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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76262 ***
+
+
+  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
+
+  A superscript is denoted by ^x, for example Gen^l.
+
+  Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
+  placed at the end of the paragraph or table where they occur.
+
+  Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES BREWERS ASSOCIATION.
+
+  _HENRY H. RUETER, Pres’t., Boston, Mass._
+  _J. AHLES, Treas., New York._       _R. KATZENMAYER, Sec’y., New York._
+  _H. CLAUSEN, Jr., Vice Pres’t., New York._]
+
+
+
+
+                                 BEER,
+
+                   ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE
+
+                                  AS A
+
+                           NATIONAL BEVERAGE.
+
+                                   BY
+
+                              F. W. SALEM.
+
+                   [Illustration: (Decorative image)]
+
+                            HARTFORD, CONN.:
+                         F. W. SALEM & COMPANY.
+                                 1880.
+
+
+
+
+       Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by
+                              F. W. SALEM,
+     In the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.
+
+                      THE CLARK W. BRYAN COMPANY,
+               PRINTERS, ELECTROTYPERS AND BOOK-BINDERS,
+                           SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
+
+
+
+
+                              DEDICATION.
+
+
+              TO THE BEER BREWERS OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+                                AMERICA.
+
+Thinking as I do, that in the Beer Brewers of the United States we must
+recognize real, though perhaps unconscious, promoters of the great
+and glorious cause of genuine temperance, and that greater practical
+results may be attained through their instrumentality than in any other
+way, it seems fitting that this attempt to expound the true nature and
+value of beer should be specially dedicated to them as a body, and
+accompanied with the assurance of the author’s profound respect and
+esteem.
+
+                                                FREDERICK WILLIAM SALEM.
+
+  HARTFORD, CONN., January, 1880.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  PREFACE—                                                             9
+
+  CHAPTER I—Preliminary view of the subject,                          11
+
+  CHAPTER II—Early History of Beer,                                   16
+
+  CHAPTER III—Early History of Beer, continued,                       30
+
+  CHAPTER IV—Modern History of Beer,                                  47
+
+  CHAPTER V—How Beer is made, and what it is,                         60
+
+  CHAPTER VI—The development of ale, porter and lager beer,           68
+
+  CHAPTER VII—The condition and prospects of the beer trade,          74
+
+  CHAPTER VIII—Comparative advantages of Beer over distilled or
+                   spirituous liquors,                                84
+
+  CHAPTER IX—Beer brewing a benefit to farmers,                      101
+
+  CHAPTER X—Prohibitory laws and their effects,                      108
+
+  CHAPTER XI—What authorities say,                                   128
+
+  CHAPTER XII—Conclusion,                                            151
+
+  APPENDIX A—Total production and consumption of Beer
+                in various countries and cities,                     166
+
+     “     B—Analyses of Beers,                                      170
+
+     “     C—Illustrations and descriptions of Breweries,            177
+
+     “     D—List of Brewers, with product for the past
+                two years, also product by states,                   185
+
+
+
+
+                            ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  1. JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE, “Brewer of Ghent,” Patrician, Orator and
+    Ruler of the Province of Flanders. Killed July 17, 1345. Taken from
+    the original oil painting in possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in
+    Amsterdam.
+
+  2. MYNHER JACOBUS, Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam
+    [the present New York], 1644.
+
+  3. WILLIAM PENN, the Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Pennsylvania,
+    1644-1718.
+
+  4. ISRAEL PUTNAM, the great American General, Brewer and Tavern
+    Keeper, at Brooklyn Conn., 1718-1790.
+
+  5. Sign of General Putnam’s Tavern in Brooklyn, Conn. (Original of
+    which is now in the Rooms of the Historical Society, at Hartford,
+    Conn.)
+
+  6. Portraits of the officers of the United States Brewers’
+    Association.
+
+  7. Portrait of Hon. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa.
+
+  8. Portrait of Hon. M. T. Bass, M. P., of Burton on Trent.
+
+  9. View of a Brewery of the old Egyptians, as described by Manathos
+    (3d century B. C.), High Priest in Heliopolis. (Said Brewery must
+    have stood at El Kahirch, the present Cairo.)
+
+  10. View of a Brewery connected with a convent in Bohemia, as
+    described by Thaddeus Hagecius, ab Hayek, 1585, in his book written
+    in Latin, under the title “De Cerevisia.”
+
+  11. William Penn’s House and Brewery in Pennsbury, Bucks County, Pa.
+
+  12. Brewery of the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, Milwaukee, Wis.
+
+  13. Brewery of the Hon. Frederick Lauer, Reading, Pa.
+
+  14. Brewery of the Hon. Gottfried Krueger, Newark, N. J.
+
+
+
+
+                              PREFACE.
+
+
+Our object in presenting the following pages to the public, is to call
+attention to the value of pure beer as a preventive of intemperance.
+Few persons are aware of the amount of patient investigation this
+question has received at the hands of eminent social economists and
+men of science, or of the mass of facts and testimony that has been
+collected, and lies ready at the hand of any one who is able and
+willing to work it over into a compact consecutive form, in which
+it shall be easy of access, and available for use in the further
+discussion of the subject. This we have attempted to do thoroughly
+and fairly. Great caution has been used in making statements and no
+inference has been drawn that could be considered in any way forced or
+doubtful.
+
+There are doubtless many persons to whom some of the facts and
+conclusions here presented, may seem strange or even startling, and
+to such it must be said that the authorities quoted are generally men
+whose reputation for accuracy and sound judgment stands so high that
+they cannot afford to make a mistake or a loose assertion.
+
+The work has involved much labor and historical research, and the
+author believes that the information contained in the following pages
+cannot fail to be of value to those who are interested in any phase
+of the beer question, whether as brewers, legislators or students
+of sociology. The end proposed to be served is that of temperance,
+and the method suggested is one that has been successfully tried in
+other countries. From the total abstinence party we ask the candid
+examination of our facts and arguments that is due to a fair statement
+from all who claim respect for their own opinions, and are honest
+friends of real temperance.
+
+
+
+
+                                BEER,
+
+                 ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE
+
+                                AS A
+
+                         NATIONAL BEVERAGE.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER I.
+
+                  PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE SUBJECT.
+
+
+As extremes do and must perforce exist, the noblest philosophy of life
+is _compromise_.
+
+Temperance then is the truest medium between total abstinence and
+excess, and in the same manner, beer occupies the medium position
+between ardent spirits and water. This fact is of the greatest
+importance, and until the public thoroughly understands the
+differences, whether from a moral, social, economic, or sanitary point
+of view, between distilled and fermented liquors, or in other words,
+beer and whisky there can be no hope of proper legislation as to the
+traffic in these articles. This legislation is now greatly influenced
+by the public advocates of total abstinence, among whom, if their own
+repeated claims be taken into account we might expect to find only
+disinterested, high-minded philanthropists. But it is notorious that
+their ranks are largely swelled by ignorant, ambitious or foolish men,
+whose vanity or pecuniary interest determines their action, and whose
+persistence and numerical strength will constitute an effective power
+until legislative bodies and the people at large are more thoroughly
+informed as to the actual experience of countries in which the problem
+has been dispassionately studied and brought to a successful solution.
+In too many of our states the liquor laws represent the triumph of
+ignorance and prejudice over reason and the welfare of the community.
+We hold that the solution of the temperance question is to be found
+through fermented liquors, and “BEER AGAINST WHISKY” is our motto.
+
+Before coming, as we shall do later in this book, to a detailed
+examination of the facts in regard to the use of beer, it may be well
+to declare briefly our position, and give some indication of the kind
+of testimony that will be more fully displayed under a separate heading.
+
+We hold that the production and sale of beer is so far from being
+subversive of public morals, that experience in all countries where
+beer is the national beverage, demonstrates precisely the opposite
+of this position. We hold too, that the use of beer is not merely
+indifferent, but, within the limits of temperance (_i. e._ moderation),
+a good and rational means of developing the mental and bodily powers of
+man.
+
+We cannot join in the gratulations of those who now—as they say—so
+enthusiastically enjoy the blessings of total abstinence. During the
+last thirty years we have seen something of the operation of this
+enthusiasm, not only in Great Britain, but in the native state of the
+originator of the movement in this country, and we find it impossible
+to assent to the famous proposition that a pledged abstainer is a
+drunkard saved. We have been convinced that a pledged abstainer is too
+often a man who drinks in secret and thus adds hypocrisy to his other
+sins.
+
+Notice this passage from evidence given before a state committee
+appointed to inquire into the action of the restrictive laws. The Hon.
+James H. Duncan of Haverhill, says:
+
+“My observation and convictions are, that temperance has not been
+promoted by the prohibitory law; that the temperance of our people is
+not so good now as before the passage of the law; it has no efficacy in
+checking intemperance and the evils that result from it; it has been
+productive of more mischief than good, and I think it an unwise act.
+It is impossible to make that a crime which is not made a crime by the
+divine law, and the use of beer, wine and cider cannot by any effort be
+made a crime _per se_, yet the prohibitory statute makes it a crime to
+sell either, and worse, it is a crime for a carrier to carry them. No
+wonder that such a law demoralizes the community, for a vast amount of
+lying and fraud have been called into existence through its agency.”
+
+The Rev. George Putnam, D.D., said; “I believe and know that the
+prohibitory law produces demoralization, and disrespect for a law that
+cannot be enforced. It demoralizes jurors and witnesses. It demoralizes
+the buyers and sellers of liquors, inducing them to resort to all
+manner of frauds, tricks and evasions to do that unlawfully which they
+cannot do lawfully. It is injurious to the conscience of the people to
+be always violating this law; and so far as liquor selling is concerned
+the law has done no good.”
+
+These extracts and many others to be given later, go to prove that it
+is most unwise to interfere with the social habits of a people, that
+it is dangerous for a state to do so, and that, as a matter of fact,
+temperance is not promoted by a prohibitory law. Public testimony
+that such laws are a blunder, or worse, has been given by such men
+as John Quincy Adams, Professor Agassiz of Cambridge, Rev. Leonard
+Bacon, D. D., of Connecticut, Professor Bigelow of Boston, Professor
+Edward Clark of Boston, ex-Governor Clifford, the late Right Rev.
+M. Eastburn, D. D., the late Governor Andrews, and Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, all of Boston, ex-Governor Washburn of Massachusetts, Professor
+Bowen of Cambridge, General Burrell of Roxbury, Hon. Joel Parker of
+Cambridge, Judge Patch of Lowell, Hon. James H. Duncan of Haverhill,
+Mass., Rev. George Putnam, D. D., of Mass., Dr. Garcelon, Governor
+of Maine, Dr. Willard Parker of the Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton,
+N. Y., A. Schwartz, Esq., the distinguished editor and publisher of
+the _Americanischer Bierbrauer_, and many others, comprising eminent
+statesmen, judges, and divines of all the states of the Union.
+
+Our legislators should consider it their solemn duty to protect
+and foster the manufacture and sale of pure beer, and should frame
+such laws as will protect the people against imposition and secure
+the manufacture of an article that shall not only be made from good
+materials, but be thoroughly well brewed and wholesome, and sold at a
+moderate price.
+
+Such a course will prove a blessing to mankind, and we do not hesitate
+to say, that notwithstanding what fools or fanatics may say, preach or
+write, Americans, and particularly those of the Eastern States, who
+are probably the most practical people on the face of the globe, will
+before long adopt beer as their national beverage. In doing so they
+will but follow the example of the most civilized countries of Europe;
+and it will soon be recognized that every brewery and every beer saloon
+helps to loosen the grasp which alcohol has on any country where
+distilled liquors are habitually used. Thomas Jefferson, writing Dec.
+13, 1818, to M. de Neuville in reference to intemperance and the use of
+light wines as a substitute for spirits, says, “No nation is drunken
+where wine is cheap.” Beer is yet less alcoholic than wine of any sort
+and has advantages of its own which will be discussed in due place.
+Experience shows that sound, wholesome beer at a moderate cost is the
+best catholicon yet discovered for intemperance. It weans a people
+gradually but surely from strong drink and brings happiness, content
+and morality in the place of dissipation and suffering. But it must
+be good, cheap and accessible, and the responsibility of making it so
+rests with our lawgivers. The poorer classes are those who need it most
+and cause most injury and loss to the state when for lack of it they
+consume ardent spirits—and these cheap and adulterated.
+
+In spite of all difficulties considerable progress has been made, as is
+shown by a consumption last year of more than nine million (9,473,361)
+barrels of beer, which is the best evidence of a step in the right
+direction towards national temperance.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER II.
+
+                       EARLY HISTORY OF BEER.
+
+
+It is impossible to say where and when the brewing of beer began, for
+the earliest historical records show its general use.
+
+It is mentioned by Manathos, High Priest of Heliopolis, an Egyptian of
+Greek education, who lived about 300 B. C. and by command of Ptolemaus
+Philadelphus translated the old Egyptian history into Greek. He says
+that the Egyptians, thousands of years before, had beer, and that its
+invention was attributed to Osiris, a divinity representing all the
+beneficent principles, also that celebrated breweries existed at that
+time at El Kahirch, the Cairo of Europeans, and at Pelusinum on the
+river Nile.
+
+The Greeks had their _zythos_ (beer) as also their wine of barley, _ek
+krithon methu_, and the _oinos krithinos_ as mentioned by Sophocles,
+Æschylus, 470 B. C., Diodorus of Sicily and Pliny. Xenephon in his
+account of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, written 400 B. C., mentions
+that the inhabitants of Armenia used fermented drinks made from barley.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF AN OLD EGYPTIAN BREWERY,
+
+_As described by Manathos (third century B. C.), High Priest in
+Heliopolis_]
+
+The Romans had their _cerevisia_ (beer) but with them it was a special
+luxury. Julius Cæsar was a noted admirer of it, and Plutarch, 50 A. D.,
+and Suetonius, each of whom wrote of Cæsar, tell us that after he had
+crossed the Rubicon, 49 B. C., he gave a great feast to his leaders at
+which the principal beverage used was _cerevisia_, and the biographers
+of Lucullus tell us that at his magnificent entertainments beer was
+served to his guests in golden goblets of the most costly device.
+And at that time also the Romans were already accustomed to sing
+_Cerevisiam bibunt homines, cœtera animalia fontes_.
+
+In Germany beer was known about the same time, and Tacitus (54 A.
+D.,) says, that the Roman general Varius, who was sent by Augustus to
+conquer the country and subdue the inhabitants, but was defeated by
+Arminius the leader of the Teutons, attributed the desperate valor of
+the enemy and their complete success, in great measure to their free
+use of _bior_ (beer).
+
+The Allemanni, a large German tribe who were first mentioned by Dion
+Cassius, 213 A.D., and who occupied the country between the river Main
+and the Danube, were formidable enemies both to the Romans and the
+Gauls. They attached great importance to their beer which was brewed
+under the supervision of the priests, and before use was blessed with
+many solemn rites. In an old code of theirs we find that every member
+of a church (_Gotteshaus_) had to contribute for its maintenance
+fifteen _seidel_ of beer or some equivalent. The Emperor Julian who
+defeated them in the year 357 A. D., near Strasburg, where all their
+forces were assembled under seven chiefs, found on the field of battle
+numerous utensils designed to be employed in brewing.
+
+The old Saxons in the seventh and eighth centuries when sitting in
+council to consider questions of high importance would only deliberate
+after drinking beer, which they took in common out of large _Humpen_
+(stone mugs).
+
+Charlemagne (742-814 A. D.,) himself gave directions how to brew the
+beer for his court, and was as careful in selecting his brew-masters
+as in choosing his councilors and leaders. A single circumstance,
+attendant on his defeat of the Saxons at Paderborn, 777 A. D.,
+illustrates the high respect in which brewing was then held, and in
+this particular, is suggestive of its semi-sacred character among the
+Allemanni as mentioned above. On that occasion it is related that the
+Emperor, surrounded by his chief leaders and councilors and by the
+ambassadors of distant nations, received the homage of the heathen
+Saxon warriors, caused many thousands of them to be baptized and then
+celebrated the double triumph of his arms and the Christian faith at
+a great feast, at which there were seated with him Eginhard, Paul
+Warnefried and Alcuin, the Emperor’s friends and advisers, and all
+drank of beer brewed by Charlemagne himself, while they discussed the
+great events that had just occurred. The drinking vessels were large
+mugs of a peculiar form which are still to be seen among a collection
+of relics presented to the Emperor by eastern potentates and now kept
+in a tower at the west end of the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, and
+exposed to public view once in every seven years. Within a few years
+numerous relics have been found in the vicinity of Paderborn which
+indicate that beer brewing must have been as common and necessary in
+both parties as the cooking of food.
+
+The old Danes as far back as 860 A. D. under Gorm the Old, 936 A.
+D. under Harold Bluetooth, and 985 A. D. under Swend Twybeard, were
+acquainted with the art of brewing, and their old codes mention it as a
+most honorable occupation.
+
+In Bohemia, breweries were built at Budweis in the year 1256 A. D. by
+direction of Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, and few cities in the world
+can point to an establishment of such antiquity. Budweis beer is now
+almost universally known and approved, though it is needless to say
+that it differs materially from that made six hundred years ago.
+
+In the thirteenth century we see by an old law of France, in the reign
+of Louis IX., of the year 1268, how highly beer was esteemed and that
+laws were already made to secure the purity of beer as well as to
+protect the brewers in their avocation, and for curiosity’s sake we
+give our readers an extract of those laws as mentioned above:
+
+1. No one shall brew beer or remove it in drays or otherwise, on
+Sundays or on the solemn feasts of the Holy Virgin.
+
+2. No one shall set up in the brewery who has not served a five years’
+apprenticeship, and been three years a partner with a regular brewer.
+
+3. Nothing shall enter into the composition of beer, but good malt
+and hops, well gathered, picked, and cured, without any mixture of
+buckwheat, darnel, etc., and the hops shall be inspected by juries,
+to see that they are not used after being heated, moldy, damp, or
+otherwise damaged.
+
+4. No beer yeast shall be hawked about the streets, but shall be all
+sold in the brew-houses to bakers and pastrycooks, and to no others.
+
+5. Beer yeast brought by foreigners shall be inspected by a jury before
+it is exposed to sale.
+
+C. No brewer shall keep in, or about, his brew-house any cows, oxen,
+hogs, geese, ducks, or poultry, as being inconsistent with cleanliness.
+
+7. There shall not be made in any brew-house more than one brewing of
+fifteen septiers at the most, of ground malt in a day.
+
+8. Casks, barrels, and other vessels made to hold beer, shall be marked
+with the brewer’s mark, in the presence of a jury.
+
+9. No brewer shall take away from a house he serves with beer any
+vessels which do not belong to him.
+
+10. Those who sell beer by retail shall be subject to the inspection of
+juries.
+
+11. No one shall be a partner but with a master brewer.
+
+12. No master brewer shall have more than one apprentice at a time,
+which apprentice shall not be turned over without the consent of a jury.
+
+13. No one shall take a partner who has quitted his master without the
+consent of such master.
+
+14. A widow may employ servants in brewing, but may not take an
+apprentice.
+
+15. Master brewers shall not entice away one another’s apprentices nor
+servants.
+
+16. There shall be three masters elected for jurymen, two of which
+shall be changed every two years.
+
+17. Such jurymen shall have the power to inspect in the city and
+suburbs.
+
+In addition every brewer had to pay duty, so that the king might
+not be defrauded, was obliged to give notice of every brewing to a
+commissioner, stating the day and hour he intended to kindle the fire
+of his boiler, under a penalty of fine and confiscation. As brewing
+necessitates the employment of a large quantity of grain, it was
+customary, in times of scarcity, for the king to put a stop to the
+manufacture of beer for a certain number of weeks. These rules and
+regulations, made more than six hundred years since, are interesting
+and curious to the brewers of to-day.
+
+[Illustration: JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE,
+
+  “Brewer of Ghent,” Patrician, Orator and Ruler of the Province of
+  Flanders. Killed July 17, 1345. Taken from the original oil painting
+  in possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in Amsterdam.]
+
+In the fourteenth century the monks were the ordinary brewers, and one
+brewery founded by them at Dobraw near Pilsen, Bohemia, and endowed by
+Charles IV. shortly before his death with a prescriptive right to brew
+beer, is still in existence and is probably the oldest in the world.
+Its five hundredth anniversary was lately celebrated with great pomp,
+by all classes of society in that ancient city. Bohemian beer is to be
+ranked with the very best known, and an idea of the annual product for
+home and foreign consumption may be formed from the fact that there are
+now no less than eight hundred and eighty-seven breweries in actual
+operation.
+
+In Austria, the first brewery built at Vienna was on the Weidenstrasse
+and dates back as far as 1384. The oldest standing brewery in the same
+place is the St. Marx Brew-house, founded in 1706.
+
+In the Provinces of Flanders and Brabant a beer brewed of malt and
+hops was the national beverage as early as the fourteenth century, and
+brewers occupied an important position and were held in high esteem.
+History tells us that one of them, _Jacob Van Artevelde_ the Brewer
+of Ghent, a nobleman by birth, became a celebrated popular leader who
+drove Louis I., Count of Flanders, into France, held the government of
+the province and supported Edward III. of England until his death, July
+17, 1345.
+
+His son Philip, who at one time was chosen ruler of the provinces and
+who died 1382, was as well known as a celebrated brewer as his father.
+
+To Flanders also belongs the celebrated Gambrinus, who under his real
+name of Jan Primus, Duke of Flanders, ruled Flanders and Brabant
+wisely, and became the protector of the beer brewing fraternity. Under
+the popular cognomen, however, (to which many mythical attributes have
+been attached) he is universally known, and perhaps held in higher
+esteem by a greater number of adherents than all the saints, even
+including Saint Patrick, who have been canonized up to the present day.
+
+In England beer was introduced by the Romans. The Saxons found it there
+and improved wonderfully upon the discovery. For centuries it received,
+in the modern literature of England, the constant attention and
+consideration of churchmen, historians, poets and political economists.
+The churchmen especially were active in the improvement of malt
+liquors. William of Malmsbury says that the best brewers in England at
+the time of Henry II. were to be found in the monasteries, and every
+reader of early English literature remembers frequent allusions not
+only to beer in general but to that of the holy fathers in particular.
+The monks were the first to discover the peculiar fitness of the waters
+of Burton on Trent for brewing purposes, and may thus be said to have
+paved the way for the development of the enormous establishments that
+now scatter their product over all the world.
+
+According to “Tennant’s Guide to London,” published at the beginning
+of the present century, there were in the reigns of the Tudors great
+breweries at London, situated on the river-side below St. Katherine’s.
+In 1492 King Henry VII. licensed a Flemish brewer, John Merchant,
+to export a large quantity of the so-called “berre,” and that the
+beer had to be of good quality and was under the surveillance of the
+authorities, is proved by the fact that Geffrey Gate, an officer of the
+king, twice destroyed the brew-houses on account of the weakness of the
+beer.
+
+In the reign of Elizabeth the demand for ale increased very largely,
+and we find mention of an export of five hundred tuns of the precious
+liquor at one time. This was sent to Amsterdam for the use of the
+thirsty army in the Netherlands. Mary Queen of Scots in the midst
+of her troubles seems not to have been altogether insensible to the
+attractions of English beer, for when she was confined in Tutbury
+Castle, Walsingham, her secretary asked “At what place near Tutbury
+beer may be provided for her majestie’s use?” To which Sir Ralph
+Sadler, governor of the castle made reply, “Beer may be had at Burton,
+three miles off.” This Burton on Trent began to be famous for its
+water in the thirteenth century. There is a document still extant,
+dated 1295, in which it is stated that Matilda, daughter of Nicholas
+Shoben had released to the abbot and convent of Burton on Trent certain
+tenements, for which release they granted her daily for life two white
+loaves from the monastery, two gallons of conventual beer and one
+penny, besides seven gallons of beer for the men.
+
+In the fifteenth century the monks in Germany brewed two kinds of beer
+in the convents, one kind for the _Patres_, and an inferior beer for
+the convents.
+
+In the sixteenth century the breweries in Germany were already
+celebrated for their malt beer.
+
+Cities not having good cellars, on account of which good beer could
+not be produced, were provided with the beverage through their city
+fathers from other places, stored and sold in the cellars of the city
+hall, hence the origin of the name Rathskeller. The most celebrated
+beer at that time, was the Braunschweiger Mumme, and the beer of
+Eimbeck, Merseburg and Bamberg. Beer before it could be sold had
+to pass a strict examination by a committee consisting of brewers
+of the greatest reputation, appointed by the burgomaster under and
+by advice of the city fathers; and a “Brauherr,” (proprietor and
+brew-master of a brewery) was a man of importance. In the principality
+of Brandenburg—afterwards the kingdom of Prussia—it was thought as
+early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that beer was the
+most wholesome of all beverages, and the electors of Brandenburg, later
+the kings of Prussia, fostered breweries by the concession of numerous
+privileges which were increased from time to time. Grants of this
+character and of no small advantage were held by brewers in Cottbus,[1]
+Province of Brandenburg, and were considerably enlarged by Frederick
+the Great in favor of Huguenots who had at his invitation settled in
+the kingdom after being forced by the revocation of the edict of Nantes
+to leave France. These privileges, enjoyed by the Toussaints, Salems
+and others for many years, were abolished by the declaration of the
+freedom of trade in 1838.
+
+[1] Celebrated for the famous white beer which was at that time largely
+exported to Upper Silesia, Bohemia, Berlin, Hamburg, etc.
+
+[Illustration: MYNHER JACOBUS,
+
+Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam (the present New York),
+1644.]
+
+After the year 1721 coffee began to be extensively used, and at last
+Frederick the Great in order to check its introduction erected large
+coffee roasting establishments which had a monopoly of the business,
+and where the coffee was sold at an enormous price, only the nobility,
+having the right of roasting their coffee beans. “Coffee smellers” or
+spies were appointed to look out for evaders of the law, just as we
+have now beer and whisky smellers. On the 13th day of September, 1777,
+the great king issued his celebrated “coffee and beer manifesto.” It
+was particularly addressed to the provincial members (_Landstande_)
+of the provinces of Pommerania and Brandenburg, which were called
+the nurseries of his armies, and read as follows: “It is disgusting
+to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects
+and the amount of money that goes out of the country in consequence.
+Everybody is using coffee. If possible this must be prevented. My
+people must drink beer. His majesty was brought up on beer and so
+were his ancestors and his officers and soldiers. Many battles have
+been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the king does
+not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be depended on to
+endure hardship or to beat his enemies in case of the occurrence of
+another war.” This proclamation had the desired effect, and coffee was
+thenceforth used merely as a luxury, while beer became the usual drink
+of the people.
+
+In the United States the pioneers in the brewing business were William
+Penn and Jacobus, a Dutch brewer of whom Irving tells us that he
+left the States General of Holland to settle on Manhattan Island in
+company with Hendricks, the Kips and others. It will be remembered
+that Manhattan Island was discovered by Hendrik Hudson in 1609 when he
+passed inside Sandy Hook in search of a northwest passage, and that it
+was granted by charter of the States General to the West India Company
+to colonize the island. The company was not slow to discover the
+advantages of such a concession and immediately set at work to build
+forts, a church, a mill and a bakery while Jacobus, who thoroughly
+understood the good effects of beer and the benefits that would follow
+its introduction in the colony, established a brewery (in 1644) and a
+beer garden on what is now the corner of Pearl street and Old Slip. He
+afterwards became the first burgomaster and is said to have dispensed
+beer and justice with equal gravity and impartiality, and to the
+complete satisfaction of the inhabitants of new Amsterdam.
+
+It may be interesting to some readers to know that while Jacobus
+settled near the lower end of the present city the Kips were
+established in the neighborhood of Bellevue Heights, and that on a part
+of that settlement—in East 38th street—stands now the well known and
+justly esteemed lager beer brewery of A. Huepfel’s Sons.
+
+Somewhat later the same business was undertaken by Israel and Timothy
+Horsfield, who came from England, one in 1706 and the other in 1720,
+and settled in Brooklyn, L. I. Their brewery was near the ferry in what
+is now Wallabout.
+
+William Penn, 1644-1718, a man of Dutch extraction on his mother’s
+side, founder of Pennsylvania and the leading spirit of its
+settlement—so justly celebrated for his virtues—brewed and sold beer at
+Pennsbury, Bucks County, Pa.
+
+Good Quaker as Penn was, he was no ascetic. He was a great lover
+of beer, and accustomed to praise his own brewing—he was not
+averse to society, in his house was no lack of comfort, his table
+was well provided, and his taste for good living could never be
+impeached—dancing did not shock him, for both he and his family
+patronized country dances and country fairs, and William Penn’s beer
+was the beverage used on such occasions.
+
+Under his proprietary laws he allowed beer to be sold free of license,
+and this sensible enactment was continued under the state laws until
+the year 1847, when a ten dollar license was substituted. Such a
+tax certainly compares favorably with that of many other states and
+displays a moderation and reasonableness that does credit to the Quaker
+community and is in strong contrast to the spirit recently exhibited in
+some parts of the country.
+
+Another celebrated promoter of early beer brewing in America was Gen.
+Israel Putnam, known to every child as the hero of the wolf’s den and
+the desperate ride down the rocks, and to an older generation as a
+brave soldier and marked character, the man who “dared to lead where
+any dared to follow,” and who has gained a higher position in history
+by virtue of his personal qualities and a touch of romance that clings
+to his name than might strictly attach to his military services.
+
+Although generally known as a Connecticut man he was born at Salem,
+Mass., 1718, and in 1739, at the age of twenty-one, removed to Pomfret,
+Conn., and later to Brooklyn in the same state, with which latter place
+his name is afterwards associated. Here as a farmer and tavern keeper
+he passed the remainder of his life except that considerable part which
+was given to the active military service of his country. The change
+from the life of a successful soldier to these commonplace pursuits
+would seem to many to be near akin to a fall, but Putnam’s practical
+good sense found no difficulty in it. When he returned from the army
+he resumed his farming, tavern business and beer brewing, and seems
+to have had no false shame at either of the humbler avocations. Like
+a wise and self-contained man he did the work nearest to his hand and
+found honor in it whatever it might be. On the other hand, however, it
+is no small credit to the beer brewing fraternity to have had such a
+man in their ranks, even were it in a more limited and incidental way
+than was actually the case. The tavern sign of General Israel Putnam,
+which hung before his door in Brooklyn, (Conn.,) in the year 1768 and
+later, is now preserved in the rooms of the Historical Society at
+Hartford, (Conn.,) and an illustration representing it will be found on
+the opposite page.
+
+The sign is made of yellow pine, painted alike on both sides. The
+device is a full length portrait of General Wolfe, dressed in scarlet
+uniform. The portrait of the young hero is quite correct.
+
+The sign was presented to the Historical Society by Rufus S. Mathewson
+of Woodstock.
+
+Aside from the early public breweries there were doubtless many in
+which beer was made for family consumption. “Home brewed” was common in
+the native homes of most of the colonists, and there is no reason to
+suppose that they voluntarily changed their accustomed manner of living
+and dispensed with a wholesome drink to which they had been used from
+infancy.
+
+In leaving this branch of the subject it should be noted that the beer
+of the earliest periods, like the ale of England before the seventeenth
+century, was usually made without hops, and it is impossible to say
+when these were first employed, although the experiment was certainly
+of no very modern date. It was probably the greatest improvement ever
+made in the production of beer, since it gives a light, clear, and
+elegant product very different from anything that was produced on the
+other plan. The modern demand was for a drink that should be agreeable,
+refreshing and moderately stimulating, and it is now abundantly
+recognized that the fermented decoction of malted barley, clarified and
+preserved by the hops, best fulfills this requirement.
+
+[Illustration: Gen^l WOLFE.
+
+SIGN OF GENERAL PUTNAM’S TAVERN IN BROOKLYN, CONN.
+
+_The original is now in the Rooms of the Historical Society, at
+Hartford. Conn._]
+
+Beer has been considered a necessity in all generations, and only in
+this, the nineteenth century, have extremists arisen to condemn its
+use. It is worthy of note that its greatest enemies are among a class
+who, in the olden times, were its greatest friends. The old abbeys and
+monasteries were the places where the best malt liquor was brewed; and
+not least among the benefactors of their species were the Franciscans
+and Dominicans, who brewed good beer to cheer the hearts of toiling
+humanity. Bishops have written in its praise; universities have
+encouraged its production; and kings having the comfort and contentment
+of their subjects in view have cared for its proper provision. Under
+date January 27, 1617, it is noted in “Langbaine’s Collections” that
+one John Shurle had a patent from Abraham Lake, Bishop of Bath and
+Wells and Vice Chancellor of Oxford, for the office of Ale-taster to
+the university. “The office of Ale-tasting requires that he go to every
+ale-brewer that day they brew, according to their courses, and taste
+their ale; for which his ancient fee is one gallon of strong ale and
+two gallons of strong wort.”
+
+Such a fact is enough to make the modern teetotal dominies stand
+aghast, but it may well be doubted if they are better or wiser men than
+their predecessors, one of whose distinguishing characteristics was
+usually a sound common sense in the ordinary affairs of life.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER III.
+
+                  EARLY HISTORY OF BEER—CONTINUED.
+
+
+With the close of the preceding chapter we had intended to leave this
+branch of the subject, but a paper of Hans von der Planitz, written
+in German on the same topic, is so interesting that we cannot do
+better than quote a considerable portion. It is written with genuine
+enthusiasm and is valuable not merely for its facts regarding the early
+history of beer, but also as a picture of customs and manners, often
+given in the words of writers contemporary with the circumstances
+described. The picturesque or realistic effect of the old German
+has been as far as possible preserved in the rendering of passages
+written in that style, and very often the original is added in a note
+or otherwise, for the enjoyment of readers who are able to appreciate
+its flavor. Quotation at such length has involved a trifling amount of
+repetition of matter already stated, but it has seemed better to submit
+to this than to mutilate an independent account, much of whose effect
+depends on its manner of developing the subject. Commencing with the
+ninth century the writer says:
+
+“Beer brewing in England and Flanders is mentioned by Walafried
+Strabo. (849 A. D.) It had been known from a remote antiquity and
+continued in use partly, at least, through Celtic influence. In France
+beer gradually gave place to wine, while in Germany it made good its
+position, and lager beer was discovered as early as the thirteenth
+century, that of the Mark being especially celebrated. In Bohemia the
+earliest account of beer brewing dates as far back as 1086 A. D. Poland
+and Prussia were addicted to the barley juice before the time of modern
+civilization and honored a special god of beer, _Raugunzemapat_, whose
+name is derived from _rugti_, to ferment, and literally signifies
+the god of fermentation. In Bavaria, where, under Roman influence,
+wine growing had attained an important place which it was destined
+afterwards to lose, beer was commonly known within the first thousand
+years of the present era and is mentioned by Voehrung, 816, and
+others. According to Graesse it was a dull brown and reddish drink and
+soured easily. In the more primitive districts oats were used as the
+basis, and only “upper-ferment” beer was made. In the latter part of
+the middle ages the process by “under fermentation” was discovered,
+its origin, according to Professor Holzner of Weihenstephan, being
+in one of the monasteries. From this point beer brewing increased
+vigorously until Bohemian competition and Bohemian hops gave it a
+staggering check. In the southern countries of Europe beer does not
+easily give place to wine though hard pushed, while in Asia and Africa
+the inhabitants use their traditionary drink from one generation to
+another, and in Egypt especially, the Arabs acquired a taste for the
+beer of the Copts. Such was the condition of things when the dawn of a
+new age showed itself on the horizon.
+
+“The characteristic of a period is found essentially in its variation
+from the adjacent epochs, and that of the one under consideration has
+been already indicated. But beside the scientific researches, that
+had very little connection with trade, there grew up a descriptive
+literature that stands in close relation to the first general empire
+of beer. To suppose that the present age is the first time of real
+triumph for the liquor of Gambrinus, shows a very superficial knowledge
+of the history of civilization, for apart from the Egyptian and
+Celtic-Germanic beer epochs, which were somewhat local, we have already
+long passed the real first period of success which fell in the time of
+the _Renaissance_. In those days the brown flood spread out not merely
+over Germany, England and Belgium, but into the far corners of recently
+discovered countries; in village taverns and _rathskellers_ peasants
+and citizens drank themselves full and merry. At the high schools the
+students already went to the _kneipen_ with their rapiers (_spiessen_)
+and swords, studied and rioted behind the tin can, and in the banquet
+halls of princes and the cabinets of noble ladies, the barley juice
+was a favorite beverage, not swallowed hastily from tumblers, but
+taken with deliberation and full enjoyment from deep, wide-mouthed
+mugs or tankards. Seven maas a day was the allowance for a lady of
+high rank.[2] About the end of the seventeenth century the increasing
+use of brandy and coffee put a stop to this immoderate consumption,
+as at the same time the influence of France and the colonies with
+their new dishes and resulting change of tastes, brought about the
+progress from middle age cookery to that of modern times, and as the
+Gustavus Adolphus boots and wide-brimmed plumed hats gave place to silk
+stockings and perukes. The present age witnesses the second triumph of
+Gambrinus, a triumph perhaps even greater than the first, for though
+the capacity of individuals is far from equal to that of the men of
+the Renaissance, except in the case of some academic beer soakers and
+Munich _Danaidenfaesser_ (bottomless vessels), yet the distribution of
+beer is more extensive, more general and more uniform. The consumption
+in Europe alone has increased tenfold within fifty years and grows
+constantly. In the first quarter of this century the wave spread from
+Bavaria farther and farther over the whole map of Europe, and about
+twenty years ago a new source was opened in Austria, and the Vienna
+beer flowed through the canals which the Bavarian product had opened.
+
+[2] Sieben Maas Bier per Tag vors graefliche Frauenzimmer war
+Vorschrift.
+
+This first epoch stands in close relation with the general abounding
+strength of that period of civilization. Adventurous sailors and
+explorers had broken the bonds of the known earth, plain men had dared
+to enter the lists with that hierarchy, to attack which had been held
+profanation; art had thrown aside the old traditions and brought out
+the old master-works, the world of scholars had torn itself loose
+from petrified scholasticism and turned to the ancient classics,
+and, as in most branches of science, so also in chemistry, there was
+a genuine revolution, and it was studied in reference to medicine
+almost as assiduously as it had previously been in the search for the
+philosopher’s stone. New inquiries were set on foot, old problems
+revived and attacked from a new point of view, and among these the
+subjects of yeast and fermentation played an important part. Not
+many decades have passed since the practical brewer found neither
+interest nor profit in theories of fermentation, and especially all
+chemical and physical discussion of his work and processes. The
+purely scientific style which too often had very little reference to
+the practical man, and the various contradictory views and learned
+controversies were not calculated to attract the interest of the beer
+brewer. Scholars discussed and disputed, the man of trade brewed and
+coopered, and neither paid any attention to the other. Now the case is
+very different. Intelligent and thoughtful brewers have been forced to
+admit that an insight into the nature of the materials they use, and
+the changes these undergo while in their hands will not merely enlarge
+their intellectual horizon, but be of great practical use in their
+business, and in consequence are found keenly alive to the progress of
+scientific inquiry.
+
+Some reference has already been made to the empirical knowledge of the
+earlier ages. Even Pliny’s often quoted “_Palam est naturam (farinæ)
+acore fermentari_” is merely a summary of the result of observation.
+Noah’s wine making, the leaven[3] of the Jews and such like may be left
+to special history. The word _fermentum_ as used by the alchemists
+has no very definite meaning; in general their explanation is to the
+effect that by means of the ferment a purifying and refining process
+is set in action—and hence many efforts were made to discover a
+general ferment by whose instrumentality it would become possible
+among other things, to transform the baser metals into gold. For this
+reason they often use the word _fermentum_ to indicate the anxiously
+sought “philosopher’s stone.”[4] The indefinite character of the word
+is mentioned by Petrus Bonus of Ferrara (1345): “_Apud philosophos
+fermentum dupliciter videtur dici: uno modo ipse lapis philosophorum
+ex suis elementis compositus et completus, in comparatione ad metalla;
+alio modo illud quod est perficiens lapidem et ipsum complens_,” and
+Raymond Lull’s definition, “_Fili, fermentum est corpus perfectum,
+subtiliatum et alteratum per potestatem convertentium_,” has the
+predicate so indefinite as to give no real information. We add another
+quotation from the same author merely to show further the jargon these
+men of learning were accustomed to use. He writes “_Fili, præparatio
+istius est, quod illud sit transactum primo per naturæ principalia
+controvertentia, antequam de isto facias fermentationem, quia illud
+fiat principio pulvis calcinatus per coagulationem et quarto sublimatus
+per separationem._” George Ripley’s consideration of the subject
+calls for no special notice, but the views of Basilius Valentinus
+who wrote in the latter half of the fifteenth century will be found
+more interesting. He held fermentation to be a purification by means
+of which the spirit of wine that already existed in a fluid was put
+in condition to act, unfermented beer being dead, “because existing
+impurities prevent the spirit from doing its work. Yeast induces in
+beer an internal quickening that advances of itself and results in a
+division and segregation of the clear and muddy elements, and after
+this separation _puri ab impuro_ the spirit can accomplish its duty
+successfully, as appears from the subsequent power of the liquor to
+produce intoxication.” Valentine is the last in the series of scholars
+who though belonging chronologically to a previous epoch must from
+the nature and relations of their inquiries be reckoned as belonging
+to the new era. It is not in the history of progress as in that of
+politics where two adjacent periods can be sharply defined and their
+limits assigned to exact dates. Progress goes on gradually, modifying
+or adding to what has already existed, and we do not clearly notice
+the transformation until it is complete or at least far advanced. So
+it was in this case. Far back in the middle ages men turned their
+attention to the “ferment” and to fermentation. Much was written, much
+nonsense and humbug published; almost no results were attained, but
+the beginning was made. Men of the later time grasped the collected
+material, regulated and systematized the inquiry and vied with each
+other in its prosecution. Struggle and activity were then so universal
+that there was a disposition to consider fermentation a special branch
+of chemistry, and after treating of the fermentation of wine, beer,
+vinegar, etc., it was suggested that the whole vital process might be
+nothing more than a continual fermentation.
+
+[3] _Galliæ et Hispaniæ frumento in potum resoluto spuma ita concreta
+pro fermento utuntur; qua de causa levior illis quam ceteris panis est._
+
+[4] _De fermento, sine quo ars alchemiæ perfeci et compleri non potest._
+
+[Illustration: View of a Brewery connected with a convent in Bohemia
+(14th century), as described by Thaddeus Hagecius ab Hayek, 1585, in
+his book, written in Latin, under the title, _De cerevisia_.]
+
+Notwithstanding all that has been said it seems best to date the new
+epoch definitely from the beginning of the sixteenth century, and this
+although we can reckon no names or events of importance in the year
+1501, and must pass over a number of decades to reach Libarius the
+first theorist of the second epoch. The reasons for such a division
+are various, partly to remove as far as possible all uncertainty from
+the discussion, partly because at that memorable time the general
+break with blind tradition and the development of new intellectual
+and social conditions took place in such a manner as to have a direct
+influence on the history of beer and so connect the general revolution
+with the province of zymotechnic inquiry. If we date from Libarius we
+commit an anachronism, for he stands in the full light of the new era.
+In short, beer and its history are so intimately related to social
+life and its development that we cannot consider the former alone
+and without regard to the latter. The oldest book in this sort of
+literature at present known, was published in 1530, under the title,
+“An Excellent Little Book of the Making of Wine and Beer so that they
+may be Useful and Wholesome to Man. Printed at Erfurt by Melchior
+Sachssen at Noah’s Ark.”[5] In 1551, a scholar (Plocotamus) wrote “_De
+natura cerevisiarum et de mulso_,” and somewhat later (1585) Thaddeus
+Hagecius ab Hayek wrote in Latin a work with the title “_De cerevisia
+ejusque conficiendi ratione, natura, viribus et facultatibus_.” More
+important than any of these is a book written in German by Heinrich
+Knaust, its value consisting not so much in historical deductions as
+in a review, grounded on the personal knowledge of the author, of the
+facts regarding beer in his time. It is chiefly through this volume
+that we are able to form a clear conception of the high development and
+actual power of beer at the end of the sixteenth century. On the first
+page of the book the master wrote in a style thoroughly characteristic
+of the period with its swelling, stilted bombast and magniloquence,
+the famous title, “Five Books of the Divine and Noble Gift of the
+Philosophical, Precious and Admirable Art of Beer Brewing. Also of the
+names of the most Admirable Beers in all Germany, and of their Natures,
+Temperaments, Qualities, Individual Characters, Wholesomeness, and
+Unwholesomeness, whether wheat or barley, white or red beer, spiced
+or not spiced. Newly revised and much Fuller and More Perfect than
+the former edition. By Master Heinrich Knaust, Doctor of Law and of
+Medicine. Published at Erfurt by George Baumann, 1575, in the twelfth
+month.”[6] As a matter of curiosity we reproduce his view of the origin
+of beer. According to this the men before the deluge ate herbs and
+vegetables and drank water, and he thinks it strange that they should
+ever have plucked up heart to become saucy on such a diet. “After the
+deluge they received the gift of wine, and where no vines grew God
+taught them to make a drink of wheat and barley that was both healthful
+and agreeable and as well fitted to strengthen and support the human
+system as wine itself.”
+
+[5] Ein schoenes Buechlein von bereytung der wein und bier zu
+gesundheit und nutzbarkeit der menschen gedruckt zu Erffurd durch
+Melchior Sachssen zu der Archen Noe.
+
+[6] Fuenf Buecher von der goettlichen und edeln Gabe der
+philosophischen hochteuren und wunderbaren Kunst Bier zu brauen. Auch
+von Namen der vornempstere Biere in ganz Teutschland und von deren
+Naturen, Temperamenten, Qualitaten, Art und Eigenschaft, Gesundheit
+und Ungesundheit, sey ein Weitzen oder Gersten, Weisse oder Rotte
+Biere, Gewuertzet oder Ungewuertzet. Aufs neue uebersehen und in viel
+wege ueber vorige edition gemehrt und gebessert. Durch Herrn Heinrich
+Knausten, beider Rechten Doctor. Getr. zu Erfurt durch Georgium Baumann
+1575 in 12.
+
+When a well known physician of Berlin, Dr. F. G. Zimmerman, felt
+himself compelled to declare beer a poison, it was Abraham A. Santa
+Clara of Vienna who, in his “History of the Discovery of Beer,”
+entitled “Something for All,” 1710, spoke as follows: “Noah planted
+the first vineyard and the culture of the vine afterwards spread all
+over the world, but as some climates are too harsh for the grape and
+prevent its ripening, human ingenuity was forced to discover another
+drink which should not merely quench thirst, but like wine excite the
+brain.[7] Among the Germans it is called beer, and its brewing requires
+a special experience, so that the men of this craft are not counted
+least among workmen.” So said also Ehinger, Fritsch, Germershausen,
+Gleditsch, Heuman, Hofman, Sensky, Solms and Trafenreuter. In all
+this scientific and learned emulation in the matter of fermentation
+(zymologie) we learn plainly enough that even the representatives
+of science did not confine their attention to a purely theoretical
+consideration of the barley juice, but hid the contents of many a can
+and mug behind their wide stiff collars, the clergy taking their full
+share in this part of the discussion. Luther’s fondness for beer is
+well known, and on the evening of that eventful day at Worms, April
+18, 1521, the Duke Erich von Braunschweig, sent him a pot of Eimbecker
+beer, to which he was specially addicted. The students, whether of
+medicine or theology, used every effort to follow faithfully the
+illustrious example, whence perhaps it comes that the youth of the
+high schools and universities, wedded to tradition, still delight to
+hang about the inviting, wide-yawning door of the cool beer cellar.
+In the Renaissance, however, the last trace of the _Biercomment_ and
+_Bierspielen_ was finally lost.
+
+[7] Der Noë hat zwar den ersten Weinstock gepflantzt welches Gewuechs
+nachmals durch die ganze Welt ausgebreitet worden; weil aber etlicher
+Orten der rauhe Luft dem Weinstock zuwider und folgsam, solcher in
+dergleichen Orten nicht fruchtsam tuht, also hat der Menschen Witz ein
+anderes Trunk erfunden welches nicht allein den Durst loeschet sondern
+gleich dem Wein, auch den Tuermel in den Kopf bringt.
+
+  [8] The common people would not sober stay,
+      Could find to cup or mouth the nearest way;
+      Enjoyed their life, and of the barley’s blood
+      Swilled day and night the brown and foamy flood.
+
+[8]   Des Volks gemeine Horte blieb nicht hinten,
+      Es wusste Kneip’ und maul sehr wohl zu finden;
+      Im Hochgenuss des Seins, aus Schlauch und Fass
+      Soff’s Tag und nacht das edle braune Nass.
+
+
+Beer was retailed in beer-houses and vaults, and in warm weather before
+the door, and places which had the hereditary right of brewing also
+sold beer occasionally in the living room of the house, and announced
+the fact by a mat-weed stuck horizontally above the door. In this
+custom we see plainly enough the origin of the later shop signs. In
+Oberpfalz (the Upper Palatinate), in the Schwarzwald (Black Forest),
+and elsewhere, even now when a privileged brewer wishes to give notice
+that he will sell on draught, he hangs up a broom or a triangle of fir
+boughs. The publicans of a later time simply exchange this primitive
+advertisement for the more durable ones of tin and iron. Before the
+windows of the pot houses were folding tables at which the wagoners
+usually preferred to drink, and the wandering bands, of whom there was
+then an immense number, were accustomed to seat themselves at these
+same tables and pass the time in riotous talk and games of dice until
+the “beer bell” of the place broke up the assembly and drove them to
+their homes and to the inn.[9] When a fair was held the women dealers
+in refreshments (Kretschenweiber) took possession of the benches and
+sold their beer there in cups of tin, stone or wood, while bread, meat,
+sausages, cheese, etc., were brought from the neighboring stands of the
+butchers and bakers, for even then people liked to do their business
+where wine and beer were close at hand. On any occasion of public
+festivity beer booths were a prime necessity, bagpipes and fiddles
+were not wanting and a lusty, merry throng danced in the open space
+between the crowded benches and tables. The Netherlandish painters have
+left us hundreds of cabinet pictures of these festivities and of the
+manner and fashion in which they were carried on, and their delightful
+and characteristic variations of the theme enable us to form a vivid
+conception of what it must have been. Especially worthy of notice in
+this respect are Teniers, (whose “Yearly Market”[10] in the Munich
+Pinakothek contains 1138 human figures, 45 horses, 67 asses, 37 dogs,
+etc., curiously crowded in a jovial throng,) P. Brueghel, the Ostades,
+Brower, Jan Steen, who from a fancy for this sort of life himself
+became a tavern keeper, and Rubens, whose sketches in this sort are
+strikingly good. During the “Thirty Years War,” that is, at the very
+culminating point of the epoch, tobacco came into use and the now
+inseparable pair, “beer and tobacco,” played an important rôle together
+even then. Barley and “mixed corn” (rye and wheat, barley and oats,
+oats and rye,) were chiefly used for brewing purposes, but there were
+always those who preferred plant beer. It is interesting to know that
+pitch was supposed to give the product of fermentation a better keeping
+quality.
+
+[9] See the Civil Law of Erfurt.
+
+[10] The picture is eight feet high and twelve feet wide.
+
+We must not omit to mention that this beer worship was not so well
+developed in South Germany where it is now best marked, as in North
+Germany. Saxony, the Mark and Pomerania were mentioned as “the great
+drinking countries.” There was a swarm of names celebrated in beer,
+and Knaust’s book shows that it was held no small credit to have drunk
+various noted kinds of beer where they were made. There was a Lubeck
+Israel, an old Klaus (Brandenburg), a Goslauer Gose, a Hanover Braehan,
+a Soltzman at Saltzwedel, a Rastrun at Leipsic, beer of Corvey, beer of
+Harlem, Dantzic brew, Eimbecker brew, and many others.[11] Of English
+beer, Hersford (Kamma) and the Yorkshire ale were chiefly esteemed.
+Most celebrated of all, however, was the Braunschweig _Mumme_, named
+for its discoverer, Christian Mumme (1492). By the side of these
+brewing celebrities the old beer cities of the middle ages had retained
+their character into the time of the Renaissance, as for instance,
+Hamburg, with its wheat beer,[12] and others; and many places made
+every effort to reach a similar position, partly by the adoption of new
+methods, and partly by the enlargement and increase of beer breweries.
+In Nuremberg, for instance, the first white beer was brewed in 1541; in
+Vienna the brewery with a hundred towers was built in 1564; breweries
+were erected at Gumpendorf in 1689, and at St. Marx in 1706; and in
+1633 there were established at Freiburg six malt-houses and twelve
+breweries.
+
+[11] To these should be added the celebrated beers of Cottbus, and the
+Karthuser of Frankfort on the Oder.—_Author._
+
+[12] Wheat beer played an important rôle in the thirty years war.
+Wallenstein himself was very much addicted to its use.
+
+The important beer privileges that had been so eagerly grasped by
+the monasteries and cities in the middle ages, were by hereditary
+right brought over into the new era. The landed estates of the nobles
+received back in 1517 the privileges which had been so long kept
+from them, and by this means all obstacles were removed from the
+beer traffic which had reached so hopeful a development during the
+middle ages, and it became possible for it to develop to an extent of
+which our own time need not be ashamed. Now it is no great matter to
+transport beer from Vienna to Paris by rail and in iced compartments,
+but we can not but admire the successful enterprise that in those
+days and with such means of transportation as existed, could export
+Eimbecker beer to Lombardy as described by the Italian Arnoldus of
+Villanova in 1594, and even to Alexandria and Cairo. Nuremberg was one
+of the great centers of the beer trade. Rostock and Lubeck supplied all
+England and sent not less than 800,000 barrels yearly to that country
+until the business was checked by a marked increase in the quantity
+brewed by the English themselves. A number of the large English
+breweries were founded about this time.
+
+In the households of the reigning princes, there was a strong tendency
+to supplement the native brew by imported products, and at such
+festivities as marriages, christenings, target-shooting and hunting,
+immense quantities of drink were swallowed. The cellar ordinance of
+Duke Ernst the Pious, in 1648, allowed for ladies of noble rank four
+_maas_ of beer a day, and three _maas_ for a “nightcap.” How much ought
+in such circumstances to be the allowance for a man of similar rank,
+and of his hangers on is left to the imagination of the reader.
+
+Noble families that had no brew-houses were obliged to supply
+themselves from the brewery of the prince. A beer tax also was levied
+on vassals who brewed their own beer. An excellent illustration of
+the condition of things is afforded by the celebrated Hofbrauhaus at
+Munich, in whose whitewashed rooms every stranger still takes at least
+one _maas_. As early as the time of Louis the Severe, there existed a
+little court brewery at Munich near the _Burggasse_, but towards the
+end of the sixteenth century, the demand increasing and the facilities
+for production having long been inadequate, William V. proceeded to
+the building of the present brew-house, which was at first intended
+only for the making of white beer, the brown being still made in the
+old quarters. In 1708, however, brown beer also began to be made in
+the new establishment. This topic is treated in a stereotyped article
+which appears every year in the May number of the Munich Beer Gazette,
+under the title “Bock article,” and gives the worshipful bock-drinking
+community a solemn and moving account of the court brewery and its
+products down to the minutest particulars. As regards bock itself,
+which is no longer an exclusive specialty of Munich, as a drink under
+the same name is sold every year in various cities, Graesse places
+its origin in the seventeenth century, and suggests that it was an
+imitation of the Eimbecker beer,—the last rather in virtue of a general
+theory and of a supposed play on words, Eimbeck, Aimbock Bock—than
+as an actual fact.[13] He says that “the Munich Aimbock or Bock was
+made before 1616, the same that is now sold at the beginning of May on
+Corpus Christi day.” Now, however, it has been shown that all through
+the second half of the sixteenth century (1553-1574) Aimpecker and
+Eimbecker beer was spoken of, and that there was an import of beer to
+Vienna from Eimbeck as late as 1771, while no trace of any play of
+words on the name is discovered. Moreover, that the “bock cellar”[14]
+(on the place of the present Restaurant Bonner) was in full operation
+at the beginning of the present century, is shown by Chr. Mueller
+who wrote under Max Joseph, and described the manners of the place
+very nearly as they were to be observed recently, just before the
+disappearance of this historical locality, and it is doubtless the
+fact that the larger half of the reputation of Munich beer is due to
+this specialty. Graesse, speaking of the high reputation of Bavarian
+beer, in which he includes as a matter of course that of Munich, is
+of the opinion that the general preference for it does not reach
+back farther than the early part of this century, and produces some
+important evidence to support this view of the case. On the other hand
+it is to be claimed in opposition that in such a discussion a careful
+distinction is to be made between Bavarian beer and Munich beer, since
+the renown of the first is relatively new and hardly goes to the first
+twenty years of the century, and its export did not begin in Munich,
+and also because that city has not yet been able to attain to the first
+rank as an exporter of beer. The reputation of Munich beer is older,
+for Mueller (1816) speaks of it as celebrated, and complains that
+the excellence of the native product is far surpassed by that of the
+Toelzer and Dachauer beers, and that the latter prevail in the Munich
+beer shops. This statement corresponds with the unfortunate situation
+of the beer interest that was inherited from the previous century,
+and that forces us to go back to the seventeenth century for a time
+of unquestioned supremacy for beer. In connection with this subject
+should be mentioned the successful founding of the Munich Court Brewery
+by William V. at the end of the sixteenth century, and these same old
+rooms should be regarded as the center and starting point where the
+fame of Munich beer was born and nourished, and where even through
+all the epoch of perukes and cues, after the fall of the monasteries
+that had contributed so much to the reputation of Munich beer, it was
+preserved from decay.
