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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                               ON DREAMS
+
+
+                                    BY
+                          PROF. DR. SIGM. FREUD
+
+                   ONLY AUTHORISED ENGLISH TRANSLATION
+                                    BY
+                                M. D. EDER
+                      FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION
+
+                         WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+
+                  W. LESLIE MACKENZIE, M.A., M.D., LL.D.
+
+ MEDICAL MEMBER OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD FOR SCOTLAND; LATE FERGUSON
+ SCHOLAR IN PHILOSOPHY; LATE EXAMINER IN MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, UNIVERSITY OF
+                                 ABERDEEN
+
+[Illustration: AGE QUOD AGIS]
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                             REBMAN COMPANY
+                         HERALD SQUARE BUILDING
+                        141–145 WEST 36TH STREET
+
+
+
+
+                         _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+    I. THE SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR VIEWS OF DREAMS CONTRASTED           1
+   II. DREAMS HAVE A MEANING—ANALYSIS OF A DREAM—MANIFEST AND
+         LATENT CONTENT OF DREAMS                                      6
+  III. THE DREAM AS REALISATION OF UNFULFILLED DESIRES—INFANTILE
+         TYPE OF DREAMS                                               21
+   IV. THE DREAM-MECHANISM—CONDENSATION—DRAMATISATION                 33
+    V. THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—DISPLACEMENT—TRANSVALUATION OF
+         ALL PSYCHICAL VALUES                                         45
+   VI. THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—THE EGO IN THE DREAM             54
+  VII. THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—REGARD FOR INTELLIGIBILITY       68
+ VIII. RELATION OF DREAMS TO OTHER UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL
+         PROCESSES—REPRESSION                                         78
+   IX. THREE CLASSES OF DREAMS                                        84
+    X. WHY THE DREAM DISGUISES THE DESIRES—THE CENSORSHIP             88
+   XI. THE DREAM THE GUARDIAN OF SLEEP                                92
+  XII. DREAM SYMBOLISM—MYTHS AND FOLKLORE                            100
+ XIII. ELEMENTS COMMON TO NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY             107
+
+
+
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+
+“The interpretation of dreams,” says Professor Freud in one place, “is
+the royal road to a knowledge of the part the unconscious plays in the
+mental life.”
+
+Even standing alone this statement is sufficiently striking; it is at
+once a theory and a challenge. But it does not stand alone. It comes at
+the end of many years of research among every class of mental diseases.
+It comes, therefore, with the authentication of experience. It is not to
+be lightly set aside; it claims our study; and the study of it will not
+go unrewarded. The short essay here translated by Dr. Eder is but an
+introduction to the vast field opened up by Professor Sigm. Freud and
+his colleagues. Already the journals of clinical psychology, normal or
+morbid, are full of the discussions of Professor Freud’s methods and
+results. There is a “Freud School.” That alone is a proof that the
+method is novel if not new. There are, of course, violent opponents and
+critical students. The opponents may provoke, but it is to the critical
+students that Professor Freud will prefer to speak. “The condemnation,”
+said Hegel, “that a great man lays upon the world is to force it to
+explain him.” Of a new method, either of research or of treatment—and
+the Freud method is both—the same may be said. It is certain that,
+whatever our prejudice against details may be, the theory of
+“psycho-analysis” and the treatment based upon it deserves, if only as a
+mental exercise, our critical consideration. But Professor Freud is not
+alone in the world of morbid psychology. Let me digress for a moment.
+
+Over twenty years ago it was my special business to study and criticise
+several textbooks on insanity. To the study of these textbooks I came
+after many years of discipline in normal psychology and the related
+sciences. When I came to insanity proper, I found that practically not a
+single textbook made any systematic effort to show how the morbid
+symptoms we classified as “mental diseases” had their roots in the
+mental processes of the normal mind. In his small book, “Sanity and
+Insanity,” Dr. Charles Mercier did make an effort to lay out, as it
+were, the institutes of insanity, the normal groundwork out of which the
+insanities grew, the groups of ideas that to-day serve to direct our
+conduct and to-morrow lose their adjustment to any but a specially
+adapted environment. In his later works, particularly in “Psychology,
+Normal and Morbid,” Dr. Mercier has followed up the central ideas of the
+early study. All the more recent textbooks in English contain efforts in
+the same direction; but with a few striking exceptions they are studies
+rather of physical symptoms associated with mental processes than of
+morbid psychology proper. It was not until there came from across the
+Channel Dr. Pierre Janet’s carefully elaborated studies on Hysteria that
+I realised what a wealth of psychological material had remained hidden
+in our asylums, in our nervous homes, even in our ordinary hospitals,
+and in the multitudes of strange cases that occur in private practice.
+Janet, a pupil of the Charcot School—Charcot, who made _la Salpetrière_
+famous—pushed the minute analysis of morbid mental states into regions
+practically hitherto untouched. He was not alone. His colleague,
+Professor Raymond, and others in France and Germany, all work with the
+same main ideas. Janet’s books read like romances. His studies on
+Psychological Automatism, the Mental State of Hystericals, Neuroses and
+Fixed Ideas, and many others on the part played by the unconscious, were
+such rich mines of fact and suggestion that Professor William James, in
+his “Principles of Psychology,” said of them: “All these facts taken
+together, form unquestionably the beginning of an inquiry which is
+destined to throw a new light into the very abysses of our nature.”
+Curiously, not in this country—the country of great psychologists,
+Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Hartley, Thomas Reid, Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith,
+James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Bain, Spencer, among the dead, and whole
+schools of distinguished psychologists among the living—not in this
+country, but in America, was the value of the new material seriously
+considered. Here and there, within recent years, in this country,
+Janet’s elaborate studies have not been fruitless; but I could not
+readily name any clinician in this country that has produced similar
+studies. It is to the continents of Europe and America, which in this
+field are in intimate touch, that we must go if we are to see the rich
+outgrowths of morbid psychology. I do not say that the work done by our
+English students of insanity is not, of its kind, as great and as
+important as any done in the world, but it is none the less true that,
+until a few years ago, the methods of Janet, Raymond, Bernheim, Beaunis,
+not to speak of Moll, Forel, and Oppenheim, were practically unstudied
+here. In America it has been entirely different. Even the names of the
+men are now familiar in our English magazines—Muensterberg, Morton
+Prince, Boris Sidis, Ernest Jones, J. Mark Baldwin, not to mention
+William James and Stanley Hall. It looks as if every new idea unearthed
+in the Old World is put to the test by someone in the new. Britain
+remains curiously cold.
+
+It would be interesting to ask the reason. Is it our metaphysical
+training? Is it the failure of the philosophical schools to realize the
+value of all this new raw material of study? Is it, perhaps, the fear
+that “the unity of consciousness” may be endangered by the study of
+Double Personality, Multiple Personality, Dissociation of Consciousness,
+Dormant Complexes, Hysterias, Phobias, Obsessions, Psychoneuroses, Fixed
+Ideas, Hysterical Amnesias, Hypermnesias, and the masses of other
+notions correlated, roughly, under the term “unconscious”? The
+suggestion of fear is not mere conjecture. Many years ago a
+distinguished student of philosophy, a pupil and friend of Sir William
+Hamilton, indicated to me, when I spoke to him of some recent work on
+Double Personality, that he had difficulty in placing the new work,
+feeling that, in admitting the possibility of multiple personality, he
+was sacrificing the primary concept of philosophy, the unity of
+consciousness. It did not perhaps occur to him that, when two so-called
+“persons” speak together, there are, in popular language, “two
+personalities”—each, no doubt, in a separate body, but each having his
+own “unity of consciousness.”
+
+If this be a fact, is there any greater difficulty in explaining the
+other fact that two persons may be, as James put it, under the same hat?
+The metaphysical difficulty, if there be a difficulty, is neither more
+nor less in the one case than in the other. But it is needless to ask
+why a whole field of study has been, relatively, neglected in this
+country. For now we have begun to make up leeway.
+
+This translation by Dr. Eder is an introduction to the latest phase of
+the study of the unconscious. It brings us back to the point I began
+with, the relation of the normal to the morbid. Dreams are a part of
+everyone’s normal experience, yet they are shown here to be of the same
+tissue, of the same mental nature, as other phenomena that are
+undoubtedly morbid. Dreams therefore offer in the normal a budding-point
+for the study of morbid growths. And the study of dreams by Freud came
+long after his studies of such neuroses as the phobias, hysterias, and
+the rest. To dreams he applied the same method of investigation and
+treatment as to the others, and he found that dreams offered an
+unlimited field for the same kind of study.
+
+Perhaps, before going further, I should attempt to disarm criticism
+about the term “unconscious.” We speak of subconsciousness,
+co-consciousness, unconscious mind, unconscious cerebration; or what
+other terms should we use? Here it is better to avoid discussion, for we
+are concerned less with theory than with practice. And in Freud’s work,
+whether we accept his theory or not, the practice is of primary
+importance. He takes the view that no conscious experience is entirely
+lost; what seems to have vanished from the current consciousness has
+really passed into a subconsciousness, where it lives on in an organised
+form as real as if it were still part of the conscious personality. This
+view, with various modifications, is adopted by many students of morbid
+psychology. But there is another view. Muensterberg, for instance,
+maintains that it is unnecessary to speak of “subconsciousness,” for
+every fact can be explained in terms of physiology. He would accept the
+term “co-conscious” or “co-consciousness”; but in one chapter he ends
+the discussion by saying: “But whether we prefer the physiological
+account or insist on the co-conscious phenomena, in either case is there
+any chance for the subconscious to slip in? That a content of
+consciousness is to a high degree dissociated, or that the idea of the
+personality is split off, is certainly a symptom of pathological
+disturbance, but it has nothing to do with the constituting of two
+different kinds of consciousness, or with breaking the continuous
+sameness of consciousness itself. The most exceptional and most uncanny
+occurrences of the hospital teach after all the same which our daily
+experience ought to teach us: there is no subconsciousness”
+(“Psychotherapy,” p. 157).
+
+There are many refinements of distinction that we could make here, and
+if any reader is anxious to consider them, he will find some of them in
+a small volume on “Subconscious Phenomena,” by Muensterberg, Ribot, and
+others (Rebman, London).
+
+Here it is not of primary importance to come to any conclusion on the
+best term to use or the complement theory of the facts. The discussion
+is far from an end; but the harvest of facts need not wait for the end
+of the discussion.
+
+Meanwhile, let it be said that Professor Freud has been steeped in this
+whole subject from his student days. It is, however, less important to
+discuss his theory than to understand his method. The method is called
+“psycho-analysis.” The name is not inviting, and it might apply to any
+form of mental analysis; but it is at least consistently Greek in
+etymology, and has taken on a technical meaning in the medical schools.
+What is the method?
+
+Let it be granted that a person has undergone a strongly emotional
+experience—for example, a sudden shock or fright. If the person is
+highly nervous, the shock may result in some degree of dissociation.
+This may take the form of a loss of memory for certain parts of the
+experience. Let it be so. The ultimate result may be an unreasonable
+fear of some entirely harmless object or situation. The person is afraid
+of a crowd, or afraid of a closed door, or has an intense fear of some
+animal or person. For this fear he can give no reason; he cannot tell
+when it began nor why it persists. He may more or less overcome it; but
+he may not. All through his future life he will go about with a
+helplessly unreasonable fear of a closed door (claustrophobia) or of a
+crowd (agoraphobia). Minor varieties of such an affection are to be
+found in every person’s experience. On investigation, however, the root
+of the fear can be discovered: it is the product of the original
+emotional shock. The intellectual details of the emotional experience
+have completely vanished from the memory, but the emotion remains, and
+it is attached to some accidental object or circumstance present in the
+original experience. Thousands of illustrations could be given. They
+are, unfortunately, only too numerous. In this essay on the
+Interpretation of Dreams the reader will find many simple cases.
+
+If, now, the person so affected is placed in a quiet room, if he is
+requested to concentrate his mind on the disturbing object or idea
+associated with his fear, if he is encouraged to observe passively the
+chance ideas which float up to him when he thus concentrates himself, if
+he utters, under the direction of his medical attendant, every such idea
+as it comes into his mind, there is a strange result. These ideas,
+coming apparently by chance from nowhere in particular, are, when
+carefully studied, found to be linked up with some past experience,
+dating, perhaps, from months or years away. If each idea as it emerges
+is followed up, if the other ideas dragged into consciousness by it are
+carefully recorded, it is found that sooner or later entirely forgotten
+experiences come into clear consciousness. There are many ways of
+helping this process. One of the ways is this: Let a series of words be
+arranged; let the doctor speak one of them to the patient; let the
+patient, in the shortest time possible to him, say right out whatever
+idea is suggested to him by the word; let the time taken to make the
+response be recorded in seconds and fractions of a second—a thing easy
+enough to do with a stop-watch. Then, when the responses to a long
+series of words are all recorded, and the time each response has taken,
+it is found that some responses have taken much longer than others. This
+prolongation of the response-time is always found whenever the test word
+has stirred up a memory associated with emotion. By following up further
+the ideas stirred by this word, more ideas of a related kind are
+discovered, often to the patient’s surprise. Things long forgotten come
+back to memory; circumstances that apparently had no relation to the
+present consciousness are found to be linked in sequence with
+it—emotions, unreasoning fears, anxieties, that apparently had no
+relation to any particular experience, are found at last to be part and
+parcel of things that happened long ago. Once the doctor has his cue, he
+can range in many directions, and probe the mind again and again, until
+he reveals multitudes of suppressed memories, forgotten ideas, forgotten
+elements of experience. He can even get back into early childhood,
+which, to the patient himself, leaves many and many a blank area in the
+memory. But always the doctor lights, sooner or later, on some complex
+experience in which the particular fear or anxiety arose.
+
+But now, if the case is a suitable one, a still stranger thing happens.
+When the forgotten experience has thus artfully been brought into the
+full light of consciousness, the patient finds himself satisfied with
+the explanation, and loses his particular fear. He can now go back over
+the whole history of its genesis; he can link up the old experience to
+the new, and so he attains once more satisfaction and peace of mind. Up
+till now he could not be reasoned out of his anxiety; he had always an
+answer for any explanation; he had always a fresh foolish reason for his
+fear. Now all this vanishes. He finds his mind once more running
+smoothly, and his “phobia” gone. The unreasoning dread has been tracked
+back to its lair, and its lair has been destroyed in the process.
+
+There are many other methods of achieving the same result; let this
+generalised sketch suffice.
+
+What now is the theory? The theory is that the mental experience or
+“complex” had, for some reason and by some mechanism, been submerged, or
+suppressed, or forgotten. Freud maintains that there is a fundamental
+tendency in the mind to suppress every experience that is associated
+with painful emotion. This doctrine is allied to Bain’s “Law of
+Conservation”—that painful experiences depress the vitality and tend to
+disappear, while pleasant experiences exalt the vitality and tend to
+remain in memory. At any rate, by some process the painful experience
+disappears from conscious memory, but it does not cease to exist. It may
+lie dormant, or it may work subconsciously, and throw up the emotional
+bubbles that continue, without a known reason, to excite the ordinary
+consciousness. But the complex, though deep and partly dormant, never
+gets beyond reach. By the method of concentration, by the use of “free
+associations,” by the following up of all the clues offered by the ideas
+“fished up,” the submerged complex can, element by element, be brought
+back. When once it is brought back the patient is restored, the dormant
+complexes once more resume their place in the total current of his
+experience, and the mind flows at peace.
+
+This is, roughly, the method of psycho-analysis. It has been applied in
+various types of neurosis—hysterias, obsessions, phobias, etc. It has
+not always succeeded in removing the morbid conditions, but it has
+succeeded so often that it may legitimately be regarded as a method of
+treatment. As a matter of discovery it is arduous, and demands the
+highest skill and invention if it is to succeed. Incidentally it reveals
+masses of unpleasant ideas, of painful ideas, even of disgusting ideas;
+but, in the right hands, it leads to the healing of the mind.
+
+ MACBETH. How does your patient, doctor?
+
+ DOCTOR. Not so sick, my lord,
+
+     As she is troubled with thick-coming fancies,
+
+     That keep her from her rest.
+
+ MACBETH. Cure her of that;
+
+     Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas’d;
+
+     Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow;
+
+     Raze out the written troubles of the brain;
+
+     And, with some sweet oblivious antidote,
+
+     Cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that perilous stuff,
+
+     Which weighs upon the heart?
+
+ DOCTOR. Therein the patient
+
+     Must minister to himself.
+
+And here, insensibly, we have passed into the World of Dreams. The
+morbid and the normal have come together. Dreams are the awaking of
+dormant complexes; they are transfigured experiences; they come into
+consciousness trailing clouds of emotion, and fill the dreamer’s
+imagination with mysterious images. It is here that the method of
+psycho-analysis most fascinates the student. It looks as if once more
+the “interpretation of dreams” had become a reality. The results of
+psycho-analysis, even when the method is applied with a master hand and
+the details are interpreted with a skill that comes only of a quick
+imagination, are not entirely convincing; but they are certainly such as
+to make more and more observation desirable. In the present short essay
+Professor Freud gives a sketch of psycho-analysis as it is applied to
+the interpretations of dreams. His examples, if they are enough to
+illustrate the theory, are hardly enough to prove it, but they are
+intended as an introduction to his more elaborate studies; and,
+hitherto, observers as they have increased in experience have gained in
+conviction. That the method goes a long way to prove that dreams are not
+a chaotic sport of the brain, but are a manifestation of ordered mental
+experience, is beyond doubt. It would be easy to show where the theory
+does not cover facts, but it is equally easy to show many facts that it
+does cover.
+
+What, then, is the theory? Briefly this, that dreams are very largely
+the expressions of unfulfilled desires. Where, as in children, the
+waking experience and the sleeping experience differ from each other by
+very little, the dream, or sleeping experience, readily takes the form
+of the ungratified desires of the day. But as the mind grows older the
+dream expression of a desire gets more intricate. By-and-by it is too
+intricate to be deciphered from direct memory, and then there is a
+chance for the method of psycho-analysis. What of the dream is
+remembered gives the cue for the analysis. Take a remembered element of
+a dream, track it back and back by free association or other method, and
+you will find that, at one or two removes, the remembered element stirs
+up forgotten elements, and ultimately brings coherence out of
+incoherence.
+
+This appears simple, but let the reader study the dreams analysed in
+this essay, and he will find himself stirred by a thousand suggestions.
+For Professor Freud has constructed empirical laws out of his masses of
+material. The dream as it appears to the dreamer he calls the _manifest
+dream ideas_. But as these are too absurd to form a coherent reality, he
+gives ground for believing that they represent _latent dream ideas_. The
+manifest dream is a mass of symbols representing elements in the latent
+dream ideas. How the latent dream ideas generate the manifest dream is
+discovered by psycho-analysis, the translation from the latent to the
+manifest is the effect of the _dream work_. The dream work is the very
+core of the difficulty. It is round this that Professor Freud’s greatest
+subtleties of method are focussed. He shows that every dream is linked
+to something that occurs on the previous day, some recent experience,
+but the experience emerges in the dream as part of the current panorama
+of the subjective life, and there is no date to the beginning of the
+panorama—it may go back to any point in the individual’s history, even
+into the preconscious days of early infancy. The day’s experience and
+the life’s experience flow in a single stream, and the images that
+appear in dreams are but the symbols of all the latent ideas of that
+experience. How, by displacement of this element or that, compound
+symbols are formed; how, by the foreshortening of experience and the
+linking of the past with the present in a single idea, masses of old
+memories are clotted into a single point; how, in the freedom of the
+dream world, where the tension of the waking life is relaxed, where the
+exacting stimulations of the day are reduced, where the consciousness of
+duty to be done in the highly organised conditions of social conduct is
+lowered, where, in a word, the _censor_ is drowsy or asleep, where the
+dream symbols shape themselves into dramatic scenes of endless
+variety—these it is that Professor Freud’s theory endeavours to set
+forth. Displacement, condensation, dramatisation—these are the short
+names for these long and complicated processes. In the course of his
+expositions, Professor Freud uses these processes almost as if they were
+demons, and he admits frankly their figurative character. But he pleads
+that they represent real processes, and is ready to accept better names
+when he finds them. To trace back the dream images to a definite meaning
+in experience is the aim of the psycho-analysis of dreams. And the
+successes in these must be tested by the facts. Sometimes the results
+are highly persuasive, sometimes they look highly fanciful, always they
+are full of suggestion and keep close to realities.
+
+The dream symbolism, in particular, it is easy to criticise; but, after
+all, dream symbolism is a reality. The point to investigate is, what
+dream images are legitimately considered symbolic and what not. One has
+only to remember that every word spoken or written is a symbol, and a
+symbol in much the same sense as the symbolism of dreams, for every
+written or spoken word is a complicated series of motions that express
+meanings. The dream images are complicated series of images that express
+meanings. The difficulty of symbolism is no greater in the one case than
+in the other. But the variety of dream symbols is so immense that the
+difficulties of tracing their meaning are enormous. It is here that the
+method meets its greatest difficulties; but, equally, it is here that it
+scores its greatest triumphs. Spoken or written language is a
+technically organised system of symbols; dream language is as yet a
+poorly organised system of symbols. The method of psycho-analysis aims
+at organising them. Some test results are described in this essay;
+multitudes of others are to be found in the literature that is flowing
+from the application of the psycho-analytic method. Time alone will show
+how far the organisation of dream symbols into a definite “language of
+dreams” is, in any given society, actual or possible. But the effort of
+organisation has led Professor Freud to another fine fetch of theory,
+for his dream symbolism suggests many curious explanations for the
+mythologies of all ages and all countries. Myth symbols, that seem to
+defy explanation, he traces back to their roots in the “unconscious” of
+primitive man.
+
+That the emotions of sex should play an enormous part in the processes
+of analysis is to be expected; for the sex emotions are among the
+deepest, if not the deepest, of our nature, and colour every experience.
+From their proximate beginning in infancy—and Freud’s theory here is of
+immense significance—to their multiform derivatives in adult life, the
+sex emotions exercise an influence on every phase of development, and,
+in one form or another, are themselves a normal index of the stages of
+development. It is therefore reasonable to expect that they should play
+a great part in the formation of obsessions, of fixed ideas, of
+perversions, of repressed complexes. In every civilisation, as Freud
+indicates, the sex emotions are the most difficult to control, and have
+demanded the greatest amount of restraint.
+
+Restraints lead to repressions, repressions lead to dissociations,
+dissociations lead to irregularities of action. When, therefore, as in
+dreams, the restraints of the social day are withdrawn, naturally the
+repressed ideas tend to emerge once more. How much these ideas account
+for in the hysterias, how much “the shocks of despised love” affect even
+the normal life, needs no emphasis, but Freud pushes his analysis
+farther, and tracks the sex emotions, like many other fundamental
+emotions, into a thousand by-paths of ordinary experience. But it would
+be foolishness to say that sex emotions are everything in the ruins of
+the “Buried Temple.” Far from it. What is true of the sex emotions is
+true of all other emotions in their varying degrees, and often what
+looks like predominant sex emotions may turn out to be accidental rather
+than causative, a concomitant symptom rather than the initiatory centre
+of disturbance. But these points are all controversial. It is the object
+of Freud to put them to the test. If his general theory be true, the
+dream-world will more and more become the revealer of our deepest and
+oldest experience.
+
+It would be easy to fill many pages with illustrative items and relative
+criticisms, but that is not the purpose of an introduction. Here I am
+concerned simply to recommend this essay to the careful study of all
+those interested in the mental history of the individual, and in the
+blotting out from the mind of needless fears and anxieties. And no one
+need hesitate to enter on this study, whatever his metaphysical theories
+may be. Even the “unity of consciousness” will not suffer, for, through
+his unending efforts to link the experiences of the day with the whole
+experience of the individual life, Professor Freud, by the union of
+buried consciousness, restores to the mind a new unity of consciousness.
