + Rush City, Victor, Gustav, 400 595 + Sauk Center, Gruber, Geo., 40 19 + Shakopee, Husmann, A. T., 1,232 1,072 + “ Nysson, H., 1,266 952 + Sleepy Eye, Kramer, G. W., & Co., 237 366 + St. Anthony, Gluck. G., 3,996 3,458 + St. Charles, Mueller, F. W., 944 571 + St. Cloud, Brick, John, 1,688 1,444 + “ Enderle, Lorenz, 1,344 1,598 + “ Thierse & Balder, 1,196 977 + Stillwater, Tepass, Hermann, 955 1,191 + “ Wolf, Joseph, & Co., 2,651 3,364 + St. Paul, Bauholzer, Fred, 1,284 1,167 + “ Bruggeman, M., 1,326 1,908 + “ Drewry & Son, 641 642 + “ Emmert, Fred., 2,760 2,800 + “ Funk, M., 1,475 1,737 + “ Hamm, Theodore, 5,770 7,980 + “ Horning, Frank, 88 102 + “ Koch, R., & Co., 1,869 2,265 + “ Stahlman, Chris., 8,415 10,440 + “ Wurm, Johanna, 210 200 + “ Yoerg, Anthony, 2,225 2,791 + St. Peter, Engesser, Math., 358 299 + “ Stelzer, Jacob, 327 437 + St. Vincent, Raywood & Lemon, ---- ---- + Taylor’s Falls, Schottermuller, J., 133 140 + Wabasha, Leslin, Mary, 245 198 + Waconia, Zabler, Michael, 660 652 + Waseca, Kraft, Simon, 831 585 + “ Bierwalter, John, ---- ---- + Watertown, Lüders, Fritz, 734 470 + Willmar, Gilger, Wm., ---- ---- + Winona, Becker, John S., 2,128 2,540 + “ Bub, Peter, 2,014 2,484 + Young America, Schmasse, A., & Co., 343 389 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 114. 101,916 113,529 + + MISSOURI. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Appleton, Ludwig, Casper, 458 378 + Boonville, Gresmeier & Roechel 1,170 ---- + Cape Girardeau, Hanney, Ferdinand, 558 624 + “ Henniger, Fred., 364 420 + “ Uhl, Casper, 757 792 + Carrollton, Schomburg, H. R., 316 274 + Carthage, Beainer, Jas. C., ---- ---- + Chillicothe, Pierson, Peter, 597 257 + Edina, Strohman, F. G., 51 109 + Fredericktown, Gamma, Jacob, 440 340 + Fulton, Lorenz, Edward, 332 316 + Glasgow, Siebel, John, 292 ---- + Hannibal, Riedel, Geo., 2,975 2,025 + “ Schambacher, W. H., ---- ---- + Hermann, Kropp, Hugo, 495 998 + Jefferson City, Franz & Brother, 1,311 1,276 + “ Wagner, Geo., & Son, 2,688 2,863 + Kansas City, Kump, F. H., 8,700 8,700 + “ Muehlbach, John, 2,666 3,932 + Kirksville, Maloney, A. D., & Co., 28 ---- + “ Sloan, Henry, 78 ---- + Lexington, Hoffman, Ernst, 1,060 600 + Macon City, Steinbrecher, Geo., 796 204 + Maryville, Niesendorfer & Co., 909 52 + Middlebrook, Seitz, Edward, 1,097 300 + Moberly, Hochberger, G. F., 1,038 332 + Palmyra, Hiner, A., 225 195 + “ Menge, Christopher, 141 188 + Perryville, Strobel, F., & Co., 465 420 + Princeton, Antricht, Ferd & Co., 181 136 + Rockport, Hartman, Wm., 350 200 + Salt River, Amesbury & Walker, 39 31 + Sedalia, Siebel & Holm, 3,692 2,731 + Springfield, Dingledein, S., 936 738 + St. Charles, Runge, Theo., 1,775 1,768 + “ Schaeffer, E., 2,308 2,200 + St. Genevieve, Rottler, Val., 1,069 700 + St. Joseph, Goetz, M. K., & Co., 4,651 4,299 + “ Kuechle, E. J., 3,843 3,804 + “ Nunning, Henry & Son, 6,223 5,585 + “ Ohnesorg & Co., 2,270 3,570 + St. Louis, Anthony & Kuhn, cor. Sidney + and Buel Sts., 22,018 22,970 + “ Anheuser-Busch Brewing + Association, between + Peslallozi and Crittenden, 61,584 83,160 + “ Brinckwirth & Nolker, 1820 + Cass Ave., 23,573 22,410 + “ Cherokee Brewery, Herold & + Loebs, props., Cherokee St., + Iowa Ave., 11,151 11,432 + “ Denber, Geo., s. w. cor. 20th + and Dodier Sts., 104 164 + “ Excelsior Brewing Co., C. + Koehler, president, 2818 So. + Seventh St., 22,865 23,284 + “ Feuerbacher & Schlossstein, + Sidney and Eighth Sts., 22,350 22,121 + “ Ferrie, Jos., & Co., 1906 + Franklin Ave., 1,100 ---- + “ Griesedieck, A., & Co., Buena + Vista and Shenandoah Sts., 7,904 3,519 + “ Grone, H., & Co., 2211 Clark 27,532 27,207 + Ave., + “ Heidbreder, Jno. F., cor. 21st + and Dodier Sts., 7,167 8,100 + “ Klausman Brewing Co., So. Main + St., Carondelet, 7,970 7,638 + “ Koch & Schillinger Brewing + Co., 816 to 822 Sidney Sts., 11,319 12,500 + “ Lemp, Wm. J., 2d Carondelet + Ave. and Cherokee St., 78,422 88,714 + “ Milentz, Laura, 1535 + Carondelet Ave., 136 175 + “ Schnaider, Jos., Brewing Co., + 2,000 Chauteau Ave., 28,589 27,960 + “ Spengler & Son, 3823 Broadway, 8,870 9,677 + “ Stifel, Chas. G., Brewing Co., + 1911 N. Fourteenth St., 26,598 30,164 + “ St. Louis Brewery Co., + Lafayette and 2d Carondelet 15,060 10,527 + Ave., + “ Uhrig, Jos., Brewing Co., 1800 + Market St., 15,604 13,346 + “ Wainwright, S. & Co., 727 + South Ninth St., 39,440 45,846 + “ Weiss, M. & Obert, N. E. cor. + State and Lynch Sts., 10,500 11,000 + “ Winkelmeyer, J., Brewing + Association, from 17th to + 18th, and Market to Walnut 27,079 31,474 + Sts., + “ Young, B. F., 514 So. Second + St., 796 808 + Stockton, Gast, M., ---- 16 + Union, Richenmacher & Gory, 156 84 + Warrenburg, Gross, Philip, 328 199 + Washington, Busch, John B., 2,228 1,912 + Wittenburg, Milster, C. D., ---- 318 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 72. 547,590 582,372 + + + MONTANA. + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Bannack, Harby, James, 27 41 + Bozeman, Spieth & Kugg, 428 332 + Butte, Saile, Buol, ---- 20 + “ Schmidt & Garner, 299 190 + Deer Lodge, Coutaineir & Fish, 141 309 + “ Fenner & Co., 310 324 + Diamond City, Rampeck, H. J., 61 42 + Fort Benton, Moersberger & Co., 73 58 + Glendale, Gilg, Frank, 112 151 + Helena, Binzel, B., ---- 49 + “ Foller, August, 568 652 + “ Horsky & Kuech, 889 1,003 + “ Kessler, Nick, 1,026 912 + Miles, Buch & Rodener, ---- 115 + Missoula, Hayes, John, 116 203 + Phillipsburg, Guth, Christian, 37 43 + “ Kroger, Chas., 75 76 + Radersburg, Dixon, Thos., 31 28 + Silver Bow, Nissler, Christian, 267 510 + Silver Star, Fullhart, L., ---- 74 + Sun River, Rohner, John, ---- 54 + Virginia City, Gilbert, Henry S., 217 330 + ----- ----- + Number of Breweries, 22. 4,677 5,516 + + + NEBRASKA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Beatrice, Coffin & Sonderegger, ---- 319 + Columbus, Hersenbrock & Hengeler, 1,127 1,117 + Colfax, Jetter & Martin, 1,037 1,069 + Fairmount, Rock, C., 874 151 + Falls City, Brackhalm Bros., ---- ---- + “ Brackhalm & Fricke, ---- 591 + Franklin, Arnold, Ernst, 106 175 + Fremont, Magenan, E., 2,350 2,595 + Grand Island, Boehm, George, 1,176 1,180 + Hastings, Calvert, Alfred, 170 ---- + Kulo, Borener, Aug., 79 82 + Lincoln, Fitzgerald, J., ---- ---- + Nebraska City, Reyschlag, Fred, 1,285 ---- + “ Roos, A., 685 815 + Niohara, Foerster, Adam, ---- 47 + North Platte, Distel, Erickson & Co., 232 558 + Omaha, Bacon, Albert, 233 ---- + “ Baumann, Mrs. W., 2,747 3,162 + “ Engler, E., 102 82 + “ Krug, Fred, 11th St., 7,298 8,065 + “ Metz & Bro., 5,645 7,686 + Plattsmouth, Heisel & Rippel, 617 481 + Red Cloud, Bernzen, J., 201 120 + West Crete, Neher, N., 844 739 + West Point, Wala, Jos., 278 218 + Wilber, Kobes, Jno., 14 18 + “ Shary, Rob’t, ---- ---- + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 27. 27,100 29,270 + + + NEVADA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Aurora, Stauhler, F., 281 388 + Austin, Bauer, G. A., 324 + Battle Mountain, Amfahr, John, 84 39 + Belleville, Belleville Brewery, ---- 93 + Carson City, Berryman, R. A., ---- ---- + “ Klein, Jacob, 1,734 2,071 + Elko, Bixel, Antonie, 499 355 + “ Hawley & Curieux, 115 + Esmerelda, Stahler, F., 281 644 + Eureka, Bremenkampf, F. J., & Co., 375 495 + “ Lautenschlager, C., 943 1,272 + “ Mann, H., & Co., 261 993 + “ Smith & Mendes, ---- 237 + “ Vosberg, Henry, ---- ---- + Gold Hill, Schweiss, Sylvester, 1,170 1,054 + Grantsville, Koch, Wm., ---- ---- + Halleck, Gruenberg, Chr., ---- ---- + Hamilton, Schmidt, Casper, 129 + Paradise Valley, Kirchner & Co., ---- 124 + Pioche, Staler, J. W., 10 5 + “ Schustrich & Klein, 195 199 + Reno, Hoffmann, Wm., 648 509 + Silver City, Geyer, Philip, 155 ---- + Tuscarora, Iwan & Trilling, 65 138 + “ Curiaux, F., 208 342 + Tybo, Bohle, H., 111 146 + White Pine, Mezger Bros., 96 124 + Winnemucca, Fink & Hinkey, 348 472 + “ Kesler, Charles, 104 132 + Virginia City, Deininger, John P., 605 581 + “ Franklin & Schroeder, 1,400 1,516 + “ Rapp & Langan, 1,179 963 + “ Reich, Louis, 786 840 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 35. 12,116 13,969 + + + NEW HAMPSHIRE. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Cold River, Fall Mountain Lager Co., 4,858 8,605 + Manchester, Carney, Lynch & Co., ---- ---- + Portsmouth, Eldredge Brewing Co., Marcus ---- ---- + Eldredge, President, 40,181 33,031 + “ Jones, Frank, 66,398 60,105 + “ Portsmouth Brewing Co., 15,634 15,147 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 5. 127,071 116,888 + + + NEW JERSEY. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Clinton, Krack, J. G., 271 1,109 + East Newark, Hauck, Peter, 12,705 15,243 + Egg Harbor, Schmitz, Henry, 821 919 + Elizabeth, Eckert, P. J., 90 155 + “ Wagner, John F., 832 953 + Guttenberg, Biela & Eypper, 5,850 6,027 + “ Koehler & Son, 9,177 9,851 + Hamilton, Hetzel, Jacob, 1,344 1,775 + Hoboken, Axtman, John, 194 160 + “ Hackenberg, Franz, 149 120 + Jersey City, Freund, H. C., 137 212 + “ Hudson City Brewery, 13,135 11,892 + “ Lembeck & Betz, 29,353 31,532 + “ Marion Brewery, 3,143 4,726 + “ Newman, H., 131 106 + “ Simon, H. P., 216 222 + Midland, Keeley, James, 707 ---- + Newark, Abendschoen & Bro., 142 238 + “ Ballentine, P., & Sons, 109,234 106,091 + “ Ballentine & Co., 20,494 21,979 + “ Feigenspan & Co., 21,366 19,074 + “ Freche, Gustave L., 114 92 + “ Froescher, George, 140 250 + “ Griffith, John, & Co., 1,536 ---- + “ Heinnickel, John, 67 144 + “ Hensler, Joseph, 35,560 38,638 + “ Hill & Piez, 23,032 24,172 + “ Kastner, F. J., 15,349 14,637 + “ Krueger, Gottfried, 28,759 29,549 + “ Laderer, M., 51 93 + “ Lyon, D. M., & Son, 26,560 22,994 + “ Mander, Jac. 12,088 12,801 + “ Morton & Bro., 20,397 18,851 + “ Neitzer, Charles, 93 80 + “ Neu, John, 2,969 3,403 + “ Roesser, Catharina, 84 149 + “ Stadelhofer, Max., ---- ---- + “ Trant, F. A., 4,828 5,958 + “ Trefz, Christiana, 25,380 20,809 + “ Wackenhuth, F. C., 3,188 2,682 + “ Weidemayer, G. W., 3,855 750 + “ Ziehr, Elizabeth, ---- 248 + Paterson, Graham & Co., 6,237 12,484 + “ Braum, C., 409 1,588 + “ Katz, Bros., 129 7,062 + “ Pfannebecker, P., 48 152 + “ Sprattel & Mennel, 5,768 5,027 + “ Shaw & Hincliffe, 22,029 22,000 + Rahway, Geyer Bros., 1,605 6,748 + Raritan, Schneider, J., ---- 1,049 + Trenton, Haas, F. Son’s, 480 580 + “ Schloetterer, S., ---- ---- + Union Hill, Bromeke, Aug., 302 177 + “ Bermus, Daniel, 14,425 17,195 + “ Linnewerth, L., 7,366 8,611 + “ Peter, William, 8,967 7,862 + “ Wegenburg, Charles, 94 102 + West Hoboken, Wittig, Catharine, 1,177 543 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 57. 502,574 519,864 + + + NEW MEXICO. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Golondrinas, Weber, Frank, 110 180 + Silver City, May, John L., & Co., ---- ---- + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 2. 110 180 + + + NEW YORK. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Albany, Albany Brewing Co., 58,201 71,568 + “ Amsdell Bros., 40,975 57,470 + “ Beverywyck Brewing Co., ---- 25,947 + “ Coleman Bros., 6,593 7,585 + “ Dobler, John, 3,305 3,897 + “ Farun, M. H., 305 463 + “ Fulgraff, Wm., estate of, 1,415 1,183 + “ Gregory, Alex., 12,504 10,495 + “ Hedrick, John F., 3,407 3,766 + “ Hinckel, Fred, 21,267 16,448 + “ Hoerl & Frank, 1,051 732 + “ Kirchner, J., 4,865 4,508 + “ Long, A. S., 1,204 1,542 + “ Schindler, Wm., 1,532 1,592 + “ Schneider, J. G., 500 130 + “ Taylor & Son, 49,512 46,001 + “ Tzomaski, Julius, 39 35 + “ Walker, James, 10,890 6,764 + “ Weber, G., & Son, 342 258 + “ Quinn & Nolan, 44,045 44,101 + Allegany, Zink, W. F., 200 60 + Amsterdam, Moat, Charles, 2,550 2,990 + “ Pabst, Jno. F., ---- 142 + Attica, Thompson, C. S., Assignee of + R. H. Farnham, ---- 1,083 + Auburn, Burtis & Son, 1,600 2,770 + “ Fanning, G. S., 602 918 + “ Koenig, Wm., 3,534 1,993 + “ Sutcliffe, Wm., 3,018 4,223 + Batavia, Eagar & Co., 1,266 762 + “ Millschauer, L., 867 ---- + Binghamton, West, L., 1,045 1,276 + “ White & Fuller, 3,000 2,688 + Bleecker, Ernst, Roman, 66 ---- + Breslau, Feller, John, 185 139 + Buffalo, Beck, Magnus, 13,456 11,720 + “ Driskel, Mrs. F., 2,836 3,183 + “ Gecman & Schroeter, ---- 596 + “ Gerber, Charles, 9,905 11,245 + “ Haas, David, 4,428 3,262 + “ Haberstroh, J. L., 4,824 4,751 + “ Hinold, M., ---- 1,274 + “ Jost Brewing Co., 1,949 3,768 + “ Kaltenbach, F. X., 13,843 18,115 + “ Karn, John, 2,664 2,760 + “ Kuhn, Jacob F., 4,047 3,694 + “ Lang, Gerhard, 17,825 14,030 + “ Luippold, John M., 6,675 9,040 + “ Moeller, August, 460 240 + “ Moffat & Service, 5,255 6,426 + “ Reis, George, 2,149 2,702 + “ Rochevot, George, 10,070 9,305 + “ Rohrer, Margaret, 219 163 + “ Roos, George, 9,684 10,419 + “ Schaeffer, Aleis, 7,600 9,520 + “ Schanzlin, J. F., 3,440 2,834 + “ Schenfele & Co., 284 ---- + “ Scheu, Jacob, 8,660 8,515 + “ Schneider, Philip, 2,250 1,872 + “ Schuesler, John, 8,005 9,191 + “ Scobell & Schub, 1,503 1,610 + “ Shoemaker, E. D., 6,100 5,106 + “ Sloan, W. W., 2,223 2,554 + “ Voetsch, Wm., 2,481 4,150 + “ Weyand, Christian, 7,643 10,483 + “ Ziegele, Albert, 18,375 24,795 + Brooklyn, Burger, Joseph, corner Mese + and Leonard Sts., 8,215 8,400 + “ Dahlbender & Greener, 174 Ewen + St., 4,066 4,857 + “ Devell, J. V., 16 Osmond Place, + 21 87 + “ Deveuthal, Henry, 30 Webster + Place, 108 110 + “ Epping, Leonard, 32 George St., 20,300 20,800 + “ Fallert, Jos., 66 Meserole St., ---- 815 + “ Foster, H. C., Jr., 33 600 ---- + Cranberry St., + “ Gluck & Scharmann, 371 Pulaski 24,000 25,520 + “ Goetz, Christ’n, Franklin + Ave., Bergen and Dean Sts., 17,960 20,990 + “ Grass & Co., 435 First St., 2,574 2,838 + “ Guenther, Wm., 436 So. Fifth 210 250 + St., + “ Herrmann, Henry, 14 North 80 92 + Ninth St., + “ Howard & Fuller, Bridge and + Plymouth Sts., 16,825 15,494 + “ Huber, Otto, Meserole St. and + Bushwick Ave., 36,911 35,356 + “ Immen, Henry, 46 Commercial 150 185 + St., + “ Jones, J. J., 311 Bremen St., 10,644 14,225 + “ Kiefer, H., 140 Scholes St., 14,000 19,534 + “ Kolb, Charles, Witherspoon St., 8,175 6,000 + “ Leavy & Britton Brewing Co., + Jay and Front Sts., 22,874 20,000 + “ Liebmann’s Sons, Prospect and + Bremen Sts., 52,469 57,327 + “ Lipsius, Claus, 477 Bushwick + Ave., 14,744 20,775 + “ Long Island Brewing Co., 81 + Third Ave., 30,029 27,142 + “ Malcom, George, cor. Skillman + St., and Flushing Ave., 15,556 16,882 + “ Mark, John G., 26 Bremen St., 341 242 + “ Marquardt Bros., 403 Leonard + St., 50 70 + “ Marquardt, L., 2 Meserole St., 111 106 + “ Maupai, Wm., 168 Ewen St., 5,336 6,412 + “ Meninger, John, 162 Cook St., ---- 6 + “ McGoldrich, Daniel, 55 + Atlantic St., 48 48 + “ Meltzer Bros., Suydam and + Myrtle Sts., 7,000 8,000 + “ Obermeyer & Liebmann, 71 + Bermen St., 22,242 22,238 + “ Ochs & Lehnert, Bushwick Ave. + and Scholes St., 3,060 5,654 + “ Raber, John, 60 Scholes St., 6,371 11,578 + “ Raether, Wm., 1089 Myrtle St., 139 151 + “ Schmidt, L., 36 Broadway, 215 400 + “ Seidler, A., 51st St., between + 3rd and 4th Aves., ---- 65 + “ Seitz’s, N. Son, Manjer St., 19,843 25,000 + “ Streeter & Denison, 84 N. + Second St., 13,455 14,238 + “ Ulmer, Wm., cor. Beaver and + Belvidere Sts., 27,000 22,644 + “ Urban & Abbott, Bushwick Ave. + 18,697 23,048 + “ Weber & Amthor, 182 Graham + Ave., 604 2,320 + “ Welz, John, Myrtle Ave. cor. + Wyckoff Ave., 6,982 9,744 + “ Williamsburg Brewing Co., Wm. + Brown, pres’t. Humboldt and + Meserole St., 40,284 50,287 + “ Witte, F. W., 100 Luynier St., 204 200 + Canaan, Losty, Patrick, 416 304 + Canajoharie, Bierbauer, Louis, 1,346 1,399 + Canandaigua, McKechnie, J. & A., 18,500 15,547 + Cape Vincent, Scobell, R. S., 691 422 + Carthage, Clifford, C., 678 829 + Clarkstown, Schmersahl. J. G. C., 1,424 569 + Clifton, (S. I.) Mayer & Bachmann, 44,535 37,898 + Colden, Miller, Mrs. B., 1,144 401 + College Point, Ochs, Joseph, 18,990 18,717 + (L. I.) + Concord, Lutz, Joseph, 168 179 + Constableville, Seigel, Jos., 208 432 + Corning, Haischer, Fred, 840 1,646 + Cuba, Agate, Edward, 1,766 1,730 + Dansville, Klink, John, 450 435 + Dobb’s Ferry, Biegen, Peter M., 16,036 16,664 + Dunkirk, Dotterweich, George, 2,760 3,000 + “ Finck, Henry, 1,976 2,554 + “ Smith, Henry, ---- 169 + East New York, Atlantic Brewery, 112 ---- + East Leicht, Fred, 3,700 3,360 + Williamsburg, + Eden, Schweikhart, Daniel, 403 640 + Elmira, Arnold, Kolb & Co., 1,500 ---- + “ Briggs, F., & Co., 7,534 7,142 + “ Gerber, Chas. Jr., ---- ---- + “ Mander, Adam, 1,682 1,172 + Esopus, Staudacher, Fred, ---- 1,728 + Evans’ Mills, Clifford, C., 900 832 + Fishkill, Walshe, J. V., 973 765 + Fort Edward, Durkee & Co., 6,250 5,321 + Fort Plain, Beck, John, 570 595 + Fremont, Kille, Joseph, 117 152 + “ Schneider, J., ---- 74 + Geddes, Mantel, Jacob, 1,098 816 + Glens’ Falls, Coney & Sheldon, 2,928 2,581 + Gowanda, Fischer & Garber, ---- 688 + Great Valley, Forge, L., Jr., ---- 660 + Half Moon, Wenner. R., 1 029 962 + Hall’s Corners, Stokel, Wesley, 410 425 + Hamburg, Fink, Frank J., 975 431 + Herkimer, Goldsmith, Anna M., 90 236 + Hicksville, Becker, Wm., 223 250 + Hornellsville, Leach & Kennedy, 952 1,247 + “ Sauter, John, 796 363 + Hudson, Evans, C. H., 26,441 23,606 + “ Waterbury, E., 1,265 1,405 + Ilion, Speddin, S., 2,362 2,353 + Jamestown, Smith Charles, 1,160 1,610 + Kingston, Barmann, Peter, ---- 457 + “ Cummings, Catherine, 222 139 + “ Dressell & Co., 2,767 2,523 + “ Scheick, C., ---- 67 + “ Schwalbach, Eliz., 1,485 ---- + “ Stephan, G. F., 1,573 ---- + “ Thiele, Valentine, ---- ---- + Lancaster, Demaugeot, John, 3,410 3,115 + “ Hilbert, Sylvester, 465 418 + “ Soemann, Chas. J., 816 1,180 + Langford, Kekrer, Henry, 482 374 + Lansingburg, Bolton, Samuel & Sons, 9,548 11,318 + Le Roy, Linxwilder, J. D., 154 68 + “ Sellinger, Lorenz, 483 477 + Little Falls, Beattie, W., & J., 993 912 + “ Gerhard, N., 225 ---- + Lockport, Dumville, Joseph, 948 1,320 + “ Ulrich, Anton, 3,292 4,240 + Lowville, Siegel, John, 