+
+[13] The Munich “Fremdenblatt” has lately expressed the same view.
+
+[14] In a coach house of the old _residenz_ in Munich, Bavaria.
+
+In the seventeenth century, in the time of Louis XIV., all Germany fell
+under the sway of French influence. There were French conversation,
+prayers and oaths, French amusements and French sins, French eating
+and drinking. An effort to imitate all the French fashions that the
+cavaliers brought from Paris was a characteristic of the sad season
+that followed, a time sad for patriots, sad for beer brewers and for
+beer. Beer was _une boisson de commun_. The beautifully ornamented
+mugs and beakers were put away in the lumber-room (_rumpel kammer_)
+and champagne glasses from Paris took their place. At evening, where
+formerly the jovial barons and their chief followers had encamped round
+the carved-oak table and laid a strong grasp on the mug—there was now
+a service of cakes and tea, and where formerly milk and pepper or beer
+was used as a morning draught, the coffee breakfast constantly acquired
+more use and repute. The common people, however, stood fast for the old
+way, and were never better pleased than when the privileged beer came
+to honor. At this time, too, the change of rôles took place, and South
+Germany entered on its new and important course at the beginning of the
+present century. (The brewery at St. Marx was built in 1710, and in
+1732 there were three brew-houses at Schwechat.)
+
+It is as if the minds of men slumbered long, only to come at once into
+a never suspected activity. In the midst of the tumult we find Balling,
+Dreher, Sedlmayer, Kaiser, Otto and many others. Everything in brewing
+is changed. Laboratories spring out of the ground and discoveries and
+inventions come in countless numbers, brewing journals are started,
+schools opened, fairs and associations multiply, and all in the space
+of a single half century.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER IV.
+
+                       MODERN HISTORY OF BEER.
+
+
+From the account already given, it will be seen that beer not only
+took an early hold on the affections of the people, but kept its
+position wherever it was introduced. It is now well established in
+every civilized country and plays so important a part in the economy of
+nations that a review of the light in which it is regarded by different
+governments cannot fail to be both interesting and useful.
+
+In Germany the state uses every possible means to provide good,
+wholesome beer for the people. It is the habitual beverage of most
+of the population, used by them at their meals and their places of
+amusement, cheering but not intoxicating, and rendering them temperate,
+industrious, healthy and contented, a people whose bravery is beyond
+question, and whose peaceable yet progressive qualities tend to make
+the nation powerful, and its government respected at home and abroad.
+And yet an advance by the government of half a cent a quart on the
+price of beer has in years not long passed caused a serious riot.
+Cheap, wholesome beer is considered a necessity of life, and the
+attempt to increase its cost an interference with the primary rights of
+the community.
+
+In Austro-Hungary, too, for many years government supervision has
+secured the production of pure beer, which is sold at a very moderate
+price. Some of the breweries are very large and the product is by
+many held to be unsurpassed in quality. That of Vienna and Pilsen, in
+particular, is universally known and esteemed. Beer is thoroughly the
+national drink, and the beer gardens of Vienna are the resort of all
+classes, from the Emperor down to his private soldiers.
+
+The most important men of the empire have extensive breweries, and
+among the great Austro-Hungarian brewers we find such names as Anton
+Dreher of Schwechat near Vienna, Count Arco Valley of Zell, Upper
+Austria, Count Arco Zinneburg of Kaltenhausen, Count Thurn Valsassina
+of Sorgendorf, and in Bohemia Count Thun Hohenstein of Alt Benatek,
+His Majesty the Emperor Franz Josef, Prince Carl Hohenzollern, Prince
+Trautmansdorf, Prince Josef Mansfeld, Prince J. A. Schwartzenberg,
+Prince Max Thurn Taxis, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Rudolf Count von
+Schoteck and many others.
+
+A correspondent says: “At Trieste the drinking of beer is universal;
+from infancy to age light wine and beer are the common beverages.”
+He states that on Saturday night a pretty large number of laboring
+people are “jolly drunk,” but not savage drunk. The latter condition is
+unknown except among English and American sailors visiting the port.
+Among the better classes no instance is known of a merchant, lawyer,
+physician, shop-keeper, or master-mechanic becoming an inebriate and
+gradually losing position, prosperity and business, and sinking into
+a drunkard’s grave. Sometimes an Englishman or American has ruined
+himself by the use of spirits—not of wine or beer.
+
+Holland has brewed good beer for centuries, and though this country
+has been better known as a producer of gin, the national beverage is
+certainly beer. Professors Tilamus and Swingar of Amsterdam, and the
+Secretary of the “Netherlands Society for the Abolition of Spirituous
+Drinks,” say that gin drinking is no longer respectable, and they
+recommend beer as a daily beverage. The beer gardens of Amsterdam and
+Rotterdam are very widely known. Good bands are provided and people of
+all ranks congregate to sip beer, smoke, talk, or listen to the music.
+On his first visit to these places the writer made careful inquiries
+as to the consumption of gin and other spirits, and was agreeably
+surprised to learn that their use was practically confined to the
+lowest classes and that beer was the common beverage. To find a drunken
+man it was necessary to go to the docks and wharves, among the Irish
+and American sailors. Nine-tenths of the gin manufactured is exported
+to the United States, and most of its use at home is for medical
+purposes.
+
+The little kingdom of Belgium ranks next Bavaria as a beer consuming
+country. There are three kinds of beer—Mars, a light beer and generally
+used by the laboring class, Lambic, strong and light, and the Faro,
+a mixture of Mars and Lambic. Brussels and Antwerp have some of the
+finest beer gardens in the world, which furnish music to their patrons
+equal to the best, and the general habits of the people are temperate.
+Drunkenness is hardly found even among the lower classes.
+
+Spain even is becoming a beer-drinking country. The beer formerly
+consumed there was imported from England, Germany and Austria, and
+in 1869 all the breweries in the country did not produce 500,000
+liters, equal to 132,062 gallons, while the returns of the year 1878
+show a production of over 4,750,000 liters, or 1,254,594 gallons—an
+astonishing increase in a wine producing country—and the beer brewed at
+the Santa Barbara brewery at Madrid is taking the lead of the imported
+article.
+
+Sweden and Norway also recognize the necessity of providing a wholesome
+stimulant for the people, and for more than a hundred and fifty years
+their respective governments have given attention to the matter. Not
+long ago patents for the manufacture of ardent spirits, which had
+long been held among the nobility, were revoked, and an attempt made
+to secure temperance through the more common use of malt liquors. Mr.
+George Hayward, then proprietor of the celebrated Lion Brewery at
+London, England,[15] was engaged by the government to superintend the
+introduction of improved beer in Sweden, and the experiment proved a
+thorough success. As beer increased drunkenness diminished, and both
+government and people have recognized the benefits of malt liquors.
+According to figures lately furnished by Dr. Ellis Sodenbladh of the
+Swedish statistical bureau, beer brewing has attained the position of a
+leading industry in that country. The annual product exceeds twenty-six
+million gallons, and this result is largely due to an increased tax on
+spirits and the remission of all taxation on beer, which may now be
+fairly considered the national beverage.
+
+[15] Mr. Hayward died a short time ago at Albany, N. Y.
+
+Denmark formerly consumed great quantities of ardent spirits, the
+amount used in proportion to the population being even greater than in
+the prohibitory state of Maine. The introduction of the excellent beer
+made by Jacobsen at Carlsberg brought about an entire change. Beer is
+now the drink of the country and public feeling is strongly opposed to
+the use of whisky. The people have become remarkable for quiet and good
+order, and the police magistrates of the larger cities, as Copenhagen
+and Elsinore report that for a long time no cases of murder, homicide
+or theft brought before them have been traced to the influence of
+strong drink. Arrests for street disorder are very rare and chiefly
+confined among the foreign seamen. The consumption of beer is about
+twenty gallons annually to the individual, and this amount seems to
+produce only favorable effects, as the people are a strong, hardy race
+with an average longevity far above that of the United States. The
+advantages of all kinds that have followed the general introduction of
+beer are very remarkable.
+
+In Russia, a commission was some time ago appointed to investigate
+the question of drunkenness in the empire. The use of strong ardent
+spirits had been almost universal. Drunkards were not to be reckoned by
+individuals or even families. Whole districts were plunged in habits
+of brutal intoxication and this national pest demoralized the armies,
+filled poor-houses and hospitals, the lunatic asylums and the prisons.
+
+As a result of the labors of this commission, and in accordance with
+the unanimous report of its members, the Czar has recently conferred
+very valuable privileges on those who establish breweries in his
+dominions. The object being to secure for the people good beer at a low
+price, all taxes on beer and articles used in its manufacture have been
+abolished, while the use of ardent spirits is still further checked by
+the imposition of heavy duties on all introduced to the country, and
+severe taxes on its manufacture or sale; and[16] whenever the crop of
+barley turns out to be light, the government prohibits exporting the
+same.
+
+[16] Owing to a light crop the Russian government has prohibited the
+export of barley for the current year, 1879.
+
+In Greece, breweries are springing up about Athens and the Piræus, and
+all over the Levant and the neighboring islands, and the _ek krithon
+methu_ (barley wine) of olden times is going to be the ordinary
+beverage of the people instead of the rather strong wines that the
+country produces.
+
+In France during the reign of Napoleon III., it was discovered that
+the ardent spirits most in use were so adulterated as to produce
+serious injury to consumers apart from that which always attends the
+free use of these liquors. Spirits were used to a much greater extent
+than could be justified on any sound principle. The Emperor, whose
+practical judgment was excellent in matters not immediately affecting
+his own ambition, offered inducements to English and German brewers to
+establish themselves in the country and the consumption of beer was
+increased with very advantageous results. The change has already gone
+so far as to alarm the wine merchants, and according to the “British
+Mercantile Gazette” the consumption in Paris alone now reaches one
+hundred million _liter_ bottles _per annum_ or nearly half a pint a day
+to every Parisian, which is not bad for a beginning. The beer used,
+however, is still chiefly of foreign manufacture, the lager beer coming
+chiefly from Vienna and Bavaria, and the ale from Alsopp and Bass. Some
+American brewers of New York, Philadelphia and St. Louis received gold
+medals at Paris for the excellence of their beer, and are now shipping
+considerable quantities to that place.
+
+Americans who have lately been in France must usually have been
+surprised to notice how _bogk_ (lager beer) is already the common
+beverage in the fashionable _cafés_ of the chief cities.
+
+Some leading French savants trace a direct connection between the free
+use of beer and the national greatness and indomitable personal courage
+of their opponents in the late war, and hope by the development of
+the brewing interest to add to the traditional virtues of Frenchmen
+some of those displayed in the neighboring empire. The notion may be
+rather fine spun, but the actual benefit of the development of a home
+industry in beer will be none the less, and it cannot be doubted that
+their end will be at least partially attained, though perhaps not in
+so direct a fashion as they suppose. Monsieur Lunier has just brought
+before the French Academy of Medicine, some very interesting statistics
+on the use of fermented and other liquors. According to him, wine is
+still the national drink. The consumption of cider is diminishing,
+although still large, and brandy is much used to facilitate the
+digestion of cider. The more cider, the more brandy. The quantity of
+beer used, has considerably increased in most of the Departments,
+and he proves conclusively that most cases of accidental death in
+consequence of excess, occur in the departments where there is most
+drinking of spirits, that apprehensions for drunkenness are five times
+as numerous in these Departments as in those where wine is chiefly
+used, that drunkenness in the beer-drinking regions is hardly known,
+and that alcoholic insanity is almost everywhere in proportion to the
+consumption of ardent spirits. The only exceptions are La Vendée and
+Charente Inferieure where they drink only white wines, but use them in
+immoderate quantities.
+
+French brewers are now engaged in forming an association and the first
+meeting has been announced to take place at Toulouse, in the late
+autumn of the present year (1879). The _Industriel de Lyon_ speaks of
+the matter as follows:
+
+“In consequence of their number, and as representing forty-two
+departments, the brewers who should support this association are most
+influential. They would, by means of combination, be able to properly
+protect their important industry, and struggle against errors of the
+past, such as excise regulations, octroi, etc. Besides the meetings of
+the Syndicate, whether held at Toulouse or Lyons, might take up general
+economical questions of interest to its members, and also deal with
+the fabrication of beer, malting, and the scientific phenomena, which
+are more numerous and complex than is imagined. Brewing, it is further
+asserted, is an industry of the future. Beer is a drink of progress
+on account of its refreshing and especially nutritive qualities.
+To produce beer cheap, appetizing to the eye, and agreeable to the
+stomach, is the program which the brewers of the South have in view,
+and which they must strive energetically to carry out if they wish
+to compete at all successfully with the German beers. The phylloxera
+is not an eternal enemy. Sooner or later science will neutralize its
+effects.
+
+“In the South of France, therefore, the opinion is held that the
+greatest care should be given to the production of beer. Besides,
+people in the South do not drink the good wine which they produce; they
+export it. Money is more valuable to them than good wine. Inferior
+wine, however, remains, and is consumed to a great extent. We are of
+opinion that beer would offer to all considerable advantages; and
+therefore it is desirable that the brewing industry in the South of
+France should be developed in the fullest possible manner.”
+
+In England about the year 1833 the use of intoxicating liquors had
+increased to such a point that government applied itself to the
+discovery of some means of diminishing the consumption. The Duke
+of Wellington, whose long career as a soldier on the continent and
+elsewhere had taught him the beneficial influence of beer, and who
+saw clearly the amount of misery and degradation caused among his
+countrymen by the use of distilled liquors, introduced while Prime
+Minister, the well known “Beer Bill.” Its passage was urged distinctly
+on the ground that a free consumption of beer would greatly diminish
+the use of spirits. The Duke himself strongly advocated the bill and
+instanced the continental beer-drinking countries as the happiest and
+most temperate on the globe.
+
+On the other hand the so-called temperance men appeared in large
+deputations to urge (against all reason) that whatever beer might be
+consumed would be in addition to the previous consumption of ardent
+spirits and not in place of it, or any part of it, that intoxication
+would be increased in a ratio correspondent to the amount of beer used,
+and in short that the proposed plan of reform was much like an attempt
+to quench fire by pouring on oil. The bill, however, was at last passed
+by a large majority and has proved very successful. The consumption
+of beer has largely increased, distilled liquors are less used, and,
+notwithstanding the assertions of some over-zealous partisans of total
+abstinence, we can prove by statistics carefully collected that the
+amount of drunkenness in the country began to decrease immediately
+after the passage of the bill. William E. Gladstone, the great English
+statesman who, in the year 1868-9, carried through Parliament an act
+intended to promote the cause of temperance by cheapening wine and
+beer and making their sale part of the business of restaurants and
+confectioners’ shops, wrote a short time ago as follows: “I am opposed
+to coffee and tea palaces as I believe they are more deteriorating than
+beer shops. The stimulating properties of coffee or tea are greater and
+more injurious than those of malt liquors.”
+
+The course advocated by the Duke of Wellington and Mr. Gladstone has
+been fully justified by the results. Drunkenness has decreased and
+breweries have multiplied. The measure of advantage is to be found in
+the increase of large breweries whose product is distributed through
+many channels, for these furnish what is to take the place of the
+ardent spirit formerly consumed when one was away from home or wanted a
+change from the home-brewed ale to which he was accustomed. They also
+attract the favor of the poorer classes because they furnish so much
+more in bulk and nutritive power at the same or a less price.
+
+There are, however, many small breweries, such as those attached
+to country inns or to private houses. Some breweries also confine
+their business to supplying families with pale and table ales, stout
+or porter, in small barrels of four and a half, nine, and eighteen
+gallons. The number of breweries in Great Britain—aside from those
+which are strictly for private use—is, according to official returns,
+twenty-six thousand, two hundred and fourteen, which it will be seen is
+about nine times the number in the United States. The cost of good ale
+is about one shilling sterling a gallon.
+
+[Illustration: M. T. BASS, ESQ. MP.
+
+THE GREAT BURTON-ON-TRENT BREWER, ENGLAND.]
+
+It is worthy of notice that the brewers of England are distinguished
+for a wise generosity and public spirit, and such men as Charington,
+Fox, Meux, Alsopp, Hanbury, Buxton, Mann, Truman, Guinness, Walker
+and Bass,[17] will be long remembered for the magnificent charities
+that ennoble and perpetuate their names. To a greater or less degree
+the same characteristic comes to light in every country where beer
+is established as the popular beverage. Jacobsen, a brewer of
+Copenhagen, before his death set aside $280,000 to found a laboratory
+of scientific research. A part of the money is to be spent in keeping
+up the laboratories attached to his brewery, in which chemical and
+physiological researches are carried on with a view to establish as
+completely as possible a scientific basis for brewing and malting.
+
+[17] Michael Thomas Bass, the senior member of Parliament for Derby, is
+best known as the largest brewer in the world. He is now over eighty
+years old, and has been engaged in the brewery business founded by his
+grandfather for about sixty-two years. He was educated at the Buxton
+Grammar School, and has supplemented this early instruction by a course
+of reading that leaves him not at all behind many University men in
+the matter of scholarly attainments. He has always been noted for the
+efficient discharge of his public and private duties, and has for more
+than thirty years represented the old town of Derby as senior member
+of Parliament. His public and private gifts have been frequent and
+munificent, the last of importance being a free library for the town of
+Derby.
+
+The generous juice of barley, seems to draw out the more kindly and
+human feelings of all who have their dealings in it. Can any such thing
+be said of distilled liquors?
+
+The late Khedive of Egypt, who has done more for the advancement of
+that country than any other ruler since the time of the Pharaohs,
+perceived the advantages to be gained by the introduction of beer, and
+granted very valuable privileges to a company of Swiss brewers, whose
+establishment is now in full and successful operation at Cairo. The
+consumption is chiefly in the cities which are largely inhabited by
+Europeans, generally disposed to drink beer if it is good and readily
+attainable, but sure to use stronger drinks if the beer is wanting, and
+perhaps, from the circumstance of residence at a distance from home,
+more apt to use any intoxicating liquor to excess.
+
+Japan, a kingdom hardly known to us twenty-five years ago, and now
+recognized as one of the most highly civilized in the world, has thus
+far suffered very little from intoxicating drinks. Native stimulants
+have been used, and in some cases have proved as injurious as strong
+whisky, though perhaps more strictly harmful to the individual, and
+less so to his family and the community. The people are by nature and
+education gentle and polite, and their social manners are in many
+particulars a lesson to Europeans. They are usually temperate in all
+things, happy and contented. The Mikado, however, wisely considering
+that in the growing intercourse of Japan with foreign countries, a
+taste for ardent spirits can hardly fail to be developed, unless some
+counteracting influence be at work, has decided to foster the erection
+of beer breweries, and thus avert as far as possible an impending
+danger, while at the same time he gives his subjects an innocent and
+refreshing beverage. With this view, the representatives of Japan,
+now in Germany, have been directed to enter into arrangements with
+well-known brewers, for the erection of large breweries in Yokohama,
+Tokio, Saga, Nagasaki and Shidz-u-o-ka.
+
+The Shah of Persia also, is so far convinced of the advantages of beer,
+as to have made arrangements during his last visit to Vienna, for
+parties there to undertake its introduction in his kingdom.
+
+In Turkey, there are at Constantinople six breweries with an annual
+product of about one hundred and twenty thousand gallons. The hops are
+imported from Germany, but the other materials are supplied by the
+country. After the island of Cyprus passed from Turkish to English
+rule, it is worthy of notice that the first shipment by the _Thessalia_
+was fifty barrels of beer, a shipment well illustrating English
+national habits.
+
+The condition of the beer trade in the United States being part of the
+general subject of this book, and especially illustrated in the chapter
+under the heading “The Condition and Prospects of the Beer Trade,” and
+also in the list of breweries given in Appendix C, needs no remark here.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER V.
+
+                  HOW BEER IS MADE AND WHAT IT IS.
+
+
+The production of beer, as of all other malt liquors, bears a striking
+similarity to the making of bread; the chief difference being in the
+quantity of grain employed, and the amount of water added. The one
+intended for a solid food is baked, the other for a liquid refreshment
+is boiled.
+
+The process of making beer is as follows: A certain quantity of malted
+barley is taken and ground, it is then mashed with hot water, the
+sweet liquor or wort extracted, a portion of hops added, and the whole
+boiled until the preservative quality as well as the aroma of the hops
+is obtained. It is then allowed to cool, and afterwards fermented
+with yeast to produce the small quantity of alcohol it contains, and
+to give it life. According to analyses made by different chemists,
+lager beer contains 91.0 water, 5.4 malt extract, 3.5 alcohol, and the
+remainder—making in all 100 parts—carbonic acid. Ale and porter differ
+only in having a slight additional percentage of alcohol, and a large
+amount of solid extract.
+
+The substantial and useful character of the chief ingredient of beer
+may be seen from the nature of an analysis of the malt which forms
+its basis. The result is from Dr. Lermer, whose researches in this
+direction have been of great value.
+
+                        DRY BARLEY.      DRY MALT.  DIFFERENCE.
+
+  Starch,                  63.43   minus   48.86    14.57
+  Proteic substances,      16.25   minus   15.99     0.26
+  Dextrine,                6.63    plus     6.86     0.23
+  Sugar,                     —     plus     2.03     2.03
+  Fatty matters,           3.08    minus    2.50     0.58
+  Cellulose,               7.10    plus     7.31     0.21
+  Other substances,        1.11    plus     3.16     2.05
+  Ash,                     2.40    minus    2.10     0.30
+                         -------          -------
+                          100.00           88.81
+
+In the ordinary process of bread fermentation, a portion of the sugar
+contained in the flour is decomposed and converted into alcohol. It
+has been supposed that the whole of this alcohol was expelled by heat
+during baking; but recent experiments indicate that a perceptible
+amount still remains in yeast-raised bread after baking. The result of
+six experiments, showed that one-third of one per cent. in weight of
+alcohol was obtained from fresh baked bread. From forty loaves of fresh
+bread, two pounds each, alcohol equal to one bottle of port wine may be
+extracted.
+
+The celebrated Professor Balling of Prague, who has spent much time in
+the chemical analysis of different fermented beverages, arrives at the
+following result in reference to lager beer: “Lager beer manufactured
+of malt and hops according to the noble rules of brewing, properly
+fermented, stored for some time and perfectly clear, is a healthy
+and agreeable beverage, which when partaken of quenches thirst and
+strengthens, and thus combines the qualities of water, wine and food.
+The water is the thirst-quenching element, the wine the enlivening, the
+malt extract (composed of sugar, gum, etc.) the nourishing, and the
+carbonic acid gas the refreshing, while the hop extract strengthens the
+stomach, helps digestion, acts on the bladder and is grateful to the
+human constitution. There is no doubt that lager beer brewed and stored
+strictly as before mentioned is hardly intoxicating.”
+
+An impression has gained ground in some quarters that as a matter of
+fact, beer is extensively and injuriously adulterated and certain
+persons claiming to be well informed have spread statements that
+potato starch, grape sugar, glycerine and molasses are added as
+substitutes for malt (barley), that Indian corn and rice are used
+instead of barley, that pine bark, quassia, walnut leaf, wormwood,
+bitter clover, aloes, picric acid, cocculus indicus and strychnine
+are substituted for hops, and that various chemicals are used to
+neutralize acidity or conceal dilution. A few of the first named would
+not be objectionable, unless in point of flavor, and as a matter of
+fact all of the substances named may at some time have been used by
+irresponsible brewers. A careful inquiry, however, has satisfied us
+that the adulteration of beer is rare, and one who reflects on the
+lively competition that exists in the trade must see how speedily
+and surely such a practice would be detected and exposed by business
+rivals. Touching the use of strychnine in particular, Dr. Ure says that
+
+1st. “Strychnine is exceedingly costly.
+
+2d. “It has a most unpleasant bitter, metallic taste.
+
+3d. “It is a notorious poison whose use would ruin the reputation of
+any brewer.
+
+4th. “It cannot be introduced into ordinary beer brewed with hops
+because it is entirely precipitated by the infusion of that wholesome,
+fragrant herb. * * * * Were the _nux-vomica_ powder from which
+strychnia is extracted even stealthily thrown into the mash tun, its
+dangerous principle would be all infallibly thrown down with the
+grounds in the subsequent boiling with the hops.”
+
+When we remember the immense improvement in the quality of American
+beer within the past few years and learn how often expensive machinery
+and appliances have been abandoned after a short use in favor of
+something better, we can hardly believe that brewers who conduct their
+business after such a fashion, will at the same time try to make a
+petty profit by using poor material and so deteriorating the product on
+whose excellence the success of their business depends. The genuineness
+of beer from any established brewery may usually be taken for granted.
+In 1872 after an extensive examination of beers in Great Britain only
+six samples were found to be adulterated.[18]
+
+[18] Encyclopedia Britannica, Art. Brewing.
+
+An effort has been made by many so-called temperance papers to
+disseminate an opposite view in this matter and the statements made can
+only be excused on the ground of ignorance—which in the circumstances
+is inexcusable. No doubt beer has been often adulterated, but to
+represent the practice as common or as prevailing in breweries that
+expect to live and that have a character to maintain is to speak in
+contradiction to the facts and to common sense. Lately at Newark, New
+Jersey, charges of this general nature were made by a total abstinence
+speaker and the matter was for once taken up by the brewers of the
+city, in whose behalf a well known member of the trade addressed the
+following letter to the orator of the day:
+
+The REV. W. F. BOOLE, Brooklyn:
+
+  SIR—In a lecture delivered by you at Park Hall, Newark, N. J., on
+  Sunday afternoon, July 13, 1879, you are reported in the _Newark
+  Morning Register_ to have said: “The traffic is a traffic of compound
+  poisons, and not even the finest imported liquors are free from
+  them. Strychnine and stramonium, two deadly poisons, are used in the
+  manufacture of beer, and a little potash is added to prevent the
+  taste. Belladonna, one of the most virulent of poisons, is also used,
+  and not less than 10,000 tons of the deadly cocculus are consumed.
+  Cocculus is never given as a medicine, but it is drank daily by the
+  masses in their beer and ale.”
+
+  You, as a teacher of religion, should be a lover of truth. On behalf
+  of the brewers of the United States, I denounce this statement as a
+  deliberate falsehood, and I challenge you to prove any part of it;
+  and in the event of your not doing so, or withdrawing your assertion,
+  I shall not only take steps to publish the fact that you are a
+  willful perverter of the truth, but also to prosecute you for slander.
+
+                                          Yours truly,
+
+                                                 (Signed) C. FEIGENSPAN.
+
+Thereupon the lecturer made answer that the papers had not reported
+him correctly. Here the matter might have dropped, and there was
+in fact an end of this particular phase of the question. The case,
+however, had made a stir and presently a representative of the teetotal
+party called at the office of the United States Brewing Association
+to collect information which was given him as a matter of course.
+Then came a proposition from the same party for a public discussion
+on the following extraordinary terms. Twelve propositions were to be
+advanced and supported by a practiced speaker on the teetotal side.
+The representative of the Newark Brewers was to have an opportunity to
+reply to each, and the other speaker was then to sum up and conclude
+the discussion. The brewers’ representative had only three days notice
+and naturally declined any such arrangement in which all the advantage
+was evidently assumed by the other side. The discussion also was to
+be confined to one evening, and a collection was to be taken up “to
+defray expenses.” The Newark Brewers’ Association, however, expressed
+their willingness to debate on fair terms and with one evening for each
+proposition, but this arrangement was declined. We have taken pains
+to procure the twelve propositions of the total abstinence club, and
+append them here chiefly in order to call attention to the fact that
+the greater part are especially treated in this book, while the others
+are touched incidentally or by direct inference. The propositions are
+as follows:
+
+  No. 1.—The use of malt liquors is a direct cause of intemperance.
+
+  No. 2.—The use of malt liquors tends to the use of stronger liquors.
+
+  No. 3.—Malt liquors, if habitually used to any considerable extent,
+  tend to cause ill-health.
+
+  No. 4.—The claim that malt liquors are valuable as food is without
+  foundation.
+
+  No. 5.—As a medicine, malt liquors are of use only to those who do
+  not ordinarily use them, and are dangerous because of their tendency
+  to create habit.
+
+  No. 6.—The theory that malt liquors can be substituted by consumers
+  of alcoholic beverages for distilled liquors, to any important
+  extent, is false.
+
+  No. 7.—Beer in this country is far more evil in its effects than in
+  Germany; but even there its bad effects, as used by the people, are
+  obvious to every traveler who has no theory to maintain.
+
+  No. 8.—The use of beer by the working classes has a direct relation
+  to poverty.
+
+  No. 9.—The use of malt liquors by the masses has a relation to crime,
+  which, though differing in some respects from that of distilled
+  liquors, is marked and alarming.
+
+  No. 10.—Beer saloons and gardens, as a whole, are demoralizing in
+  their effects on individuals, families, and especially on children.
+
+  No. 11.—The great increase in the use of malt liquors and the
+  increase in intemperance for the past fifteen years have been
+  parallel, and are intimately connected.
+
+  No. 12.—That beer saloons should be subjected to the same
+  restrictions under which ordinary grog shops are placed.
+
+Further comment would be superfluous, especially as this whole matter
+is, strictly speaking, a digression from the purpose of the chapter,
+although one that is so natural as to be almost inevitable.
+
+There has also been much misrepresentation of the views of prominent
+men. For instance, the _Religious Herald_ of Hartford, Conn., recently
+reprinted an article in which it is asserted that Professor Liebig “has
+proved to a certainty that as much flour as can lie on the point of
+a table knife is more nutritious than eight quarts of Bavarian beer,
+counted the best made. Also that the man who drinks two gallons of
+Bavarian beer a day for a year, gets only as much nutriment from his
+seven hundred and thirty gallons as he would from one five-pound loaf
+of bread or three pounds of flesh!” The article has been extensively
+copied all over the country and is calculated to do much harm by
+throwing the influence of an important name on a side where it was
+never intended to go.
+
+Now it is barely possible that Professor Liebig made such a statement
+as to nutriment of a special form, though we are not aware of any
+passage that can give the least color to the assertion. On the other
+hand his real view appears in such passages as the following: “Pure
+lager beer, when taken with lean flesh and little bread yields a diet
+approaching to milk; with fat meat, approaching to rice or potatoes.”
+And again, “In beer-drinking countries it is the universal medicine
+for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is milk to the aged.”
+These views are shared by almost all the eminent men who have made
+a scientific study of beer, and the opinions and results reached
+by a large number of chemists of high authority will be found in a
+subsequent chapter. “We have anticipated thus much here because in
+describing beer as it is, it seemed necessary to indicate to some
+degree what it is not, at least so far as to explain that it is not
+generally adulterated, and is not wholly useless, as a large party
+constantly asserts it to be.”
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VI.
+
+           THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALE, PORTER AND LAGER BEER.
+
+
+It has been already mentioned that the earliest beers were made without
+hops. After the use of this plant was discovered beer brewing as an
+art made rapid progress, and not only did every country make its own
+special sort of beer, but many varieties existed side by side in most
+of the German states and in England. Experiments were made with all
+sorts of grain, with potatoes and with plants and herbs, the object
+being in every case to produce a wort whose beer should have special
+advantages in point of flavor or cost or both. Gradually, however, most
+of the materials were quietly dropped, although potatoes are still used
+for the Strasbourg beer, and wheat forms an important element of the
+famous white beer of northern Germany. Barley is the grain that has
+universally been found best adapted to the purpose of making a brown
+beer of an agreeable flavor and of moderate price. With the question
+of material thus practically settled, it might be supposed that the
+difference between various brews of beer would disappear. On the
+contrary the number of varieties is to-day greater than ever before.
+Every step in the manufacture, from the selection of the grain and hops
+on to the final delivery of the product to the consumer, has something
+to do with the characteristics of the beer, and the difficulty does not
+lie in producing something new, but in reproducing accurately what has
+once been successfully tested.
+
+Whatever the distinguishing features of the product, it is still
+beer, and any one specimen of the genus has the general properties of
+all the others. All beer has a notably small percentage of alcohol,
+the strongest ales and porters showing less than many specimens of
+cider; all contain an appreciable amount of solid nutriment which in
+some heavy-bodied beers is quite considerable; all are palatable and
+wholesome, and all are adapted to take the place of ardent spirits and
+thus reduce intemperance and drunkenness to a _minimum_. It is hardly
+necessary to explain that in this book the word beer is used in its
+wide sense. When special varieties are meant they are spoken of by name
+unless the context is such as to remove all doubt.
+
+After the time of experiment and the disuse of most of the grains,
+etc., that had been tried, there still remained two well-marked
+varieties differing essentially in the mode of fermentation, and
+our modern ale and lager beer may be taken as types of the two
+kinds. The former is fermented rapidly at a high temperature and the
+fermentation checked while a considerable portion of sugar still
+remains unchanged, while the latter is fermented slowly and thoroughly
+at a low temperature. The first process is the one originally employed
+everywhere and has held almost undisputed ground in England, where,
+as might in such circumstances be expected, ale-brewing has reached
+its most thorough development. At the beginning of the eighteenth
+century there were in that country three recognized sorts, ale, beer
+and two-penny, differing chiefly in the quantity of malt used for
+each kind. These were often mixed to suit customers and in 1730,
+to avoid the trouble of constant mixing, a new drink was brewed,
+called “entire,” and meant to resemble the triple compound. This was
+afterwards known as porter, and at present the general distinction is
+between porter and ale, though we still hear of small beer. The variety
+of ales, however, is very great. They are made of all colors and all
+degrees of strength, very bitter like the pale ale, and sweetish
+like the Scotch ale, so long-lived that they can be exported to hot
+climates and kept for years, and so short-lived that they must be
+used within three or four weeks. Some are perfectly clear and bright,
+and resemble nothing so much as Rhine wine, of whose flavor also they
+have an indescribable suggestion, while others are dark with solid
+extract and possess a characteristic delicate flavor that resembles
+nothing else. In this respect America is yet far in the rear. There is
+plenty of good ale but there has been no demand sufficient to cause so
+varied a supply or to develop so well-marked special flavors. When,
+however, we remember for how long a time cider was the common drink
+of the people to the exclusion of beer, and see how, in spite of such
+an obstacle at the start, the business gradually gained ground, and
+when we remember that outside the larger cities, even twenty years
+ago, ale was almost sure to be dull and muddy and very apt to be sour,
+we must admit that American ale-brewers have accomplished much. They
+have succeeded so far as to secure a large sale for their brew, and
+so far that now almost anywhere one is certain of a tolerable glass
+of beer—unless the existence of a prohibitory law excludes everything
+but whisky. Their success appears the more striking because of the
+recent great increase in the use of lager beer, for enormous as is the
+consumption of the latter it has hardly produced any effect on the
+sales of the ale-brewers. There is a large number who prefer the flavor
+of ale, others drink it from habit and will always do so, others drink
+it because they ape English fashions, others because the comparatively
+secluded and unsocial character imported from England to our ale-houses
+suits them better than the more social and gregarious customs of the
+lager beer garden, some even because it is usually the more costly of
+the two beverages. Some doubtless prefer it because it usually contains
+a little more alcohol than lager beer, and very many use either beer
+indifferently according to circumstances and convenience.
+
+As to porter there is little that need be said. Its origin has been
+already mentioned, and when we add that the color is due to browned
+malt and its flavor to seeds or the like we have stated all that would
+interest the general reader. It is essentially a heavy-bodied ale,
+however great the superficial unlikeness.
+
+The difference in the manner of fermentation of ale and lager beer has
+been previously indicated, but the following passage from Professor
+Liebig will be found of interest: “In that country (Bavaria) the malt
+wort is set to ferment in open backs with an extensive surface, and
+placed in cool cellars having an atmospheric temperature not exceeding
+8° or 10° C (46½ or 50 F.). The operation lasts from three to four
+weeks; the carbonic acid is disengaged, not in large bubbles that burst
+on the surface of the liquid, but in very small vesicles like those of
+a mineral water or of a liquor saturated with carbonic acid when the
+pressure is removed. The surface of the fermenting wort is always in
+contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere as it is hardly covered with
+froth and as all the yeast is deposited at the bottom of the back under
+the form of a very viscid sediment, called in German _unterhefe_.”
+
+The process thus described results in the production of a beer which
+will not sour even if kept exposed to the air for a long time. Barrels
+only half full have remained uninjured for months. It is to be noticed,
+however, that both ale and lager beer can be prepared under many
+modifications of the main plan, and both are often made for immediate
+use without regard to keeping qualities and pass by the names of
+present use ale and Schenck beer.
+
+As lager beer usually contains a little less alcohol than ale, it has
+been most commonly spoken of by those who are striving to eradicate
+intemperance by introducing beer in the place of ardent spirits. The
+difference in alcoholic strength is not, however, so great as many
+persons suppose, the percentage in ales ranging from 8.88 to 5.36,
+while that of lager beer varies from 6.50 to 3.06. The kind of beer to
+be preferred for the work in any country is that best suited to the
+tastes and traditions of the people. On the continent of Europe and in
+America lager beer has thus far played the more prominent part, while
+in England the responsibility of all that has been accomplished belongs
+to ale.
+
+It is not improbable that the English brewing business has already
+reached its culminating point. A large part of the annual product
+has long been exported to the colonies, and now these are beginning
+to brew beer for themselves and will soon have a supply of their own
+make, sufficient in quality and quantity to make them independent of
+the mother country. With us the case is different. The consumption is
+increasing rapidly, and brewers show a wise liberality in securing
+new processes and appurtenances, and spare no effort to improve the
+quality of their product. Those who make the best beer secure the
+most custom, and the fraternity are fully aware of the fact. All this
+rivalry cannot fail to benefit the consumer. Every year sees better
+ale and lager beer sent over the country, and every year something is
+contributed to the solution of the problem in brewing—to produce a mild
+beer that with more extract than is now found shall contain even less
+alcohol, and remain bright and refreshing. Whether full success in such
+an attempt is to be sooner reached by the ale or lager beer brewers
+remains to be seen, or it may well be that some new malt beverage may
+be discovered, unlike either of the others and superior to both. Such a
+result would be no more striking than other steps in progress already
+made, and brewers of large experience are to be found who believe
+that some such discovery is impending. In the meantime we have the
+satisfaction of knowing that America already produces malt liquors made
+from native materials that are wholesome and agreeable and at least up
+to the average of similar liquors made in countries where brewing has
+been carefully studied and extensively practiced for centuries, while
+with us it is chiefly a recent growth. The degree of success that is
+possible when we take into account the natural resources of the country
+and the enterprising character of the brewers is hardly to be realized.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER VII.
+
+           THE CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS OF THE BEER TRADE.
+
+  I believe that Germans are destined to be really the greatest
+  benefactors of this country by bringing to us—if we choose to accept
+  the boon—their beer. Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the
+  native grape wines. This fact, with the other fact, that the Germans
+  have not the pernicious habits of our people, would, if we choose to
+  adopt their custom, tend to diminish intemperance in this country.
+
+                                                   DR. HENRY J. BOWDITCH,
+               _Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts._
+
+      Geniesst im edlen Gerstensaft
+      Des Weines Geist, des Brodes Kraft.
+
+      The strength of bread, the fire of wine
+      O noble barley juice are thine.
+
+                                                                 TIVOLI.
+
+[Illustration: FREDERICK LAUER’S PARK BREWERY. READING, PA.
+
+_For historical sketch see Appendix C. Page 180._]
+
+
+The brewing of ale has been so long an established industry in this
+country and advances so regularly from year to year as to offer no
+striking facts for comment. With lager beer the case is different, and
+the rapidity of the increase in its use is something remarkable. Fifty
+years ago it was hardly known as a beverage in the United States. Now
+and then some good old German would import a keg from his native home
+in the old country, to be drunk on the occasion of some great family
+festival, and call up in his adopted home thoughts of the merry days
+of youth and friendly faces, last seen perhaps in some deep valley of
+the Tyrol or in the shadows of a city that was old when the Pilgrims
+landed at Plymouth Rock. But in the case of so good a creature as lager
+beer such occasional and almost poetical use could not always remain
+the only one, and at last a German of Philadelphia conceived the idea
+of erecting a lager beer brewery. According to the Hon. Frederick Lauer
+of Reading, Pa., (and we have all reason to put implicit faith in his
+version) it was introduced by one Wagner, a practical brewer who came
+from Germany to the United States in a sailing vessel in the year 1842,
+and shortly after landing he brewed the first lager in a miserable
+shanty on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and thus became the Gambrinus
+of America. (We would here refer the reader to the biographical sketch
+of Frederick Lauer, Esq., in Appendix A.)
+
+His success induced another German to try the same experiment on a
+small scale in the city of New York, and from this insignificant
+beginning the business has increased to its present immense
+proportions, so that there are now according to the latest return
+of the Internal Revenue Department at Washington, no less than two
+thousand eight hundred and thirty ale and lager beer breweries in
+active operation. The number is in fact considerably larger than that
+given by the Department, owing to the method of returning only those
+in actual business at the beginning of the year and to other causes.
+The annual product according to the Department figures, is over three
+hundred million gallons. More exactly the figures are, 303,147,552
+gallons, or 9,473,361 barrels. In addition to this there are numerous
+private breweries where beer is made for home consumption but not for
+sale, and these do not fall under the Internal Revenue regulations and
+are consequently not reported.
+
+Figures as given below in reference to the capital invested in
+the brewing, malting and hop business, and taken after careful
+investigation from the best sources attainable, will give the reader a
+faint idea of its vast extent.
+
+                                CAPITAL.
+
+  Capital invested in 2,830 breweries in operation at the end of
+     the last fiscal year, (taking the low estimate of $10.00 upon
+     every barrel of malt beverage produced, viz.: 9,473,361
+     barrels at $10.00)                                  $94,733,610.00
+
+  Capital invested in 485 malt-houses of all dimensions having
+     altogether a malting capacity of 35,227,984 bushels:
+
+  Real estate,                          $16,567,562.00
+
+  Capital invested in the production,    18,620,950.00
+
+                                        ----------------- $35,188,512.00
+
+  Capital invested in 1,614,654 acres of land under cultivation for
+     barley,                                              $72,659,430.00
+
+  Capital invested in 67,216 acres of land under cultivation for
+     hops,                                                  2,689,232.00
+
+  Capital invested in gathering ice needed for brewers,    15,000,000.00
+
+  Capital invested in fodder of all kinds,                  5,000,000.00
+
+
+                                LABOR.
+
+  Men employed in breweries now in operation; men 22,640;
+     annual wages,                                         $13,584,000.00
+
+  Men employed in malt-houses; men 3,045; annual wages,      1,324,575.00
+
+  Men employed in the culture of barley, 10 men to every 100
+     acres; men 16,446; annual wages,                        4,844,000.00
+
+  Help employed in the culture of hops, 1 person to every 10
+     acres; persons 6,721; annual wages,                     2,016,630.00
+
+  All other adjuncts necessary as capital invested by architects,
+     builders, wagon and harness-makers, coppersmith, coopers,
+     machinists, etc., will amount to not less than,        60,000,000.00
+                                                          ---------------
+     Total,                                               $307,039,989.00
+
+A glance at the figures just quoted is enough to show that this branch
+of industry has become very important. Such a production implies
+the contribution of a large amount of capital, and after careful
+investigation of the most trustworthy _data_ we find that there
+are more than three hundred million dollars invested in breweries,
+malt-houses and other adjuncts of the manufacture of beer in the
+United States. The direct investment however, is not the only thing to
+be considered. A business of this magnitude furnishes occupation not
+merely to vast numbers of laborers, but also to thousands of men who
+follow some profession or trade, such as architects, civil engineers,
+masons, carpenters, coopers, coppersmiths, wagon and harness-makers,
+and the like.
+
+The following table exhibits the production of the various states and
+territories for the last year, together with the increase or decrease
+as compared with the previous year, and also the amount of brewers’
+manufacturing tax collected:
+
+                                             BREWERS’ MFG.
+  NAME.              BBLS.  INCREASE. DECREASE. TAX COLLECTED.
+  North Carolina,       4        4       ——          $100
+  Maine,                7     ——        7,024        ——
+  Alabama,             74     ——          110        ——
+  Arkansas,           104     ——            6         100
+  Vermont,            173     ——          112         115
+  South Carolina,     586     ——          246         100
+  New Mexico,         847     ——          164         245
+  Arizona,          1,030      299       ——           100
+  Idaho,            1,207      457       ——           100
+  Wyoming,          4,227     ——          132         260
+  Dakota,           4,548    1,213       ——           640
+  Montana,          4,596    1,005       ——           580
+  Georgia,          5,690     ——        1,319         620
+  Delaware,         7,387      215       ——           250
+  Washington,       7,473      544       ——           480
+  Utah,             7,909       25       ——           205
+  Texas,            9,585     ——        4,859      2,362.49
+  Tennessee,       10,278    9,572       ——          320.84
+  Nevada,          12,002     ——          387      1,640
+  Oregon,          13,028    2,776        ——       1,480.50
+  Virginia,        14,302     ——        1,195        316.67
+  Colorado,        21,185    1,242        ——         360.50
+  W. Virginia,     22,157 Same Amount.   ——         858.83
+  Kansas,          24,102    1,801       ——       1,890.67
+  Nebraska,        28,403    4,455       ——       2,460.75
+  Rhode Island,    32,510    4,514       ——       2,640.50
+  Louisiana,       38,275      375       ——       2,210.30
+  Connecticut,     51,235     ——        8,239     2,008.34
+  Minnesota,      103,020   12,329       ——       9,435.82
+  New Hampshire,  113,740     ——        4,954     8,760.40
+  Kentucky,       116,493   15,810       ——       3,570.88
+  Indiana,        170,573    7,881       ——       6,937.49
+  Iowa,           171,951   14,271       ——      11,449.99
+  Michigan,       185,606     ——        2,592    11,266.67
+  Maryland,       218,642    9,496       ——       6,583.35
+  California,     346,369     ——        5,628    15,327.91
+  Wisconsin,      463,409   20,345       ——      17,954.17
+  New Jersey,     478,782     ——       11,979     5,608.34
+  Missouri,       507,963   46,793       ——       5,762.50
+  Illinois,       550,976   29,270       ——      11,470.82
+  Massachusetts,  572,098   77,639       ——       3,904.22
+  Ohio,           908,254   89,468       ——      17,066.70
+  Pennsylvania,   957,060     ——       20,848    17,358.05
+  New York.     3,285,498  125,646       ——      32,601.01
+
+The percentage yielded by the several leading states to the total
+government income from malt beverages during the last fiscal year is
+shown in the following table:
+
+  New York      having 405 Breweries, contributed 34.31 per cent.
+  Pennsylvania     “   383     “            “     10.07  “   “
+  Ohio             “   207     “            “      9.41  “   “
+  Massachusetts    “    35     “            “      5.94  “   “
+  Illinois         “   154     “            “      5.75  “   “
+  Missouri         “    65     “            “      5.21  “   “
+  New Jersey       “    69     “            “      5.00  “   “
+  Wisconsin        “   248     “            “      4.89  “   “
+  California       “   213     “            “      3.69  “   “
+  Maryland         “    82     “            “      2.31  “   “
+  Michigan         “   141     “            “      2.13  “   “
+  Iowa             “   150     “            “      1.94  “   “
+  Indiana          “   101     “            “      1.82  “   “
+  Kentucky         “    34     “            “      1.24  “   “
+  New Hampshire    “     4     “            “      1.20  “   “
+  Minnesota        “   140     “            “      1.17  “   “
+  All other States
+  and Territories  “   399     “            “      3.92  “   “
+                     -----                       ------
+                     2,830 Breweries.            100.00
+
+It thus appears that 96.08 per cent. of the revenue was derived from
+the sixteen states just mentioned. They contain 2431 breweries as
+against 399 in the remaining states and territories. The stamps issued
+to brewers during the year indicate a sale of 9,473,361 barrels, put up
+as follows:
+
+  In hogsheads,         1,140,361 barrels.
+  In barrels,           1,220,000    “
+  In half-barrels,      1,325,000    “
+  In quarter “          4,650,000    “
+  In third   “             71,000    “
+  In sixth   “            277,000    “
+  In eighth  “            790,000    “
+                        ---------
+                        9,473,361
+
+Enormous as the above figures may seem we are to remember that a great
+majority of the breweries in the country have been erected within
+the last fifteen years, and it is certain that no other branch of
+industry can show equal progress during the same time. The following
+tables, showing the imports and exports of beer for the past few years,
+demonstrate the strong position American beer is taking at home and
+abroad. The imports decrease. The exports increase, and this is the
+best proof that our brewers produce an article which is equal if not
+superior to the foreign, and we have no doubt that with the help of
+wise laws they will soon be enabled to compete with those of any nation
+and thus not only enrich the coffers of the United States Treasury but
+add in other ways to the welfare of our great country.
+
+  IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BEER INTO THE UNITED STATES.
+
+          Gallons.      Value in Dollars.
+  1872,   1,989,713       $1,485,781.00
+  1873,   2,289,053        1,827,763.00
+  1874,   2,088,858        1,752,559.00
+  1875,   2,167,251        1,742,120.00
+  1876,   1,490,150        1,161,467.00
+  1877,     974,277          758,850.00
+  1878,     767,709          592,707.00
+
+  EXPORT OF BEER OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE.
+
+          IN BOTTLES.           IN CASKS.
+       /--------^--------\  /--------^--------\
+        DOZENS.  VALUE IN   GALLONS.   VALUE IN
+                 DOLLARS.              DOLLARS.
+
+  1870,   1,076    $2,250    66,467    $23,759.00
+  1871,   1,570     4,077   105,213     34,301.00
+  1872,   2,205     5,340    77,639     27,829.00
+  1873,   3,443     7,712   103,009     36,743.00
+  1874,   2,897     6,245    99,135     33,357.00
+  1875,   3,633     7,600    61,661     16,604.00
+  1876,   7,045    13,007    99,310     29,657.00
+  1877,  37,876    51,077   144,244     40,138.00
+  1878,  76,475   108,279   119,579     38,918.00
+
+It will be seen from this table that whilst the export of beer in casks
+has not considerably increased, the increase in the export of bottled
+beer has been very large. In 1870 we exported 1,076 dozens, and in
+1878, 76,475 dozen! This trade has especially been encouraged by the
+Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, as it enabled us to show to the
+world the quality of our production.
+
+The gigantic establishments that, in many cases cover entire blocks,
+are monuments of very lucrative enterprise and ought to be the pride
+of the American people. The truth is, that, notwithstanding a yearly
+sale of more than 300,000,000 gallons, the consumption of beer is
+yet in its infancy. With an increasing number of persons it ceases
+to be a luxury and takes rank with the other articles of daily food.
+The demand for it in all parts of the United States is increasing so
+rapidly that existing breweries are enlarged and improved, and new ones
+are springing up in every direction. In Appendices D, E and B will be
+found a list of breweries in the United States with the names of the
+proprietors and the product of each, together with the total product by
+States, as also the production _per capita_ in the various countries of
+Europe, the total production in the same countries, and the number of
+breweries in each, and we trust that these tables will not only be of
+service to the trade and to students of this question, but also serve
+to give some prominence to the men who have done much for the advance
+of genuine temperance and who deserve a more substantial recognition
+than any it is in our power to give.
+
+All this progress is a natural result of the actual benefits beer has
+bestowed on mankind, and these again follow logically and as might be
+expected from its constitution, containing as it does a large portion
+of water from which all organic impurities are eliminated, a certain
+quantity of nutritive malt extract and a very small percentage of pure
+alcohol, obtained by fermentation and entirely free from the injurious
+properties it acquires in distillation, together with some of the
+carbonic acid gas so thoroughly approved by consumers of soda water. It
+offers to the public a beverage at once healthy, nutritious, and mildly
+stimulating, and as refreshing and exhilarating as tea, coffee or cocoa.
+
+[Illustration: JOSEPH SCHLITZ BREWING COMPANY.
+
+HENRY UIHLEIN, ALFRED UIHLEIN, Sup^t. AUG. UIHLEIN, President.
+Secretary.
+
+MILWAUKEE.
+
+_H. GUGLER & SON. GEN^L. LITHO^S. MILWAUKEE._
+
+FOR HISTORICAL SKETCH, SEE APPENDIX C. PAGE 180.]
+
+Those who travel know very well the injurious effect of a change of
+water. In no two districts are the waters alike, and we could point to
+many instances where removal from East to West or from North to South
+and the consequent change of water has resulted in disastrous effects
+upon individuals. Any inconvenience of this sort would be diminished
+or altogether avoided by means of a free use of beer. Another similar
+advantage of beer is mentioned by Joseph Coppinger in his work on
+brewing, called “The American Practical Brewer, etc.,” published in
+New York in 1815. After recommending new ale as a preventive and yeast
+as an antidote to malarial fever, he continues: “Brewing, in every
+country, whose soil and climate are congenial to the production of the
+raw materials, should be ranked among the first objects of its domestic
+and political economy. But a still more important consideration is the
+health and morals of our population, which appears to be essentially
+connected with the progress of the brewing trade. In proof of this
+assertion, I will beg leave to state a well-known fact; which is,
+that in proportion as the consumption of malt liquors have increased
+in towns, in that proportion has the health of our fellow-citizens
+improved, and epidemics and intermittents become less frequent. In the
+country it is well known that those families who make frequent use of
+good beer during the summer, are in general healthy, and preserve their
+color; whilst their less fortunate neighbors, who do not use beer at
+all, are devoured by fevers and intermittents. These facts will be
+less doubted when it is known that yeast, properly administered, has
+been found singularly successful in the cure of fevers.” The views
+thus expressed more than sixty years ago have recently received much
+attention and are now advocated by many eminent authorities who hold
+that they are confirmed by both fact and theory.
+
+The sum of the whole is that the beer brewing business has within
+a short time increased immensely—and strictly on the more general
+recognition of the merits of the product—and that there is every
+reason to anticipate at least an equal increase in the near future.
+Beer is already taking the place of ardent spirits and mixed drinks,
+and not long ago there appeared in the New York _Sun_ the complaint of
+a bar-keeper who said in substance that the occupation of a skilled
+compounder of fancy drinks was gone, for anybody could draw beer and
+beer was what everybody wanted. Large gatherings now are more orderly
+than a few years ago and the reason is to be found in the general use
+of beer instead of whisky. At Coney Island the proprietors speak of
+the change as wonderful, and say that but for beer they could not get
+on, while now a disorderly occurrence is rare, no matter how great the
+throng. The same thing may be seen at the various races and in all such
+great assemblages of people who gather for enjoyment, and under the old
+regime were sure to become riotous.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER VIII.