+
+Dr. Eder, whose studies in this field have been long and varied, does
+well to present to British readers this essay which serves as an
+introduction to the more elaborate studies of FREUD and his school, and
+I am glad to have the privilege of saying so.
+
+                                                    W. LESLIE MACKENZIE.
+
+
+
+
+                                   I.
+
+
+In what we may term “prescientific days” people were in no uncertainty
+about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after
+awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile
+manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and Divine. With the
+rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was
+transferred to psychology; to-day there is but a small minority among
+educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamer’s own psychical
+act.
+
+But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation
+of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its
+relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence
+of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice;
+its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence
+between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dream’s
+evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it
+aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or
+rejecting it—all these and many other problems have for many hundred
+years demanded answers which up till now could never have been
+satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the
+dream, a question which is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly,
+the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the
+psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has
+the dream a meaning—can sense be made of each single dream as of other
+mental syntheses?
+
+Three tendencies can be observed in the estimation of dreams. Many
+philosophers have given currency to one of these tendencies, one which
+at the same time preserves something of the dream’s former
+over-valuation. The foundation of dream life is for them a peculiar
+state of psychical activity, which they even celebrate as elevation to
+some higher state. Schubert, for instance, claims: “The dream is the
+liberation of the spirit from the pressure of external nature, a
+detachment of the soul from the fetters of matter.” Not all go so far as
+this, but many maintain that dreams have their origin in real spiritual
+excitations, and are the outward manifestations of spiritual powers
+whose free movements have been hampered during the day (“Dream
+Phantasies,” Scherner, Volkelt). A large number of observers acknowledge
+that dream life is capable of extraordinary achievements—at any rate, in
+certain fields (“Memory”).
+
+In striking contradiction with this the majority of medical writers
+hardly admit that the dream is a psychical phenomenon at all. According
+to them dreams are provoked and initiated exclusively by stimuli
+proceeding from the senses or the body, which either reach the sleeper
+from without or are accidental disturbances of his internal organs. The
+dream has no greater claim to meaning and importance than the sound
+called forth by the ten fingers of a person quite unacquainted with
+music running his fingers over the keys of an instrument. The dream is
+to be regarded, says Binz, “as a physical process always useless,
+frequently morbid.” All the peculiarities of dream life are explicable
+as the incoherent effort, due to some physiological stimulus, of certain
+organs, or of the cortical elements of a brain otherwise asleep.
+
+But slightly affected by scientific opinion and untroubled as to the
+origin of dreams, the popular view holds firmly to the belief that
+dreams really have got a meaning, in some way they do foretell the
+future, whilst the meaning can be unravelled in some way or other from
+its oft bizarre and enigmatical content. The reading of dreams consists
+in replacing the events of the dream, so far as remembered, by other
+events. This is done either scene by scene, _according to some rigid
+key_, or the dream as a whole is replaced by something else of which it
+was a _symbol_. Serious-minded persons laugh at these efforts—“Dreams
+are but sea-foam!”
+
+
+
+
+                                  II.
+
+
+One day I discovered to my amazement that the popular view grounded in
+superstition, and not the medical one, comes nearer to the truth about
+dreams. I arrived at new conclusions about dreams by the use of a new
+method of psychological investigation, one which had rendered me good
+service in the investigation of phobias, obsessions, illusions, and the
+like, and which, under the name “psycho-analysis,” had found acceptance
+by a whole school of investigators. The manifold analogies of dream life
+with the most diverse conditions of psychical disease in the waking
+state have been rightly insisted upon by a number of medical observers.
+It seemed, therefore, _a priori_, hopeful to apply to the interpretation
+of dreams methods of investigation which had been tested in
+psychopathological processes. Obsessions and those peculiar sensations
+of haunting dread remain as strange to normal consciousness as do dreams
+to our waking consciousness; their origin is as unknown to consciousness
+as is that of dreams. It was practical ends that impelled us, in these
+diseases, to fathom their origin and formation. Experience had shown us
+that a cure and a consequent mastery of the obsessing ideas did result
+when once those thoughts, the connecting links between the morbid ideas
+and the rest of the psychical content, were revealed which were
+heretofore veiled from consciousness. The procedure I employed for the
+interpretation of dreams thus arose from psychotherapy.
+
+This procedure is readily described, although its practice demands
+instruction and experience. Suppose the patient is suffering from
+intense morbid dread. He is requested to direct his attention to the
+idea in question, without, however, as he has so frequently done,
+meditating upon it. Every impression about it, without any exception,
+which occurs to him should be imparted to the doctor. The statement
+which will be perhaps then made, that he cannot concentrate his
+attention upon anything at all, is to be countered by assuring him most
+positively that such a blank state of mind is utterly impossible. As a
+matter of fact, a great number of impressions will soon occur, with
+which others will associate themselves. These will be invariably
+accompanied by the expression of the observer’s opinion that they have
+no meaning or are unimportant. It will be at once noticed that it is
+this self-criticism which prevented the patient from imparting the
+ideas, which had indeed already excluded them from consciousness. If the
+patient can be induced to abandon this self-criticism and to pursue the
+trains of thought which are yielded by concentrating the attention, most
+significant matter will be obtained, matter which will be presently seen
+to be clearly linked to the morbid idea in question. Its connection with
+other ideas will be manifest, and later on will permit the replacement
+of the morbid idea by a fresh one, which is perfectly adapted to
+psychical continuity.
+
+This is not the place to examine thoroughly the hypothesis upon which
+this experiment rests, or the deductions which follow from its
+invariable success. It must suffice to state that we obtain matter
+enough for the resolution of every morbid idea if we especially direct
+our attention to the _unbidden_ associations _which disturb our
+thoughts_—those which are otherwise put aside by the critic as worthless
+refuse. If the procedure is exercised on oneself, the best plan of
+helping the experiment is to write down at once all one’s first
+indistinct fancies.
+
+I will now point out where this method leads when I apply it to the
+examination of dreams. Any dream could be made use of in this way. From
+certain motives I, however, choose a dream of my own, which appears
+confused and meaningless to my memory, and one which has the advantage
+of brevity. Probably my dream of last night satisfies the requirements.
+Its content, fixed immediately after awakening, runs as follows:
+
+“_Company; at table or table d’hôte.... Spinach is served. Mrs. E. L.,
+sitting next to me, gives me her undivided attention, and places her
+hand familiarly upon my knee. In defence I remove her hand. Then she
+says: ‘But you have always had such beautiful eyes.’... I then
+distinctly see something like two eyes as a sketch or as the contour of
+a spectacle lens._...”
+
+This is the whole dream, or, at all events, all that I can remember. It
+appears to me not only obscure and meaningless, but more especially odd.
+Mrs. E. L. is a person with whom I am scarcely on visiting terms, nor to
+my knowledge have I ever desired any more cordial relationship. I have
+not seen her for a long time, and do not think there was any mention of
+her recently. No emotion whatever accompanied the dream process.
+
+Reflecting upon this dream does not make it a bit clearer to my mind. I
+will now, however, present the ideas, without premeditation and without
+criticism, which introspection yielded. I soon notice that it is an
+advantage to break up the dream into its elements, and to search out the
+ideas which link themselves to each fragment.
+
+_Company; at table or table d’hôte._ The recollection of the slight
+event with which the evening of yesterday ended is at once called up. I
+left a small party in the company of a friend, who offered to drive me
+home in his cab. “I prefer a taxi,” he said; “that gives one such a
+pleasant occupation; there is always something to look at.” When we were
+in the cab, and the cab-driver turned the disc so that the first sixty
+hellers were visible, I continued the jest. “We have hardly got in and
+we already owe sixty hellers. The taxi always reminds me of the table
+d’hôte. It makes me avaricious and selfish by continuously reminding me
+of my debt. It seems to me to mount up too quickly, and I am always
+afraid that I shall be at a disadvantage, just as I cannot resist at
+table d’hôte the comical fear that I am getting too little, that I must
+look after myself.” In far-fetched connection with this I quote:
+
+               “To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,
+               To guilt ye let us heedless go.”
+
+Another idea about the table d’hôte. A few weeks ago I was very cross
+with my dear wife at the dinner-table at a Tyrolese health resort,
+because she was not sufficiently reserved with some neighbours with whom
+I wished to have absolutely nothing to do. I begged her to occupy
+herself rather with me than with the strangers. That is just as if I had
+_been at a disadvantage at the table d’hôte_. The contrast between the
+behaviour of my wife at that table and that of Mrs. E. L. in the dream
+now strikes me: “_Addresses herself entirely to me._”
+
+Further, I now notice that the dream is the reproduction of a little
+scene which transpired between my wife and myself when I was secretly
+courting her. The caressing under cover of the tablecloth was an answer
+to a wooer’s passionate letter. In the dream, however, my wife is
+replaced by the unfamiliar E. L.
+
+Mrs. E. L. is the daughter of a man to whom I _owed money_! I cannot
+help noticing that here there is revealed an unsuspected connection
+between the dream content and my thoughts. If the chain of associations
+be followed up which proceeds from one element of the dream one is soon
+led back to another of its elements. The thoughts evoked by the dream
+stir up associations which were not noticeable in the dream itself.
+
+Is it not customary, when someone expects others to look after his
+interests without any advantage to themselves, to ask the innocent
+question satirically: “Do you think this will be done _for the sake of
+your beautiful eyes_?” Hence Mrs. E. L.’s speech in the dream. “You have
+always had such beautiful eyes,” means nothing but “people always do
+everything to you for love of you; you have had _everything for
+nothing_.” The contrary is, of course, the truth; I have always paid
+dearly for whatever kindness others have shown me. Still, the fact that
+_I had a ride for nothing_ yesterday when my friend drove me home in his
+cab must have made an impression upon me.
+
+In any case, the friend whose guests we were yesterday has often made me
+his debtor. Recently I allowed an opportunity of requiting him to go by.
+He has had only one present from me, an antique shawl, upon which eyes
+are painted all round, a so-called Occhiale, as a _charm_ against the
+_Malocchio_. Moreover, he is an _eye specialist_. That same evening I
+had asked him after a patient whom I had sent to him for _glasses_.
+
+As I remarked, nearly all parts of the dream have been brought into this
+new connection. I still might ask why in the dream it was _spinach_ that
+was served up. Because spinach called up a little scene which recently
+occurred at our table. A child, whose _beautiful eyes_ are really
+deserving of praise, refused to eat _spinach_. As a child I was just the
+same; for a long time I loathed _spinach_, until in later life my tastes
+altered, and it became one of my favourite dishes. The mention of this
+dish brings my own childhood and that of my child’s near together. “You
+should be glad that you have some spinach,” his mother had said to the
+little gourmet. “Some children would be very glad to get spinach.” Thus
+I am reminded of the parents’ duties towards their children. Goethe’s
+words—
+
+               “To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,
+               To guilt ye let us heedless go”—
+
+take on another meaning in this connection.
+
+Here I will stop in order that I may recapitulate the results of the
+analysis of the dream. By following the associations which were linked
+to the single elements of the dream torn from their context, I have been
+led to a series of thoughts and reminiscences where I am bound to
+recognise interesting expressions of my psychical life. The matter
+yielded by an analysis of the dream stands in intimate relationship with
+the dream content, but this relationship is so special that I should
+never have been able to have inferred the new discoveries directly from
+the dream itself. The dream was passionless, disconnected, and
+unintelligible. During the time that I am unfolding the thoughts at the
+back of the dream I feel intense and well-grounded emotions. The
+thoughts themselves fit beautifully together into chains logically bound
+together with certain central ideas which ever repeat themselves. Such
+ideas not represented in the dream itself are in this instance the
+antitheses _selfish, unselfish, to be indebted, to work for nothing_. I
+could draw closer the threads of the web which analysis has disclosed,
+and would then be able to show how they all run together into a single
+knot; I am debarred from making this work public by considerations of a
+private, not of a scientific, nature. After having cleared up many
+things which I do not willingly acknowledge as mine, I should have much
+to reveal which had better remain my secret. Why, then, do not I choose
+another dream whose analysis would be more suitable for publication, so
+that I could awaken a fairer conviction of the sense and cohesion of the
+results disclosed by analysis? The answer is, because every dream which
+I investigate leads to the same difficulties and places me under the
+same need of discretion; nor should I forgo this difficulty any the more
+were I to analyse the dream of someone else. That could only be done
+when opportunity allowed all concealment to be dropped without injury to
+those who trusted me.
+
+The conclusion which is now forced upon me is that the dream is a _sort
+of substitution_ for those emotional and intellectual trains of thought
+which I attained after complete analysis. I do not yet know the process
+by which the dream arose from those thoughts, but I perceive that it is
+wrong to regard the dream as psychically unimportant, a purely physical
+process which has arisen from the activity of isolated cortical elements
+awakened out of sleep.
+
+I must further remark that the dream is far shorter than the thoughts
+which I hold it replaces; whilst analysis discovered that the dream was
+provoked by an unimportant occurrence the evening before the dream.
+
+Naturally, I would not draw such far-reaching conclusions if only one
+analysis were known to me. Experience has shown me that when the
+associations of any dream are honestly followed such a chain of thought
+is revealed, the constituent parts of the dream reappear correctly and
+sensibly linked together; the slight suspicion that this concatenation
+was merely an accident of a single first observation must, therefore, be
+absolutely relinquished. I regard it, therefore, as my right to
+establish this new view by a proper nomenclature. I contrast the dream
+which my memory evokes with the dream and other added matter revealed by
+analysis: the former I call the dream’s _manifest content_; the latter,
+without at first further subdivision, its _latent content_. I arrive at
+two new problems hitherto unformulated: (1) What is the psychical
+process which has transformed the latent content of the dream into its
+manifest content? (2) What is the motive or the motives which have made
+such transformation exigent. The process by which the change from latent
+to manifest content is executed I name the _dream work_. In contrast
+with this is the _work of analysis_, which produces the reverse
+transformation. The other problems of the dream—the inquiry as to its
+stimuli, as to the source of its materials, as to its possible purpose,
+the function of dreaming, the forgetting of dreams—these I will discuss
+in connection with the latent dream content.
+
+I shall take every care to avoid a confusion between the _manifest_ and
+the _latent content_, for I ascribe all the contradictory as well as the
+incorrect accounts of dreamlife to the ignorance of this latent content,
+now first laid bare through analysis.
+
+
+
+
+                                  III.
+
+
+The conversion of the latent dream thoughts into those manifest deserves
+our close study as the first known example of the transformation of
+psychical stuff from one mode of expression into another. From a mode of
+expression which, moreover, is readily intelligible into another which
+we can only penetrate by effort and with guidance, although this new
+mode must be equally reckoned as an effort of our own psychical
+activity. From the standpoint of the relationship of latent to manifest
+dream content, dreams can be divided into three classes. We can, in the
+first place, distinguish those dreams which have a _meaning_ and are, at
+the same time, _intelligible_, which allow us to penetrate into our
+psychical life without further ado. Such dreams are numerous; they are
+usually short, and, as a general rule, do not seem very noticeable,
+because everything remarkable or exciting surprise is absent. Their
+occurrence is, moreover, a strong argument against the doctrine which
+derives the dream from the isolated activity of certain cortical
+elements. All signs of a lowered or subdivided psychical activity are
+wanting. Yet we never raise any objection to characterising them as
+dreams, nor do we confound them with the products of our waking life.
+
+A second group is formed by those dreams which are indeed self-coherent
+and have a distinct meaning, but appear strange because we are unable to
+reconcile their meaning with our mental life. That is the case when we
+dream, for instance, that some dear relative has died of plague when we
+know of no ground for expecting, apprehending, or assuming anything of
+the sort; we can only ask ourself wonderingly: “What brought that into
+my head?” To the third group those dreams belong which are void of both
+meaning and intelligibility; they are _incoherent, complicated, and
+meaningless_. The overwhelming number of our dreams partake of this
+character, and this has given rise to the contemptuous attitude towards
+dreams and the medical theory of their limited psychical activity. It is
+especially in the longer and more complicated dream-plots that signs of
+incoherence are seldom missing.
+
+The contrast between manifest and latent dream content is clearly only
+of value for the dreams of the second and more especially for those of
+the third class. Here are problems which are only solved when the
+manifest dream is replaced by its latent content; it was an example of
+this kind, a complicated and unintelligible dream, that we subjected to
+analysis. Against our expectation we, however, struck upon reasons which
+prevented a complete cognizance of the latent dream thought. On the
+repetition of this same experience we were forced to the supposition
+that there is an _intimate bond, with laws of its own, between the
+unintelligible and complicated nature of the dream and the difficulties
+attending communication of the thoughts connected with the dream_.
+Before investigating the nature of this bond, it will be advantageous to
+turn our attention to the more readily intelligible dreams of the first
+class where, the manifest and latent content being identical, the dream
+work seems to be omitted.
+
+The investigation of these dreams is also advisable from another
+standpoint. The dreams of _children_ are of this nature; they have a
+meaning, and are not bizarre. This, by the way, is a further objection
+to reducing dreams to a dissociation of cerebral activity in sleep, for
+why should such a lowering of psychical functions belong to the nature
+of sleep in adults, but not in children? We are, however, fully
+justified in expecting that the explanation of psychical processes in
+children, essentially simplified as they may be, should serve as an
+indispensable preparation towards the psychology of the adult.
+
+I shall therefore cite some examples of dreams which I have gathered
+from children. A girl of nineteen months was made to go without food for
+a day because she had been sick in the morning, and, according to nurse,
+had made herself ill through eating strawberries. During the night,
+after her day of fasting, she was heard calling out her name during
+sleep, and adding: “_Tawberry, eggs, pap._” She is dreaming that she is
+eating, and selects out of her menu exactly what she supposes she will
+not get much of just now.
+
+The same kind of dream about a forbidden dish was that of a little boy
+of twenty-two months. The day before he was told to offer his uncle a
+present of a small basket of cherries, of which the child was, of
+course, only allowed one to taste. He woke up with the joyful news:
+“Hermann eaten up all the cherries.”
+
+A girl of three and a half years had made during the day a sea trip
+which was too short for her, and she cried when she had to get out of
+the boat. The next morning her story was that during the night she had
+been on the sea, thus continuing the interrupted trip.
+
+A boy of five and a half years was not at all pleased with his party
+during a walk in the Dachstein region. Whenever a new peak came into
+sight he asked if that were the Dachstein, and, finally, refused to
+accompany the party to the waterfall. His behaviour was ascribed to
+fatigue; but a better explanation was forthcoming when the next morning
+he told his dream: _he had ascended the Dachstein_. Obviously he
+expected the ascent of the Dachstein to be the object of the excursion,
+and was vexed by not getting a glimpse of the mountain. The dream gave
+him what the day had withheld. The dream of a girl of six was similar;
+her father had cut short the walk before reaching the promised objective
+on account of the lateness of the hour. On the way back she noticed a
+signpost giving the name of another place for excursions; her father
+promised to take her there also some other day. She greeted her father
+next day with the news that she had dreamt that _her father had been
+with her to both places_.
+
+What is common in all these dreams is obvious. They completely satisfy
+wishes excited during the day which remain unrealised. They are simply
+and undisguisedly realisations of wishes.
+
+The following child-dream, not quite understandable at first sight, is
+nothing else than a wish realised. On account of poliomyelitis a girl,
+not quite four years of age, was brought from the country into town, and
+remained over night with a childless aunt in a big—for her, naturally,
+huge—bed. The next morning she stated that she had dreamt that _the bed
+was much too small for her, so that she could find no place in it_. To
+explain this dream as a wish is easy when we remember that to be “big”
+is a frequently expressed wish of all children. The bigness of the bed
+reminded Miss Little-Would-be-Big only too forcibly of her smallness.
+This nasty situation became righted in her dream, and she grew so big
+that the bed now became too small for her.
+
+Even when children’s dreams are complicated and polished, their
+comprehension as a realisation of desire is fairly evident. A boy of
+eight dreamt that he was being driven with Achilles in a war-chariot,
+guided by Diomedes. The day before he was assiduously reading about
+great heroes. It is easy to show that he took these heroes as his
+models, and regretted that he was not living in those days.
+
+From this short collection a further characteristic of the dreams of
+children is manifest—_their connection with the life of the day_. The
+desires which are realised in these dreams are left over from the day
+or, as a rule, the day previous, and the feeling has become intently
+emphasised and fixed during the day thoughts. Accidental and indifferent
+matters, or what must appear so to the child, find no acceptance in the
+contents of the dream.
+
+Innumerable instances of such dreams of the infantile type can be found
+among adults also, but, as mentioned, these are mostly exactly like the
+manifest content. Thus, a random selection of persons will generally
+respond to thirst at night-time with a dream about drinking, thus
+striving to get rid of the sensation and to let sleep continue. Many
+persons frequently have these comforting _dreams_ before waking, just
+when they are called. They then dream that they are already up, that
+they are washing, or already in school, at the office, etc., where they
+ought to be at a given time. The night before an intended journey one
+not infrequently dreams that one has already arrived at the destination;
+before going to a play or to a party the dream not infrequently
+anticipates, in impatience, as it were, the expected pleasure. At other
+times the dream expresses the realisation of the desire somewhat
+indirectly; some connection, some sequel must be known—the first step
+towards recognising the desire. Thus, when a husband related to me the
+dream of his young wife, that her monthly period had begun, I had to
+bethink myself that the young wife would have expected a pregnancy if
+the period had been absent. The dream is then a sign of pregnancy. Its
+meaning is that it shows the wish realised that pregnancy should not
+occur just yet. Under unusual and extreme circumstances, these dreams of
+the infantile type become very frequent. The leader of a polar
+expedition tells us, for instance, that during the wintering amid the
+ice the crew, with their monotonous diet and slight rations, dreamt
+regularly, like children, of fine meals, of mountains of tobacco, and of
+home.
+
+It is not uncommon that out of some long, complicated and intricate
+dream one specially lucid part stands out containing unmistakably the
+realisation of a desire, but bound up with much unintelligible matter.
+On more frequently analysing the seemingly more transparent dreams of
+adults, it is astonishing to discover that these are rarely as simple as
+the dreams of children, and that they cover another meaning beyond that
+of the realisation of a wish.
+
+It would certainly be a simple and convenient solution of the riddle if
+the work of analysis made it at all possible for us to trace the
+meaningless and intricate dreams of adults back to the infantile type,
+to the realisation of some intensely experienced desire of the day. But
+there is no warrant for such an expectation. Their dreams are generally
+full of the most indifferent and bizarre matter, and no trace of the
+realisation of the wish is to be found in their content.
+
+Before leaving these infantile dreams, which are obviously unrealised
+desires, we must not fail to mention another chief characteristic of
+dreams, one that has been long noticed, and one which stands out most
+clearly in this class. I can replace any of these dreams by a phrase
+expressing a desire. If the sea trip had only lasted longer; if I were
+only washed and dressed; if I had only been allowed to keep the cherries
+instead of giving them to my uncle. But the dream gives something more
+than the choice, for here the desire is already realised; its
+realisation is real and actual. The dream presentations consist chiefly,
+if not wholly, of scenes and mainly of visual sense images. Hence a kind
+of transformation is not entirely absent in this class of dreams, and
+this may be fairly designated as the dream work. _An idea merely
+existing in the region of possibility is replaced by a vision of its
+accomplishment._
+
+
+
+
+                                  IV.
+
+
+We are compelled to assume that such transformation of scene has also
+taken place in intricate dreams, though we do not know whether it has
+encountered any possible desire. The dream instanced at the
+commencement, which we analysed somewhat thoroughly, did give us
+occasion in two places to suspect something of the kind. Analysis
+brought out that my wife was occupied with others at table, and that I
+did not like it; in the dream itself _exactly the opposite_ occurs, for
+the person who replaces my wife gives me her undivided attention. But
+can one wish for anything pleasanter after a disagreeable incident than
+that the exact contrary should have occurred, just as the dream has it?