613 400 + “ Siegel, Joseph, 636 ---- + Lyons, Brock, Geo., & Co., 1,614 1,748 + Mattawan, Walsh, J. W., 1,000 884 + Medina, Remde, W., 420 406 + Middleton, Cohalan, T., 1,132 623 + “ Herbert, Geo. Ludwig, 150 ---- + Morrisania, Diehl, Catherine, 1,211 ---- + “ Ebling, P. & W., 32,438 33,471 + “ Eichler, John, 36,356 42,701 + “ Haffen, J. & M. J., 13,689 12,505 + “ Hupfel’s, A. Sons, 15,020 14,893 + “ Kuntz, J. & L. F., 26,810 29,596 + “ Rivinius, Chas., 17,159 29,176 + “ Zeltner, Henry, 13,138 10,883 + Mt. Morris, White, J. E. & Bro., 1,058 1,000 + New Bremen, Zimmerman, John, 498 446 + Newburgh, Beveridge, T., & Co., 15,341 15,371 + “ Leicht Bros., ---- 179 + New Rochelle, Jones, David, 11,736 11,140 + New York City, Ahles, Jacob, 155 East 54th + St., 10,581 12,578 + “ Barry & Bro., 319 East 40th 161 171 + St., + “ Baur & Betz, 140 East 58th St., 22,267 28,186 + “ Beadleston & Woerz, 295 West + 10th St., 78,037 78,093 + “ Bender, R. & W., 169 Spring + St., 67 86 + “ Bentle, Chas., 76th St., bet. + Ave. A and 1st Ave., 154 115 + “ Bernheimer & Schmid, 9th Ave., + 107th and 108th Sts., 51,826 56,878 + “ Betz, John F., 353 West 44th 34,129 + St., 28,961 + “ Betz, John J., 9th Ave. and + 60th St., 4,725 5,833 + “ Brecher, Philip, 437 Fifth St., 60 92 + “ Clausen & Price, 11th Ave. and + 59th St., 56,786 69,271 + “ Clausen, H. & Son, 309 East + 47th St., 89,039 89,992 + “ De La Vergne & Burr, 225 West + 18th St., 28,393, 42,037 + “ Doelger, Joseph, 227 East 54th + St., 19,432 20,100 + “ Doelger, Peter, East 55th St., + bet. Ave. A and First Ave., 56,215 80,000 + “ Doemich & Schnell, 291 Broome + St., 92 99 + “ Doerrbecker, J. H., 188 + William St., 730 589 + “ Dunton, W. R., 84 Cherry St., 3,922 3,447 + “ Eckert & Winter, 218 East 55th + St., 43,322 42,866 + “ Ehret, Geo., 92d St., bet. 2d + and 3d Aves., 159,103 180,152 + “ Elias & Betz, 403 East 54th + St., 46,109 45,286 + “ Englehardt, Jacob, 537 West + 54th St., 42 48 + “ Esselborn, Broadway and 50th + St., 232 370 + “ Evers, H., 49 Monroe St., 370 338 + “ Ferris, H. & Sons, 257 Tenth + Ave., 20,621 23,462 + “ Feyh, Adrian, 266 William St., 1,746 1,805 + “ Finck, A. & Son, 326 West 39th + St., 25,242 30,782 + “ Flanagan & Wallace, 450 West + 26th St., 82,567 84,825 + “ Haddock & Langdon, 414 East + 14th St., 21,509 23,371 + “ Hawkins, C. P., 345 West 41st + St., 5,654 6,231 + “ Hoertel, G. C., 134 Elm St., 228 296 + “ Hoffman, Jacob, 212 East 55th + St., 47,042 44,648 + “ Hupfel’s, A., Sons, 229 East + 38th St., 22,309 22,697 + “ Jones, David, 638 Sixth St., 34,297 39,551 + “ Kirk, William, 15 Downing St., 7,049 8,265 + “ Kleinschroth, Fred’k, 89 + Sheriff St., 200 287 + “ Koch, Andrew, 455 First St., 301 431 + “ Koehler, Hermann, 341 East + 29th St., 23,374 21,196 + “ Kress, John, 211 East 54th St., 39,448 40,015 + “ Kerr & Smith, 135 West 18th + St., ---- ---- + “ Lincke, G., 124 Forsyth St., 94 67 + “ Loehr, Henry, 428 West 55th + St., 10 100 + “ Loewer, Val., 529 West 41st + St., 1,968 2,872 + “ Lyman, T. C. & Co., 532 West + 33d St., 41,528 42,491 + “ McKnight, Mrs. S. M., 159 + Sullivan St., 4,796 613 + “ Miles, W. A. & Co., 59 + Chrystie St., 13,921 13,003 + “ Morse, Michael, 225 East 21st + St., 80 90 + “ Munch, F., 143 West 30th St., 27 27 + “ Neuman, F. A., 233 East 47th 20,257 23,500 + St., + “ Opperman & Muller, 336 East + 46th St., 21,020 20,693 + “ O’Reilly, Skelly & Fogarty, + 409 West 14th St., 28,496 35,250 + “ Otto, F., 58 East 4th St., 47 32 + “ Rehberger, V. 101 Broome St., 99 99 + “ Ringler, Geo., & Co., 92d St., + bet. Second and Third Aves., 57,984 65,658 + “ Rottman. J. F., 315 West 47th 14,680 13,841 + St., + “ Ruppert, Jacob, 1639 Third + Ave., 101,058 + 105,713 + “ Schaefer, F. & M., Brewing + Co., 4th Ave, bet. 50th & 51st 50,842 53,565 + Sts., + “ Schaefer, Philip, 340 West + 57th St., 23,022 22,489 + “ Schmidt & Koehne, 163 East + 59th St., 19,066 19,714 + “ Schufele, John, 541 First Ave., ---- 37 + “ Schwaner & Amend, 514 West + 57th St., 14,159 12,533 + “ Seitz, Chas., 240 West 28th 6,443 13,187 + St., + “ Shook & Everard, 675 + Washington St., 45,171 50,005 + “ Smith, McPherson & Donald, 242 + West 18th St., 42,316 27,131 + “ Sorg, Geo., 647 11th Ave., 21 150 + “ Spoehrer, H., 75 Norfolk St., 95 119 + “ Springmeyer, E., 106 East 88th + St., 158 172 + “ Stein, Conrad, 528 West 57th + St., 50,642 50,145 + “ Stengel, F., 48 Ludlow St., 150 169 + “ Stevenson, David, Jr., 503 + West 39th St., 13,581 25,938 + “ Tracy & Russell, 61 to 71 + Greenwich Ave., 40,296 33,969 + “ Wallace, James, 70 Madison St., 13,412 20,676 + “ Weiland, O., 212 West 30th St., 232 319 + “ Werner, Adam, 526 East 12th 48 54 + St., + “ Werner, Geo., 344 East 105th 41 36 + St., + “ Wernz, Jacob, 50 Norfolk St. 50 49 + “ Wheatcroft & Rintoul, 87th + St., and Fourth Ave., 5,722 7,840 + “ Yuengling & Co., 10th Avs. and + 128th St., 47,890 58,316 + “ Yuengling & Co., 4th Ave. and + 128th St., 27,269 29,390 + Norwich, Scott, M. A., 1,308 1,302 + Nunda, Boulton, Geo. E., 881 789 + Ogdensburgh, Arnold, J. H., 2,391 2,344 + Olean, Dotterneich, Chas., 2,653 2,464 + Oriskany Falls, Smith, E., 3,917 4,061 + Oswego, Brosemer, Lewis, 4,668 4,428 + “ Millot, J. B., 2,509 2,312 + “ Oswego German Brewing Co., ---- 150 + Owego, Burrows, Caroline, ---- 69 + Palmyra, Downing Bros., 1,362 ---- + Penn Yan, Ainsworth, Oliver, 118 321 + Peekskill, McCord, Robt., 448 ---- + “ Meyer & Amott, ---- 261 + Perkinsville, Didas, N. & Co., 344 181 + Plattsburg, Woerner & Parker, ---- ---- + Poughkeepsie, Biegel, Leonard, 845 556 + “ Frank’s, V. Sons, 4,869 4,473 + “ Gass, John, 496 435 + “ Gilman, Fred’k, 260 200 + “ Klein, M., 216 2,753 + “ Vasser, M. & Co., 12,261 9,511 + Ridgewood, Marquardt, Jacob, 10,733 9,895 + Rochester, Baetzel, J. G. & Bro., 1,161 2,226 + “ Bartholomay Brewing Co., + George Arnoldt, Sec’y, 42,921 61,824 + “ Enright, Patrick, 3,243 3,333 + “ Genesee Brewing Co., ---- 9,579 + “ Hathaway & Gordon, 9,795 9,504 + “ Marburger & Spies, 2,439 2,805 + “ Meyers & Loebs, 880 1,195 + “ Miller, Fred’k, 5,220 5,805 + “ Nunn, Joseph, 789 742 + “ Rochester Ale Co., G. W. + Archer, Pres’t., 929 ---- + “ Rochester Brew’g Co., G. + Mannel, Pres’t, 32,693 43,000 + “ Warren, E. K., 6,290 6,546 + “ Weinmann, Margaret, 132 128 + “ Yaman & Nase, 416 384 + “ Zimmermann, Geo., 370 235 + Rome, Kelly & Gaheen, 2,471 2,333 + “ Smith, Julius, 493 403 + “ Evans, Edward, 1,650 3,050 + Saratoga Springs, Eheman, George, 245 203 + Saugerties, Loerzel, M., 270 317 + Schenectady, Dickson, Virginia, 327 156 + “ Engle, Peter, 1,710 1,420 + “ Meyers, Jos. S., 2,067 2,025 + Seneca Falls, Weiss Bros., 150 93 + Sheldon, Battendorf, Thos., 216 264 + Southfield, Kaltenmeir, Jos., 495 425 + Stapleton,(S.I.,) Bechtel, Ceo., 44,535 45,000 + “ Bischoff, Chas., 10,317 10,311 + “ Eckstein, Munroe, 13,495 13,402 + “ Korner, Gotlieb, 68 ---- + “ Menken, Fred., 60 80 + “ Ruebsam & Horrman, 39,500 26,360 + Strykersville, Glaser, Frank, 880 633 + Suspension Hager, Theo., 975 1,158 + Bridge, + Syracuse, Ackerman & Stuben, 2,306 2,485 + “ Becker, Jacob, ---- 61 + “ Greenway Brewing Co., 43,695 43,058 + “ Haberle & Son, 6,080 4,607 + “ Kearney, Wm., 9,072 9,689 + “ Pfohl, Jacob, 1,186 1,291 + “ Zett, Xavier & Son., 1,230 1,764 + Tonawanda, Zent, George, 3,520 3,140 + Troy, Conners, P., 1,934 2,012 + “ Daly & Stanton, 18,854 16,136 + “ Fitzgerald Bros., 26,409 24,649 + “ Gaffigan, Julia, 50 58 + “ Isengart & Voigt, 3,875 3,050 + “ Kennedy & Murphy, 27,841 34,288 + “ Potter, W. H., 9,206 9,221 + “ Quandt, A. & A., 665 1,825 + “ Ruscher, A. L, 3,325 2,727 + “ Stoll, Jacob F., 3,450 3,875 + Utica, Bierbauer, Chas., 880 392 + “ Gulf Brewery, 7,473 6,918 + “ Hutton, Chas., 2,064 2,393 + “ Myers, Jno. & Co., 7,912 8,331 + “ Ralph, Geo., Jr., & Co., 6,001 6,035 + Watertown, Kellogg, Alonzo, 600 ---- + “ Seibert, Peter, 571 ---- + Watervliet, Weinbender, A., 449 384 + Watervllle, Peck, E. S., 1,299 480 + Wawarsing, Kuhlmann, John, 1,174 1,062 + Weedsport, Brewster & Becker, 4,379 4,155 + Westfield, Rorig, A., 62 77 + Westmoreland, Brockett, J. A., 822 463 + West Seneca, Messner, Mrs. A., 1,056 1,150 + West Troy, Reilly & McGrath, 5,644 5,124 + Williamsville, Batt, J. & Co. 2,715 3,108 + Yonkers, Krafft, Chas., 31 ---- + “ Underhill’s, E., Sons, 9,906 8,840 + --------- --------- + Number of Breweries, 365. 3,556,678 3,980,716 + + + NORTH CAROLINA. + + Fayetteville, Lancashire J., W., ---- 4 + + + OHIO. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Akron, Burkhardt, Wm., 1,840 1,855 + “ Horix, F., 2,275 2,312 + Alliance, Knam, Floriva, 408 484 + Amherst, Braun, Wm., 429 471 + Archbold, Walder, A., 48 576 + Arnwell, Rich, Peter, 1,313 1,091 + Bryan, Hahn, Jacob, 1,400 1,800 + Bucyrus, Donnenworth & Bro., 2,470 2,303 + Canal Dover, Bernhardt, F., 994 270 + Canal Fulton, Rusch, Christian, 796 660 + Canton, Balser, Louisa, 287 429 + “ Giessen, Otto, 2,774 2,985 + “ Knobloch & Hermann, 1,880 2,340 + Celina, Ott, A., 919 721 + Chagrin Falls, Goodwin, A. A., 18 33 + Chasetown, Gines, N., 347 ---- + Chillicothe, Knecht & Muehling, 2,331 2,833 + “ Wissler, R., 2,070 2,037 + Circleville, Kruemmel & Hoover, 1,255 1,308 + Cincinnati, Bruckmann, John C., Ludlow + Ave., 5,347 6,003 + “ Darusmont, M., 184 Hamilton + Road, 7,222 ---- + “ Foss & Schneider, 259 Freeman + St., 17,871 28,060 + “ Gambrinus Stock Co., (C. Boss, + Pres’t,) cor. Sycamore and + Abrigal Sts., 29,995 33,350 + “ Hauck, John, 1 to 39 Dayton + St., 32,457 34,458 + “ Herancourt, G. M., Harrison + Ave., 24,574 26,100 + “ Kauffmann, John, 598 to 606 + Vine St., 41,357 43,228 + “ Kinsinger, C., assignee for + Klotter’s Sons, Brown St., 8,824 12,394 + “ Lackmann, Herman, 443 and + 445 W. 6th St., 17,622 20,272 + “ Moerlein, Chris., 712 Elm St., 98,191 93,337 + “ Mueller, M., 652 to 658 Main 7,425 6,471 + St., + “ Niehaus & Klinckhammer, cor. + 13th and Race Sts., 10,607 18,407 + “ Schaller & Gerke, cor. Plum + St. + and Canal, 39,276 39,723 + “ Schmidt & Bro., 45 McMicken + Ave., 8,014 11,165 + “ Sohn, J. G. & Co., 330 + McMicken Ave., 18,986 20,015 + “ Walker, J. & Co., 385 to 393 + Sycamore St., 5,152 4,318 + “ Weber, George, 284 McMicken + Ave., 57,086 16,709 + “ Weyand & Jung, 771 Freeman + St., 25,163 31,121 + “ Windisch, C., Muhlhauser & + Bro., Miami Canal, bet. + Wade and Liberty Sts., 66,794 62,157 + Cleveland, Aenis & Fenelich, 557 Columbus + St., 4,380 4,806 + “ Allen A. L., 127 Vermont St., 793 20 + “ Baehr, Mrs. M., 225 Pearl St., 4,331 4,072 + “ Beltz & Mueller, 59 Cyprus 3 41 + St., + “ Bishop, J. A., 371 Broadway, 1,640 1,193 + “ Fovargue, D., 30 to 36 Irving 2,543 2,778 + St., + “ Gehring, C. E., 19 Brainard 15,783 19,500 + St., + “ Grabel, P., 529 Columbus St., 793 988 + “ Griebel, Mrs. M., 52 Columbus + St., 793 1,003 + “ Haley, J. P., cor. Seneca and + Canal Sts., 2,728 2,405 + “ Hoffman Henry, 155 Walton St., 2,118 2,594 + “ Hodge, Clark R., 7 Briggs St., 2,131 1,107 + “ Hughes, J. M., 15 West St., 10,789 7,509 + “ Koestle, Mrs. J., 38 Freeman + St., 2,363 1,592 + “ Leisy, Isaac & Co., 135 Veger + St., 22,855 20,042 + “ Lloyd & Keyes, 19 St. Clair 3,629 2,781 + St., + “ Mack, J. M., 239 Broadway, 581 470 + “ Mall, Jacob, 9 Davenport St., 6,510 5,868 + “ Mueller, Rudolph, 483 Pearl 2,529 2,659 + St., + “ Muth & Son, 10 Burckley St., 4,439 4,554 + “ Opperman, A. W., cor. Columbus + Wiley Sts., 5,455 5,091 + “ Schlather, L., cor. York and + Carroll Sts., 23,087 27,298 + “ Schmidt & Hoffman, Ansell + Ave., 7,616 7,736 + “ Schauerman, L., 39 Broadway, 6,191 3,875 + “ Schneider, C., 2 Ash St., 3,916 4,042 + “ Schneider, Wm. & Co., ---- ---- + “ Stoppel, Joseph, cor. Ohio and + Canal Sts., 6,675 5,538 + “ Strieberger, Jacob, cor. + Seneca and Canal Sts., 2,728 ---- + “ Stumpf, M., Lake St., 845 290 + Columbus, Biehl, Henry & Co., cor. Front + and Schiller Sts., 2,588 2,924 + “ Born & Co., 449 South Front + St., 6,905 12,706 + “ Hoster, L., Sons & Co., 371 + So. Front St., 15,268 18,520 + “ Say, Charles, + “ Say, Joseph, 50 East Third 48 40 + Ave., + “ Schlee, N., 667 South Front 7,180 8,176 + St., + “ Schlegel, Geo. & Bro., 404 So. + Front St., 2,572 ---- + Crestline, Westnitzer, B., ---- 60 + Dayton, Buchenen, A. & F., 45 Broome ---- 443 + St., + “ Bergman & Tettman, 22 43 + “ Braum, Anton, 1st and Beckel + Sts., 1,484 1,460 + “ Euchenhoefer, F., 3495 Third + St., 2,010 1,694 + “ Hecker, George, 751 Van Cleve + St., 124 115 + “ Poock & Senbert, ---- 128 + “ Schwind, Mrs. Agnes, 345 So. + Main St., 820 632 + “ Schwind, C., River Side, 6,150 5,977 + “ Schimmel, M., Wayne St., 2,313 3,351 + “ Stickle, Jacob, Warren St., 4,037 3,960 + “ Wilke & Saubert, ---- ---- + Defiance, Bauer & Co., 2,450 2,525 + Delaware, Anthoni, F., 1,523 1,578 + “ Wittlinger, C. H., 138 263 + Delphos, Delphos Brewery, 2,280 3,598 + Eaton, Fastnacht & Rau, 593 421 + Elyria, Plocher, Andrew, 28 115 + Franklin, Katlein & Co., 144 113 + Fremont, Fremont Brewing Co., 2,939 2,999 + Gallipolis, Hankel, F., 381 343 + Greenville, Wagner, J., Assignee, 1,078 1,208 + Hamilton, Engert, Casper, 2,729 3,382 + “ Schwab, P. & Co., 13,891 11,524 + Harrison, Schneider, J. & Bro., 933 994 + Ironton, Ebert, Leo, 3,136 2,742 + “ Mayer Jacob, 540 494 + Jackson Township, Kropf, Christian, 758 497 + Kenton, Kayser, Anton, 190 180 + “ Ruffer, John, 880 757 + Laetonia, Haller, B. F., & Bro., 227 ---- + Lancaster, Becker & Co., 2,813 3,127 + Lawrence, Homig & Schneider, 1,029 ---- + Lima, Duvel, Chas., 960 1,029 + “ Zimmermann Bros., 252 402 + London, Weber, Peter, 625 ---- + Louisville, Dilger & Menegay, 2,018 1,855 + Mansfield, Frank & Weber, 1,601 1,128 + “ Reiman & Aberle, 2,376 2,568 + Marietta, Shneider, John, 1,844 1,719 + Marysville, Schlegel, Paul, 130 160 + Massillon, Baummerlin. L., 1,029 472 + “ Halbysan, Emma, 1,747 1,625 + McConnellsville, Burckhalter & Reed, ---- 109 + Miamisburg, Nuss, Wm., 1,174 949 + Middleburg, Davis, E., & Son, 1,228 393 + Middletown, Sebald, W., & L., 4,790 5,866 + Milan, Herb, Anton, 46 25 + Minster, Lange, Frank, 1,790 2,144 + Monroeville, Rapp, U., & Co., 858 1,808 + Morrow, Scheer, Thompson & Co., 1,961 1,433 + Napoleon, Roessing, F., 838 955 + Newark, Bentlitch Bros., & Eichhorn, 281 285 + “ Kassenbom, Chas., 1,171 787 + “ Rickrich, Philip, 303 265 + New Bremen, Meyer & Schwers, 320 321 + New Philadelphia, Hasenbrock, M., & Seibold, 1,727 1,530 + New Richmond, Baumann, Chas., 307 ---- + New Springfield, Seeger, John, 66 36 + N. Robinson, Gerhard, Jacob, 212 146 + P. O., + Norwalk, Fletcher & Ott, 1,842 2,023 + “ Lais, Anthony, 1,064 940 + Painesville, Carfield & Warner, 560 ---- + Perry Township, Sommers, J., & Co., 1,488 ---- + Piqua, Butcher & Mittler, 1,200 1,254 + “ Keifer, L., 842 863 + “ Schneyer, J. L., 677 564 + Polk, Roth, Daniel, ---- 867 + Pomeroy, Wildermuth, G., 2,609 2,401 + Portsmouth, Kleffner & Mair, ---- 1,548 + Reading, Kroger, J. B., & Co., 636 946 + Rome, Kropf, C., & Co., 910 570 + Roscoe, Mayer, Conrad, 311 228 + Salem, Muff, Wm., 300 450 + Sandusky, Anthony & Ilg., 4,998 5,070 + “ Bender, Lena, 5,735 5,990 + “ Kuebler, J., & Co., 11,302 11,611 + Sidney, Wagner, John, 4,126 3,752 + Springfield, Engert & Dinkel, 6,609 7,160 + “ Vorce & Blee, 5,561 2,565 + Steubenville, Butte, J., Jr., 1,138 696 + “ Basler, J., Jr., 389 611 + Strasburg, Seikel, Jacob, 146 132 + Tiffin, Hubach, H., 737 2,816 + “ Mueller, C., 5,294 4,337 + Toledo, Findlay & Zahm, 24,061 34,208 + “ Crasser & Brand, 21,691 18,940 + “ Jacobs, Coughlin & Co., 14,294 15,471 + “ Toledo Brewing Co., 16,255 17,910 + Troy, Henne, Joseph, 1,895 2,046 + Tuscarora, Heim, Louis, 73 316 + Upper Sandusky, Allstaeller & Bechler, 1,719 1,662 + Wapakoneta, Kotter, C., & Bro., 1,049 1,149 + “ Schuman Bros., 278 260 + Warren, Clement, Geo., Jr., 719 765 + Waynesburgh, Grubel, C., 480 600 + Willoughby, White, O. F., ---- 5 + Williamsburgh, Bools, John, 21 37 + Winesburg, Wiegand, L., 189 77 + Woodville, Keil, Jonas, 283 289 + “ Lang, M., 90 121 + Wooster, Mongey & Graber, 2,311 2,204 + Xenia, Farrel & Co., Assignees, 1,441 1,585 + Youngstown, Knott & Klas, 703 1,043 + “ Seeger, Mat, 2,576 2,624 + “ Smith, John’s Sons, 3,299 3,261 + Zanesville, Achauer, C. F., 84 97 + “ Bohn, Sebastian, 79 117 + “ Brenner, J. A., & Co., 1,194 1,042 + “ Fisher Bros., 2,123 2,373 + “ Merkle Bros., 2,813 2,791 + Zoar, Zoar Society, 362 315 + ------- ------ + Number of Breweries, 189. 968,332 965,480 + + OREGON. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Albany, Bellanger, E., 267 345 + “ Keifer, Charles, 180 135 + Astoria, Meyer, M., 866 801 + “ Hahn, John, 440 483 + Baker City, Rust, Henry, 158 196 + “ Kastner, N., 275 249 + Brownsville, Cloner, B., ---- ---- + Canyon City, Sels, F. C., 126 126 + Canyonville, Stenger, L., 27 33 + Corvallis, Hughes, Henry, 183 132 + Coquette City, Mehl, G., 43 38 + Eugene City, Miller, M., 114 105 + Gardner, Varrelman, F., 21 21 + Gervais, Glaser & Kirk, ---- 129 + Jacksonville, Schutz, Val, 138 171 + “ Wetterer, Joseph, 150 159 + Junction City, Braun & Seeger, ---- ---- + Marshfield, Reichert, Wm., 280 303 + McMinnsville, Ahrens, Anton, ---- ---- + “ Bachman, W. R., ---- ---- + Oakland, Robinson, A. D., 25 ---- + “ McGregor & Freyer, 25 50 + Oregon City, Rehfuss, H., 1,412 1,269 + Pendleton, Stang, Adam, 140 127 + “ Lang, Adolph & Co., ---- ---- + Portland, Feuer, L., 181 1,089 + “ Molson & Sons, ---- 181 + “ U. S. Brewing Co., 1,506 1,557 + “ Weinhard, Henry, 5,280 6,212 + Roseburgh, Rast, John, 257 258 + “ Kreutscher, Th. F., ---- ---- + Salem, Adolph S., & Co., 478 545 + “ Westacott, L, 258 431 + “ Westacott & Son, ---- ---- + Scottsburgh, Rumelhort, L. H., ---- ---- + St. Paul, Ahrens, A., 94 83 + The Dalles, Buechler, Aug., 438 881 + Union, Washburn, S. N., & Co., ---- ---- + Wilderville, Closner, David, ---- 17 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 39. 