+
+COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF BEER OVER DISTILLED OR SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
+
+
+The peculiar advantages of beer as a wholesome and refreshing beverage,
+as compared with either ardent spirits or water have never been so
+clearly displayed as in the late war between France and Germany—and
+it may with truth be asserted, that it has triumphantly withstood the
+trial, and fully maintained its reputation.
+
+The German military surgeons, in their official report to the Imperial
+medical board, bear witness to the superiority of beer over wine. They
+not only state that the refreshing quality of the carbonic acid gas
+contained in beer makes it especially grateful to men fatigued by a
+long march, or exhausted by a day’s fighting, but lay still greater
+stress on its usefulness in the hospital and ambulance, and say that
+when it could be obtained it was administered with great success as
+a cordial, both to the wounded, and to convalescent soldiers placed
+for the time under their care. They add the interesting fact, that
+throughout that campaign the wounded invariably evinced a great longing
+for beer and that when brought into hospital with shattered limbs or
+severe cuts or gun-shot wounds, their first request was usually for a
+glass of beer. The same was true after severe operations, and the drink
+was found to compose and fortify their unstrung nerves. The natural
+inclination to beer as a restorative was very conspicuous among the
+soldiers who were on exposed outpost duty during the cold weather at
+the time of the blockade and siege of Paris. The supply was scanty,
+and common soldiers did not hesitate to pay army followers a large
+price for a glass containing only a few mouthfuls of beer. The report
+of the Director General of the medical staff of the Imperial army is
+in the same tone, and concludes with a strong recommendation not only
+to supply the soldiers with rations of beer instead of spirits when
+employed on active duty, but also to introduce it as the usual beverage
+of the army in time of peace and when on home service.
+
+Professor Moleschott, the distinguished physiologist, in his work
+on the chemistry of food, treats of beer and makes the following
+statements: “The weak alcoholic solution called beer contains nearly
+the same proportion of albumen as is found in fruits, some sugar and
+gum, and another constituent which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and
+oxygen, is soluble in water and is called the bitter principle of hops.
+* * * Fermented liquors, particularly lager beer taken in moderation,
+increase the secretion of the digestive juices and promote the solution
+of the food, and further, a good lager beer partakes of all the
+advantages of the alcoholic beverages and at the same time quenches
+thirst by the large amount of water it contains. Hence lager beer is
+particularly adapted to satisfy the frequent thirst caused by physical
+exercise, and it is a laudable custom to refresh artisans who have to
+work hard, with a glass of this beverage. Its albumen, equal to that of
+fruit, even supplies a direct substitute for food.”
+
+To this we may add that a laborer who has repeatedly experienced its
+invigorating property will by no means admit the truth of the assertion
+that a half-pound loaf of bread and a pint of water are more supporting
+than a pint of beer. A glass of good beer may often be better than food
+or physic. We do not always want food and we seldom need physic, but
+a glass of beer is often a useful refreshment when the stomach is not
+prepared for the one and the system has no need of the other. Excessive
+physical labor, long Endurance of hunger, or anything else which has a
+debilitating influence, affects the appetite for solid food and unfits
+the stomach for its reception. At such times beer has an excellent
+effect, both in affording some present refreshment and in preparing
+the system for more substantial food—and no such advantage can be
+found in the use of water, and nothing like an equivalent in that of
+ardent spirits. Richmond Sheen, an eminent authority, says: “That beer
+is nutritive and salubrious cannot be doubted. It proves a refreshing
+drink and an agreeable and valuable stimulus and support to those who
+have to undergo much bodily fatigue.”
+
+In cases of mental depression too, a glass of beer has often the same
+good effect as food after physical exhaustion. On this point Professor
+T. K. Chambers of New York very justly says: “It is certain that the
+habitual use of some stimulant, particularly beer, bestows on a large
+class the nervous energy necessary to digest food enough to exist
+upon and get through other vital functions. By this stimulus they are
+enabled to be useful members of society instead of the mere drones they
+must become during the rest of their existence under a total abstinence
+regime.”
+
+The records of disease and the bills of mortality in beer-drinking
+countries show longer lives and a less percentage of sickness than
+prevail where malt liquors are replaced by other beverages.[19] Not
+only is this true but the social condition of the people is better
+in countries where beer is recognized and encouraged by government,
+and a very striking illustration of this truth may be found through a
+comparison of the state of Maine and the kingdom of Bavaria. Bavaria
+is the most noted beer-drinking country on the globe and Maine is
+distinctively known as the prohibitory state. The forms of government
+are radically different and an American naturally holds that the
+republican is superior to the monarchical, _i. e._, tends to promote
+the greater happiness of the individual. Let us see what can be learned
+about the matter, and first as to the terms of the comparison.
+
+[19] The Germans are the healthiest class of New Yorkers. Statistics
+show that the mortality among them is nearly 38 per cent. less than
+that of other citizens, while their increase by births is larger,
+and the same is found to be generally true of Germans all over this
+continent.
+
+The advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence are
+about equal in amount though naturally different in character. In
+Bavaria, society is old, habits strong, the fetters of trade not easily
+broken, untilled land scarce and the population dense. In Maine there
+is abundance of new land, much timber yet unconsumed, no limits on a
+choice of occupation, a new society and a sparse population. The state
+has a climate that stimulates to industry and the men pride themselves
+on their strength and energy. In Bavaria few receive aid from the
+state or the municipality; while in Maine, the records in this respect
+are frightful. Maine has in addition all the advantages that can be
+obtained by means of the most stringent prohibitory law ever devised,
+a law that, according to its advocates, must tend to secure peace,
+prosperity and happiness. Which of these countries should have most
+paupers, men who are unable to find their own living and are supported
+at the cost of the state? As a matter of fact the number in Bavaria is
+very small while the record of Maine is bad not merely in comparison
+with the old monarchy but as set against that of the United States
+at large. The last census shows one pauper to every 171.65 of the
+population of Maine, while the pauper rate of the whole country was
+only one in 502.47.
+
+Again, the condition of Bavaria is such as favors emigration to a
+large extent, yet her population, in spite of it, increased 4.5 per
+cent. during the last census decade while that of Maine decreased
+.02 _per cent._ during the same time, and _Maine was the only state
+in the Union where a decrease occurred_. We have seen that in the
+original comparison the _pros_ and _cons_ were pretty equally balanced.
+The difference is that Bavaria encourages the use of beer and Maine
+prohibits it. It must not, however, be supposed that the prohibitory
+law suppresses the sale of spirituous drinks. On this point abundant
+evidence will be shortly presented, and we need only say here that we
+know on the best authority that “no one need go without his whisky in
+Maine, though a glass of beer is not to be had for love or money.” The
+reason is obvious, beer is bulky and difficult of concealment while
+spirits can be easily hidden. In this connection notice that in the
+United States between 1860 and 1870 the production of beer rose from
+something more than a million barrels to over eight million and that
+during the same time the pauper rate decreased from one in 379.09 to
+one in 502.47, a striking and very significant fact which may well be
+commended to the attention of our legislators and others interested in
+the connection between the proverbial thrift of the German emigrant
+here and his indulgence in beer. The intellectual advance of the
+beer-drinking countries is so notorious as to need no special comment
+here.
+
+At present a recapitulation of some characteristic national habits in
+the matter of drinking, things well known to every one who has given
+the subject attention, will serve both as a further illustration of the
+superiority of beer over other beverages and as a comment on what has
+been previously said of the modern history of beer-drinking in the more
+important civilized countries of the world.
+
+The Scotchman drinks his “mountain dew,” a strong whisky containing
+over 54 per cent. of alcohol,—and Scotland has long been noted for
+intemperance. The Russian grows sullen and sluggish over his vadka
+or kwass, containing 52.68 _per cent._ of alcohol, and drunkenness
+and crime follow as natural results. The volatile Italians and
+Spaniards drink their mild wines as freely as their mothers’ milk and
+do not disgrace themselves or become a nuisance to others by beastly
+intoxication. Frenchmen were formerly to be placed in the same category
+but recent debates in the French Academy of medicine have developed the
+fact that in parts of France and in some Swiss cantons the powerful and
+seductive influence of brandy, absinthe and schnapps has diminished the
+consumption of wine and gone far to undermine the health and morals
+of the people. The excitable Irishman drinks eagerly and rapidly his
+strong whisky which contains more than 57 per cent. of pure alcohol
+and rouses all his combative qualities so that merry-making is almost
+sure to end in a fight, and trials of strength or skill which begin
+in good feeling end with broken heads and general tumult. The more
+sedate German drinks slowly, with much smoke and animated conversation,
+a beer which has only about four _per cent._ of alcohol. He imbibes
+great quantities and may become merry or dull according to the length
+of his potations, but he rarely if ever fights. The Englishman drinks
+much in a solid matter-of-fact way, but is learning to substitute
+beer for a great part of the stronger liquor he formerly consumed and
+becoming temperate in the same ratio. The American Republic, though
+chiefly British in its origin and therefore inheriting a taste for
+strong liquors, has become by immigration truly cosmopolitan, and is
+on the high road to temperance secured by a general use of fermented
+drinks. One great obstacle in the way is the wonderful variety
+of “fancy drinks,” whose names catch the ear as surely as their
+ingredients tickle the palate. They entice young and old, seduce by
+their novelty or piquancy and carry many thousands on the straight
+road to drunkenness and its accompanying moral and physical wreck. The
+practice of “treating” is also very common and very injurious. It leads
+to a hasty and immoderate consumption that has little or no regard to
+the requirements of the individual and has by some been considered
+the real foundation stone of a habit of intemperance. The Rev. Henry
+Ward Beecher, in a recent address before the Business Men’s Society of
+Brooklyn, favored “moderation in drinking and total abstinence from
+treating.” He said he never drank beer until he was sixty years old,
+after which time he became fond of it, and evidently believed that its
+use is a means to temperance for the people. There are many who might
+say nearly the same thing. We are learning to appreciate malt drinks
+and the tendency is unmistakable, although it must be admitted that, on
+the whole, the disposition of the people is, as yet, more nearly like
+that of the Celt than the Teuton.
+
+Mr. W. A. Lawrence of Waterville, N. Y., in a paper chiefly devoted
+to facts respecting the growth of hops, thus speaks of the general
+question—beer _versus_ whisky: “The fact is that the quality of beer,
+as a light and refreshing drink, has been wonderfully improved within
+the past few years. A bottle of beer to-day has but about half the
+strength of the beer of twenty years ago, and half the strength of
+ordinary wine and cider. The beer of to-day is just what the American
+people want—a cool, mildly refreshing, stimulating and palatable drink.
+Wine is too expensive for a common drink. Cider is too sour and strong.
+Whisky is not a drink at all but a drug, and you have to take water
+after it as you do after taking other drugs, and it ought to be kept in
+a drug-store for sale and nowhere else. But beer is not only agreeable
+and refreshing and cheap, but it is mild, and generally peaceful and
+good-humored in its effects. It is true a man can get drunk on it,
+but a man won’t. A hog may, but most beer-drinkers are not hogs, but
+hard-working men who know what they want and what fills the bill, and
+if they wanted to get drunk they would drink whisky and get a good deal
+bigger drunk at less expense and in half the time.
+
+“The great majority of the beer-drinkers in America are these same
+hard-working men and women, who also drink beer with their food as we
+all do our tea and coffee. But in addition to these, who are mostly
+our German citizens, there are thousands of men, old Americans, who
+have learned to love beer, who will drink it as long as they live and
+will live the longer for drinking it. It is among the native Americans
+that the demand for beer and hops is increasing. The Germans always
+did drink for fifteen generations back, as much as they could hold,
+and in spite of all the theories of our anti-beer, total abstinence
+friends, the Germans in Germany and in this country seem to be still
+above ground; and so far as this country is concerned, as myself, an
+American citizen, and the son of American ancestry for five generations
+back, I wish to God we could trade off about two millions of native
+American whisky-drinkers now in the “solid South,” for two millions
+of hard-working Germans who would do their own work, and drink their
+own beer, and keep clear of fights and strikes and riots and greenback
+conventions, as they keep clear of them here in the North to-day.
+
+“Now everybody knows that whisky is full of the devil and that beer is
+full of humor and good fellowship; and it can hardly fail to rejoice
+the heart of every good hop-grower to find that in raising hops for
+beer he is incidentally engaged in the great “temperance movement” of
+leading men away from bad whisky to good beer. I know this is not what
+the professional temperance lecturers say, but what do I care what
+they say? A temperance lecturer is generally a retired whisky drinker
+and can see snakes in everything, including beer. Or he is a clergyman
+and has acquired the habit of talking with no one to contradict him
+and hence is careless of his facts. Or he is a paid professional, and
+knows that if war is made on whisky alone, whisky would soon be driven
+to the drug-store and no more temperance lecturers needed or paid for.
+I do not hesitate to affirm that I know more about beer by experience
+and contact and study than the whole crowd of temperance lecturers put
+together. They ‘mean well’ to be sure; and so do I. The difference
+between us lies in the fact that they don’t know what they are talking
+about, and I do, because I am personally familiar with something like
+a thousand breweries in the United States and have peculiar advantages
+for information.
+
+“And I am sick and tired of sitting in churches built by hops, whose
+clergymen’s salaries are paid by hops, whose congregations live by
+hops, and that is by beer at first or second hand, and there listening
+to wholesale denunciations of beer, and even to cold-blooded,
+cold-water propositions to pass a general United States law making it
+illegal to manufacture beer anywhere in the country. One hop-grower
+who paid out over two thousand dollars to the poor women and children
+of one village last fall for picking hops, got up and left a church
+where some of this anti-beer nonsense was being aired, but as a general
+thing a man can talk against beer in a hop church with as little
+restraint as a missionary to Greenland feels in preaching hell-fire to
+his shivering congregation. The brewer is far away, and the connection
+between hops and beer is kept carefully out of sight. But to a carnal
+mind like mine it does seem a mean trick for a hop-grower to send out
+a hop-dealer with a flag of truce to the brewers and sell him hops in
+a friendly way, and meanwhile the hop-grower is lying in ambush behind
+a stack of hop-poles, ready as soon as his hops are sold to blaze away
+at the brewer with a prohibition bullet or ballot. I believe there
+are very few hop-growers who are capable of such meanness as this,
+but I do believe there are a great many who do not realize the close
+connection between hops and beer, and to these I say respectfully, as
+I did two years ago in a prominent hop paper, ‘If you believe beer
+is a bad thing, plow up your hop-yards and put in corn and potatoes.
+It is true that somebody may turn the corn and potatoes into whisky,
+but that is not your fault. Corn and potatoes must be had for food.
+But there is no such excuse as this in the case of hops. The hops are
+raised on purpose for beer. Not one bale in a hundred is used for
+yeast or medicine. Therefore you are the “outside man” of the brewery,
+and if beer is a fraud you are a party to a fraud, and you are not
+an honest man. We believe that the making of beer is an honest and
+praiseworthy occupation, no better and no worse than any other branch
+of manufacturing goods that are wanted either for use or pleasure.’
+
+“When I say we, I mean the men who believe in a radical distinction
+between fermented liquors and distilled. Such men as Rev. Dr. Howard
+Crosby, and Dr. William A. Hammond, formerly medical director of the
+United States army, and Dr. Willard Parker, the leading practicing
+physician of New York, and a most earnest Christian man. Dr. Parker
+says in the _Christian Union_: ‘Fermented liquor is the work of God;
+distilled liquor is the work of man or the devil or both.’ ‘It is
+the still that does the harm. It is the still that takes the alcohol
+out of its proper place in a liquid where it is not ordinarily found
+in a larger proportion than six or seven per cent., and where it
+rarely intoxicates, and never if taken in moderate quantities, and
+concentrates it in a substance that is a deadly poison. Take away the
+still and we should have peace and plenty on earth. We could then leave
+the vinous liquors alone. I would compromise with all my heart on that
+ground, and I would go to work and preach just as old Solomon did:
+Don’t use too much.’ If with such men as Crosby and Hammond and Parker
+you believe beer should be distinguished from whisky, then go and raise
+your hops; pick them clean and get clean money. Take your glass of beer
+like an honest man when you feel it will do you good. Let it alone like
+an honest man when you think it will do you harm, just as you would a
+cup of coffee when you were bilious. Sign no pledges, nor encourage
+your children to sign them, except those against distilled liquors.
+Encourage no temperance movement that does not move in the right
+direction—against whisky and in favor of beer as a temperance drink; a
+drink that is killing out whisky faster than whisky killed Ireland, a
+drink that will build up the American constitution as it has built up
+the German.”
+
+We append tables showing the percentage of alcohol in a great variety
+of wines, spirits, malt and fermented liquors, according to analyses
+made by Brande, Gerhardt, Liebig, Prof. A. B. Prescott, Dr. Andrew Ure,
+William Ripley Nichols, professor at the Technological Institute of
+Massachusetts, and other chemists of well known reputation.
+
+                         PORTUGUESE WINES.
+  Port                  contains 14.27 to 25.83 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Bucella                   “    18.49           “    “    “    “
+
+                          SPANISH WINES.
+  Sherry                contains 13.98 to 23.86 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Malaga                    “    17.26 to 18.94  “    “    “    “
+
+                    MADEIRA AND CANARY ISLANDS.
+  Madeira               contains 14.9 to 24.42 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Malmsey                   “    12.86 to 16.40 “    “    “    “
+
+                          FRENCH WINES.
+  Claret               contains 12.91 to 17.11 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Claret Chateau Latour   “      7.78           “    “    “    “
+  Claret Vin Ordinaire    “      8.99           “    “    “    “
+  Champagne               “     11.30 to 13.80  “    “    “    “
+  Burgundy                “     12.10 to 16.00  “    “    “    “
+  Hermitage               “     12.32 to 17.43  “    “    “    “
+  Sauterne                “     14.22           “    “    “    “
+  Frontignac              “     12.79           “    “    “    “
+
+                          ITALIAN WINES.
+  Marsala              contains 18.20 to 20.03 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Lacryma Christi         “     19.70           “    “    “    “
+  Falernian               “     18.99           “    “    “    “
+
+                           CAPE WINES.
+  Cape Madeira         contains 18.11 to 22.94 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Constantia              “     14.50 to 19.75  “    “    “    “
+  Muscat                  “     18.25           “    “    “    “
+
+                          PERSIAN WINE.
+  Sheraaz              contains 12.95 to 19.80 per cent. of alcohol.
+
+                     BRITISH WINES, CIDER, ETC.
+  Grape                contains 18.11          per cent. of alcohol.
+  Raisin                  “     23.30 to 26.40  “    “    “    “
+  Currant                 “     20.55           “    “    “    “
+  Gooseberry              “     11.84           “    “    “    “
+  Orange                  “     11.26           “    “    “    “
+  Elder                   “      8.79           “    “    “    “
+  Mead                    “      7.32           “    “    “    “
+  Cider                   “      5.21 to 9.87   “    “    “    “
+  Perry                   “      7.26           “    “    “    “
+
+                         HUNGARIAN WINES.
+  Tokay                contains 9.88           per cent. of alcohol.
+  Red Wine                “     13.20 to 19.04  “    “    “    “
+  White Wine              “     12.10 to 12.16  “    “    “    “
+
+                            GERMAN WINES.
+  Hochheimer           contains  8.88 to 14.37 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Johannisberger          “      8.71           “    “    “    “
+  Rüdesheimer             “      6.90 to 12.22  “    “    “    “
+  Rhenish Wine            “      7.00 to 7.58   “    “    “    “
+
+                             OHIO WINES.
+  According to analyses received from Messrs. Parisette Bro’s, N. Y.,
+      and made five times within
+      six months,       contain   6.11 to 11.30 per cent. of alcohol.
+
+                           CALIFORNIA WINES.
+  White and Red, dry,  contains  8.40 to 12.90 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Sweet Wines             “      6.20 to 13.80  “    “    “    “
+
+                          SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
+  Irish Whisky         contains  53.90         per cent. of alcohol.
+  Scotch Whisky           “      54.52          “    “    “    “
+  Holland Gin             “      53.80          “    “    “    “
+  French Brandy           “      53.40          “    “    “    “
+  St. Croix Rum           “      53.68          “    “    “    “
+  Batavian Arrack         “      53.70          “    “    “    “
+  Russian Vadka or Kwass  “      52.68          “    “    “    “
+  Ordinary American Whisky
+      contains                    52.60          “    “    “    “
+  Bourbon Whisky contains         51.00          “    “    “    “
+  Whisky with much foreign matter
+      contains                    44.50          “    “    “    “
+
+                        ENGLISH MALT LIQUORS.
+  Ale—Burton          contains 8.88           per cent. of alcohol.
+   “   Edinburgh          “       6.22          “    “    “    “
+   “   London             “       6.20          “    “    “    “
+  Brown Stout             “       6.80          “    “    “    “
+  London Porter           “       4.80          “    “    “    “
+  London Small Beer       “       2.56          “    “    “    “
+  Edinburgh Beer          “       5.36 to 7.35  “    “    “    “
+
+                           GERMAN BEER.
+  Bavarian Augustiner  contains 3.40 to  6.80 per cent. of alcohol.
+  Salvator                “     4.02 to  4.20  “    “    “    “
+  Vienna                  “     4.20 to  5.60  “    “    “    “
+  Berlin Tivoli           “     4.60           “    “    “    “
+  Berlin Tivoli Export    “     5.40           “    “    “    “
+  Copenhagen              “     5.04           “    “    “    “
+
+                  AMERICAN MALT LIQUORS AND CIDER.
+  New York Porter      contains 6.20 to  8.40 per cent. of alcohol.
+  New York Ale            “     5.40 to  6.90  “    “    “    “
+  Albany Ale              “     5.40 to  6.20  “    “    “    “
+  Lager Beer              “     3.06 to  6.50  “    “    “    “
+  American Cider          “     5.80 to 11.60  “    “    “    “
+
+Two analyses of beer brewed in the celebrated Brauerei Koenigstadt, of
+Berlin, were found to give the following results:
+
+  Alcohol                                  4.501 per cent. by weight.
+  Saccharine                               1.893  “    “    “    “
+  Dextrine                                 0.861  “    “    “    “
+  Albuminoids                              0.630  “    “    “    “
+  Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 2.296  “    “    “    “
+  Acid                                     0.005  “    “    “    “
+                  Unfermented extract 5.680 per cent.
+
+The second analysis was of dark colored beer, and was as follows:
+
+  Alcohol                                  4.250 per cent. by weight.
+  Saccharine                               1.950  “    “    “    “
+  Dextrine                                 1.053  “    “    “    “
+  Albuminoids                              0.621  “    “    “    “
+  Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 3.386  “    “    “    “
+  Acids                                    0.005  “    “    “    “
+                  Unfermented extract 7.010 per cent.
+
+Good lager beer properly brewed and fermented, and stored for some
+time, should contain in one hundred parts, 90 water, 5.6 malt extract,
+3.50 alcohol, and the remainder carbonic acid.
+
+The following analyses show more particularly the percentage of extract
+and of alcohol contained in the best known varieties of lager beer of
+this country:
+
+                       EXTRACT.               ALCOHOL.
+  New York,          3.6 per cent.          4.8 per cent.
+   “    “            3.7  “    “            4.4  “   “
+   “    “            4.2  “    “            5.3  “   “
+  Staten Island,     3.2  “    “            5.9  “   “
+  Milwaukee,         4.3  “    “            5.6  “   “
+  Newark,            4.2  “    “            5.6  “   “
+  Philadelphia,      4.2  “    “            6.0  “   “
+  Chicago,           3.9  “    “            5.2  “   “
+  Cincinnati,        3.4  “    “            5.5  “   “
+  Boston,            3.6  “    “     5.6 to 6.0  “   “
+  Hartford,          3.6  “    “            4.9  “   “
+
+A similar table made after results obtained by C. F. Chandler and
+embracing several kinds of ales and lager beers reads as follows:
+
+  ----------------------+-----------------+---------------------
+                        |                 |CONTENTS PER IMPERIAL
+                        |  PERCENTAGE.    |       PINT.
+                        +--------+--------+---------+-----------
+                        |        |        |OUNCES OF|OUNCES OF
+                        |ALCOHOL.|EXTRACT.| ALCOHOL.|EXTRACT.
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------
+    Allsop’s Burton Ale |  8.25  | 13.32  |   2.16  |   2.77
+    Bass’s Ale          |  8.41  | 11.75  |   2.18  |   2.42
+    Edinburgh Ale       |  4.41  |  3.58  |   1.12  |    .72
+    Guinness Stout      |  6.81  |  6.17  |   1.74  |   1.25
+    Munich Lager Beer   |  4.70  |  6.10  |   1.19  |   1.22
+    Munich Schenck Beer |  3.90  |  5.07  |   1.00  |   1.16
+    Munich Bock Beer    |  4.60  |  9.02  |   1.17  |   1.90
+    New York Lager Beer |  5.86  |  4.32  |   1.48  |    .88
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------
+
+In this table the term extract includes all the substances left when
+the alcohol and water are removed by evaporation.
+
+In view of the figures above given and of the fact that the lighter
+beers form the bulk of the malt liquor consumed in the country, we are
+safe in assuming an average alcoholic strength of not more than 5½ per
+cent. for the total product. This product we have already seen to be
+9,473,361 barrels, which, on the basis just assumed, yields 521,034
+barrels or 16,673,088 gallons of alcohol. Now according to statistics
+from the department at Washington the consumption of native spirits was
+in 1878 over 70,000,000 gallons containing about 37,000,000 gallons
+of alcohol. The cost of the native and foreign ardent spirits, wines
+and liquors used in one year reaches $500,000,000, and it is among the
+drinkers of spirits that we find most of the pauperism and crime of the
+country. Those who drink beer use something that as far as alcohol is
+concerned is more expensive than distilled liquors and yet spend less
+than $120,000,000, as against the $500,000,000 above mentioned. It
+should be noticed that while rum, gin, brandy, whisky, etc., contain
+over 50 per cent. of alcohol, ales never reach nine per cent., and
+lager beer seldom reaches six per cent. and is often below four.
+
+An examination of these tables taken in connection with the other
+facts mentioned should be sufficient to give a general idea of the
+nature and extent of the claims to be made in favor of beer as a common
+beverage. Others will come to light in the course of our discussion,
+and particularly in the chapter entitled, “What Authorities Say,” in
+which are embodied the conclusions of some of the most noted scientific
+investigators of our time.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER IX.
+
+                 BEER BREWING A BENEFIT TO FARMERS.
+
+
+Thus far we have been chiefly occupied with the sanitary and social
+advantages that attend the general use of beer in a community, but
+there is another phase of the question that is worth careful attention.
+Barley and hops are the foundation of beer and we propose to show in
+this chapter some of the benefits that attend their cultivation for
+brewing purposes and which are by no means confined to the cash price
+received from the brewer. They can be raised to good advantage when
+there is no such home consumption, but the real possibilities of these
+crops are only attained when there are breweries near at hand. How
+this is true will be understood after an examination of the following
+statistics.
+
+The cultivation of hops is in itself a more important industry than is
+generally supposed, but for the purpose of this chapter it is of so
+much less consequence than that of barley that it may be dismissed in
+very few words. A few years ago our own production was not sufficient
+to supply the brewers, and in 1872 we paid in round numbers $785,525.00
+to foreign growers. The next year the import was $1,310,627.00 and
+in 1874 reached $1,303,686.00. Since that time the tide has turned
+and each of the past four years has shown an export to a considerable
+amount, the figures taken in the order of the years being as follows:
+1875, $1,286,500.00; 1876, $1,348,521.00; 1877, $2,305,355.00; 1878,
+$2,152,873.00. The yearly consumption in this country is about
+30,000,000 pounds, which after having served their purpose in the
+brewery, furnish an excellent manure, especially for potatoes.
+
+According to the last report of the United States Commissioner of
+Agriculture, there were in 1877, no less than 1,614,654 acres under
+cultivation with barley, and the product was 34,441,400 bushels
+at an average value of 70 cents a bushel, making a total value of
+$24,028,644.00 for the crop. The average yield to the acre was 21.3
+bushels, and the average value to the acre $14.91, as against $10.72
+for hay, $9.54 for corn, $9.25 for oats, $8.87 for rye and $15.08 for
+wheat. Only three crops, potatoes, tobacco and wheat yielded a higher
+value to the acre, and only six, wheat, corn, potatoes, oats, hay and
+cotton had a greater total value. Again, the northern latitudes produce
+the best barley and accordingly we find that in the six Eastern States,
+the average value to the bushel was a little over 78 cents. In these
+states the number of acres under cultivation was only 51,065, the
+product 986,900 bushels, the average value to the acre $15.11, being
+more than that of any other crop except potatoes. Notwithstanding all
+this, we do not even now raise enough for home consumption. The import
+of barley in 1877 was no less than 10,285,957 bushels at a value of
+$7,887,886.00 on which a duty of 20 cents per bushel was paid by the
+consumer, in addition to charges for freight and commission, all of
+which could and should have been saved to our people. Nearly eight
+million dollars is too large a sum to neglect when it lies at our very
+hand.
+
+[Illustration: ISRAEL PUTNAM,
+
+_The great American General, Brewer and Tavern Keeper at Brooklyn,
+Conn._ (1718-1790.)
+
+_See Page 27._]
+
+We have said that high latitudes are favorable to barley. It is chiefly
+grown in the northern tier of states and in Canada, and a state
+like Maine for instance would find immense advantage in an enlarged
+production of this crop even under existing conditions. But suppose the
+restriction on brewing were removed, that instead of being crushed out
+by local law it were encouraged and fostered. It is not easy to compute
+the material assistance such a course would be to the farming community
+and the state at large, and yet the direct gain would be small in
+comparison with the incidental advantages. For the proper illustration
+of this point we must ask the reader to follow and keep in mind two
+separate series of facts which we are about to present. The first
+statistical and relating to the “refuse” of brewing establishments, and
+the second general.
+
+The breweries of the United States use annually about 30,000,000
+bushels of malt, which yields, according to A. Schwarz of New York,
+2½ per cent. or 750,000 bushels of “sprouts.” Now in estimating the
+comparative value of different kinds of fodder according to the albumen
+contained it is usual to take hay as the basis of comparison. Air-dried
+meadow hay contains 7 per cent. of albumen. “Sprouts” contain from 24
+to 30 per cent., so that a hundred bushels of sprouts, weighing 1,200
+pounds, are equal in value to 4,628 pounds of hay, and the annual
+product of sprouts as above stated to 34,710,000 pounds of hay. This
+same 30,000,000 bushels of malt yields at least 35,000,000 bushels of
+“grains,” having a weight of 1,520,000,000 pounds, and from 4 to 5
+per cent. of albumen. Taking 4½ per cent. as the average, 100 pounds
+of grains have the same nutritive value as 64 pounds of hay and the
+value of the product reaches that of 973,241,000 pounds of hay. It is
+a proved fact that cattle fed on grains give better milk than when any
+other fodder is used and this fact is specially appreciated in New York
+and New Jersey, where the grains and sprouts are largely used with
+most excellent results. These products must by no means be confounded
+with the “slops” from distilleries, which is utterly different in
+character—_as indeed every product of the still seems to be tainted
+with some portion of the curse that has always clung to spirituous
+liquors_.
+
+The second and general consideration is this: The past agricultural
+history of New England shows a succession of specialties, each running
+its course until the advent of another which existing circumstances
+made more profitable. The first was grain (except barley), then came
+wool, and then potatoes, while the last and most promising is dairy
+farming. It is yet in its infancy but it is already important. One
+thing is sure, that farming on the old-fashioned plan has seen its day
+in New England. The natural advantages of the West enable it to raise
+and deliver many crops cheaper than they can be grown in the older part
+of the country, and under the influence of this competition Eastern
+farmers have grown poorer and poorer unless they have taken up a
+specialty or possessed some unusual natural advantages. We submit that
+the combination of dairy farming with the growth of barley will, even
+under the existing laws, prove very remunerative. The facts already
+adduced point directly to this conclusion. The figures show that barley
+is a profitable crop and that northern New England is well adapted to
+its growth. Moreover it thrives on a comparatively poor soil while most
+of the other natural products that rank high in value involve a large
+expense for manure, and in many cases a great deal of hand labor. Dairy
+farms are known to pay well. What then will be the result of combining
+the two industries as above indicated on terms favorable to both? But
+this can only be successfully done by the establishment of breweries,
+and sooner or later the people will understand all these facts and act
+accordingly. _Remove the laws that now make brewing impossible, and a
+new industry will spring up as if by magic_—we might well say three
+new industries—for barley culture and dairies will grow to keep pace
+with the demands and the grants of brewing. For it must be remembered
+that brewing is not like some other forms of manufacture. What it takes
+with one hand it gives with the other. It receives the farmer’s grain
+and pays him a good price; it gives him valuable fodder and manure for
+a sum that is small in proportion to the benefit conferred. It helps
+put in motion the wheels of another separate business, the manufacture
+of cheese and butter, and it is again the agricultural community who
+profit by the development.
+
+_Living in an age of progress we must recognize the fact and adapt
+ourselves to it or we shall inevitably fall behind, and we do not
+believe that the men of New England will long close their eyes to
+the advantages offered by such a course as has been indicated. The
+change must come, and sooner or later, a part of the change must be
+the resolute and successful demand for a repeal of the laws that
+choke industry. Maine men in especial have everything to gain. Their
+business is stagnant, their population decreasing, poverty staring
+them in the face and enforced idleness eating like a canker into their
+very nature. They have it in their power to change all this, to become
+rich, revive trade, make the state famous for progressive energy, and
+banish the intemperance that now accompanies and aggravates all their
+other ills and is accompanied by the other corrupting evils that, as
+experience shows, always spring up in the shadow of a prohibitory law._
+The matter well deserves more space than we can give, but we have
+presented the leading facts and must leave them for the examination
+and mature reflection of all who are interested. Great things have
+been expected of beet-root culture in Maine and other states, and we
+cannot close this chapter without a word in reference to this topic.
+The Commissioner of Agriculture, in the prefatory remarks to his last
+Report, says: “The effort to produce a sugar beet, and the belief
+and expectation of many that the beet would be made to yield in this
+country as in Germany and France, of good quality, in sufficient
+abundance, and at a sufficiently low cost, to make it pay has not
+been realized—although no pains and money have been spared to insure
+success.” The difficulty is that the sugar beet will not thrive on poor
+or exhausted soil, unless it is heavily manured. Such has been the
+constant experience in those places where the experiment has received
+most attention, _viz._, Chatsworth, Ill., Sauk county, Wis., and some
+parts of the state of Maine.[20] New England is unfit for beet-root
+culture, partly by nature and partly by the exhaustion of the soil,
+while on the other hand it is as we have said eminently adapted to
+barley. Even had the expectations of the more reasonable part of
+the beet-growers of Maine been realized, the material advantages to
+the people would not have compared with those to be attained by the
+encouragement of breweries, the growth of barley and hops and the
+establishment of dairies. All these things go together and stimulate
+other branches of industry. There will be more demand for other crops,
+particularly hay and oats, and for lumber for vats, barrels, tubs and
+building purposes. A busy temperate people must thrive _and we have
+shown what will make them busy and temperate_.
+
+[20] The state of Maine is assisting the experiment with beet-root by
+granting a premium of one cent a pound on all beet-root sugar produced
+in the state, but even with this help the industry has failed to
+establish itself to any considerable extent.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER X.
+
+                 PROHIBITORY LAWS AND THEIR EFFECTS.
+
+
+We have now reached a point at which we may properly recur to a
+topic already suggested and inquire a little more carefully into the
+actual working of the prohibitory laws. On this head we shall confine
+ourselves chiefly to the testimony of men who have made the matter a
+thorough study, and that not at a distance, but in the very midst of
+the operation of such laws, and as Maine is the state which led the
+way in the prohibitory movement and has since followed that course
+with most persistency, it is proper that it should occupy most of our
+attention during the inquiry.
+
+Not long ago a number of the most prominent men of the state, men of
+different political parties, wholly above reproach, and especially
+fitted by official position or private observation to form a just
+opinion in the premises, became so well convinced of the evils of
+the present system, and its detrimental effect on the people, as to
+unite in an effort for its amendment. Their movement took form in the
+presentation by Mr. Fox of Portland, a lawyer of high reputation and a
+member of the Legislature, of the following proposed Act:
+
+
+                         “_State of Maine, 1879._
+
+  “An Act in relation to Cider, Native Wines, Ale, Porter, Lager Beer
+    and Malt Liquors.
+
+  “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in
+  Legislature assembled, as follows:
+
+  “Cider, Native Wine, Ale, Porter, Lager Beer and other Malt Liquors,
+  when pure and unadulterated, shall not be considered intoxicating
+  liquors within the meaning of the laws of this State.”
+
+The bill was referred to the Committee on Temperance and able arguments
+in its favor were made by Gen. Gorham, L. Boynton, Hon. Nathan Webb
+and C. G. Yeaton, all men highly respected by the people of the state,
+of the strictest integrity, and with no inducement to make other than
+an impartial statement. Three gentlemen who have successively held
+the office of county attorney of Cumberland county for about fifteen
+years past and who are all Republicans, have unanimously testified
+against the present prohibition law. They are Gen. Chas. T. Matlock,
+C. F. Libby, Esq., and Nathan Webb. Similar views are held by such men
+as Gen. W. S. Tilton of Logan Springs, Judge Goddard, postmaster of
+Portland, M. P. Frank of Portland, Speaker of the House, Dr. Edw. Dana
+and many other influential citizens. No party, however, was willing to
+go to the people on this issue and the bill failed to pass, although
+there is good reason to hope that when the next attempt is made some
+who have previously upheld the present law will have learned to take a
+different view. Much new light is constantly thrown on the influence of
+the present statute, and can hardly fail to produce an adequate effect.
+A minority report of the committee was presented and contains so much
+of interest and importance that we cannot do better than to reproduce
+it in these pages. Its statements are those of men who understand the
+subject of which they treat and are worth a careful reading.
+
+
+     REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TEMPERANCE, OF THE FIFTY-EIGHTH
+                     LEGISLATURE OF MAINE, 1879.
+
+“The Committee on Temperance have listened to the able and exhaustive
+arguments presented on both sides of the matter in hearing, and the
+minority of said committee respectfully present their views in dissent
+from the report of the majority. The law regulating the sale of
+intoxicating liquors, commonly known as the prohibitory liquor law has
+had a trial of more than a quarter of a century. Its severity has no
+parallel in the laws of any other civilized country. Although enforced
+with all the power of the state, court records show that the number of
+prosecutions and convictions is increasing, at great expense to the tax
+payers. Country towns pay their share for the enforcement of this law
+in cities without corresponding benefit to themselves. The cost of its
+execution is a burden on an over-taxed people. A detailed statement
+which is hereto annexed shows the cost for officers to enforce the law.”
+
+The details are here omitted but “the total reaches the enormous amount
+of $220,000. The records of the Insane Hospital show a gradual increase
+of patients caused by excessive use of intoxicating liquors. At the
+present time that institution has nearly double the number of inmates
+from that cause alone, which it had when the present prohibitory
+law was enacted. While the law, with singular inconsistency, does
+not recognize pure and beneficial kinds of intoxicating liquors as
+property when intended for sale by other than city or town agencies,
+and makes no distinction between the sale of adulterated liquors and
+pure liquors, it authorizes their indiscriminate sale in numerous city
+and town agencies. Liquor-drinking is not done openly to so great an
+extent but the consumption is as large. It is notorious that quantities
+of strong liquors have for years been transported into the state from
+the Provinces, and especially from Massachusetts, which has drained us
+of millions of dollars which might have been kept at home under liberal
+laws. Liquor runners from New York and Boston penetrate every nook and
+corner of our state to rob our people and eat out their substance.
+Liquors are also imported in bond, and under the protection of the
+Federal Government they cannot be seized in bulk. They are consumed in
+families and in club-rooms which have been organized in large towns
+and cities, under that most dangerous guise of social drinking. The
+liquor agencies authorized by law have vended in some years more than a
+hundred thousand dollars worth of liquors for medicinal, mechanical and
+manufacturing purposes only, as is supposed. We consider these liquor
+agencies as leeches upon the people. The question is whether a law,
+the severity of which is without example, having failed to accomplish
+the ends for which it was designed, according to experience and the
+testimony of officials serving under it, who with singular unanimity
+give their verdict against it, ought to be so amended that cider,
+native wines, ale, porter and particularly lager beer, shall not be
+considered within the meaning of the statute.
+
+“History shows that every nation has its peculiar stimulants in
+stronger or milder forms. Men crave stimulant. It is an undeniable
+fact, both in the light of history and experience, that in countries
+like Germany, France, etc., whose climate is not unlike ours,
+drunkenness is known scarcely more than the strong liquors which cause
+it. Cheap light wines and nutritious malt beverages supersede strong
+drink. Everybody uses them at his meals and as a common beverage. The
+people of those countries are among the healthiest, happiest, most
+prosperous and temperate on the face of the globe. We appeal to the
+wisdom of this Legislature and the consideration of the people whether
+it would not promote the cause of temperance and the material welfare
+of our state to give the amendment proposed a fair trial. It would
+tend to promote harmony by removing an irritating and festering sore
+from our politics. Good citizens without distinctions of party view
+with alarm the inroads that this law in its operation is working upon
+our social and material interest, driving away business, depreciating
+real estate, shackling enterprise, cheating labor, increasing taxes,
+educating intolerance and hypocrisy, influencing elections and
+encouraging bribery and perjury and the clandestine compounding, sale
+and use of poisonous liquors.”
+
+                            DARIUS H. INGRAHAM of Portland.
+                            GORHAM L. BOYNTON of Bangor.
+                            F. B. FARREL of Van Buren.
+                            ARTHUR MOORE of Machiasport.
+
+This is the statement of men whose characters stand so high as to give
+great weight to their opinion and leave nothing to be objected to their
+statement of fact.
+
+Again, Governor Garcelon is not a man to make hasty or unfounded
+statements in an important matter and he has been for many years
+an eminent physician of large practice and a close observer of the
+habits of the people. But read this summary of an address delivered
+by him before the Maine temperance convention: “He called attention
+to various kinds of intemperance, which have generally escaped the
+notice of reformers in that state. He spoke of the use of tobacco as an
+increasing evil, especially among the young, and said that in addition
+to chewing and smoking, snuff-dipping was becoming prevalent, a fact of
+which many are ignorant and which excites surprise. The use of opiates,
+Governor Garcelon remarked, had increased to an alarming extent. Many
+a man, he said, had appeared upon the stand advocating temperance,
+who had in his pocket a bottle of laudanum or black drops, which pave
+the way to an early grave. The ladies carry chloroform and ether to
+moisten the handkerchief with which to allay nervous excitement. As a
+practicing physician and observer of human nature, he placed all these
+forms of intemperance in the same category with the intemperate use of
+spirituous liquors, all of which demand correction. Is the change from
+the intoxicating liquors to opium an improvement? Governor Garcelon
+has, undoubtedly, done the people a timely service by directing
+attention to this and other evils, and if followed up it will be found
+that the ‘Maine Law’ has not been the grand instrument of reform which
+it is claimed to be.”
+
+At a convention held at Bangor, Me., July 1, 1879, a resolution
+in favor of local option was presented by Mr. Charles F. Swett, a
+considerable part of whose speech is here reproduced, as it deals in
+facts of great importance to the present discussion:
+
+“In supporting this measure, I wish to distinctly define my position.
+I am a practical temperance man; a total abstainer. I have belonged,
+and do now belong, to every temperance organization in the state
+of Maine, except the Reform Club. I have had much experience in
+endeavoring to ‘reclaim the fallen and save others from falling,’ and
+I therefore claim to be as conversant with the practical workings of
+our prohibitory law as any man in this hall, and I declare, from my
+experience, that that law, so far as it contributes to lessening the
+evils of intemperance, is a complete failure, and a costly one to the
+people of this state. * * * In Cumberland county there are four deputy
+sheriffs, whose business it is to enforce the liquor law. These men
+get from $7,000 to $9,000 per year for their services. Of course they
+never reform a drunkard, but they can afford to contribute $3,000 a
+year towards the campaign fund—and they do—and the people furnish the
+money. Every liquor-seller thrown into jail for sixty days pays the
+high sheriff a profit of $1.50 per week. When there is an average of
+say fifty of these cases his profits will be $4,000 per year, from this
+source alone. The people furnish the money, and the sheriff ‘comes down
+handsomely’ for the campaign fund. True, there are no men reformed, but
+the party gets the ‘sinews of war.’ And so it is all over the state.
+
+“The cost of the execution of the prohibitory law is a burden upon
+our over-taxed people. The report of the temperance committee of our
+last Legislature showed that although the ‘law was enforced with
+all the power of the state,’ court records prove that the number of
+prosecutions is annually increasing, at great expense to the tax
+payers. From June 1, 1877, to June 1, 1878, the cost of enforcing
+the prohibitory law, in Cumberland county alone, reached $28,000. In
+the same ratio, applied to the population of the whole state, the
+cost reaches the enormous sum of $220,000, annually. But we would not
+complain of the expenditure even of this vast sum if the results were,
+in any degree satisfactory. But they are not. The advocates of the
+Maine law make bold claims, but their claims are not substantiated
+by the facts. Outside of Maine, and even in the back towns of this
+state, remote from the cities, people are given to understand that
+liquor is not sold in Maine, and therefore there is less crime here
+than formerly. Neal Dow says, ‘We have little crime here because we
+have banished its cause.’ Let us look at the facts. In 1851, there
+were 87 convicts in the state prison. We had then a population of
+584,000, while to-day it is probably 625,000. Last year’s state prison
+report shows the number of convicts to be 206, while 69 more were
+serving in jail work-shops. So the number of convicts has increased,
+_under the prohibitory law_, over threefold, while our population has
+remained comparatively the same. Does that speak well for prohibition?
+Now, take the city of Portland. In 1856, there were 650 arrests
+for drunkenness, in a population of 27,000. In 1876, twenty years
+later, with a population of about 30,000, there were 1800 arrests for
+drunkenness, and in no year of the last eight has the list fallen
+below 1,200. And this under a vigorous enforcement of the prohibitory
+law. Does that speak well for prohibition? During last week, over 200
+barrels of liquor were brought into Portland, by the various railroads
+and steamboats, _for home consumption_. Does that speak well for
+prohibition?
+
+“The secret drinking in club-rooms in Portland is threefold that which
+formerly took place at open bars, while the traffic outside has been
+driven into worse and worse hands every year, until it has, with a
+few exceptions, been taken away from respectable men, whose interest
+it would be to conduct it with some show of decency, and given into
+the undivided management and control of the low and criminal, so that
+while ‘the law is enforced with all the power of the state,’ the upper
+classes get drunk at the club-rooms, and the lower classes get drunk
+at the shops in the slums. Does that speak well for prohibition? The
+vilest liquors possible to make are manufactured for the market in this
+state, and even our state liquor agent could not, or did not, _keep
+pure_ liquors even for medicinal purposes.
+
+“Private club-rooms have multiplied in Portland, under the operation of
+the prohibitory law, (there being over 80 in that city at the present
+time,) and our young men just starting out in life are exposed to all
+the dangers of the drunkard’s life, and no law can stop them. In these
+club-rooms, boys who would never go to saloons to get drunk, who would
+never learn to gamble were it not for their club-room temptations,
+who would, in short, grow up honest and respected citizens, are being
+ruined every day. This evil ought to be remedied by prompt and decisive
+action. Fathers who love their sons; mothers who pray for their boys;
+sisters who mourn over their disgraced brothers; wives who weep over
+the wreck of what were once good men and true husbands; citizens who
+care for the good name and prosperity of their communities, ought to
+labor to shut these accursed gates of hell! Let us commence the good
+work by striving to repeal the prohibitory law, which is a positive
+detriment to the cause of temperance, an incubus upon the mercantile
+interests of Maine, and a curse to the young men of our cities.”
+
+In Massachusetts we have very important testimony to the same effect, a
+part of which is very ably and carefully summarized in an article which
+we insert here, retaining for convenience a portion at the beginning
+which might equally well be placed under a different heading:
+
+“The state Board of Health of Massachusetts, in the Tenth Annual
+Report, published in January, 1879, say, under the head of
+‘Intemperance’: ‘A more severe public judgment of drunkenness, in
+recent times, has undoubtedly tended to very much decrease its
+prevalence; and it is generally believed that light German beer is
+used more and more each year, at least in our state, to the exclusion
+of stronger liquors—_a change which it is of course desirable to
+hasten by legislation, so far as that can be done, either by removal
+of restrictions on the sale of mild liquors, and heavily taxing the
+stronger spirits, or by any other just and proper means_.’ This is the
+reiterated public expression of men to whom the state of Massachusetts
+has committed the general care for the health of her people. For the
+former public utterance of this opinion the chairman of the Board, for
+years past, has been most bitterly assailed by prohibitionists; but,
+undaunted by these intemperate and abusive attacks, the state Board of
+Health confirm the statement of their honest conviction by repeating
+the same, and embodying it in an important public document.
+
+“In harmony with this public expression of opinion by the state Board
+of Health, appears the action of the Committee on License of the Board
+of Aldermen of the city of Boston. In their report of September, 1878,
+to the City Council, this committee say: ‘It may be objected that the
+committee have been too liberal in their recommendations of the issue
+of licenses, but their experience has convinced them that the “lunch
+rooms,” established chiefly for the sale of lager beer and edible
+refreshments, ought to be regarded as victualing saloons, even if
+facilities are not maintained for regular meals, and no cooking is done
+on the premises. The committee feel satisfied that the consumption of
+lager beer, now so general, tends, in fact, to exclude from sale and
+use more ardent spirits, and thereby diminishes crime and pauperism.
+It is well known that in the old countries, where beer and light wines
+are accessible, without restraint, at a small expense, and are freely
+used by all classes of people, cases of intoxication are very rare. The
+committee are confident that drunkenness, and consequently pauperism
+and crime, will be diminished in this state, if no restrictions were
+placed on the sale of lager beer, for it then could be provided at such
+a low price as to effectually supersede the use of strong liquors.
+They therefore submit for the consideration of the City Council the
+following order:
+
+“‘_Ordered_, That his Honor the Mayor be requested to petition the next
+Legislature for such amendment of chapter 99 of the statutes of 1875 as
+will allow the sale of cider and lager beer without any license being
+required therefor.’
+
+“It must be admitted, that in the state of Massachusetts, the liquor
+question has been as fully discussed, and the various legal expedients
+connected therewith have had as fair and full a trial as in any other
+state in the Union. It may therefore be claimed, without presumption,
+that to the results there attained, and the opinions there formed, when
+coming from official and authentic sources, the careful consideration
+of other state governments should be given. Acting from this view, we
+draw the attention of the reader to a very instructive report of the
+results of an investigation relative to drunkenness and liquor selling
+under prohibition and license legislation contained in the Tenth Annual
+Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, issued as
+a public document in January, 1879. This investigation was undertaken
+at the special request of Governor Rice, whose object was to place on
+record a statement, as a basis for an intelligent consideration of the
+question, of as reliable a character as could be secured by impartial
+statistics. These statistics are drawn from official sources, and, as
+far as the figures are concerned, are thoroughly reliable.
+
+“The years 1874 and 1877 were selected for comparison, because 1874
+represented the last full year under the operation of the prohibitory
+law, and 1877 the last full year under the license law. The advantages
+resulting from this selection of years, if any, are on the side of the
+prohibitory law, because that law, in 1874, had been in operation for a
+number of years, while the license law, in 1877, had only been in force
+a year and a half.
+
+“Four circulars were prepared and addressed by the chief of the state
+Bureau of Statistics and Labor to town clerks, city clerks, chiefs of
+police, to standing justices, clerks of district, municipal and police
+courts, and trial justices. These circulars solicited information
+regarding the sales of liquor, prosecutions therefor, and arrests and
+convictions for drunkenness for the prohibitory year 1874 and the
+license year 1877. The completeness of the investigation may be seen
+from the following statement:
+
+“Circular ‘A’ was sent to 325 Town Clerks; 322 answered.
+
+“Circular ‘B’ was sent to 19 City Clerks; 19 answered.
+
+“Circular ‘C’ was sent to 19 Chiefs of Police; 19 answered.
+
+“Circular ‘D’ was sent to 132 Court and Trial Justices; 130 answered.
+
+“This is a total of 490 returns of 495 circulars of inquiry sent out.
+There can be no question that the investigation was exhaustive, for
+the few towns which did not answer are unimportant places. From the
+information thus obtained and tabulated in detail in the Report, the
+following totals are derived:
+
+             ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS.
+  Under the prohibitory law, 1874,            28,044
+  Under the license law, 1877,                20,657
+
+            CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS.
+  Under the prohibitory law, 1874,            23,981
+  Under the license law, 1877,                17,862
+
+   NUMBER OF PLACES WHERE LIQUOR WAS ILLEGALLY SOLD.
+  Under the prohibitory law, 1874,             5,609
+
+      NUMBER OF PLACES LICENSED TO SELL LIQUOR.
+  Under the license law, 1877,                 5,273
+
+      JUDGMENTS ON COMPLAINTS FOR ILLEGAL SALES.
+  Under the prohibitory law, 1874,             3,644
+  Under the license law, 1877,                 1,693
+
+“It will thus be seen that the number of arrests for drunkenness under
+the operation of the license law, during the year 1877, as compared to
+the prohibitory year 1874, shows a decrease of fully twenty-five per
+cent. In the number of convictions for drunkenness the difference in
+favor of the license year is at the same rate. The number of places
+where liquor was _illegally_ sold under the prohibitory law of 1874,
+was larger by 336 than the number of places _licensed_ in 1877. It
+is evident from these returns that the prohibitory law has failed to
+prohibit, or even to regulate, the sale of liquor, while it is equally
+apparent that the license law, as a legislative measure, not only
+regulates the sale of liquor, but decreases drunkenness.
+
+“A law, to be effective, must have the support of the people; the
+prohibitory law will never be thus supported, as common sense will
+teach that it is neither just nor judicious, to make somebody else than
+the drunkard himself responsible for his failing; and is not just this
+the questionable theory upon which prohibition is based?
+
+“The prohibitionists condemn the use of alcoholic beverages of every
+kind, as the prolific source of sin and vice. Nothing less than total
+abstinence finds favor with them. To them, the terms use and abuse
+have no distinctive meaning, and their curse falls upon brewery and
+distillery alike. It must be admitted that as long as alcoholic
+stimulants are used, intemperance will exist, and that the evil of
+drunkenness will only disappear with their total suppression. In view
+of the actual state of social habits, and the position which alcoholic
+beverages hold in civilized life, as now constituted, no sane person
+will believe such a total suppression possible. There are no means by
+which a habit, transmitted from generation to generation, and forming
+so important an element in the development of the civilization of the
+human race, can be uprooted. Alcoholic stimulants once invented are
+never again abandoned, and seem to be destined to co-exist with man.
+The deplorable vice of drunkenness has always accompanied their use,
+and all attempts of rulers and philanthropists, the severest penalties
+and the sincerest compassion, have alike failed to suppress the evil.
+But it does not follow that, because the temptation of excessive use is
+too strong for some to be resisted, the great mass of people, who can
+and do use these beverages in moderation, should be made responsible
+for the weakness of the few. Nor does it follow that the intensity of
+the temptation is to be regarded as an excuse for the drunkard. Excess
+in the gratification of a desire, however natural, to the injury of
+others, is to be condemned morally and legally. Many actions of man,
+which the moral and legal code of society brands as a crime, and
+punishes as such, are the result of an inordinate gratification of
+instinctive desires implanted by nature, upon the proper indulgence of
+which the very propagation and the happiness of the human race depends,
+as for example, the instinct of self-preservation, of procreation and
+of acquisition. The more civilization advances, the more moral and
+intellectual discernment governs natural impulse, the less excess
+in the use of alcoholic stimulants the world will see. The vice of
+intemperance prevails to a far greater extent among the ignorant and
+uneducated than among the cultured classes of society. The spread
+of culture and education will do far more for temperance than the
+indiscriminate prohibition of the sale of alcoholic stimulants and
+the signing of pledges; it will divest the indulgence of the social
+cup of vulgarity, and will punish immoderation by social ostracism;
+by giving to the pleasure of exhilaration an ideal character, it
+will make the vine and the hop the emblems of harmless enjoyment.