+The stinging thought in the analysis, that I have never had anything for
+nothing, is similarly connected with the woman’s remark in the dream:
+“You have always had such beautiful eyes.” Some portion of the
+opposition between the latent and manifest content of the dream must be
+therefore derived from the realisation of a wish.
+
+Another manifestation of the dream work which all incoherent dreams have
+in common is still more noticeable. Choose any instance, and compare the
+number of separate elements in it, or the extent of the dream, if
+written down, with the dream thoughts yielded by analysis, and of which
+but a trace can be refound in the dream itself. There can be no doubt
+that the dream working has resulted in an extraordinary compression or
+_condensation_. It is not at first easy to form an opinion as to the
+extent of the condensation; the more deeply you go into the analysis,
+the more deeply you are impressed by it. There will be found no factor
+in the dream whence the chains of associations do not lead in two or
+more directions, no scene which has not been pieced together out of two
+or more impressions and events. For instance, I once dreamt about a kind
+of swimming-bath where the bathers suddenly separated in all directions;
+at one place on the edge a person stood bending towards one of the
+bathers as if to drag him out. The scene was a composite one, made up
+out of an event that occurred at the time of puberty, and of two
+pictures, one of which I had seen just shortly before the dream. The two
+pictures were The Surprise in the Bath, from Schwind’s Cycle of the
+Melusine (note the bathers suddenly separating), and a picture of The
+Flood, by an Italian master. The little incident was that I once
+witnessed a lady, who had tarried in the swimming-bath until the men’s
+hour, being helped out of the water by the swimming-master. The scene in
+the dream which was selected for analysis led to a whole group of
+reminiscences, each one of which had contributed to the dream content.
+First of all came the little episode from the time of my courting, of
+which I have already spoken; the pressure of a hand under the table gave
+rise in the dream to the “under the table,” which I had subsequently to
+find a place for in my recollection. There was, of course, at the time
+not a word about “undivided attention.” Analysis taught me that this
+factor is the realisation of a desire through its contradictory and
+related to the behaviour of my wife at the table d’hôte. An exactly
+similar and much more important episode of our courtship, one which
+separated us for an entire day, lies hidden behind this recent
+recollection. The intimacy, the hand resting upon the knee, refers to a
+quite different connection and to quite other persons. This element in
+the dream becomes again the starting-point of two distinct series of
+reminiscences, and so on.
+
+The stuff of the dream thoughts which has been accumulated for the
+formation of the dream scene must be naturally fit for this application.
+There must be one or more common factors. The dream work proceeds like
+Francis Galton with his family photographs. The different elements are
+put one on top of the other; what is common to the composite picture
+stands out clearly, the opposing details cancel each other. This process
+of reproduction partly explains the wavering statements, of a peculiar
+vagueness, in so many elements of the dream. For the interpretation of
+dreams this rule holds good: When analysis discloses _uncertainty_ as to
+_either_—_or_ read _and_, taking each section of the apparent
+alternatives as a separate outlet for a series of impressions.
+
+When there is nothing in common between the dream thoughts, the dream
+work takes the trouble to create a something, in order to make a common
+presentation feasible in the dream. The simplest way to approximate two
+dream thoughts, which have as yet nothing in common, consists in making
+such a change in the actual expression of one idea as will meet a slight
+responsive recasting in the form of the other idea. The process is
+analogous to that of rhyme, when consonance supplies the desired common
+factor. A good deal of the dream work consists in the creation of those
+frequently very witty, but often exaggerated, digressions. These vary
+from the common presentation in the dream content to dream thoughts
+which are as varied as are the causes in form and essence which give
+rise to them. In the analysis of our example of a dream, I find a like
+case of the transformation of a thought in order that it might agree
+with another essentially foreign one. In following out the analysis I
+struck upon the thought: _I should like to have something for nothing_.
+But this formula is not serviceable to the dream. Hence it is replaced
+by another one: “I should like to enjoy something free of cost.”[1] The
+word “kost” (taste), with its double meaning, is appropriate to a table
+d’hôte; it, moreover, is in place through the special sense in the
+dream. At home if there is a dish which the children decline, their
+mother first tries gentle persuasion, with a “Just taste it.” That the
+dream work should unhesitatingly use the double meaning of the word is
+certainly remarkable; ample experience has shown, however, that the
+occurrence is quite usual.
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  “Ich möchte gerne etwas geniessen ohne ‘Kosten’ zu haben.” A pun upon
+  the word “kosten,” which has two meanings—“taste” and “cost.” In “Die
+  Traumdeutung,” third edition, p. 71 footnote, Professor Freud remarks
+  that “the finest example of dream interpretation left us by the
+  ancients is based upon a pun” (from “The Interpretation of Dreams,” by
+  Artemidorus Daldianus). “Moreover, dreams are so intimately bound up
+  with language that Ferenczi truly points out that every tongue has its
+  own language of dreams. A dream is as a rule untranslatable into other
+  languages.”—TRANSLATOR.
+
+Through condensation of the dream certain constituent parts of its
+content are explicable which are peculiar to the dream life alone, and
+which are not found in the waking state. Such are the composite and
+mixed persons, the extraordinary mixed figures, creations comparable
+with the fantastic animal compositions of Orientals; a moment’s thought
+and these are reduced to unity, whilst the fancies of the dream are ever
+formed anew in an inexhaustible profusion. Everyone knows such images in
+his own dreams; manifold are their origins. I can build up a person by
+borrowing one feature from one person and one from another, or by giving
+to the form of one the name of another in my dream. I can also visualise
+one person, but place him in a position which has occurred to another.
+There is a meaning in all these cases when different persons are
+amalgamated into one substitute. Such cases denote an “and,” a “just
+like,” a comparison of the original person from a certain point of view,
+a comparison which can be also realised in the dream itself. As a rule,
+however, the identity of the blended persons is only discoverable by
+analysis, and is only indicated in the dream content by the formation of
+the “combined” person.
+
+The same diversity in their ways of formation and the same rules for its
+solution hold good also for the innumerable medley of dream contents,
+examples of which I need scarcely adduce. Their strangeness quite
+disappears when we resolve not to place them on a level with the objects
+of perception as known to us when awake, but to remember that they
+represent the art of dream condensation by an exclusion of unnecessary
+detail. Prominence is given to the common character of the combination.
+Analysis must also generally supply the common features. The dream says
+simply: _All these things have an “x” in common._ The decomposition of
+these mixed images by analysis is often the quickest way to an
+interpretation of the dream. Thus I once dreamt that I was sitting with
+one of my former university tutors on a bench, which was undergoing a
+rapid continuous movement amidst other benches. This was a combination
+of lecture-room and moving staircase. I will not pursue the further
+result of the thought. Another time I was sitting in a carriage, and on
+my lap an object in shape like a top-hat, which, however, was made of
+transparent glass. The scene at once brought to my mind the proverb: “He
+who keeps his hat in his hand will travel safely through the land.” By a
+slight turn the _glass hat_ reminded me of _Auer’s light_, and I knew
+that I was about to invent something which was to make me as rich and
+independent as his invention had made my countryman, Dr. Auer, of
+Welsbach; then I should be able to travel instead of remaining in
+Vienna. In the dream I was travelling with my invention, with the, it is
+true, rather awkward glass top-hat. The dream work is peculiarly adept
+at representing two contradictory conceptions by means of the same mixed
+image. Thus, for instance, a woman dreamt of herself carrying a tall
+flower-stalk, as in the picture of the Annunciation (Chastity-Mary is
+her own name), but the stalk was bedecked with thick white blossoms
+resembling camellias (contrast with chastity: La dame aux Camelias).
+
+A great deal of what we have called “dream condensation” can be thus
+formulated. Each one of the elements of the dream content is
+_overdetermined_ by the matter of the dream thoughts; it is not derived
+from one element of these thoughts, but from a whole series. These are
+not necessarily interconnected in any way, but may belong to the most
+diverse spheres of thought. The dream element truly represents all this
+disparate matter in the dream content. Analysis, moreover, discloses
+another side of the relationship between dream content and dream
+thoughts. Just as one element of the dream leads to associations with
+several dream thoughts, so, as a rule, the _one dream thought represents
+more than one dream element_. The threads of the association do not
+simply converge from the dream thoughts to the dream content, but on the
+way they overlap and interweave in every way.
+
+Next to the transformation of one thought in the scene (its
+“dramatisation”), condensation is the most important and most
+characteristic feature of the dream work. We have as yet no clue as to
+the motive calling for such compression of the content.
+
+
+
+
+                                   V.
+
+
+In the complicated and intricate dreams with which we are now concerned,
+condensation and dramatisation do not wholly account for the difference
+between dream contents and dream thoughts. There is evidence of a third
+factor, which deserves careful consideration.
+
+When I have arrived at an understanding of the dream thoughts by my
+analysis I notice, above all, that the matter of the manifest is very
+different from that of the latent dream content. That is, I admit, only
+an apparent difference which vanishes on closer investigation, for in
+the end I find the whole dream content carried out in the dream
+thoughts, nearly all the dream thoughts again represented in the dream
+content. Nevertheless, there does remain a certain amount of difference.
+
+The essential content which stood out clearly and broadly in the dream
+must, after analysis, rest satisfied with a very subordinate rôle among
+the dream thoughts. These very dream thoughts which, going by my
+feelings, have a claim to the greatest importance are either not present
+at all in the dream content, or are represented by some remote allusion
+in some obscure region of the dream. I can thus describe these
+phenomena: _During the dream work the psychical intensity of those
+thoughts and conceptions to which it properly pertains flows to others
+which, in my judgment, have no claim to such emphasis._ There is no
+other process which contributes so much to concealment of the dream’s
+meaning and to make the connection between the dream content and dream
+ideas irrecognisable. During this process, which I will call _the dream
+displacement_, I notice also the psychical intensity, significance, or
+emotional nature of the thoughts become transposed in sensory vividness.
+What was clearest in the dream seems to me, without further
+consideration, the most important; but often in some obscure element of
+the dream I can recognise the most direct offspring of the principal
+dream thought.
+
+I could only designate this dream displacement as the _transvaluation of
+psychical values_. The phenomena will not have been considered in all
+its bearings unless I add that this displacement or transvaluation is
+shared by different dreams in extremely varying degrees. There are
+dreams which take place almost without any displacement. These have the
+same time, meaning, and intelligibility as we found in the dreams which
+recorded a desire. In other dreams not a bit of the dream idea has
+retained its own psychical value, or everything essential in these dream
+ideas has been replaced by unessentials, whilst every kind of transition
+between these conditions can be found. The more obscure and intricate a
+dream is, the greater is the part to be ascribed to the impetus of
+displacement in its formation.
+
+The example that we chose for analysis shows, at least, this much of
+displacement—that its content has a different centre of interest from
+that of the dream ideas. In the forefront of the dream content the main
+scene appears as if a woman wished to make advances to me; in the dream
+idea the chief interest rests on the desire to enjoy disinterested love
+which shall “cost nothing”; this idea lies at the back of the talk about
+the beautiful eyes and the far-fetched allusion to “spinach.”
+
+If we abolish the dream displacement, we attain through analysis quite
+certain conclusions regarding two problems of the dream which are most
+disputed—as to what provokes a dream at all, and as to the connection of
+the dream with our waking life. There are dreams which at once expose
+their links with the events of the day; in others no trace of such a
+connection can be found. By the aid of analysis it can be shown that
+every dream, without any exception, is linked up with our impression of
+the day, or perhaps it would be more correct to say of the day previous
+to the dream. The impressions which have incited the dream may be so
+important that we are not surprised at our being occupied with them
+whilst awake; in this case we are right in saying that the dream carries
+on the chief interest of our waking life. More usually, however, when
+the dream contains anything relating to the impressions of the day, it
+is so trivial, unimportant, and so deserving of oblivion, that we can
+only recall it with an effort. The dream content appears, then, even
+when coherent and intelligible, to be concerned with those indifferent
+trifles of thought undeserving of our waking interest. The depreciation
+of dreams is largely due to the predominance of the indifferent and the
+worthless in their content.
+
+Analysis destroys the appearance upon which this derogatory judgment is
+based. When the dream content discloses nothing but some indifferent
+impression as instigating the dream, analysis ever indicates some
+significant event, which has been replaced by something indifferent with
+which it has entered into abundant associations. Where the dream is
+concerned with uninteresting and unimportant conceptions, analysis
+reveals the numerous associative paths which connect the trivial with
+the momentous in the psychical estimation of the individual. _It is only
+the action of displacement if what is indifferent obtains recognition in
+the dream content instead of those impressions which are really the
+stimulus, or instead of the things of real interest._ In answering the
+question as to what provokes the dream, as to the connection of the
+dream, in the daily troubles, we must say, in terms of the insight given
+us by replacing the manifest latent dream content: _The dream does never
+trouble itself about things which are not deserving of our concern
+during the day, and trivialities which do not trouble us during the day
+have no power to pursue us whilst asleep._
+
+What provoked the dream in the example which we have analysed? The
+really unimportant event, that a friend invited me to a _free ride in
+his cab_. The table d’hôte scene in the dream contains an allusion to
+this indifferent motive, for in conversation I had brought the taxi
+parallel with the table d’hôte. But I can indicate the important event
+which has as its substitute the trivial one. A few days before I had
+disbursed a large sum of money for a member of my family who is very
+dear to me. Small wonder, says the dream thought, if this person is
+grateful to me for this—this love is not cost-free. But love that shall
+cost nothing is one of the prime thoughts of the dream. The fact that
+shortly before this I had had several _drives_ with the relative in
+question puts the one drive with my friend in a position to recall the
+connection with the other person. The indifferent impression which, by
+such ramifications, provokes the dream is subservient to another
+condition which is not true of the real source of the dream—the
+impression must be a recent one, everything arising from the day of the
+dream.
+
+I cannot leave the question of dream displacement without the
+consideration of a remarkable process in the formation of dreams in
+which condensation and displacement work together towards one end. In
+condensation we have already considered the case where two conceptions
+in the dream having something in common, some point of contact, are
+replaced in the dream content by a mixed image, where the distinct germ
+corresponds to what is common, and the indistinct secondary
+modifications to what is distinctive. If displacement is added to
+condensation, there is no formation of a mixed image, but a _common
+mean_ which bears the same relationship to the individual elements as
+does the resultant in the parallelogram of forces to its components. In
+one of my dreams, for instance, there is talk of an injection with
+_propyl_. On first analysis I discovered an indifferent but true
+incident where _amyl_ played a part as the excitant of the dream. I
+cannot yet vindicate the exchange of amyl for propyl. To the round of
+ideas of the same dream, however, there belongs the recollection of my
+first visit to Munich, when the _Propylæa_ struck me. The attendant
+circumstances of the analysis render it admissible that the influence of
+this second group of conceptions caused the displacement of amyl to
+propyl. _Propyl_ is, so to say, the mean idea between _amyl_ and
+_propylæa_; it got into the dream as a kind of _compromise_ by
+simultaneous condensation and displacement.
+
+The need of discovering some motive for this bewildering work of the
+dream is even more called for in the case of displacement than in
+condensation.
+
+
+
+
+                                  VI.
+
+
+Although the work of displacement must be held mainly responsible if the
+dream thoughts are not refound or recognised in the dream content
+(unless the motive of the changes be guessed), it is another and milder
+kind of transformation which will be considered with the dream thoughts
+which leads to the discovery of a new but readily understood act of the
+dream work. The first dream thoughts which are unravelled by analysis
+frequently strike one by their unusual wording. They do not appear to be
+expressed in the sober form which our thinking prefers; rather are they
+expressed symbolically by allegories and metaphors like the figurative
+language of the poets. It is not difficult to find the motives for this
+degree of constraint in the expression of dream ideas. The dream content
+consists chiefly of visual scenes; hence the dream ideas must, in the
+first place, be prepared to make use of these forms of presentation.
+Conceive that a political leader’s or a barrister’s address had to be
+transposed into pantomime, and it will be easy to understand the
+transformations to which the dream work is constrained by regard for
+this _dramatisation of the dream content_.
+
+Around the psychical stuff of dream thoughts there are ever found
+reminiscences of impressions, not infrequently of early childhood—scenes
+which, as a rule, have been visually grasped. Whenever possible, this
+portion of the dream ideas exercises a definite influence upon the
+modelling of the dream content; it works like a centre of
+crystallisation, by attracting and rearranging the stuff of the dream
+thoughts. The scene of the dream is not infrequently nothing but a
+modified repetition, complicated by interpolations of events that have
+left such an impression; the dream but very seldom reproduces accurate
+and unmixed reproductions of real scenes.
+
+The dream content does not, however, consist exclusively of scenes, but
+it also includes scattered fragments of visual images, conversations,
+and even bits of unchanged thoughts. It will be perhaps to the point if
+we instance in the briefest way the means of dramatisation which are at
+the disposal of the dream work for the repetition of the dream thoughts
+in the peculiar language of the dream.
+
+The dream thoughts which we learn from the analysis exhibit themselves
+as a psychical complex of the most complicated superstructure. Their
+parts stand in the most diverse relationship to each other; they form
+backgrounds and foregrounds, stipulations, digressions, illustrations,
+demonstrations, and protestations. It may be said to be almost the rule
+that one train of thought is followed by its contradictory. No feature
+known to our reason whilst awake is absent. If a dream is to grow out of
+all this, the psychical matter is submitted to a pressure which
+condenses it extremely, to an inner shrinking and displacement, creating
+at the same time fresh surfaces, to a selective interweaving among the
+constituents best adapted for the construction of these scenes. Having
+regard to the origin of this stuff, the term _regression_ can be fairly
+applied to this process. The logical chains which hitherto held the
+psychical stuff together become lost in this transformation to the dream
+content. The dream work takes on, as it were, only the essential content
+of the dream thoughts for elaboration. It is left to analysis to restore
+the connection which the dream work has destroyed.
+
+The dream’s means of expression must therefore be regarded as meagre in
+comparison with those of our imagination, though the dream does not
+renounce all claims to the restitution of logical relation to the dream
+thoughts. It rather succeeds with tolerable frequency in replacing these
+by formal characters of its own.
+
+By reason of the undoubted connection existing between all the parts of
+dream thoughts, the dream is able to embody this matter into a single
+scene. It upholds a _logical connection_ as _approximation in time and
+space_, just as the painter, who groups all the poets for his picture of
+Parnassus who, though they have never been all together on a mountain
+peak, yet form ideally a community. The dream continues this method of
+presentation in individual dreams, and often when it displays two
+elements close together in the dream content it warrants some special
+inner connection between what they represent in the dream thoughts. It
+should be, moreover, observed that all the dreams of one night prove on
+analysis to originate from the same sphere of thought.
+
+The causal connection between two ideas is either left without
+presentation, or replaced by two different long portions of dreams one
+after the other. This presentation is frequently a reversed one, the
+beginning of the dream being the deduction, and its end the hypothesis.
+The direct _transformation_ of one thing into another in the dream seems
+to serve the relationship of _cause_ and _effect_.
+
+The dream never utters the _alternative_ “_either-or_,” but accepts both
+as having equal rights in the same connection. When “either-or” is used
+in the reproduction of dreams, it is, as I have already mentioned, to be
+replaced by “_and_.”
+
+Conceptions which stand in opposition to one another are preferably
+expressed in dreams by the same element.[2] There seems no “not” in
+dreams. Opposition between two ideas, the relation of conversion, is
+represented in dreams in a very remarkable way. It is expressed by the
+reversal of another part of the dream content just as if by way of
+appendix. We shall later on deal with another form of expressing
+disagreement. The common dream sensation of _movement checked_ serves
+the purpose of representing disagreement of impulses—a _conflict of the
+will_.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  It is worthy of remark that eminent philologists maintain that the
+  oldest languages used the same word for expressing quite general
+  antitheses. In C. Abel’s essay, “Ueber den Gegensinn der Urworter”
+  (1884), the following examples of such words in English are given:
+  “gleam—gloom”; “to lock—loch”; “down—The Downs”; “to step—to stop.” In
+  his essay on “The Origin of Language” (“Linguistic Essays,” p. 240),
+  Abel says: “When the Englishman says ‘without,’ is not his judgment
+  based upon the comparative juxtaposition of two opposites, ‘with’ and
+  ‘out’; ‘with’ itself originally meant ‘without,’ as may still be seen
+  in ‘withdraw.’ ‘Bid’ includes the opposite sense of giving and of
+  proffering” (Abel, “The English Verbs of Command,” “Linguistic
+  Essays,” p. 104; see also Freud, “Ueber den Gegensinn der Urworte”:
+  _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen_,
+  Band ii., part i., p. 179).—TRANSLATOR.
+
+Only one of the logical relationships—that of _similarity_, _identity_,
+_agreement_—is found highly developed in the mechanism of dream
+formation. Dream work makes use of these cases as a starting-point for
+condensation, drawing together everything which shows such agreement to
+a _fresh unity_.
+
+These short, crude observations naturally do not suffice as an estimate
+of the abundance of the dream’s formal means of presenting the logical
+relationships of the dream thoughts. In this respect, individual dreams
+are worked up more nicely or more carelessly, our text will have been
+followed more or less closely, auxiliaries of the dream work will have
+been taken more or less into consideration. In the latter case they
+appear obscure, intricate, incoherent. When the dream appears openly
+absurd, when it contains an obvious paradox in its content, it is so of
+purpose. Through its apparent disregard of all logical claims, it
+expresses a part of the intellectual content of the dream ideas.
+Absurdity in the dream denotes _disagreement_, _scorn_, _disdain_ in the
+dream thoughts. As this explanation is in entire disagreement with the
+view that the dream owes its origin to dissociated, uncritical cerebral
+activity, I will emphasise my view by an example:
+
+“_One of my acquaintances, Mr. M——, has been attacked by no less a
+person than Goethe in an essay with, we all maintain, unwarrantable
+violence. Mr. M—— has naturally been ruined by this attack. He complains
+very bitterly of this at a dinner-party, but his respect for Goethe has
+not diminished through this personal experience. I now attempt to clear
+up the chronological relations which strike me as improbable. Goethe
+died in 1832. As his attack upon Mr. M—— must, of course, have taken
+place before, Mr. M—— must have been then a very young man. It seems to
+me plausible that he was eighteen. I am not certain, however, what year
+we are actually in, and the whole calculation falls into obscurity. The
+attack was, moreover, contained in Goethe’s well-known essay on
+‘Nature.’_”
+
+The absurdity of the dream becomes the more glaring when I state that
+Mr. M—— is a young business man without any poetical or literary
+interests. My analysis of the dream will show what method there is in
+this madness. The dream has derived its material from three sources:
+
+1. Mr. M——, to whom I was introduced at a dinner-party, begged me one
+day to examine his elder brother, who showed signs of mental trouble. In
+conversation with the patient, an unpleasant episode occurred. Without
+the slightest occasion he disclosed one of his brother’s _youthful
+escapades_. I had asked the patient the _year of his birth_ (_year of
+death_ in dream), and led him to various calculations which might show
+up his want of memory.
+
+2. A medical journal which displayed my name among others on the cover
+had published a _ruinous_ review of a book by my friend F—— of Berlin,
+from the pen of a very _juvenile_ reviewer. I communicated with the
+editor, who, indeed, expressed his regret, but would not promise any
+redress. Thereupon I broke off my connection with the paper; in my
+letter of resignation I expressed the hope that our _personal relations
+would not suffer from this_. Here is the real source of the dream. The
+derogatory reception of my friend’s work had made a deep impression upon
+me. In my judgment, it contained a fundamental biological discovery
+which only now, several years later, commences to find favour among the
+professors.
+
+3. A little while before, a patient gave me the medical history of her
+brother, who, exclaiming “_Nature, Nature!_” had gone out of his mind.
+The doctors considered that the exclamation arose from a study of
+_Goethe’s_ beautiful essay, and indicated that the patient had been
+overworking. I expressed the opinion that it seemed more _plausible_ to
+me that the exclamation “Nature!” was to be taken in that sexual meaning
+known also to the less educated in our country. It seemed to me that
+this view had something in it, because the unfortunate youth afterwards
+mutilated his genital organs. The patient was eighteen years old when
+the attack occurred.