13,362 16,159 + + + PENNSYLVANIA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Allegheny City, Booth, Thomas, 10,427 8,612 + “ Dippel, Henry, 634 394 + “ Eberhardt & Ober, 11,905 11,480 + “ Herdt, Mrs. D., 824 947 + “ Lion Brewing Co., 8,678 11,221 + “ Lutz, D. & Son, 13,414 12,990 + “ Mueller, John M., 5,046 6,272 + “ Ober, Frank L., 4,541 6,073 + “ Straub, J. N., & C., 10,008 9,387 + Allentown, Benedict, Nuding, 2,706 2,675 + “ Daenfer, Jacob, ----- 597 + “ Kern, Leopold, 990 326 + “ Lieberman & Co., 2,706 1,931 + Altoona, Ensbrenner, Geo., 355 474 + “ Haid, Chas., 316 342 + “ Hoelle, Martin, 1,297 1,007 + “ Klemert, Gustav, 516 531 + “ Stehle, John B., 524 358 + “ Wahl, Christ, 336 298 + Beaver Falls, Anderton, James, 789 756 + “ Holmes & Timmins, ---- ---- + “ Volk, John, 786 826 + Bellefonte, Haas, Louis, 504 618 + Bennett’s Baeurlein, C., Bro. & Co., 4,715 5,481 + Station, + “ Gast & Bro., 1,236 946 + “ Hoehl, Henry, 366 319 + Benzinger, Straub, Peter, 656 475 + Bethlehem, Uhl, Mathias, 1,483 971 + Blossburg, Plummer, Elijah, 49 53 + Braddock’s, Schulz, G., 159 201 + “ Schafer, N., 397 340 + Bridgewater, Weisgerber, Conrad, 317 283 + Brookville, Allgeier, M., 464 449 + “ Christ, S. C., 319 367 + Cambria, Goenner, Jacob, 573 592 + Carbondale, Nealon, John, 320 1,096 + Carlisle, Faber, C. C., 51 96 + “ Krause, E. J., 723 293 + Carrollton, Blum, Henry, 287 229 + “ Eger, F. & C., 224 184 + Catasauqua, Kostenbader, H., 1,598 1,660 + “ Stockberger, M. J., 510 720 + Centerville, Dluzer, John, ---- ---- + Chambersburg, Kurtz, L. B., 465 451 + “ Klenzing, H. A., ---- 167 + “ Ludwig, Charles 1,033 766 + “ Richter, Henry, 229 170 + Chartiers, Schmelz, Henry, 276 301 + Clarion, Hartle, George, 101 79 + “ Sandt, H. J., 521 418 + Clearfield, Leipoldt, C., 91 110 + “ Sell, Thomas, ---- ---- + Coal Township, Markle, M., 630 1,126 + Columbia, Brink, A. H., & Co., 543 671 + “ Desch, J., 1,625 2,200 + Condersport, Zimmerman, C., ---- ---- + Conemaugh, Kost, Lawrence, 434 538 + “ Lambert & Kress, 2,120 3,083 + Corry, Morris, Hiram, 491 380 + “ Spreter, Gustave, 1,512 1,260 + Danville, Fraudenberger, G., & Co., 1,012 1,073 + “ Gerstner, Mrs. M. A., 466 238 + Easton, Borman & Kuebler, 6,179 ---- + “ Seitz Bros., 3,195 2,957 + “ Veile, Xavier, 1,988 1,527 + East Mauch Chunk, Gerste, Mathilde, 184 208 + East Stroubsburg, Burt, John, 124 105 + Emans, Kling, Fred, 997 ---- + Emlenton, Kreis, Sebastian, 872 485 + Emporium, Brummle, F. X., 167 186 + Erie, Conrad, C. M., 6,360 8,200 + “ Downer & Howard, 2,140 2,092 + “ Kalvelage, Henry, 3,236 2,795 + “ Koehler & Bro., 7,365 8,388 + “ Vogt, Anton, 245 295 + Etna, Metzger, Michael, 175 231 + Exeter, Hughes, H. R., & Co. 1,760 1,373 + Farmers’ Valley, Schott, E., ---- 108 + Franklin, Crossman, Philip, 870 761 + Gallitzen, Ankenbaber & Gaegler, ---- 61 + Germania, Meixner, Frank, 35 62 + “ Schwarzenbach, J., 26 53 + Gettysburg, Henning, John, 49 35 + “ Bartel, J. F. 250 196 + Greensburg, Hagel, John, 349 332 + Green Township, Schnell, J. L., & Bro., 167 97 + Hanover P. O. Neiderhofer, John, 108 108 + Hamburg, Buckman, Jacob, 347 138 + Harrisburg, Bynre & Ogden, 18 155 + “ Doehn, George, 3,147 2,646 + “ Dressell, C. A., 3,979 826 + “ Fink, Henry, 3,794 3,220 + Harrison, Brewer, John, 73 83 + Hazelton, Bach, Henry, 3,543 3,230 + Heidelburg, Schmidt, Ambrose, 183 63 + Hollidaysburgh, Buckberger, A., ---- 48 + “ Springer, J. J., 6 12 + Indiana, Stadmiller, Geo., 55 119 + Jefferson, Werner, John, 1,418 832 + Jersey Shore, Hauser, Chas., 135 146 + Johnstown, Baemly, W. H., 251 ---- + “ Emmerling, John, ---- 111 + “ Heubach, Max, 509 371 + “ Wehn, Charles, 363 392 + Kittanning, Biehl, Louis, 1,564 877 + Lancaster, Effinger, Jas., Agt., 2,872 2,154 + “ Knapp, Lawrence, 962 1,085 + “ Knapp, Lawrence, 1,938 1,916 + “ Koehler, Casper, 2,828 1,240 + “ Landis, D. B., 504 488 + “ Richman, G. E., Agt., 422 576 + “ Rieker, Frank A., 2,816 3,063 + “ Schwenberger, W. A., Agt., 602 635 + “ Sprenger, J. A., 2,104 1,890 + “ Wacker, S. V. S. Bros., 2,112 1,790 + Lebanon, Hoezle, Joseph, 240 ---- + “ Leubert, F. A., 1,425 1,393 + Lewistown, Bossinger, H., 495 446 + “ Haeben, Theo., 367 143 + Liberty, Zeifle, John, 63 69 + Lock Haven, Fable, Charles P., 456 443 + “ Flaig, Matthew, 230 348 + “ Pfeffert, Mary, 144 164 + Loretto, Bengele, Jos., 106 28 + Lower Saucon, Benz, Edward, 910 628 + Lykens, Bueck, H., 2,252 2,905 + Manheim, Loerher, Fred’k, 545 810 + Marietta, Manlick, Fred, 381 388 + Mauch Chunk, Weysser & Zinzer, 154 273 + McKreesport, Reichenbach, Ernest, 640 558 + Mead, Smith, E. A., ---- 650 + Mill Creek, Voigt & Platz, 730 806 + Minersville, Aapf, Charles, & Co., 730 826 + “ Kear, F. J. & Co., ---- ---- + Mount Joy, Bube, Alvis, 394 316 + Muncy, Harp, Wm., 100 103 + Newcastle, Knock, C., 500 500 + “ Tresser, Adam, 1,410 1,400 + Norristown, Cox, A. R., 2,376 2,228 + “ Schiedt, 720 699 + North East, Bannister, James, 134 134 + North Huntington, Hufnagel, Conrad, 63 58 + Oil City, Wurster, Chas., 1,500 810 + Philadelphia, Ambron, Adam, 338 Dillwyn 28 37 + St. + “ Amrhein, L., 6th and + Clearfield + Sts., 1,774 1,858 + “ Archby, McLean & Co., 309 + and + 311 Green St., 13,555 10,620 + “ Baltz, J. & P., 31st and + Thompson + Sts., 23,619 23,915 + “ Bander, Jehn, 400 Lynd St., ---- 150 + “ Bergdoll, Louis, 29th and + Parish Sts., 47,514 46,410 + “ Bergner & Engel, Brewing + Co., + cor. 32d and Thompson Sts., 120,187 124,860 + “ Betz, John F., 401 New + Market St., 52,891 44,653 + “ Bower, John, estate of, 33d + near Master St., 4,724 4,617 + “ Cary, Geo. & Co., 934 N. 3d 16,753 13,579 + St., + “ Conrad, Jacob, 27th and + Parish Sts., 3,714 4,709 + “ Connor, James, 819 Carpenter + St., ---- 68 + “ Christmas, Chas., 1605 Cabot + St., 185 145 + “ Class, Charles, 1732 Mervine + St., 2,570 2,160 + “ Dauterich, H., 341 N. 4th 1,407 534 + St., + “ Eble & Herter, 32d and + Thompson Sts., 12,280 9,990 + “ Eisele, Franz, 2630 Girard 90 329 + Ave., + “ Engelke, Mathias, 835 St. + John St., 1,551 1,272 + “ Enser & Theurer, 2d and + Ontario Sts., 6,628 5,490 + “ Erdreig, Andrew, 142 Ash 2,916 2,400 + St., + “ Esslinger, George, 1012 + Jefferson St., 494 783 + “ Feil, F., 2204 Lairhill St., ---- 405 + “ Fielmeyer, Joseph, 2325 N. + Broad St., 2,707 1,975 + “ Finkenauer, Theo., 31st St., + above Master, 1,278 1,624 + “ Finkenauer, Theo., 1716 + Germantown Ave., ---- ---- + “ Fisher, Albert, 2900 + Frankford Road, 48 72 + “ Fritch, John, 4224 Edward 1,910 2,014 + St., + “ Gamdler & Co., 715 North 3d 861 596 + St., + “ Gardner, J. & Co., 21st and + Washington Sts., 31,516 37,471 + “ Gindele, Geo., 1024 W. + Girard Ave., 5,040 4,934 + “ Gindele, Joseph, 1205 Darien + St., 1,542 1,445 + “ Grauch, John, 4228 Edward + St., 3,240 2,599 + “ Gross, Louis, estate of, + 2421 N. St., 32,807 393 + “ Guckes, Riehl & Co., 824 St. 8,469 6,477 + “ Guckes, Philip, School Lane, 2,427 2,278 + “ Haisch, Christian, 1748 + Mervine St., 5,355 4,728 + “ Henzler & Flach, 32d and + Thompson Sts., 12,741 10,000 + “ Jocobi, Otto, 913 N. 4th 62 67 + St., + “ Jeckel, Geo., ---- ---- + “ Kasper, Charles, 606 N. 4th 990 499 + St., + “ Keller, George, 31st, near + Jefferson St., 5,866 1,624 + “ Kumpf, Wm. & Co., 2610 + Frankford Road, 1,464 951 + “ Klopfer, Christian, 2427 N. + Broad St., 1,437 1,458 + “ Kohnle, J., 321 Fairmount 1,850 1,700 + Ave., + “ Leibert & Obert, 156 Oak 1,591 1,971 + St., + “ Leimbach, Eliza F., 1751 + Bodine St., 875 1,008 + “ Loescher, John, 1735 Walter + St. ---- ---- + “ Maass, Charles, 1214 + Germantown Ave., 233 243 + “ Magee, Richard, 731 Vine 15,833 30,631 + St., + “ Massey, Wm. & Co., 10th and + Filbert Sts., 58,214 57,667 + “ Manz, Gottleib, 6th and + Clearfield Sts., 3,722 3,433 + “ McCaffrey & O’Rielley, 407 + Lynd St., ---- 65 + “ McKenney & Co., 614 S. 6th + St., 1,024 1,528 + “ Miller, Adams, 929 N. 5th 470 399 + St., + “ Miller, John C., Ashmead and + Wakefield Sts., Germantown, 22,852 20,716 + “ Moore, James L., 1314 + Fitzwater St., 5,137 4,488 + “ Mueller, Henry, Agent, 31st + and Jefferson Sts., 15,225 18,040 + “ Mueller, Charles, 2107 + German Ave., 123 186 + “ Muellerschoen, C., 495 N. ---- 74 + 3d St., + “ Narr, Minnie, 242 N. 4th St., 48 49 + “ Ohse, Henay, 1423 Germantown + Ave., 258 353 + “ Ortleib, Trubert, 1248 N. 3d + St., 73 32 + “ Otterbach, L., ---- 1,062 + “ Otto & Layer, 518 Locust 1,593 1,235 + St., + “ Pfaehler, Mary, 931 St. John + St., 141 175 + “ Philadelphia Brewing Co., + Falls of Schuylkill, ---- 1,920 + “ Poth, F. A., 31st and + Jefferson Sts., 23,049 34,178 + “ Presser, Charles, Jr., 35th + and Aspen Sts., ---- 79 + “ Reiger, Jos., 4th and + Cadwalader Sts., 1,037 1,623 + “ Rothacker, G. F., 31st St., + below Master, 6,872 6,755 + “ Ruoff, Moritz, 1230 + Frankfort Road, 330 498 + “ Salber, Jno., 520 Richmond 80 104 + St., + “ Salomon, J., 1514 N. Front, 17 65 + “ Schaal, Caroline, 627 + Carpenter