+A clearer perception thus establishes a standard of ethics, which
+recognizes a proper gratification of the innate craving for enjoyment
+and exhilaration, as an essential to human happiness, but draws the
+line between what is permissible and what is not, between the becoming
+and the unbecoming. The craving for improvement of condition and for
+enjoyment is strongly developed in man—happily for him, for it is the
+very spur that urges him on to the physical improvement which is the
+necessary concomitant of mental advance. The love for exhilarating
+stimulants is but one phase of this craving. As such it is entitled
+to and has found recognition in our social laws, and the temperate
+use of alcoholic beverages is sanctioned by a practice as wide-spread
+as civilization itself, and by all classes, whatever their station or
+condition in life. Contravening legal statutes will always be found
+either wholly inoperative, or to fall far short of the intended effect.
+Whenever and wherever the temporary enforcement of a law prohibiting
+the manufacture and sale of such beverages has taken place, the cure,
+as far as the suppression of stimulants is concerned, has generally
+proved worse than the disease.”
+
+The following particulars, taken from the report under the title of
+“Nativity of Prisoners,” given by the Chief of the Police of Boston,
+become very interesting when considered in reference to the usual drink
+of the classes mentioned. The table shows first the number in Boston
+of Irish and Germans, the number of prisoners of each nation and the
+percentage of prisoners to the whole population:
+
+  ---------------+-------------+--------------+----------------
+                 |             |              | PERCENTAGE OF
+                 | POPULATION. |    NO. OF    |PRISONERS TO THE
+                 |             |  PRISONERS.  |  POPULATION.
+  ---------------+-------------+--------------+----------------
+    Irish        |   56,900    |    14,673    |    25.78
+    German       |    5,606    |       364    |     6.49
+  ---------------+-------------+--------------+----------------
+
+Similar general results are found more or less marked wherever such
+laws are in force. Druggists tell us that as a rule the consumption
+of opium in various forms from paregoric to laudanum has increased,
+bitters are more extensively used and in some places Scotch snuff for
+“dipping” has come into demand. The amount of opium annually imported
+is greater than that received by China a hundred years ago, and there
+is reason to suppose that many who are called reformed drunkards have
+adopted opium in some form and thus given themselves to a new bondage
+no whit better than the old. Notice that the increase in the sale
+of opium keeps pace in a very fair measure with the enforcement of
+prohibitory laws. One dealer in drugs in Hartford, Conn., recently
+advertised for sale five thousand pounds of opium, certainly a good
+dose for the land of steady habits. In the state just mentioned both
+prohibition and “local option” laws have been tried and neither can
+be considered a success. Under the present “local option” many towns
+wholly forbid the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, and this fact
+has given great prominence to suits arising out of the sale of what is
+called Schenck beer, which is substantially lager beer. The courts at
+last decided that this article is not intoxicating within the meaning
+of the act, and though the decision as to intoxicating quality is just,
+the fact that this beer is allowed while lager beer under its own name
+is forbidden shows how great a part prejudice instead of reason has
+played in the contest. “Peripatetic gin mills” are increasing in about
+the same ratio as “temperance societies” and “temperance detectives.”
+Those who pass by the name of temperance reformers seem in many cases
+to lose the sense of human charity and brotherly kindness, and little
+else can be expected when we remember how often they are the slaves
+of this single idea and how in all ages of the world bigotry has been
+attended by cruelty. Before giving one striking instance of cruelty
+which it is to be hoped has since been sincerely regretted by all
+concerned, we must reiterate that any law which every one knows to be
+constantly violated brings law into disrespect and demoralizes the
+community so far forth. The case to which reference was just made was
+mentioned in the New York _World_, and although other matters are added
+the whole is of sufficient interest to bear reproduction. The article
+is as follows:
+
+“Some time last September an old lady by the name of Stack who kept a
+farm at Northfield, Vt., sold two glasses of cider to a man by the name
+of Timothy Hogan, who informed against her and secured her conviction
+and a fine of $20 and expenses. In consideration of her age, sickness
+and poverty, she was allowed a short time to pay her fine, but not
+being prepared with the cash in January, she was arrested by Deputy
+Sheriff Avery, and, notwithstanding the severity of the weather,
+hauled off to prison in an open sleigh to Montpelier insufficiently
+clad. While in confinement sickness and poor treatment combined caused
+a rapid decline, until her niece, a domestic in a hotel, borrowed
+sufficient money to pay her fine and effect her release. Her death
+followed shortly afterward, caused, no doubt, by the treatment she
+had received. This at the hand and in the cause of philanthropic
+reformers is bad enough, but worse remains. Here is a temperance man’s
+description of the system by which these reformers are guided, and
+which one of our conscientious judges in Connecticut not long since
+truly denounced as infamous. The state referred to is the state of
+the ‘Green Mountain Boys,’ and noble Ethan Allen—Vermont. The manner
+of prosecuting liquor cases is by what is known as the ‘spy system.’
+Every informer who can secure the conviction of any person receives a
+portion of the fine imposed. A respectable justice of the municipal
+court in one of the most important towns in the state is authority for
+the statement that there are certain justices of the peace who make
+a special arrangement with these informers and come in for a share
+of the profits, so that outside of the merits of the case conviction
+is a foregone conclusion every time. The prohibitory law in force in
+this state makes it a crime for a man to sell even a glass of cider.
+In the past few weeks the _World_ correspondent has visited Rutland,
+Burlington, St. Albans, Montpelier and other towns in the state, and
+found in every place that at the hotels and elsewhere liquor was sold
+and no questions asked. In this, as in every other state, where a
+similar law has been in force, people with money and influence can
+freely engage in the traffic with none to molest or make them afraid.
+The class of spies or informers who engage in the work of prosecuting
+liquor cases are the lowest people in the community. They are despised
+by everybody except fanatical temperance reformers, who employ and
+encourage them. A prominent citizen, who has held high office in the
+state and is one of the substantial business men, said the other day:
+‘The result of the prohibitory law has been to honey-comb the social
+community with hypocrisy and immorality. I have closely investigated
+the course of events since this “temperance wave” has swept the state,
+and while drunkenness is not on the decrease other forms of immorality
+are certainly on the increase. I would not permit my daughter, or any
+respectable young lady over whom I might have any influence, to even
+attend the evening meetings of these temperance societies, as I think
+it has been conclusively proved that they promote immorality.’ Such a
+statement coming from an influential and respected citizen, who himself
+practices and inculcates temperance principles, shows the tendency of
+the prohibitory movement in this state.”
+
+It would be an easy matter to collect volumes of evidence on this
+question of the real effect of prohibitory laws, all going to show
+that they do not prevent intemperance, that they do lead to the use of
+other stimulants, that they undermine the character of the community,
+and that, from whatever point of view regarded, they must be considered
+harmful to the individual and to the state. Enough, however, for our
+present purpose and for the space at command has been already said.
+Those best informed will be most ready to say that the presentation
+above given does not overstate, but rather falls short of displaying
+the corruption that creeps in where a prohibitory law is in force.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XI.
+
+                        WHAT AUTHORITIES SAY.
+
+
+What shall we do to prevent the evils of a too free use of intoxicating
+drinks, and to make our people truly temperate?
+
+This question was ably discussed in the State Board of Health of
+Massachusetts some years ago, and Dr. Bowditch, the chairman of the
+board, expressed himself at that time as follows: “I am confident that
+our people could be gradually led to a higher temperance by appeals to
+common sense while deprecating the evils of intemperance, by observing
+that the use of some liquors is deleterious, while the temperate use of
+others does little or no harm. I deem a love of stimulants as much a
+human instinct as any other of the so-called human instincts. And the
+proposition of total abstinence from stimulants because intoxication
+prevails widely in the community, seems to me as preposterous as
+it would be to advise universal celibacy because of the existence
+of gross evils in connection with those instincts that lead to the
+divine institution of marriage. By classifying all liquors as equally
+injurious, and by endeavoring to further that idea in the community,
+are we not doing a real injury to the country by preventing a free
+use of lager beer instead of ardent spirits to which our people are
+so addicted? In the sincere belief, gentlemen, that this analysis of
+our correspondence will, eventually at least, tend to help onward the
+most excellent cause of temperance everywhere, and in the hope that
+none will be offended at the expression at times, of my own individual
+opinion, which in the course of the discussion I have deemed it my
+right and duty to give, I remain
+
+                            Your colleague and friend,
+
+                                    HENRY J. BOWDITCH,
+
+              _Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts._”
+
+In his annual report to the State Board of Health, Dr. Bowditch said,
+speaking of the question of temperance in connection with the use of
+light wines and beer, “I fully agree with all that has been said of the
+value of light wines as an aid to temperance, but I sincerely believe
+that Germans are destined to be really the greatest benefactors of this
+country by bringing to us—if we choose to accept the boon—their beer.
+Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the native or foreign
+grape wines. This fact with the other fact that the Germans have not
+the pernicious habits of our people, would if we chose to adopt their
+customs tend to diminish intemperance in this country. From the study I
+have made, lager beer can be used freely without any apparent injury to
+the individual, or without intoxication, and would be really a promoter
+of the temperance cause, and if we could so manage as to furnish the
+people with lager beer and dispense with distilled or alcoholic liquors
+entirely, the community would be immensely benefited.” And on page 301
+in the same report, the Doctor properly said, “Whisky-drinkers are seen
+staggering through the streets or lying insensible in some corner,
+wherever this beverage is used. But among the light wine tipplers and
+beer-drinkers, even when drinking freely, drunkards are very seldom
+seen.”
+
+We have previously shown that in many cases the introduction of beer
+has added to the welfare of society, and that its use is perfectly
+consistent with habits of sobriety and temperance. From this we
+drew the inference that the production should be encouraged and its
+increase hailed as a sure pledge of improvement in the matters of
+drunkenness, disorder and crime. The same conclusion was reached by
+Dr. Bowditch as the result of correspondence conducted with a view to
+ascertaining fully the actual state of the case at home and abroad. He
+caused a series of inquiries to be carefully prepared and forwarded
+to thirty-three resident American ambassadors and to one hundred and
+thirty-two consuls, also to many other men in private or official
+positions, whose statements and opinions would be entitled to respect.
+When the answers were received the unanimity of the opinions expressed
+was almost startling. _All_ are in favor of beer as a light, wholesome
+beverage, superior even to the light wines. Following are given a few
+extracts from the great mass of answers received:
+
+A physician in Massachusetts writes, “I should make a distinction
+between the use of intoxicating liquors and the lighter drinks. What
+a blessing it would be for the community if we could furnish the
+people with the best of lager beer and dispense with distilled liquors
+entirely.”
+
+Another physician, also resident in Massachusetts, says, “I have had
+a very large practice among the Germans for twenty years, and my
+observation has been that they are remarkably free from consumption and
+chronic diseases. I have attributed it to their free use of lager beer,
+and do conscientiously believe that the moderate use of this beverage
+is beneficial.”
+
+A letter from the consulate general of the United States at
+Frankfort-on-the-Main, reads thus: “Twenty years ago the state of
+affairs in reference to temperance was different. By the improvement
+in making beer and the selling of it to the people at large, at low
+prices, things have changed wonderfully. Drunkards have disappeared. A
+great deal less of cider and wine is consumed. Everybody now generally
+drinks beer. Intoxication has decreased. It cannot be said that the
+general health of the people suffers in this part of Germany. In the
+city of Frankfort, with a population of over one hundred thousand, and
+an average annual mortality of fifteen hundred, hardly five persons
+on an average have died of delirium tremens, which all the eminent,
+physicians here attribute to the free use of lager beer.”
+
+Mr. John Jay of the United States Legation at Vienna says: “I am
+advised by those in whose judgment I have full confidence, that the
+chief drinks in Austria are wine but particularly beer, the latter
+of which is drunk by all classes of society at home and at places of
+amusement, and that but comparatively a small amount of spirituous
+liquors is consumed except in Galicia. Touching the relative amount of
+intoxication in the country where I am residing, and that seen all over
+the United States, I do say that I have seen more intoxicated persons
+in the streets of New York in one day than I have chanced to see in
+Vienna during the past year.”
+
+Baron Liebig, the eminent chemist, makes the following statements:
+“Beer unites in its composition a number of constituents whose action
+is such as to more or less completely neutralize the alcohol whose
+tendency is to exalt the function of the brain and nervous system.”
+
+“Fermented juices, in general, differ from spirits in containing
+alkalies, organic acids and certain other substances.”
+
+“Pure lager beer when taken with lean flesh and little bread yields a
+diet approaching to milk, and with fat meat, approaching to rice or
+potatoes.” And in another place, “In beer-drinking countries, it is the
+universal medicine for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is
+milk to the aged.”
+
+Dr. Schlaeger of Vienna, also a distinguished chemist, says:
+
+“It is my opinion, based on numerous cases that have come under my
+professional observation, that delirium tremens and other maladies
+to which inebriates are subject are caused chiefly by the use of
+_distilled liquors_. Therefore the manufacture and sale of beer should
+be encouraged. It should be free from taxation in order that it may be
+placed within the reach of all at a low price and thoroughly take the
+place of ardent spirits.”
+
+The editor of the Chicago _Tribune_, writing from Germany, says:
+“Drunkenness is so rare and infrequent that it may be said not to
+exist. I have traveled thousands of miles through Germany, in various
+directions, visiting nearly all the chief cities, and have made
+diligent inquiry of American consuls and other well-informed persons,
+and received but one answer everywhere, _viz._, no drunkenness among
+the Germans; public sentiment would not tolerate it; the habits of the
+country are all against it. And what is the reason of this freedom from
+inebriation? It is the total absence of whisky and the substitution of
+lager beer.”
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN’S HOUSE AND BREWERY IN PENNSBURY, BUCKS
+COUNTY, PA. (See page 26.)]
+
+Mr. Y. G. Hurd wrote to Mr. Bowditch in reference to the beer question
+and after referring to the records of the Essex police court and
+alluding to intemperance caused by ardent spirits, continued as
+follows: “Of all our commitments 60 per cent. are directly traceable
+to drunkenness. Is the enforcement of a prohibitory or any other law
+alone to rid us of the monster? Were there only the pecuniary interest
+of the liquor traffic to meet, powerful as it is, the result would not,
+be doubtful. But there are climatic influences, the universal desire
+for stimulants, the education of our civilization for some centuries,
+social customs and hereditary tendencies, all tending in a greater or
+less degree to perpetuate the evil. * * * * * A visit to Chicago and my
+observation there of the habits of the German population, first brought
+to my mind doubts that total abstinence will ever be an accomplished
+fact. I visited the beer gardens on Sunday to see how the Germans spend
+the day. There was a band of music, a dance floor, rude seats and
+tables like our New England picnics, in a beautiful grove, and lager
+in such quantities as I had never conceived. Everybody, old and young,
+drank and seemed to continue to drink during the afternoon. But lager
+was the only beverage. No liquors, no drunkenness and no fights or
+disorderly conduct. The young men and maidens were merry and danced,
+the elder drank and talked with the gravity and dignity becoming to
+respectable German citizens; the children sipped their glass of lager
+and gamboled on the grass, and all went home apparently sober, to
+resume without doubt, their usual avocations on the morrow. There were
+probably two thousand persons taking their weekly recreation, and this
+was only one of half a dozen similar places about the suburbs of the
+city. Now if this had been an American or Irish congregation, and the
+beverage the usual vile concoctions called whisky, gin and brandy,
+would not the closing scenes of the afternoon have been very different?
+Broken heads, bloody noses, and the wayside strewn with the wrecks
+of humanity in beastly intoxication. I thought if we could be rid of
+the grosser liquors—banish them, put them in the pale of dangerous
+drugs to be only dispensed by the physician like other poisons, and
+substitute the lager of the Germans and the light wines of France and
+_our own country_—should we not be doing our best to exterminate the
+curse of drunkenness? I expect we shall yet come to this conclusion.
+The difficulty is that with the tastes of our people, lager and wines
+will be, indeed, now are, a cover for the sale of the grosser liquors,
+and worse than all, these liquors are without exception, adulterated
+or poisonous. I have written at your request this somewhat candid
+statement of my present views as briefly as possible.”
+
+A physician who has under his professional charge, a large institution
+for the maintenance of aged persons, informs us that the demand for
+stimulus in the form of tea is a matter of constant observation, and
+he moreover gives it as his opinion that from twenty to twenty-five
+per cent. of the whole number are _tea sots_, drinking tea regularly
+from four to six times a day and as much oftener as they can procure
+it. They show the effect of this over-stimulation by increased mental
+irritability, muscular tremors and a greater or less degree of
+sleeplessness. Another fact to the same purport has been communicated
+to us by a friend. A domestic in the family sometimes appeared
+intoxicated and as it was certain she could not get at any of the
+liquors generally considered intoxicating, the circumstance excited no
+little surprise and curiosity. At last the problem was solved by the
+discovery that she drank large quantities of the strongest tea. This it
+will be seen is in exact conformity with the opinion of Mr. Gladstone
+as previously quoted, and more or less marked cases of the same nature
+have doubtless been observed by many of our readers.
+
+A. Schwarz, Esq., of New York, the editor of “Der Americanische
+Bierbrauer,” a man known in both hemispheres, as an able writer and
+chemical student, who by his life-long study in fermented beverages
+has won for himself the thanks of every brewer, writes thus: “Among
+all drinks, as well those which nature furnishes in abundance as those
+which are produced by human skill, lager beer especially commends
+itself by its properties as an excellent beverage.
+
+“Milk contains nutritious substances (protein) and various salts.
+
+“Wine contains alcohol and small quantities of salts.
+
+“Mineral waters, which render such valuable service to the diseased
+human organism, contain carbonic acid and salt.
+
+“Coffee and tea contain volatile aromatic oils and alkaloids.
+
+“Strong spirituous liquors, as whisky, brandy, rum, arrack and gin,
+contain only more or less alcohol, with some etherial oils.
+
+“The various popular so-called temperance drinks are distinguished only
+by their watery contents, which are flavored with sugar and extracts of
+plants and herbs to make them taste less insipid.
+
+“Beer contains protein, alcohol, salts and carbonic acid gas, and hence
+possesses nutritious, stimulating and refreshing properties.
+
+“It is not our intention to write a eulogy of beer. We will only state
+in its favor what cannot be denied by any man, be he a physician or a
+mechanic, a philosopher or a manufacturer, a chemist or an engineer, a
+wine-drinker or a temperance man.
+
+“We denote as extracts of beer those solid substances which are not,
+through the fermentation of the wort, transformed into volatile bodies,
+and therefore remain as a sediment after the evaporation of the beer.
+This extract consists of malt sugar obtained by the mashing process, of
+albumen contained in the malt and now dissolved, and of certain salts,
+especially phosphoric salt, which were originally contained in the
+barley, and have not been lost during the process of brewing.
+
+“The amount of the extract of beer mainly depends on the original
+concentration of the wort and on that state of fermentation in which
+the beer is consumed; it varies from three to eight per cent.
+
+“By virtue of its protein and its salts, it has a very nutritious
+effect upon the human organism, and though it does so in a less degree
+than meat or bread, yet on account of the form of solution in which
+it appears in the beer, it is easier assimilated, _i. e._, it easily
+enters the organism and plays a prominent part in the formation of
+milk, muscle, flesh and bones,—and the quantity of alcohol contained in
+beer is so small and so much diluted with water, that it can produce
+intoxication only if consumed in a very great quantity, _i. e._, by an
+immoderate use.”
+
+An international congress has just been held in Paris on “Alcoholism,”
+and the Belgian delegate, Dr. Barella, constituted himself the
+champion of beer. He contended that the consumption of spirits should
+be discountenanced, because these beverages are harmful, and that
+the consumption of beer should be encouraged, because it is a sound,
+wholesome and harmless drink. He pointed out that in countries where
+the wines are good, and the beers agreeable and nutritive, much less
+spirits are consumed, and _vice versa_.
+
+Following is a summary of the points made in the report of Dr. Bowditch
+previously quoted. They will be found useful and interesting, and
+the whole document deserves the highest praise for thoroughness of
+investigation, caution of statement and fairness of spirit.
+
+1st. Stimulants are used everywhere, and at times abused, by savage and
+by civilized men. Consequently intoxication occurs all over the globe.
+
+2nd. This love of stimulants is one of the strongest instincts. It
+cannot be annihilated, but may be regulated by reason, by conscience,
+by education, or by law when it encroaches on the rights of others.
+
+3rd. Climatic law governs it, the tendency to indulge to intoxication
+being not only greater as we go from the heat of the equator towards
+the north, but the character of that intoxication becoming more violent.
+
+4th. Owing to this cosmic law intemperance is very rare near the
+equator. It is there a social crime and a disgrace of the deepest dye.
+Licentiousness and gambling are small offenses compared with it. To
+call a man a drunkard is the highest of insults. On the contrary at the
+north of 50° it is very frequent, is less of a disgrace and is by no
+means a social crime.
+
+5th. Intemperance causes little or no crime toward the equator. It is
+an almost constant cause of crime either directly or indirectly at the
+north above 50°.
+
+6th. Intemperance is modified by race as shown in the different
+tendencies to intoxication of different people.
+
+7th. Races are modified physically and morally by the kind of liquor
+they use as proved by examination of the returns from Austria and
+Switzerland.
+
+8th. Beer, native light grape wines and ardent spirits should not
+be classed together, for they produce very different effects on the
+individual and upon the race.
+
+9th. German beer and ale can be used even freely without any very
+apparent injury to the individual, or without causing intoxication.
+They contain very small percentages of alcohol (4 or 4.5 to 6.50 per
+cent.). Light grape wines, unfortified by an extra amount of alcohol,
+can be drunk less freely but without apparent injury to the race, and
+with exhilaration rather than drunkenness. Some writers think they do
+no harm but a real good if used moderately. They never produce the
+violent crazy drunkenness, so noticeable from the use of the ardent
+spirits of the north. Ardent spirits, on the contrary, unless used very
+moderately, and with great temperance, and with the determination to
+omit them as soon as the occasion has passed for their use, are almost
+always injurious, if continued even moderately for any length of time,
+for they gradually encroach on the vital powers. If used immoderately
+they cause a beastly narcotism which makes the victim regardless of all
+the amenities and even the decencies of life, or perhaps they render
+him furiously crazy, so that he may murder his best friend.
+
+10th. Races may be educated to evil by bad laws, or by the introduction
+of bad habits. France and a small part of Switzerland are beginning to
+suffer from the introduction of absinthe and other spirituous liquors.
+Especially is this noticeable since the late Franco-German war.
+
+11th. A race, when it emigrates, carries its habits with it. For a time
+at least, those habits may override all climatic law.
+
+12th. England has thus overshadowed our whole country with its love
+of strong drinks, and with its habits of intoxication, as it has more
+recently covered Ceylon, parts of the East and Australia.
+
+13th. This influence on our own country is greater now than it would
+have been if our forefathers, the early settlers, had cultivated the
+vine, which would have been practicable, as seen by the examples of
+Ohio and California, and from the fact that the whole of the United
+States lies in the region of the earth’s surface suited to the grape
+culture.
+
+14th. If these early settlers had done this our nation would probably
+have been more temperate, and a vast industry like that of France, of
+Spain and of Italy and Germany, in light native wines, would long ago
+have sprung up.
+
+15th. The example set by California and Ohio[21] should be followed by
+the whole country, where the vine can be grown. As a temperance measure
+it behooves every good citizen to promote that most desirable object.
+We should also allow the light, unfortified wines of Europe to be
+introduced free of duty instead of the large one now imposed. Instead
+of refusing the German lager beer, we should seek to have it introduced
+into the present “grog shops” and thus substitute a comparatively
+innoxious article for those potent liquors, which now bring disaster
+and death into so many families.
+
+[21] Ohio has already made very great progress in this direction, and
+its wines are lighter than those of California. [Author.]
+
+16th. The moral sense of the community should be aroused to the
+enormity of the evils flowing from keeping an open bar for the sale of
+ardent spirits, while those for the sale of light wines and of lager
+beer or ale should not be opposed, except for the sale to habitual
+drunkards after due notice from friends. Sellers violating such law
+might be compelled to support for a time the family of their victim.
+
+17th. The horrid nature of drunkenness should be impressed by every
+means in our power upon the moral sense of the people. The habitual
+drunkard should be punished, or if he be a _dipsomaniac_, he should be
+placed in an inebriate asylum for medical and moral treatment, until he
+has gained sufficient self-respect to enable him to overcome his love
+of drink.
+
+We give next an extract from an article written by Dr. Willard Parker,
+which article was printed March 20th, 1879, in the _Religious Herald_,
+a temperance paper published at Hartford, Conn. Dr. Parker says:
+“We have never had a single case of an inebriate in the asylum at
+Binghamton, (N. Y.,) who came here from using fermented beverages, he
+may have begun with them and gone on to other and stronger liquors,
+but the mere fermented beverages did not make an inebriate of him;
+* * * and while men use simply fermented liquors with no more alcohol
+than comes from their fermentation, drunkenness is but little known.”
+He says also that fermentation is a process of nature which will
+continue to exist as long as there is sugar and starch. Fermentation
+is the work of omnipotence, not the work of man, it grows out of the
+very constitution of things and is as truly a divine process as growth
+itself.
+
+Professor Mulder of Amsterdam remarks in the preface to his “Chemistry
+of Beer,” page IV., “I dare say without exaggeration that we find
+united in beer all the wholesome substances that are met separately
+in the various carbonic acid mineral waters, in wine and in bread,”
+and in reference to the alcoholic property of beer he says, page 461:
+“Many people are prejudicially influenced by the frequent misuse of
+alcoholic beverages and kept from reasoning honestly and truly as to
+their salubrious effects in a diluted form such as we find in beer. If
+we consider the beneficial effects of good beer on the system we cannot
+help attributing a share in the result to the alcoholic element, even
+if it be held that alcohol has in itself no nutritive power.” The same
+opinion is held by Prof. Pittenkofer, the renowned and well-deserving
+chemist and hygienist, on the strength of numerous observations and
+results of minute examination.
+
+Professor Stahlschmied formerly at Berlin and at present at the royal
+polytechnic school at Aix-la-Chapelle, says in his work “Chemistry
+in reference to Fermentation,” page 255: “Up to the present time,
+experiments on the nourishing properties of beer have not been
+sufficiently numerous to furnish definite conclusions. It is not so
+much the small amount of organic extract that is to be considered as
+the ashes and phosphates which are here provided in a form easy of
+assimilation. In this respect beer is next to milk and furnishes an
+aliment that is directly bone producing.” It is well known that beer
+is very commonly taken by nursing women on account of its nourishing
+and milk-producing qualities and the fact furnishes evidence from
+experience to the same purport as the technical statement just quoted.
+
+The report of the Department of Agriculture at Washington as far back
+as the year 1866 speaks as follows: “The intemperate use of beer is
+like the intemperate use of anything detrimental to health, but a
+moderate use of pure beer will aid digestion, quicken the powers of
+life, and give elasticity to the body and mind and will not produce
+any of the terrible results named by fanatics and ignorant people. In
+certain forms of dyspepsia it is a valuable assistant to other remedies
+and in some cases of debility requiring a mild tonic and gentle
+stimulant beer has been found of the greatest benefit.”
+
+Touching the nutritious properties of beer as compared with the grain
+from which it is made Professor Mulder says: “The food value of beer as
+compared with grain is as one to fourteen, no account being made of the
+food value of the alcohol contained in beer. The albumen value of beer
+as compared with grain is as one to six, the fat as one to seventy and
+the chemical salts as one to twenty-five. On the whole, the latest and
+most trustworthy results of scientific investigation go to show that a
+well brewed beer, properly compounded with hops and well matured, is to
+be considered a beverage which has a most beneficial influence on the
+transmutation of substances in the human body; if moderately taken.”
+
+Sir Henry Labouchere, editor of “Truth” and formerly member of
+Parliament for Windsor and Middlesex, an accomplished linguist, and
+fitted both as an original thinker and by experience in the diplomatic
+_corps_ at most of the capitals of Europe, to form a just opinion, says
+that experience shows that beer is a most wholesome beverage, that when
+pure it is not intoxicating and can be drunk freely, that its use adds
+to the health and strength of man, that intoxication hardly exists
+where it is the national beverage and that its introduction in all
+parts of the world would be a blessing to mankind.
+
+Professors Ure and Huxley, Dr. Harvey, Dr. Abercrombie and Bayard
+Taylor, the celebrated traveler and recent ambassador at the court at
+Berlin, as also our great statesman and historian George Bancroft,
+all came, after careful study and personal observation, to the same
+conclusion, that beer is not only healthy, refreshing and enlivening
+as a beverage, but also an excellent means of rooting out the love of
+strong drink and securing genuine temperance.
+
+Dr. A. Baer, member of the Royal Sanitary Council, and chief physician
+at the prisons of Berlin and Ploetzensee near Berlin has, within
+a few months, published a valuable work on alcoholism. He says,
+“Beer is of all drinks best adapted for a stimulating beverage of
+general consumption. It combines with the refreshing, animating and
+thirst-quenching elements, distinct nutritive qualities, mainly due
+to the abundant presence of certain salts, and thus becomes one of
+the very best substitutes for extract of meat. The greater number of
+characteristic principles of the one are found in the other, but the
+decided nervous animation experienced after drinking beer is chiefly
+due to the large portion of phosphate of potassa, which _Mitcherlich_
+says forms 20 parts in 100 of beer ashes, and which, according to
+Ranke, constitutes the principal active ingredient in meat broth. To
+the presence of this salt, beer owes its strengthening influence during
+convalescence and in cases of general debility, and its marked tendency
+to produce corpulency, as shown in beer-drinkers. In addition to this
+the bitter principle of the hops has a tonic power of marked value in
+assisting digestion while the modicum of alcohol has a stimulating and
+animating effect on the brain. On the whole, beer as a beverage cannot
+be excelled, as it possesses a number of qualities which jointly have a
+most salutary effect upon the human organism.”
+
+In a report presented a short time ago to the Industrial Society of
+Mulhouse the well-known Dr. Schoellamer thus speaks of beer:
+
+“Beer is one of the best drinks that we can recommend, its consumption
+being most wholesome. Good beer ought to be regarded as an excellent
+drink, capable in itself of replacing all other fermented drinks. Thus
+its moderate consumption must be strongly recommended. If its price is
+high a great obstacle is placed in the way of a natural consumption.
+
+“Beer contains from two to eight per cent. of alcohol, a dose of
+carbonic acid equal to three or four times its volume; when it is
+exposed to the air it loses all its gas. It contains besides azote and
+phosphates; for example, a liter of good beer, made exclusively with
+hops and barley, contains 0.80 gr. of azote, which corresponds to 5.26
+grains of albuminoid matters. There are again from 0.60 gr. to 0.80 gr.
+of phosphoric acid, that is as much as in 530 grammes of meat or 220
+grammes of bread. The solid extract of beer contains salts favorable to
+nutrition, etc. It is on these accounts that beer may be considered a
+beverage of the first order.
+
+“It slacks thirst admirably, and as it contains a great deal of water
+it is perhaps the best of all for that purpose. As an alcoholic drink
+it is superior to all spirituous liquors. It is the most tonic, the
+most operative, and the most nourishing. Complete drunkenness is almost
+impossible with ordinary beer, whatever quantity may be consumed; what
+is known as “alcoholism” is not produced by it. In fact beer exercises
+on the human economy a tonic, nutritive, diuretic, and slightly
+stupefying action, the last effect being due to the essential oil
+contained in the hops, but large quantities must be absorbed before
+this effect can be produced.”
+
+Professor W. Nasse, president of the Society of Medical Officers of
+Insane Asylums in Germany, presented for consideration at their annual
+meeting held at Hamburg, Sept. 17, 1876, the following question: “How
+can we specially assist in preventing the injury which results from
+the use of alcoholic liquors?” It was decided that the only means was
+in promoting the use of good mild beer. The same opinion has been
+expressed by Dr. Selman in an address delivered at Dusseldorf, and also
+by Dr. Roller of Illenau, a meritorious specialist in mental diseases,
+and by Professors Griesinger of Zurich and Schreiber-Berzelius of
+Sweden. All the authorities just quoted hold a high rank in their
+profession, and contributions from their pens frequently appear in the
+_Quarterly Journal of Inebriety_, published at Hartford, Conn.
+
+The Contemporary Review has lately published a series of papers on the
+same topic, written in a popular style by several London physicians of
+celebrity, including Dr. Walter Moxon, Sir James Paget and others, and
+all opposing the doctrine of total abstinence and declaring themselves
+in favor of beer as a promotive of the real temperance cause. Dr.
+Albert T. Bernays, too, has considered with great minuteness the cause
+of intemperance and his conclusion is that beer is the safest kind of
+alcohol and should be adopted as a common beverage by all classes of
+people.
+
+In the Minnesota Legislature when the prohibitory law was under
+consideration, Dr. Riley, a representative from Houston county, spoke
+as follows: “In the district where I reside there is a large number of
+Germans who have come from the old country and planted grapes, and now
+there are magnificent vineyards stretching along the hillsides where
+formerly there was not grass enough to feed a sheep. They raise large
+quantities of very fine grapes which they ship all over the country.
+They also make very fine wine. The proposed law will destroy these
+vineyards of my constituents. * * * Perhaps it will be necessary to
+pass a law to protect those miserable drunkards who cannot protect
+themselves but it is not necessary to restrain others of their liberty
+to drink when they want or need it.
+
+“Why, I have seen ladies at a tea-party, perhaps not drunk, but
+certainly very jolly from drinking tea, and yet they come to this
+Legislature with petitions signed by all whom they could influence
+or bulldoze into signing, men, women or children to the number of
+ten thousand. There are eight hundred thousand people in Minnesota,
+and we are proposing to let these ten thousand override the other
+seven hundred and ninety thousand. They claim as prohibitionists that
+drinking tends to impoverish the people. Do you believe that? Look at
+the Germans! Many of them take a piece of land that would scarcely
+support a hog and make a fortune of it. They all drink beer. They take
+their wives and their children to the beer garden and sit down and
+drink their beer every day, and even the babe in arms will stretch
+to get a taste of it. These people are not impoverished by it. These
+people are so healthy in my neighborhood that I have actually not been
+able to make a living out of my German constituents.
+
+“They say it tends to the degeneration of the human race. How does it
+happen that in New England where prohibitory laws are in force the
+race has so degenerated that they do not seem to be able to raise any
+children? Look at the Germans who drink beer all the time. You will
+find a large family of healthy children in almost every German house.
+Are they degenerated?
+
+“The children of total abstinence people are constantly dying. From the
+vital statistics of Minnesota I learn that over two thousand children
+died last year under two years of age. They would not have died if they
+had been fed on good wholesome beer. I would advise mothers—and I have
+advised them in my practice—to give their sickly children plenty of
+beer, and I know I have saved many an infant’s life. Beer is the best
+cure for dyspepsia in the world. I have cured women of this terrible
+disease by advising them to drink three glasses of beer every day, and
+I say again to you mothers that if you will drink beer and feed your
+children on beer you will raise more and healthier children.
+
+“Referring to the vital statistics of the state, I find that but six
+men died of intemperance during last year—two of delirium tremens and
+four of something else, which they couldn’t tell anything about, and
+so called it intemperance. And yet you want to stop drinking. Eleven
+were killed by horses during the same time. Why don’t you abolish
+horses—never use them or go near them? Thirty-five committed suicide.
+Why don’t you prohibit the use of firearms and knives, and drain all
+your lakes and rivers for fear some poor fool will drown himself? Some
+152 died of heart disease. I don’t want any heart in mine. Twenty
+ladies were scalded to death. You ought to prohibit the use of hot
+water for fear that more ladies will get into it and perish.
+
+“England away across the sea has brewed beer for many hundred years and
+will continue to brew for thousands of years more, and to the fact that
+the English people have drunk beer all that time I do conscientiously
+attribute her present greatness. Beer-drinkers are slow but sure. Look
+at Germany, that great nation. We could not pay her for the money we
+have borrowed of her. Her great army, the best in the world, her great
+statesmen, her philosophers, were all raised on beer.”
+
+[Illustration: _Fred Lauer_
+
+HONORARY PRESIDENT UNITED STATES BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION]
+
+The Hon. Frederick Lauer in a speech before the Brewers’ Convention at
+St. Louis, June 4, 1879, thus presents a phase of the beer question
+which is certainly of importance:
+
+“What we now want to ensure the future happiness and prosperity
+of the country is the enactment of liberal laws to induce the
+industrious classes of overcrowded Europe to flock to our shores.
+We want immigration for the purpose of building up our towns and
+cities, developing our manufacturing enterprises, and cultivating the
+millions of fertile acres in this country now lying idle. The thrifty
+German is accustomed to his daily ration of beer. In the land of his
+nativity he has his parks and public gardens, where family unions
+and social gatherings take place amid the ecstatic influence of the
+foaming lager. The English, Irish, Scotch, and people of other European
+countries are noted patrons of malt liquors. The greatest liberality
+should, therefore, be shown them in the indulgence in their customary
+beverages in the land of their adoption. With the more general use of
+malt liquors the hundreds of quack medicines now in the market will
+disappear, as it has been proved by experience in countries where malt
+beverages are the popular drink, that health and longevity are marked
+features, and dyspepsia and chronic complaints are rare. The tide of
+emigration is again swelling to this country. According to the _New
+York Herald_ of the first of May last, the total number of immigrants
+landed at New York for the first three months of 1879 was 11,288, more
+than two-thirds of whom came from Germany, England and Ireland. The
+emigration of aliens to the United States from 1789 to 1877 is set down
+in round numbers at 10,000,000, who, with their descendants have built
+up this great nation. Since May 5, 1847, the emigration to this country
+has reached 5,732,183 souls. In view of these facts nothing should be
+done to interfere with the happiness of those who seek our shores, but
+by means of wise laws they should be protected in the enjoyment of
+their rights and privileges. To be successful as a government we should
+invite immigration, and develop our great natural resources, and then
+by promoting health and temperate habits by the adoption of beer as the
+national beverage, we will increase as a nation, and be in truth and in
+fact the greatest country on the face of the earth.”
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER XII.
+
+                             CONCLUSION.
+
+
+In the foregoing pages it has been impossible to give a hundredth part
+of the evidence that lies ready at hand in this matter of the use and
+effects of beer, but we have endeavored, by careful selection, to
+present such as must have weight with all readers. Nothing has been
+stated as a fact which cannot be amply corroborated, and no inference
+drawn that did not seem to be fully warranted by the premises. It has
+been shown that beer is wholesome, and so mildly alcoholic as to make
+drunkenness from its use very uncommon. A man who drinks in order to
+become intoxicated, can, no doubt, accomplish his purpose with beer;
+but such men are almost unknown where beer is the common beverage.
+This abnormal impulse usually comes only in consequence of a course of
+ardent spirits.
+
+The evidence as to the cure of intemperance by the introduction of a
+free use of beer is especially important, and one of the most striking
+instances of such success is to be found in the case of Denmark, to
+which we desire again to call special attention. This is the central
+point of the whole question. Heartily desiring the progress of genuine
+temperance, and fully believing that all efforts in the direction of
+prohibition are false in theory and injurious in practice, that they
+do not prevent intemperance and do produce many other evils, we hold
+that the safe and only course is to popularize the use of beer, and
+cannot doubt that government would do well to foster its manufacture
+in every practicable way, and that taxation on the product should
+be abolished, or at least made very light. Such a course would not
+merely secure the very end which has been unsuccessfully attempted by
+prohibitory laws, but it would do much more. It would diminish the poor
+rates, save the money spent in prosecutions, which, after all, do no
+real good, and incidentally improve the whole business condition. Some
+refreshing, stimulating drink the people will have, and legislators
+should seek to guide the instinct, not eradicate it. Men of the highest
+scientific authority have again and again pronounced beer to be not
+merely harmless, but beneficial. Experience in the countries where it
+is most used develops the same result, and the readiness with which it
+is adopted in place of ardent spirits, whenever it is of good quality
+and low price, shows how easily the experiment of temperance on this
+basis can be tried. Even advocates of total abstinence must admit
+that beer is better than whisky. The fact that it adds greatly to the
+enjoyment of a people must not be ignored. Here in America we are apt
+to forget all but the work-a-day part of life, but the demand for
+recreation exists and must be gratified in some way, and almost always
+recreation is social, and is made more enjoyable and cheerful by some
+mild stimulant. It refreshes and enlivens, and so contributes directly
+to the social happiness that is the object sought.
+
+It is to be hoped that legislators in general will soon learn to take
+broader views than seem generally to have prevailed in the past.
+Statesmanship is not bounded by the views of one or the other party
+and is affected by no popular clamor. It does not enact a law because
+it is loudly demanded by a certain set of persons, especially if these
+persons have a hobby to ride, no matter how earnestly they may believe
+in it. A statesman will see for instance in this temperance question,
+that the stay of drunkenness must be through a social change. Legal
+prohibition can do little while all the other conditions of the problem
+remain unchanged. Something must be given for what is forbidden. If
+beer is encouraged ardent spirits can be driven out, and when this idea
+is once thoroughly understood and put in practice we shall have the
+temperance era, so long expected and so ardently desired.
+
+There is another subject which we approach with some reluctance,
+knowing that however carefully our words may be weighed, there is
+a large number of estimable individuals throughout the country and
+particularly in the Eastern states, to whom they will probably give
+offense. We allude to what is called the Sunday question, and the topic
+is treated here because in this country beer drinking is, in the common
+mind, intimately associated with the German Americans and their custom
+of spending part of Sunday in recreation in a beer garden. The fact
+that they do so has been more than once used as an argument against
+them and against the use of beer, as if there were any real connection
+between the character of the drink and such a custom on the part of its
+greatest consumers even supposing the custom to be actually harmful or
+immoral. As such a feeling exists, however, it seems worth while to
+call attention to the fact that what is known as the New England Sunday
+is not an essential part of Christianity as so many honestly suppose,
+but something that in comparison with Christianity is new and local. We
+need hardly say that in the early days of the church it was distinctly
+taught that the time of the Jewish sabbath was past and for several
+hundred years this view was generally held. Notice the following
+passages from the New Testament:
+
+  “The law and the prophets were until John. * * Old things are passed
+  away; behold all things are become new. * * Brethren ye have been
+  called unto liberty; only use not that liberty for an occasion to the
+  flesh, but by love serve one another. For all the law is fulfilled in
+  one word, even in this: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. * *
+  Love worketh no ill to his neighbor.
+
+  “If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is
+  perfected in us. * * For love is of God; and every one that loveth is
+  born of God and knoweth God. He that loveth not, knoweth not God; for
+  God is love. * * But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and
+  walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that
+  darkness hath blinded his eyes.
+
+  “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another. * *
+  Love is the fulfilling of the law.”
+
+Jesus himself taught the disregard of the sabbath as a day of ceasing
+from labor or recreation and are we to suppose that both his teaching
+and practice had no meaning?
+
+Paul says, “One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth
+every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. Let
+no man therefore judge you in respect of a holy day or of the new moon
+or of the sabbath days.”
+
+The first legal enactment requiring an observance of Sunday as a
+Sabbath, was foisted upon the Christian world A. D. 321, by Constantine
+the Great—a heartless tyrant who had caused seven members of his family
+to be put to death in cold blood, that he might attain political
+and religious supremacy! He embraced Christianity because the Pagan
+priests and pontiffs could not grant him absolution, and would not
+fraternize with such a murderous monster! Hence he became the father
+of the so-called Sunday laws. Even Constantine’s decree did not
+interdict recreation nor the tillage of the soil. In general, through
+the Christian world, the day was a holiday, such as it now is on the
+continent of Europe. There the hours of service in the churches fall,
+usually, in the morning, and are strictly observed while the rest of
+the day is universally given to enjoyment. Let those, however, who are
+accustomed to cry out at the notion of a continental Sunday, remember
+that they are themselves the innovators, and let them, too, examine the
+following passages from the writings of men whose names must command
+respect, and not one of whom would speak in such a matter without
+mature consideration:
+
+  “It will be plainly seen that Jesus did decidedly and avowedly
+  VIOLATE THE SABBATH. The dogma of the assembly of divines at
+  Westminster, that the observance of the Sabbath is a part of the
+  moral law, is to me utterly unintelligible.”—Archbishop Whately.
+
+  “As for the seventh day, that has gone to its grave with the signs
+  and shadows of the Old Testament. Its imposition by law leads to
+  blood and stoning to death those who do but gather sticks thereon; a
+  thing which no way becomes the gospel.”—Bunyan.
+
+  “The law of the Sabbath being thus repealed, that no particular day
+  of worship has been appointed in its place is evident.”—Milton.
+
+  “They who think that by the authority of the Church, the observance
+  of the Lord’s day was appointed instead of the Sabbath, as if
+  necessary, are greatly deceived.—Melancthon.
+
+  * * “And truly we see what such a doctrine has profited; for those
+  who adopt it far exceed the Jews in a gross, carnal and superstitious
+  observance of the Sabbath.”—John Calvin.
+
+  “As regards the Sabbath or Sunday, there is no necessity for
+  keeping it; but if we do it ought not to be on account of Moses’s
+  commandment, but because nature teaches us from time to time to
+  take a day of rest. * * If anywhere the day is made holy for the
+  mere day’s sake, then I order you to work on it, to ride on it, to
+  dance on it, to do anything that will reprove this encroachment on
+  Christian spirit and liberty.”—Martin Luther.
+
+  “These things refute those who suppose that the first day of the
+  week (that is, the Lord’s day), was substituted in place of the
+  Sabbath, for no mention is made of such a thing by Christ or his
+  Apostles.”—Grotius.
+
+Tyndale the martyr, Erasmus, Paley, McNight and a host of other
+Christian authorities, were and are of the same opinion regarding
+Sabbath observance. England and America stand practically alone in
+retaining so much of the Jewish Sabbath. Here is a letter from Benjamin
+Franklin to Jared Ingersoll of New Haven, Conn., which bears directly
+on the subject and may be read with both interest and profit by those
+who concern themselves in Sunday laws.[22]
+
+[22] The original is in the possession of the New Haven Colony
+Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN,
+
+The Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Pennsylvania, 1644-1718. (See page
+26.)]
+
+                  PHILADELPHIA, December 11, 1762.
+
+  “I should be glad to know what it is that distinguishes Connecticut
+  Religion from common Religion:—communicate, if you please, some of
+  these particulars that you think will amuse me as a virtuoso. When I
+  traveled in Flanders I thought of your excessively strict observation
+  of Sunday; and that a man could hardly travel on that day among
+  you upon this lawful occasion, without Hazard of Punishment, while
+  where I was every one traveled, if he pleased, or diverted himself
+  in any other way; and in the afternoon both high and low went to
+  the Play or the Opera, where there was plenty of Singing, Fiddling
+  and Dancing. I looked around for God’s Judgments, but saw no signs
+  of them. The Cities were well built and full of Inhabitants, the
+  Markets filled with Plenty, the People well favored and well clothed;
+  the Fields well tilled; the Cattle fat and strong; the Fences,
+  Houses and Windows all in Repair; and no _Old Tenor_ anywhere in the
+  Country;—which would almost make one suspect that the Deity is not so
+  angry at that offense as a New England Justice.”
+
+                                                            B. FRANKLIN.
+
+A correspondent of the New York _Staats-Zeitung_[23] writes as follows:
+“The Emperor of Germany has made a contribution to the discussion of
+the Sunday question, that is very much to the point. It is an address
+to the Prussian Synod, which had recently objected to the holding of
+a review on Sunday, and reads thus: ‘He who instituted the Sabbath
+has declared that the Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the
+Sabbath. The puritanic and Calvinistic conception of the Sabbath as a
+day of penance and repentance, has always been foreign to the feeling
+and taste of the German people.’”
+
+[23] New York _Staats-Zeitung_, Nov. 1, 1879.
+
+These words of the Emperor will receive the hearty assent of every
+German-American, and preachers and pietists may as well understand
+that Germans in America will struggle as long for their free Sunday
+as Germans in their old home have for a free German Rhine. They have
+conquered back the “sacred stream” and something more into the bargain,
+and we here shall have no less success in securing a free, cheerful
+Sunday, if we remain united and true to our principles.
+
+England formerly held the same views that then and since have prevailed
+on the continent, but gradually the liberty of the day was restricted
+and its character wholly changed. We have lately met with an excellent
+summary of the course of legislation that produced this result. It
+marks clearly the various stages of the restrictive process and we
+cannot do better than reproduce it here for the benefit of readers to
+whom it may prove novel.
+
+“Prior to the statute of 1676, any act done on Sunday, except in
+proceedings of courts, was of the same binding force as if performed on
+any other day. Parliament sat on that day, for in the reign of Edward
+I., in 1278 and 1305, three statutes were made on Sunday. Nor did the
+first restraining laws make any distinction between Sundays and other
+holy days. Thus the statute of 28 Edward III., Cap. 14, in 1357, says:
+“Shewing of wools (_i. e._, by merchants) shall be made at the staple
+every day in the week except the Sunday and solemn feasts of the year.”
+No further enactment was made touching the matter in question for
+nearly 100 years; but in 1448 was passed the act of 27 Henry VI., Cap.
+5, entitled, “Certain days wherein fairs and markets ought not to be
+kept,” which sets forth that “The King hath ordained that all manner
+of fairs and markets in said principal feasts (of Ascension, Corpus
+Christi, Assumption, and All Saints) and Sundays and Good Friday shall
+clearly cease from all shewing of any goods or merchandises (necessary
+victuals only except);” but in recognition of the fact that there had
+previously been no such restriction, it is provided that “Nevertheless,
+of his special grace (the King) granted to them power which of old time
+had no day to hold their fair or market, but only upon the festival
+days aforesaid, to hold the same authority and strength of his old
+grant within three days next before said feasts or next after.”
+
+The act of 4, Edward IV., Cap. 7, in 1464, seems to have been
+occasioned by some special irritation from the dishonesty of
+leather-dressers and shoemakers; for, after sundry stringent provisions
+applying to them generally, it is provided that “No person, cordwainer
+or cobbler, within the City of London * * * upon any Sunday in the
+year, or in the feasts of the Nativity or Ascension of our Lord, or
+in the feast of Corpus Christi, shall sell, or command, or do to be
+sold, any shoes, huseaus, or galoches, or upon the Sunday, or any of
+said feasts, shall set or put upon the feet or legs of any person, any
+shoes, huseaus, or galoches.” This statute was repealed in 1522, but
+re-enacted, in part, in 1604.
+
+In 1552 was passed “An act for keeping holy days and feasting days”
+(5 and 6 Edw. IV., Cap. 2), the preamble of which is an instructive
+example of the pains taken by all Christians, Catholic and Protestant,
+prior to the seventeenth century, to deny that Sunday or any other holy
+or feast day, possessed of itself any sacredness or any higher claim
+to observance than that of convenience for the purpose of uniformity
+in worship. It ran thus: “For as much as at all times men be not
+so mindful to laud and praise God * * * as their bounden duty doth
+require; therefore, to call men to remembrance of their duty and help
+their infirmity, it hath been wholesomely provided that there shall
+be some certain times and days appointed wherein the Christian should
+cease from all kinds of labors; * * * neither is it to be thought
+that there is any certain time or definite number of days prescribed
+in Holy Scripture, but that the appointment, both of time and also of
+the number of the days, is left by the authority of God’s word to the
+liberty of Christ’s Church to be determined and assigned orderly in
+every country by the discretion of the rulers and ministers thereof,
+as they shall judge most expedient for the true setting forth of God’s
+glory and the edification of their people; be it therefore enacted,
+that all the days hereafter mentioned (to wit: Sundays, the Feast of
+the Circumcision, and twenty-two other feast days that are named, and
+Mondays and Tuesdays in Easter Week and Whitsun Week) shall be kept
+and commanded to be kept holy days, and none other.” It was further
+provided, “That it shall be lawful to every husbandman, laborer,
+fisherman, * * * upon the holy days aforesaid, in harvest, or at any
+other time of the year when necessity shall require, to labor, ride,
+fish, or work any kind of work at their free wills and pleasure.” This
+Protestant law was repealed the next year by the Catholic government
+of Mary, and restored in 1604, in the first year of James I. It is
+strikingly similiar to the decree of Constantine the Great, made in
+the year 321: “Let all Judges and people of the town rest, and all the
+various trades be suspended, on the venerable day of the sun. Those who
+live in the country, however, may freely and without fault attend to
+the cultivation of their fields * * * lest, with the loss of favorable
+opportunity, the commodities offered by Divine Providence should be
+destroyed.”
+
+In 1558 (1 Eliz., Cap. 2, Sec. 14,) was passed the first law requiring
+attendance upon public worship “upon every Sunday, and other days
+ordained and used to be kept as holy days,” upon pain of church censure
+and a fine of twelvepence.
+
+The English Puritans of the time of James I., were the first to impose
+the name and character of the Jewish Sabbath upon the first day of the
+week, and those who came to America brought the name and the idea with
+them. To that seventeenth-century influence, and not to any scriptural
+or ecclesiastical teaching of any earlier time, are we indebted for
+sermons on Sunday observance. The doctrine held on that subject by most
+evangelical Christians is not yet three hundred years old.
+
+In 1625 was passed a law (1 Car. I., Cap. 1,) that “There should be no
+meeting, assemblies, or concourse of people out of their own parishes
+on the Lord’s day, for any sports or pastimes whatsoever; nor any
+bear-baiting, bull-baiting, interludes, common plays, or other unlawful
+exercises or pastimes used by any persons within their own parishes.”
+“_This statute_,” says Blackstone, “_does not prohibit, but rather
+impliedly allows any innocent recreation or amusement within their
+respective parishes, even on the Lord’s day, after Divine service is
+over;_” _and, in point of fact, both Charles I. and his father before
+him issued proclamations encouraging such amusements after Divine
+service._
+
+In 1676 was enacted the well known “Lord’s Day act,” of 29 Car. II.,
+Cap. 7, which prohibits generally all work, labor, and business on
+Sunday, except works of necessity and charity, and which, with more or
+less modification, forms the basis of all Sunday laws now extant in the
+United States. Exceptions to this law in favor of hackney coachmen,
+fishwomen, and chairmen, were enacted in 1694, 1699, and 1710, and a
+clause prohibiting bird hunting was subsequently added, but it remained
+in substance until alterations and repeals of English laws ceased to
+have any force in this country.”
+
+As an historical matter the question is not very abstruse and the truth
+is well enough known to scholars everywhere; should there not then be
+charity for honest convictions?
+
+In many cases the practice for years has been tolerably liberal while
+all the time the old and stringent puritanical Sunday laws of 1702 were
+retained on the statute books liable to be enforced whenever a minority
+should choose to demand their revival.
+
+[Illustration: Belmont Avenue Brewery,
+
+NEWARK, N. J.,
+
+GOTTFRIED KRUEGER, PROPRIETOR.
+
+_For historical sketch, see Appendix C, page 183._]
+
+Such cases have recently been seen in many places in this and other
+states, but particularly so in Newark, N. J., where the enforcement
+of such an old act forbidding the sale of beer and other beverages
+on Sunday caused a reaction of unexpected violence, and very
+characteristic of the profound change that has already taken place in
+the popular conception of the day. The circumstances in brief were as
+follows: A considerable number of prohibitionists had organized under
+the name of the Law and Order Association for the purpose of enforcing
+the Sunday law and preventing the licensing of bar rooms. Numerous
+prosecutions were made and carried through to conviction under the old
+state law after having failed in the city police courts. Thereupon the
+Citizens’ Protective Association was formed and in September, 1879,
+a demonstration was made by a great procession, and the adoption of
+resolutions calling for a repeal of the law which, after lying idle so
+long, had suddenly been revived to the great injury of an established
+business, and with manifest injustice to a large number of peaceable
+citizens who conceived their rights to be interfered with, inasmuch as
+a law long inoperative must practically be regarded as a dead letter
+and ignored by those who, if they had supposed it to possess vital
+power, would have removed from its jurisdiction or taken pains never
+to come within it. The procession numbered ten or twelve thousand and
+great enthusiasm was displayed, not only in the ranks, but by residents
+all along the line of march. The matter was evidently one which took a
+deep hold on the feelings of the community and none the less because of
+a common feeling that they had been unfairly treated by the appeal to a
+law not in harmony with the spirit of the times or of abstract justice.