+
+The first person in the dream thoughts behind the ego was my friend who
+had been so scandalously treated. “_I now attempted to clear up the
+chronological relations._” My friend’s book deals with the chronological
+relations of life, and, amongst other things, correlates _Goethe’s_
+duration of life with a number of days in many ways important to
+biology. The ego is, however, represented as a general paralytic (“_I am
+not certain what year we are actually in_”). The dream exhibits my
+friend as behaving like a general paralytic, and thus riots in
+absurdity. But the dream thoughts run ironically. “Of course he is a
+madman, a fool, and you are the genius who understands all about it. But
+shouldn’t it be the _other way round_?” This inversion obviously took
+place in the dream when Goethe attacked the young man, which is absurd,
+whilst anyone, however young, can to-day easily attack the great Goethe.
+
+I am prepared to maintain that no dream is inspired by other than
+egoistic emotions. The ego in the dream does not, indeed, represent only
+my friend, but stands for myself also. I identify myself with him
+because the fate of his discovery appears to me typical of the
+acceptance _of my own_. If I were to publish my own theory, which gives
+sexuality predominance in the ætiology of psycho-neurotic disorders (see
+the allusion to the eighteen-year-old patient—“_Nature, Nature!_”), the
+same criticism would be levelled at me, and it would even now meet with
+the same contempt.
+
+When I follow out the dream thoughts closely, I ever find only _scorn_
+and _contempt_ as _correlated with the dream’s absurdity_. It is well
+known that the discovery of a cracked sheep’s skull on the Lido in
+Venice gave Goethe the hint for the so-called vertebral theory of the
+skull. My friend plumes himself on having as a student raised a hubbub
+for the resignation of an aged professor who had done good work
+(including some in this very subject of comparative anatomy), but who,
+on account of _decrepitude_, had become quite incapable of teaching. The
+agitation my friend inspired was so successful because in the German
+Universities an _age limit_ is not demanded for academic work. _Age is
+no protection against folly._ In the hospital here I had for years the
+honour to serve under a chief who, long fossilised, was for decades
+notoriously _feeble-minded_, and was yet permitted to continue in his
+responsible office. A trait, after the manner of the find in the Lido,
+forces itself upon me here. It was to this man that some youthful
+colleagues in the hospital adapted the then popular slang of that day:
+“No Goethe has written that,” “No Schiller composed that,” etc.
+
+
+
+
+                                  VII.
+
+
+We have not exhausted our valuation of the dream work. In addition to
+condensation, displacement, and definite arrangement of the psychical
+matter, we must ascribe to it yet another activity—one which is, indeed,
+not shared by every dream. I shall not treat this position of the dream
+work exhaustively; I will only point out that the readiest way to arrive
+at a conception of it is to take for granted, probably unfairly, that it
+_only subsequently influences the dream content which has already been
+built up_. Its mode of action thus consists in so co-ordinating the
+parts of the dream that these coalesce to a coherent whole, to a dream
+composition. The dream gets a kind of façade which, it is true, does not
+conceal the whole of its content. There is a sort of preliminary
+explanation to be strengthened by interpolations and slight alterations.
+Such elaboration of the dream content must not be too pronounced; the
+misconception of the dream thoughts to which it gives rise is merely
+superficial, and our first piece of work in analysing a dream is to get
+rid of these early attempts at interpretation.
+
+The motives for this part of the dream work are easily gauged.
+This final elaboration of the dream is due to a _regard for
+intelligibility_—a fact at once betraying the origin of an action which
+behaves towards the actual dream content just as our normal psychical
+action behaves towards some proffered perception that is to our liking.
+The dream content is thus secured under the pretence of certain
+expectations, is perceptually classified by the supposition of its
+intelligibility, thereby risking its falsification, whilst, in fact, the
+most extraordinary misconceptions arise if the dream can be correlated
+with nothing familiar. Everyone is aware that we are unable to look at
+any series of unfamiliar signs, or to listen to a discussion of unknown
+words, without at once making perpetual changes through _our regard for
+intelligibility_, through our falling back upon what is familiar.
+
+We can call those dreams _properly made up_ which are the result of an
+elaboration in every way analogous to the psychical action of our waking
+life. In other dreams there is no such action; not even an attempt is
+made to bring about order and meaning. We regard the dream as “quite
+mad,” because on awaking it is with this last-named part of the dream
+work, the dream elaboration, that we identify ourselves. So far,
+however, as our analysis is concerned, the dream, which resembles a
+medley of disconnected fragments, is of as much value as the one with a
+smooth and beautifully polished surface. In the former case we are
+spared, to some extent, the trouble of breaking down the
+super-elaboration of the dream content.
+
+All the same, it would be an error to see in the dream façade nothing
+but the misunderstood and somewhat arbitrary elaboration of the dream
+carried out at the instance of our psychical life. Wishes and phantasies
+are not infrequently employed in the erection of this façade, which were
+already fashioned in the dream thoughts; they are akin to those of our
+waking life—“day-dreams,” as they are very properly called. These wishes
+and phantasies, which analysis discloses in our dreams at night, often
+present themselves as repetitions and refashionings of the scenes of
+infancy. Thus the dream façade may show us directly the true core of the
+dream, distorted through admixture with other matter.
+
+Beyond these four activities there is nothing else to be discovered in
+the dream work. If we keep closely to the definition that dream work
+denotes the transference of dream thoughts to dream content, we are
+compelled to say that the dream work is not creative; it develops no
+fancies of its own, it judges nothing, decides nothing. It does nothing
+but prepare the matter for condensation and displacement, and refashions
+it for dramatisation, to which must be added the inconstant last-named
+mechanism—that of explanatory elaboration. It is true that a good deal
+is found in the dream content which might be understood as the result of
+another and more intellectual performance; but analysis shows
+conclusively every time that these _intellectual operations were already
+present in the dream thoughts, and have only been taken over by the
+dream content_. A syllogism in the dream is nothing other than the
+repetition of a syllogism in the dream thoughts; it seems inoffensive if
+it has been transferred to the dream without alteration; it becomes
+absurd if in the dream work it has been transferred to other matter. A
+calculation in the dream content simply means that there was a
+calculation in the dream thoughts; whilst this is always correct, the
+calculation in the dream can furnish the silliest results by the
+condensation of its factors and the displacement of the same operations
+to other things. Even speeches which are found in the dream content are
+not new compositions; they prove to be pieced together out of speeches
+which have been made or heard or read; the words are faithfully copied,
+but the occasion of their utterance is quite overlooked, and their
+meaning is most violently changed.
+
+It is, perhaps, not superfluous to support these assertions by examples:
+
+1. _A seemingly inoffensive, well-made dream of a patient. She was going
+to market with her cook, who carried the basket. The butcher said to her
+when she asked him for something: “That is all gone,” and wished to give
+her something else, remarking: “That’s very good.” She declines, and
+goes to the greengrocer, who wants to sell her a peculiar vegetable
+which is bound up in bundles and of a black colour. She says: “I don’t
+know that; I won’t take it.”_
+
+The remark “That is all gone” arose from the treatment. A few days
+before I said myself to the patient that the earliest reminiscences of
+childhood _are all gone_ as such, but are replaced by transferences and
+dreams. Thus I am the butcher.
+
+The second remark, “_I don’t know that_,” arose in a very different
+connection. The day before she had herself called out in rebuke to the
+cook (who, moreover, also appears in the dream): “_Behave yourself
+properly_; I don’t know _that_”—that is, “I don’t know this kind of
+behaviour; I won’t have it.” The more harmless portion of this speech
+was arrived at by a displacement of the dream content; in the dream
+thoughts only the other portion of the speech played a part, because the
+dream work changed an imaginary situation into utter irrecognisability
+and complete inoffensiveness (while in a certain sense I behave in an
+unseemly way to the lady). The situation resulting in this phantasy is,
+however, nothing but a new edition of one that actually took place.
+
+2. A dream apparently meaningless relates to figures. “_She wants to pay
+something; her daughter takes three florins sixty-five kreuzers out of
+her purse; but she says: ‘What are you doing? It only costs twenty-one
+kreuzers.’_”
+
+The dreamer was a stranger who had placed her child at school in Vienna,
+and who was able to continue under my treatment so long as her daughter
+remained at Vienna. The day before the dream the directress of the
+school had recommended her to keep the child another year at school. In
+this case she would have been able to prolong her treatment by one year.
+The figures in the dream become important if it be remembered that time
+is money. One year equals 365 days, or, expressed in kreuzers, 365
+kreuzers, which is three florins sixty-five kreuzers. The twenty-one
+kreuzers correspond with the three weeks which remained from the day of
+the dream to the end of the school term, and thus to the end of the
+treatment. It was obviously financial considerations which had moved the
+lady to refuse the proposal of the directress, and which were answerable
+for the triviality of the amount in the dream.
+
+3. A lady, young, but already ten years married, heard that a friend of
+hers, Miss Elise L——, of about the same age, had become engaged. This
+gave rise to the following dream:
+
+_She was sitting with her husband in the theatre; the one side of the
+stalls was quite empty. Her husband tells her, Elise L—— and her fiancé
+had intended coming, but could only get some cheap seats, three for one
+florin fifty kreuzers, and these they would not take. In her opinion,
+that would not have mattered very much._
+
+The origin of the figures from the matter of the dream thoughts and the
+changes the figures underwent are of interest. Whence came the one
+florin fifty kreuzers? From a trifling occurrence of the previous day.
+Her sister-in-law had received 150 florins as a present from her
+husband, and had quickly got rid of it by buying some ornament. Note
+that 150 florins is one hundred times one florin fifty kreuzers. For the
+_three_ concerned with the tickets, the only link is that Elise L—— is
+exactly three months younger than the dreamer. The scene in the dream is
+the repetition of a little adventure for which she has often been teased
+by her husband. She was once in a great hurry to get tickets in time for
+a piece, and when she came to the theatre _one side of the stalls was
+almost empty_. It was therefore quite unnecessary for her to have been
+in _such a hurry_. Nor must we overlook the absurdity of the dream that
+two persons should take three tickets for the theatre.
+
+Now for the dream ideas. It was _stupid_ to have married so early; _I
+need not_ have been _in so great a hurry_. Elise L——’s example shows me
+that I should have been able to get a husband later; indeed, one a
+_hundred times better_ if I had but waited. I could have bought _three_
+such men with the money (dowry).
+
+
+
+
+                                 VIII.
+
+
+In the foregoing exposition we have now learnt something of the dream
+work; we must regard it as a quite special psychical process, which, so
+far as we are aware, resembles nothing else. To the dream work has been
+transferred that bewilderment which its product, the dream, has aroused
+in us. In truth, the dream work is only the first recognition of a group
+of psychical processes to which must be referred the origin of
+hysterical symptoms, the ideas of morbid dread, obsession, and illusion.
+Condensation, and especially displacement, are never-failing features in
+these other processes. The regard for appearance remains, on the other
+hand, peculiar to the dream work. If this explanation brings the dream
+into line with the formation of psychical disease, it becomes the more
+important to fathom the essential conditions of processes like dream
+building. It will be probably a surprise to hear that neither the state
+of sleep nor illness is among the indispensable conditions. A whole
+number of phenomena of the everyday life of healthy persons,
+forgetfulness, slips in speaking and in holding things, together with a
+certain class of mistakes, are due to a psychical mechanism analogous to
+that of the dream and the other members of this group.
+
+Displacement is the core of the problem, and the most striking of all
+the dream performances. A thorough investigation of the subject shows
+that the essential condition of displacement is purely psychological; it
+is in the nature of a motive. We get on the track by thrashing out
+experiences which one cannot avoid in the analysis of dreams. I had to
+break off the relations of my dream thoughts in the analysis of my dream
+on p. 11 because I found some experiences which I do not wish strangers
+to know, and which I could not relate without serious damage to
+important considerations. I added, it would be no use were I to select
+another instead of that particular dream; in every dream where the
+content is obscure or intricate, I should hit upon dream thoughts which
+call for secrecy. If, however, I continue the analysis for myself,
+without regard to those others, for whom, indeed, so personal an event
+as my dream cannot matter, I arrive finally at ideas which surprise me,
+which I have not known to be mine, which not only appear _foreign_ to
+me, but which are _unpleasant_, and which I would like to oppose
+vehemently, whilst the chain of ideas running through the analysis
+intrudes upon me inexorably. I can only take these circumstances into
+account by admitting that these thoughts are actually part of my
+psychical life, possessing a certain psychical intensity or energy.
+However, by virtue of a particular psychological condition, the
+_thoughts could not become conscious to me_. I call this particular
+condition “_Repression_.” It is therefore impossible for me not to
+recognise some causal relationship between the obscurity of the dream
+content and this state of repression—this _incapacity of consciousness_.
+Whence I conclude that the cause of the obscurity is _the desire to
+conceal these thoughts_. Thus I arrive at the conception of the _dream
+distortion_ as the deed of the dream work, and of _displacement_ serving
+to disguise this object.
+
+I will test this in my own dream, and ask myself, What is the thought
+which, quite innocuous in its distorted form, provokes my liveliest
+opposition in its real form? I remember that the free drive reminded me
+of the last expensive drive with a member of my family, the
+interpretation of the dream being: I should for once like to experience
+affection for which I should not have to pay, and that shortly before
+the dream I had to make a heavy disbursement for this very person. In
+this connection, I cannot get away from the thought _that I regret this
+disbursement_. It is only when I acknowledge this feeling that there is
+any sense in my wishing in the dream for an affection that should entail
+no outlay. And yet I can state on my honour that I did not hesitate for
+a moment when it became necessary to expend that sum. The regret, the
+counter-current, was unconscious to me. Why it was unconscious is quite
+another question which would lead us far away from the answer which,
+though within my knowledge, belongs elsewhere.
+
+If I subject the dream of another person instead of one of my own to
+analysis, the result is the same; the motives for convincing others is,
+however, changed. In the dream of a healthy person the only way for me
+to enable him to accept this repressed idea is the coherence of the
+dream thoughts. He is at liberty to reject this explanation. But if we
+are dealing with a person suffering from any neurosis—say from
+hysteria—the recognition of these repressed ideas is compulsory by
+reason of their connection with the symptoms of his illness and of the
+improvement resulting from exchanging the symptoms for the repressed
+ideas. Take the patient from whom I got the last dream about the three
+tickets for one florin fifty kreuzers. Analysis shows that she does not
+think highly of her husband, that she regrets having married him, that
+she would be glad to change him for someone else. It is true that she
+maintains that she loves her husband, that her emotional life knows
+nothing about this depreciation (a hundred times better!), but all her
+symptoms lead to the same conclusion as this dream. When her repressed
+memories had rewakened a certain period when she was conscious that she
+did not love her husband, her symptoms disappeared, and therewith
+disappeared her resistance to the interpretation of the dream.
+
+
+
+
+                                  IX.
+
+
+This conception of repression once fixed, together with the distortion
+of the dream in relation to repressed psychical matter, we are in a
+position to give a general exposition of the principal results which the
+analysis of dreams supplies. We learnt that the most intelligible and
+meaningful dreams are unrealised desires; the desires they pictured as
+realised are known to consciousness, have been held over from the
+daytime, and are of absorbing interest. The analysis of obscure and
+intricate dreams discloses something very similar; the dream scene again
+pictures as realised some desire which regularly proceeds from the dream
+ideas, but the picture is unrecognisable, and is only cleared up in the
+analysis. The desire itself is either one repressed, foreign to
+consciousness, or it is closely bound up with repressed ideas. The
+formula for these dreams may be thus stated: _They are concealed
+realisations of repressed desires._ It is interesting to note that they
+are right who regard the dream as foretelling the future. Although the
+future which the dream shows us is not that which will occur, but that
+which we would like to occur. Folk psychology proceeds here according to
+its wont; it believes what it wishes to believe.
+
+Dreams can be divided into three classes according to their relation
+towards the realisation of desire. Firstly come those which exhibit a
+_non-repressed, non-concealed desire_; these are dreams of the infantile
+type, becoming ever rarer among adults. Secondly, dreams which express
+in _veiled_ form some _repressed desire_; these constitute by far the
+larger number of our dreams, and they require analysis for their
+understanding. Thirdly, these dreams where repression exists, but
+_without_ or with but slight concealment. These dreams are invariably
+accompanied by a feeling of dread which brings the dream to an end. This
+feeling of dread here replaces dream displacement; I regarded the dream
+work as having prevented this in the dream of the second class. It is
+not very difficult to prove that what is now present as intense dread in
+the dream was once desire, and is now secondary to the repression.
+
+There are also definite dreams with a painful content, without the
+presence of any anxiety in the dream. These cannot be reckoned among
+dreams of dread; they have, however, always been used to prove the
+unimportance and the psychical futility of dreams. An analysis of such
+an example will show that it belongs to our second class of dreams—a
+_perfectly concealed_ realisation of repressed desires. Analysis will
+demonstrate at the same time how excellently adapted is the work of
+displacement to the concealment of desires.
+
+A girl dreamt that she saw lying dead before her the only surviving
+child of her sister amid the same surroundings as a few years before she
+saw the first child lying dead. She was not sensible of any pain, but
+naturally combated the view that the scene represented a desire of hers.
+Nor was that view necessary. Years ago it was at the funeral of the
+child that she had last seen and spoken to the man she loved. Were the
+second child to die, she would be sure to meet this man again in her
+sister’s house. She is longing to meet him, but struggles against this
+feeling. The day of the dream she had taken a ticket for a lecture,
+which announced the presence of the man she always loved. The dream is
+simply a dream of impatience common to those which happen before a
+journey, theatre, or simply anticipated pleasures. The longing is
+concealed by the shifting of the scene to the occasion when any joyous
+feeling were out of place, and yet where it did once exist. Note,
+further, that the emotional behaviour in the dream is adapted, not to
+the displaced, but to the real but suppressed dream ideas. The scene
+anticipates the long-hoped-for meeting; there is here no call for
+painful emotions.
+
+
+
+
+                                   X.
+
+
+There has hitherto been no occasion for philosophers to bestir
+themselves with a psychology of repression. We must be allowed to
+construct some clear conception as to the origin of dreams as the first
+steps in this unknown territory. The scheme which we have formulated not
+only from a study of dreams is, it is true, already somewhat
+complicated, but we cannot find any simpler one that will suffice. We
+hold that our psychical apparatus contains two procedures for the
+construction of thoughts. The second one has the advantage that its
+products find an open path to consciousness, whilst the activity of the
+first procedure is unknown to itself, and can only arrive at
+consciousness through the second one. At the borderland of these two
+procedures, where the first passes over into the second, a censorship is
+established which only passes what pleases it, keeping back everything
+else. That which is rejected by the censorship is, according to our
+definition, in a state of repression. Under certain conditions, one of
+which is the sleeping state, the balance of power between the two
+procedures is so changed that what is repressed can no longer be kept
+back. In the sleeping state this may possibly occur through the
+negligence of the censor; what has been hitherto repressed will now
+succeed in finding its way to consciousness. But as the censorship is
+never absent, but merely off guard, certain alterations must be conceded
+so as to placate it. It is a compromise which becomes conscious in this
+case—a compromise between what one procedure has in view and the demands
+of the other. _Repression_, _laxity of the censor_, _compromise_—this is
+the foundation for the origin of many another psychological process,
+just as it is for the dream. In such compromises we can observe the
+processes of condensation, of displacement, the acceptance of
+superficial associations, which we have found in the dream work.
+
+It is not for us to deny the demonic element which has played a part in
+constructing our explanation of dream work. The impression left is that
+the formation of obscure dreams proceeds as if a person had something to
+say which must be disagreeable for another person upon whom he is
+dependent to hear. It is by the use of this image that we figure to
+ourselves the conception of the _dream distortion_ and of the
+censorship, and ventured to crystallise our impression in a rather
+crude, but at least definite, psychological theory. Whatever explanation
+the future may offer of these first and second procedures, we shall
+expect a confirmation of our correlate that the second procedure
+commands the entrance to consciousness, and can exclude the first from
+consciousness.
+
+Once the sleeping state overcome, the censorship resumes complete sway,
+and is now able to revoke that which was granted in a moment of
+weakness. That the _forgetting_ of dreams explains this in part, at
+least, we are convinced by our experience, confirmed again and again.
+During the relation of a dream, or during analysis of one, it not
+infrequently happens that some fragment of the dream is suddenly
+forgotten. This fragment so forgotten invariably contains the best and
+readiest approach to an understanding of the dream. Probably that is why
+it sinks into oblivion—_i.e._, into a renewed suppression.
+
+
+
+
+                                  XI.
+
+
+Viewing the dream content as the representation of a realised desire,
+and referring its vagueness to the changes made by the censor in the
+repressed matter, it is no longer difficult to grasp the function of
+dreams. In fundamental contrast with those saws which assume that sleep
+is disturbed by dreams, we hold the _dream as the guardian of sleep_. So
+far as children’s dreams are concerned, our view should find ready
+acceptance.
+
+The sleeping state or the psychical change to sleep, whatsoever it be,
+is brought about by the child being sent to sleep or compelled thereto
+by fatigue, only assisted by the removal of all stimuli which might open
+other objects to the psychical apparatus. The means which serve to keep
+external stimuli distant are known; but what are the means we can employ
+to depress the internal psychical stimuli which frustrate sleep? Look at
+a mother getting her child to sleep. The child is full of beseeching; he
+wants another kiss; he wants to play yet awhile. His requirements are in
+part met, in part drastically put off till the following day. Clearly
+these desires and needs, which agitate him, are hindrances to sleep.
+Everyone knows the charming story of the bad boy (Baldwin Groller’s) who
+awoke at night bellowing out, “_I want the rhinoceros_.” A really good
+boy, instead of bellowing, would have _dreamt_ that he was playing with
+the rhinoceros. Because the dream which realises his desire is believed
+during sleep, it removes the desire and makes sleep possible. It cannot
+be denied that this belief accords with the dream image, because it is
+arrayed in the psychical appearance of probability; the child is without
+the capacity which it will acquire later to distinguish hallucinations
+or phantasies from reality.
+
+The adult has learnt this differentiation; he has also learnt the
+futility of desire, and by continuous practice manages to postpone his
+aspirations, until they can be granted in some roundabout method by a
+change in the external world. For this reason it is rare for him to have
+his wishes realised during sleep in the short psychical way. It is even
+possible that this never happens, and that everything which appears to
+us like a child’s dream demands a much more elaborate explanation. Thus
+it is that for adults—for every sane person without exception—a
+differentiation of the psychical matter has been fashioned which the
+child knew not. A psychical procedure has been reached which, informed
+by the experience of life, exercises with jealous power a dominating and
+restraining influence upon psychical emotions; by its relation to
+consciousness, and by its spontaneous mobility, it is endowed with the
+greatest means of psychical power. A portion of the infantile emotions
+has been withheld from this procedure as useless to life, and all the
+thoughts which flow from these are found in the state of repression.
+
+Whilst the procedure in which we recognise our normal ego reposes upon
+the desire for sleep, it appears compelled by the psycho-physiological
+conditions of sleep to abandon some of the energy with which it was wont
+during the day to keep down what was repressed. This neglect is really
+harmless; however much the emotions of the child’s spirit may be
+stirred, they find the approach to consciousness rendered difficult, and
+that to movement blocked in consequence of the state of sleep. The
+danger of their disturbing sleep must, however, be avoided. Moreover, we
+must admit that even in deep sleep some amount of free attention is
+exerted as a protection against sense-stimuli which might, perchance,
+make an awakening seem wiser than the continuance of sleep. Otherwise we
+could not explain the fact of our being always awakened by stimuli of
+certain quality. As the old physiologist Burdach pointed out, the mother
+is awakened by the whimpering of her child, the miller by the cessation
+of his mill, most people by gently calling out their names. This
+attention, thus on the alert, makes use of the internal stimuli arising
+from repressed desires, and fuses them into the dream, which as a
+compromise satisfies both procedures at the same time. The dream creates
+a form of psychical release for the wish which is either suppressed or
+formed by the aid of repression, inasmuch as it presents it as realised.