St., 94 114 + “ Schaefer, F., 1220 Mosher 515 2,187 + St., + “ Schaufler, Chas., 1742 North + Fourth St., 300 478 + “ Schaufler, J. F., 2551 N. 1,166 776 + 2d St., + “ Schemm, Peter, 25th and + Poplar Sts., 11,135 9,697 + “ Schiltinger, G., 1020 E. + Cumberland St., ---- 17 + “ Schick, Jacob, 118 Master 1,804 1,945 + St., + “ Schmid, Gottlieb, 715 S. 7th + St., 125 357 + “ Schmidt, Christian, 113 + Edward St., 13,981 13,211 + “ Schintzer, J., 1148 N. 3d 14 624 + St., + “ Seitz, George, 2327 N. 7th 2,048 1,819 + St., + “ Smith, Robert, 20 S. 5th 15,000 14,711 + St., + “ Specht, C. L., 1033 W. + Girard Ave., 2,678 2,774 + “ Staubmiller, J., 1441 N. + 10th St., 97 181 + “ Stein, John, 3365 Ridge 3,338 2,515 + Ave., + “ Strobele, Anton, 943 902 + “ Theis, C. & Co., 32d and + Master Sts., 14,716 7,372 + “ Straubmueller, Jos., 33d and + Thompson Sts., 8,904 8,086 + “ Weihmann, John, 815 + Callowhill St., 1,792 2,150 + “ Wolf, Christian, 212 North + Third St., 90 217 + “ Wolters, Charles, 11th and + Oxford Sts., 3,431 15,158 + “ Wurster, Wm., 1325 + Germantown Ave., 24 141 + “ Zann, Philip, 620 N. Third 168 321 + St., + “ Zierfuss, Fritz, 422 142 270 + Diamond St., + Pittsburgh, Auen, Philip, 84 102 + “ Darlington & Co., 6,016 7,346 + “ Frauenheim & Vilsak, 15,030 18,933 + “ Friedel, Henry, 547 484 + “ Gangwisch, John, 4,384 4,725 + “ Hauch, E., 1,720 1,490 + “ Kaltenhaeusser, V., 197 120 + “ Lauer, Philip, 218 163 + “ Nusser, John, 2,349 1,834 + “ Pier, Dannels & Co., 9,404 6,261 + “ Reichenbach, John, 1,176 1,509 + “ Rhodes, Joshua, 6,090 4,752 + “ Schaler, John, 159 203 + “ Spencer, McKay & Co., 15,651 14,350 + “ Stirm, John G., 258 433 + “ Straub & Son, 6,457 9,400 + “ Wainwright, Z., & Co., 9,229 10,888 + “ Weber, Frank, ---- ---- + “ Wilhelm, Henry, 2,200 2,318 + “ Wood, H. T., & Bro., 957 3,058 + Pittston, Bishop, George, 2,794 332 + “ Hughes, H. R., & Co., 1,760 1,373 + “ Hughes, H. R., & M., 4,569 4,526 + Plumer, Brecht, Christian, 337 99 + Pottsville, Rettig, Chas., 1,980 1,904 + “ Schmidt, Lorenz, 5,220 4,707 + “ Yuengling, D. G., & Son, 13,404 13,688 + Railroad P. O., Helb, Fred, 315 429 + Reading, Barbey, Peter, 6,211 8,152 + “ Felix, N. A., Estate of, 3,991 4,333 + “ Keller, Samuel C, 2,595 2,010 + “ Lauer, Fred’k, (No. 1,) 3,990 3,648 + “ Lauer, Fred’k, (No. 2,) 15,157 18,793 + “ Peltzer, Abraham, 114 198 + Renevo, Binder, Luke, 232 277 + Reynoldsville, Kingsley & Co., ---- ---- + Roxborough, Nagle, Sebastian, 490 ---- + Saucon, Rennig, George, 895 ---- + Scranton, Morton & Briggs, 651 764 + “ Robinson, Elizabeth, 5,830 6,800 + Shenandoah, Tunnah, J., 27 34 + Spring Garden, Pfeiffer, Abraham, 570 322 + St. Mary’s, Geier, William, 399 155 + “ Luhr, Chas. & Co., 732 825 + “ Vogel, Lorenz, 105 97 + Tamaqua, Adam, Joseph, 135 86 + “ Haffner, Jos., ---- 723 + Texas, Hartung & Krantz, 2,716 2,802 + “ Lauer, Jacob, 735 738 + Tioga, Ochs, G. F., 34 44 + Titusville, Schwartz, Chas., 3,798 3,064 + “ Theobold, John, 3,373 2,560 + Towanda, Loder, Anton, 681 753 + Tyrone, Hewel, Jos., 422 393 + Union City, Wager, Theresa, 235 286 + Unity, Benedictine Society, 2,457 2,644 + Upper Augusta, Moeschlin, J., & A., 932 1,066 + Vernon, Dudenhoeffer, N., 2,487 1,775 + “ Schwab, Frank, 2,427 3,044 + Warren, Loenhart, Philip, Jr., 1,973 1,679 + Washington, Ditz, Andrew, 299 171 + “ Schnarderer, G. J., 395 384 + “ Zelt, Louis & Bro., 370 291 + Walker, Hagle, George, 157 96 + Wellsborough, Ochs, John, 52 59 + “ Scheffer, Christian, 61 41 + Weissport, Geisel, Catherine, 322 ---- + Wilkesbarre, Reichards & Son, 5,020 3,588 + “ Stegmaier, C., & Son, 3,908 4,362 + Williams, Bennann & Kuebler, 6,033 5,566 + Williamsport, Flock, Jacob, 3,013 2,465 + “ Koch, A., & Bro., 2,302 2,465 + “ Schroeder, Wm., 115 127 + Woodward, Weikman, R., 284 226 + York, Helb, Theo. R., 770 1,045 + “ Ulrich, F. W., 800 1,009 + Young, Haag, Christian, 324 264 + --------- --------- + Number of Breweries, 317. 1,041,486 1,034,081 + + + RHODE ISLAND. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Newport, Cooper, W. S., 284 838 + Providence, Gartner, Herman, 77 94 + “ Gauch, Chas., ---- 140 + “ Hanley, J., & Co., 16,221 3,092 + “ Herrman, Henry, ---- ---- + “ Kiely Bros., 8,588 6,207 + “ Molter, N., ---- 17,460 + “ Nauman & Gaush, 40 ---- + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 8. 25,210 27,837 + + + SOUTH CAROLINA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Columbia, Seegers, John C., 739 328 + Walhalla, Bush, Chr., 39 44 + ---- ---- + Number of Breweries, 2. 778 372 + + + TENNESSEE. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Jackson, Kunz & Co., ---- 33 + Knoxville, Knoxville Brewing Co., 103 228 + Memphis, Memphis Brewing Co., Henry + Luchmann, Pres’t, 33 Munroe + St., 6,877 6,816 + Nashville, Maus, C. A., & Bros., ---- ---- + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 4. 6,980 7,107 + + + TEXAS. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Austin, Pressler, Paul, 431 ---- + Belleville, Frank, F. J., & Bro., ---- 54 + Ben Ficklin, Wolters, H. & Co., 121 156 + Boerne, Hammer & Buelle, 153 237 + Brackett, Weidlich Bros., ---- ---- + Brenham, Giesecke, G. F., & Bro., 1,137 1,255 + “ Zeiss, Lorenz, 746 882 + Castroville, Kieffer, Biaise, 281 300 + Cleburne, Guffee, John, 200 ---- + Cuero, Buschick, Hugo, 121 120 + Cypress Creek, Jugenhutt, T. & M., 120 202 + Dallas, Arnoldi, E., 595 ---- + Fayetteville, Janak, Jos., 85 144 + Flatonia, Amsler & Co., ---- 319 + “ Richter, Vincent, 346 390 + Fort Concho, Hubert, Walter, ---- ---- + Fredericksburg, Maner, John, 66 84 + “ Probst, Fred, 208 228 + Giddings, Umlang, Theo., 139 311 + High Hill, Richtel & Kiushel, 433 484 + Houston, Wagner & Hermann, 270 152 + Industry, Walter, J. W., 90 80 + Lagrange, Kreisch, H. L., 774 780 + Lando, Knott, J. J., ---- ---- + Millheim, Galler, H., 107 101 + New Braunfels, Rennert, Julius, 589 261 + New Ulm, Hagemann, W., 157 125 + San Antonio, Esser, William, 498 390 + “ Hutzler, Joseph, 573 ---- + “ Lareoda & Beau, ---- ---- + “ Menger, Mrs. W. A., 1,166 ---- + Seguin, Krause, C. P., 84 59 + “ Leber, F. F., 107 164 + Victoria, Mack, L. F., 168 233 + “ Weber, M., 181 152 + Weatherford, Both, W. F., & Co., 49 ---- + Yorktown, Cellmer, M., 56 55 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 37. 10,050 7,718 + + + UTAH. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Alta, Schmidt, P., 91 18 + Beaver, Fischer, A. A., 59 134 + Bingham, Wehrsitz, B., 166 ---- + Corinne City, Amsler, N., 386 237 + Frisco, Savior, John, & Co., ---- 6 + Hot Springs, Crossley, James, 265 275 + Logan, Worley, Henry, ---- ---- + Minersville, Kiescle, G., ---- ---- + Nephi City, Coulson, Samuel, 59 67 + Ogden, Brickmiller & Wells, 784 876 + “ Richter & Fry, 649 666 + Salt Lake City, Burns, James, 630 ---- + “ Keyser & Monitz, 1,360 3,315 + “ Margetts, R. B., 486 479 + “ Wagener, Henry, 3,979 4,590 + Sandy, Schueler, Maria, 220 233 + Silver Reef, Noebling, B, ---- 61 + “ Welte, P., 166 185 + Springville, Dallin, John, 16 16 + South Cottonwood, Winkler, R., 174 318 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 20. 9,490 11,476 + + + VERMONT. + + One Brewery, 285 173 + + + VIRGINIA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Alexandria, Engelhardt, H., 328 480 + “ Portner, Robert, 10,366 12,192 + Richmond, Robson, G. W., ---- 3,022 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 3. 10,694 15,694 + + + WASHINGTON TERRITORY. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Colfax, Erford & Palmday, ---- 159 + Dayton, Rumpf & Dunkel, 87 60 + Mukilteo, Cantrini, Geo. & Co., 240 432 + Olympia, Wood, J. C. & J. R, 175 264 + Palama, Schauble, J., 105 72 + Pomeroy, Scholl Bros., ---- 36 + Port Colville, Hosstetter, J. M. 126 186 + Port Townsend, Roesch, W. 55 77 + Seattle, Mehlhom, Aug., 1,804 868 + “ Slorah & Co., 1,652 1,111 + Spoken Falls, Peterson, M. & Co., ---- ---- + Steilacoom, Schafer & Howard, 1,810 1,559 + “ Furst & Baumeister, ---- 83 + Vancouver, Young, Anton, 218 243 + “ Dampfhoffer, L., ---- 30 + Walla Walla, Betz, Jacob, 216 222 + “ Kleber, F. E., 172 281 + “ Scott, Benj., 360 649 + “ Stahl, J. H., 851 811 + Yakima, Schanne, Chas., 94 97 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 20. 7,965 7,231 + + + WEST VIRGINIA. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Charlestown, H., Slack, ---- ---- + Fairmount, Berns, W. F., 88 72 + Lubeck, Hebrank & Rapp, 1,911 1,752 + Martinsburg, Rossmarck, F. T., 253 237 + Wellsburg, Hebrank, Andrew, 83 93 + Wheeling, Balzer, Mauras, Twenty-Fifth St., 488 408 + “ Kinghorn & Smith, 840 Market St., 36 252 + “ Kress, Kilian, 1425 Smith St., 1,265 1,207 + “ Nail City Brewing Co., Peter + Weltz, Pres’t, 33d and Wetzel + Sts., 6,395 7,630 + “ Reymann, A., Wetzel St., 12,557 12,255 + “ Smith & Co., 1700 Chapline St., ---- ---- + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 10. 