+A crowd is very apt to be wrong and it is easy to stir up the people,
+but here the crowd had more reason on its side than it was itself
+aware of, reason founded on history, and making the law that had been
+enforced an unwarrantable attack on personal liberty. They felt that
+it was so, though few probably would have been able to give a clear
+explanation of the feeling or trace its justification by the facts.
+As for enthusiasm, we are told that it needed no stimulus and can
+easily believe it to have been so, for aside from the more abstract and
+philosophical justice of their complaint, there was the immediate smart
+felt by men who lose the day of recreation to which they have looked
+forward all the week, or find that they are to suffer a pecuniary loss
+and that their occupation is not only checked but stigmatized. The
+matter made a great excitement and called out many bitter paragraphs on
+both sides, but chiefly among the more narrow-minded and pharisaical
+of so-called religious press. We have no space or disposition to go
+into the details of their criticism, even for the sake of illustrating
+how far misrepresentation and innuendo may be made to stand in place
+of careful statement and sound argument. The case has been spoken of
+because it is in some sense typical, because it represents the course
+of public thought and feeling, and the change which even within two or
+three generations has come over the rigid enactments of puritan early
+settlers. These puritans did much good but it was all tempered and
+shadowed by an austere severity that has no merit in itself and that
+crushes out much the better part of life and obscures many a truth that
+in itself is clear as noonday. The mind of the people has changed. It
+is time that the law should be changed also. The _Christian Union_ has
+said, “The sooner the issue is made in Chicago between a whole sabbath
+and none at all, the sooner the Christian element in the community
+will win the victory it will deserve. Half a sabbath is hardly worth
+fighting for.” We say that the best rule for observing the day is that
+which gives the greatest amount of harmless freedom and enjoyment to
+the greatest number, each according to his own judgment and conscience.
+Our foreign element is very large and has its own beliefs and
+traditions, as dear and as implicitly held as those of any one whose
+training and practice have been after the strictest sabbatarian pattern.
+
+We have attempted here no argument, but simply given some cardinal
+facts, and now leave the matter in the hope that those who dissent will
+at least respect honest utterance and not allow their objections on
+this one point to prejudice them against our discussion of the value of
+malt beverages as aids to genuine temperance and useful friends to man.
+
+We close as we began, with the words which seem to us to indicate the
+only practical road to real temperance, and record again our motto
+
+                          BEER AGAINST WHISKY.
+
+
+
+
+                             APPENDIX A.
+
+        TOTAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF BEER IN VARIOUS
+                        COUNTRIES AND CITIES.
+
+
+The tables here given have been prepared with great care after a
+thorough examination and comparison of authorities. The discrepancies
+and errors discovered in various published statements of a similar
+nature have made the task a difficult one, but it is believed that the
+present results will be found substantially accurate. Table A gives
+a list of the chief beer producing countries, with the population of
+each, its annual product in hectoliters and gallons, the number of its
+breweries and the production per head of population. The countries
+are arranged in the order of product _per capita_. Table B gives the
+same countries arranged in the order of total production, and for
+convenience of reference repeats the product _per capita_.
+
+                                       TABLE A.
+                  | Population.
+                  |         | Production In Hectoliters. [24]
+                  |         |            | Production In gallons.
+                  |         |            |            | Number of
+                  |         |            |            | Breweries.
+                  |         |            |            |      |Production
+                  |         |            |            |      |per head of
+                  |         |            |            |      |population.
+  Bavaria,         5,022,390  12,422,272   329,110,208  6,240 65.5
+
+  Wurtemberg,      1,881,505   3,480,795    92,241,067  2,604 49.0
+
+  Belgium,         5,336,185   7,942,000   210,463,000  2,500 39.4
+
+  Great Britain
+  and Ireland,    31,628,338  47,000,000 1,245,500,000 26,214 39.0
+
+  Baden,           1,507,177   1,297,893    34,394,164        22.8
+
+  Denmark,         1,940,000                38,800,000        20.0
+
+  Saxony,          2,760,586                52,520,480        19.0
+
+  Holland,         3,865,456   2,078,000    55,067,000    560 14.2
+
+  Prussia         25,742,404               257,630,403 10,480 10.0
+  _proper_,
+                                   [25]
+  United States,  38,558,371  10,848,446   336,301,826  2,830  8.7
+
+  Switzerland,     2,759,854     890,000    23,585,000    400  8.5
+
+  Austro-Hungary, 36,373,000  11,323,444   300,071,266  2,353  8.3
+
+  Norway,          1,806,900     420,000    11,130,000     34  6.1
+
+  Sweden,          4,484,542   1,000,000    26,500,000     94  5.9
+
+  France,         36,905,788   7,370,000   195,305,000  3,110  4.4
+
+  Trieste and
+     Dalmatia,       522,800      52,575     1,393,237      3  2.6
+
+  Russia
+     _proper_,    65,504,659   3,040,000    80,560,000    520  1.2
+
+  German
+  Principalities,
+  not above
+  enumerated,     5,813,296               119,670,460    940 20.5
+
+[24] Hectoliter—26½ gallons wine measure.
+
+[25] Barrels.
+
+                            TABLE B.
+
+                                    PRODUCTION.   GAL. PER HEAD.
+
+  Great Britain and Ireland,      1,245,500,000        39.0
+  United States,                    336,301,826         8.7
+  Bavaria,                          329,190,208        65.5
+  Austro-Hungary,                   300,017,266         8.3
+  Prussia _proper_,                 257,630,403        10.0
+  Belgium,                          210,463,000        39.4
+  France,                           195,305,000         4.4
+  Wurtemberg,                        92,241,067        49.0
+  Russia _proper_,                   80,560,000         1.2
+  Holland,                           55,067,000        14.2
+  Saxony,                            52,520,480        19.0
+  Denmark,                           38,800,000        20.0
+  Baden,                             34,394,164        22.8
+  Sweden,                            26,500,000         5.9
+  Switzerland,                       23,585,000         8.5
+  Norway,                            11,130,000         6.1
+  Trieste and Dalmatia,               1,393,237         2.6
+  German Principalities, not above
+    enumerated,                     119,670,460        20.5
+
+It will be seen from the above table that Germany, exclusive of German
+Austria, brews the enormous quantity of 885,646,782 gallons of beer,
+or about 20.7 to each individual in a population of 42,727,360. Most
+of this is consumed at home, and great quantities are imported from
+Christiana, Norway, and Copenhagen, Denmark, while ale and porter are
+largely brought from England.
+
+It is worthy of notice that Bavaria, which has been known for centuries
+as the cradle of men of arts and sciences, stands at the head of the
+list of beer producing countries. With a population of only about
+five millions, it brews three hundred and twenty-nine million gallons
+or 65.5 gallons to every individual; and next in rank is the little
+kingdom of Wurtemberg, the native state of the great Schiller. Munich,
+the capital of Bavaria is especially celebrated for the long array of
+men of arts, letters and science who have either been born there or
+adopted it as a residence. But it is, at the same time, the greatest
+beer-drinking city in the world. It produced in the year 1876 no less
+than 1,198,951 hectoliters = 31,772,201 gallons, and its actual home
+consumption in that year was 956,455 hectoliters = 25,346,057 gallons,
+which, in a population of 198,000, gives 128 gallons a year for every
+individual, costing in all $6,216,955, or about $31 per head. The
+amount paid for beer is less by $1,363,800 than the amount paid for
+house rent. In the years 1877 and 1878 the amount paid for beer fell
+off, but for the current year (1879) it will, according to statistics
+thus far received, be larger than ever before. The taxes for the
+municipal government and city taxes are less than a tenth of the amount
+expended for beer—and yet there is not a more orderly and well behaved
+city in the world than this same Munich. All this is indirect evidence
+of great importance as to the social and intellectual effect that may
+be expected to follow a free and even a very large use of beer.
+
+Vienna stands in a similar category though it offers a less striking
+illustration of the case than Munich does. It has, however, one brewer
+whose operations are extensive enough to deserve special mention. This
+is the well-known Anton Dreher, whose business, begun at Schwechat
+in 1836, now comprises large establishments in four Austrian cities,
+with an annual product of 500,000 barrels, paying a government tax of
+$750,000.00 or more. The business employs combined water and steam
+engines of 100 horse power, 400 brewers, 200 teamsters and common
+laborers, 150 horses, and no less than 250 draught oxen.
+
+Karlsruhe, the capital of Baden is also an important brewing city. Its
+product is 4,884,350 gallons, and of this amount something over one
+million gallons is contributed by the Albert Printz brewery alone.
+
+It is, however, useless to attempt any mention of the cities or
+districts that are distinguished for the quantity or quality of their
+beer. We can only say that they are very numerous, and add that their
+character is such as to corroborate all that has been said in this book
+touching the beneficial effects of a free use of beer in the community.
+
+
+
+
+                             APPENDIX B.
+
+                         ANALYSES OF BEERS.
+
+
+The following analyses will be found of interest to every student of
+the beer question.[26] The first is from Professor Mulder’s work on
+beer.
+
+[26] Additional analyses may be found in the body of the book, pages
+97, 98 and 99.
+
+  I.—BAVARIAN BEERS.     Specific Water  Carbonic Extract Alcohol Year
+                           weight            Acid
+                           at 16°
+  Young winter beer of       1018 870.83     1.40   58.74    38.6 1849
+  Munich,
+    “     “      “           1019 879.13     1.60   60.16    32.8 1853
+    “     “      Augsburg,   1013 883.30     1.80   45.30    38.9 1854
+    “     “      Bayreuth,   1013 866.90     1.80   53.60    42.8 1854
+    “     “      Landshut,   1018 880.50     1.80   57.40    33.5 1854
+    “     “      Anspach,    1015 889.40     1.80   51.60    32.2 1854
+  Lager (summer) beer        1011 880.50     1.60   39.40    43.5 1846
+  of the brewery of the
+  Court of Munich,
+   “  “  “  “ of Degelmayer, 1022 867.20     1.30   66.40    36.5 1853
+   “  “  “  ““ of the Court, 1018 870.80     1.80   51.00    42.5 1852
+   “  “ (young)              1028 851.94     1.40   77.20    88.8 1850
+   “  “ of June, 1852,       1017 872.22     1.80   53.18    40.7 1852
+   “  “ (10 months old)      1012 854.20     1.50   50.10    51.7 1853
+  of the Franciscan
+  Convent,
+
+                         Specific Water  Carbonic Extract Alcohol Year
+                           weight            Acid
+                           at 16°
+  Strong beer of            1026 825.00      1.80   77.70    52.4 1853
+        Zacherl’s brewery,
+  Salvator beer of  “ “     1034 820.80      1.60   94.50    46.0 1853
+  Bock beer                 1027 830.55      1.70    92.07   42.2 1852
+  Ale of                    1022 769.40      1.80    84.40   77.5 1850
+     Sedelmaier’s
+     brewery,
+
+
+
+
+                           II.—FOREIGN BEERS.
+
+  Bottom-yeast beer of      1016 869.40      1.80    46.90   48.4 1844
+  Wauka (Prague)
+  Upper “ Pstross “         1017 867,20      1.50    50.70   44.6 1844
+  “ “ Pchowitz, near        1013 881.90      1.60    47.70   38.5 1844
+  Prague,
+  “ “ Pstross,              1016 876.30      1.80    50.40   39.9 1844
+  “ “ Berlin,               1014 855.50      1.90    51.80   49.9 1851
+  “ “ Magdeburg,            1016 884.70      1.80    50.40   35.3 1853
+  Porter of Barclay &       1017 840.20      1.60    60.20   53.7 1852
+  Perkins, of London,
+  Scottish ale of           1030 730.50      1.50   109.40   84.7 1851
+  Edinburg, two years old,
+  Lambick of Brussels,      1004 862.50      2.00    34.12   55.4 1841
+  Faro beer of “            1004 879.16      2.00    29.58   49.1 1841
+  Barley beer of “          1006 868.05      1.90    38.39   50.4 1841
+  Mum of Brunswick,         1231 511.68      1.60   476.40    3.6 1854
+
+                       ACCORDING TO CH. MENE.
+
+  Kind    Brewery     Name of  Specific Alcohol  Residue of   Ash Nitrogen
+  of      Firm.       Beer.    weight.          evaporation   per
+  Barley.                                        per liter. cent.
+  S. B.   Detalle &   Ord.       1.0100     3.6      50.120 1.920    0.785
+          Cie. Ham.   brown
+          (Somme)     beer,
+  S. B.   Detalle &   Ord.       0.9973     4.4      48.000 1.080     ——
+          Cie. Ham.   pale
+          (Somme)     beer,
+  S. B.   Detalle &   Workmen’s  1.0106     4.5      57.120 1.520    0.722
+          Cie. Ham.   beer,
+          (Somme)
+  S. B.   Detalle &   Ladies’    1.0103     4.0      48.600 1.600    0.760
+          Cie. Ham.   beer,
+          (Somme)
+  S. B.   Lux & Co.,  Light      1.0106     3.8      42.480 1.800    0.620
+          Paris,      beer
+          (Seine)
+  S. B.   Schmidt &   Young      1.0225     4.3      51.400 2.600    0.770
+          Co., Paris, bock,
+  S. B.   Schmidt &   Store      1.0182     4.4      57.210 2.400    0.800
+          Co., Paris, beer,
+  W. B.   Watteblest  Ord.       1.0050     4.5      39.440 1.280     ——
+          (Vernelles) brown
+          Pas de      beer,
+          Calais,
+  W. B.   Watteblest  Ord.       1.0078     4.5      35.800 1.440    0.710
+          (Vernelles) pale
+          Pas de      beer,
+          Calais,
+  W. B.   Meesemaeker Barley     1.0130     5.5      73.120 3.700    0.840
+          (Dunkerque) wine,
+          Nord,
+  W. B.   Meesemaeker Pale ale,  1.0127     5.2      68.960 1.200     ——
+          (Dunkerque)
+          Nord,
+  W. B.   Pollet,     Export     1.0080     4.5      48.160 1.195    0.750
+          Courtrai    beer,
+          (Belgium)
+  W. B.   Hauthyssen, Ord.       1.0115     4.7      51.105 1.310    0.715
+          Haunut      brown
+          (Liege)     beer,
+
+                  S. B.—Summer Barley.   W. B.—Winter Barley.
+
+
+                         ACCORDING TO HEYDLOFF.
+
+                                                        Alcohol.   Extract.
+
+  Beer of Nuremberg,                                      3.8        6.2
+      “   Erlangen,                                       3.8        6.0
+      “   Bamberg,                                        4.1        5.8
+      “   Erfurth, of Treitsokle,                         3.7        5.5
+      “      “     of Schlegel,                           4.1        6.5
+      “      “     of John,                               3.7        6.0
+      “      “     of Buchner,                            4.2        6.5
+  English porter,                                         5.1        9.2
+
+
+    Composition of some Swedish beers:
+                                                   ----Percentage of----
+                                                 Extract.  Alcohol.  Water.
+
+  Porter of Stockholm,                              6.6      6.0      87.4
+  Porter of Goteborg, (Carnezie & Co.)              5.4      6.8      88.8
+  Strong beer of Neumiller’s brewery in Stockholm, 12.4      4.6      83.0
+  Swedish beer of Beijnoff (Upsala)                 8.9      3.0      88.1
+         “        Hillberg     “                    8.2      2.6      89.2
+  Beer of the Bavarian brewery in Upsala,           6.4      4.7      88.9
+  Bavarian beer of the Munich brewery in Stockholm, 7.4      4.0      83.6
+  Erlanger beer,                                    6.2      4.7      89.1
+  Bavarian beer of Oerebeo,                         5.5      4.1      90.4
+  Export beer of Stockholm,                         5.2      4.8      90.0
+  Svagdricke (small beer) of Beijnoff (Upsala),     3.2      2.1      94.7
+  Svagdricke (small beer) of Hillberg,              3.3      2.2      94.5
+
+
+                         ACCORDING TO C. HIMLEY.
+
+                                  Extract of            Phosphoric
+        Names of the Beers.           Malt.    Alcohol.    Acid.     Water.
+
+  Double beer of Copenhagen,          13.68      2.16      0.065     84.16
+  (Orp) Salvator,                      8.20      4.10      0.084     87.70
+  Waldschlosschen                      5.50      3.84      0.088     89.66
+  (Erich) Erlanger beer,               6.22      3.95      0.074     89.83
+  Berliner Actienbier,                 6.20      3.44      0.068     90.36
+  (Betz) Eckernforder,                 6.10      3.05      0.062     90.85
+  Schluter,                            6.09      3.60      0.074     90.31
+  Scheibel,                            6.00      3.12      0.064     90.88
+  Erlanger,                            5.70      3.57      9.070     90.73
+  (Erich) Erlanger ale,                5.62      3.04      0.076     91.34
+  Hoff’s malt extract,                 5.60      3.04      0.075     91.36
+  (Eger & Co.) Christiana,             5.54      3.77      0.088     90.69
+  (Henniger) Erlanger,                 5.50      2.60      0.072     91.90
+  Dreiss,                              5.40      3.10      0.060     91.50
+  Orp,                                 5.00      3.25      0.056     91.75
+
+                         ACCORDING TO HEKMEYER.
+
+                     Alcohol Acetic Lactic Carbonic Extract. Ash. Albumen.
+                          in  Acid.  Acid.    Acid.
+                         100
+                    volumes.
+   1—_Beers of
+   Utrecht._
+   Old Brown (uit        3.8  0.035   0.32    0.073     3.36 0.34     0.41
+   den boog),
+   Young pale,           4.1  0.008   0.25    0.103     2.86 0.25
+   (uit den boog),
+   Lambick, (uit         5.4  0.016   0.35    0.159     3.49 0.36
+   den boog),
+   Lambick, (uit         4.6  0.120   0.40    0.090     1.79 0.21
+   den kraus),
+   Table beer (uit       4.4  0.044   0.16    0.163     3.40 3.41
+   den aker),
+   2—_Other Dutch
+   Beers._
+   Princessen-bier,      4.0  0.060   0.17    0.090     2.60 0.21     0.46
+   Heumens-bier,         4.2  0.012   0.27    0.135     2.79 0.28
+   Bosch-bier (W.        5.2  0.044   0.42    0.010     4.83 0.38
+   Van Heeren),
+
+                         ACCORDING TO LACAMBRE.
+
+                                  —Alcohol—      —Extract—
+                                 Young    Old     Young    Old
+                                 Beer.    Beer.   Beer.    Beer.
+
+  London ale,                      7       8       6.5      5
+  Hamburg ale,                     5.5     6       6        5
+  London ale, (common,)            4       5       5        4
+  Porter,                          5       6       7        6
+  London porter, (common,)         3       4       5        4
+  Munich, Salvator,                5       6      12       10
+  Bock,                            3.5     4       9        7
+  Bavarian beer, (common,)         3       4       6.5      4.5
+  Brussels, Lambick                4.5     6       5.5      3.5
+     “      Faro,                  2.5     4       5        3
+  Diest Guide beer,                3.5     6       8        5.5
+  Peeterman, of Lou vain,          3.5     5       8        5.5
+  White beer,                      2.25    3.25    5        3.5
+  Double Ujtzet of Ghent,          3.25    4.5     5        4
+  Single   “        “              2.75    3.5     4        3
+  Barley beer of Antwerp,          3       3.5     4.5      3
+  Strong beer of Strasburg,        4       4.5     4        3.5
+  Strong beer of Lille,            4       5       4        3
+  White beer of Paris,             3.5     4       8        5
+
+                       ACCORDING TO G. MONIER.
+  NAMES OF THE BEER.      DEXTRINE,  GLUCOSE.  SUBSTANCES,    SALTS.
+                         ALBUMINOID      ETC.
+                           ALCOHOL.
+                                (in
+                          volumes.)
+                              Cubic  Grammes.     Grammes.  Grammes.
+                             cntms.
+  Beer of France (Nord),      40.00      7.03        31.77      1.60
+  Beer of France (Nord),      32.50      4.80        31.00      2.10
+  Beer of France (Nord),      36.00      6.60        33.10      2.20
+  Pale ale (Burton),          60.50      8.25        39.35      2.80
+  Pale ale (Burton),          55.00      8.30        40.10      2.65
+  Munich beer,                56.25     15.10        58.40      2.52
+  Munich beer,                56.50     16.20        56.45      2.40
+  Amsterdam beer,             53.75     13.55        51.50      2.20
+  Paris beer (called          47.00     16.30        45.00      2.65
+  Strasburg beer),
+  Paris beer (called          45.00     14.35        51.30      2.05
+  Strasburg beer),
+  Paris beer (called          47.50     11.60        43.40      2.00
+  Strasburg beer),
+  Vienna beer,                52.50     11.00        55.30      2.30
+
+
+                        ACCORDING TO WACKENRODER.
+
+                             Alcohol.  Extract. Albumen.   Ash.
+  Beer of Lichtenhain,            3.2       4.5     0.05    0.2
+  Beer of Ilmenau,                3.1       7.1     0.08    0.2
+  Beer of Jena (called of         3.0       6.1     0.05    0.2
+  Erlangen),
+  Beer of Weimar (called          2.8       6.3     0.03    0.2
+  of Bamberg),
+  Beer of Oberweimar,             2.6       7.3     0.02    0.3
+  Double beer of Jena,            2.1       7.2     0.03    0.2
+
+              BERLIN BEER—27 SAMPLES.
+
+  Alcohol,                                    4.74 per cent.
+  Extract,                                    4.94  “    “
+  Malt sugar,                                 3.78  “    “
+
+       BERLIN WHITE BEER.
+
+  Alcohol,                                    1.48 per cent.
+  Extract,                                    3.65  “    “
+  Ash,                                        0.12  “    “
+  Original gravity,                           7.94  “    “
+
+       NASSAU BEER.
+
+  Alcohol,                                   3.737 per cent.
+  Free carbonic acid,                        0.285  “    “
+  Extract,                                   6.035  “    “
+  Phosphoric acid,                           0.072  “    “
+
+                            BEER OF HANOVER.
+
+                                           Max.     Min.     Mean.
+  Specific gravity at 17.5°,               1.0353   1.0115   1.0165
+  Water   }  { In beer       }            91.61    85.37    89.64
+  Alcohol }  { freed from    } per cent.,  5.05     0.72     4.01
+  Extract }  { carbonic acid }            13.91     4.43     6.34
+  Ash,                                     0.28     0.19     0.24
+  Phosphoric acid in ash,                  0.093    0.024    0.069
+  Original gravity of wort,               17.37    12.33    14.36
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX C.
+
+              ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF BREWERIES.
+
+
+The brewery of modern times is very different from anything conceived
+of one or two hundred years ago. Not merely its extent but all its
+appliances are characteristic of this busy, progressive age, that knows
+how to plant money in extensive outfits and supervision, in order that
+it may yield a greater return, just as seeds put in rich earth and
+carefully tended during growth give larger harvests of better quality
+than were ever looked for in the old hap-hazard, starving plan. We
+cannot mention one in fifty of those who deserve notice. Think, for
+instance, of the great brewery of M. T. Bass, at Burton on Trent,
+which produces about one million barrels a year; or those of Anton
+Dreher, turning out five hundred thousand barrels, and see if it is
+possible to attain such results except by modern processes and modern
+business energy. No house in the United States has yet reached so
+great a product, but more than one is on the direct way, and it is
+not only possible but probable that within fifty years the largest
+establishments and the finest beer will be found in this country. In
+the multitude of those who fairly deserve mention it seems almost
+invidious to select a few, but it has seemed best to give a brief
+account of some that, in one way or another, may be regarded as typical
+exponents of this department of American industry. Those mentioned are
+not always the largest or best known, but they represent different
+parts of the country and together form a tolerable epitome of the
+whole brewing business, with its larger and smaller breweries, old and
+new establishments, and various ways of procedure, the common feature
+being that all endeavor to produce a thoroughly good article, and trust
+to the merit of the product for success rather than to any temporary
+advantages that may be gained by cheapening their brew at the expense
+of its flavor or wholesomeness. This is the noticeable fact in the
+brewing trade at the present time.
+
+
+      HISTORICAL SKETCH OF HON. FREDERICK LAUER OF READING, PA.
+
+The brewery of Mr. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa., is not only among
+the oldest in the country, but has remained from the beginning in the
+hands of the Lauer family. It was established in 1823 at Womelsdorf, a
+few miles from Reading, by the father of the present proprietor, who
+had just arrived from Germany. In 1826 it was removed to Reading, and
+the business started on the same spot where it is now carried on. The
+elder Lauer was an indefatigable worker, and is said at this time to
+have taken no more than two or three hours regular sleep a day. In 1835
+his son Frederick succeeded to the sole proprietorship of the brewery,
+and its progress from this time was very rapid. For several years ale
+and porter had been brewed, but no lager beer was made in the country
+until 1842. In the year 1844 Mr. Lauer began to brew lager beer, and
+was thus one of the pioneers in this industry; and since that time ale,
+lager beer and porter have been produced constantly. The brewery is a
+model of neatness and convenience, perfect in every appointment and
+the special pride and pet of its owner, who would much rather lose a
+year’s profits than tolerate dirt or disorder or the production of a
+poor beer. Mr. Lauer has not, however, been constantly occupied with
+his private business. For at least thirty years he has been one of
+the prominent men of the city of Reading; has held various important
+public positions, political and otherwise, and has done great service
+in securing equable legislation in matters affecting the brewing
+trade. A man of quick perception and untiring energy, he has again and
+again accomplished alone, or nearly alone, things that were considered
+almost impossible, and from whose attempt his associates recoiled. An
+instance in point is thus described in a recently published sketch of
+his life: “The way the tax was saved was as follows: Shortly before the
+adjournment of Congress, he (Mr. Lauer) received a letter apprising him
+that the Committee on Ways and Means were about advising an increase.
+He immediately telegraphed to the nearest members of the Brewers’
+Committee to join him at Washington. They had an interview with the
+Committee of Ways and Means, but the Committee refused to make any
+modification in the bill, as it had already passed the first reading in
+the House. There were ten members of the Brewers’ Committee, nine of
+whom, after the interview, agreed to allow the fifty cents increase and
+make no further exertion in the matter. Mr. Lauer, the tenth, was not
+satisfied; and, after gaining the consent of the Committee, he called
+on a number of members of the House, and urged upon them the ruinous
+consequences to the brewing business which would follow the passage of
+the bill as reported. The same day, February 11, 1865, the bill came up
+in Committee of the Whole, when the desired modification was made by a
+vote of seventy-three to sixty-eight, and the following week the bill
+came up for final passage, when the bill, as modified, was passed by a
+majority of four. The members from Kentucky who had voted against the
+modification in the first place, voted for the bill when it came up on
+the third reading, they having been influenced through the exertions of
+Mr. Lauer. Immediately after its passage, Thad. Stevens, chairman on
+the Ways and Means, jumped up and exclaimed, ‘That d—d Lauer did it.’”
+
+This is only one of many instances in which Mr. Lauer’s efforts have
+been of the greatest value to brewers at large and incidentally to the
+whole country. He was the first president of the United States Brewers’
+Association, and has more than once been able in time of scarcity to
+secure such shipments of malt or hops from foreign countries as to
+relieve the distress and materially reduce the inflated price of these
+articles.
+
+
+           THE JOSEPH SCHLITZ BREWING CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS.
+
+In the year 1849 Mr. August Krug built a small brewery at Milwaukee on
+Chestnut street, between 4th and 5th streets, and the year after he
+added vaults of a capacity of 150 barrels, situated on the corner of
+3d and Walnut streets. His sale was about 250 barrels. From this small
+beginning there developed one of the largest breweries in the country.
+
+Mr. Krug died in 1856, and Mr. Joseph Schlitz who had come to Milwaukee
+during the previous year took the management of the business which
+at first increased only moderately although managed with skill and
+energy. In the year 1865 the sales were 4,400 barrels. Five years
+later he began the erection of the present brewery on the corner of 3d
+and Walnut streets, the same place where the original vaults had been
+situated. The greater part of the present buildings were completed
+within two years, and the sales for 1871 amounted to 12,283 barrels.
+The period of rapid development had now been reached, and the advance
+up to the present time has been remarkable as may be seen from the
+following table of the yearly sales, beginning with the year 1870.
+
+               1870, Barrels,                    8,707
+               1871,  “                         12,283
+               1872,  “                         30,868
+               1873,  “                         49,623
+               1874,  “                         69,624
+               1875,  “                         74,813
+               1876,  “                         71,017
+               1877,  “                         79,538
+               1878,  “                         82,068
+               1879,  “ ending April,          110,832
+
+In 1874 the business was made into a stock company under the title
+“Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company,” with Mr. Schlitz as president, the
+secretary and superintendent being respectively, Mr. August Uihlein and
+Mr. Henry Uihlein. Being thus partially relieved of the immediate cares
+of business Mr. Schlitz in the following year sailed for Germany to
+visit his native home of Mayence. The vessel was the Schiller, which,
+as all readers must remember, was wrecked on the Scilly Islands, May 7,
+1875, and Mr. Schlitz was one of the many victims of that disaster. In
+these circumstances the company organization was probably a fortunate
+circumstance for the business. The death of a sole proprietor or even
+a sole nominal proprietor is apt to derange a business, no matter how
+capable the successor may be, and this difficulty is almost avoided
+in the case of an established company. The present management is as
+follows:
+
+President, Henry Uihlein; secretary, August Uihlein; superintendent,
+Alfred Uihlein. The brewery in its present form occupies two whole
+squares, and still larger accommodations may be needed at no distant
+day. There is a new ice-house 100 × 124 feet, four stories high, and
+with a twenty-four foot basement. The cellars have a capacity of 25,000
+barrels; the whole storage capacity is 70,000 barrels, and the brewery
+is already fitted for the production of 200,000 barrels a year. There
+is a large coopering establishment and the gathering of ice alone
+occupies 300 men and 90 teams for about twenty days every year. The
+beer is sent all over the United States and to Brazil, Central America
+and Mexico, in both barrels and bottles. About one million bottles were
+sold in 1877, and in the succeeding year the amount was more than two
+millions. The bottling department alone occupies a building 46 × 150
+feet, with basement, and fitted with all conveniences for the work.
+
+The analysis of this beer gives the following result for the percentage
+of alcohol: ordinary lager beer 4.5 volumetrically, and 5.6 by weight.
+The bottled lager beer shows as a result of four analyses within six
+months, six per cent. of alcohol volumetrically, and 4.8 by weight.
+This is certainly an excellent showing, and calculated to enhance the
+reputation of any brewery.
+
+
+         THE BREWERY OF MR. GOTTFRIED KRUEGER, NEWARK, N. J.
+
+The brewery now owned by Mr. Gottfried Krueger was founded in 1851 by
+Louis Adam and J. Braun, the latter of whom died before the buildings
+were completed. Mr. Adam at once formed a partnership with John Laible
+under the firm name of Laible & Adam, and pushed the work so well that
+within the year brewing was commenced, and a sale of 1,200 barrels for
+the first twelve months secured.
+
+The property then consisted of six city lots, a small frame house
+partly used as a saloon, a one-story frame brewery thirty feet square,
+a stable for two horses and vaults for 500 barrels of beer. The brewing
+capacity was about twenty barrels.
+
+In 1852 Mr. Gottfried Krueger, the present proprietor, came to this
+country, and being a relative of Mr. Laible entered the brewery as an
+apprentice. Here he remained until Messrs. Laible and Adam dissolved
+partnership in 1855, Mr. Laible building a new brewery and Mr. Adam
+continuing the old business. Mr. Krueger accompanied Mr. Laible and
+became foreman in the establishment where he remained until 1865
+when in conjunction with Mr. Gottlieb Hill he bought the old brewery
+of Louis Adam and commenced business under the firm name of Hill &
+Krueger. During the interval a new brewery had been added and a new
+stable for six horses, while the sale had increased to 4,000 barrels
+and the brewing capacity to fifty barrels. This advance, however, was
+destined to be greatly surpassed by that made under the new management.
+The first step was the building of two new vaults of a capacity of
+5,000 barrels. This together with numerous minor improvements was
+accomplished during the first year, and within the same time the sale
+of beer was doubled. The years next succeeding saw a rapid development.
+In 1866 the firm built a new three-story brick malt and store-house; in
+1876 a large building for fermenting rooms; in 1868 stables for twenty
+horses; in 1869 an ice-house of 4,000 barrels capacity, and also vaults
+for 2,000 barrels. The result fully justified these preparations for an
+enlarged business for the sale increased steadily year by year and in
+1875 amounted to 25,000 barrels.
+
+At this time Mr. Hill was compelled by the state of his health to
+retire from business, and on the 16th of February, 1875, Mr. Krueger
+became the sole owner of the property which then covered the entire
+block. Adding in 1878 a model office building and in 1879 new stables
+for forty-five horses, he has now one of the finest breweries in the
+State. The sale for the current year will be over 40,000 barrels.
+
+In explanation of the cut we may add that the malt and brew-houses
+are situated on Belmont avenue, the office and stables on West Kinney
+street, the ice-house on Charlton street, and the yards etc., on
+Montgomery street.
+
+Every one connected with the establishment, from Mr. Krueger down,
+is thoroughly fit for his duties and zealous in their discharge. The
+management is by the proprietor himself, ably seconded by Mr. Theodore
+C. W. Eggerking who has been long and successfully connected with the
+business.
+
+
+
+
+                             APPENDIX D.
+
+ LIST OF BREWERS WITH PRODUCT FOR THE PAST TWO YEARS, 1878 AND 1879.
+                      ALSO, PRODUCT BY STATES.
+
+
+There is some difference of opinion as to the propriety of publishing
+such information as the annual product of the various breweries in
+the country, and it therefore seems proper to explain why it has been
+decided to give the figures in these pages, and how the information has
+been obtained.
+
+For some time the particulars were furnished to certain parties in
+Chicago and New York, by a clerk in the Internal Revenue Department
+at Washington. In this there was probably an injustice, for what is
+demanded by the law cannot be withheld by the brewer, and both analogy
+and general reasoning indicate that this forced information should
+be considered as confidential, and not exposed to the comment of
+indifferent persons or business rivals.
+
+This view of the case is the one now held by the Department, as appears
+from the following correspondence:
+
+  _Official._
+
+  FROM THE COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
+
+  (Copy.)
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.,
+
+  September 15, 1879.
+
+  HENRY H. RUETER, ESQ.,
+
+  _President United States Brewers’ Association_.
+
+  SIR: Your attention is called to an article in the _Brewers’ Gazette_
+  of August 15, ultimo, headed, “Thrown Together; A Comparative View
+  of the so-called Brewers’ Returns,” in which are embraced copies of
+  letters from this office in relation to lists of reports of sales of
+  fermented liquors for the years 1878 and 1879, as published by the
+  _Western Brewer_ and A. E. Tovey.
+
+  Please inform me whether the brewers of the United States desire
+  that such tabulated statements be prepared by this Bureau as therein
+  stated for publication.
+
+                                                      Very respectfully,
+
+                                                 (Signed) GREEN B. RAUM,
+
+                                                         _Commissioner_.
+
+
+  REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT OF BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
+
+  (Copy.)
+
+  UNITED STATES BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION,
+
+        BOSTON, September 25, 1879.
+
+  GEN. GREEN B. RAUM,
+
+  _Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C._
+
+  SIR: In reply to your esteemed letter of the 15th inst., referring to
+  the preparation and publication of tabulated statements of brewers’
+  sales, and asking if, in my opinion, the brewers of the United States
+  desire that such tabulated statements be prepared by the Internal
+  Revenue Bureau—I beg to state, that I have no data which would enable
+  me to answer your question definitely. Many brewers, undoubtedly,
+  feel indifferent in the matter; some may favor the publication, and
+  others are opposed to it. They argue that there is no parallel case
+  in any other branch of trade; that individual business affairs should
+  not be thus made public; that the publication of individual sales
+  leads to undue competition; and that these lists are a bone of bitter
+  contention between the publishers.
+
+  If the inquiry has been addressed to me with reference to the future
+  action of the Department, I beg leave to suggest that the brewers’
+  wishes can be best ascertained at their next yearly meeting, in June,
+  and I would respectfully ask you to delay action in the matter till
+  then.
+
+                                     I am, sir, most respectfully yours,
+
+                                                        HENRY H. RUETER.
+
+
+ANSWER TO ABOVE FROM INTERNAL REVENUE DEPARTMENT.
+
+  TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
+
+  OFFICE OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
+
+        WASHINGTON, September 29, 1879.
+
+  HENRY H. RUETER, ESQ.
+
+  _President United States Brewers’ Association, Boston, Mass._
+
+  SIR: Acknowledging the receipt of yours of the 25th instant, in
+  reply to office letter of the 15th instant calling attention to an
+  article published in the _Brewers’ Gazette_ relative to errors in
+  reports of sales of fermented liquors for the years 1878 and 1879,
+  as published by the _Western Brewer_ and A. E. Tovey, and inquiring
+  if such publications were considered desirable by the brewers of the
+  United States, I have to say that I fully concur in your opinion
+  that, while some may favor the publication of such statistics, others
+  would object thereto, and would argue that there is no parallel case
+  in any other branch of trade; and that individual business affairs
+  should not thus be made public; that such publications lead to
+  undue competition; and that they become a bone of bitter contention
+  between publishers. For this reason, I have decided to prohibit the
+  furnishing of such lists hereafter to any and all parties.
+
+                                                           Respectfully,
+
+                                                           R. E. ROGERS.
+
+                                                  _Acting Commissioner._
+
+On the other hand, while it is certain that many brewers are glad to
+have their product extensively stated, it is at least probable that
+very few have any real objection. In order to test the question we sent
+a printed form of inquiry, as to production, to all the brewers in
+the country. A large majority furnished the desired information, and
+as many others doubtless failed to answer simply through negligence
+or indifference, it seemed certain that the number of objectors
+was so small that this list might be published with propriety and
+to the satisfaction of far the larger part of those interested. It
+is to be noticed that this is a very different thing from printing
+enforced statements, without a shadow of authority from the brewers
+themselves. In this book the figures are generally furnished by the
+brewers and for this very purpose. Where no reply has been received,
+the product has been stated according to the best testimony that could
+be obtained, and the total result is certainly more accurate than
+any yet published. This is not because the government returns were
+incorrect, but because of carelessness in transcription, or errors
+of the types, or both. Whatever the cause, so many errors have been
+discovered in the so-called official lists of those who obtained their
+information through Washington, as to greatly impair the value of
+those tables, and create much dissatisfaction among those who find
+an erroneous impression of their business thus disseminated through
+the country. Without claiming that our own are absolutely free from
+error, we are prepared to maintain their substantial correctness and
+their superiority to any yet offered to the public. The product here
+shown is greater than that stated earlier in this book. The returns
+on which that statement was made seem to have been incomplete at the
+time of publication, unless the fault lies in the transfer of figures
+or in the footings, a kind of defect from which few public documents
+of a statistical character are wholly free. The number of breweries
+here given is less than the former statement, owing to the omission
+of a considerable number of the smaller establishments, concerning
+which no satisfactory information could be obtained, and the further
+omission of those whose owners were known to object to a publication
+of their business. The total product of all so left out is known to be
+inconsiderable, though it cannot be exactly ascertained.
+
+Those most apt to find fault with a public statement of the amount of
+their business are the smaller brewers, who sometimes fear that their
+business will suffer if it is known that they dispose of less beer
+than some rival. To such it may be said that a good business need not
+be a large one. There are plenty of men in the country who work on a
+comparatively small scale, and yet would not be induced to extend their
+operations. They make enough, as it is, to satisfy their wants, and
+they are not loaded down by the cares that attend a struggle to sell
+as much as possible. They fear no injury because their sale is not so
+large as that of some one else, and they are perfectly in the right, as
+experience shows. Still again, there are many small breweries to-day,
+that will be great fifteen or twenty years from now. We have shown in
+Appendix C something of the possibilities of sudden development in this
+business, and with the increasing taste for beer these opportunities
+will be better than ever. It is not against a brewery that it is small.
+Its product may be of the first quality, and it may be small simply
+because the owner does not care to have it large.
+
+Other considerations might be adduced, but it seems as if enough had
+been said to justify the printing of statistics prepared as are those
+here furnished, especially as they must be interesting to every one
+who makes a study of the beer question and wants as much and as varied
+information as he can obtain.
+
+
+
+
+                               SUMMARY
+
+OF THE BEER PRODUCT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE YEARS 1878 AND 1879,
+   WITH THE INCREASE OR DECREASE DURING THE SECOND OF THESE YEARS.
+
+
+  Name               No. of     No. of     No. of Decrease Increase
+  of State          Breweries  Barrels    Barrels
+                             sold from  sold from
+                                May 1,     May 1,
+                               1877-8.    1878-9.
+  Alabama,                1        184         74      110
+  Arkansas,               1        110         72       38
+  Arizona,                7        713        720                 7
+  California,           195    379,373    385,839             6,466
+  Colorado,              29     23,901     23,464      437
+  Connecticut,           19     53,528     51,988    1,540
+  Dakota,                14      4,616      4,531       85
+  Delaware,               3      7,841      9,563             1,722
+  District               10     27,506     29,126             1,620
+      Columbia,
+  Georgia,                1      7,330      7,710               380
+  Idaho,                 12        936      1,484               548
+  Illinois,             115    579,888    608,627            28,739
+  Indiana,               76    182,448    191,729             9,281
+  Iowa,                 136    186,176    169,030   17,146
+  Kansas,                34     20,995     24,709             3,714
+  Kentucky,              36    127,771    143,753            15,982
+  Louisiana,             10     36,352     47,407            11,055
+  Maine,                  1      7,031          7    7,024
+  Maryland,              63    208,228    205,042    3,186
+  Massachusetts,         39    711,166    663,978   47,188
+  Michigan,             140    203,043    212,231             9,188
+  Minnesota,            114    101,916    113,529            11,613
+  Missouri,              72    547,590    582,372            34,782
+  Montana,               22      4,677      5,516               839
+  Nebraska,              27     27,100     29,270             2,170
+  Nevada,                35     12,116     13,969             1,853
+  New Hampshire,          5     127,07    116,888   10,183
+  New Jersey,            57     502,54    519,864            17,290
+  New Mexico,             2        110        180                70
+  New York,             365  3,556,678  3,980,716           424,038
+  North                   1                     4                 4
+     Carolina,
+  Ohio,                 186    968,332    965,480    2,852
+  Oregon,                39     13,362     16,159             2,797
+  Pennsylvania,         317  1,041,486  1,034,082    7,404
+  Rhode Island,           8     25,210     27,831             2,621
+  South                   2        778        372      406
+  Carolina,
+  Tennessee,              4      6,980      7,107               127
+  Texas,                 37     10,050      7,718    2,332
+  Utah,                  20      9,490     11,476             1,986
+  Vermont,                1        285        173      112
+  Virginia,               3     10,694     15,694             5,000
+  Wash.                  20      7,965      7,231      734
+  Territory,
+  West Virginia,         10     23,086     23,906             1,036
+  Wisconsin,            226    508,553    585,068            76,515
+  Wyoming
+  Territory,              8      4,060      4,505               445
+                      ----- ---------- ----------  -------  -------
+                      2,520 10,279,299 10,848,194  100,777  671,888
+
+
+    LIST OF BREWERS IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH THE PRODUCT FOR
+            THE YEARS ENDING MAY, 1878, AND MAY, 1879.
+
+
+                             ARKANSAS.
+
+                                            Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                1878.         1879.
+   Fort Smith,    Freiseis, Joseph,               110            72
+
+
+                           ARIZONA.
+
+                                            Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                1878.         1879.
+   Alexandria,    Minger, Jos.                       54            50
+   Florence,      Will, P. & Co.,                    60            60
+   Globe City,    Medler, Fred & Co.,                41            49
+   Prescott,      Raible, John,                     225           269
+      “           Rodenberg, J. N.,                 250           211
+   Rio Verde,     Horn, Wm.,                         37            34
+   Tucson,        Levin, Alex.,                      46            47
+                                                    ---           ---
+                  Number of Breweries, 7.           713           720
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA.
+
+                                               No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                   1878.       1879.
+   Adin,          Jonas & Bofinger,                   ----       ----
+   Alameda,       Alameda Brewery,                     817        487
+   Altaville,     Becker, John,                        350        350
+   Anaheim,       Conrad, Fred,                        145        158
+    “             Goodale, I,                          357        281
+   Auburn,        Grohs, Frederick,                  1,060      1,020
+   Benicia,       Rueger, John,                        622        697
+   Benton,        Partzwick Brewery,                   116         87
+   Bishop Creek,  Munzinger, Philippay & Co.,           57        189
+   Boca,          Boca Brewing Company,              9,717     11,035
+   Bodie,         Frankenberger & Davidson,           ----        198
+    “             Carion, A. A.,                      ----       ----
+   Boonebar,      Ganser, Benj.,                      ----       ----
+   Camp           Star Brewery,                         30         61
+   Independence,
+   Castroville,   Lauck, George,                       284        404
+   Cherokee,      Bader, Chs.,                         139        144
+   Chico,         Croissant, Chs.,                     448        563
+   Chollas        Doblin, C.,                          140        150
+   Valley,
+   Cloverdale,    Schaeffer & Auker,                    48        159
+   Colusa,        Kammerer, G. & Co.,                  800        884
+   Columbia,      Bixel, Joseph,                       174        185
+   Crescent City, Mayhoffer, Joseph,                    59         81
+   Davisville,    Faber, Wm.,                           74         77
+   Dixon,         Sieber & Oberholzer,                 622        586
+   Downieville,   Bosch, F.,                           300        321
+    “             Nessler, L.,                         275        282
+   Dutch Flat,    Mitchell, Wm.,                       320        365
+   Etna,          Küppler, Chs.,                       336        394
+   Eureka,        Harper, I.,                          148        126
+    “             Huck & McAllenan,                    210        273
+   Folsom,        Yaeger, Peter,                       320        419
+   Forest Hill,   Andres, Joseph,                      112        114
+   Fort Bidwell,  Fulger, M.,                          102        159
+   Fresno,        Erpelding, J. L.,                   ----         48
+   Garrote,       Garrote Brewery,                     125        149
+   Germantown,    Miller, A. & Co.,                    162        300
+   Gilroy,        Herold, Adam,                        742        718
+   Grass Valley,  Benkelman, D.,                       666        699
+    “             Frank, John,                         162        183
+    “             Fritz, Chs.,                         465        398
+    “             Hodge, Thomas & Co.,                 944     10,085
+   Greenwood,     Muhlback, Nancy,                    ----         35
+   Gaudalupe,     Togninva, Tomasine,                   32         87
+   Havilah,       Neff, Bernhard,                       34         87
+   Haywards,      Lyon’s Brewery,                      483        502
+    “             Booken & Herman,                   1,198      1,587
+   Healdsburg,    Müller, Carl,                        170        180
+   Hormitos,      Lessmann, Henry,                      81         61
+   Hollister,     Narcoe, Henry,                       300        366
+   Hot Springs,   Fantz, Edw.,                         661        678
+   Independence,  Fernbach, Jo.,                       138        139
+   Ione City,     Raab, C.,                            314        380
+   Iowa Hill,     Schmidt, John,                       100         87
+   Jackson,       Beiser & Schroeder,                  241        435
+   Kernville,     Cook, Wm,                            220        109
+    “             Wroesch, R. R.,                      149        137
+   Knight’s       Dolling, Victor,                     221        263
+   Ferry,
+   Lakeport,      Smith, R. O.,                        170        188
+   Livermore,     Livermore Brewery,                   215        261
+   Lone Pine,     Lubken, John,                        115         74
+    “             Munzinger & Dodge,                   155         35
+   Los Angeles,   New York Brewery,                  2,479      2,075
+    “             Philadelphia Brewery,               ----      1,430
+    “             U. S. Brewery,                      ----        236
+    “             Schwarz, Louis,                     ----       ----
+   Lower Lake,    Mather & Linck,                      330        380
+   Mariposa,      Weiler, John,                        124        115
+   Marysville,    Lieber, Gottlieb,                    725        756
+   Mayfield,      Ducker & Company,                    950      1,056
+   Mendocino,     Larowskia, J. C.,                   ----         93
+   Merced,        Heinerath & Gossner,                 239        290
+   Middletown,    Munz and Scott,                      180        318
+   Modesta,       Lorensen & Peterson,                 454        531
+    “             Braun, M.,                           141        260
+   Mokelumne      Disbrow & Co.,                       224        192
+   Hill,
+    “             Mokelumne Hill Brewery,              452        382
+   Monitor,       Scossa, John,                       ----       ----
+   Napa,          Pfeiffer, Philip,                    251        328
+   Nevada City,   Blasauf, Mary,                       186        157
+    “             Dreyfuss, L. W.,                     833        702
+    “             Fogeli, Casper,                      142        163
+    “             Weiss, Emile,                        385        422
+   North          Weiss, Valentine,                     39         57
+   Bloomfield,
+    “             Hieronimus, S.,                     ----        105
+   North San      Koch, G. W.,                         356        427
+   Juan,
+   Oakland,       Welscher & Westermann,             2,600      3,670
+    “             Kramm & Dieves,                    7,385      9,000
+    “             Bredhoff & Co.,                    4,124      4,600
+   Oleta,         Schroder, Henry,                     459        376
+   Oroville,      Schneider, Wm.,                      456        439
+   Pajaro,        Dulla & Werner,                      136        249
+   Petaluma,      Robinson, Geo. & Co.,                818        531
+    “             Michelie & Griess,                   613        666
+   Pine Grove,    Sass, C. D. F.,                      232        234
+   Placerville,   Collins, Fred,                       408        424
+    “             Zeiss, Jacob,                        300        281
+   Point Arenas,  Schlachter, John,                    181        105
+   Quincy,        Schlatter, Wm.,                      954         94
+   Red Bluff,     Bofinger, W. F.,                     602        563
+   Redwood City,  Eureka Brewery,                      572        576
+    “             Hadler, C.,                          896      1,077
+    “             Kriess, M.,                         ----        418
+   Sacket’s Gulf, Wolf, John,                          720         20
+   Sacramento,    Borchers & Schwartz,               2,416      2,504
+    “             Gruhler, E. & C.,                  2,885      2,675
+    “             Kerth & Nicolaus,                  3,812      4,242
+    “             Knauer, F. C.,                     3,020      2,995
+    “             Scheld, P.,                        2,040      2,164
+    “             Ochs, M.,                          1,763      2,163
+   Salinas,       Lurz & Menke,                        324        478
+   San Andreas,   Bloom, John,                         124         96
+   San            Anderson, John,                      499        424
+   Bernardino,
+   San Buena      Hartman, Fredolin,                   140        237
+   Ventura,
+   San Diego,     Dobler, C.,                           49        155
+    “             Walter, Otto,                        147        200
+   San            Albany Brewery, Everett St.,
+   Francisco,     Hagerman, F. & Co., props.,       13,815     13,000
+    “             Albrecht, James, 623 Braman          880
+                  St., ----
+    “             Bauer, John, 120 Fillmore St.       ----        617
+    “             Buss & Hensler, 209 Treat           ----        800
+                  Ave.,
+    “             Bavaria Brewery, Vallejo and
+                  Green Sts.                         3,335      3,297
+    “             Bay Brewery, 612, 614 and
+                  616 7th St., Lumann, G.,
+                  proprietor,                        6,244      1,750
+    “             Broadway Brewery, 637
+                  Broadway, Adams, Jacob,            5,225      4,045
+                  prop.,
+    “             Burnell, J. H. & Bro., Ninth
+                  Avenue,                              142        400
+    “             Chicago Brewery, 1420 to
+                  1434 Pine St., Aherns, H. &
+                  Co., proprietors,                 22,088     20,261
+    “             Christ, John, 25th St.,               90         80
+    “             Empire Brewery, Chestnut
+                  St., Harold, John,                19,535     17,014
+                  proprietor,
+    “             Enterprise Brewery, 2019
+                  Folsom St., Hildebrant &
+                  Co., proprietors,                  4,190      4,300
+    “             Eureka Brewery, 235 First
+                  St., Schweitzer & Bro.,
+                  proprietors,                       7,154      6,800
+    “             Golden City Brewery, 1431
+                  Pacific St., Buckle, Geo.,
+                  proprietor,                        1,610      1,500
+    “             Golden Gate Brewery, 713
+                  Greenwich Chas., proprietor,
+                  St.,   Metzler,                    4,675      4,969
+    “             Hayes Valley Brewery, 612
+                  Grove St., Wahlmuth & Co.,
+                  proprietors,                       2,901      3,000
+    “             Hensler & Fredericks.               ----       ----
+    “             Hibernia Brewery, Howard
+                  St., Nunan, M., proprietor,       17,250     19,546
+    “             Humbold Brewery, 1839
+                  Mission St., Noethig & Turk,
+                  proprietors,                       6,784      8,000
+    “             Jackson Brewery, Mission
+                  St., Frederick, Wm. A.,            7,522      8,008
+                  proprietor,
+    “             Kirby, Thos. J., 528½ Noe           ----       ----
+                  St.,
+    “             Lafayette Brewery, 725 Green
+                  St., Grogan & Austell,
+                  proprietors,                       5,462      5,649
+    “             Marks Brewery, Tehama St.,
+                  Marks, Samuel, proprietor,           498        312
+    “             Mason’s Brewery, 527
+                  Chestnut St., Mason, John,         9,625      8,000
+                  proprietor,
+    “             National Brewery, Fulton
+                  and Webster Sts., Gluck &
+                  Hansen, proprietors,              13,270     13,200
+    “             New York Brewery, Shotwell
+                  St., Kirby, L. J.,                 2,457        508
+                  proprietor,
+    “             North Beach Brewery, Powell
+                  and Chestnut Sts., Schwarz,
+                  Jos., proprietor,                    426        360
+    “             Pacific Brewery, 271 Tehama
+                  St., Fortmann & Co.,
+                  proprietors,                      12,668      9,947
+    “             Philadelphia Brewery, 240
+                  Second St., Wieland, John,
+                  proprietor,                       43,407     44,276
+    “             Railroad Brewery, Valencia,
+                  between 15th and 16th Sts.,
+                  Schuster, Fred., proprietor,       1,647      1,300
+    “             Schultz & Geitner, 26th St.,        ----      1,400
+    “             South San Francisco Brewery,
+                  R. R. Ave. and 14th St.,
+                  Hoelscher, A. &. Co.,
+                  proprietors,                       2,192      2,200
+    “             South San Francisco Stock
+                  Brewing Co., 2118 Powell St.,
+                                                    10,420      8,900
+    “             Swan Brewing Co., 15th and
+                  Dolores Sts.,                        971        481
+    “             Swiss Brewery, 414 and 416
+                  Dupont St.,                          765        498
+    “             Union Brewery, Hess & Co.,
+                  proprietors,                       7,020      5,800
+    “             U. S. Brewery, Franklin and
+                  McAllister Sts.,                  15,477     13,300
+    “             Washington Brew’y, 723
+                  Lombard St.,                      17,326     16,321
+    “             Wilmot Brewing Co., 324
+                  Green St.                            250        100
+    “             Willows Brewery, Fauss, O. &
+                  Co., proprietors, cor. 19th
+                  and Mission Sts.,                  6,501      7,600
+   San Jose,      Eagle Brewery,                     3,983      4,052
+    “             Herman A.,                           191        159
+    “             Krumbs Brewery,                      938        859
+    “             San Jose Brewery,                  1,343      1,864
+    “             Schramm & Schnabel,                8,372     10,034
+   San Juan,      Bentler & Beck,                      162         96
+   San Leandro,   Columbia Brewery,                    181        239
+    “             Rantzan, T. H.,                      181        102
+   San Luis       Lindenmeyer, Julius,                 295        122
+   Obispo,
+    “             Hauser & Williamson,                ----       ----
+   San Rafael,    Bagen & Goerl.                     1,374      1,559
+   Santa Barbara, Mueller, H. & Bro.,                  110        144
+   Santa Clara,   Santa Clara Brewery,                 284        480
+   Santa Cruz,    Bausch, Henry,                       793        625
+   Santa Rosa,    Metzger & Haltinner,               1,029      1,146
+   Shasta,        Behrle & Litsch                      358        379
+   Sonora,        Baccigalapi, Louis,                  297        179
+    “             Bauman, John,                        640        571
+   South Vallejo, Deminger, Fred,                    1,706      2,534
+   Stockton,      Boemer & Wirth,                      515        612
+    “             Neistrath, Eliz.,                    505        716
+    “             Rothenbush, D.,                      384        819
+   Sutter Creek,  Rabolt, L.                           661        759
+   Sutterville,   Theilen, N.,                       1,168      1,081
+   Truckee,       Grazer & Stoll,                      245        234
+    “             Menk, Paul,                           76         52
+   Ten-Mile       Franz & Bader,                      ----          5
+   River,
+   Ukiah,         Wurtenburg, S.,                      338        259
+   Vallejo,       Widenmann & Rothenburg,            1,722      1,706
+    “             Smith, P. & J.,                      250      1,097
+   Vallecito,     Vallecito Brewery,                   129        113
+   Visalia,       Mooney’s Brewery,                    594        581
+    “             Empire Brewery,                     ----         33
+   Volcano,       Griesbach, Geo.                       40         28
+   Watsonville,   Kuhlitz, C.,                          72        118
+    “             Palmtag, Christian,                1,495      1,721
+   Weaverville,   Meckel, J.,                         ----         34
+   Woodland,      Schuerley & Miller,                1,458      1,206
+    “             Wirt, Geo. L.,                       200        180
+   Yreka,         Yeters, Chas.                        297        305
+    “             Junker, Chas.,                       311        298
+   Yuba City,     Klempp, Fred.,                       270        305
+                                                   -------     -------
+                        Number of Breweries, 189.  379,373     385,839
+
+
+                               COLORADO.