+The other procedure is also satisfied, since the continuance of the
+sleep is assured. Our ego here gladly behaves like a child; it makes the
+dream pictures believable, saying, as it were, “Quite right, but let me
+sleep.” The contempt which, once awakened, we bear the dream, and which
+rests upon the absurdity and apparent illogicality of the dream, is
+probably nothing but the reasoning of our sleeping ego on the feelings
+about what was repressed; with greater right it should rest upon the
+incompetency of this disturber of our sleep. In sleep we are now and
+then aware of this contempt; the dream content transcends the censorship
+rather too much, we think, “It’s only a dream,” and sleep on.
+
+It is no objection to this view if there are border-lines for the dream
+where its function, to preserve sleep from interruption, can no longer
+be maintained—as in the dreams of impending dread. It is here changed
+for another function—to suspend the sleep at the proper time. It acts
+like a conscientious night-watchman, who first does his duty by quelling
+disturbances so as not to waken the citizen, but equally does his duty
+quite properly when he awakens the street should the causes of the
+trouble seem to him serious and himself unable to cope with them alone.
+
+This function of dreams becomes especially well marked when there arises
+some incentive for the sense perception. That the senses aroused during
+sleep influence the dream is well known, and can be experimentally
+verified; it is one of the certain but much overestimated results of the
+medical investigation of dreams. Hitherto there has been an insoluble
+riddle connected with this discovery. The stimulus to the sense by which
+the investigator affects the sleeper is not properly recognised in the
+dream, but is intermingled with a number of indefinite interpretations,
+whose determination appears left to psychical free-will. There is, of
+course, no such psychical free-will. To an external sense-stimulus the
+sleeper can react in many ways. Either he awakens or he succeeds in
+sleeping on. In the latter case he can make use of the dream to dismiss
+the external stimulus, and this, again, in more ways than one. For
+instance, he can stay the stimulus by dreaming of a scene which is
+absolutely intolerable to him. This was the means used by one who was
+troubled by a painful perineal abscess. He dreamt that he was on
+horseback, and made use of the poultice, which was intended to alleviate
+his pain, as a saddle, and thus got away from the cause of the trouble.
+Or, as is more frequently the case, the external stimulus undergoes a
+new rendering, which leads him to connect it with a repressed desire
+seeking its realisation, and robs him of its reality, and is treated as
+if it were a part of the psychical matter. Thus, someone dreamt that he
+had written a comedy which embodied a definite _motif_; it was being
+performed; the first act was over amid enthusiastic applause; there was
+great clapping. At this moment the dreamer must have succeeded in
+prolonging his sleep despite the disturbance, for when he woke he no
+longer heard the noise; he concluded rightly that someone must have been
+beating a carpet or bed. The dreams which come with a loud noise just
+before waking have all attempted to cover the stimulus to waking by some
+other explanation, and thus to prolong the sleep for a little while.
+
+
+
+
+                                  XII.
+
+
+Whosoever has firmly accepted this _censorship_ as the chief motive for
+the distortion of dreams will not be surprised to learn as the result of
+dream interpretation that most of the dreams of adults are traced by
+analysis to erotic desires. This assertion is not drawn from dreams
+obviously of a sexual nature, which are known to all dreamers from their
+own experience, and are the only ones usually described as “sexual
+dreams.” These dreams are ever sufficiently mysterious by reason of the
+choice of persons who are made the objects of sex, the removal of all
+the barriers which cry halt to the dreamer’s sexual needs in his waking
+state, the many strange reminders as to details of what are called
+perversions. But analysis discovers that, in many other dreams in whose
+manifest content nothing erotic can be found, the work of interpretation
+shows them up as, in reality, realisation of sexual desires; whilst, on
+the other hand, that much of the thought-making when awake, the thoughts
+saved us as surplus from the day only, reaches presentation in dreams
+with the help of repressed erotic desires.
+
+Towards the explanation of this statement, which is no theoretical
+postulate, it must be remembered that no other class of instincts has
+required so vast a suppression at the behest of civilisation as the
+sexual, whilst their mastery by the highest psychical processes are in
+most persons soonest of all relinquished. Since we have learnt to
+understand _infantile sexuality_, often so vague in its expression, so
+invariably overlooked and misunderstood, we are justified in saying that
+nearly every civilised person has retained at some point or other the
+infantile type of sex life; thus we understand that repressed infantile
+sex desires furnish the most frequent and most powerful impulses for the
+formation of dreams.[3]
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  Freud, “Three Contributions to Sexual Theory,” translated by A. A.
+  Brill (_Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_ Publishing Company, New
+  York).
+
+If the dream, which is the expression of some erotic desire, succeeds in
+making its manifest content appear innocently asexual, it is only
+possible in one way. The matter of these sexual presentations cannot be
+exhibited as such, but must be replaced by allusions, suggestions, and
+similar indirect means; differing from other cases of indirect
+presentation, those used in dreams must be deprived of direct
+understanding. The means of presentation which answer these requirements
+are commonly termed “symbols.” A special interest has been directed
+towards these, since it has been observed that the dreamers of the same
+language use the like symbols—indeed, that in certain cases community of
+symbol is greater than community of speech. Since the dreamers do not
+themselves know the meaning of the symbols they use, it remains a puzzle
+whence arises their relationship with what they replace and denote. The
+fact itself is undoubted, and becomes of importance for the technique of
+the interpretation of dreams, since by the aid of a knowledge of this
+symbolism it is possible to understand the meaning of the elements of a
+dream, or parts of a dream, occasionally even the whole dream itself,
+without having to question the dreamer as to his own ideas. We thus come
+near to the popular idea of an interpretation of dreams, and, on the
+other hand, possess again the technique of the ancients, among whom the
+interpretation of dreams was identical with their explanation through
+symbolism.
+
+Though the study of dream symbolism is far removed from finality, we now
+possess a series of general statements and of particular observations
+which are quite certain. There are symbols which practically always have
+the same meaning: Emperor and Empress (King and Queen) always mean the
+parents; room, a woman,[4] and so on. The sexes are represented by a
+great variety of symbols, many of which would be at first quite
+incomprehensible had not the clues to the meaning been often obtained
+through other channels.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  The words from “and” to “channels” in the next sentence is a short
+  summary of the passage in the original. As this book will be read by
+  other than professional people the passage has not been translated, in
+  deference to English opinion.—TRANSLATOR.
+
+There are symbols of universal circulation, found in all dreamers, of
+one range of speech and culture; there are others of the narrowest
+individual significance which an individual has built up out of his own
+material. In the first class those can be differentiated whose claim can
+be at once recognised by the replacement of sexual things in common
+speech (those, for instance, arising from agriculture, as reproduction,
+seed) from others whose sexual references appear to reach back to the
+earliest times and to the obscurest depths of our image-building. The
+power of building symbols in both these special forms of symbols has not
+died out. Recently discovered things, like the airship, are at once
+brought into universal use as sex symbols.
+
+It would be quite an error to suppose that a profounder knowledge of
+dream symbolism (the “Language of Dreams”) would make us independent of
+questioning the dreamer regarding his impressions about the dream, and
+would give us back the whole technique of ancient dream interpreters.
+Apart from individual symbols and the variations in the use of what is
+general, one never knows whether an element in the dream is to be
+understood symbolically or in its proper meaning; the whole content of
+the dream is certainly not to be interpreted symbolically. The knowledge
+of dream symbols will only help us in understanding portions of the
+dream content, and does not render the use of the technical rules
+previously given at all superfluous. But it must be of the greatest
+service in interpreting a dream just when the impressions of the dreamer
+are withheld or are insufficient.
+
+Dream symbolism proves also indispensable for understanding the
+so-called “typical” dreams and the dreams that “repeat themselves.” If
+the value of the symbolism of dreams has been so incompletely set out in
+this brief portrayal, this attempt will be corrected by reference to a
+point of view which is of the highest import in this connection. Dream
+symbolism leads us far beyond the dream; it does not belong only to
+dreams, but is likewise dominant in legend, myth, and saga, in wit and
+in folklore. It compels us to pursue the inner meaning of the dream in
+these productions. But we must acknowledge that symbolism is not a
+result of the dream work, but is a peculiarity probably of our
+unconscious thinking, which furnishes to the dream work the matter for
+condensation, displacement, and dramatisation.
+
+
+
+
+                                 XIII.
+
+
+I disclaim all pretension to have thrown light here upon all the
+problems of the dream, or to have dealt convincingly with everything
+here touched upon. If anyone is interested in the whole of dream
+literature, I refer him to the works of Sante de Sanctis (I sogni,
+Turin, 1899). For a more complete investigation of my conception of the
+dream, my work should be consulted: “Die Traumdeutung,” Leipzig and
+Vienna, third edition, 1911.[5] I will only point out in what direction
+my exposition on dream work should be followed up.
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  Freud, “The Interpretation of Dreams,” third edition, translated by A.
+  A. Brill. London: George Allen and Company, Ltd.
+
+If I posit as the problem of dream interpretation the replacement of the
+dream by its latent ideas—that is, the resolution of that which the
+dream work has woven—I raise a series of new psychological problems
+which refer to the mechanism of this dream work as well as to the nature
+and the conditions of this so-called repression. On the other hand, I
+claim the existence of dream thoughts as a very valuable foundation for
+psychical construction of the highest order, provided with all the signs
+of normal intellectual performance. This matter is, however, removed
+from consciousness until it is rendered in the distorted form of the
+dream content. I am compelled to believe that all persons have such
+ideas, since nearly all, even the most normal, can have dreams. To the
+unconsciousness of dream ideas, or their relationship to consciousness
+and to repression, are linked questions of the greatest psychological
+importance. Their solution must be postponed until the analysis of the
+origin of other psychopathic growths, such as the symptoms of hysteria
+and of obsessions, has been made clear.
+
+
+
+
+                               LITERATURE
+
+
+For a completer study of Dream Symbolism, consult the work of
+Artemidorus Daldianus: The Interpretation of Dreams. Rendered into
+English by “R. W.”—_i.e._, Robert Wood. The fourth edition, newly
+written. B. L., London, 1644. The last edition was published in 1786.
+
+  SCHERNER, R. A. Das Leben des Traumes. Berlin, 1861.
+
+  FREUD. The Interpretation of Dreams.
+
+For the symbolism of legend, myth, and saga compared with dreams, see—
+
+  ABRAHAM, KARL. Traum und Mythus.
+
+  RANK, OTTO. Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden.
+
+  RIKLIN, F. Wunscherfüllung und Symbolik im Märchen.
+
+These three works are published by Franz Deuticke, Vienna.
+
+English translations are ready, or are in preparation.
+
+Recent literature will be found in—
+
+  Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen:
+      Franz Deuticke.
+
+  Internationale Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Psychoanalyse; and Imago
+      (both published by Hugo Heller and Co., Vienna).
+
+
+              BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ ● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***
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+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***</div>
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='titlepage'>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c001'>ON DREAMS</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>BY</div>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>PROF. DR. SIGM. FREUD</span></div>
+    <div class='c003'><span class='small'>ONLY AUTHORISED ENGLISH TRANSLATION</span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div>
+    <div><span class='large'>M. D. EDER</span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'>FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION</span></div>
+    <div class='c003'><span class='small'>WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY</span></div>
+    <div class='c003'><span class='large'>W. LESLIE MACKENZIE, <span class='fss'>M.A.</span>, <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, <span class='fss'>LL.D.</span></span></div>
+    <div class='c003'><span class='small'>MEDICAL MEMBER OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD FOR SCOTLAND; LATE FERGUSON SCHOLAR IN PHILOSOPHY; LATE EXAMINER IN MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='AGE QUOD AGIS' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>NEW YORK</div>
+    <div>REBMAN COMPANY</div>
+    <div>HERALD SQUARE BUILDING</div>
+    <div>141–145 WEST <span class='fss'>36TH</span> STREET</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c004'>
+    <div><span class='small'><em>All rights reserved</em></span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c006'></th>
+    <th class='c007'>&#160;</th>
+    <th class='c008'>PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>I.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR VIEWS OF DREAMS CONTRASTED</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>II.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>DREAMS HAVE A MEANING—ANALYSIS OF A DREAM—MANIFEST AND LATENT CONTENT OF DREAMS</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>III.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM AS REALISATION OF UNFULFILLED DESIRES—INFANTILE TYPE OF DREAMS</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>IV.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM—CONDENSATION—DRAMATISATION</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>V.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—DISPLACEMENT—TRANSVALUATION OF ALL PSYCHICAL VALUES</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>VI.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—THE EGO IN THE DREAM</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>VII.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—REGARD FOR INTELLIGIBILITY</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>VIII.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>RELATION OF DREAMS TO OTHER UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES—REPRESSION</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>IX.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THREE CLASSES OF DREAMS</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>X.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>WHY THE DREAM DISGUISES THE DESIRES—THE CENSORSHIP</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>XI.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>THE DREAM THE GUARDIAN OF SLEEP</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>XII.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>DREAM SYMBOLISM—MYTHS AND FOLKLORE</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>XIII.</td>
+    <td class='c007'>ELEMENTS COMMON TO NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY</td>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>“The interpretation of dreams,” says Professor
+Freud in one place, “is the royal
+road to a knowledge of the part the unconscious
+plays in the mental life.”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Even standing alone this statement is
+sufficiently striking; it is at once a theory
+and a challenge. But it does not stand
+alone. It comes at the end of many years
+of research among every class of mental
+diseases. It comes, therefore, with the
+authentication of experience. It is not to
+be lightly set aside; it claims our study; and
+the study of it will not go unrewarded.
+The short essay here translated by Dr. Eder
+is but an introduction to the vast field
+opened up by Professor Sigm. Freud and
+his colleagues. Already the journals of
+clinical psychology, normal or morbid, are
+full of the discussions of Professor Freud’s
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>methods and results. There is a “Freud
+School.” That alone is a proof that the
+method is novel if not new. There are, of
+course, violent opponents and critical students.
+The opponents may provoke, but
+it is to the critical students that Professor
+Freud will prefer to speak. “The condemnation,”
+said Hegel, “that a great man
+lays upon the world is to force it to explain
+him.” Of a new method, either of research
+or of treatment—and the Freud method is
+both—the same may be said. It is certain
+that, whatever our prejudice against details
+may be, the theory of “psycho-analysis”
+and the treatment based upon it deserves,
+if only as a mental exercise, our critical
+consideration. But Professor Freud is not
+alone in the world of morbid psychology.
+Let me digress for a moment.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Over twenty years ago it was my special
+business to study and criticise several textbooks
+on insanity. To the study of these
+textbooks I came after many years of discipline
+in normal psychology and the related
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>sciences. When I came to insanity proper,
+I found that practically not a single textbook
+made any systematic effort to show
+how the morbid symptoms we classified as
+“mental diseases” had their roots in the
+mental processes of the normal mind. In
+his small book, “Sanity and Insanity,”
+Dr. Charles Mercier did make an effort to
+lay out, as it were, the institutes of insanity,
+the normal groundwork out of which the
+insanities grew, the groups of ideas that
+to-day serve to direct our conduct and
+to-morrow lose their adjustment to any but
+a specially adapted environment. In his
+later works, particularly in “Psychology,
+Normal and Morbid,” Dr. Mercier has followed
+up the central ideas of the early study.
+All the more recent textbooks in English
+contain efforts in the same direction; but
+with a few striking exceptions they are
+studies rather of physical symptoms associated
+with mental processes than of morbid
+psychology proper. It was not until there
+came from across the Channel Dr. Pierre
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>Janet’s carefully elaborated studies on
+Hysteria that I realised what a wealth of
+psychological material had remained hidden
+in our asylums, in our nervous homes, even
+in our ordinary hospitals, and in the multitudes
+of strange cases that occur in private
+practice. Janet, a pupil of the Charcot
+School—Charcot, who made <em>la Salpetrière</em>
+famous—pushed the minute analysis of
+morbid mental states into regions practically
+hitherto untouched. He was not alone.
+His colleague, Professor Raymond, and
+others in France and Germany, all work
+with the same main ideas. Janet’s books
+read like romances. His studies on Psychological
+Automatism, the Mental State of
+Hystericals, Neuroses and Fixed Ideas, and
+many others on the part played by the
+unconscious, were such rich mines of fact
+and suggestion that Professor William
+James, in his “Principles of Psychology,”
+said of them: “All these facts taken together,
+form unquestionably the beginning
+of an inquiry which is destined to throw a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>new light into the very abysses of our
+nature.” Curiously, not in this country—the
+country of great psychologists, Locke,
+Berkeley, Hume, Hartley, Thomas Reid,
+Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, James Mill,
+John Stuart Mill, Bain, Spencer, among the
+dead, and whole schools of distinguished
+psychologists among the living—not in this
+country, but in America, was the value of
+the new material seriously considered. Here
+and there, within recent years, in this
+country, Janet’s elaborate studies have not
+been fruitless; but I could not readily name
+any clinician in this country that has produced
+similar studies. It is to the continents
+of Europe and America, which in this
+field are in intimate touch, that we must
+go if we are to see the rich outgrowths of
+morbid psychology. I do not say that the
+work done by our English students of
+insanity is not, of its kind, as great and as
+important as any done in the world, but it
+is none the less true that, until a few years
+ago, the methods of Janet, Raymond,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>Bernheim, Beaunis, not to speak of Moll,
+Forel, and Oppenheim, were practically unstudied
+here. In America it has been
+entirely different. Even the names of the
+men are now familiar in our English magazines—Muensterberg,
+Morton Prince, Boris
+Sidis, Ernest Jones, J. Mark Baldwin, not
+to mention William James and Stanley
+Hall. It looks as if every new idea unearthed
+in the Old World is put to the test
+by someone in the new. Britain remains
+curiously cold.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It would be interesting to ask the reason.
+Is it our metaphysical training? Is it the
+failure of the philosophical schools to realize
+the value of all this new raw material
+of study? Is it, perhaps, the fear that “the
+unity of consciousness” may be endangered
+by the study of Double Personality, Multiple
+Personality, Dissociation of Consciousness,
+Dormant Complexes, Hysterias, Phobias,
+Obsessions, Psychoneuroses, Fixed
+Ideas, Hysterical Amnesias, Hypermnesias,
+and the masses of other notions correlated,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>roughly, under the term “unconscious”?
+The suggestion of fear is not mere conjecture.
+Many years ago a distinguished
+student of philosophy, a pupil and friend
+of Sir William Hamilton, indicated to me,
+when I spoke to him of some recent work
+on Double Personality, that he had difficulty
+in placing the new work, feeling that,
+in admitting the possibility of multiple
+personality, he was sacrificing the primary
+concept of philosophy, the unity of consciousness.
+It did not perhaps occur to
+him that, when two so-called “persons”
+speak together, there are, in popular language,
+“two personalities”—each, no
+doubt, in a separate body, but each having
+his own “unity of consciousness.”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>If this be a fact, is there any greater difficulty
+in explaining the other fact that two
+persons may be, as James put it, under
+the same hat? The metaphysical difficulty,
+if there be a difficulty, is neither
+more nor less in the one case than in the
+other. But it is needless to ask why a whole
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>field of study has been, relatively, neglected
+in this country. For now we have begun
+to make up leeway.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This translation by Dr. Eder is an introduction
+to the latest phase of the study of
+the unconscious. It brings us back to the
+point I began with, the relation of the
+normal to the morbid. Dreams are a part
+of everyone’s normal experience, yet they
+are shown here to be of the same tissue,
+of the same mental nature, as other phenomena
+that are undoubtedly morbid.
+Dreams therefore offer in the normal a
+budding-point for the study of morbid
+growths. And the study of dreams by
+Freud came long after his studies of such
+neuroses as the phobias, hysterias, and the
+rest. To dreams he applied the same method
+of investigation and treatment as to the
+others, and he found that dreams offered an
+unlimited field for the same kind of study.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Perhaps, before going further, I should
+attempt to disarm criticism about the
+term “unconscious.” We speak of subconsciousness,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>co-consciousness, unconscious
+mind, unconscious cerebration; or what
+other terms should we use? Here it is
+better to avoid discussion, for we are concerned
+less with theory than with practice.
+And in Freud’s work, whether we accept
+his theory or not, the practice is of primary
+importance. He takes the view that no
+conscious experience is entirely lost; what
+seems to have vanished from the current
+consciousness has really passed into a subconsciousness,
+where it lives on in an
+organised form as real as if it were still
+part of the conscious personality. This
+view, with various modifications, is adopted
+by many students of morbid psychology.
+But there is another view. Muensterberg,
+for instance, maintains that it is unnecessary
+to speak of “subconsciousness,” for
+every fact can be explained in terms of
+physiology. He would accept the term
+“co-conscious” or “co-consciousness”; but
+in one chapter he ends the discussion by
+saying: “But whether we prefer the physiological
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>account or insist on the co-conscious
+phenomena, in either case is there any
+chance for the subconscious to slip in?
+That a content of consciousness is to a high
+degree dissociated, or that the idea of the
+personality is split off, is certainly a symptom
+of pathological disturbance, but it has
+nothing to do with the constituting of two
+different kinds of consciousness, or with
+breaking the continuous sameness of consciousness
+itself. The most exceptional and
+most uncanny occurrences of the hospital
+teach after all the same which our daily
+experience ought to teach us: there is
+no subconsciousness” (“Psychotherapy,”
+p. 157).</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>There are many refinements of distinction
+that we could make here, and if any reader
+is anxious to consider them, he will find
+some of them in a small volume on “Subconscious
+Phenomena,” by Muensterberg,
+Ribot, and others (Rebman, London).</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Here it is not of primary importance to
+come to any conclusion on the best term
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>to use or the complement theory of the
+facts. The discussion is far from an end;
+but the harvest of facts need not wait for
+the end of the discussion.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Meanwhile, let it be said that Professor
+Freud has been steeped in this whole subject
+from his student days. It is, however,
+less important to discuss his theory than
+to understand his method. The method is
+called “psycho-analysis.” The name is
+not inviting, and it might apply to any
+form of mental analysis; but it is at least
+consistently Greek in etymology, and has
+taken on a technical meaning in the medical
+schools. What is the method?</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Let it be granted that a person has undergone
+a strongly emotional experience—for
+example, a sudden shock or fright. If the
+person is highly nervous, the shock may
+result in some degree of dissociation. This
+may take the form of a loss of memory for
+certain parts of the experience. Let it be
+so. The ultimate result may be an unreasonable
+fear of some entirely harmless
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>object or situation. The person is afraid
+of a crowd, or afraid of a closed door, or has
+an intense fear of some animal or person.
+For this fear he can give no reason; he
+cannot tell when it began nor why it persists.
+He may more or less overcome it;
+but he may not. All through his future life
+he will go about with a helplessly unreasonable
+fear of a closed door (claustrophobia)
+or of a crowd (agoraphobia). Minor varieties
+of such an affection are to be found in every
+person’s experience. On investigation, however,
+the root of the fear can be discovered:
+it is the product of the original emotional
+shock. The intellectual details of the emotional
+experience have completely vanished
+from the memory, but the emotion remains,
+and it is attached to some accidental object
+or circumstance present in the original
+experience. Thousands of illustrations
+could be given. They are, unfortunately,
+only too numerous. In this essay on the
+Interpretation of Dreams the reader will
+find many simple cases.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>If, now, the person so affected is placed
+in a quiet room, if he is requested to concentrate
+his mind on the disturbing object
+or idea associated with his fear, if he is
+encouraged to observe passively the chance
+ideas which float up to him when he thus
+concentrates himself, if he utters, under the
+direction of his medical attendant, every
+such idea as it comes into his mind, there is
+a strange result. These ideas, coming apparently
+by chance from nowhere in particular,
+are, when carefully studied, found
+to be linked up with some past experience,
+dating, perhaps, from months or years
+away. If each idea as it emerges is followed
+up, if the other ideas dragged into
+consciousness by it are carefully recorded,
+it is found that sooner or later entirely
+forgotten experiences come into clear consciousness.