23,086 23,906 + + + WISCONSIN. + + No. of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Algonga, Gatz & Elser, 1,530 ---- + Allonez, Hochgrave, A., 1,384 1,417 + Alma, Briggeboos, Wm., 531 614 + “ Hemrich, John, 680 630 + Alnapee, Alnapee Brewing Co., 448 631 + Appleton, Munch, Carl, 1,493 1,907 + “ Wing & Fries, 496 320 + Arcadia, Ferlig, John N., 500 450 + Ashland, Schottmiller, F. X., 179 171 + Bangor, Hussa, Joseph, 540 490 + Baraboo, Bender, Anna, 356 539 + “ Ruland, Geo., 467 470 + Beaver Dam, Binzel, Philip, 1,004 1,034 + “ Goeggerle, John, 1,055 848 + “ Steil, F. X., 112 181 + Beloit, Schleuk & Co., 381 279 + Berlin, Schmidt & Schunk, 490 473 + Berry, Esser, George, 975 915 + Black River Falls, Oderbolz, Ulrich, 684 540 + Bloomer, Wendland, John, 300 ---- + Boscobel, Ziegelmaier, Geo., 270 410 + Branch P. O., Zunz, Elizabeth, 1,512 1,620 + Burlington, Finke, W. J., 498 650 + Carlton, Langenkamp, A. & Bro., 228 227 + Cassville, Scherr & Alrath, 250 223 + Cedarburg, Weber, John, 1,556 1,270 + Centreville, Scheibe, C., 1,392 1,470 + Chilton, Becker, Phil, 1,092 1,056 + “ Gutheil, F. R., 340 320 + Chippewa Falls, Huber & Neher, 634 ---- + “ Leinenkugel & Miller, 1,880 1,700 + Christiana, Mehels, Henry, 166 ---- + Columbus, Fleck, Stephen, 30 42 + “ Kurth, Henry, 132 231 + De Sota, Eckhardt, George, 261 245 + Dodgeville, Treutzech, John G., 244 228 + Durand, Lorenz, Philip, 234 288 + “ Stimger, John, 105 ---- + Eau Claire, Hautzsch, Emily M., 340 270 + “ Leinenkugel, Theresa, 740 1,260 + “ Leinenkugel Caroline, 625 ---- + “ Sommermeyer, Henry & Co., 239 712 + Farmington, Jaehnig, L., 1,051 741 + Fond du Lac, Bech & Bros., 2,158 2,556 + “ Frey, J. & C., 1,645 1,692 + “ Sander, A., 748 726 + “ Schussler, Jos., 1,056 904 + “ Ziegenfus, John S., 268 ---- + Fountain City, Fiedler, Henry, 420 357 + “ Koschitz, John, 288 276 + Fort Atkinson, Klinger, N., 414 236 + “ Dalton, A. & Co., ---- 62 + Fox Lake, Regelein, John C., ---- ---- + “ Shlep, John, 91 150 + Franklin, Gross, Philip, 323 382 + “ Koellner, A., 370 ---- + Germantown, Steben, John, 387 ---- + “ Staats, John, 637 724 + “ Van Dycke, O., ---- ---- + Golden Lane, Link, John, 368 238 + Grafton, Klug & Co., 168 1,116 + Grand Rapids, Schmitt, Nicholas 190 188 + Green Bay, Hagemeister, F., 2,525 2,688 + “ Rahr, Henry, 3,669 3,473 + Hartford, Portz, Jacob, 700 710 + Highland, Schaffer, John, 316 203 + Hillsborough, Schnell, Fred’k, 590 396 + Horicon, Deierlein, Paul, 76 73 + “ Groskopf, John, 70 76 + Hudson, Moutman, Wm., 40 120 + “ Yoerg, Louis, 666 711 + Humbird, Eilert, Ernest, 498 512 + Janesville, Buob, John & Bro., 2,046 3,151 + “ Rosa, C. & Co., 650 610 + “ Todd, John G., 1,516 1,564 + Jefferson, Breuning, Jacob, 1,180 1,312 + “ Danner & Heger, 580 714 + “ Neuer & Georgelein, 191 317 + Kenosha, Gottfredson, J. G. & Son, 910 1,010 + “ Muntzenberger & Co., 2,041 1,965 + Kewaunee, Brandes, Chas., 408 458 + “ Deda, Chas., 264 286 + Kilbourne City, Leute, Julius, 139 190 + Kossuth, Chloupek, A., 192 96 + La Crosse, Gund, John, 4,370 6,250 + “ Heilman, J., 2,880 2,360 + “ Hofer, J. & J., 289 ---- + “ Michel, C. & J., 6,348 7,504 + “ Zeisler, Geo., 1,425 2,350 + Leroy, Weidig, Nic., 193 166 + “ Schmidt, Geo., ---- ---- + Lincoln, Loux, Geo. E., 138 166 + Lisbon, Boots, Ephraham, 301 463 + Madison, Breckheimer, M., 1,880 1,580 + “ Fauerbach, Peter, 1,170 1,375 + “ Hausmann, Jos., 4,255 5,836 + “ Hess & Moser, 1,640 1,670 + “ Rodermund Brewing Co., F. + Briggs, Manager, 1,653 1,557 + Manitowoc, Dobert, Chr., ---- ---- + “ Fricke, Carl, 320 ---- + “ Pautz, F., 926 1,345 + “ Rahr, Wm., 3,050 4,150 + “ Richter, J., 580 ---- + Marshfield, Bourgevis, M., 923 941 + Mauston, Runkel, Maria & Co., 496 496 + Mayville, Darge, Wm., 428 385 + “ Mayville Brewing Co., ---- ---- + “ Zeigler, M., 320 331 + Mazomanie, Tinker & Slough, 496 528 + Megnon, Zimmerman, Franz & Co., 1,154 973 + Menasha, Mayer, Joseph, 1,095 1,091 + “ Merz & Behre, 868 615 + Menomonee, Fuss, Christian, 454 386 + “ Roleff & Wagner, 450 920 + Merton, Frederickson, R., 108 94 + Milwaukee, Allpeter, Phillip, 601 3rd 495 436 + St., + “ Best, Ph. Brewing Co., + Empire Brewery, Chestnut St., 87,527 121,980 + “ Best, Ph. Brewery Co., So. + Side Brewery, 425 Virginia 38,286 45,994 + St., + “ Blatz, V., 609 Broadway, 49,168 53,907 + “ Borchert, F. & Son, Ogden + and Milwaukee Sts. 8,250 10,025 + “ Ennes, John & Co., 810 State 3,640 94 + St., + “ Falk, Franz (Wauwatosa), 22,205 34,009 + “ Gettelman, A., (Wauwatosa,) 4,780 4,539 + “ Gipfel, Charles, 417 45 45 + Chestnut St., + “ Grisbaum & Kehrein, 91 Knapp + St., 143 163 + “ Liebscher, L., 189 Sherman 337 410 + St., + “ Miller, F, J., (Wauwatosa,) 10,677 16,293 + “ Milwaukee Brewing + Association, 7th and Cherry 3,629 4,674 + Sts., + “ Obermann, J. & Co., 502 + Cherry St., 6,416 7,282 + “ Powell’s Ale brewing Co., + 222 Huron St., 1,034 562 + “ Schlitz, J., Brewing Co., + 3rd and Walnut Sts., 96,913 110,832 + Mineral Point, Argall, James, 600 595 + “ Gillmann, C., 2,071 1,731 + Mishicot, Linstadt, J. 656 720 + Mt. Pleasant, Wolf, Charles, 350 341 + Munroe, Hefty, Jacob, 1,354 1,600 + “ Luenberger & Co., 1,080 1,365 + “ Pastel & Huppler, 1,260 1,570 + Neenah, Ehrgott Bros., 410 360 + Neilsville, Neverman & Sontag, 637 424 + Neosha, Binder, J., 319 410 + Newburg, Schwalbach, R., 99 132 + New Cassel, Husting, J. P., 203 224 + New Glarus, Hefty, Jacob, 346 306 + New Lisbon, Bierbauer, Henry, 642 618 + New London, Becker, Edward, 557 531 + “ Knapstein, T., & C., 830 898 + Oconomowoc, Bingel, Peter, 1,320 965 + Oconto, Pahl, Louis P., 810 849 + Onalaska, Moore, M. G., 648 660 + Oshkosh, Glatz & Elser, 1,530 1,646 + “ Horn & Schwalm, 1,366 ---- + “ Kaehler, Christian, 140 178 + “ Kinzl & Walter, 470 480 + “ Rahr, August, 340 315 + Pewaukee, Schock, Mathias, 395 ---- + Pheasant Branch, Bernard, H., 485 760 + Pierce, Vaser, John, 110 47 + Platteville, Rhemstedt, F., 724 532 + Plymouth, Schneider, A., 435 ---- + “ Weber, G., 380 313 + Portage, Epstein, Henry, 178 190 + “ Haertel, Chas., Estate of, 2,940 3,064 + Port Washington, Dix, H., & Co., 1,632 1,114 + “ Wittmann, John, 610 590 + Potosi, Hail, G., 1,373 1,187 + “ Meerke, Henry, 1,016 ---- + Priarie du Chien, Schumann & Menges, 3,216 2,779 + Prescott, Husting, N. P., 734 696 + Racine, Dienken & Schad, 167 ---- + “ Engle & Co., ---- 194 + “ Heck, Fred, 2,033 1,725 + “ Schelling & Klenkerl, ---- 1,856 + Reedsburg, Reedsburg Brewing Co., 494 213 + Ripon, Haas, John, 1,274 1,268 + River Falls, Hickey & Meyer, 307 189 + Sauk City, Drossen, Anna, 420 476 + “ Leinkugel, F. L., 130 ---- + “ Lenz, Wm., 620 382 + “ Zapp, Robert, ---- 300 + Schleisingerville, Stork & Hartig, 497 792 + Schleswig, Gutheil & Bro., 406 670 + Sevastopol, Lindemann, L., & Bro., 225 207 + Shawano, Dengel, Geo. 250 292 + Sheboygan, Gustsch, L., 2,887 2,608 + “ Kull, Martin, 442 ---- + “ Schlachter, Thos., 490 212 + “ Schrerer, K., 4,645 5,455 + Sheboygan Falls, Durow, D., 248 176 + Sherman, Mayer, Jos., 234 207 + “ Seifert, Julius, 672 ---- + Shullsburgh, Schultz & Lauterbeck, 303 159 + Stevens Point, Kuhl, Adam, 444 624 + “ Lutz, A., & Bro., 705 975 + Sturgeon Bay, Wagner Bros., 288 469 + Theresa, Quast, John, 350 347 + “ Weber, Gebhard, 1,387 1,042 + Tomah, Goudrezick, I., 192 221 + Trempeleau, Melchoir J., 120 172 + Trenton, Schwalbeck, R., 132 142 + Two Rivers, Mueller, R. E., 1,156 1,145 + Waterford, Beck, John & Bros., 168 201 + Waterloo, Schwager, Wm., 94 64 + Watertown, Bursinger, Joseph, 5,237 4,992 + “ Fuermann, Aug., 10,287 8,065 + Waukesha, Weber, Stephan, 1,170 1,363 + Waupaca, Arnold, L., 53 39 + Waupun, Seifert, Peter, 926 976 + Wausau, Mathie, Frank, 791 916 + “ Ruder, George, 768 824 + Wayne, Kreutzer & Groeschel, ---- 59 + “ Pies, P., 193 159 + West Bend, Kuehlthau, Adam, 1,470 1,360 + “ Mayer, S. F. & Co., 2,460 2,192 + West Depere, Schmidt, A. P., 348 408 + Westford, Justin, Jos., 88 19 + West Lindo, Gross, John & Son, ---- ---- + Weyauwega, Duerr, J. A., 338 415 + “ Griel & George, 570 ---- + Whitewater, Klinger, N., 1,440 1,297 + Winneconne, Yaeger, Theo., 78 83 + Wista, Ede, Peter, 90 74 + Wrightstown, Gutbier & Miller, 203 64 + ------- ------- + Number of Breweries, 226. 508,553 583,068 + + WYOMING TERRITORY. + + Number of barrels sold. + 1878. 1879. + Atlantic City, Macomber & Huff, 102 136 + Cheyenne, Braun, J., 750 808 + “ Kabis, L., 580 343 + “ Kapp., C., 902 1,605 + Green River, Brown, Adam, 76 29 + Lander, Hart & Marcum, 45 26 + Laramie, Bath, Fred., 1,605 1,462 + Rawlins, Fischer, G. & Co., ---- 52 + ------ ------ + Number of Breweries, 8. 