+
+                                             Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.     1879.
+  Black Hawk,     Haubrick, Sam’l,                      791        580
+  Boulder City,   Weisenhorn & Voegte,                1,410        945
+  Central City,   Lehmkul, Wm.,                         890      1,175
+    “             Richards & Wickett,                   777        190
+    “             Staum, Chr.,                          903       ----
+  Colorado City,  El Paso Co. Brewing Co.,              222        723
+  Del Norte,      Bingle & Co.,                         170        300
+  Denver,         Denver Brewing Co.                  5,858       ----
+    “             Colorado Brewing Co.,                ----         59
+    “             Bendleburg, Geo.,                      40         60
+    “             Melsheimer, Max,                     ----      1,290
+    “             Oppenlander, G. F.,                 1,423      1,472
+    “             Zang, Philip,                       6,110      8,408
+  Fair Play,      Summer, Leonard,                      229        344
+  Georgetown,     Summer, John & Bro.                   694        670
+  Golden,         Schueler & Coos,                    2,857      3,004
+  Granite,        Mesch & Gerter,                        11        155
+  Idaho Springs,  Ullrich, Fred,                        106         99
+  Lake City,      Fisher & Co,                           50        182
+    “             Hirt, Chas.,                          135        203
+  Leadville,      Fuernstein. C.,                      ----        210
+    “             Leadville Brewery,                   ----        300
+    “             Gau, Elizabeth J.,                   ----        632
+  Malta,          Sponagel, V. H.,                     ----        300
+  Ouray,          Geiger, D.,                          ----         80
+  Pueblo,         Merz, Elias,                          850      1,062
+  Rosita,         Townsend, T. D.,                       95        153
+  Silver Plume,   Boche, Otto,                         ----       ----
+  Trinidad,       Schneider, Henry,                     280        868
+                                                     ------     ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 29.           23,901     23,464
+
+
+                           CONNECTICUT.
+
+                                             Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.     1879.
+  Bridgeport,     Eckart Bros.,                        2,599     2,120
+    “             Kutscher, Louis,                       164       162
+    “             Klaus, Fred,                         3,200     3,584
+    “             Knoedler, Christian,                    66        86
+    “             Loehr, C.,                           1,687     2,588
+    “             Stoehr, C.,                          1,687     2,588
+    “             Winter, Albert,                      4,170     3,362
+  Hartford,       Herold Capitol Brewing Co.,          2,058     2,339
+    “             Shannon & McCann,                    5,547     6,151
+    “             Sichler, George,                     2,243     2,400
+  Middletown,     Hopke & Wilkins, Jr.,                  689     1,870
+  New Haven,      Bassermann, Geo. A.,                 4,564     3,902
+    “             Fresenius, Ph.,                      8,716     8,080
+    “             Hull, Wm. & Son,                     9,454     7,430
+    “             Nicholas, Chas.,                       321       233
+    “             Yastron, Rich.,                         22        18
+  Rockville,      Link, Erhardt,                       1,018       784
+  Thompsonville,  Matthewson, John,                    4,967     3,791
+  Waterbury,      Hellman & Kipp,                        356       500
+                                                      ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 19.            53,528    51,988
+
+                              DAKOTA.
+
+                                             Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.     1879.
+  Bismarck,       Walker, J. E.,                          684      502
+    “             Walters & Kalberer,                     714      404
+  Central City,   Rosenkranz & Werner,                   ----      264
+  Custar City,    Parks, Robert,                         ----     ----
+  Deadwood,       Downer & Co.,                            12      120
+    “             Nishwitz, Wm.,                         ----       25
+    “             Rodebank & Nielson,                    ----     ----
+    “             Schuchardt, A.,                        ----     ----
+  Fargo,          Brokorsch, Jos. W.,                    ----       90
+  Fort Totten,    Brenner, E. W.,                         339      365
+  Lead City,      Jentes, Hall,                          ----       19
+  Sioux Falls,    Knott, G. A. & Co.,                     371    1,023
+  Yankton,        Forester John,                        1,621      885
+    “             Roptenscher & Co.,                      875      834
+                                                       ------   ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 14.              4,616    4,531
+
+
+                             DELAWARE.
+
+                                              Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.     1879.
+  Wilmington,     Hartman & Fehrenbach,                3,871     4,700
+    “             Specht, Carl,                           90       308
+    “             Stoeckle, Jos.,                      3,880     4,555
+                                                      ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 3.              7,841     9,563
+
+
+                       DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+
+                                             Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.     1879.
+  Georgetown,     Duetz, Catherine, 38 and 40            792       661
+                  Green St.,
+  Washington,     Adt. F. J., bet. 13th and
+                  14th Sts., E. and D. and S.          2,569     1,960
+                  E.,
+    “             Albert, John, cor. 25th and
+                  F. N. W.,                              686       597
+    “             Cook, John G., 45 N St., N.            264       364
+                  W.,
+    “             Dickson, Chris., 719 4 1-2           1,373     1,309
+                  St.,
+    “             Henrich, Christian, 1229
+                  20th St., N. W.,                     7,400    10,711
+    “             Juenemann, Geo., 400 E St.,
+                  N. W.,                              11,341    11,151
+    “             Kernwein, George, No. 124 N
+                  St., N. W.,                            203       261
+    “             Roth, Jacob, 318 First St.,          2,258     1,674
+                  N. W.,
+    “             Zanner, Wm., 526 4 1-2 St.,            620       438
+                  S. W.,
+                                                      ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 10.            27,506    29,126
+
+
+                             GEORGIA.
+
+                                                   No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.        1879.
+  Atlanta,         Atlanta City Brewing Co., W.
+                   H. Tuller, President,              7,330       7,710
+
+
+                                IDAHO.
+
+                                              Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.     1879.
+  Atlanta,        Wilmer & Motlow,                        6        240
+  Boise City,     Broadbeck, John,
+    “             Lemp, John,                           329        492
+  Bonanza City,   Hepburn, John & Co.,
+  Challis,        Albiez, Frederick,
+  Idaho City,     Haug, Nicolas,                        160        198
+  Jordan Creek,   Frank & Gundorf,
+  Lewiston,       Weisgerber Bros.,                     307        380
+  Pioneer City,   Stadtmiller, Jos.,                     45         58
+  Placerville,    Kohny, Chas.,                          25         11
+  Salmon City,    Spahn, Michael,                        31         45
+  Silver City,    Summercamp, W. F.,                     33         60
+                                                     ------     ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 12.              936      1,484
+
+
+                             ILLINOIS.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.     1879.
+  Alton,          Jehle & Peters,                     3,183       3,995
+  Aurora,         Knell, John,
+    “             McInhill, J. V.,                      651
+  Beardstown,     Rink, Anton,                        1,645       1,284
+  Belleville,     Hartman Bros.,                     11,951      13,452
+    “             Stoegle, Fidel,                     4,300       4,022
+  Belvidere,      Waldeck, J.,                          307          77
+  Blue Island,    Bauer, Henry,                         238         116
+    “             Metz & Schwachow,                   2,199         680
+  Bloomington,    Meyer & Wochner,                    4,968       5,169
+  Bowmanville,    Volmer, W.,                         1,006       1,004
+  Canton,         Koebel, L.,                           182         144
+  Carlinville,    Deibel, G. P. & Bro.,               1,244       1,188
+  Chicago,        Bartholomae & Leicht Brewing
+                  Co., 688 to 706 Sedgwick St.,      28,293      31,245
+    “             Bartholomae & Roesing, 335 W.
+                  12th St.,                          12,939      10,648
+    “             Brand, M. & Co., Elston Ave.
+                  and River St.,                      6,173      34,419
+    “             Busch & Brand Brewery Co., 29
+                  and 31 Cedar St., (May and
+                  June, 1878),                       29,941       5,070
+    “             Chicago Union Brewing Co.,
+                  27th St. and Johnson Ave.,          6,379       4,283
+    “             Devereaux, J., 432 N. State           250         138
+                  St.,
+    “             Downer & Bernis Brewing Co.,
+                  91 S. Park Ave.,                   56,770      66,878
+    “             Fortune Bros., 138 to 144 W.
+                  Van Buren St.,                     12,222      13,555
+    “             Funk, Ernst, 44 Willow St.,           362         180
+    “             Gillen, Schmidt & Co., 416
+                  25th St.,                             256         462
+    “             Gottfried, M., 166 Archer          19,595      16,831
+                  Ave.,
+    “             Hoerber, Jno. L., 220 and 222
+                  W. 12th St.,                        1,912       2,125
+    “             Jerusalem, Jos., 307 Rush St.,        342         476
+    “             Keeley Brewing Co., 28th St.,
+                  near Cottage Grove Ave.,            6,499       8,766
+    “             Schmidt & Glade, 9 to 35
+                  Grant Place,                       21,128      26,534
+    “             Schoenhofen, Peter, 34 to 50
+                  Seward St.,                        36,014      41,447
+    “             Seipp, Conrad Brewing Co.,
+                  foot of 27th St.,                 103,787     108,347
+    “             Seiben, Michael, 335 and 337
+                  Larrabee St.,                       2,942       3,182
+    “             Wagner, Ludwig, 942 N. Clark
+                  St.,                                  388         446
+    “             Walther, Frank, 408 Paulina
+                  St., (March and April, 1879),        ----         517
+  Columbia,       Monroe Brewery.,                    1,173       1,384
+  Danville,       Stein, John,                        1,861       1,587
+  Decatur,        Harpstrite & Schlanderman,          4,147       3,076
+  DeKalb,         Corkings, Thos.,                    1,013         797
+  Dixon,          Clears, Jas. B.,                      510         435
+    “             Plein, Nicholas,                      977       1,475
+  East St. Louis, Heim, F. & Bro.,                   11,380      14,020
+  Edwardsville,   Mick, Henry,                        1,026         564
+  Elgin,          Althen, Casper,                     1,350         962
+  Fayetteville,   Luers, P. & F.,                       474        ----
+  Freeburg,       Meyer, Aug.,                          675         313
+  Freeport,       Baier & Seyfarth,                   2,134       1,954
+    “             Milner, Jos. & Bros.,                 358         539
+  Galena,         Hony & Metzger,                       456         488
+    “             Heller & Haser,                       831         628
+    “             Meller, Math.,                      1,550       2,066
+    “             Speier, Rudolph,                      783         476
+  Geneseo,        Gasser, Geo. & Co.,                 2,718       2,453
+  Harvard,        Huebner, John,                        630         536
+  Havana,         Dehm & Mack,                        1,590       1,192
+  Highland,       Schott, Martin J.,                  3,023       3,855
+  Jacksonville,   Rick, H. & Sons,                    2,144       1,177
+  Joliet,         Eder, Henry,                        4,544       4,608
+    “             Porter, Edwin,                      7,494       7,467
+    “             Sehring, Fred.,                     4,143       4,258
+  Kankakee,       Radeke, F. K., Brewing Co.,          2089       1,779
+  Kewanee,        Lee, Frederick,                       590         560
+  Knoxville,      Krotter, John,                        363         130
+  Lacon,          Hochstrasser & Co.,                   936         652
+  La Salle,       Eliei, L. & Co.,                   13,184      12,225
+  Lebanon,        Hammel, Jacob,                      3,772       3,717
+  Limestone,      Keller, Geo.,                          60          70
+  Lincoln,        Mueller, P. & Son,                   1401        ----
+  Mascoutah,      Eisele & Koehler,                   1,887       1,232
+  McHenry,        Bailey, G.,                           697         710
+  Mendota,        Henning, Christian,                 5,715       5,457
+  Morris,         Bauman & Hahl,                        204         318
+    “             Gabhard, Lewis,                     1,611       1,701
+  Mt. Carroll,    Medlar, Chas.,                        114         114
+  Mt. Vernon,     Wetzel & Fuchs,                      ----        ----
+  Murphysboro,    Broeg, Conrad,                        565         272
+  Naperville,     Stenger, John,                      4,939       2,640
+  Nauvoo,         Schenk, G. T.                         441         288
+  New Athens,     New Athens Brewery,                 1,023         698
+  Northville,     Rentlinger, Richard,                 ----         141
+  Ottawa,         Rabenstein, C.,                     3,278       2,857
+    “             White, Alfred,                      1,441       1,594
+  Pecatonica,     Berridge, Wm.,                        251         256
+  Pekin,          Winkel, Aug.,                       2,186       2,221
+  Peoria,         Bitz, Conrad,                         171         296
+    “             Gipps & Co.,                        9,526      11,019
+    “             Weber, Aug.,                        2,503         921
+  Peru,           Peru Beer Co.,                      3,446       3,743
+    “             Union Beer Co.,                     2,778       2,705
+  Quincy,         Eber Bros.,                         1,556       1,386
+    “             Dick & Bros.,                      12,926      15,600
+    “             Koerner, M.,                           19          85
+    “             Luther, J.,                           483       2,100
+    “             Ruff Bros. & Co.,                   3,793       4,775
+  Rockford,       Fisher & Wahl,                        473         336
+    “             Kauffman, Aug.,                       398         493
+    “             Peacock, Jonathan,                    982         846
+  Rock Island,    Huber, Ignatz,                      6,758       7,308
+    “             King, J. A. & Co.,                  2,826       2,856
+    “             Wagner, Geo.,                      10,205       9,937
+  Savannah,       Keller, Jos.,                       1,200       1,194
+  Sigel,          Wiedmeier, D. & Co.,                   42           7
+  Silver Creek,   Haegeli & Roth,                       345         897
+  Spring Bay,     Eichhorn, Peter,                      630         610
+  Springfield,    Reisch & Bros.,                     8,758       9,358
+  Sterling,       Decker, J. & Co.,                     737         510
+    “             Hermann, Chas.,                       315       1,129
+  Thornton,       Bielfeldt, J. S.,                     932       1,105
+  Trenton         Bassler, Paul,                      1,110         850
+  Warsaw,         Popel, Martin,                         58         160
+    “             Schott & Son,                       1,073         877
+  Washington,     Roth, John,                          ----          14
+  Waukegan,       Besley’s Waukegan Brewing
+                  Company,                            4,596       4,081
+  West            Western Brewing Co.,               10,019      11,618
+  Belleville,
+  Wheeling,       Periolat Bros. & Co.,               1,875       1,889
+  Wilmington,     Markert & Co.,                      2,844       3,512
+  Woodstock,      Arnold, Zimmer & Co.,               4,031       3,336
+                                                     -------     -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 115.         579,888     608,627
+
+
+                             INDIANA.
+
+                                                   No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.      1879.
+  Aurora,         Crescent Brewing Co.,               29,037     30,731
+  Bowling Green,  Stucki, Fred,                          420        188
+  Bremen,         Wolff, Hugo,                           471        277
+  Cambridge,      Straub, Cleophas,                      418        366
+    “             Ingerman, Henry,                       477        390
+  Cannelton,      Huber, Jacob,                          300        373
+  Centre,         Weckerie, J.,                        1,300       ----
+  Columbia City,  Schaffer, H.,                          986       1086
+  Columbus,       Schreiber, Aug.,                       720        434
+  Connersville,   Billan, Valentine,                     190        405
+  Covington,      Miller, Joseph,                        958      1,290
+  Crawfordsville, Muth, Jacob,                         1,285        676
+  Crown Point,    Korn & Suckfield,                      828        515
+  Decatur,        Rolver, Anna,                          218        280
+  Evansville,     Cook & Rice,                        15,738     17,158
+    “             Ulhner & Hoerz,                      1,522      6,119
+  Ferdinand,      Ruhkamp, Henry, Jr.,                   665        775
+  Fort Wayne,     Centlivre, C. L.,                    2,245      3,715
+    “             Horning, L. J.,                       ----         41
+    “             Linker, Hey & Co.,                   1,310      1,616
+    “             Lutz & Co.,                          3,436      3,327
+  German          Pauli, A.,                             145       ----
+  Township,
+  Harmony,        Bauer, John,                            40       ----
+  Harrison,       Klant, Reinhold,                       385        180
+    “             Krodle, Jno. B.,                       453        378
+  Huntington,     Boos, Jacob,                           901        889
+    “             Herrberg, J. & A.,                     202        106
+  Indianapolis,   Balz & Co.,                          1,452       ----
+    “             Lieber, P. & Co.,                   12,000     15,000
+    “             Maus, C.,                            5,233      7,037
+    “             Koehler & Co.,                         300        344
+    “             Schmidt, Mrs. C. F.,                22,640     25,288
+  Jeffersonville, Lang Henry,                            533        429
+  Kendallville,   Paul, H. C.                          1,164      1,068
+  La Fayette,     Newman & Bohrer,                     5,537      4,872
+    “             Thieme & Wagner,                     5,076      6,524
+  La Porte,       Puissant, Jno. B.,                   1,555        880
+  Lawrenceburgh,  Gamer, J. B.,                        3,988      2,542
+  Lawrenceville,  Ritze, Anton,                          368        343
+  Logansport,     Mutschler, Jno.,                     2,097      1,044
+  Madison,        Belser & Co.,                        1,808       ----
+    “             Greiner, Jno.,                       2,202      2,522
+    “             Weber, Peter,                        5,104      5,040
+  Michigan City,  Zorn, Philip,                        2,592      3,300
+  Mishawaka,      Kaume, A.,                           3,595      3,642
+  Muncie,         Garst, A. J.,                         ----        100
+    “             Alvery, Ch.,                          ----       ----
+  Napoleon,       Morbach, Nicholas,                     175        280
+  New Albany,     Buchheit, Barbara,                   3,045      3,535
+    “             Nadorff, Frank,                        105        492
+    “             Reising, Paul,                       3,900      3,211
+  New Alsace,     Meyer, Martin,                         248        192
+    “             Zix, Michael,                          210        190
+  Newburg,        Brizins, Chas., & Co.,                 489        378
+  North Vernon,   Schierling, John,                      169        156
+  Oldenberg,      Roell, B.,                             988        805
+  Perry,          Hartmetz, John,                        667        620
+  Peru,           Cole, J. O.,                         5,312      4,729
+  Plymouth,       Weckerle, J.,                        1,031        928
+  Richmond,       Martischang, Joseph,                   170        197
+    “             Minck, Enril,                          215        217
+  Rochester,      Metzler, John B.,                      437        218
+  Seymour,        Dammrich, Martin,                      396        250
+    “             Kaufman, J. D.,                        279        288
+  South Bend,     Muessel Bros.,                       1,811      2,129
+  St. Leon,       Biscoff, L.,                            20         36
+  St. Peters,     Busold, John A.,                       195        240
+  Suhman,         Schneider, P., Jr.,                   ----        400
+  Tell City,      Becker, Chas.,                         480        430
+    “             Voelke, Fred,                          765        776
+  Terre Haute,    Mayer, Anton,                       10,043     11,753
+    “             Wheat, N. S.,                          351        271
+  Troy,           Thaeny, John,                          595        745
+  Valparaiso,     Hiller Geo.,                           798        468
+  Vincennes,      Hack & Simon,                        3,969      5,919
+  Wabash,         Rettig & Alber,                      1,310      1,126
+                                                     -------    -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 76.           182,448    191,729
+
+
+                               IOWA.
+                                                   No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.       1879.
+  Afton,          Heine, John,                           277         64
+  Anamosa,        Rick, M. F.,                           572        208
+  Atlantic,       Fisher, Ernest,                        219      1,370
+  Auburn,         Bilger, Katherine,                     885        540
+  Avoca,          Kampf, Jacob,                        1,300      1,250
+  Bellevue,       Neustatdt, H.,                         814        892
+  Belle Plaine,   Michel, Mathias,                     1,258      1,258
+  Boone,          Herman, J. M.,                       2,482      2,017
+  Boonsboro,      Zimbelman, L. & Co.,                 2,583      3,090
+  Bridgeport,     Walz, Bernhart,                        321        408
+  Brown’s         Brown, Henry,                          174        147
+  Station,
+  Buffalo,        Barthberger, John,                    ----       ----
+    “             Hoffbauer, Hugo,                       374        282
+    “             Kantz, Theo.,                          366        286
+  Burlington,     Bosch Bros.,                         2,124       ----
+    “             Bosch, John, Geo., & Co.,            2,778      2,255
+    “             Heil, Casper,                        1,808       ----
+    “             Rothenberger, P. P.,                 1,670      1,091
+    “             Werthmueller & Ende,                 2,500      2,441
+  Cascade,        May, Francis,                          947        757
+  Cedar Falls,    Lund, Hans N.,                         597       ----
+    “             Pfeiffer, H. & Bro.,                   412        547
+  Cedar Rapids,   Magnus, C.,                          5,932      6,915
+    “             Williams, Geo. & Co.,                6,237      6,166
+  Charles City,   Andre, Gertrude,                     2,514      1,678
+  Clarinda,       Peterson, B. A.,                       495        368
+  Clinton,        Lauer & Allen,                       1,032      1,417
+  Concord,        Sandler, A. Jr.,                        10       ----
+  Council Bluffs, Geise, Conrad,                       6,006      5,740
+  County of Iowa, Amana Society,                       1,731      1,813
+  Creston,        Bolig, P.,                             118       ----
+    “             Bolig & Co.                           ----       ----
+  Davenport,      Frahm, M.,                           6,006      6,107
+    “             Koehler & Lange,                     6,609      7,563
+    “             Lage, J. & Co.,                      4,052      3,779
+    “             Lehrkind, J. & Co.,                  2,676      3,012
+    “             Noth, G. & Sons,                     2,125       ----
+  Decorah,        Addicken, Mrs. G.,                   1,890      1,872
+    “             Klein, Jos.,                         1,395        924
+  Des Moines,     Aulmann & Schuster,                  1,646      2,185
+    “             Kinsley, Joseph,                       341        362
+    “             Mattes, Alois,                       3,325      2,169
+    “             Mattes & Jung,                       1,224      1,314
+  De Witt,        Yegge, V.,                           1,234      1,234
+  Dorchester,     Tacke, Jos.,                           321        183
+  Dubuque,        Glab, Adam,                          3,483       ----
+    “             Heeb, A.,                            8,327      8,072
+    “             Meuser & Co.,                        3,288      3,437
+    “             Peaslee & Co.,                       3,497        940
+    “             Peir, John,                           ----      1,410
+    “             Tschirgi, & Schwind,                 4,171      4,348
+  Dyersville,     Esch & Bros.,                        1,198      1,432
+  Elgin,          Shorie & Lehman,                       604        532
+  Elkader,        Schmidt, J. B. & Bro.,               1,644      1,145
+  Fairfield,      Toeller & Suess,                       795        482
+  Fayette,        Moser, Martin,                         119       ----
+  Fort Dodge,     Koll, Jno.,                            882       ----
+    “             Schmidt, D.,                           802       ----
+  Fort Madison,   Burster, Anton,                        558        476
+  Schlapp,        Henry,                               1,584      1,316
+  Franklin        Best, William,                         134        150
+  Center,
+  Garnavillo,     Schumacher, H.,                        611        663
+  Grand Meadow,   Koering, Jos.,                       1,051        736
+  Guttenburg,     Hassfield, Wm.,                         55         60
+    “             Jungk, Aug.,                         1,146      1,050
+    “             Roth, John,                            144        352
+    “             Walter, Rudolph,                       100       ----
+  Hamburg,        Nies, Philip,                        1,984      2,095
+  Independence,   Seeland, Cris.,                        429        489
+    “             Wengert, John,                       1,235      1,608
+  Iowa City,      Dostal, Jno. P.,                     3,999      3,301
+    “             Englert & Rittenmeyer,               1,398      1,052
+    “             Hotz, Simon,                         2,945      2,452
+  Iowa Falls,     Althen, John,                          166       ----
+  Jefferson,      Roth, Peter,                           400       ----
+  Keokuk,         Anschutez, F. W.,                      703        580
+    “             Leisy, Mrs. M.                       2,425      2,239
+    “             Pechstein & Nagel,                     973        949
+  Lansing,        Haas, Jacob,                         1,907      1,373
+  Lemars,         Diamond, Herbut A.,                     58       ----
+    “             Maning, L. H. & Co.,                  ----         45
+  Lyons,          Tritschler & Tiesse,                 3,414      3,187
+  Marengo,        Knepper, T. C.,                        420        480
+  Marion,         Schneider Bros.,                     3,588      3,916
+  Marshall,       Roth, Peter,                           276       ----
+  Marshalltown,   Bowman Bros.,                        2,224      3,018
+    “             Vogel, Geo.,                            42        265
+  Mason City,     Brohm & McDevitt,                      210        385
+  Maquoketa,      Dostal & Hoffmann,                   1,713      1,782
+  McGregor,       Hagensick, J. L.,                      939        773
+  Montrose,       Spring, Martin,                        169         62
+  Mt. Carmel,     Gram, A. L.,                          ----       ----
+  Muscatine,      Dold, Chas. J. Brewing Co.,          1,980      2,120
+    “             Dorn, Jacob,                           204        108
+    “             Eegerman, Mary,                        995      1,025
+    “             Schaefe, John,                       1,800       ----
+    “             Witteman, A.,                        2,117      1,580
+  New Hampton,    Gross, A. A.                         1,050      1,050
+  New Vienna,     Baeumle & Ferring,                     754      1,238
+  Nodaway,        Auun & Peterson,                       495       ----
+  Nora Springs,   Festel, Florian,                       112        120
+  Osage,          Pierce, R. H.,                         770        600
+  Osceola,        Jacobs, Chas.,                         370        480
+  Oskaloosa,      Blatner & Newbrand,                    975        728
+  Ottumwa,        Hausman & Bauer,                     2,379      2,398
+    “             Hoffman, B.,                         2,756      3,398
+    “             Schaefer & Hoffmann,                  ----       ----
+    “             The Wm. Kranner Brewing Co.,         2,320      4,351
+  Pella,          Blattner & Herbig,                     372        419
+  Postville,      Koenig, Jos.,                        1,051       ----
+  Red Oak,        Stroh, Charles,                        960        550
+  Rockford,       Marke, S.,                             942      1,042
+  Sevastopool,    Munzinger, G.,                       1,250      1,275
+  Shell Rock,     Scully, Jas.,                          287         97
+  Sherrill’s      Haberkon, Geo.,                        140       ----
+  Mound,
+  Sioux City,     Franz & Co.,                         2,148      3,120
+    “             Selzer, R.                           1,512      1,522
+  Spillville,     Nockles, Frank,                        911        945
+    “             Schwela & Glasbrenner,                ----        288
+  Stacyville,     Huxhold, J. H. C.,                     201        150
+  Strawberry      Kleinlein, John,                       921        858
+  Point,
+  Stuart,         Eber, John,                            742      1,114
+  Tama City,      Matthews, A.,                          516        780
+  Vail,           Smutney, A.,                           220        200
+  Vinton,         Biebesheimer, H.                       168        312
+  Washington,     Jugenheimer, Wm. & Co.,              1,360        920
+    “             Zahm, H.,                              410        377
+  Waterloo,       Goldstein & Rainer,                    806        840
+  Waukon,         Mauch, George,                         308        270
+  Waverly,        Foselman, Peter,                     1,632      1,671
+    “             Tabor, S. A.,                           43         66
+  Webster City,   Ramharter, A.,                         477        639
+  West Mitchell,  Fey, John,                           1,375      1,144
+  West Point,     Lampe, Bernard,                        159       ----
+    “             Troup, Fritz,                         ----       ----
+  Wilton,         Miller, Philip F.,                     923        890
+  Winterset,      Schroeder, Morris,                      75       ----
+                                                     -------    -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 136.          169,030    186,176
+
+
+                              KANSAS.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.     1879.
+  Atchison,       Young, Frank,                           752       328
+    “             Zibold & Haegelin,                    2,079     2,700
+  Beloit,         Pupka & Eberle,                          30       214
+  Carr Creek,     Marsch, Peter, Jr.,                      44        78
+  Cawker City,    Schaaf, Jos.,                           208       126
+  Chanute,        Hartman Bros.,                          300        80
+  Elinwood,       Hess, John,                             286       576
+  Emporia,        Macke, F. H. & Co.,                     400       349
+  Eudora,         Bartusch, Robert,                       101        61
+  Fort Scott,     Schultz & Co.,                        2,040     2,640
+  Hanover,        Jockers, Charles,                       128       119
+  Highland,       Weidemaier, Peter,                       66        57
+  Independence,   Hebrank & Truman,                       504       253
+  Iola,           Schindler, R.,                          125       120
+  Junction City,  Cammert, Helmon,                       ----       100
+    “             Frzaskowsky, L. W.,                     215       257
+  Kinsley,        Kinsler, J.,                             39        44
+  Kirwin,         Strebel, John,                          100       200
+  Lawrence,       Walruff, John,                         1,96     3,491
+  Leavenworth,    Becker & Link,                        1,532     5,329
+    “             Brandon & Kirmeyer Brewing Co.,       4,403     3,774
+    “             Kunz, Charles,                          889      ----
+    “             Peipe, G.,                              347       274
+  Leroy,          Schmidt, Albert,                        303       209
+  Manhattan,      Alten, Chas.,                           186        70
+  Marysville,     Kalenborn, P. C.,                       365       483
+  Ogden,          Weichselbaum, Theo.,                    494      ----
+  Paola,          Hausman, C.,                            283       292
+  Salina,         Mugler, Peter,                          266       552
+  Topeka,         Alfeman & Elsner,                       143       233
+    “             Herboldsheimer, A.                      521       281
+    “             Moeser, Philip,                       1,463       901
+  Wichita,        Wiegand, A., & Co.,                     418       450
+  Wyandotte,      Hafner, Anna,                          ----        60
+                                                       ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 34.             20,995    24,709
+
+
+                             KENTUCKY.
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                         1878.     1879.
+  Alexandria,     Meister, August,                    1,169        790
+  Covington,      Geisbauer, L.,                      8,629      9,345
+    “             Lang, Chas., & Co.,                 8,708      7,986
+    “             Ruh & Meyer,                        4,258      5,248
+    “             Steinrude, J. H.,                   7,446      8,651
+  Frankfort,      Luscher, S.,                        2,265      2,829
+  Henderson,      Reutlinger & Eisfelder,             2,061      2,500
+  Jefferson City, Antsch & Metzner,                    ----       ----
+  Louisville,     Bauer, Elizabeth,                    ----      1,759
+    “             Bott, Sebastian,                    1,070      1,317
+    “             Christ, M.,                         2,280      2,475
+    “             Dierson, A. F., & Co.,               ----       ----
+    “             Fehr, Frank,                       17,189     22,131
+    “             Gebhard, Julius,                    2,383        357
+    “             Hartmetz, Charles,                  1,925      1,885
+    “             Huber, Henry,                       1,211      1,559
+    “             Knipers, G.,                          790      1,437
+    “             Laux, Peter,                        1,065      1,560
+    “             Loeser, Adam,                       2,259      2,668
+    “             Nadorff, Henry,                       725      1,337
+    “             Sauffer & Brands,                    ----       ----
+    “             Schanzeubecker, J.,                   140        181
+    “             Senn, M., & Bro.,                   2,558      4,381
+    “             Steurer. J.,                          422        484
+    “             Stein, J. & Co.,                     ----      1,026
+    “             Senn & Ackerman,                    2,610      7,800
+    “             Templeton, A.,                      4,734      1,890
+    “             Weber & Schillinger,               19,170     25,011
+    “             Walter, Eva, Mrs.,                  4,203      4,310
+    “             Walter & Kittinger,                  ----         40
+    “             Zeller, John,                       7,650      5,870
+  Maysville,      Jaeger, Jacob,                        162        152
+  Newport,        Deppe & Co.,                        4,607       ----
+    “             Schussler & Butcher,                4,607      6,393
+    “             Wiedemann, Geo.,                   11,085      9,973
+  Owensboro,      Breidenbach, A.,                      387        404
+                                                    -------    -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 36.          127,771    143,753
+
+
+                            LOUISIANA.
+
+                                              Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.     1879.
+  New Iberia,     Erath, Aug.,                           579       783
+  New Orleans,    Armbruster, Mrs. W., 537 Chartres
+                  St.,                                 1,934     2,422
+    “             Auer, Geo., 540 Tchoupitoulas        8,136     9,259
+                  St.,
+    “             Bassemeier, Henry, 1010 New Levee
+                  St.,                                 2,367     3,055
+    “             Blaise, Peter, 5 Prieur St.,         3,973     6,775
+    “             Erath, E., 282 Villeré St.,          5,192     6,400
+    “             Lusse, Henry, 478 Chartres St.,       ----     1,968
+    “             Soule, Mrs. S. P., 112 & 113
+                  Peter St.,                           2,514     3,006
+    “             Sturcken, H. F., 82, 84 & 86
+                  Marais St.,                          6,156     7,066
+    “             Weckerling, J. J., Magazine &
+                  Delerd Sts.,                         5,481     6,673
+                                                      ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 10.            36,352    47,407
+
+
+                             MARYLAND.
+
+                                                     No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.       1879.
+  Baltimore,      Bauernschmidt, Jno., 803 W. Pratt     3,573     3,778
+                  St.,
+    “             Bauernschmidt, Jno., foot of
+                  Ridgley St.,                         12,017    10,037
+    “             Bauernschmidt, G., Belair Ave.,      10,761    10,923
+    “             Beck, Thos., & Son, W. Baltimore
+                  St.,                                  4,209     3,875
+    “             Beck, Henry, 153 East Fayette St.,      113        92
+    “             Beck, Aug., Frederick Road,           7,706     6,935
+    “             Beh, Jno. G., corner 3d and
+                  Lancaster Sts.,                       2,083     2,311
+    “             Berger, Bernard,                        197     2,113
+    “             Berger, Jno. M., 317 S. Bond St.,       188     2,987
+    “             Berger, John M. 360 S. Caroline
+                  St.,                                    188       115
+    “             Brehm, George,                       12,656    11,836
+    “             Butterfield & Co., 113 Hanover
+                  St.,                                  2,390     1,463
+    “             Clauss, Jos., cor. Cross &
+                  Covington Sts.,                         428      ----
+    “             Dukehart, Thos. M., Holiday St.,
+                                                        5,925     4,750
+    “             Eigenbrot Henry, 28 & 30 Wilkens
+                  St.,                                  3,936     3,195
+    “             Extel, N., 360 Pa. Ave.,                174      ----
+    “             Hecht, Miller & Co.,                  9,149     9,297
+    “             Helldorfer, S., cor., Clinton &
+                  Lancaster Sts.,                       5,358     5,063
+    “             Hertlein, G. C., Belair Road,         1,406     1,102
+    “             Hœnervogt, Elizabeth, Eastern
+                  Ave.,                                 3,370     3,533
+    “             Kemper, Wm., corner 2d and
+                  O’Donnell Sts.,                       2,799     2,565
+    “             Kohles, John, 36 S. Wolf St.,           264       208
+    “             Miller, R., 373 Biddle St.,            ----        36
+    “             Mueller, John, 394 Pa. Ave.,            673       732
+    “             Mueller, Val., 48 Burke St.,           ----      ----
+    “             Muth, Louis, Belair Ave.,             7,741     6,694
+    “             Rost, Sophia, Blair Ave.,            10,009     8,864
+    “             Schlaffer, Franz, Belair Road,        3,701     3,640
+    “             Schreier, Jos., Belair Ave.,          7,198     6,664
+    “             Schultheiss, John, Garrison’s
+                  Lane,                                 2,504     1,994
+    “             Schultheiss & Bros.,                    183      ----
+    “             Schierlitz, Jacob, 413 W.
+                  Baltimore St.,                          270       208
+    “             Seeger, Jacob, 1053 W. Pratt St.,    10,005     7,362
+    “             Sommerfield & Co., 7 Calverton
+                  Road,                                 6,063     5,193
+    “             Stab, Lina, 74 Burke St.,               497       424
+    “             Strauss, H. S., Bro. & Bell,
+                  Hartford Road,                       10,620    12,950
+    “             Thau & Muhlhauser,                     ----      ----
+    “             Von der Horst, J. H., Belair Ave.,
+                                                       16,298    18,309
+    “             Weber, Fred, Hartford Road,           3,254     2,310
+    “             Werner & Honig, 370 Penn. Ave.,       1,135     1,258
+    “             Wiessuer, Jno. F., Belair Ave.,      12,673    14,799
+    “             Wunder, Fred, cor. McDonnell and
+                  3d Ave., Canton,                      5,899     5,275
+  Barton,         Kolberg & Co.,                          500      ----
+  Canton,         Gunther & Gehl, cor. 3d and
+                  McDonald,                             3,901     6,851
+    “             Schneider, Fritz,                     2,500     2,696
+    “             Trost, Jno., O’Donnell St.,           4,459     3,973
+  Carroll P. O.,  Stiefel, Ed. W.,                      4,253     3,568
+  Carrollton,     Knecht, John,                            20        83
+  Cumberland,     Fesemneier, C.,                         279       500
+    “             Himmler, Geo.,                          591       500
+    “             Leonard, Wm.,                          ----       500
+    “             Ritter, Paul,                           665       500
+    “             Stucklauser, Gus.,                      700       500
+  Frederick,      Hauser, Paul,                           205       497
+    “             Lipps, J. G.,                           392       457
+  Frostburg,      Mayer, John,                            240       264
+  Hagerstown,     Heimel, Justus,                         172       149
+    “             Schuster, Robert,                       150       145
+    “             Wagner, Wm.,                            236       229
+    “             Witzenbacher, Wm.,                      115       126
+  Lonaconing,     Fredericks & Hanekamp,                  581      ----
+    “             Honig, C.,                              564       500
+  Mt. Savage,     Henckel, H.,                             92       114
+                                                      -------   -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 63.            208,228   205,042
+
+
+                          MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+                                                 Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                          1878.    1879.
+  Bedford,        Walter, Fred A.,                      ----        ----
+  Boston,         Boston Beer Co., 249 Second St.,
+                                                      87,377      77,232
+    “             Burkhardt, G. F.,                   45,500      39,382
+    “             Burton Brewing Co.,                 29,189      24,028
+    “             Cook, Isaac & Co.,                  11,358      10,059
+    “             Decker, Conrad,                      5,878       6,748
+    “             Engle, S. & Co.,[27]                  ----        ----
+    “             Habich, Edward,                     30,486      30,853
+    “             Haffenreffer & Co.,                 14,480      16,327
+    “             Houghton, A. J. & Co.,              45,736      32,474
+    “             Hunt, W. P.,                          ----        ----
+    “             Jones, Cook & Co.,                  34,693      31,914
+    “             Kenney, James,                      13,161      13,663
+    “             Kenney & Ballou,                     9,167       9,706
+    “             Kenney, N.,                         10,600       5,707
+    “             Lang & King,                     [28]3,420       9,822
+    “             Parsons & Co.,                       8,112   [29]4,530
+    “             Pfaff, H. & J.,                     26,860      34,862
+    “             Roessle, John,                      41,000      42,827
+    “             Rueter & Alley,                     60,156      40,509
+    “             Smith & Engle,                   [30]3,160      19,174
+    “             Suffolk Brewing Co.,                39,409      44,055
+    “             Van Nostrand & Co.,                 42,828      37,912
+  Chicopee,       Chicopee Brewery,                     ----        ----
+  Fall River,     Healy, Thos., Jr.,                     166        ----
+    “             Hurst, J. H.,                        2,228       4,625
+    “             Ogden, Henry,                          134         130
+  Lawrence,       Evans & Co.,                         2,907       3,087
+    “             Stanley & Co.,                      26,035      28,184
+  Newburyport,    Whitmore, W. H., Jr.,                5,119        ----
+  Pittsfield,     Gimlich, White & Co.,                5,699       4,371
+  Salem,          Walter, F. A., & Co.,                2,459       1,794
+  Springfield,    Kalmbach & Geisel,                   5,093       6,407
+    “             Shaw, Wallace,                       5,813       4,405
+    “             Springfield Brewery,                 1,069       1,511
+  Willimansett,   Brierly, Wm.,                        1,543        ----
+  Worcester,      Hines, N.,                             783       1,933
+    “             McNamara, John,                        375         285
+    “             Webster, Esther A.,                  1,716        ----
+                                                     -------     -------
+                  Number of Breweries, 39.           711,166 [31]663,978
+
+[27] Leased Houghton & Co.’s Ale Brewery and commenced brewing ale,
+April, 1879.
+
+[28] Lang & King, 4 mos.
+
+[29] Parsons & Co., 10 mos.
+
+[30] Smith & Engle, 3 mos.
+
+[31] The Ale Brewers enlarged their barrels during the year, from 27
+to 31½ gals. If 15 per cent. is allowed for enlargement, the number of
+gallons of Ale sold this year will be equal to last year’s sales.
+
+
+                              MICHIGAN.
+
+                                              Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Adrian,          Eason, Thos., & Son,                 337        256
+    “              Fischer, Jos.,                     1,935      1,989
+    “              Lehmann, Wm.,                      1,523      1,462
+    “              Mulligan, Daniel,                    897       ----
+  Allegan,         Ellinger, Geo. S.,                   120        117
+    “              Ely, T. D.,                         ----       ----
+  Alpena,          Leins, Aug.,                         306        337
+  Ann Arbor,       Frey, John,                        2,523      2,334
+    “              Ruck, Frank,                       1,448      1,370
+  Bay City,        Rosa, Thos.,                        ----         60
+    “              Schram, Martin,                       90         90
+    “              Young, Chas. E.,                   2,949      3,878
+  Big Rapids,      Erickson & Hoelm,                    198       ----
+  Blackman,        Haehnle, Casper, & Co.,            2,246      3,358
+  Charlotte,       Crout & Staudacher,                  750        598
+  Cheboygan,       Heutschel, C., & Bro.,               217         83
+  Clinton,         Miller, Wm.,                         271       ----
+  Coldwater,       Kappler, Geo.,                       508        793
+    “              Patsch, Louis,                       865        601
+  Corunna,         Storz, Geo.,                         262       ----
+  Detroit,         Arndt, Henry,                        883      1,154
+    “              Darmstaetter, Jacob, 412
+                   Howard St.,                        1,347      1,617
+    “              Darmstaetter, Wm.,                 1,944        887
+    “              Dittner & Co.,                     4,369      7,438
+    “              East India Brewing Co., 630
+                   Woodridge St.,                     2,723      2,226
+    “              Endriss, Charles,                  5,218      6,616
+    “              Fastnacht, D.,                       279       ----
+    “              Goebel, A. & Co.,                  8,224      9,620
+    “              Grieser, Eliza,                      153        238
+    “              Hauck, Geo. & C.,                  2,163      3,127
+    “              Johnson, E., Jr., Michigan
+                   cor. Sixth St.,                      565        456
+    “              Kling & Co.,                      13,326     14,053
+    “              Koch, John,                        3,694      4,248
+    “              Kuhl, Mrs. A.,                       882         74
+    “              Kurtz, J. A.,                        473        320
+    “              Lion Brewing Co., Gratiot          5,581      9,499
+                   St.,
+    “              Mann, Chris.,                      1,441      1,341
+                   Mann, Jacob,                       5,220      5,006
+    “              Martz Bros.,                       5,632      5,985
+    “              McGrath, Thomas, 511 Seventh
+                   St.,                               1,367      2,658
+    “              Michelfelder, A.,                  5,270      5,103
+    “              Miller, Henry,                     1,658        308
+    “              Moloney, Schneider & Co.,            499        924
+    “              Ochsenhirt French,                 1,917      2,268
+    “              Ruoff, Aug.,                       4,508      4,741
+    “              Scheu, John,                          21         66
+    “              Seeger, Geo.,                        230        134
+    “              Steiner, John,                     2,871      3,450
+    “              Voigt, E. W., 213 Grand
+                   River Ave.,                       17,358     17,552
+    “              Williams & Co., 232
+                   Woodridge St.,                     4,027      3,710
+  Dowagiac,        Horder, Vincent,                   1,058        884
+  Eagle River,     Kuvel & Bro.,                        888        547
+  East Saginaw,    Darmstaetter, L.,                  1,979      2,090
+    “              Mawbray, Wm.,                      1,264      2,606
+    “              Raquet, P. & J.,                   2,356      2,932
+    “              Ziegner, F.,                       1,245      1,270
+  Escanaba,        Nolden, Joseph,                      401        234
+  Fenton,          Hux, C.,                            ----       ----
+  Flint,           Golden, Wm.,                         428        437
+    “              Lewis, William,                      409        274
+  Forestville,     Leonhardt, C.,                      ----         16
+  Fraukenmuth,     Geyer, John C.,                      608        702
+    “              Rupprecht, John,                     549        577
+  Franklin,        Rublein, Geo.,                      ----       ----
+  Grand Rapids,    Adrian Bros.,                        580        444
+    “              Brandt, George,                    2,447      2,971
+    “              Frey Bros.,                        4,519      5,608
+    “              Goldsmith, Jno.,                     380       ----
+    “              Kusterer, C.,                      4,648      5,752
+    “              Tusch Bros.,                         444       ----
+    “              Veit, J. & Co.,                    2,032      2,478
+    “              Weirich, Peter,                    3,286      3,136
+  Hancock,         Schuenemann, Ph.,                  4,231      3,620
+  Highland,        Bentler, J.,                          29         29
+  Hillsdale,       Haas, John,                          306        630
+  Holland,         Sutton, E. F.,                       423        235
+  Houghton,        Haas, Adam, Estate of              3,504      3,040
+    “              Hofen, Henry,                        499        491
+  Inverness        Hentschell, Chas.,                  ----       ----
+  Township,
+  Ionia,           Summ, B. & Co.,                      594        658
+  Jackson,         Frey, Gottlieb,                    1,146        511
+    “              Mills, Jas. H.,                      489       ----
+    “              Redmond, John,                       204         41
+  Kalamazoo,       Kinast, L.,                        1,230      1,078
+    “              Loescher, B.,                      1,298        808
+    “              Neumaier, Geo.,                    1,189         88
+    “              Schroder, Henry,                     354        378
+  Lake Linden,     Bosch, J. & Co.,                   2,124      2,919
+  Lansing,         Foerster, Adam,                      400      1,588
+    “              Renz, Mary,                           11       ----
+    “              Schlotter, Geo.,                      94         82
+    “              Yeiter, F., & Co.,                   493        581
+  L’Ance,          McKeman & Steinbeck,                 502       ----
+  Lapeer,          Burger, J. A.,                       578        807
+  Lexington,       Walter, F. L.,                       742        911
+  Luddington,      Friedeman & Stoekle,                ----          7
+  Manchester,      Seckinger, Jos.,                     360        195
+  Marshall,        Central Brewery,                     162        484
+    “              Effinger Bros.,                      350        320
+    “              Nonemann & Lutz,                     450        450
+  Marine City,     Bauman, John,                        523        497
+    “              Marshall, Jas.,                      273        250
+    “              Meschke & Hoch,                     ----       ----
+  Marquette,       Rublein, George,                     855       ----
+  Mt. Clemens,     Bieber, Aug.,                        857        856
+    “              Miller, Wm.,                         301        180
+  Menominee,       Leisen & Henes,                      950      1,328
+  Muskegon,        Muskegon Brewing Co.,              2,025      3,095
+  Monroe,          Roeder, Jacob,                       817        719
+    “              Wahl, John,                        2,300      2,576
+  Negaunee,        Liebenstein, F. A.,                  375        220
+    “              Winter, F.,                          198        285
+  New Baltimore,   Heuser, A.,                          246        282
+  Niles,           Dosch, Aug.,                         382        455
+  Oxford,          Findon, Wm.,                         120         93
+  Owasso,          Gute Bros.,                          747         93
+  Pentwater,       Fricke, C.,                        4,291      3,929
+  Pontiac,         Dawson, Robt.,                       361        301
+  Port Huron,      Kern, Chris.,                      2,332      1,843
+    “              Senberg, Chas.,                      785        778
+  Rogers,          Bittner, Paul,                       120        125
+  Saginaw,         Rosa, John L.,                       386        386
+    “              Schemm & Schoenheit,               3,238      3,708
+  Saugatuck,       Climpson, Samuel,                     38         32
+  Sebewaing,       Brandle, Sophia,                     110       ----
+  St. Clair,       Schlinkert, John,                    496        456
+    “              Schroeder, John,                     102         80
+  Sturgis,         Schlegel, John,                      714        410
+  Three Rivers,    Esslinger & Sulliman,                170       ----
+  Traverse City,   Kratockvill, F. W.,                  248        140
+    “              Smith, John,                         238        217
+  West Bay, City,  Kohler & Jordan,                     530        937
+    “              Kolb, George,                      1,884      2,228
+    “              Rosa, Thomas,                        530       ----
+  Westfield,       Kording, H.,                          18         40
+  Westphalia,      Arens & Drostle,                      34        583
+  Whitefield,      Rublein, Geo,                        855       ----
+  Wyandotte,       Marx, Geo.,                          809        946
+  Ypsilanti,       Forrester, L. Z. & Co.,            2,156      2,473
+    “              Grob, Jacob,                         190        173
+                                                    -------    -------
+                   Number of Breweries, 140.        203,043    212,231
+
+
+                            MINNESOTA.
+
+                                                 Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                         1878.    1879.
+  Albert Lea,      Weile & Co., R.,                      417        453
+  Alexandria,      Volk, Carl,                           210        319
+    “              Wegener, R.,                          444        629
+  Arlington,       Klinkers, C.,                          93       ----
+  Austin,          Weisei, Jacob,                        241        969
+  Beaver Falls,    Betz, Andreas,                         16         28
+  Belle Plaine,    Schmidt, C.,                          235        399
+  Blue Earth City, Fleckenstein, Paul,                   228        228
+  Brownsville,     Fetzner, V. & J.,                     672        680
+  Canby,           Schmohl, J.,                           67         59
+  Carver,          Hertz, B.,                            348        360
+  Chaska,          Ittis, Peter,                         820        636
+    “              Karcher, Geo.,                       ----        510
+    “              Liverman, B.,                         898        844
+  Caledonia,       Wagner, Philip,                       739       ----
+  Cold Spring      Sarge, M.,                           ----       ----
+  City,
+  Corunna Falls,   Kowitz, Ferdinand,                    618        650
+  Crockton,        Burkhard & Co.,                      ----       ----
+  Duluth,          Fink, Michael,                      1,180        614
+  Fairmount,       Smales, G. S.,                        103       ----
+  Faribault,       Fleckenstein, G.,                   1,015      1,302
+    “              Fleckenstein, Ernst,                  485        560
+    “              Shefield, S. A.,                    2,389      1,919
+  Fergus Falls,    Brown, Chas. & Co.,                   100        180
+    “              Oehlschlager, Peter,                 ----         45
+  Frankfort,       Weiss, Geo. E.,                       272        273
+  Frazee,          Carl, G.,                            ----         56
+  Glencove,        Samuel, Ed.,                          513        618
+  Granger,         Hasse, Henry,                         536        305
+  Hakah,           Streigel, John G.,                    236        140
+  Hastings,        Busch, Fred,                          780        682
+    “              Ficker & Dandelinger                1,190      1,148
+  Henderson,       Enes, C.,                            ----       ----
+  Hutchinson,      Englehorn & Co.,                     ----        204
+  Jackson,         Owens, Evan,                           85         67
+  Jordan,          Gehring, Sebastian,                 1,837      1,850
+    “              Heiland, Fred,                      1,600      1,400
+  Lake City,       Beck, Peter, & Co.,                   402        387
+    “              Schmidt & Co.,                        503        829
+  Lanesboro,       Frietschel, M.,                       207       ----
+  Lanesburg,       Radly & Chalupsky,                    384        691
+  Le Sueur,        Arbes, Peter,                         229        691
+  Litchfield,      Lenhardt & Roetger,                   318        334
+  Madelia,         Brennis, P. A.,                       138        233
+  Mankato,         Bierbauer, W.,                      1,391      1,489
+    “              Gassler & Co.,                        977      1,112
+    “              Ibach, Joseph, Sen.,                  339        420
+  Mantorville,     Maegeli, H.,                          483        421
+  Marine,          Wishman & Garner,                     127         98
+  Mazeppa,         Trausch, J.,                          131        238
+  Minneapolis,     Mueller & Hendrick,                 7,380      8,042
+    “              Orth, John,                         4,892      6,665
+    “              Zahler & Nohrenberg,                1,735      1,966
+  Moorhead,        Erickson, John,                       379        515
+  New Munich,      Schmidt, N.,                         ----        476
+  New Ulm,         Bender, Jacob,                        216        299
+    “              Hanenstein, Jno.,                   1,017      1,523
+    “              Holl, Aug.,                            35        173
+    “              Schell, Aug.,                       2,124      2,536
+    “              Schmuker, Jos.,                       209        296
+  Northfield,      Grafmueller, A.,                      490        452
+  Oshawa,          Veith, Fred A.,                       311        145
+  Owatumwa,        Bion, Louis,                        1,138      1,018
+    “              Gauser, Petro,                        781        823
+  Perham,          Schroeder, Peter,                     336        307
+  Pine Island,     Ferber, John,                         100        135
+  Red Wing,        Christ, Jacob,                      1,439      1,339
+    “              Hartman, John,                        267        167
+    “              Hoffman, L.,                          624        607
+    “              Remmler, A.,                        1,456      1,428
+  Reeds,           Voelke, J.,                           379        180
+  Reed’s Landing,  Burkhard, Samuel,                     520        603
+  Redwood Falls,   Weiss, John,                           32         57
+  Richmond,        Webber, C.,                           225        122
+  Rochester,       Bang, Joseph,                         140        500
+    “              Schuster, Henry,                    1,176      1,157
+  Rollingstone,    Vill, Otto,                           378        861
+  Rushford,        Pfeiffer, Jacob,                      355        234
+  Rush City,       Victor, Gustav,                       400        595
+  Sauk Center,     Gruber, Geo.,                          40         19
+  Shakopee,        Husmann, A. T.,                     1,232      1,072
+    “              Nysson, H.,                         1,266        952
+  Sleepy Eye,      Kramer, G. W., & Co.,                 237        366
+  St. Anthony,     Gluck. G.,                          3,996      3,458
+  St. Charles,     Mueller, F. W.,                       944        571
+  St. Cloud,       Brick, John,                        1,688      1,444
+    “              Enderle, Lorenz,                    1,344      1,598
+    “              Thierse & Balder,                   1,196        977
+  Stillwater,      Tepass, Hermann,                      955      1,191
+    “              Wolf, Joseph, & Co.,                2,651      3,364
+  St. Paul,        Bauholzer, Fred,                    1,284      1,167
+    “              Bruggeman, M.,                      1,326      1,908
+    “              Drewry & Son,                         641        642
+    “              Emmert, Fred.,                      2,760      2,800
+    “              Funk, M.,                           1,475      1,737
+    “              Hamm, Theodore,                     5,770      7,980
+    “              Horning, Frank,                        88        102
+    “              Koch, R., & Co.,                    1,869      2,265
+    “              Stahlman, Chris.,                   8,415     10,440
+    “              Wurm, Johanna,                        210        200
+    “              Yoerg, Anthony,                     2,225      2,791
+  St. Peter,       Engesser, Math.,                      358        299
+    “              Stelzer, Jacob,                       327        437
+  St. Vincent,     Raywood & Lemon,                     ----       ----
+  Taylor’s Falls,  Schottermuller, J.,                   133        140
+  Wabasha,         Leslin, Mary,                         245        198
+  Waconia,         Zabler, Michael,                      660        652
+  Waseca,          Kraft, Simon,                         831        585
+    “              Bierwalter, John,                    ----       ----
+  Watertown,       Lüders, Fritz,                        734        470
+  Willmar,         Gilger, Wm.,                         ----       ----
+  Winona,          Becker, John S.,                    2,128      2,540
+    “              Bub, Peter,                         2,014      2,484
+  Young America,   Schmasse, A., & Co.,                  343        389
+                                                     -------    -------
+                   Number of Breweries, 114.         101,916    113,529
+
+                             MISSOURI.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Appleton,        Ludwig, Casper,                        458       378
+  Boonville,       Gresmeier & Roechel                  1,170      ----
+  Cape Girardeau,  Hanney, Ferdinand,                     558       624
+    “              Henniger, Fred.,                       364       420
+    “              Uhl, Casper,                           757       792
+  Carrollton,      Schomburg, H. R.,                      316       274
+  Carthage,        Beainer, Jas. C.,                     ----      ----
+  Chillicothe,     Pierson, Peter,                        597       257
+  Edina,           Strohman, F. G.,                        51       109
+  Fredericktown,   Gamma, Jacob,                          440       340
+  Fulton,          Lorenz, Edward,                        332       316
+  Glasgow,         Siebel, John,                          292      ----
+  Hannibal,        Riedel, Geo.,                        2,975     2,025
+    “              Schambacher, W. H.,                   ----      ----
+  Hermann,         Kropp, Hugo,                           495       998
+  Jefferson City,  Franz & Brother,                     1,311     1,276
+    “              Wagner, Geo., & Son,                 2,688     2,863
+  Kansas City,     Kump, F. H.,                         8,700     8,700
+    “              Muehlbach, John,                     2,666     3,932
+  Kirksville,      Maloney, A. D., & Co.,                  28      ----
+    “              Sloan, Henry,                           78      ----
+  Lexington,       Hoffman, Ernst,                      1,060       600
+  Macon City,      Steinbrecher, Geo.,                    796       204
+  Maryville,       Niesendorfer & Co.,                    909        52
+  Middlebrook,     Seitz, Edward,                       1,097       300
+  Moberly,         Hochberger, G. F.,                   1,038       332
+  Palmyra,         Hiner, A.,                             225       195
+    “              Menge, Christopher,                    141       188
+  Perryville,      Strobel, F., & Co.,                    465       420
+  Princeton,       Antricht, Ferd & Co.,                  181       136
+  Rockport,        Hartman, Wm.,                          350       200
+  Salt River,      Amesbury & Walker,                      39        31
+  Sedalia,         Siebel & Holm,                       3,692     2,731
+  Springfield,     Dingledein, S.,                        936       738
+  St. Charles,     Runge, Theo.,                        1,775     1,768
+    “              Schaeffer, E.,                       2,308     2,200
+  St. Genevieve,   Rottler, Val.,                       1,069       700
+  St. Joseph,      Goetz, M. K., & Co.,                 4,651     4,299
+    “              Kuechle, E. J.,                      3,843     3,804
+    “              Nunning, Henry & Son,                6,223     5,585
+    “              Ohnesorg & Co.,                      2,270     3,570
+  St. Louis,       Anthony & Kuhn, cor. Sidney
+                   and Buel Sts.,                      22,018    22,970
+    “              Anheuser-Busch Brewing
+                   Association, between
+                   Peslallozi and Crittenden,          61,584    83,160
+    “              Brinckwirth & Nolker, 1820
+                   Cass Ave.,                          23,573    22,410
+    “              Cherokee Brewery, Herold &
+                   Loebs, props., Cherokee St.,
+                   Iowa Ave.,                          11,151    11,432
+    “              Denber, Geo., s. w. cor. 20th
+                   and Dodier Sts.,                       104       164
+    “              Excelsior Brewing Co., C.