+There are many ways of helping
+this process. One of the ways is this:
+Let a series of words be arranged; let the
+doctor speak one of them to the patient;
+let the patient, in the shortest time possible
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>to him, say right out whatever idea is
+suggested to him by the word; let the time
+taken to make the response be recorded in
+seconds and fractions of a second—a thing
+easy enough to do with a stop-watch.
+Then, when the responses to a long series
+of words are all recorded, and the time each
+response has taken, it is found that some
+responses have taken much longer than
+others. This prolongation of the response-time
+is always found whenever the test
+word has stirred up a memory associated
+with emotion. By following up further the
+ideas stirred by this word, more ideas of a
+related kind are discovered, often to the
+patient’s surprise. Things long forgotten
+come back to memory; circumstances that
+apparently had no relation to the present
+consciousness are found to be linked in
+sequence with it—emotions, unreasoning
+fears, anxieties, that apparently had no
+relation to any particular experience, are
+found at last to be part and parcel of things
+that happened long ago. Once the doctor
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span>has his cue, he can range in many directions,
+and probe the mind again and again, until
+he reveals multitudes of suppressed memories,
+forgotten ideas, forgotten elements of
+experience. He can even get back into
+early childhood, which, to the patient himself,
+leaves many and many a blank area in
+the memory. But always the doctor lights,
+sooner or later, on some complex experience
+in which the particular fear or anxiety
+arose.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>But now, if the case is a suitable one, a
+still stranger thing happens. When the
+forgotten experience has thus artfully been
+brought into the full light of consciousness,
+the patient finds himself satisfied with the
+explanation, and loses his particular fear.
+He can now go back over the whole history
+of its genesis; he can link up the old experience
+to the new, and so he attains once
+more satisfaction and peace of mind. Up
+till now he could not be reasoned out of his
+anxiety; he had always an answer for any
+explanation; he had always a fresh foolish
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>reason for his fear. Now all this vanishes.
+He finds his mind once more running
+smoothly, and his “phobia” gone. The
+unreasoning dread has been tracked back
+to its lair, and its lair has been destroyed
+in the process.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>There are many other methods of achieving
+the same result; let this generalised
+sketch suffice.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>What now is the theory? The theory is
+that the mental experience or “complex”
+had, for some reason and by some mechanism,
+been submerged, or suppressed, or forgotten.
+Freud maintains that there is a
+fundamental tendency in the mind to suppress
+every experience that is associated
+with painful emotion. This doctrine is allied
+to Bain’s “Law of Conservation”—that
+painful experiences depress the vitality and
+tend to disappear, while pleasant experiences
+exalt the vitality and tend to remain
+in memory. At any rate, by some process
+the painful experience disappears from conscious
+memory, but it does not cease to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>exist. It may lie dormant, or it may work
+subconsciously, and throw up the emotional
+bubbles that continue, without a known
+reason, to excite the ordinary consciousness.
+But the complex, though deep and partly
+dormant, never gets beyond reach. By the
+method of concentration, by the use of
+“free associations,” by the following up of
+all the clues offered by the ideas “fished
+up,” the submerged complex can, element
+by element, be brought back. When once
+it is brought back the patient is restored,
+the dormant complexes once more resume
+their place in the total current of his experience,
+and the mind flows at peace.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This is, roughly, the method of psycho-analysis.
+It has been applied in various
+types of neurosis—hysterias, obsessions, phobias,
+etc. It has not always succeeded in
+removing the morbid conditions, but it has
+succeeded so often that it may legitimately
+be regarded as a method of treatment. As
+a matter of discovery it is arduous, and
+demands the highest skill and invention if
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>it is to succeed. Incidentally it reveals
+masses of unpleasant ideas, of painful ideas,
+even of disgusting ideas; but, in the right
+hands, it leads to the healing of the mind.</p>
+
+  <dl class='dl_1'>
+    <dt><span class='sc'>Macbeth.</span></dt>
+    <dd>How does your patient, doctor?
+    </dd>
+    <dt><span class='sc'>Doctor.</span></dt>
+    <dd>Not so sick, my lord,
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>As she is troubled with thick-coming fancies,
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>That keep her from her rest.
+    </dd>
+    <dt><span class='sc'>Macbeth.</span></dt>
+    <dd>Cure her of that;
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas’d;
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow;
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Raze out the written troubles of the brain;
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>And, with some sweet oblivious antidote,
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that perilous stuff,
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Which weighs upon the heart?
+    </dd>
+    <dt><span class='sc'>Doctor.</span></dt>
+    <dd>Therein the patient
+    </dd>
+    <dt>&#160;</dt>
+    <dd>Must minister to himself.
+    </dd>
+    </dl>
+
+<p class='c010'>And here, insensibly, we have passed into
+the World of Dreams. The morbid and
+the normal have come together. Dreams
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>are the awaking of dormant complexes;
+they are transfigured experiences; they come
+into consciousness trailing clouds of emotion,
+and fill the dreamer’s imagination with
+mysterious images. It is here that the
+method of psycho-analysis most fascinates
+the student. It looks as if once more the
+“interpretation of dreams” had become a
+reality. The results of psycho-analysis,
+even when the method is applied with a
+master hand and the details are interpreted
+with a skill that comes only of a quick
+imagination, are not entirely convincing;
+but they are certainly such as to make more
+and more observation desirable. In the
+present short essay Professor Freud gives a
+sketch of psycho-analysis as it is applied to
+the interpretations of dreams. His examples,
+if they are enough to illustrate the
+theory, are hardly enough to prove it, but
+they are intended as an introduction to his
+more elaborate studies; and, hitherto, observers
+as they have increased in experience
+have gained in conviction. That the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiv'>xxiv</span>method goes a long way to prove that
+dreams are not a chaotic sport of the brain,
+but are a manifestation of ordered mental
+experience, is beyond doubt. It would be
+easy to show where the theory does not
+cover facts, but it is equally easy to show
+many facts that it does cover.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>What, then, is the theory? Briefly this,
+that dreams are very largely the expressions
+of unfulfilled desires. Where, as in
+children, the waking experience and the
+sleeping experience differ from each other
+by very little, the dream, or sleeping experience,
+readily takes the form of the ungratified
+desires of the day. But as the mind
+grows older the dream expression of a desire
+gets more intricate. By-and-by it is too
+intricate to be deciphered from direct
+memory, and then there is a chance for the
+method of psycho-analysis. What of the
+dream is remembered gives the cue for the
+analysis. Take a remembered element of a
+dream, track it back and back by free
+association or other method, and you will
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxv'>xxv</span>find that, at one or two removes, the
+remembered element stirs up forgotten
+elements, and ultimately brings coherence
+out of incoherence.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This appears simple, but let the reader
+study the dreams analysed in this essay,
+and he will find himself stirred by a thousand
+suggestions. For Professor Freud has
+constructed empirical laws out of his masses
+of material. The dream as it appears to
+the dreamer he calls the <em>manifest dream
+ideas</em>. But as these are too absurd to form
+a coherent reality, he gives ground for
+believing that they represent <em>latent dream
+ideas</em>. The manifest dream is a mass of
+symbols representing elements in the latent
+dream ideas. How the latent dream ideas
+generate the manifest dream is discovered
+by psycho-analysis, the translation from
+the latent to the manifest is the effect
+of the <em>dream work</em>. The dream work
+is the very core of the difficulty. It is
+round this that Professor Freud’s greatest
+subtleties of method are focussed. He
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvi'>xxvi</span>shows that every dream is linked to something
+that occurs on the previous day,
+some recent experience, but the experience
+emerges in the dream as part of the current
+panorama of the subjective life, and there
+is no date to the beginning of the panorama—it
+may go back to any point in the individual’s
+history, even into the preconscious
+days of early infancy. The day’s experience
+and the life’s experience flow in a
+single stream, and the images that appear
+in dreams are but the symbols of all the
+latent ideas of that experience. How, by
+displacement of this element or that, compound
+symbols are formed; how, by the
+foreshortening of experience and the linking
+of the past with the present in a single idea,
+masses of old memories are clotted into a
+single point; how, in the freedom of the
+dream world, where the tension of the
+waking life is relaxed, where the exacting
+stimulations of the day are reduced, where
+the consciousness of duty to be done in the
+highly organised conditions of social conduct
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvii'>xxvii</span>is lowered, where, in a word, the <em>censor</em> is
+drowsy or asleep, where the dream symbols
+shape themselves into dramatic scenes of
+endless variety—these it is that Professor
+Freud’s theory endeavours to set forth.
+Displacement, condensation, dramatisation—these
+are the short names for these long
+and complicated processes. In the course
+of his expositions, Professor Freud uses
+these processes almost as if they were
+demons, and he admits frankly their figurative
+character. But he pleads that they
+represent real processes, and is ready to
+accept better names when he finds them.
+To trace back the dream images to a definite
+meaning in experience is the aim of the
+psycho-analysis of dreams. And the successes
+in these must be tested by the facts.
+Sometimes the results are highly persuasive,
+sometimes they look highly fanciful,
+always they are full of suggestion and
+keep close to realities.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dream symbolism, in particular, it is
+easy to criticise; but, after all, dream symbolism
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxviii'>xxviii</span>is a reality. The point to investigate
+is, what dream images are legitimately considered
+symbolic and what not. One has
+only to remember that every word spoken
+or written is a symbol, and a symbol in
+much the same sense as the symbolism of
+dreams, for every written or spoken word
+is a complicated series of motions that
+express meanings. The dream images are
+complicated series of images that express
+meanings. The difficulty of symbolism is
+no greater in the one case than in the other.
+But the variety of dream symbols is so
+immense that the difficulties of tracing their
+meaning are enormous. It is here that
+the method meets its greatest difficulties;
+but, equally, it is here that it scores its
+greatest triumphs. Spoken or written language
+is a technically organised system of
+symbols; dream language is as yet a poorly
+organised system of symbols. The method
+of psycho-analysis aims at organising them.
+Some test results are described in this essay;
+multitudes of others are to be found in the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxix'>xxix</span>literature that is flowing from the application
+of the psycho-analytic method. Time
+alone will show how far the organisation of
+dream symbols into a definite “language
+of dreams” is, in any given society, actual
+or possible. But the effort of organisation
+has led Professor Freud to another fine fetch
+of theory, for his dream symbolism suggests
+many curious explanations for the mythologies
+of all ages and all countries. Myth
+symbols, that seem to defy explanation,
+he traces back to their roots in the “unconscious”
+of primitive man.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>That the emotions of sex should play an
+enormous part in the processes of analysis
+is to be expected; for the sex emotions are
+among the deepest, if not the deepest, of
+our nature, and colour every experience.
+From their proximate beginning in infancy—and
+Freud’s theory here is of immense
+significance—to their multiform derivatives
+in adult life, the sex emotions exercise an
+influence on every phase of development,
+and, in one form or another, are themselves
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxx'>xxx</span>a normal index of the stages of development.
+It is therefore reasonable to expect
+that they should play a great part in the
+formation of obsessions, of fixed ideas, of
+perversions, of repressed complexes. In
+every civilisation, as Freud indicates, the
+sex emotions are the most difficult to control,
+and have demanded the greatest
+amount of restraint.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Restraints lead to repressions, repressions
+lead to dissociations, dissociations lead to
+irregularities of action. When, therefore,
+as in dreams, the restraints of the social day
+are withdrawn, naturally the repressed
+ideas tend to emerge once more. How
+much these ideas account for in the hysterias,
+how much “the shocks of despised
+love” affect even the normal life, needs no
+emphasis, but Freud pushes his analysis
+farther, and tracks the sex emotions, like
+many other fundamental emotions, into a
+thousand by-paths of ordinary experience.
+But it would be foolishness to say that sex
+emotions are everything in the ruins of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxxi'>xxxi</span>“Buried Temple.” Far from it. What is
+true of the sex emotions is true of all other
+emotions in their varying degrees, and
+often what looks like predominant sex emotions
+may turn out to be accidental rather
+than causative, a concomitant symptom
+rather than the initiatory centre of disturbance.
+But these points are all controversial.
+It is the object of Freud to put
+them to the test. If his general theory be
+true, the dream-world will more and more
+become the revealer of our deepest and
+oldest experience.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It would be easy to fill many pages with
+illustrative items and relative criticisms,
+but that is not the purpose of an introduction.
+Here I am concerned simply to
+recommend this essay to the careful study
+of all those interested in the mental history
+of the individual, and in the blotting out
+from the mind of needless fears and
+anxieties. And no one need hesitate to
+enter on this study, whatever his metaphysical
+theories may be. Even the “unity
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxxii'>xxxii</span>of consciousness” will not suffer, for,
+through his unending efforts to link the
+experiences of the day with the whole experience
+of the individual life, Professor
+Freud, by the union of buried consciousness,
+restores to the mind a new unity of consciousness.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Dr. Eder, whose studies in this field have
+been long and varied, does well to present
+to British readers this essay which serves
+as an introduction to the more elaborate
+studies of <span class='sc'>Freud</span> and his school, and I am
+glad to have the privilege of saying so.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>W. LESLIE MACKENZIE.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>I.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>In what we may term “prescientific days”
+people were in no uncertainty about the
+interpretation of dreams. When they were
+recalled after awakening they were regarded
+as either the friendly or hostile manifestation
+of some higher powers, demoniacal and
+Divine. With the rise of scientific thought
+the whole of this expressive mythology was
+transferred to psychology; to-day there is
+but a small minority among educated persons
+who doubt that the dream is the
+dreamer’s own psychical act.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>But since the downfall of the mythological
+hypothesis an interpretation of the
+dream has been wanting. The conditions
+of its origin; its relationship to our psychical
+life when we are awake; its independence of
+disturbances which, during the state of
+sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>repugnant to our waking thought;
+the incongruence between its images and
+the feelings they engender; then the dream’s
+evanescence, the way in which, on awakening,
+our thoughts thrust it aside as something
+bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating
+or rejecting it—all these and many
+other problems have for many hundred
+years demanded answers which up till now
+could never have been satisfactory. Before
+all there is the question as to the meaning
+of the dream, a question which is in itself
+double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical
+significance of the dream, its position
+with regard to the psychical processes, as
+to a possible biological function; secondly,
+has the dream a meaning—can sense be
+made of each single dream as of other
+mental syntheses?</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Three tendencies can be observed in the
+estimation of dreams. Many philosophers
+have given currency to one of these tendencies,
+one which at the same time preserves
+something of the dream’s former
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>over-valuation. The foundation of dream
+life is for them a peculiar state of psychical
+activity, which they even celebrate as
+elevation to some higher state. Schubert,
+for instance, claims: “The dream is the
+liberation of the spirit from the pressure of
+external nature, a detachment of the soul
+from the fetters of matter.” Not all go so
+far as this, but many maintain that dreams
+have their origin in real spiritual excitations,
+and are the outward manifestations
+of spiritual powers whose free movements
+have been hampered during the day
+(“Dream Phantasies,” Scherner, Volkelt).
+A large number of observers acknowledge
+that dream life is capable of extraordinary
+achievements—at any rate, in certain fields
+(“Memory”).</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>In striking contradiction with this the
+majority of medical writers hardly admit
+that the dream is a psychical phenomenon
+at all. According to them dreams are provoked
+and initiated exclusively by stimuli
+proceeding from the senses or the body,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>which either reach the sleeper from without
+or are accidental disturbances of his internal
+organs. The dream has no greater claim
+to meaning and importance than the sound
+called forth by the ten fingers of a person
+quite unacquainted with music running his
+fingers over the keys of an instrument.
+The dream is to be regarded, says Binz,
+“as a physical process always useless, frequently
+morbid.” All the peculiarities of
+dream life are explicable as the incoherent
+effort, due to some physiological stimulus,
+of certain organs, or of the cortical elements
+of a brain otherwise asleep.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>But slightly affected by scientific opinion
+and untroubled as to the origin of dreams,
+the popular view holds firmly to the belief
+that dreams really have got a meaning, in
+some way they do foretell the future, whilst
+the meaning can be unravelled in some way
+or other from its oft bizarre and enigmatical
+content. The reading of dreams consists in
+replacing the events of the dream, so far as
+remembered, by other events. This is done
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>either scene by scene, <em>according to some
+rigid key</em>, or the dream as a whole is replaced
+by something else of which it was a <em>symbol</em>.
+Serious-minded persons laugh at these
+efforts—“Dreams are but sea-foam!”</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>II.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>One day I discovered to my amazement
+that the popular view grounded in superstition,
+and not the medical one, comes
+nearer to the truth about dreams. I
+arrived at new conclusions about dreams
+by the use of a new method of psychological
+investigation, one which had rendered me
+good service in the investigation of phobias,
+obsessions, illusions, and the like, and
+which, under the name “psycho-analysis,”
+had found acceptance by a whole school of
+investigators. The manifold analogies of
+dream life with the most diverse conditions
+of psychical disease in the waking state have
+been rightly insisted upon by a number
+of medical observers. It seemed, therefore,
+<em>a priori</em>, hopeful to apply to the
+interpretation of dreams methods of investigation
+which had been tested in psychopathological
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>processes. Obsessions and
+those peculiar sensations of haunting dread
+remain as strange to normal consciousness
+as do dreams to our waking consciousness;
+their origin is as unknown to consciousness
+as is that of dreams. It was practical ends
+that impelled us, in these diseases, to
+fathom their origin and formation. Experience
+had shown us that a cure and a
+consequent mastery of the obsessing ideas
+did result when once those thoughts, the
+connecting links between the morbid ideas
+and the rest of the psychical content, were
+revealed which were heretofore veiled from
+consciousness. The procedure I employed
+for the interpretation of dreams thus arose
+from psychotherapy.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This procedure is readily described, although
+its practice demands instruction
+and experience. Suppose the patient is
+suffering from intense morbid dread. He
+is requested to direct his attention to the
+idea in question, without, however, as he
+has so frequently done, meditating upon it.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Every impression about it, without any
+exception, which occurs to him should be
+imparted to the doctor. The statement
+which will be perhaps then made, that he
+cannot concentrate his attention upon anything
+at all, is to be countered by assuring
+him most positively that such a blank state
+of mind is utterly impossible. As a matter
+of fact, a great number of impressions will
+soon occur, with which others will associate
+themselves. These will be invariably accompanied
+by the expression of the observer’s
+opinion that they have no meaning
+or are unimportant. It will be at once
+noticed that it is this self-criticism which
+prevented the patient from imparting the
+ideas, which had indeed already excluded
+them from consciousness. If the patient
+can be induced to abandon this self-criticism
+and to pursue the trains of thought
+which are yielded by concentrating the
+attention, most significant matter will be
+obtained, matter which will be presently
+seen to be clearly linked to the morbid idea
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>in question. Its connection with other
+ideas will be manifest, and later on will permit
+the replacement of the morbid idea by
+a fresh one, which is perfectly adapted to
+psychical continuity.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This is not the place to examine thoroughly
+the hypothesis upon which this
+experiment rests, or the deductions which
+follow from its invariable success. It must
+suffice to state that we obtain matter
+enough for the resolution of every morbid
+idea if we especially direct our attention to
+the <em>unbidden</em> associations <em>which disturb our
+thoughts</em>—those which are otherwise put
+aside by the critic as worthless refuse. If
+the procedure is exercised on oneself, the
+best plan of helping the experiment is to
+write down at once all one’s first indistinct
+fancies.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I will now point out where this method
+leads when I apply it to the examination of
+dreams. Any dream could be made use
+of in this way. From certain motives I,
+however, choose a dream of my own, which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>appears confused and meaningless to my
+memory, and one which has the advantage
+of brevity. Probably my dream of last
+night satisfies the requirements. Its content,
+fixed immediately after awakening,
+runs as follows:</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>“<em>Company; at table or table d’hôte....
+Spinach is served. Mrs. E. L., sitting next
+to me, gives me her undivided attention, and
+places her hand familiarly upon my knee.
+In defence I remove her hand. Then she
+says: ‘But you have always had such beautiful
+eyes.’... I then distinctly see something
+like two eyes as a sketch or as the contour of
+a spectacle lens.</em>...”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This is the whole dream, or, at all events,
+all that I can remember. It appears to
+me not only obscure and meaningless, but
+more especially odd. Mrs. E. L. is a person
+with whom I am scarcely on visiting terms,
+nor to my knowledge have I ever desired
+any more cordial relationship. I have not
+seen her for a long time, and do not think
+there was any mention of her recently. No
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>emotion whatever accompanied the dream
+process.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Reflecting upon this dream does not make
+it a bit clearer to my mind. I will now,
+however, present the ideas, without premeditation
+and without criticism, which
+introspection yielded. I soon notice that
+it is an advantage to break up the dream
+into its elements, and to search out the
+ideas which link themselves to each fragment.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><em>Company; at table or table d’hôte.</em> The
+recollection of the slight event with which
+the evening of yesterday ended is at once
+called up. I left a small party in the
+company of a friend, who offered to drive
+me home in his cab. “I prefer a taxi,” he
+said; “that gives one such a pleasant
+occupation; there is always something to
+look at.” When we were in the cab, and the
+cab-driver turned the disc so that the first
+sixty hellers were visible, I continued the
+jest. “We have hardly got in and we
+already owe sixty hellers. The taxi always
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>reminds me of the table d’hôte. It makes
+me avaricious and selfish by continuously
+reminding me of my debt. It seems to me
+to mount up too quickly, and I am always
+afraid that I shall be at a disadvantage,
+just as I cannot resist at table d’hôte the
+comical fear that I am getting too little,
+that I must look after myself.” In far-fetched
+connection with this I quote:</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c011'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,</div>
+      <div class='line'>To guilt ye let us heedless go.”</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>Another idea about the table d’hôte. A
+few weeks ago I was very cross with my
+dear wife at the dinner-table at a Tyrolese
+health resort, because she was not sufficiently
+reserved with some neighbours
+with whom I wished to have absolutely
+nothing to do. I begged her to occupy
+herself rather with me than with the
+strangers. That is just as if I had <em>been at
+a disadvantage at the table d’hôte</em>. The
+contrast between the behaviour of my wife
+at that table and that of Mrs. E. L. in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>the dream now strikes me: “<em>Addresses
+herself entirely to me.</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Further, I now notice that the dream is
+the reproduction of a little scene which
+transpired between my wife and myself
+when I was secretly courting her. The
+caressing under cover of the tablecloth was
+an answer to a wooer’s passionate letter.
+In the dream, however, my wife is replaced
+by the unfamiliar E. L.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Mrs. E. L. is the daughter of a man to
+whom I <em>owed money</em>! I cannot help noticing
+that here there is revealed an unsuspected
+connection between the dream content
+and my thoughts. If the chain of
+associations be followed up which proceeds
+from one element of the dream one is soon
+led back to another of its elements. The
+thoughts evoked by the dream stir up
+associations which were not noticeable in
+the dream itself.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Is it not customary, when someone expects
+others to look after his interests without
+any advantage to themselves, to ask
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>the innocent question satirically: “Do you
+think this will be done <em>for the sake of your
+beautiful eyes</em>?” Hence Mrs. E. L.’s speech
+in the dream. “You have always had
+such beautiful eyes,” means nothing but
+“people always do everything to you for
+love of you; you have had <em>everything for
+nothing</em>.” The contrary is, of course, the
+truth; I have always paid dearly for whatever
+kindness others have shown me. Still,
+the fact that <em>I had a ride for nothing</em> yesterday
+when my friend drove me home in his
+cab must have made an impression upon me.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>In any case, the friend whose guests we
+were yesterday has often made me his
+debtor. Recently I allowed an opportunity
+of requiting him to go by. He has had only
+one present from me, an antique shawl,
+upon which eyes are painted all round, a
+so-called Occhiale, as a <em>charm</em> against the
+<em>Malocchio</em>. Moreover, he is an <em>eye specialist</em>.