4,060 5,505 + + + + + INDEX. + + + Adulteration of Beer, 62 + + Alcohol in bread, 61 + in malt liquors, 97 + in spirits, 97 + + Alcoholism not caused by beer, 145 + + Ale, American, 70 + development of, 68 + + Analysis of barley and malt, 60 + of beer, 60, 170 + of spirits, 97 + of wines, 95 + + Army use of beer, 84 + + Artevelde, Jacob van, 21 + + Austro-Hungary, 47 + + Authorities, evidence of, _see Evidence of authorities_. + + + Balling, Prof., 61 + + Barley, analyses, 60 + product and import, 102 + + Basilius Valentinus, 35 + + Bavaria, ancient, 31 + and Maine, 87 + + Bavarian and Munich beer, 44 + + Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward, 90 + + Beer, adulteration of, 62 + “ “ “ according to English investigation, 63 + allowance for noble ladies, 43 + American, improvements in, 70 + analysis of, 60 + as check to intemperance, 55 + at Coney Island, 83 + at first most esteemed in North Germany, 41 + consumption of, in Paris, 52 + cost of, in England, 56 + earliest use of, 16 + effects in France, 52 + encouraged by Swedish government, 50 + fermentation of, 69 + first book concerning, 36 + free of license in Pennsylvania until 1847, 27 + general use of, diminishes crime, 51 + “ “ “ “ drunkenness, 50 + how made, 60 + import and export of, 80 + in malarial fever, 82 + in the army, 84 + its making resembles that of bread, 60 + laws concerning, 19 + made without hops, 28 + materials for, 68 + not destructive, 48 + nutritive, 142 + prepared with religious ceremonies, 17 + product in foreign countries, 166 + “ “ United States, 75 + “ by states, 77 + quantity used, 32 + restorative and tonic, 86 + should be fostered by government, 151 + taxation on, 51 + tends to good order, 83 + transportation of, in early times, 42 + _versus_ coffee, 24 + “ whisky, 11, 92 + varieties of, 68 + bill, 55 + drinking, advantages of, 91 + “ does not cause degeneration, 147 + epoch, first in Europe, 32 + “ second in Europe, 32, 36 + privileges granted by Russia, 51 + tax, 43 + + Beet-root, 106 + + Belgium, 49 + + Bock beer, 44 + + Bohemia, 13, 31 + + Bowditch, Henry J. Report to Mass. Board of Health, 137 + + Brabant, 21 + + Braunschweiger Mumme, 24, 41 + + Breweries and dairy farms, 105 + description of, 177 + “ “ U. S. list of, 185 + + Brewers, generosity of, 56 + privileges granted to, 24 + returns, publishing of, 185 + + Brewery at Dobraw, 21 + + Brewing, capital invested in, 76 + + Budweis, brewery at, 17 + + Burton on Trent, 22 + + + Chambers, Prof. T. K., 86 + + Charlemagne, 17 + + Chemistry becomes practical, 33 + + Club-rooms in Maine, 116 + + Coffee and beer manifesto, 25 + + Coffee _versus_ beer, 24 + + Coney Island, 83 + + Consumption of malt liquors in U. S., 100 + of spirits, wines and liquors, 100 + + Coppinger, Joseph, 82 + + Crime under prohibitory law, 115 + + Crosby, Rev. Dr. Howard, 94 + + Cruelty of bigotry, 125 + + + Dairy farms and breweries, 105 + + Danes, ancient, 18 + + Death in consequence of excess, 53 + + Degeneration charged to beer drinking, 147 + + Denmark, modern, 50 + + Distilled and fermented liquors, 94 + + Duke of Wellington, 55 + + + Egypt, modern, 57 + + Egyptians, 16, 31 + + Embecker beer, 39, 44 + + England, ancient, 22, 30 + imported beer from Germany, 42 + modern, 55 + + English beer bill, 55 + colonies, brewing in, 72 + + Evidence of authorities, ch. XI.—Dr. Abercrombie, 143 + Dr. A. Baer, 143 + George Bancroft, 143 + Dr. Albert J. Bernay, 146 + Dr. Henry J. Bowditch, 128 + Contemporary Review, 146 + Consulate general at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 131 + Editor of Chicago Tribune, 132 + Prof. Griesinger, 145 + Dr. Harvey, 143 + ch. XI.—Y. G. Hurd, 132 + Prof. Huxley, 143 + John Jay, 131 + Sir Henry Labouchere, 143 + Prof. Liebig, 131 + Prof. Mulder, 141 + Dr. Willard Parker, 140 + Physician of a public institution, 134 + Dr. Riley, 146 + Prof. Roller, 145 + Dr. Schlaeger, 132 + Dr. Schoellamer, 144 + Prof. Schreiber-Berzelius, 145 + A. Schwarz, 103, 135 + Dr. Selman, 145 + Society of medical officers of insane asylums in Germany, 145 + Prof. Stahlschmied, 141 + Bayard Taylor, 143 + Prof. Ure, 143 + + Excess restrained by civilization, 122 + + Exports of beer, 80 + + + Fairs and markets, 40 + + “Fancy drinks,” 90 + + Farming, specialties in New England, 104 + + Ferment of alchemists, 34 + + Fermentation, 34 + of lager beer, 71 + + Fermented and distilled liquors, 94 + + Flanders, 21, 30 + + France, 52 + + Franco Prussian war, 84 + + Frederick the Great, 24 + + French brewers’ association, 53 + influence in Germany, 45 + + + Gambrinus, 21 + + Garcelon, Gov., 112 + + Germany, ancient, 17 + modern, 47 + + Gladstone, Hon. Wm. E., 55 + + Grains, 103 + + Greece, ancient, 16 + modern, 52 + + + Hammond, Dr. Wm. A., 94 + + Hofbrauhaus at Munich, 43 + + Holland, 48 + gin sent to U. S., 49 + + Hops, amount exported, 101 + “ used, 102 + + + Imports of beer, 80 + + Intemperance in England, 55 + Massachusetts Board of Health on, 117 + + + Jacobus, 25 + + Japan, 58 + + Jefferson, Thomas, 15 + + + Knaust, Dr. Heinrich, 37 + + + Lager beer, fermentation of, 71 + introduction in America, 75 + + Lauer, Hon. Frederick, 148, 178 + + Legislators, duty of, 14, 152 + + Libarius, 36 + + Liebig, Prof. His views, 67 + misrepresented, 66 + + Liquor, legal and illegal sale of, 120 + agencies in Maine, 111 + + Longevity in beer-drinking countries, 86 + + Lull, Raymond, 34 + + Luther, Martin, 39, 156 + + + Maine and Bavaria, 87 + law, proposed amendment, 108 + + Malt, analysis of, 60 + liquors, alcohol in, 97 + + Monasteries lose beer privileges, 42 + + Monks as brewers, 21 + + Moleschott, Prof., 85 + + Munich court brewery, 43 + beer, 45 + + + National habits of drinking, 89 + + Netherlandish painters, 40 + + Newark, Sunday at, 162 + brewers and a prohibitory speaker, 64 + + Noble brewers, 48 + + Norway, 50 + + + Opium, use of, increased by prohibitory laws, 124 + + + Paris, siege of, 85 + + Parker, Dr. Willard, 94 + + Pauperism and prohibitory law, 87 + decreases with increasing use of beer, 88 + + Penn, William, 25 + + Persia, 58 + + Petrus Bonus, 34 + + Poland, 31 + + Porter, 71 + + Population in beer-drinking countries, 88 + + Prohibition and license compared, 119 + in Maine, 109 + papers and speakers, 63 + + Prohibitory laws, 108 + “ and their cost, 114 + “ and their results, 87, 115, 127 + “ crime under, 115 + “ ineffective, 13 + views, 65 + + Prussia, 31 + + Putnam, Gen. Israel, 27 + + + Rathskeller, origin of name, 24 + + Revenue from beer in U. S., 78 + + Romans, 16 + + Russia, 51 + + + Saxons, ancient, 71 + + Sheen, Richmond, 86 + + Signs announcing sale of beer, 39 + + Social enjoyment, 152 + + Spain, 49 + + Specialties in New England farming, 104 + + Spirits, alcohol in, 97 + + Sprouts, 103 + + Stimulants universal, 111 + + Strychnine, 62 + + Sugar beet, 106 + + Sunday, according to the New Testament, 154 + address of emperor of Germany, 157 + at Chicago, 133 + at Newark, N. J., 162 + laws and customs, 153 + laws in England, 158 + letter from Ben. Franklin, 156 + observance according to Archbishop Whately, John Bunyan, John + Milton, Melancthon, John Calvin, Martin Luther, Grotius, 155 + + Sweden, 50 + + Swett, Ch. F., speech of, 113 + + + Tea intoxication, 146 + + Tobacco introduced in Germany, 41 + + Treating, 90 + + Turkey, 58 + + + Under-ferment, 31 + + United States, beer product of, 15 + early brewers, 25 + + Upper-ferment, 31 + + + Valentinus, Basilius, 35 + + + Wellington, Duke of, 55 + + Wines, alcohol in, 95 + + + + + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE + + Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs + and outside quotations. Order of illustrations in table of + illustrations does not match the occurrence in the text, this was not + corrected. Illustrations without captions have had a description + added, this is denoted with parentheses. + + The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page + references. + + Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been + corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the + text and consultation of external sources. + + Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a + predominant preference was found in the original book. + + Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, + and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. + + + Pg 34: “e” replaced by “ex” in “lapis philosophorum e suis + elementis” + 34: “Labarius” replaced by “Libarius” + 38: “wundersbaren” replaced by “wunderbaren” + Pg 39 fn 7: “Durft” replaced by “Durst” + 50: “govenment” replaced by “government” + 118: “chaptar” replaced by “chapter” + 144: “cheifly” replaced by “chiefly” + 169: “coroborate” replaced by “corroborate” + 182: “accomodations” replaced by “accommodations” + 187: “dissemminated” replaced by “disseminated” + 231: “Witherspoo” replaced by “Witherspoon” + 239: “Gotlied” replaced by “Gotlieb” + 244: “Dephos” replaced by “Delphos” + 250: 1879 value for “Voigt & Platz” missing tens digit (“8 6”) + value 806 inferred + 252: Removed duplicate “St.” for “Guckes, Riehl & Co.” + 254: “Forth” replaced by “Fourth” + 254: “Sf.” replaced by “St.” + 258: “Hagemaun” replaced by “Hagemann” + + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76262 *** |