+                   Koehler, president, 2818 So.
+                   Seventh St.,                        22,865    23,284
+    “              Feuerbacher & Schlossstein,
+                   Sidney and Eighth Sts.,             22,350    22,121
+    “              Ferrie, Jos., & Co., 1906
+                   Franklin Ave.,                       1,100      ----
+    “              Griesedieck, A., & Co., Buena
+                   Vista and Shenandoah Sts.,           7,904     3,519
+    “              Grone, H., & Co., 2211 Clark        27,532    27,207
+                   Ave.,
+    “              Heidbreder, Jno. F., cor. 21st
+                   and Dodier Sts.,                     7,167     8,100
+    “              Klausman Brewing Co., So. Main
+                   St., Carondelet,                     7,970     7,638
+    “              Koch & Schillinger Brewing
+                   Co., 816 to 822 Sidney Sts.,        11,319    12,500
+    “              Lemp, Wm. J., 2d Carondelet
+                   Ave. and Cherokee St.,              78,422    88,714
+    “              Milentz, Laura, 1535
+                   Carondelet Ave.,                       136       175
+    “              Schnaider, Jos., Brewing Co.,
+                   2,000 Chauteau Ave.,                28,589    27,960
+    “              Spengler & Son, 3823 Broadway,       8,870     9,677
+    “              Stifel, Chas. G., Brewing Co.,
+                   1911 N. Fourteenth St.,             26,598    30,164
+    “              St. Louis Brewery Co.,
+                   Lafayette and 2d Carondelet         15,060    10,527
+                   Ave.,
+    “              Uhrig, Jos., Brewing Co., 1800
+                   Market St.,                         15,604    13,346
+    “              Wainwright, S. & Co., 727
+                   South Ninth St.,                    39,440    45,846
+    “              Weiss, M. & Obert, N. E. cor.
+                   State and Lynch Sts.,               10,500    11,000
+    “              Winkelmeyer, J., Brewing
+                   Association, from 17th to
+                   18th, and Market to Walnut          27,079    31,474
+                   Sts.,
+    “              Young, B. F., 514 So. Second
+                   St.,                                   796       808
+  Stockton,        Gast, M.,                             ----        16
+  Union,           Richenmacher & Gory,                   156        84
+  Warrenburg,      Gross, Philip,                         328       199
+  Washington,      Busch, John B.,                      2,228     1,912
+  Wittenburg,      Milster, C. D.,                       ----       318
+                                                      -------   -------
+                   Number of Breweries, 72.           547,590   582,372
+
+
+                             MONTANA.
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Bannack,         Harby, James,                          27       41
+  Bozeman,         Spieth & Kugg,                        428      332
+  Butte,           Saile, Buol,                         ----       20
+    “              Schmidt & Garner,                     299      190
+  Deer Lodge,      Coutaineir & Fish,                    141      309
+    “              Fenner & Co.,                         310      324
+  Diamond City,    Rampeck, H. J.,                        61       42
+  Fort Benton,     Moersberger & Co.,                     73       58
+  Glendale,        Gilg, Frank,                          112      151
+  Helena,          Binzel, B.,                          ----       49
+    “              Foller, August,                       568      652
+    “              Horsky & Kuech,                       889    1,003
+    “              Kessler, Nick,                      1,026      912
+  Miles,           Buch & Rodener,                      ----      115
+  Missoula,        Hayes, John,                          116      203
+  Phillipsburg,    Guth, Christian,                       37       43
+    “              Kroger, Chas.,                         75       76
+  Radersburg,      Dixon, Thos.,                          31       28
+  Silver Bow,      Nissler, Christian,                   267      510
+  Silver Star,     Fullhart, L.,                        ----       74
+  Sun River,       Rohner, John,                        ----       54
+  Virginia City,   Gilbert, Henry S.,                    217      330
+                                                       -----    -----
+                   Number of Breweries, 22.            4,677    5,516
+
+
+                              NEBRASKA.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.    1879.
+  Beatrice,          Coffin & Sonderegger,              ----      319
+  Columbus,          Hersenbrock & Hengeler,           1,127    1,117
+  Colfax,            Jetter & Martin,                  1,037    1,069
+  Fairmount,         Rock, C.,                           874      151
+  Falls City,        Brackhalm Bros.,                   ----     ----
+    “                Brackhalm & Fricke,                ----      591
+  Franklin,          Arnold, Ernst,                      106      175
+  Fremont,           Magenan, E.,                      2,350    2,595
+  Grand Island,      Boehm, George,                    1,176    1,180
+  Hastings,          Calvert, Alfred,                    170     ----
+  Kulo,              Borener, Aug.,                       79       82
+  Lincoln,           Fitzgerald, J.,                    ----     ----
+  Nebraska City,     Reyschlag, Fred,                  1,285     ----
+    “                Roos, A.,                           685      815
+  Niohara,           Foerster, Adam,                    ----       47
+  North Platte,      Distel, Erickson & Co.,             232      558
+  Omaha,             Bacon, Albert,                      233     ----
+    “                Baumann, Mrs. W.,                 2,747    3,162
+    “                Engler, E.,                         102       82
+    “                Krug, Fred, 11th St.,             7,298    8,065
+    “                Metz & Bro.,                      5,645    7,686
+  Plattsmouth,       Heisel & Rippel,                    617      481
+  Red Cloud,         Bernzen, J.,                        201      120
+  West Crete,        Neher, N.,                          844      739
+  West Point,        Wala, Jos.,                         278      218
+  Wilber,            Kobes, Jno.,                         14       18
+    “                Shary, Rob’t,                      ----     ----
+                                                      ------   ------
+                     Number of Breweries, 27.         27,100   29,270
+
+
+                          NEVADA.
+
+                                                  Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                          1878.    1879.
+  Aurora,            Stauhler, F.,                         281      388
+  Austin,            Bauer, G. A.,                         324
+  Battle Mountain,   Amfahr, John,                          84       39
+  Belleville,        Belleville Brewery,                  ----       93
+  Carson City,       Berryman, R. A.,                     ----     ----
+    “                Klein, Jacob,                       1,734    2,071
+  Elko,              Bixel, Antonie,                       499      355
+    “                Hawley & Curieux,                     115
+  Esmerelda,         Stahler, F.,                          281      644
+  Eureka,            Bremenkampf, F. J., & Co.,            375      495
+    “                Lautenschlager, C.,                   943    1,272
+    “                Mann, H., & Co.,                      261      993
+    “                Smith & Mendes,                      ----      237
+    “                Vosberg, Henry,                      ----     ----
+  Gold Hill,         Schweiss, Sylvester,                1,170    1,054
+  Grantsville,       Koch, Wm.,                           ----     ----
+  Halleck,           Gruenberg, Chr.,                     ----     ----
+  Hamilton,          Schmidt, Casper,                      129
+  Paradise Valley,   Kirchner & Co.,                      ----      124
+  Pioche,            Staler, J. W.,                         10        5
+    “                Schustrich & Klein,                   195      199
+  Reno,              Hoffmann, Wm.,                        648      509
+  Silver City,       Geyer, Philip,                        155     ----
+  Tuscarora,         Iwan & Trilling,                       65      138
+    “                Curiaux, F.,                          208      342
+  Tybo,              Bohle, H.,                            111      146
+  White Pine,        Mezger Bros.,                          96      124
+  Winnemucca,        Fink & Hinkey,                        348      472
+    “                Kesler, Charles,                      104      132
+  Virginia City,     Deininger, John P.,                   605      581
+    “                Franklin & Schroeder,               1,400    1,516
+    “                Rapp & Langan,                      1,179      963
+    “                Reich, Louis,                         786      840
+                                                       -------  -------
+                     Number of Breweries, 35.           12,116   13,969
+
+
+                             NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+
+                                                   Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                           1878.    1879.
+  Cold River,       Fall Mountain Lager Co.,              4,858    8,605
+  Manchester,       Carney, Lynch & Co.,                  ----     ----
+  Portsmouth,       Eldredge Brewing Co., Marcus          ----     ----
+                      Eldredge, President,               40,181   33,031
+      “             Jones, Frank,                        66,398   60,105
+      “             Portsmouth Brewing Co.,              15,634   15,147
+                                                        -------  -------
+                      Number of Breweries, 5.           127,071  116,888
+
+
+                             NEW JERSEY.
+
+                                                 Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                         1878.    1879.
+  Clinton,          Krack, J. G.,                      271        1,109
+  East Newark,      Hauck, Peter,                   12,705       15,243
+  Egg Harbor,       Schmitz, Henry,                    821          919
+  Elizabeth,        Eckert, P. J.,                      90          155
+      “             Wagner, John F.,                   832          953
+  Guttenberg,       Biela & Eypper,                  5,850        6,027
+      “             Koehler & Son,                   9,177        9,851
+  Hamilton,         Hetzel, Jacob,                   1,344        1,775
+  Hoboken,          Axtman, John,                      194          160
+      “             Hackenberg, Franz,                 149          120
+  Jersey City,      Freund, H. C.,                     137          212
+      “             Hudson City Brewery,            13,135       11,892
+      “             Lembeck & Betz,                 29,353       31,532
+      “             Marion Brewery,                  3,143        4,726
+      “             Newman, H.,                        131          106
+      “             Simon, H. P.,                      216          222
+  Midland,          Keeley, James,                     707         ----
+  Newark,           Abendschoen & Bro.,                142          238
+     “              Ballentine, P., & Sons,        109,234      106,091
+     “              Ballentine & Co.,               20,494       21,979
+     “              Feigenspan & Co.,               21,366       19,074
+     “              Freche, Gustave L.,                114           92
+     “              Froescher, George,                 140          250
+     “              Griffith, John, & Co.,           1,536         ----
+     “              Heinnickel, John,                   67          144
+     “              Hensler, Joseph,                35,560       38,638
+     “              Hill & Piez,                    23,032       24,172
+     “              Kastner, F. J.,                 15,349       14,637
+     “              Krueger, Gottfried,             28,759       29,549
+     “              Laderer, M.,                        51           93
+     “              Lyon, D. M., & Son,             26,560       22,994
+     “              Mander, Jac.                    12,088       12,801
+     “              Morton & Bro.,                  20,397       18,851
+     “              Neitzer, Charles,                   93           80
+     “              Neu, John,                       2,969        3,403
+     “              Roesser, Catharina,                 84          149
+     “              Stadelhofer, Max.,                ----         ----
+     “              Trant, F. A.,                    4,828        5,958
+     “              Trefz, Christiana,              25,380       20,809
+     “              Wackenhuth, F. C.,               3,188        2,682
+     “              Weidemayer, G. W.,               3,855          750
+     “              Ziehr, Elizabeth,                 ----          248
+  Paterson,         Graham & Co.,                    6,237       12,484
+     “              Braum, C.,                         409        1,588
+     “              Katz, Bros.,                       129        7,062
+     “              Pfannebecker, P.,                   48          152
+     “              Sprattel & Mennel,               5,768        5,027
+     “              Shaw & Hincliffe,               22,029       22,000
+  Rahway,           Geyer Bros.,                     1,605        6,748
+  Raritan,          Schneider, J.,                    ----        1,049
+  Trenton,          Haas, F. Son’s,                    480          580
+     “              Schloetterer, S.,                 ----         ----
+  Union Hill,       Bromeke, Aug.,                     302          177
+     “              Bermus, Daniel,                 14,425       17,195
+     “              Linnewerth, L.,                  7,366        8,611
+     “              Peter, William,                  8,967        7,862
+     “              Wegenburg, Charles,                 94          102
+  West Hoboken,     Wittig, Catharine,               1,177          543
+                                                   -------      -------
+                      Number of Breweries, 57.     502,574      519,864
+
+
+                             NEW MEXICO.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Golondrinas,      Weber, Frank,                      110          180
+  Silver City,      May, John L., & Co.,              ----         ----
+                                                   -------      -------
+                      Number of Breweries, 2.          110          180
+
+
+                              NEW YORK.
+
+                                                 Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                         1878.    1879.
+  Albany,           Albany Brewing Co.,                58,201    71,568
+    “               Amsdell Bros.,                     40,975    57,470
+    “               Beverywyck Brewing Co.,              ----    25,947
+    “               Coleman Bros.,                      6,593     7,585
+    “               Dobler, John,                       3,305     3,897
+    “               Farun, M. H.,                         305       463
+    “               Fulgraff, Wm., estate of,           1,415     1,183
+    “               Gregory, Alex.,                    12,504    10,495
+    “               Hedrick, John F.,                   3,407     3,766
+    “               Hinckel, Fred,                     21,267    16,448
+    “               Hoerl & Frank,                      1,051       732
+    “               Kirchner, J.,                       4,865     4,508
+    “               Long, A. S.,                        1,204     1,542
+    “               Schindler, Wm.,                     1,532     1,592
+    “               Schneider, J. G.,                     500       130
+    “               Taylor & Son,                      49,512    46,001
+    “               Tzomaski, Julius,                      39        35
+    “               Walker, James,                     10,890     6,764
+    “               Weber, G., & Son,                     342       258
+    “               Quinn & Nolan,                     44,045    44,101
+  Allegany,         Zink, W. F.,                          200        60
+  Amsterdam,        Moat, Charles,                      2,550     2,990
+    “               Pabst, Jno. F.,                      ----       142
+  Attica,           Thompson, C. S., Assignee of
+                    R. H. Farnham,                       ----     1,083
+  Auburn,           Burtis & Son,                       1,600     2,770
+    “               Fanning, G. S.,                       602       918
+    “               Koenig, Wm.,                        3,534     1,993
+    “               Sutcliffe, Wm.,                     3,018     4,223
+  Batavia,          Eagar & Co.,                        1,266       762
+    “               Millschauer, L.,                      867      ----
+  Binghamton,       West, L.,                           1,045     1,276
+    “               White & Fuller,                     3,000     2,688
+  Bleecker,         Ernst, Roman,                          66      ----
+  Breslau,          Feller, John,                         185       139
+  Buffalo,          Beck, Magnus,                      13,456    11,720
+    “               Driskel, Mrs. F.,                   2,836     3,183
+    “               Gecman & Schroeter,                  ----       596
+    “               Gerber, Charles,                    9,905    11,245
+    “               Haas, David,                        4,428     3,262
+    “               Haberstroh, J. L.,                  4,824     4,751
+    “               Hinold, M.,                          ----     1,274
+    “               Jost Brewing Co.,                   1,949     3,768
+    “               Kaltenbach, F. X.,                 13,843    18,115
+    “               Karn, John,                         2,664     2,760
+    “               Kuhn, Jacob F.,                     4,047     3,694
+    “               Lang, Gerhard,                     17,825    14,030
+    “               Luippold, John M.,                  6,675     9,040
+    “               Moeller, August,                      460       240
+    “               Moffat & Service,                   5,255     6,426
+    “               Reis, George,                       2,149     2,702
+    “               Rochevot, George,                  10,070     9,305
+    “               Rohrer, Margaret,                     219       163
+    “               Roos, George,                       9,684    10,419
+    “               Schaeffer, Aleis,                   7,600     9,520
+    “               Schanzlin, J. F.,                   3,440     2,834
+    “               Schenfele & Co.,                      284      ----
+    “               Scheu, Jacob,                       8,660     8,515
+    “               Schneider, Philip,                  2,250     1,872
+    “               Schuesler, John,                    8,005     9,191
+    “               Scobell & Schub,                    1,503     1,610
+    “               Shoemaker, E. D.,                   6,100     5,106
+    “               Sloan, W. W.,                       2,223     2,554
+    “               Voetsch, Wm.,                       2,481     4,150
+    “               Weyand, Christian,                  7,643    10,483
+    “               Ziegele, Albert,                   18,375    24,795
+  Brooklyn,         Burger, Joseph, corner Mese
+                    and Leonard Sts.,                   8,215     8,400
+    “               Dahlbender & Greener, 174 Ewen
+                    St.,                                4,066     4,857
+    “               Devell, J. V., 16 Osmond Place,
+                                                           21        87
+    “               Deveuthal, Henry, 30 Webster
+                    Place,                                108       110
+    “               Epping, Leonard, 32 George St.,    20,300    20,800
+    “               Fallert, Jos., 66 Meserole St.,      ----       815
+    “               Foster, H. C., Jr., 33                600      ----
+                    Cranberry St.,
+    “               Gluck & Scharmann, 371 Pulaski     24,000    25,520
+    “               Goetz, Christ’n, Franklin
+                    Ave., Bergen and Dean Sts.,        17,960    20,990
+    “               Grass & Co., 435 First St.,         2,574     2,838
+    “               Guenther, Wm., 436 So. Fifth          210       250
+                    St.,
+    “               Herrmann, Henry, 14 North              80        92
+                    Ninth St.,
+    “               Howard & Fuller, Bridge and
+                    Plymouth Sts.,                     16,825    15,494
+    “               Huber, Otto, Meserole St. and
+                    Bushwick Ave.,                     36,911    35,356
+    “               Immen, Henry, 46 Commercial           150       185
+                    St.,
+    “               Jones, J. J., 311 Bremen St.,      10,644    14,225
+    “               Kiefer, H., 140 Scholes St.,       14,000    19,534
+    “               Kolb, Charles, Witherspoon St.,     8,175     6,000
+    “               Leavy & Britton Brewing Co.,
+                    Jay and Front Sts.,                22,874    20,000
+    “               Liebmann’s Sons, Prospect and
+                    Bremen Sts.,                       52,469    57,327
+    “               Lipsius, Claus, 477 Bushwick
+                    Ave.,                              14,744    20,775
+    “               Long Island Brewing Co., 81
+                    Third Ave.,                        30,029    27,142
+    “               Malcom, George, cor. Skillman
+                    St., and Flushing Ave.,            15,556    16,882
+    “               Mark, John G., 26 Bremen St.,         341       242
+    “               Marquardt Bros., 403 Leonard
+                    St.,                                   50        70
+    “               Marquardt, L., 2 Meserole St.,        111       106
+    “               Maupai, Wm., 168 Ewen St.,          5,336     6,412
+    “               Meninger, John, 162 Cook St.,        ----         6
+    “               McGoldrich, Daniel, 55
+                    Atlantic St.,                          48        48
+    “               Meltzer Bros., Suydam and
+                    Myrtle Sts.,                        7,000     8,000
+    “               Obermeyer & Liebmann, 71
+                    Bermen St.,                        22,242    22,238
+    “               Ochs & Lehnert, Bushwick Ave.
+                    and Scholes St.,                    3,060     5,654
+    “               Raber, John, 60 Scholes St.,        6,371    11,578
+    “               Raether, Wm., 1089 Myrtle St.,        139       151
+    “               Schmidt, L., 36 Broadway,             215       400
+    “               Seidler, A., 51st St., between
+                    3rd and 4th Aves.,                   ----        65
+    “               Seitz’s, N. Son, Manjer St.,       19,843    25,000
+    “               Streeter & Denison, 84 N.
+                    Second St.,                        13,455    14,238
+    “               Ulmer, Wm., cor. Beaver and
+                    Belvidere Sts.,                    27,000    22,644
+    “               Urban & Abbott, Bushwick Ave.
+                                                       18,697    23,048
+    “               Weber & Amthor, 182 Graham
+                    Ave.,                                 604     2,320
+    “               Welz, John, Myrtle Ave. cor.
+                    Wyckoff Ave.,                       6,982     9,744
+    “               Williamsburg Brewing Co., Wm.
+                    Brown, pres’t. Humboldt and
+                    Meserole St.,                      40,284    50,287
+    “               Witte, F. W., 100 Luynier St.,        204       200
+  Canaan,           Losty, Patrick,                       416       304
+  Canajoharie,      Bierbauer, Louis,                   1,346     1,399
+  Canandaigua,      McKechnie, J. & A.,                18,500    15,547
+  Cape Vincent,     Scobell, R. S.,                       691       422
+  Carthage,         Clifford, C.,                         678       829
+  Clarkstown,       Schmersahl. J. G. C.,               1,424       569
+  Clifton, (S. I.)  Mayer & Bachmann,                  44,535    37,898
+  Colden,           Miller, Mrs. B.,                    1,144       401
+  College Point,    Ochs, Joseph,                      18,990    18,717
+  (L. I.)
+  Concord,          Lutz, Joseph,                         168       179
+  Constableville,   Seigel, Jos.,                         208       432
+  Corning,          Haischer, Fred,                       840     1,646
+  Cuba,             Agate, Edward,                      1,766     1,730
+  Dansville,        Klink, John,                          450       435
+  Dobb’s Ferry,     Biegen, Peter M.,                  16,036    16,664
+  Dunkirk,          Dotterweich, George,                2,760     3,000
+    “               Finck, Henry,                       1,976     2,554
+    “               Smith, Henry,                        ----       169
+  East New York,    Atlantic Brewery,                     112      ----
+  East              Leicht, Fred,                       3,700     3,360
+  Williamsburg,
+  Eden,             Schweikhart, Daniel,                  403       640
+  Elmira,           Arnold, Kolb & Co.,                 1,500      ----
+    “               Briggs, F., & Co.,                  7,534     7,142
+    “               Gerber, Chas. Jr.,                   ----      ----
+    “               Mander, Adam,                       1,682     1,172
+  Esopus,           Staudacher, Fred,                    ----     1,728
+  Evans’ Mills,     Clifford, C.,                         900       832
+  Fishkill,         Walshe, J. V.,                        973       765
+  Fort Edward,      Durkee & Co.,                       6,250     5,321
+  Fort Plain,       Beck, John,                           570       595
+  Fremont,          Kille, Joseph,                        117       152
+    “               Schneider, J.,                       ----        74
+  Geddes,           Mantel, Jacob,                      1,098       816
+  Glens’ Falls,     Coney & Sheldon,                    2,928     2,581
+  Gowanda,          Fischer & Garber,                    ----       688
+  Great Valley,     Forge, L., Jr.,                      ----       660
+  Half Moon,        Wenner. R.,                         1 029       962
+  Hall’s Corners,   Stokel, Wesley,                       410       425
+  Hamburg,          Fink, Frank J.,                       975       431
+  Herkimer,         Goldsmith, Anna M.,                    90       236
+  Hicksville,       Becker, Wm.,                          223       250
+  Hornellsville,    Leach & Kennedy,                      952     1,247
+    “               Sauter, John,                         796       363
+  Hudson,           Evans, C. H.,                      26,441    23,606
+    “               Waterbury, E.,                      1,265     1,405
+  Ilion,            Speddin, S.,                        2,362     2,353
+  Jamestown,        Smith Charles,                      1,160     1,610
+  Kingston,         Barmann, Peter,                      ----       457
+    “               Cummings, Catherine,                  222       139
+    “               Dressell & Co.,                     2,767     2,523
+    “               Scheick, C.,                         ----        67
+    “               Schwalbach, Eliz.,                  1,485      ----
+    “               Stephan, G. F.,                     1,573      ----
+    “               Thiele, Valentine,                   ----      ----
+  Lancaster,        Demaugeot, John,                    3,410     3,115
+    “               Hilbert, Sylvester,                   465       418
+    “               Soemann, Chas. J.,                    816     1,180
+  Langford,         Kekrer, Henry,                        482       374
+  Lansingburg,      Bolton, Samuel & Sons,              9,548    11,318
+  Le Roy,           Linxwilder, J. D.,                    154        68
+    “               Sellinger, Lorenz,                    483       477
+  Little Falls,     Beattie, W., & J.,                    993       912
+    “               Gerhard, N.,                          225      ----
+  Lockport,         Dumville, Joseph,                     948     1,320
+    “               Ulrich, Anton,                      3,292     4,240
+  Lowville,         Siegel, John,                         613       400
+    “               Siegel, Joseph,                       636      ----
+  Lyons,            Brock, Geo., & Co.,                 1,614     1,748
+  Mattawan,         Walsh, J. W.,                       1,000       884
+  Medina,           Remde, W.,                            420       406
+  Middleton,        Cohalan, T.,                        1,132       623
+    “               Herbert, Geo. Ludwig,                 150      ----
+  Morrisania,       Diehl, Catherine,                   1,211      ----
+    “               Ebling, P. & W.,                   32,438    33,471
+    “               Eichler, John,                     36,356    42,701
+    “               Haffen, J. & M. J.,                13,689    12,505
+    “               Hupfel’s, A. Sons,                 15,020    14,893
+    “               Kuntz, J. & L. F.,                 26,810    29,596
+    “               Rivinius, Chas.,                   17,159    29,176
+    “               Zeltner, Henry,                    13,138    10,883
+  Mt. Morris,       White, J. E. & Bro.,                1,058     1,000
+  New Bremen,       Zimmerman, John,                      498       446
+  Newburgh,         Beveridge, T., & Co.,              15,341    15,371
+    “               Leicht Bros.,                        ----       179
+  New Rochelle,     Jones, David,                      11,736    11,140
+  New York City,    Ahles, Jacob, 155 East 54th
+                    St.,                               10,581    12,578
+    “               Barry & Bro., 319 East 40th           161       171
+                    St.,
+    “               Baur & Betz, 140 East 58th St.,    22,267    28,186
+    “               Beadleston & Woerz, 295 West
+                    10th St.,                          78,037    78,093
+    “               Bender, R. & W., 169 Spring
+                    St.,                                   67        86
+    “               Bentle, Chas., 76th St., bet.
+                    Ave. A and 1st Ave.,                  154       115
+    “               Bernheimer & Schmid, 9th Ave.,
+                    107th and 108th Sts.,              51,826    56,878
+    “               Betz, John F., 353 West 44th       34,129
+                    St., 28,961
+    “               Betz, John J., 9th Ave. and
+                    60th St.,                           4,725     5,833
+    “               Brecher, Philip, 437 Fifth St.,        60        92
+    “               Clausen & Price, 11th Ave. and
+                    59th St.,                          56,786    69,271
+    “               Clausen, H. & Son, 309 East
+                    47th St.,                          89,039    89,992
+    “               De La Vergne & Burr, 225 West
+                    18th St.,                         28,393,    42,037
+    “               Doelger, Joseph, 227 East 54th
+                    St.,                               19,432    20,100
+    “               Doelger, Peter, East 55th St.,
+                    bet. Ave. A and First Ave.,        56,215    80,000
+    “               Doemich & Schnell, 291 Broome
+                    St.,                                   92        99
+    “               Doerrbecker, J. H., 188
+                    William St.,                          730       589
+    “               Dunton, W. R., 84 Cherry St.,       3,922     3,447
+    “               Eckert & Winter, 218 East 55th
+                    St.,                               43,322    42,866
+    “               Ehret, Geo., 92d St., bet. 2d
+                    and 3d Aves.,                     159,103   180,152
+    “               Elias & Betz, 403 East 54th
+                    St.,                               46,109    45,286
+    “               Englehardt, Jacob, 537 West
+                    54th St.,                              42        48
+    “               Esselborn, Broadway and 50th
+                    St.,                                  232       370
+    “               Evers, H., 49 Monroe St.,             370       338
+    “               Ferris, H. & Sons, 257 Tenth
+                    Ave.,                              20,621    23,462
+    “               Feyh, Adrian, 266 William St.,      1,746     1,805
+    “               Finck, A. & Son, 326 West 39th
+                    St.,                               25,242    30,782
+    “               Flanagan & Wallace, 450 West
+                    26th St.,                          82,567    84,825
+    “               Haddock & Langdon, 414 East
+                    14th St.,                          21,509    23,371
+    “               Hawkins, C. P., 345 West 41st
+                    St.,                                5,654     6,231
+    “               Hoertel, G. C., 134 Elm St.,          228       296
+    “               Hoffman, Jacob, 212 East 55th
+                    St.,                               47,042    44,648
+    “               Hupfel’s, A., Sons, 229 East
+                    38th St.,                          22,309    22,697
+    “               Jones, David, 638 Sixth St.,       34,297    39,551
+    “               Kirk, William, 15 Downing St.,      7,049     8,265
+    “               Kleinschroth, Fred’k, 89
+                    Sheriff St.,                          200       287
+    “               Koch, Andrew, 455 First St.,          301       431
+    “               Koehler, Hermann, 341 East
+                    29th St.,                          23,374    21,196
+    “               Kress, John, 211 East 54th St.,    39,448    40,015
+    “               Kerr & Smith, 135 West 18th
+                    St.,                                 ----      ----
+    “               Lincke, G., 124 Forsyth St.,           94        67
+    “               Loehr, Henry, 428 West 55th
+                    St.,                                   10       100
+    “               Loewer, Val., 529 West 41st
+                    St.,                                1,968     2,872
+    “               Lyman, T. C. & Co., 532 West
+                    33d St.,                           41,528    42,491
+    “               McKnight, Mrs. S. M., 159
+                    Sullivan St.,                       4,796       613
+    “               Miles, W. A. & Co., 59
+                    Chrystie St.,                      13,921    13,003
+    “               Morse, Michael, 225 East 21st
+                    St.,                                   80        90
+    “               Munch, F., 143 West 30th St.,          27        27
+    “               Neuman, F. A., 233 East 47th       20,257    23,500
+                    St.,
+    “               Opperman & Muller, 336 East
+                    46th St.,                          21,020    20,693
+    “               O’Reilly, Skelly & Fogarty,
+                    409 West 14th St.,                 28,496    35,250
+    “               Otto, F., 58 East 4th St.,             47        32
+    “               Rehberger, V. 101 Broome St.,          99        99
+    “               Ringler, Geo., & Co., 92d St.,
+                    bet. Second and Third Aves.,       57,984    65,658
+    “               Rottman. J. F., 315 West 47th      14,680    13,841
+                    St.,
+    “               Ruppert, Jacob, 1639 Third
+                    Ave.,                             101,058
+                                                      105,713
+    “               Schaefer, F. & M., Brewing
+                    Co., 4th Ave, bet. 50th & 51st     50,842    53,565
+                    Sts.,
+    “               Schaefer, Philip, 340 West
+                    57th St.,                          23,022    22,489
+    “               Schmidt & Koehne, 163 East
+                    59th St.,                          19,066    19,714
+    “               Schufele, John, 541 First Ave.,      ----        37
+    “               Schwaner & Amend, 514 West
+                    57th St.,                          14,159    12,533
+    “               Seitz, Chas., 240 West 28th         6,443    13,187
+                    St.,
+    “               Shook & Everard, 675
+                    Washington St.,                    45,171    50,005
+    “               Smith, McPherson & Donald, 242
+                    West 18th St.,                     42,316    27,131
+    “               Sorg, Geo., 647 11th Ave.,             21       150
+    “               Spoehrer, H., 75 Norfolk St.,          95       119
+    “               Springmeyer, E., 106 East 88th
+                    St.,                                  158       172
+    “               Stein, Conrad, 528 West 57th
+                    St.,                               50,642    50,145
+    “               Stengel, F., 48 Ludlow St.,           150       169
+    “               Stevenson, David, Jr., 503
+                    West 39th St.,                     13,581    25,938
+    “               Tracy & Russell, 61 to 71
+                    Greenwich Ave.,                    40,296    33,969
+    “               Wallace, James, 70 Madison St.,    13,412    20,676
+    “               Weiland, O., 212 West 30th St.,       232       319
+    “               Werner, Adam, 526 East 12th            48        54
+                    St.,
+    “               Werner, Geo., 344 East 105th           41        36
+                    St.,
+    “               Wernz, Jacob, 50 Norfolk St.           50        49
+    “               Wheatcroft & Rintoul, 87th
+                    St., and Fourth Ave.,               5,722     7,840
+    “               Yuengling & Co., 10th Avs. and
+                    128th St.,                         47,890    58,316
+    “               Yuengling & Co., 4th Ave. and
+                    128th St.,                         27,269    29,390
+  Norwich,          Scott, M. A.,                       1,308     1,302
+  Nunda,            Boulton, Geo. E.,                     881       789
+  Ogdensburgh,      Arnold, J. H.,                      2,391     2,344
+  Olean,            Dotterneich, Chas.,                 2,653     2,464
+  Oriskany Falls,   Smith, E.,                          3,917     4,061
+  Oswego,           Brosemer, Lewis,                    4,668     4,428
+    “               Millot, J. B.,                      2,509     2,312
+    “               Oswego German Brewing Co.,           ----       150
+  Owego,            Burrows, Caroline,                   ----        69
+  Palmyra,          Downing Bros.,                      1,362      ----
+  Penn Yan,         Ainsworth, Oliver,                    118       321
+  Peekskill,        McCord, Robt.,                        448      ----
+    “               Meyer & Amott,                       ----       261
+  Perkinsville,     Didas, N. & Co.,                      344       181
+  Plattsburg,       Woerner & Parker,                    ----      ----
+  Poughkeepsie,     Biegel, Leonard,                      845       556
+    “               Frank’s, V. Sons,                   4,869     4,473
+    “               Gass, John,                           496       435
+    “               Gilman, Fred’k,                       260       200
+    “               Klein, M.,                            216     2,753
+    “               Vasser, M. & Co.,                  12,261     9,511
+  Ridgewood,        Marquardt, Jacob,                  10,733     9,895
+  Rochester,        Baetzel, J. G. & Bro.,              1,161     2,226
+    “               Bartholomay Brewing Co.,
+                    George Arnoldt, Sec’y,             42,921    61,824
+    “               Enright, Patrick,                   3,243     3,333
+    “               Genesee Brewing Co.,                 ----     9,579
+    “               Hathaway & Gordon,                  9,795     9,504
+    “               Marburger & Spies,                  2,439     2,805
+    “               Meyers & Loebs,                       880     1,195
+    “               Miller, Fred’k,                     5,220     5,805
+    “               Nunn, Joseph,                         789       742
+    “               Rochester Ale Co., G. W.
+                    Archer, Pres’t.,                      929      ----
+    “               Rochester Brew’g Co., G.
+                    Mannel, Pres’t,                    32,693    43,000
+    “               Warren, E. K.,                      6,290     6,546
+    “               Weinmann, Margaret,                   132       128
+    “               Yaman & Nase,                         416       384
+    “               Zimmermann, Geo.,                     370       235
+  Rome,             Kelly & Gaheen,                     2,471     2,333
+    “               Smith, Julius,                        493       403
+    “               Evans, Edward,                      1,650     3,050
+  Saratoga Springs, Eheman, George,                       245       203
+  Saugerties,       Loerzel, M.,                          270       317
+  Schenectady,      Dickson, Virginia,                    327       156
+    “               Engle, Peter,                       1,710     1,420
+    “               Meyers, Jos. S.,                    2,067     2,025
+  Seneca Falls,     Weiss Bros.,                          150        93
+  Sheldon,          Battendorf, Thos.,                    216       264
+  Southfield,       Kaltenmeir, Jos.,                     495       425
+  Stapleton,(S.I.,) Bechtel, Ceo.,                     44,535    45,000
+    “               Bischoff, Chas.,                   10,317    10,311
+    “               Eckstein, Munroe,                  13,495    13,402
+    “               Korner, Gotlieb,                       68      ----
+    “               Menken, Fred.,                         60        80
+    “               Ruebsam & Horrman,                 39,500    26,360
+  Strykersville,    Glaser, Frank,                        880       633
+  Suspension        Hager, Theo.,                         975     1,158
+  Bridge,
+  Syracuse,         Ackerman & Stuben,                  2,306     2,485
+    “               Becker, Jacob,                       ----        61
+    “               Greenway Brewing Co.,              43,695    43,058
+    “               Haberle & Son,                      6,080     4,607
+    “               Kearney, Wm.,                       9,072     9,689
+    “               Pfohl, Jacob,                       1,186     1,291
+    “               Zett, Xavier & Son.,                1,230     1,764
+  Tonawanda,        Zent, George,                       3,520     3,140
+  Troy,             Conners, P.,                        1,934     2,012
+    “               Daly & Stanton,                    18,854    16,136
+    “               Fitzgerald Bros.,                  26,409    24,649
+    “               Gaffigan, Julia,                       50        58
+    “               Isengart & Voigt,                   3,875     3,050
+    “               Kennedy & Murphy,                  27,841    34,288
+    “               Potter, W. H.,                      9,206     9,221
+    “               Quandt, A. & A.,                      665     1,825
+    “               Ruscher, A. L,                      3,325     2,727
+    “               Stoll, Jacob F.,                    3,450     3,875
+  Utica,            Bierbauer, Chas.,                     880       392
+    “               Gulf Brewery,                       7,473     6,918
+    “               Hutton, Chas.,                      2,064     2,393
+    “               Myers, Jno. & Co.,                  7,912     8,331
+    “               Ralph, Geo., Jr., & Co.,            6,001     6,035
+  Watertown,        Kellogg, Alonzo,                      600      ----
+    “               Seibert, Peter,                       571      ----
+  Watervliet,       Weinbender, A.,                       449       384
+  Watervllle,       Peck, E. S.,                        1,299       480
+  Wawarsing,        Kuhlmann, John,                     1,174     1,062
+  Weedsport,        Brewster & Becker,                  4,379     4,155
+  Westfield,        Rorig, A.,                             62        77
+  Westmoreland,     Brockett, J. A.,                      822       463
+  West Seneca,      Messner, Mrs. A.,                   1,056     1,150
+  West Troy,        Reilly & McGrath,                   5,644     5,124
+  Williamsville,    Batt, J. & Co.                      2,715     3,108
+  Yonkers,          Krafft, Chas.,                         31      ----
+    “               Underhill’s, E., Sons,              9,906     8,840
+                                                    --------- ---------
+                    Number of Breweries, 365.       3,556,678 3,980,716
+
+
+                           NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+  Fayetteville,     Lancashire J., W.,                  ----          4
+
+
+                                OHIO.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Akron,            Burkhardt, Wm.,                    1,840     1,855
+    “               Horix, F.,                         2,275     2,312
+  Alliance,         Knam, Floriva,                       408       484
+  Amherst,          Braun, Wm.,                          429       471
+  Archbold,         Walder, A.,                           48       576
+  Arnwell,          Rich, Peter,                       1,313     1,091
+  Bryan,            Hahn, Jacob,                       1,400     1,800
+  Bucyrus,          Donnenworth & Bro.,                2,470     2,303
+  Canal Dover,      Bernhardt, F.,                       994       270
+  Canal Fulton,     Rusch, Christian,                    796       660
+  Canton,           Balser, Louisa,                      287       429
+    “               Giessen, Otto,                     2,774     2,985
+    “               Knobloch & Hermann,                1,880     2,340
+  Celina,           Ott, A.,                             919       721
+  Chagrin Falls,    Goodwin, A. A.,                       18        33
+  Chasetown,        Gines, N.,                           347      ----
+  Chillicothe,      Knecht & Muehling,                 2,331     2,833
+    “               Wissler, R.,                       2,070     2,037
+  Circleville,      Kruemmel & Hoover,                 1,255     1,308
+  Cincinnati,       Bruckmann, John C., Ludlow
+                    Ave.,                              5,347     6,003
+    “               Darusmont, M., 184 Hamilton
+                    Road,                              7,222      ----
+    “               Foss & Schneider, 259 Freeman
+                    St.,                              17,871    28,060
+    “               Gambrinus Stock Co., (C. Boss,
+                    Pres’t,) cor. Sycamore and
+                    Abrigal Sts.,                     29,995    33,350
+    “               Hauck, John, 1 to 39 Dayton
+                    St.,                              32,457    34,458
+    “               Herancourt, G. M., Harrison
+                    Ave.,                             24,574    26,100
+    “               Kauffmann, John, 598 to 606
+                    Vine St.,                         41,357    43,228
+    “               Kinsinger, C., assignee for
+                    Klotter’s Sons, Brown St.,         8,824    12,394
+    “               Lackmann, Herman, 443 and
+                    445 W. 6th St.,                   17,622    20,272
+    “               Moerlein, Chris., 712 Elm St.,    98,191    93,337
+    “               Mueller, M., 652 to 658 Main       7,425     6,471
+                    St.,
+    “               Niehaus & Klinckhammer, cor.
+                    13th and Race Sts.,               10,607    18,407
+    “               Schaller & Gerke, cor. Plum
+                    St.
+                    and Canal,                        39,276    39,723
+    “               Schmidt & Bro., 45 McMicken
+                    Ave.,                              8,014    11,165
+    “               Sohn, J. G. & Co., 330
+                    McMicken Ave.,                    18,986    20,015
+    “               Walker, J. & Co., 385 to 393
+                    Sycamore St.,                      5,152     4,318
+    “               Weber, George, 284 McMicken
+                    Ave.,                             57,086    16,709
+    “               Weyand & Jung, 771 Freeman
+                    St.,                              25,163    31,121
+    “               Windisch, C., Muhlhauser &
+                    Bro., Miami Canal, bet.
+                    Wade and Liberty Sts.,            66,794    62,157
+  Cleveland,        Aenis & Fenelich, 557 Columbus
+                    St.,                               4,380     4,806
+    “               Allen A. L., 127 Vermont St.,        793        20
+    “               Baehr, Mrs. M., 225 Pearl St.,     4,331     4,072
+    “               Beltz & Mueller, 59 Cyprus             3        41
+                    St.,
+    “               Bishop, J. A., 371 Broadway,       1,640     1,193
+    “               Fovargue, D., 30 to 36 Irving      2,543     2,778
+                    St.,
+    “               Gehring, C. E., 19 Brainard       15,783    19,500
+                    St.,
+    “               Grabel, P., 529 Columbus St.,        793       988
+    “               Griebel, Mrs. M., 52 Columbus
+                    St.,                                 793     1,003
+    “               Haley, J. P., cor. Seneca and
+                    Canal Sts.,                        2,728     2,405
+    “               Hoffman Henry, 155 Walton St.,     2,118     2,594
+    “               Hodge, Clark R., 7 Briggs St.,     2,131     1,107
+    “               Hughes, J. M., 15 West St.,       10,789     7,509
+    “               Koestle, Mrs. J., 38 Freeman
+                    St.,                               2,363     1,592
+    “               Leisy, Isaac & Co., 135 Veger
+                    St.,                              22,855    20,042
+    “               Lloyd & Keyes, 19 St. Clair        3,629     2,781
+                    St.,
+    “               Mack, J. M., 239 Broadway,           581       470
+    “               Mall, Jacob, 9 Davenport St.,      6,510     5,868
+    “               Mueller, Rudolph, 483 Pearl        2,529     2,659
+                    St.,
+    “               Muth & Son, 10 Burckley St.,       4,439     4,554
+    “               Opperman, A. W., cor. Columbus
+                    Wiley Sts.,                        5,455     5,091
+    “               Schlather, L., cor. York and
+                    Carroll Sts.,                     23,087    27,298
+    “               Schmidt & Hoffman, Ansell
+                    Ave.,                              7,616     7,736
+    “               Schauerman, L., 39 Broadway,       6,191     3,875
+    “               Schneider, C., 2 Ash St.,          3,916     4,042
+    “               Schneider, Wm. & Co.,               ----      ----
+    “               Stoppel, Joseph, cor. Ohio and
+                    Canal Sts.,                        6,675     5,538
+    “               Strieberger, Jacob, cor.
+                    Seneca and Canal Sts.,             2,728      ----
+    “               Stumpf, M., Lake St.,                845       290
+  Columbus,         Biehl, Henry & Co., cor. Front
+                    and Schiller Sts.,                 2,588     2,924
+    “               Born & Co., 449 South Front
+                    St.,                               6,905    12,706
+    “               Hoster, L., Sons & Co., 371
+                    So. Front St.,                    15,268    18,520
+    “               Say, Charles,
+    “               Say, Joseph, 50 East Third            48        40
+                    Ave.,
+    “               Schlee, N., 667 South Front        7,180     8,176
+                    St.,
+    “               Schlegel, Geo. & Bro., 404 So.
+                    Front St.,                         2,572      ----
+  Crestline,        Westnitzer, B.,                     ----        60
+  Dayton,           Buchenen, A. & F., 45 Broome        ----       443
+                    St.,
+    “               Bergman & Tettman,                    22        43
+    “               Braum, Anton, 1st and Beckel
+                    Sts.,                              1,484     1,460
+    “               Euchenhoefer, F., 3495 Third
+                    St.,                               2,010     1,694
+    “               Hecker, George, 751 Van Cleve
+                    St.,                                 124       115
+    “               Poock & Senbert,                    ----       128
+    “               Schwind, Mrs. Agnes, 345 So.
+                    Main St.,                            820       632
+    “               Schwind, C., River Side,           6,150     5,977
+    “               Schimmel, M., Wayne St.,           2,313     3,351
+    “               Stickle, Jacob, Warren St.,        4,037     3,960
+    “               Wilke & Saubert,                    ----      ----
+  Defiance,         Bauer & Co.,                       2,450     2,525
+  Delaware,         Anthoni, F.,                       1,523     1,578
+    “               Wittlinger, C. H.,                   138       263
+  Delphos,          Delphos Brewery,                   2,280     3,598
+  Eaton,            Fastnacht & Rau,                     593       421
+  Elyria,           Plocher, Andrew,                      28       115
+  Franklin,         Katlein & Co.,                       144       113
+  Fremont,          Fremont Brewing Co.,               2,939     2,999
+  Gallipolis,       Hankel, F.,                          381       343
+  Greenville,       Wagner, J., Assignee,              1,078     1,208
+  Hamilton,         Engert, Casper,                    2,729     3,382
+    “               Schwab, P. & Co.,                 13,891    11,524
+  Harrison,         Schneider, J. & Bro.,                933       994
+  Ironton,          Ebert, Leo,                        3,136     2,742
+    “               Mayer Jacob,                         540       494
+  Jackson Township, Kropf, Christian,                    758       497
+  Kenton,           Kayser, Anton,                       190       180
+    “               Ruffer, John,                        880       757
+  Laetonia,         Haller, B. F., & Bro.,               227      ----
+  Lancaster,        Becker & Co.,                      2,813     3,127
+  Lawrence,         Homig & Schneider,                 1,029      ----
+  Lima,             Duvel, Chas.,                        960     1,029
+    “               Zimmermann Bros.,                    252       402
+  London,           Weber, Peter,                        625      ----
+  Louisville,       Dilger & Menegay,                  2,018     1,855
+  Mansfield,        Frank & Weber,                     1,601     1,128
+    “               Reiman & Aberle,                   2,376     2,568
+  Marietta,         Shneider, John,                    1,844     1,719
+  Marysville,       Schlegel, Paul,                      130       160
+  Massillon,        Baummerlin. L.,                    1,029       472
+    “               Halbysan, Emma,                    1,747     1,625
+  McConnellsville,  Burckhalter & Reed,                 ----       109
+  Miamisburg,       Nuss, Wm.,                         1,174       949
+  Middleburg,       Davis, E., & Son,                  1,228       393
+  Middletown,       Sebald, W., & L.,                  4,790     5,866
+  Milan,            Herb, Anton,                          46        25
+  Minster,          Lange, Frank,                      1,790     2,144
+  Monroeville,      Rapp, U., & Co.,                     858     1,808
+  Morrow,           Scheer, Thompson & Co.,            1,961     1,433
+  Napoleon,         Roessing, F.,                        838       955
+  Newark,           Bentlitch Bros., & Eichhorn,         281       285
+    “               Kassenbom, Chas.,                  1,171       787
+    “               Rickrich, Philip,                    303       265
+  New Bremen,       Meyer & Schwers,                     320       321
+  New Philadelphia, Hasenbrock, M., & Seibold,         1,727     1,530
+  New Richmond,     Baumann, Chas.,                      307      ----
+  New Springfield,  Seeger, John,                         66        36
+  N. Robinson,      Gerhard, Jacob,                      212       146
+    P. O.,
+  Norwalk,          Fletcher & Ott,                    1,842     2,023
+    “               Lais, Anthony,                     1,064       940
+  Painesville,      Carfield & Warner,                   560      ----
+  Perry Township,   Sommers, J., & Co.,                1,488      ----
+  Piqua,            Butcher & Mittler,                 1,200     1,254
+    “               Keifer, L.,                          842       863
+    “               Schneyer, J. L.,                     677       564
+  Polk,             Roth, Daniel,                       ----       867
+  Pomeroy,          Wildermuth, G.,                    2,609     2,401
+  Portsmouth,       Kleffner & Mair,                    ----     1,548
+  Reading,          Kroger, J. B., & Co.,                636       946
+  Rome,             Kropf, C., & Co.,                    910       570
+  Roscoe,           Mayer, Conrad,                       311       228
+  Salem,            Muff, Wm.,                           300       450
+  Sandusky,         Anthony & Ilg.,                    4,998     5,070
+    “               Bender, Lena,                      5,735     5,990
+    “               Kuebler, J., & Co.,               11,302    11,611
+  Sidney,           Wagner, John,                      4,126     3,752
+  Springfield,      Engert & Dinkel,                   6,609     7,160
+    “               Vorce & Blee,                      5,561     2,565
+  Steubenville,     Butte, J., Jr.,                    1,138       696
+    “               Basler, J., Jr.,                     389       611
+  Strasburg,        Seikel, Jacob,                       146       132
+  Tiffin,           Hubach, H.,                          737     2,816
+    “               Mueller, C.,                       5,294     4,337
+  Toledo,           Findlay & Zahm,                   24,061    34,208
+    “               Crasser & Brand,                  21,691    18,940
+    “               Jacobs, Coughlin & Co.,           14,294    15,471
+    “               Toledo Brewing Co.,               16,255    17,910
+  Troy,             Henne, Joseph,                     1,895     2,046
+  Tuscarora,        Heim, Louis,                          73       316
+  Upper Sandusky,   Allstaeller & Bechler,             1,719     1,662
+  Wapakoneta,       Kotter, C., & Bro.,                1,049     1,149
+    “               Schuman Bros.,                       278       260
+  Warren,           Clement, Geo., Jr.,                  719       765
+  Waynesburgh,      Grubel, C.,                          480       600
+  Willoughby,       White, O. F.,                       ----         5
+  Williamsburgh,    Bools, John,                          21        37
+  Winesburg,        Wiegand, L.,                         189        77
+  Woodville,        Keil, Jonas,                         283       289
+    “               Lang, M.,                             90       121
+  Wooster,          Mongey & Graber,                   2,311     2,204
+  Xenia,            Farrel & Co., Assignees,           1,441     1,585
+  Youngstown,       Knott & Klas,                        703     1,043
+    “               Seeger, Mat,                       2,576     2,624
+    “               Smith, John’s Sons,                3,299     3,261
+  Zanesville,       Achauer, C. F.,                       84        97
+    “               Bohn, Sebastian,                      79       117
+    “               Brenner, J. A., & Co.,             1,194     1,042
+    “               Fisher Bros.,                      2,123     2,373
+    “               Merkle Bros.,                      2,813     2,791
+  Zoar,             Zoar Society,                        362       315
+                                                     -------    ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 189.        968,332   965,480
+
+                               OREGON.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.    1879.