+That same evening I had asked him after a
+patient whom I had sent to him for <em>glasses</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>As I remarked, nearly all parts of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>dream have been brought into this new
+connection. I still might ask why in the
+dream it was <em>spinach</em> that was served up.
+Because spinach called up a little scene
+which recently occurred at our table. A
+child, whose <em>beautiful eyes</em> are really deserving
+of praise, refused to eat <em>spinach</em>. As a
+child I was just the same; for a long time
+I loathed <em>spinach</em>, until in later life my
+tastes altered, and it became one of my
+favourite dishes. The mention of this dish
+brings my own childhood and that of my
+child’s near together. “You should be
+glad that you have some spinach,” his
+mother had said to the little gourmet.
+“Some children would be very glad to get
+spinach.” Thus I am reminded of the
+parents’ duties towards their children.
+Goethe’s words—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c011'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>“To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,</div>
+      <div class='line'>To guilt ye let us heedless go”—</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>take on another meaning in this connection.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Here I will stop in order that I may
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>recapitulate the results of the analysis of
+the dream. By following the associations
+which were linked to the single elements of
+the dream torn from their context, I have
+been led to a series of thoughts and reminiscences
+where I am bound to recognise
+interesting expressions of my psychical life.
+The matter yielded by an analysis of the
+dream stands in intimate relationship with
+the dream content, but this relationship is
+so special that I should never have been
+able to have inferred the new discoveries
+directly from the dream itself. The dream
+was passionless, disconnected, and unintelligible.
+During the time that I am
+unfolding the thoughts at the back of the
+dream I feel intense and well-grounded
+emotions. The thoughts themselves fit
+beautifully together into chains logically
+bound together with certain central ideas
+which ever repeat themselves. Such ideas
+not represented in the dream itself are in
+this instance the antitheses <em>selfish, unselfish,
+to be indebted, to work for nothing</em>. I could
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>draw closer the threads of the web which
+analysis has disclosed, and would then be
+able to show how they all run together into
+a single knot; I am debarred from making
+this work public by considerations of a
+private, not of a scientific, nature. After
+having cleared up many things which I do
+not willingly acknowledge as mine, I should
+have much to reveal which had better
+remain my secret. Why, then, do not I
+choose another dream whose analysis would
+be more suitable for publication, so that I
+could awaken a fairer conviction of the
+sense and cohesion of the results disclosed
+by analysis? The answer is, because every
+dream which I investigate leads to the
+same difficulties and places me under the
+same need of discretion; nor should I forgo
+this difficulty any the more were I to analyse
+the dream of someone else. That could
+only be done when opportunity allowed all
+concealment to be dropped without injury
+to those who trusted me.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The conclusion which is now forced upon
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>me is that the dream is a <em>sort of substitution</em>
+for those emotional and intellectual trains
+of thought which I attained after complete
+analysis. I do not yet know the process by
+which the dream arose from those thoughts,
+but I perceive that it is wrong to regard the
+dream as psychically unimportant, a purely
+physical process which has arisen from the
+activity of isolated cortical elements awakened
+out of sleep.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I must further remark that the dream is
+far shorter than the thoughts which I hold it
+replaces; whilst analysis discovered that the
+dream was provoked by an unimportant
+occurrence the evening before the dream.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Naturally, I would not draw such far-reaching
+conclusions if only one analysis
+were known to me. Experience has shown
+me that when the associations of any dream
+are honestly followed such a chain of
+thought is revealed, the constituent parts of
+the dream reappear correctly and sensibly
+linked together; the slight suspicion that
+this concatenation was merely an accident
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>of a single first observation must, therefore,
+be absolutely relinquished. I regard it,
+therefore, as my right to establish this new
+view by a proper nomenclature. I contrast
+the dream which my memory evokes
+with the dream and other added matter
+revealed by analysis: the former I call the
+dream’s <em>manifest content</em>; the latter, without
+at first further subdivision, its <em>latent
+content</em>. I arrive at two new problems
+hitherto unformulated: (1) What is the
+psychical process which has transformed the
+latent content of the dream into its manifest
+content? (2) What is the motive or the
+motives which have made such transformation
+exigent. The process by which the
+change from latent to manifest content is
+executed I name the <em>dream work</em>. In contrast
+with this is the <em>work of analysis</em>, which
+produces the reverse transformation. The
+other problems of the dream—the inquiry
+as to its stimuli, as to the source of its
+materials, as to its possible purpose, the
+function of dreaming, the forgetting of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>dreams—these I will discuss in connection
+with the latent dream content.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I shall take every care to avoid a confusion
+between the <em>manifest</em> and the <em>latent
+content</em>, for I ascribe all the contradictory
+as well as the incorrect accounts of dreamlife
+to the ignorance of this latent content,
+now first laid bare through analysis.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>III.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>The conversion of the latent dream
+thoughts into those manifest deserves our
+close study as the first known example of
+the transformation of psychical stuff from
+one mode of expression into another. From
+a mode of expression which, moreover, is
+readily intelligible into another which we
+can only penetrate by effort and with guidance,
+although this new mode must be
+equally reckoned as an effort of our own
+psychical activity. From the standpoint of
+the relationship of latent to manifest dream content,
+dreams can be divided into three
+classes. We can, in the first place, distinguish
+those dreams which have a <em>meaning</em>
+and are, at the same time, <em>intelligible</em>,
+which allow us to penetrate into our
+psychical life without further ado. Such
+dreams are numerous; they are usually
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>short, and, as a general rule, do not seem
+very noticeable, because everything remarkable
+or exciting surprise is absent. Their
+occurrence is, moreover, a strong argument
+against the doctrine which derives the
+dream from the isolated activity of certain
+cortical elements. All signs of a lowered or
+subdivided psychical activity are wanting.
+Yet we never raise any objection to characterising
+them as dreams, nor do we confound
+them with the products of our waking life.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>A second group is formed by those dreams
+which are indeed self-coherent and have a
+distinct meaning, but appear strange because
+we are unable to reconcile their
+meaning with our mental life. That is the
+case when we dream, for instance, that some
+dear relative has died of plague when we
+know of no ground for expecting, apprehending,
+or assuming anything of the sort;
+we can only ask ourself wonderingly:
+“What brought that into my head?” To
+the third group those dreams belong which
+are void of both meaning and intelligibility;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>they are <em>incoherent, complicated, and meaningless</em>.
+The overwhelming number of our
+dreams partake of this character, and this
+has given rise to the contemptuous attitude
+towards dreams and the medical theory
+of their limited psychical activity. It is
+especially in the longer and more complicated
+dream-plots that signs of incoherence
+are seldom missing.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The contrast between manifest and latent
+dream content is clearly only of value for
+the dreams of the second and more especially
+for those of the third class. Here are
+problems which are only solved when the
+manifest dream is replaced by its latent
+content; it was an example of this kind, a
+complicated and unintelligible dream, that
+we subjected to analysis. Against our expectation
+we, however, struck upon reasons
+which prevented a complete cognizance of
+the latent dream thought. On the repetition
+of this same experience we were
+forced to the supposition that there is an
+<em>intimate bond, with laws of its own, between
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>the unintelligible and complicated nature of
+the dream and the difficulties attending communication
+of the thoughts connected with
+the dream</em>. Before investigating the nature
+of this bond, it will be advantageous to turn
+our attention to the more readily intelligible
+dreams of the first class where, the manifest
+and latent content being identical, the
+dream work seems to be omitted.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The investigation of these dreams is also
+advisable from another standpoint. The
+dreams of <em>children</em> are of this nature; they
+have a meaning, and are not bizarre. This,
+by the way, is a further objection to reducing
+dreams to a dissociation of cerebral
+activity in sleep, for why should such a
+lowering of psychical functions belong to
+the nature of sleep in adults, but not in
+children? We are, however, fully justified
+in expecting that the explanation of psychical
+processes in children, essentially simplified
+as they may be, should serve as an
+indispensable preparation towards the psychology
+of the adult.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>I shall therefore cite some examples of
+dreams which I have gathered from children.
+A girl of nineteen months was made
+to go without food for a day because she
+had been sick in the morning, and, according
+to nurse, had made herself ill through
+eating strawberries. During the night,
+after her day of fasting, she was heard
+calling out her name during sleep, and
+adding: “<em>Tawberry, eggs, pap.</em>” She is
+dreaming that she is eating, and selects
+out of her menu exactly what she supposes
+she will not get much of just now.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The same kind of dream about a forbidden
+dish was that of a little boy of
+twenty-two months. The day before he
+was told to offer his uncle a present of a
+small basket of cherries, of which the child
+was, of course, only allowed one to taste.
+He woke up with the joyful news: “Hermann
+eaten up all the cherries.”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>A girl of three and a half years had made
+during the day a sea trip which was too
+short for her, and she cried when she had
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>to get out of the boat. The next morning
+her story was that during the night she had
+been on the sea, thus continuing the interrupted
+trip.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>A boy of five and a half years was not at
+all pleased with his party during a walk in
+the Dachstein region. Whenever a new
+peak came into sight he asked if that were
+the Dachstein, and, finally, refused to
+accompany the party to the waterfall. His
+behaviour was ascribed to fatigue; but a
+better explanation was forthcoming when
+the next morning he told his dream: <em>he had
+ascended the Dachstein</em>. Obviously he expected
+the ascent of the Dachstein to be
+the object of the excursion, and was vexed
+by not getting a glimpse of the mountain.
+The dream gave him what the day had
+withheld. The dream of a girl of six was
+similar; her father had cut short the walk
+before reaching the promised objective on
+account of the lateness of the hour. On
+the way back she noticed a signpost giving
+the name of another place for excursions;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>her father promised to take her there also
+some other day. She greeted her father
+next day with the news that she had dreamt
+that <em>her father had been with her to both
+places</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>What is common in all these dreams is
+obvious. They completely satisfy wishes
+excited during the day which remain
+unrealised. They are simply and undisguisedly
+realisations of wishes.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The following child-dream, not quite
+understandable at first sight, is nothing
+else than a wish realised. On account of
+poliomyelitis a girl, not quite four years of
+age, was brought from the country into
+town, and remained over night with a
+childless aunt in a big—for her, naturally,
+huge—bed. The next morning she stated
+that she had dreamt that <em>the bed was much
+too small for her, so that she could find no
+place in it</em>. To explain this dream as a
+wish is easy when we remember that to be
+“big” is a frequently expressed wish of
+all children. The bigness of the bed reminded
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>Miss Little-Would-be-Big only too
+forcibly of her smallness. This nasty situation
+became righted in her dream, and she
+grew so big that the bed now became too
+small for her.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Even when children’s dreams are complicated
+and polished, their comprehension
+as a realisation of desire is fairly evident.
+A boy of eight dreamt that he was being
+driven with Achilles in a war-chariot, guided
+by Diomedes. The day before he was
+assiduously reading about great heroes. It
+is easy to show that he took these heroes
+as his models, and regretted that he was
+not living in those days.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>From this short collection a further characteristic
+of the dreams of children is manifest—<em>their
+connection with the life of the day</em>.
+The desires which are realised in these
+dreams are left over from the day or, as a
+rule, the day previous, and the feeling has
+become intently emphasised and fixed during
+the day thoughts. Accidental and indifferent
+matters, or what must appear so
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>to the child, find no acceptance in the
+contents of the dream.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Innumerable instances of such dreams of
+the infantile type can be found among adults
+also, but, as mentioned, these are mostly
+exactly like the manifest content. Thus, a
+random selection of persons will generally
+respond to thirst at night-time with a dream
+about drinking, thus striving to get rid of
+the sensation and to let sleep continue.
+Many persons frequently have these comforting
+<em>dreams</em> before waking, just when
+they are called. They then dream that
+they are already up, that they are washing,
+or already in school, at the office, etc.,
+where they ought to be at a given time.
+The night before an intended journey one
+not infrequently dreams that one has
+already arrived at the destination; before
+going to a play or to a party the dream not
+infrequently anticipates, in impatience, as
+it were, the expected pleasure. At other
+times the dream expresses the realisation
+of the desire somewhat indirectly; some
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>connection, some sequel must be known—the
+first step towards recognising the desire.
+Thus, when a husband related to me the
+dream of his young wife, that her monthly
+period had begun, I had to bethink myself
+that the young wife would have expected a
+pregnancy if the period had been absent.
+The dream is then a sign of pregnancy. Its
+meaning is that it shows the wish realised
+that pregnancy should not occur just yet.
+Under unusual and extreme circumstances,
+these dreams of the infantile type become
+very frequent. The leader of a polar expedition
+tells us, for instance, that during
+the wintering amid the ice the crew, with
+their monotonous diet and slight rations,
+dreamt regularly, like children, of fine meals,
+of mountains of tobacco, and of home.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It is not uncommon that out of some long,
+complicated and intricate dream one specially
+lucid part stands out containing unmistakably
+the realisation of a desire, but
+bound up with much unintelligible matter.
+On more frequently analysing the seemingly
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>more transparent dreams of adults,
+it is astonishing to discover that these are
+rarely as simple as the dreams of children,
+and that they cover another meaning beyond
+that of the realisation of a wish.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It would certainly be a simple and convenient
+solution of the riddle if the work of
+analysis made it at all possible for us to
+trace the meaningless and intricate dreams
+of adults back to the infantile type, to the
+realisation of some intensely experienced
+desire of the day. But there is no warrant
+for such an expectation. Their dreams are
+generally full of the most indifferent and
+bizarre matter, and no trace of the realisation
+of the wish is to be found in their
+content.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Before leaving these infantile dreams,
+which are obviously unrealised desires, we
+must not fail to mention another chief characteristic
+of dreams, one that has been long
+noticed, and one which stands out most
+clearly in this class. I can replace any of
+these dreams by a phrase expressing a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>desire. If the sea trip had only lasted
+longer; if I were only washed and dressed; if
+I had only been allowed to keep the cherries
+instead of giving them to my uncle. But
+the dream gives something more than the
+choice, for here the desire is already realised;
+its realisation is real and actual. The
+dream presentations consist chiefly, if not
+wholly, of scenes and mainly of visual sense
+images. Hence a kind of transformation
+is not entirely absent in this class of dreams,
+and this may be fairly designated as the
+dream work. <em>An idea merely existing in the
+region of possibility is replaced by a vision
+of its accomplishment.</em></p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>IV.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>We are compelled to assume that such
+transformation of scene has also taken place
+in intricate dreams, though we do not know
+whether it has encountered any possible
+desire. The dream instanced at the commencement,
+which we analysed somewhat
+thoroughly, did give us occasion in two
+places to suspect something of the kind.
+Analysis brought out that my wife was
+occupied with others at table, and that I
+did not like it; in the dream itself <em>exactly
+the opposite</em> occurs, for the person who
+replaces my wife gives me her undivided
+attention. But can one wish for anything
+pleasanter after a disagreeable incident than
+that the exact contrary should have occurred,
+just as the dream has it? The stinging
+thought in the analysis, that I have never
+had anything for nothing, is similarly connected
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>with the woman’s remark in the
+dream: “You have always had such beautiful
+eyes.” Some portion of the opposition
+between the latent and manifest content of
+the dream must be therefore derived from
+the realisation of a wish.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Another manifestation of the dream work
+which all incoherent dreams have in common
+is still more noticeable. Choose any instance,
+and compare the number of separate
+elements in it, or the extent of the dream,
+if written down, with the dream thoughts
+yielded by analysis, and of which but a
+trace can be refound in the dream itself.
+There can be no doubt that the dream
+working has resulted in an extraordinary
+compression or <em>condensation</em>. It is not
+at first easy to form an opinion as to the
+extent of the condensation; the more deeply
+you go into the analysis, the more deeply
+you are impressed by it. There will be
+found no factor in the dream whence the
+chains of associations do not lead in two or
+more directions, no scene which has not
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>been pieced together out of two or more
+impressions and events. For instance, I
+once dreamt about a kind of swimming-bath
+where the bathers suddenly separated in
+all directions; at one place on the edge a
+person stood bending towards one of the
+bathers as if to drag him out. The scene
+was a composite one, made up out of an
+event that occurred at the time of puberty,
+and of two pictures, one of which I had
+seen just shortly before the dream. The
+two pictures were The Surprise in the
+Bath, from Schwind’s Cycle of the Melusine
+(note the bathers suddenly separating), and
+a picture of The Flood, by an Italian
+master. The little incident was that I once
+witnessed a lady, who had tarried in the
+swimming-bath until the men’s hour, being
+helped out of the water by the swimming-master.
+The scene in the dream which
+was selected for analysis led to a whole group
+of reminiscences, each one of which had
+contributed to the dream content. First of
+all came the little episode from the time of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>my courting, of which I have already
+spoken; the pressure of a hand under the
+table gave rise in the dream to the “under
+the table,” which I had subsequently to
+find a place for in my recollection. There
+was, of course, at the time not a word about
+“undivided attention.” Analysis taught
+me that this factor is the realisation of a
+desire through its contradictory and related
+to the behaviour of my wife at the table
+d’hôte. An exactly similar and much more
+important episode of our courtship, one
+which separated us for an entire day, lies
+hidden behind this recent recollection. The
+intimacy, the hand resting upon the knee,
+refers to a quite different connection and
+to quite other persons. This element in
+the dream becomes again the starting-point
+of two distinct series of reminiscences,
+and so on.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The stuff of the dream thoughts which
+has been accumulated for the formation of
+the dream scene must be naturally fit for
+this application. There must be one or
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>more common factors. The dream work
+proceeds like Francis Galton with his
+family photographs. The different elements
+are put one on top of the other; what
+is common to the composite picture stands
+out clearly, the opposing details cancel each
+other. This process of reproduction partly
+explains the wavering statements, of a
+peculiar vagueness, in so many elements of
+the dream. For the interpretation of dreams
+this rule holds good: When analysis discloses
+<em>uncertainty</em> as to <em>either</em>—<em>or</em> read <em>and</em>, taking
+each section of the apparent alternatives as
+a separate outlet for a series of impressions.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>When there is nothing in common between
+the dream thoughts, the dream work
+takes the trouble to create a something, in
+order to make a common presentation
+feasible in the dream. The simplest way to
+approximate two dream thoughts, which
+have as yet nothing in common, consists in
+making such a change in the actual expression
+of one idea as will meet a slight
+responsive recasting in the form of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>other idea. The process is analogous to
+that of rhyme, when consonance supplies the
+desired common factor. A good deal of the
+dream work consists in the creation of those
+frequently very witty, but often exaggerated,
+digressions. These vary from the
+common presentation in the dream content
+to dream thoughts which are as varied as
+are the causes in form and essence which
+give rise to them. In the analysis of our
+example of a dream, I find a like case of the
+transformation of a thought in order that
+it might agree with another essentially
+foreign one. In following out the analysis I
+struck upon the thought: <em>I should like to
+have something for nothing</em>. But this formula
+is not serviceable to the dream. Hence
+it is replaced by another one: “I should
+like to enjoy something free of cost.”<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c013'><sup>[1]</sup></a>
+The word “<span lang="de">kost</span>” (taste), with its double
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>meaning, is appropriate to a table d’hôte;
+it, moreover, is in place through the special
+sense in the dream. At home if there is a
+dish which the children decline, their mother
+first tries gentle persuasion, with a “Just
+taste it.” That the dream work should
+unhesitatingly use the double meaning of
+the word is certainly remarkable; ample
+experience has shown, however, that the
+occurrence is quite usual.</p>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c010'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. “<span lang="de">Ich möchte gerne etwas geniessen ohne
+‘Kosten’ zu haben.</span>” A pun upon the word
+“<span lang="de">kosten</span>,” which has two meanings—“taste”
+and “cost.” In “<span lang="de">Die Traumdeutung</span>,” third
+edition, p. 71 footnote, Professor Freud remarks
+that “the finest example of dream interpretation
+left us by the ancients is based upon a pun”
+(from “The Interpretation of Dreams,” by
+Artemidorus Daldianus). “Moreover, dreams are
+so intimately bound up with language that
+Ferenczi truly points out that every tongue has its
+own language of dreams. A dream is as a rule untranslatable
+into other languages.”—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>Through condensation of the dream certain
+constituent parts of its content are
+explicable which are peculiar to the dream
+life alone, and which are not found in the
+waking state. Such are the composite
+and mixed persons, the extraordinary mixed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>figures, creations comparable with the fantastic
+animal compositions of Orientals; a
+moment’s thought and these are reduced to
+unity, whilst the fancies of the dream are
+ever formed anew in an inexhaustible profusion.
+Everyone knows such images in
+his own dreams; manifold are their origins.
+I can build up a person by borrowing one
+feature from one person and one from
+another, or by giving to the form of one the
+name of another in my dream. I can also
+visualise one person, but place him in a
+position which has occurred to another.
+There is a meaning in all these cases when
+different persons are amalgamated into one
+substitute. Such cases denote an “and,”
+a “just like,” a comparison of the original
+person from a certain point of view, a comparison
+which can be also realised in the
+dream itself. As a rule, however, the
+identity of the blended persons is only discoverable
+by analysis, and is only indicated
+in the dream content by the formation of
+the “combined” person.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>The same diversity in their ways of formation
+and the same rules for its solution
+hold good also for the innumerable medley
+of dream contents, examples of which I need
+scarcely adduce. Their strangeness quite
+disappears when we resolve not to place
+them on a level with the objects of perception
+as known to us when awake, but to
+remember that they represent the art of
+dream condensation by an exclusion of unnecessary
+detail. Prominence is given to
+the common character of the combination.
+Analysis must also generally supply the
+common features. The dream says simply:
+<em>All these things have an “x” in common.</em>
+The decomposition of these mixed images
+by analysis is often the quickest way to an
+interpretation of the dream. Thus I once
+dreamt that I was sitting with one of my
+former university tutors on a bench, which
+was undergoing a rapid continuous movement
+amidst other benches. This was a
+combination of lecture-room and moving
+staircase. I will not pursue the further
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>result of the thought. Another time I was
+sitting in a carriage, and on my lap an
+object in shape like a top-hat, which, however,
+was made of transparent glass. The
+scene at once brought to my mind the
+proverb: “He who keeps his hat in his
+hand will travel safely through the land.”
+By a slight turn the <em>glass hat</em> reminded me
+of <em>Auer’s light</em>, and I knew that I was about
+to invent something which was to make
+me as rich and independent as his invention
+had made my countryman, Dr. Auer, of
+Welsbach; then I should be able to travel
+instead of remaining in Vienna. In the
+dream I was travelling with my invention,
+with the, it is true, rather awkward glass
+top-hat. The dream work is peculiarly
+adept at representing two contradictory
+conceptions by means of the same mixed
+image. Thus, for instance, a woman dreamt
+of herself carrying a tall flower-stalk, as in
+the picture of the Annunciation (Chastity-Mary
+is her own name), but the stalk was
+bedecked with thick white blossoms resembling
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>camellias (contrast with chastity: La
+dame aux Camelias).</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>A great deal of what we have called
+“dream condensation” can be thus formulated.
+Each one of the elements of the
+dream content is <em>overdetermined</em> by the
+matter of the dream thoughts; it is not derived
+from one element of these thoughts,
+but from a whole series. These are not
+necessarily interconnected in any way, but
+may belong to the most diverse spheres of
+thought. The dream element truly represents
+all this disparate matter in the dream
+content. Analysis, moreover, discloses
+another side of the relationship between
+dream content and dream thoughts. Just
+as one element of the dream leads to associations
+with several dream thoughts, so, as
+a rule, the <em>one dream thought represents more
+than one dream element</em>. The threads of the
+association do not simply converge from
+the dream thoughts to the dream content,
+but on the way they overlap and interweave
+in every way.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>Next to the transformation of one thought
+in the scene (its “dramatisation”), condensation
+is the most important and most
+characteristic feature of the dream work.