+  Albany,            Bellanger, E.,                     267        345
+    “                Keifer, Charles,                   180        135
+  Astoria,           Meyer, M.,                         866        801
+    “                Hahn, John,                        440        483
+  Baker City,        Rust, Henry,                       158        196
+    “                Kastner, N.,                       275        249
+  Brownsville,       Cloner, B.,                       ----       ----
+  Canyon City,       Sels, F. C.,                       126        126
+  Canyonville,       Stenger, L.,                        27         33
+  Corvallis,         Hughes, Henry,                     183        132
+  Coquette City,     Mehl, G.,                           43         38
+  Eugene City,       Miller, M.,                        114        105
+  Gardner,           Varrelman, F.,                      21         21
+  Gervais,           Glaser & Kirk,                    ----        129
+  Jacksonville,      Schutz, Val,                       138        171
+    “                Wetterer, Joseph,                  150        159
+  Junction City,     Braun & Seeger,                   ----       ----
+  Marshfield,        Reichert, Wm.,                     280        303
+  McMinnsville,      Ahrens, Anton,                    ----       ----
+    “                Bachman, W. R.,                   ----       ----
+  Oakland,           Robinson, A. D.,                    25       ----
+    “                McGregor & Freyer,                  25         50
+  Oregon City,       Rehfuss, H.,                     1,412      1,269
+  Pendleton,         Stang, Adam,                       140        127
+    “                Lang, Adolph & Co.,               ----       ----
+  Portland,          Feuer, L.,                         181      1,089
+    “                Molson & Sons,                    ----        181
+    “                U. S. Brewing Co.,               1,506      1,557
+    “                Weinhard, Henry,                 5,280      6,212
+  Roseburgh,         Rast, John,                        257        258
+    “                Kreutscher, Th. F.,               ----       ----
+  Salem,             Adolph S., & Co.,                  478        545
+    “                Westacott, L,                      258        431
+    “                Westacott & Son,                  ----       ----
+  Scottsburgh,       Rumelhort, L. H.,                 ----       ----
+  St. Paul,          Ahrens, A.,                         94         83
+  The Dalles,        Buechler, Aug.,                    438        881
+  Union,             Washburn, S. N., & Co.,           ----       ----
+  Wilderville,       Closner, David,                   ----         17
+                                                     ------     ------
+                     Number of Breweries, 39.        13,362     16,159
+
+
+                              PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.    1879.
+  Allegheny City,   Booth, Thomas,                  10,427     8,612
+    “               Dippel, Henry,                     634       394
+    “               Eberhardt & Ober,               11,905    11,480
+    “               Herdt, Mrs. D.,                    824       947
+    “               Lion Brewing Co.,                8,678    11,221
+    “               Lutz, D. & Son,                 13,414    12,990
+    “               Mueller, John M.,                5,046     6,272
+    “               Ober, Frank L.,                  4,541     6,073
+    “               Straub, J. N., & C.,            10,008     9,387
+  Allentown,        Benedict, Nuding,                2,706     2,675
+    “               Daenfer, Jacob,                  -----       597
+    “               Kern, Leopold,                     990       326
+    “               Lieberman & Co.,                 2,706     1,931
+  Altoona,          Ensbrenner, Geo.,                  355       474
+    “               Haid, Chas.,                       316       342
+    “               Hoelle, Martin,                  1,297     1,007
+    “               Klemert, Gustav,                   516       531
+    “               Stehle, John B.,                   524       358
+    “               Wahl, Christ,                      336       298
+  Beaver Falls,     Anderton, James,                   789       756
+    “               Holmes & Timmins,                 ----      ----
+    “               Volk, John,                        786       826
+  Bellefonte,       Haas, Louis,                       504       618
+  Bennett’s         Baeurlein, C., Bro. & Co.,       4,715     5,481
+  Station,
+    “               Gast & Bro.,                     1,236       946
+    “               Hoehl, Henry,                      366       319
+  Benzinger,        Straub, Peter,                     656       475
+  Bethlehem,        Uhl, Mathias,                    1,483       971
+  Blossburg,        Plummer, Elijah,                    49        53
+  Braddock’s,       Schulz, G.,                        159       201
+    “               Schafer, N.,                       397       340
+  Bridgewater,      Weisgerber, Conrad,                317       283
+  Brookville,       Allgeier, M.,                      464       449
+    “               Christ, S. C.,                     319       367
+  Cambria,          Goenner, Jacob,                    573       592
+  Carbondale,       Nealon, John,                      320     1,096
+  Carlisle,         Faber, C. C.,                       51        96
+    “               Krause, E. J.,                     723       293
+  Carrollton,       Blum, Henry,                       287       229
+    “               Eger, F. & C.,                     224       184
+  Catasauqua,       Kostenbader, H.,                 1,598     1,660
+    “               Stockberger, M. J.,                510       720
+  Centerville,      Dluzer, John,                     ----      ----
+  Chambersburg,     Kurtz, L. B.,                      465       451
+    “               Klenzing, H. A.,                  ----       167
+    “               Ludwig, Charles                  1,033       766
+    “               Richter, Henry,                    229       170
+  Chartiers,        Schmelz, Henry,                    276       301
+  Clarion,          Hartle, George,                    101        79
+    “               Sandt, H. J.,                      521       418
+  Clearfield,       Leipoldt, C.,                       91       110
+    “               Sell, Thomas,                     ----      ----
+  Coal Township,    Markle, M.,                        630     1,126
+  Columbia,         Brink, A. H., & Co.,               543       671
+    “               Desch, J.,                       1,625     2,200
+  Condersport,      Zimmerman, C.,                    ----      ----
+  Conemaugh,        Kost, Lawrence,                    434       538
+    “               Lambert & Kress,                 2,120     3,083
+  Corry,            Morris, Hiram,                     491       380
+    “               Spreter, Gustave,                1,512     1,260
+  Danville,         Fraudenberger, G., & Co.,        1,012     1,073
+    “               Gerstner, Mrs. M. A.,              466       238
+  Easton,           Borman & Kuebler,                6,179      ----
+    “               Seitz Bros.,                     3,195     2,957
+    “               Veile, Xavier,                   1,988     1,527
+  East Mauch Chunk, Gerste, Mathilde,                  184       208
+  East Stroubsburg, Burt, John,                        124       105
+  Emans,            Kling, Fred,                       997      ----
+  Emlenton,         Kreis, Sebastian,                  872       485
+  Emporium,         Brummle, F. X.,                    167       186
+  Erie,             Conrad, C. M.,                   6,360     8,200
+    “               Downer & Howard,                 2,140     2,092
+    “               Kalvelage, Henry,                3,236     2,795
+    “               Koehler & Bro.,                  7,365     8,388
+    “               Vogt, Anton,                       245       295
+  Etna,             Metzger, Michael,                  175       231
+  Exeter,           Hughes, H. R., & Co.             1,760     1,373
+  Farmers’ Valley,  Schott, E.,                       ----       108
+  Franklin,         Crossman, Philip,                  870       761
+  Gallitzen,        Ankenbaber & Gaegler,             ----        61
+  Germania,         Meixner, Frank,                     35        62
+    “               Schwarzenbach, J.,                  26        53
+  Gettysburg,       Henning, John,                      49        35
+    “               Bartel, J. F.                      250       196
+  Greensburg,       Hagel, John,                       349       332
+  Green Township,   Schnell, J. L., & Bro.,            167        97
+  Hanover P. O.     Neiderhofer, John,                 108       108
+  Hamburg,          Buckman, Jacob,                    347       138
+  Harrisburg,       Bynre & Ogden,                      18       155
+    “               Doehn, George,                   3,147     2,646
+    “               Dressell, C. A.,                 3,979       826
+    “               Fink, Henry,                     3,794     3,220
+  Harrison,         Brewer, John,                       73        83
+  Hazelton,         Bach, Henry,                     3,543     3,230
+  Heidelburg,       Schmidt, Ambrose,                  183        63
+  Hollidaysburgh,   Buckberger, A.,                   ----        48
+    “               Springer, J. J.,                     6        12
+  Indiana,          Stadmiller, Geo.,                   55       119
+  Jefferson,        Werner, John,                    1,418       832
+  Jersey Shore,     Hauser, Chas.,                     135       146
+  Johnstown,        Baemly, W. H.,                     251      ----
+    “               Emmerling, John,                  ----       111
+    “               Heubach, Max,                      509       371
+    “               Wehn, Charles,                     363       392
+  Kittanning,       Biehl, Louis,                    1,564       877
+  Lancaster,        Effinger, Jas., Agt.,            2,872     2,154
+    “               Knapp, Lawrence,                   962     1,085
+    “               Knapp, Lawrence,                 1,938     1,916
+    “               Koehler, Casper,                 2,828     1,240
+    “               Landis, D. B.,                     504       488
+    “               Richman, G. E., Agt.,              422       576
+    “               Rieker, Frank A.,                2,816     3,063
+    “               Schwenberger, W. A., Agt.,         602       635
+    “               Sprenger, J. A.,                 2,104     1,890
+    “               Wacker, S. V. S. Bros.,          2,112     1,790
+  Lebanon,          Hoezle, Joseph,                    240      ----
+    “               Leubert, F. A.,                  1,425     1,393
+  Lewistown,        Bossinger, H.,                     495       446
+    “               Haeben, Theo.,                     367       143
+  Liberty,          Zeifle, John,                       63        69
+  Lock Haven,       Fable, Charles P.,                 456       443
+    “               Flaig, Matthew,                    230       348
+    “               Pfeffert, Mary,                    144       164
+  Loretto,          Bengele, Jos.,                     106        28
+  Lower Saucon,     Benz, Edward,                      910       628
+  Lykens,           Bueck, H.,                       2,252     2,905
+  Manheim,          Loerher, Fred’k,                   545       810
+  Marietta,         Manlick, Fred,                     381       388
+  Mauch Chunk,      Weysser & Zinzer,                  154       273
+  McKreesport,      Reichenbach, Ernest,               640       558
+  Mead,             Smith, E. A.,                     ----       650
+  Mill Creek,       Voigt & Platz,                     730       806
+  Minersville,      Aapf, Charles, & Co.,              730       826
+    “               Kear, F. J. & Co.,                ----      ----
+  Mount Joy,        Bube, Alvis,                       394       316
+  Muncy,            Harp, Wm.,                         100       103
+  Newcastle,        Knock, C.,                         500       500
+    “               Tresser, Adam,                   1,410     1,400
+  Norristown,       Cox, A. R.,                      2,376     2,228
+    “               Schiedt,                           720       699
+  North East,       Bannister, James,                  134       134
+  North Huntington, Hufnagel, Conrad,                   63        58
+  Oil City,         Wurster, Chas.,                  1,500       810
+  Philadelphia,     Ambron, Adam, 338 Dillwyn           28        37
+                    St.
+    “               Amrhein, L., 6th and
+                    Clearfield
+                    Sts.,                            1,774     1,858
+    “               Archby, McLean & Co., 309
+                    and
+                    311 Green St.,                  13,555    10,620
+    “               Baltz, J. & P., 31st and
+                    Thompson
+                    Sts.,                           23,619    23,915
+    “               Bander, Jehn, 400 Lynd St.,       ----       150
+    “               Bergdoll, Louis, 29th and
+                    Parish Sts.,                    47,514    46,410
+    “               Bergner & Engel, Brewing
+                    Co.,
+                    cor. 32d and Thompson Sts.,    120,187   124,860
+    “               Betz, John F., 401 New
+                    Market St.,                     52,891    44,653
+    “               Bower, John, estate of, 33d
+                    near Master St.,                 4,724     4,617
+    “               Cary, Geo. & Co., 934 N. 3d     16,753    13,579
+                    St.,
+    “               Conrad, Jacob, 27th and
+                    Parish Sts.,                     3,714     4,709
+    “               Connor, James, 819 Carpenter
+                    St.,                              ----        68
+    “               Christmas, Chas., 1605 Cabot
+                    St.,                               185       145
+    “               Class, Charles, 1732 Mervine
+                    St.,                             2,570     2,160
+    “               Dauterich, H., 341 N. 4th        1,407       534
+                    St.,
+    “               Eble & Herter, 32d and
+                    Thompson Sts.,                  12,280     9,990
+    “               Eisele, Franz, 2630 Girard          90       329
+                    Ave.,
+    “               Engelke, Mathias, 835 St.
+                    John St.,                        1,551     1,272
+    “               Enser & Theurer, 2d and
+                    Ontario Sts.,                    6,628     5,490
+    “               Erdreig, Andrew, 142 Ash         2,916     2,400
+                    St.,
+    “               Esslinger, George, 1012
+                    Jefferson St.,                     494       783
+    “               Feil, F., 2204 Lairhill St.,      ----       405
+    “               Fielmeyer, Joseph, 2325 N.
+                    Broad St.,                       2,707     1,975
+    “               Finkenauer, Theo., 31st St.,
+                    above Master,                    1,278     1,624
+    “               Finkenauer, Theo., 1716
+                    Germantown Ave.,                  ----      ----
+    “               Fisher, Albert, 2900
+                    Frankford Road,                     48        72
+    “               Fritch, John, 4224 Edward        1,910     2,014
+                    St.,
+    “               Gamdler & Co., 715 North 3d        861       596
+                    St.,
+    “               Gardner, J. & Co., 21st and
+                    Washington Sts.,                31,516    37,471
+    “               Gindele, Geo., 1024 W.
+                    Girard Ave.,                     5,040     4,934
+    “               Gindele, Joseph, 1205 Darien
+                    St.,                             1,542     1,445
+    “               Grauch, John, 4228 Edward
+                    St.,                             3,240     2,599
+    “               Gross, Louis, estate of,
+                    2421 N.  St.,                   32,807       393
+    “               Guckes, Riehl & Co., 824 St.     8,469     6,477
+    “               Guckes, Philip, School Lane,     2,427     2,278
+    “               Haisch, Christian, 1748
+                    Mervine St.,                     5,355     4,728
+    “               Henzler & Flach, 32d and
+                    Thompson Sts.,                  12,741    10,000
+    “               Jocobi, Otto, 913 N. 4th            62        67
+                    St.,
+    “               Jeckel, Geo.,                     ----      ----
+    “               Kasper, Charles, 606 N. 4th        990       499
+                    St.,
+    “               Keller, George, 31st, near
+                    Jefferson St.,                   5,866     1,624
+    “               Kumpf, Wm. & Co., 2610
+                    Frankford Road,                  1,464       951
+    “               Klopfer, Christian, 2427 N.
+                    Broad St.,                       1,437     1,458
+    “               Kohnle, J., 321 Fairmount        1,850     1,700
+                    Ave.,
+    “               Leibert & Obert, 156 Oak         1,591     1,971
+                    St.,
+    “               Leimbach, Eliza F., 1751
+                    Bodine St.,                        875     1,008
+    “               Loescher, John, 1735 Walter
+                    St.                               ----      ----
+    “               Maass, Charles, 1214
+                    Germantown Ave.,                   233       243
+    “               Magee, Richard, 731 Vine        15,833    30,631
+                    St.,
+    “               Massey, Wm. & Co., 10th and
+                    Filbert Sts.,                   58,214    57,667
+    “               Manz, Gottleib, 6th and
+                    Clearfield Sts.,                 3,722     3,433
+    “               McCaffrey & O’Rielley, 407
+                    Lynd St.,                         ----        65
+    “               McKenney & Co., 614 S. 6th
+                    St.,                             1,024     1,528
+    “               Miller, Adams, 929 N. 5th          470       399
+                    St.,
+    “               Miller, John C., Ashmead and
+                    Wakefield Sts., Germantown,     22,852    20,716
+    “               Moore, James L., 1314
+                    Fitzwater St.,                   5,137     4,488
+    “               Mueller, Henry, Agent, 31st
+                    and Jefferson Sts.,             15,225    18,040
+    “               Mueller, Charles, 2107
+                    German Ave.,                       123       186
+    “               Muellerschoen, C., 495 N.         ----        74
+                    3d St.,
+    “               Narr, Minnie, 242 N. 4th St.,       48        49
+    “               Ohse, Henay, 1423 Germantown
+                     Ave.,                              258       353
+    “               Ortleib, Trubert, 1248 N. 3d
+                    St.,                                73        32
+    “               Otterbach, L.,                    ----     1,062
+    “               Otto & Layer, 518 Locust         1,593     1,235
+                    St.,
+    “               Pfaehler, Mary, 931 St. John
+                    St.,                               141       175
+    “               Philadelphia Brewing Co.,
+                    Falls of Schuylkill,              ----     1,920
+    “               Poth, F. A., 31st and
+                    Jefferson Sts.,                 23,049    34,178
+    “               Presser, Charles, Jr., 35th
+                    and Aspen Sts.,                   ----        79
+    “               Reiger, Jos., 4th and
+                    Cadwalader Sts.,                 1,037     1,623
+    “               Rothacker, G. F., 31st St.,
+                    below Master,                    6,872     6,755
+    “               Ruoff, Moritz, 1230
+                    Frankfort Road,                    330       498
+    “               Salber, Jno., 520 Richmond          80       104
+                    St.,
+    “               Salomon, J., 1514 N. Front,         17        65
+    “               Schaal, Caroline, 627
+                    Carpenter St.,                      94       114
+    “               Schaefer, F., 1220 Mosher          515     2,187
+                    St.,
+    “               Schaufler, Chas., 1742 North
+                    Fourth St.,                        300       478
+    “               Schaufler, J. F., 2551 N.        1,166       776
+                    2d St.,
+    “               Schemm, Peter, 25th and
+                    Poplar Sts.,                    11,135     9,697
+    “               Schiltinger, G., 1020 E.
+                    Cumberland St.,                   ----        17
+    “               Schick, Jacob, 118 Master        1,804     1,945
+                    St.,
+    “               Schmid, Gottlieb, 715 S. 7th
+                    St.,                               125       357
+    “               Schmidt, Christian, 113
+                    Edward St.,                     13,981    13,211
+    “               Schintzer, J., 1148 N. 3d           14       624
+                    St.,
+    “               Seitz, George, 2327 N. 7th       2,048     1,819
+                    St.,
+    “               Smith, Robert, 20 S. 5th        15,000    14,711
+                    St.,
+    “               Specht, C. L., 1033 W.
+                    Girard Ave.,                     2,678     2,774
+    “               Staubmiller, J., 1441 N.
+                    10th St.,                           97       181
+    “               Stein, John, 3365 Ridge          3,338     2,515
+                    Ave.,
+    “               Strobele, Anton,                   943       902
+    “               Theis, C. & Co., 32d and
+                    Master Sts.,                    14,716     7,372
+    “               Straubmueller, Jos., 33d and
+                    Thompson Sts.,                   8,904     8,086
+    “               Weihmann, John, 815
+                    Callowhill St.,                  1,792     2,150
+    “               Wolf, Christian, 212 North
+                    Third St.,                          90       217
+    “               Wolters, Charles, 11th and
+                    Oxford Sts.,                     3,431    15,158
+    “               Wurster, Wm., 1325
+                    Germantown Ave.,                    24       141
+    “               Zann, Philip, 620 N. Third         168       321
+                    St.,
+    “               Zierfuss, Fritz, 422               142       270
+                    Diamond St.,
+  Pittsburgh,       Auen, Philip,                       84       102
+    “               Darlington & Co.,                6,016     7,346
+    “               Frauenheim & Vilsak,            15,030    18,933
+    “               Friedel, Henry,                    547       484
+    “               Gangwisch, John,                 4,384     4,725
+    “               Hauch, E.,                       1,720     1,490
+    “               Kaltenhaeusser, V.,                197       120
+    “               Lauer, Philip,                     218       163
+    “               Nusser, John,                    2,349     1,834
+    “               Pier, Dannels & Co.,             9,404     6,261
+    “               Reichenbach, John,               1,176     1,509
+    “               Rhodes, Joshua,                  6,090     4,752
+    “               Schaler, John,                     159       203
+    “               Spencer, McKay & Co.,           15,651    14,350
+    “               Stirm, John G.,                    258       433
+    “               Straub & Son,                    6,457     9,400
+    “               Wainwright, Z., & Co.,           9,229    10,888
+    “               Weber, Frank,                     ----      ----
+    “               Wilhelm, Henry,                  2,200     2,318
+    “               Wood, H. T., & Bro.,               957     3,058
+  Pittston,         Bishop, George,                  2,794       332
+    “               Hughes, H. R., & Co.,            1,760     1,373
+    “               Hughes, H. R., & M.,             4,569     4,526
+  Plumer,           Brecht, Christian,                 337        99
+  Pottsville,       Rettig, Chas.,                   1,980     1,904
+    “               Schmidt, Lorenz,                 5,220     4,707
+    “               Yuengling, D. G., & Son,        13,404    13,688
+  Railroad P. O.,   Helb, Fred,                        315       429
+  Reading,          Barbey, Peter,                   6,211     8,152
+    “               Felix, N. A., Estate of,         3,991     4,333
+    “               Keller, Samuel C,                2,595     2,010
+    “               Lauer, Fred’k, (No. 1,)          3,990     3,648
+    “               Lauer, Fred’k, (No. 2,)         15,157    18,793
+    “               Peltzer, Abraham,                  114       198
+  Renevo,           Binder, Luke,                      232       277
+  Reynoldsville,    Kingsley & Co.,                   ----      ----
+  Roxborough,       Nagle, Sebastian,                  490      ----
+  Saucon,           Rennig, George,                    895      ----
+  Scranton,         Morton & Briggs,                   651       764
+    “               Robinson, Elizabeth,             5,830     6,800
+  Shenandoah,       Tunnah, J.,                         27        34
+  Spring Garden,    Pfeiffer, Abraham,                 570       322
+  St. Mary’s,       Geier, William,                    399       155
+    “               Luhr, Chas. & Co.,                 732       825
+    “               Vogel, Lorenz,                     105        97
+  Tamaqua,          Adam, Joseph,                      135        86
+    “               Haffner, Jos.,                    ----       723
+  Texas,            Hartung & Krantz,                2,716     2,802
+    “               Lauer, Jacob,                      735       738
+  Tioga,            Ochs, G. F.,                        34        44
+  Titusville,       Schwartz, Chas.,                 3,798     3,064
+    “               Theobold, John,                  3,373     2,560
+  Towanda,          Loder, Anton,                      681       753
+  Tyrone,           Hewel, Jos.,                       422       393
+  Union City,       Wager, Theresa,                    235       286
+  Unity,            Benedictine Society,             2,457     2,644
+  Upper Augusta,    Moeschlin, J., & A.,               932     1,066
+  Vernon,           Dudenhoeffer, N.,                2,487     1,775
+    “               Schwab, Frank,                   2,427     3,044
+  Warren,           Loenhart, Philip, Jr.,           1,973     1,679
+  Washington,       Ditz, Andrew,                      299       171
+    “               Schnarderer, G. J.,                395       384
+    “               Zelt, Louis & Bro.,                370       291
+  Walker,           Hagle, George,                     157        96
+  Wellsborough,     Ochs, John,                         52        59
+    “               Scheffer, Christian,                61        41
+  Weissport,        Geisel, Catherine,                 322      ----
+  Wilkesbarre,      Reichards & Son,                 5,020     3,588
+    “               Stegmaier, C., & Son,            3,908     4,362
+  Williams,         Bennann & Kuebler,               6,033     5,566
+  Williamsport,     Flock, Jacob,                    3,013     2,465
+    “               Koch, A., & Bro.,                2,302     2,465
+    “               Schroeder, Wm.,                    115       127
+  Woodward,         Weikman, R.,                       284       226
+  York,             Helb, Theo. R.,                    770     1,045
+    “               Ulrich, F. W.,                     800     1,009
+  Young,            Haag, Christian,                   324       264
+                                                 --------- ---------
+                    Number of Breweries, 317.    1,041,486 1,034,081
+
+
+                            RHODE ISLAND.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Newport,          Cooper, W. S.,                      284       838
+  Providence,       Gartner, Herman,                     77        94
+      “             Gauch, Chas.,                      ----       140
+      “             Hanley, J., & Co.,               16,221     3,092
+      “             Herrman, Henry,                    ----      ----
+      “             Kiely Bros.,                      8,588     6,207
+      “             Molter, N.,                        ----    17,460
+      “             Nauman & Gaush,                      40      ----
+                                                     ------    ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 8.          25,210    27,837
+
+
+                           SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.    1879.
+  Columbia,        Seegers, John C.,                    739       328
+  Walhalla,        Bush, Chr.,                           39        44
+                                                       ----      ----
+                     Number of Breweries, 2.            778       372
+
+
+                             TENNESSEE.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.    1879.
+  Jackson,         Kunz & Co.,                         ----        33
+  Knoxville,       Knoxville Brewing Co.,               103       228
+  Memphis,         Memphis Brewing Co., Henry
+                     Luchmann, Pres’t, 33 Munroe
+                     St.,                              6,877     6,816
+  Nashville,       Maus, C. A., & Bros.,                ----      ----
+                                                      ------    ------
+                     Number of Breweries, 4.           6,980     7,107
+
+
+                               TEXAS.
+
+                                                  No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                       1878.     1879.
+  Austin,         Pressler, Paul,                        431      ----
+  Belleville,     Frank, F. J., & Bro.,                 ----        54
+  Ben Ficklin,    Wolters, H. & Co.,                     121       156
+  Boerne,         Hammer & Buelle,                       153       237
+  Brackett,       Weidlich Bros.,                       ----      ----
+  Brenham,        Giesecke, G. F., & Bro.,            1,137     1,255
+      “           Zeiss, Lorenz,                         746       882
+  Castroville,    Kieffer, Biaise,                       281       300
+  Cleburne,       Guffee, John,                          200      ----
+  Cuero,          Buschick, Hugo,                        121       120
+  Cypress Creek,  Jugenhutt, T. & M.,                    120       202
+  Dallas,         Arnoldi, E.,                           595      ----
+  Fayetteville,   Janak, Jos.,                            85       144
+  Flatonia,       Amsler & Co.,                         ----       319
+      “           Richter, Vincent,                      346       390
+  Fort Concho,    Hubert, Walter,                       ----      ----
+  Fredericksburg, Maner, John,                            66        84
+      “           Probst, Fred,                          208       228
+  Giddings,       Umlang, Theo.,                         139       311
+  High Hill,      Richtel & Kiushel,                     433       484
+  Houston,        Wagner & Hermann,                      270       152
+  Industry,       Walter, J. W.,                          90        80
+  Lagrange,       Kreisch, H. L.,                        774       780
+  Lando,          Knott, J. J.,                         ----      ----
+  Millheim,       Galler, H.,                            107       101
+  New Braunfels,  Rennert, Julius,                       589       261
+  New Ulm,        Hagemann, W.,                          157       125
+  San Antonio,    Esser, William,                        498       390
+      “           Hutzler, Joseph,                       573      ----
+      “           Lareoda & Beau,                       ----      ----
+      “           Menger, Mrs. W. A.,                  1,166      ----
+  Seguin,         Krause, C. P.,                          84        59
+      “           Leber, F. F.,                          107       164
+  Victoria,       Mack, L. F.,                           168       233
+      “           Weber, M.,                             181       152
+  Weatherford,    Both, W. F., & Co.,                     49      ----
+  Yorktown,       Cellmer, M.,                            56        55
+                                                      ------    ------
+                  Number of Breweries, 37.            10,050     7,718
+
+
+                                UTAH.
+
+                                                   No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                         1878.    1879.
+  Alta,             Schmidt, P.,                           91       18
+  Beaver,           Fischer, A. A.,                        59      134
+  Bingham,          Wehrsitz, B.,                         166     ----
+  Corinne City,     Amsler, N.,                           386      237
+  Frisco,           Savior, John, & Co.,                 ----        6
+  Hot Springs,      Crossley, James,                      265      275
+  Logan,            Worley, Henry,                       ----     ----
+  Minersville,      Kiescle, G.,                         ----     ----
+  Nephi City,       Coulson, Samuel,                       59       67
+  Ogden,            Brickmiller & Wells,                  784      876
+     “              Richter & Fry,                        649      666
+  Salt Lake City,   Burns, James,                         630     ----
+     “              Keyser & Monitz,                    1,360    3,315
+     “              Margetts, R. B.,                      486      479
+     “              Wagener, Henry,                     3,979    4,590
+  Sandy,            Schueler, Maria,                      220      233
+  Silver Reef,      Noebling, B,                         ----       61
+     “              Welte, P.,                            166      185
+  Springville,      Dallin, John,                          16       16
+  South Cottonwood, Winkler, R.,                          174      318
+                                                       ------   ------
+                     Number of Breweries, 20.           9,490   11,476
+
+
+                              VERMONT.
+
+  One Brewery,                                            285      173
+
+
+                              VIRGINIA.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Alexandria,       Engelhardt, H.,                      328      480
+     “              Portner, Robert,                  10,366   12,192
+  Richmond,         Robson, G. W.,                      ----    3,022
+                                                      ------   ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 3.           10,694   15,694
+
+
+                        WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
+
+                                                Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Colfax,           Erford & Palmday,                   ----      159
+  Dayton,           Rumpf & Dunkel,                       87       60
+  Mukilteo,         Cantrini, Geo. & Co.,                240      432
+  Olympia,          Wood, J. C. & J. R,                  175      264
+  Palama,           Schauble, J.,                        105       72
+  Pomeroy,          Scholl Bros.,                       ----       36
+  Port Colville,    Hosstetter, J. M.                    126      186
+  Port Townsend,    Roesch, W.                            55       77
+  Seattle,          Mehlhom, Aug.,                     1,804      868
+     “              Slorah & Co.,                      1,652    1,111
+  Spoken Falls,     Peterson, M. & Co.,                 ----     ----
+  Steilacoom,       Schafer & Howard,                  1,810    1,559
+     “              Furst & Baumeister,                 ----       83
+  Vancouver,        Young, Anton,                        218      243
+     “              Dampfhoffer, L.,                    ----       30
+  Walla Walla,      Betz, Jacob,                         216      222
+     “              Kleber, F. E.,                       172      281
+     “              Scott, Benj.,                        360      649
+     “              Stahl, J. H.,                        851      811
+  Yakima,           Schanne, Chas.,                       94       97
+                                                      ------   ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 20.           7,965    7,231
+
+
+                           WEST VIRGINIA.
+
+                                              Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.    1879.
+  Charlestown,      H., Slack,                         ----     ----
+  Fairmount,        Berns, W. F.,                        88       72
+  Lubeck,           Hebrank & Rapp,                   1,911    1,752
+  Martinsburg,      Rossmarck, F. T.,                   253      237
+  Wellsburg,        Hebrank, Andrew,                     83       93
+  Wheeling,         Balzer, Mauras, Twenty-Fifth St.,   488      408
+    “               Kinghorn & Smith, 840 Market St.,    36      252
+    “               Kress, Kilian, 1425 Smith St.,    1,265    1,207
+    “               Nail City Brewing Co., Peter
+                      Weltz, Pres’t, 33d and Wetzel
+                      Sts.,                           6,395    7,630
+    “               Reymann, A., Wetzel St.,         12,557   12,255
+    “               Smith & Co., 1700 Chapline St.,    ----     ----
+                                                     ------   ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 10.         23,086   23,906
+
+
+                             WISCONSIN.
+
+                                                No. of  barrels sold.
+                                                      1878.    1879.
+  Algonga,           Gatz & Elser,                    1,530     ----
+  Allonez,           Hochgrave, A.,                   1,384    1,417
+  Alma,              Briggeboos, Wm.,                   531      614
+    “                Hemrich, John,                     680      630
+  Alnapee,           Alnapee Brewing Co.,               448      631
+  Appleton,          Munch, Carl,                     1,493    1,907
+    “                Wing & Fries,                      496      320
+  Arcadia,           Ferlig, John N.,                   500      450
+  Ashland,           Schottmiller, F. X.,               179      171
+  Bangor,            Hussa, Joseph,                     540      490
+  Baraboo,           Bender, Anna,                      356      539
+    “                Ruland, Geo.,                      467      470
+  Beaver Dam,        Binzel, Philip,                  1,004    1,034
+    “                Goeggerle, John,                 1,055      848
+    “                Steil, F. X.,                      112      181
+  Beloit,            Schleuk & Co.,                     381      279
+  Berlin,            Schmidt & Schunk,                  490      473
+  Berry,             Esser, George,                     975      915
+  Black River Falls, Oderbolz, Ulrich,                  684      540
+  Bloomer,           Wendland, John,                    300     ----
+  Boscobel,          Ziegelmaier, Geo.,                 270      410
+  Branch P. O.,      Zunz, Elizabeth,                 1,512    1,620
+  Burlington,        Finke, W. J.,                      498      650
+  Carlton,           Langenkamp, A. & Bro.,             228      227
+  Cassville,         Scherr & Alrath,                   250      223
+  Cedarburg,         Weber, John,                     1,556    1,270
+  Centreville,       Scheibe, C.,                     1,392    1,470
+  Chilton,           Becker, Phil,                    1,092    1,056
+    “                Gutheil, F. R.,                    340      320
+  Chippewa Falls,    Huber & Neher,                     634     ----
+    “                Leinenkugel & Miller,            1,880    1,700
+  Christiana,        Mehels, Henry,                     166     ----
+  Columbus,          Fleck, Stephen,                     30       42
+    “                Kurth, Henry,                      132      231
+  De Sota,           Eckhardt, George,                  261      245
+  Dodgeville,        Treutzech, John G.,                244      228
+  Durand,            Lorenz, Philip,                    234      288
+    “                Stimger, John,                     105     ----
+  Eau Claire,        Hautzsch, Emily M.,                340      270
+    “                Leinenkugel, Theresa,              740    1,260
+    “                Leinenkugel Caroline,              625     ----
+    “                Sommermeyer, Henry & Co.,          239      712
+  Farmington,        Jaehnig, L.,                     1,051      741
+  Fond du Lac,       Bech & Bros.,                    2,158    2,556
+    “                Frey, J. & C.,                   1,645    1,692
+    “                Sander, A.,                        748      726
+    “                Schussler, Jos.,                 1,056      904
+    “                Ziegenfus, John S.,                268     ----
+  Fountain City,     Fiedler, Henry,                    420      357
+    “                Koschitz, John,                    288      276
+  Fort Atkinson,     Klinger, N.,                       414      236
+    “                Dalton, A. & Co.,                 ----       62
+  Fox Lake,          Regelein, John C.,                ----     ----
+    “                Shlep, John,                        91      150
+  Franklin,          Gross, Philip,                     323      382
+    “                Koellner, A.,                      370     ----
+  Germantown,        Steben, John,                      387     ----
+    “                Staats, John,                      637      724
+    “                Van Dycke, O.,                    ----     ----
+  Golden Lane,       Link, John,                        368      238
+  Grafton,           Klug & Co.,                        168    1,116
+  Grand Rapids,      Schmitt, Nicholas                  190      188
+  Green Bay,         Hagemeister, F.,                 2,525    2,688
+    “                Rahr, Henry,                     3,669    3,473
+  Hartford,          Portz, Jacob,                      700      710
+  Highland,          Schaffer, John,                    316      203
+  Hillsborough,      Schnell, Fred’k,                   590      396
+  Horicon,           Deierlein, Paul,                    76       73
+    “                Groskopf, John,                     70       76
+  Hudson,            Moutman, Wm.,                       40      120
+    “                Yoerg, Louis,                      666      711
+  Humbird,           Eilert, Ernest,                    498      512
+  Janesville,        Buob, John & Bro.,               2,046    3,151
+    “                Rosa, C. & Co.,                    650      610
+    “                Todd, John G.,                   1,516    1,564
+  Jefferson,         Breuning, Jacob,                 1,180    1,312
+    “                Danner & Heger,                    580      714
+    “                Neuer & Georgelein,                191      317
+  Kenosha,           Gottfredson, J. G. & Son,          910    1,010
+    “                Muntzenberger & Co.,             2,041    1,965
+  Kewaunee,          Brandes, Chas.,                    408      458
+    “                Deda, Chas.,                       264      286
+  Kilbourne City,    Leute, Julius,                     139      190
+  Kossuth,           Chloupek, A.,                      192       96
+  La Crosse,         Gund, John,                      4,370    6,250
+    “                Heilman, J.,                     2,880    2,360
+    “                Hofer, J. & J.,                    289     ----
+    “                Michel, C. & J.,                 6,348    7,504
+    “                Zeisler, Geo.,                   1,425    2,350
+  Leroy,             Weidig, Nic.,                      193      166
+    “                Schmidt, Geo.,                    ----     ----
+  Lincoln,           Loux, Geo. E.,                     138      166
+  Lisbon,            Boots, Ephraham,                   301      463
+  Madison,           Breckheimer, M.,                 1,880    1,580
+    “                Fauerbach, Peter,                1,170    1,375
+    “                Hausmann, Jos.,                  4,255    5,836
+    “                Hess & Moser,                    1,640    1,670
+    “                Rodermund Brewing Co., F.
+  Briggs, Manager,   1,653                            1,557
+  Manitowoc,         Dobert, Chr.,                     ----     ----
+    “                Fricke, Carl,                      320     ----
+    “                Pautz, F.,                         926    1,345
+    “                Rahr, Wm.,                       3,050    4,150
+    “                Richter, J.,                       580     ----
+  Marshfield,        Bourgevis, M.,                     923      941
+  Mauston,           Runkel, Maria & Co.,               496      496
+  Mayville,          Darge, Wm.,                        428      385
+    “                Mayville Brewing Co.,             ----     ----
+    “                Zeigler, M.,                       320      331
+  Mazomanie,         Tinker & Slough,                   496      528
+  Megnon,            Zimmerman, Franz & Co.,          1,154      973
+  Menasha,           Mayer, Joseph,                   1,095    1,091
+    “                Merz & Behre,                      868      615
+  Menomonee,         Fuss, Christian,                   454      386
+    “                Roleff & Wagner,                   450      920
+  Merton,            Frederickson, R.,                  108       94
+  Milwaukee,         Allpeter, Phillip, 601 3rd         495      436
+                     St.,
+    “                Best, Ph. Brewing Co.,
+                     Empire Brewery, Chestnut St.,   87,527  121,980
+    “                Best, Ph. Brewery Co., So.
+                     Side Brewery, 425 Virginia      38,286   45,994
+                     St.,
+    “                Blatz, V., 609 Broadway,        49,168   53,907
+    “                Borchert, F. & Son, Ogden
+                     and Milwaukee Sts.               8,250   10,025
+    “                Ennes, John & Co., 810 State     3,640       94
+                     St.,
+    “                Falk, Franz (Wauwatosa),        22,205   34,009
+    “                Gettelman, A., (Wauwatosa,)      4,780    4,539
+    “                Gipfel, Charles, 417                45       45
+                     Chestnut St.,
+    “                Grisbaum & Kehrein, 91 Knapp
+                     St.,                               143      163
+    “                Liebscher, L., 189 Sherman         337      410
+                     St.,
+    “                Miller, F, J., (Wauwatosa,)     10,677   16,293
+    “                Milwaukee Brewing
+                     Association, 7th and Cherry      3,629    4,674
+                     Sts.,
+    “                Obermann, J. & Co., 502
+                     Cherry St.,                      6,416    7,282
+    “                Powell’s Ale brewing Co.,
+                     222 Huron St.,                   1,034      562
+    “                Schlitz, J., Brewing Co.,
+                     3rd and Walnut Sts.,            96,913  110,832
+  Mineral Point,     Argall, James,                     600      595
+    “                Gillmann, C.,                    2,071    1,731
+  Mishicot,          Linstadt, J.                       656      720
+  Mt. Pleasant,      Wolf, Charles,                     350      341
+  Munroe,            Hefty, Jacob,                    1,354    1,600
+    “                Luenberger & Co.,                1,080    1,365
+    “                Pastel & Huppler,                1,260    1,570
+  Neenah,            Ehrgott Bros.,                     410      360
+  Neilsville,        Neverman & Sontag,                 637      424
+  Neosha,            Binder, J.,                        319      410
+  Newburg,           Schwalbach, R.,                     99      132
+  New Cassel,        Husting, J. P.,                    203      224
+  New Glarus,        Hefty, Jacob,                      346      306
+  New Lisbon,        Bierbauer, Henry,                  642      618
+  New London,        Becker, Edward,                    557      531
+    “                Knapstein, T., & C.,               830      898
+  Oconomowoc,        Bingel, Peter,                   1,320      965
+  Oconto,            Pahl, Louis P.,                    810      849
+  Onalaska,          Moore, M. G.,                      648      660
+  Oshkosh,           Glatz & Elser,                   1,530    1,646
+    “                Horn & Schwalm,                  1,366     ----
+    “                Kaehler, Christian,                140      178
+    “                Kinzl & Walter,                    470      480
+    “                Rahr, August,                      340      315
+  Pewaukee,          Schock, Mathias,                   395     ----
+  Pheasant Branch,   Bernard, H.,                       485      760
+  Pierce,            Vaser, John,                       110       47
+  Platteville,       Rhemstedt, F.,                     724      532
+  Plymouth,          Schneider, A.,                     435     ----
+    “                Weber, G.,                         380      313
+  Portage,           Epstein, Henry,                    178      190
+    “                Haertel, Chas., Estate of,       2,940    3,064
+  Port Washington,   Dix, H., & Co.,                  1,632    1,114
+    “                Wittmann, John,                    610      590
+  Potosi,            Hail, G.,                        1,373    1,187
+    “                Meerke, Henry,                   1,016     ----
+  Priarie du Chien,  Schumann & Menges,               3,216    2,779
+  Prescott,          Husting, N. P.,                    734      696
+  Racine,            Dienken & Schad,                   167     ----
+    “                Engle & Co.,                      ----      194
+    “                Heck, Fred,                      2,033    1,725
+    “                Schelling & Klenkerl,             ----    1,856
+  Reedsburg,         Reedsburg Brewing Co.,             494      213
+  Ripon,             Haas, John,                      1,274    1,268
+  River Falls,       Hickey & Meyer,                    307      189
+  Sauk City,         Drossen, Anna,                     420      476
+    “                Leinkugel, F. L.,                  130     ----
+    “                Lenz, Wm.,                         620      382
+    “                Zapp, Robert,                     ----      300
+  Schleisingerville, Stork & Hartig,                    497      792
+  Schleswig,         Gutheil & Bro.,                    406      670
+  Sevastopol,        Lindemann, L., & Bro.,             225      207
+  Shawano,           Dengel, Geo.                       250      292
+  Sheboygan,         Gustsch, L.,                     2,887    2,608
+    “                Kull, Martin,                      442     ----
+    “                Schlachter, Thos.,                 490      212
+    “                Schrerer, K.,                    4,645    5,455
+  Sheboygan Falls,   Durow, D.,                         248      176
+  Sherman,           Mayer, Jos.,                       234      207
+    “                Seifert, Julius,                   672     ----
+  Shullsburgh,       Schultz & Lauterbeck,              303      159
+  Stevens Point,     Kuhl, Adam,                        444      624
+    “                Lutz, A., & Bro.,                  705      975
+  Sturgeon Bay,      Wagner Bros.,                      288      469
+  Theresa,           Quast, John,                       350      347
+    “                Weber, Gebhard,                  1,387    1,042
+  Tomah,             Goudrezick, I.,                    192      221
+  Trempeleau,        Melchoir J.,                       120      172
+  Trenton,           Schwalbeck, R.,                    132      142
+  Two Rivers,        Mueller, R. E.,                  1,156    1,145
+  Waterford,         Beck, John & Bros.,                168      201
+  Waterloo,          Schwager, Wm.,                      94       64
+  Watertown,         Bursinger, Joseph,               5,237    4,992
+    “                Fuermann, Aug.,                 10,287    8,065
+  Waukesha,          Weber, Stephan,                  1,170    1,363
+  Waupaca,           Arnold, L.,                         53       39
+  Waupun,            Seifert, Peter,                    926      976
+  Wausau,            Mathie, Frank,                     791      916
+    “                Ruder, George,                     768      824
+  Wayne,             Kreutzer & Groeschel,             ----       59
+    “                Pies, P.,                          193      159
+  West Bend,         Kuehlthau, Adam,                 1,470    1,360
+    “                Mayer, S. F. & Co.,              2,460    2,192
+  West Depere,       Schmidt, A. P.,                    348      408
+  Westford,          Justin, Jos.,                       88       19
+  West Lindo,        Gross, John & Son,                ----     ----
+  Weyauwega,         Duerr, J. A.,                      338      415
+    “                Griel & George,                    570     ----
+  Whitewater,        Klinger, N.,                     1,440    1,297
+  Winneconne,        Yaeger, Theo.,                      78       83
+  Wista,             Ede, Peter,                         90       74
+  Wrightstown,       Gutbier & Miller,                  203       64
+                                                    -------  -------
+                     Number of Breweries, 226.      508,553  583,068
+
+                         WYOMING TERRITORY.
+
+                                               Number of  barrels sold.
+                                                        1878.    1879.
+  Atlantic City,    Macomber & Huff,                     102      136
+  Cheyenne,         Braun, J.,                           750      808
+      “             Kabis, L.,                           580      343
+      “             Kapp., C.,                           902    1,605
+  Green River,      Brown, Adam,                          76       29
+  Lander,           Hart & Marcum,                        45       26
+  Laramie,          Bath, Fred.,                       1,605    1,462
+  Rawlins,          Fischer, G. & Co.,                  ----       52
+                                                      ------   ------
+                    Number of Breweries, 8.            4,060    5,505
+
+
+
+
+                               INDEX.
+
+
+  Adulteration of Beer, 62
+
+  Alcohol in bread, 61
+    in malt liquors, 97
+    in spirits, 97
+
+  Alcoholism not caused by beer, 145
+
+  Ale, American, 70
+    development of, 68
+
+  Analysis of barley and malt, 60
+    of beer, 60, 170
+    of spirits, 97
+    of wines, 95
+
+  Army use of beer, 84
+
+  Artevelde, Jacob van, 21
+
+  Austro-Hungary, 47
+
+  Authorities, evidence of, _see Evidence of authorities_.
+
+
+  Balling, Prof., 61
+
+  Barley, analyses, 60
+    product and import, 102
+
+  Basilius Valentinus, 35
+
+  Bavaria, ancient, 31
+    and Maine, 87
+
+  Bavarian and Munich beer, 44
+
+  Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward, 90
+
+  Beer, adulteration of, 62
+    “ “ “ according to English investigation, 63
+    allowance for noble ladies, 43
+    American, improvements in, 70
+    analysis of, 60
+    as check to intemperance, 55
+    at Coney Island, 83
+    at first most esteemed in North Germany, 41
+    consumption of, in Paris, 52
+    cost of, in England, 56
+    earliest use of, 16
+    effects in France, 52
+    encouraged by Swedish government, 50
+    fermentation of, 69
+    first book concerning, 36
+    free of license in Pennsylvania until 1847, 27
+    general use of, diminishes crime, 51
+      “ “ “ “ drunkenness, 50
+    how made, 60
+    import and export of, 80
+    in malarial fever, 82
+    in the army, 84
+    its making resembles that of bread, 60
+    laws concerning, 19
+    made without hops, 28
+    materials for, 68
+    not destructive, 48
+    nutritive, 142
+    prepared with religious ceremonies, 17
+    product in foreign countries, 166
+      “ “ United States, 75
+      “ by states, 77
+    quantity used, 32
+    restorative and tonic, 86
+    should be fostered by government, 151
+    taxation on, 51
+    tends to good order, 83
+    transportation of, in early times, 42
+    _versus_ coffee, 24
+      “ whisky, 11, 92
+    varieties of, 68
+    bill, 55
+    drinking, advantages of, 91
+      “ does not cause degeneration, 147
+    epoch, first in Europe, 32
+      “ second in Europe, 32, 36
+    privileges granted by Russia, 51
+    tax, 43
+
+  Beet-root, 106
+
+  Belgium, 49
+
+  Bock beer, 44
+
+  Bohemia, 13, 31
+
+  Bowditch, Henry J. Report to Mass. Board of Health, 137
+
+  Brabant, 21
+
+  Braunschweiger Mumme, 24, 41
+
+  Breweries and dairy farms, 105
+    description of, 177
+      “ “ U. S. list of, 185
+
+  Brewers, generosity of, 56
+    privileges granted to, 24
+    returns, publishing of, 185
+
+  Brewery at Dobraw, 21
+
+  Brewing, capital invested in, 76
+
+  Budweis, brewery at, 17
+
+  Burton on Trent, 22
+
+
+  Chambers, Prof. T. K., 86
+
+  Charlemagne, 17
+
+  Chemistry becomes practical, 33
+
+  Club-rooms in Maine, 116
+
+  Coffee and beer manifesto, 25
+
+  Coffee _versus_ beer, 24
+
+  Coney Island, 83
+
+  Consumption of malt liquors in U. S., 100
+    of spirits, wines and liquors, 100
+
+  Coppinger, Joseph, 82
+
+  Crime under prohibitory law, 115
+
+  Crosby, Rev. Dr. Howard, 94
+
+  Cruelty of bigotry, 125
+
+
+  Dairy farms and breweries, 105
+
+  Danes, ancient, 18
+
+  Death in consequence of excess, 53
+
+  Degeneration charged to beer drinking, 147
+
+  Denmark, modern, 50
+
+  Distilled and fermented liquors, 94
+
+  Duke of Wellington, 55
+
+
+  Egypt, modern, 57
+
+  Egyptians, 16, 31
+
+  Embecker beer, 39, 44
+
+  England, ancient, 22, 30
+    imported beer from Germany, 42
+    modern, 55
+
+  English beer bill, 55
+    colonies, brewing in, 72
+
+  Evidence of authorities, ch. XI.—Dr. Abercrombie, 143
+    Dr. A. Baer, 143
+    George Bancroft, 143
+    Dr. Albert J. Bernay, 146
+    Dr. Henry J. Bowditch, 128
+    Contemporary Review, 146
+    Consulate general at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 131
+    Editor of Chicago Tribune, 132
+    Prof. Griesinger, 145
+    Dr. Harvey, 143
+    ch. XI.—Y. G. Hurd, 132
+    Prof. Huxley, 143
+    John Jay, 131
+    Sir Henry Labouchere, 143
+    Prof. Liebig, 131
+    Prof. Mulder, 141
+    Dr. Willard Parker, 140
+    Physician of a public institution, 134
+    Dr. Riley, 146
+    Prof. Roller, 145
+    Dr. Schlaeger, 132
+    Dr. Schoellamer, 144
+    Prof. Schreiber-Berzelius, 145
+    A. Schwarz, 103, 135
+    Dr. Selman, 145
+    Society of medical officers of insane asylums in Germany, 145
+    Prof. Stahlschmied, 141
+    Bayard Taylor, 143
+    Prof. Ure, 143
+
+  Excess restrained by civilization, 122
+
+  Exports of beer, 80
+
+
+  Fairs and markets, 40
+
+  “Fancy drinks,” 90
+
+  Farming, specialties in New England, 104
+
+  Ferment of alchemists, 34
+
+  Fermentation, 34
+    of lager beer, 71
+
+  Fermented and distilled liquors, 94
+
+  Flanders, 21, 30
+
+  France, 52
+
+  Franco Prussian war, 84
+
+  Frederick the Great, 24
+
+  French brewers’ association, 53
+    influence in Germany, 45
+
+
+  Gambrinus, 21
+
+  Garcelon, Gov., 112
+
+  Germany, ancient, 17
+    modern, 47
+
+  Gladstone, Hon. Wm. E., 55
+
+  Grains, 103
+
+  Greece, ancient, 16
+    modern, 52
+
+
+  Hammond, Dr. Wm. A., 94
+
+  Hofbrauhaus at Munich, 43
+
+  Holland, 48
+    gin sent to U. S., 49
+
+  Hops, amount exported, 101
+    “ used, 102
+
+
+  Imports of beer, 80
+
+  Intemperance in England, 55
+    Massachusetts Board of Health on, 117
+
+
+  Jacobus, 25
+
+  Japan, 58
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 15
+
+
+  Knaust, Dr. Heinrich, 37
+
+
+  Lager beer, fermentation of, 71
+    introduction in America, 75
+
+  Lauer, Hon. Frederick, 148, 178
+
+  Legislators, duty of, 14, 152
+
+  Libarius, 36
+
+  Liebig, Prof. His views, 67
+    misrepresented, 66
+
+  Liquor, legal and illegal sale of, 120
+    agencies in Maine, 111
+
+  Longevity in beer-drinking countries, 86
+
+  Lull, Raymond, 34
+
+  Luther, Martin, 39, 156
+
+
+  Maine and Bavaria, 87
+    law, proposed amendment, 108
+
+  Malt, analysis of, 60
+    liquors, alcohol in, 97
+
+  Monasteries lose beer privileges, 42
+
+  Monks as brewers, 21
+
+  Moleschott, Prof., 85
+
+  Munich court brewery, 43
+    beer, 45
+
+
+  National habits of drinking, 89
+
+  Netherlandish painters, 40
+
+  Newark, Sunday at, 162
+    brewers and a prohibitory speaker, 64
+
+  Noble brewers, 48
+
+  Norway, 50
+
+
+  Opium, use of, increased by prohibitory laws, 124
+
+
+  Paris, siege of, 85
+
+  Parker, Dr. Willard, 94
+
+  Pauperism and prohibitory law, 87
+    decreases with increasing use of beer, 88
+
+  Penn, William, 25
+
+  Persia, 58
+
+  Petrus Bonus, 34
+
+  Poland, 31
+
+  Porter, 71
+
+  Population in beer-drinking countries, 88
+
+  Prohibition and license compared, 119
+    in Maine, 109
+    papers and speakers, 63
+
+  Prohibitory laws, 108
+                “ and their cost, 114
+                “ and their results, 87, 115, 127
+                “ crime under, 115
+                “ ineffective, 13
+              views, 65
+
+  Prussia, 31
+
+  Putnam, Gen. Israel, 27
+
+
+  Rathskeller, origin of name, 24
+
+  Revenue from beer in U. S., 78
+
+  Romans, 16
+
+  Russia, 51
+
+
+  Saxons, ancient, 71
+
+  Sheen, Richmond, 86
+
+  Signs announcing sale of beer, 39
+
+  Social enjoyment, 152
+
+  Spain, 49
+
+  Specialties in New England farming, 104
+
+  Spirits, alcohol in, 97
+
+  Sprouts, 103
+
+  Stimulants universal, 111
+
+  Strychnine, 62
+
+  Sugar beet, 106
+
+  Sunday, according to the New Testament, 154
+    address of emperor of Germany, 157
+    at Chicago, 133
+    at Newark, N. J., 162
+    laws and customs, 153
+    laws in England, 158
+    letter from Ben. Franklin, 156
+    observance according to Archbishop Whately, John Bunyan, John
+        Milton, Melancthon, John Calvin, Martin Luther, Grotius, 155
+
+  Sweden, 50
+
+  Swett, Ch. F., speech of, 113
+
+
+  Tea intoxication, 146
+
+  Tobacco introduced in Germany, 41
+
+  Treating, 90
+
+  Turkey, 58
+
+
+  Under-ferment, 31
+
+  United States, beer product of, 15
+    early brewers, 25
+
+  Upper-ferment, 31
+
+
+  Valentinus, Basilius, 35
+
+
+  Wellington, Duke of, 55
+
+  Wines, alcohol in, 95
+
+
+
+
+  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+  Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
+  and outside quotations. Order of illustrations in table of
+  illustrations does not match the occurrence in the text, this was not
+  corrected. Illustrations without captions have had a description
+  added, this is denoted with parentheses.
+
+  The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
+  references.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
+  corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the
+  text and consultation of external sources.
+
+  Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
+  predominant preference was found in the original book.
+
+  Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
+  and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
+
+
+       Pg 34: “e” replaced by “ex” in “lapis philosophorum e suis
+              elementis”
+          34: “Labarius” replaced by “Libarius”
+          38: “wundersbaren” replaced by “wunderbaren”
+  Pg 39 fn 7: “Durft” replaced by “Durst”
+          50: “govenment” replaced by “government”
+         118: “chaptar” replaced by “chapter”
+         144: “cheifly” replaced by “chiefly”
+         169: “coroborate” replaced by “corroborate”
+         182: “accomodations” replaced by “accommodations”
+         187: “dissemminated” replaced by “disseminated”
+         231: “Witherspoo” replaced by “Witherspoon”
+         239: “Gotlied” replaced by “Gotlieb”
+         244: “Dephos” replaced by “Delphos”
+         250: 1879 value for “Voigt & Platz” missing tens digit (“8 6”)
+              value 806 inferred
+         252: Removed duplicate “St.” for “Guckes, Riehl & Co.”
+         254: “Forth” replaced by “Fourth”
+         254: “Sf.” replaced by “St.”
+         258: “Hagemaun” replaced by “Hagemann”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 76262 ***