+We have as yet no clue as to the motive
+calling for such compression of the content.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>V.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the complicated and intricate dreams
+with which we are now concerned, condensation
+and dramatisation do not wholly
+account for the difference between dream
+contents and dream thoughts. There is
+evidence of a third factor, which deserves
+careful consideration.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>When I have arrived at an understanding
+of the dream thoughts by my analysis I
+notice, above all, that the matter of the
+manifest is very different from that of the
+latent dream content. That is, I admit,
+only an apparent difference which vanishes
+on closer investigation, for in the end I find
+the whole dream content carried out in the
+dream thoughts, nearly all the dream
+thoughts again represented in the dream
+content. Nevertheless, there does remain
+a certain amount of difference.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The essential content which stood out
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>clearly and broadly in the dream must,
+after analysis, rest satisfied with a very
+subordinate rôle among the dream thoughts.
+These very dream thoughts which, going by
+my feelings, have a claim to the greatest
+importance are either not present at all in
+the dream content, or are represented by
+some remote allusion in some obscure region
+of the dream. I can thus describe these
+phenomena: <em>During the dream work the
+psychical intensity of those thoughts and conceptions
+to which it properly pertains flows
+to others which, in my judgment, have no
+claim to such emphasis.</em> There is no other
+process which contributes so much to concealment
+of the dream’s meaning and to
+make the connection between the dream
+content and dream ideas irrecognisable.
+During this process, which I will call <em>the
+dream displacement</em>, I notice also the psychical
+intensity, significance, or emotional
+nature of the thoughts become transposed
+in sensory vividness. What was clearest
+in the dream seems to me, without further
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>consideration, the most important; but
+often in some obscure element of the dream
+I can recognise the most direct offspring of
+the principal dream thought.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I could only designate this dream displacement
+as the <em>transvaluation of psychical
+values</em>. The phenomena will not have been
+considered in all its bearings unless I add
+that this displacement or transvaluation is
+shared by different dreams in extremely
+varying degrees. There are dreams which
+take place almost without any displacement.
+These have the same time, meaning,
+and intelligibility as we found in the
+dreams which recorded a desire. In other
+dreams not a bit of the dream idea
+has retained its own psychical value, or
+everything essential in these dream ideas
+has been replaced by unessentials, whilst
+every kind of transition between these conditions
+can be found. The more obscure
+and intricate a dream is, the greater is the
+part to be ascribed to the impetus of displacement
+in its formation.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>The example that we chose for analysis
+shows, at least, this much of displacement—that
+its content has a different centre of
+interest from that of the dream ideas. In
+the forefront of the dream content the main
+scene appears as if a woman wished to
+make advances to me; in the dream idea the
+chief interest rests on the desire to enjoy
+disinterested love which shall “cost
+nothing”; this idea lies at the back of the
+talk about the beautiful eyes and the far-fetched
+allusion to “spinach.”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>If we abolish the dream displacement,
+we attain through analysis quite certain
+conclusions regarding two problems of the
+dream which are most disputed—as to what
+provokes a dream at all, and as to the connection
+of the dream with our waking life.
+There are dreams which at once expose
+their links with the events of the day; in
+others no trace of such a connection can be
+found. By the aid of analysis it can be
+shown that every dream, without any exception,
+is linked up with our impression of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>the day, or perhaps it would be more correct
+to say of the day previous to the dream.
+The impressions which have incited the
+dream may be so important that we are not
+surprised at our being occupied with them
+whilst awake; in this case we are right in
+saying that the dream carries on the chief
+interest of our waking life. More usually,
+however, when the dream contains anything
+relating to the impressions of the day,
+it is so trivial, unimportant, and so deserving
+of oblivion, that we can only recall it
+with an effort. The dream content appears,
+then, even when coherent and intelligible,
+to be concerned with those indifferent
+trifles of thought undeserving of our waking
+interest. The depreciation of dreams is
+largely due to the predominance of the indifferent
+and the worthless in their content.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Analysis destroys the appearance upon
+which this derogatory judgment is based.
+When the dream content discloses nothing
+but some indifferent impression as instigating
+the dream, analysis ever indicates
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>some significant event, which has been replaced
+by something indifferent with which
+it has entered into abundant associations.
+Where the dream is concerned with uninteresting
+and unimportant conceptions, analysis
+reveals the numerous associative paths
+which connect the trivial with the momentous
+in the psychical estimation of the individual.
+<em>It is only the action of displacement
+if what is indifferent obtains recognition in
+the dream content instead of those impressions
+which are really the stimulus, or instead of
+the things of real interest.</em> In answering the
+question as to what provokes the dream, as
+to the connection of the dream, in the daily
+troubles, we must say, in terms of the insight
+given us by replacing the manifest
+latent dream content: <em>The dream does never
+trouble itself about things which are not deserving
+of our concern during the day, and
+trivialities which do not trouble us during
+the day have no power to pursue us whilst
+asleep.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c010'>What provoked the dream in the example
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>which we have analysed? The
+really unimportant event, that a friend invited
+me to a <em>free ride in his cab</em>. The
+table d’hôte scene in the dream contains an
+allusion to this indifferent motive, for in
+conversation I had brought the taxi parallel
+with the table d’hôte. But I can indicate
+the important event which has as its substitute
+the trivial one. A few days before I
+had disbursed a large sum of money for a
+member of my family who is very dear to
+me. Small wonder, says the dream thought,
+if this person is grateful to me for this—this
+love is not cost-free. But love that shall
+cost nothing is one of the prime thoughts
+of the dream. The fact that shortly
+before this I had had several <em>drives</em> with
+the relative in question puts the one drive
+with my friend in a position to recall the
+connection with the other person. The indifferent
+impression which, by such ramifications,
+provokes the dream is subservient to
+another condition which is not true of the
+real source of the dream—the impression
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>must be a recent one, everything arising
+from the day of the dream.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I cannot leave the question of dream displacement
+without the consideration of a
+remarkable process in the formation of
+dreams in which condensation and displacement
+work together towards one end. In
+condensation we have already considered
+the case where two conceptions in the
+dream having something in common, some
+point of contact, are replaced in the dream
+content by a mixed image, where the distinct
+germ corresponds to what is common,
+and the indistinct secondary modifications
+to what is distinctive. If displacement is
+added to condensation, there is no formation
+of a mixed image, but a <em>common mean</em>
+which bears the same relationship to the
+individual elements as does the resultant
+in the parallelogram of forces to its components.
+In one of my dreams, for instance,
+there is talk of an injection with
+<em>propyl</em>. On first analysis I discovered an
+indifferent but true incident where <em>amyl</em>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>played a part as the excitant of the dream.
+I cannot yet vindicate the exchange of
+amyl for propyl. To the round of ideas of
+the same dream, however, there belongs the
+recollection of my first visit to Munich,
+when the <em>Propylæa</em> struck me. The attendant
+circumstances of the analysis render
+it admissible that the influence of this
+second group of conceptions caused the displacement
+of amyl to propyl. <em>Propyl</em> is, so
+to say, the mean idea between <em>amyl</em> and
+<em>propylæa</em>; it got into the dream as a kind
+of <em>compromise</em> by simultaneous condensation
+and displacement.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The need of discovering some motive for
+this bewildering work of the dream is even
+more called for in the case of displacement
+than in condensation.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>VI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Although the work of displacement must
+be held mainly responsible if the dream
+thoughts are not refound or recognised in
+the dream content (unless the motive of the
+changes be guessed), it is another and milder
+kind of transformation which will be considered
+with the dream thoughts which
+leads to the discovery of a new but readily
+understood act of the dream work. The first
+dream thoughts which are unravelled by
+analysis frequently strike one by their unusual
+wording. They do not appear to be
+expressed in the sober form which our
+thinking prefers; rather are they expressed
+symbolically by allegories and metaphors
+like the figurative language of the poets. It
+is not difficult to find the motives for this
+degree of constraint in the expression of
+dream ideas. The dream content consists
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>chiefly of visual scenes; hence the dream
+ideas must, in the first place, be prepared
+to make use of these forms of presentation.
+Conceive that a political leader’s
+or a barrister’s address had to be transposed
+into pantomime, and it will be
+easy to understand the transformations to
+which the dream work is constrained by
+regard for this <em>dramatisation of the dream
+content</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Around the psychical stuff of dream
+thoughts there are ever found reminiscences
+of impressions, not infrequently of early
+childhood—scenes which, as a rule, have
+been visually grasped. Whenever possible,
+this portion of the dream ideas exercises
+a definite influence upon the modelling
+of the dream content; it works like a centre
+of crystallisation, by attracting and rearranging
+the stuff of the dream thoughts.
+The scene of the dream is not infrequently
+nothing but a modified repetition, complicated
+by interpolations of events that have
+left such an impression; the dream but very
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>seldom reproduces accurate and unmixed
+reproductions of real scenes.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dream content does not, however, consist
+exclusively of scenes, but it also includes
+scattered fragments of visual images, conversations,
+and even bits of unchanged
+thoughts. It will be perhaps to the point
+if we instance in the briefest way the means
+of dramatisation which are at the disposal
+of the dream work for the repetition of the
+dream thoughts in the peculiar language of
+the dream.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dream thoughts which we learn from
+the analysis exhibit themselves as a psychical
+complex of the most complicated
+superstructure. Their parts stand in the
+most diverse relationship to each other;
+they form backgrounds and foregrounds,
+stipulations, digressions, illustrations, demonstrations,
+and protestations. It may
+be said to be almost the rule that one train
+of thought is followed by its contradictory.
+No feature known to our reason whilst
+awake is absent. If a dream is to grow out
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>of all this, the psychical matter is submitted
+to a pressure which condenses it extremely,
+to an inner shrinking and displacement,
+creating at the same time fresh surfaces,
+to a selective interweaving among the
+constituents best adapted for the construction
+of these scenes. Having regard
+to the origin of this stuff, the term <em>regression</em>
+can be fairly applied to this process. The
+logical chains which hitherto held the
+psychical stuff together become lost in this
+transformation to the dream content. The
+dream work takes on, as it were, only the
+essential content of the dream thoughts for
+elaboration. It is left to analysis to restore
+the connection which the dream work has
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dream’s means of expression must
+therefore be regarded as meagre in comparison
+with those of our imagination,
+though the dream does not renounce all
+claims to the restitution of logical relation
+to the dream thoughts. It rather
+succeeds with tolerable frequency in replacing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>these by formal characters of
+its own.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>By reason of the undoubted connection
+existing between all the parts of dream
+thoughts, the dream is able to embody this
+matter into a single scene. It upholds a
+<em>logical connection</em> as <em>approximation in time
+and space</em>, just as the painter, who groups
+all the poets for his picture of Parnassus
+who, though they have never been all together
+on a mountain peak, yet form ideally
+a community. The dream continues this
+method of presentation in individual
+dreams, and often when it displays two elements
+close together in the dream content
+it warrants some special inner connection
+between what they represent in the dream
+thoughts. It should be, moreover, observed
+that all the dreams of one night
+prove on analysis to originate from the
+same sphere of thought.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The causal connection between two ideas
+is either left without presentation, or replaced
+by two different long portions of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>dreams one after the other. This presentation
+is frequently a reversed one, the beginning
+of the dream being the deduction,
+and its end the hypothesis. The direct
+<em>transformation</em> of one thing into another in
+the dream seems to serve the relationship
+of <em>cause</em> and <em>effect</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dream never utters the <em>alternative</em>
+“<em>either-or</em>,” but accepts both as having
+equal rights in the same connection. When
+“either-or” is used in the reproduction of
+dreams, it is, as I have already mentioned,
+to be replaced by “<em>and</em>.”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Conceptions which stand in opposition to
+one another are preferably expressed in
+dreams by the same element.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c013'><sup>[2]</sup></a> There
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>seems no “not” in dreams. Opposition
+between two ideas, the relation of conversion,
+is represented in dreams in a very
+remarkable way. It is expressed by the
+reversal of another part of the dream content
+just as if by way of appendix. We
+shall later on deal with another form of
+expressing disagreement. The common
+dream sensation of <em>movement checked</em> serves
+the purpose of representing disagreement of
+impulses—a <em>conflict of the will</em>.</p>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c010'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. It is worthy of remark that eminent philologists
+maintain that the oldest languages used
+the same word for expressing quite general antitheses.
+In C. Abel’s essay, “<span lang="de">Ueber den Gegensinn
+der Urworter</span>” (1884), the following examples
+of such words in English are given: “gleam—gloom”;
+“to lock—loch”; “down—The
+Downs”; “to step—to stop.” In his essay on
+“The Origin of Language” (“Linguistic Essays,”
+p. 240), Abel says: “When the Englishman says
+‘without,’ is not his judgment based upon the
+comparative juxtaposition of two opposites, ‘with’
+and ‘out’; ‘with’ itself originally meant ‘without,’
+as may still be seen in ‘withdraw.’ ‘Bid’ includes
+the opposite sense of giving and of proffering”
+(Abel, “The English Verbs of Command,” “Linguistic
+Essays,” p. 104; see also Freud, <span lang="de">“Ueber
+den Gegensinn der Urworte”: <cite>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische
+und Psychopathologische Forschungen</cite></span>,
+Band ii., part i., p. 179).—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>Only one of the logical relationships—that
+of <em>similarity</em>, <em>identity</em>, <em>agreement</em>—is found
+highly developed in the mechanism of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>dream formation. Dream work makes use
+of these cases as a starting-point for condensation,
+drawing together everything which
+shows such agreement to a <em>fresh unity</em>.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>These short, crude observations naturally
+do not suffice as an estimate of the abundance
+of the dream’s formal means of presenting
+the logical relationships of the
+dream thoughts. In this respect, individual
+dreams are worked up more nicely
+or more carelessly, our text will have been
+followed more or less closely, auxiliaries of
+the dream work will have been taken more
+or less into consideration. In the latter
+case they appear obscure, intricate, incoherent.
+When the dream appears openly
+absurd, when it contains an obvious paradox
+in its content, it is so of purpose.
+Through its apparent disregard of all
+logical claims, it expresses a part of the
+intellectual content of the dream ideas.
+Absurdity in the dream denotes <em>disagreement</em>,
+<em>scorn</em>, <em>disdain</em> in the dream thoughts.
+As this explanation is in entire disagreement
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>with the view that the dream owes its origin
+to dissociated, uncritical cerebral activity,
+I will emphasise my view by an example:</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>“<em>One of my acquaintances, Mr. M——,
+has been attacked by no less a person than
+Goethe in an essay with, we all maintain,
+unwarrantable violence. Mr. M—— has
+naturally been ruined by this attack. He
+complains very bitterly of this at a dinner-party,
+but his respect for Goethe has not
+diminished through this personal experience.
+I now attempt to clear up the chronological
+relations which strike me as improbable.
+Goethe died in 1832. As his attack upon
+Mr. M—— must, of course, have taken place
+before, Mr. M—— must have been then a
+very young man. It seems to me plausible
+that he was eighteen. I am not certain, however,
+what year we are actually in, and the
+whole calculation falls into obscurity. The
+attack was, moreover, contained in Goethe’s
+well-known essay on ‘Nature.’</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The absurdity of the dream becomes the
+more glaring when I state that Mr. M—— is
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>a young business man without any poetical
+or literary interests. My analysis of the
+dream will show what method there is in
+this madness. The dream has derived its
+material from three sources:</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>1. Mr. M——, to whom I was introduced
+at a dinner-party, begged me one day to examine
+his elder brother, who showed signs
+of mental trouble. In conversation with
+the patient, an unpleasant episode occurred.
+Without the slightest occasion he
+disclosed one of his brother’s <em>youthful escapades</em>.
+I had asked the patient the <em>year of
+his birth</em> (<em>year of death</em> in dream), and led him
+to various calculations which might show
+up his want of memory.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>2. A medical journal which displayed my
+name among others on the cover had published
+a <em>ruinous</em> review of a book by my
+friend F—— of Berlin, from the pen of a
+very <em>juvenile</em> reviewer. I communicated
+with the editor, who, indeed, expressed his
+regret, but would not promise any redress.
+Thereupon I broke off my connection with
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>the paper; in my letter of resignation I expressed
+the hope that our <em>personal relations
+would not suffer from this</em>. Here is the real
+source of the dream. The derogatory reception
+of my friend’s work had made a deep
+impression upon me. In my judgment, it
+contained a fundamental biological discovery
+which only now, several years later,
+commences to find favour among the professors.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>3. A little while before, a patient gave
+me the medical history of her brother, who,
+exclaiming “<em>Nature, Nature!</em>” had gone
+out of his mind. The doctors considered
+that the exclamation arose from a study of
+<em>Goethe’s</em> beautiful essay, and indicated that
+the patient had been overworking. I expressed
+the opinion that it seemed more
+<em>plausible</em> to me that the exclamation
+“Nature!” was to be taken in that sexual
+meaning known also to the less educated in
+our country. It seemed to me that this
+view had something in it, because the unfortunate
+youth afterwards mutilated his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>genital organs. The patient was eighteen
+years old when the attack occurred.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The first person in the dream thoughts behind
+the ego was my friend who had been so
+scandalously treated. “<em>I now attempted to
+clear up the chronological relations.</em>” My
+friend’s book deals with the chronological
+relations of life, and, amongst other things,
+correlates <em>Goethe’s</em> duration of life with
+a number of days in many ways important
+to biology. The ego is, however,
+represented as a general paralytic (“<em>I am
+not certain what year we are actually in</em>”).
+The dream exhibits my friend as behaving
+like a general paralytic, and thus riots in
+absurdity. But the dream thoughts run
+ironically. “Of course he is a madman, a
+fool, and you are the genius who understands
+all about it. But shouldn’t it be the
+<em>other way round</em>?” This inversion obviously
+took place in the dream when Goethe
+attacked the young man, which is absurd,
+whilst anyone, however young, can to-day
+easily attack the great Goethe.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>I am prepared to maintain that no dream
+is inspired by other than egoistic emotions.
+The ego in the dream does not, indeed, represent
+only my friend, but stands for myself
+also. I identify myself with him because
+the fate of his discovery appears to
+me typical of the acceptance <em>of my own</em>. If
+I were to publish my own theory, which
+gives sexuality predominance in the ætiology
+of psycho-neurotic disorders (see the
+allusion to the eighteen-year-old patient—“<em>Nature,
+Nature!</em>”), the same criticism
+would be levelled at me, and it would even
+now meet with the same contempt.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>When I follow out the dream thoughts
+closely, I ever find only <em>scorn</em> and <em>contempt</em>
+as <em>correlated with the dream’s absurdity</em>. It
+is well known that the discovery of a
+cracked sheep’s skull on the Lido in Venice
+gave Goethe the hint for the so-called vertebral
+theory of the skull. My friend
+plumes himself on having as a student
+raised a hubbub for the resignation of an
+aged professor who had done good work
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>(including some in this very subject of comparative
+anatomy), but who, on account
+of <em>decrepitude</em>, had become quite incapable of
+teaching. The agitation my friend inspired
+was so successful because in the German
+Universities an <em>age limit</em> is not demanded
+for academic work. <em>Age is no protection
+against folly.</em> In the hospital here I had for
+years the honour to serve under a chief who,
+long fossilised, was for decades notoriously
+<em>feeble-minded</em>, and was yet permitted to
+continue in his responsible office. A trait,
+after the manner of the find in the Lido,
+forces itself upon me here. It was to this
+man that some youthful colleagues in the
+hospital adapted the then popular slang of
+that day: “No Goethe has written that,”
+“No Schiller composed that,” etc.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>VII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>We have not exhausted our valuation of
+the dream work. In addition to condensation,
+displacement, and definite arrangement
+of the psychical matter, we must
+ascribe to it yet another activity—one
+which is, indeed, not shared by every
+dream. I shall not treat this position of
+the dream work exhaustively; I will only
+point out that the readiest way to arrive at
+a conception of it is to take for granted,
+probably unfairly, that it <em>only subsequently
+influences the dream content which has already
+been built up</em>. Its mode of action thus consists
+in so co-ordinating the parts of the
+dream that these coalesce to a coherent
+whole, to a dream composition. The dream
+gets a kind of façade which, it is true, does
+not conceal the whole of its content. There
+is a sort of preliminary explanation to be
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>strengthened by interpolations and slight
+alterations. Such elaboration of the dream
+content must not be too pronounced; the
+misconception of the dream thoughts to
+which it gives rise is merely superficial, and
+our first piece of work in analysing a dream
+is to get rid of these early attempts at interpretation.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The motives for this part of the dream
+work are easily gauged. This final elaboration
+of the dream is due to a <em>regard for intelligibility</em>—a
+fact at once betraying the
+origin of an action which behaves towards
+the actual dream content just as our normal
+psychical action behaves towards some
+proffered perception that is to our liking.
+The dream content is thus secured under the
+pretence of certain expectations, is perceptually
+classified by the supposition of its
+intelligibility, thereby risking its falsification,
+whilst, in fact, the most extraordinary
+misconceptions arise if the dream can be
+correlated with nothing familiar. Everyone
+is aware that we are unable to look at
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>any series of unfamiliar signs, or to listen
+to a discussion of unknown words, without
+at once making perpetual changes through
+<em>our regard for intelligibility</em>, through our
+falling back upon what is familiar.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>We can call those dreams <em>properly made
+up</em> which are the result of an elaboration
+in every way analogous to the psychical
+action of our waking life. In other dreams
+there is no such action; not even an attempt
+is made to bring about order and meaning.
+We regard the dream as “quite mad,”
+because on awaking it is with this last-named
+part of the dream work, the dream
+elaboration, that we identify ourselves. So
+far, however, as our analysis is concerned,
+the dream, which resembles a medley of
+disconnected fragments, is of as much value
+as the one with a smooth and beautifully
+polished surface. In the former case we
+are spared, to some extent, the trouble of
+breaking down the super-elaboration of the
+dream content.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>All the same, it would be an error to see
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>in the dream façade nothing but the misunderstood
+and somewhat arbitrary elaboration
+of the dream carried out at the instance
+of our psychical life. Wishes and
+phantasies are not infrequently employed in
+the erection of this façade, which were
+already fashioned in the dream thoughts;
+they are akin to those of our waking life—“day-dreams,”
+as they are very properly
+called. These wishes and phantasies, which
+analysis discloses in our dreams at night,
+often present themselves as repetitions and
+refashionings of the scenes of infancy.
+Thus the dream façade may show us directly
+the true core of the dream, distorted through
+admixture with other matter.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Beyond these four activities there is
+nothing else to be discovered in the dream
+work. If we keep closely to the definition
+that dream work denotes the transference
+of dream thoughts to dream content, we
+are compelled to say that the dream work
+is not creative; it develops no fancies of its
+own, it judges nothing, decides nothing. It
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>does nothing but prepare the matter for
+condensation and displacement, and refashions
+it for dramatisation, to which must be
+added the inconstant last-named mechanism—that
+of explanatory elaboration. It is
+true that a good deal is found in the dream
+content which might be understood as the
+result of another and more intellectual performance;
+but analysis shows conclusively
+every time that these <em>intellectual operations
+were already present in the dream thoughts,
+and have only been taken over by the dream
+content</em>. A syllogism in the dream is
+nothing other than the repetition of a syllogism
+in the dream thoughts; it seems inoffensive
+if it has been transferred to the
+dream without alteration; it becomes
+absurd if in the dream work it has been
+transferred to other matter. A calculation
+in the dream content simply means that
+there was a calculation in the dream
+thoughts; whilst this is always correct, the
+calculation in the dream can furnish the
+silliest results by the condensation of its
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>factors and the displacement of the same
+operations to other things. Even speeches
+which are found in the dream content are
+not new compositions; they prove to be
+pieced together out of speeches which have
+been made or heard or read; the words are
+faithfully copied, but the occasion of their
+utterance is quite overlooked, and their
+meaning is most violently changed.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It is, perhaps, not superfluous to support
+these assertions by examples:</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>1. <em>A seemingly inoffensive, well-made
+dream of a patient. She was going to market
+with her cook, who carried the basket. The
+butcher said to her when she asked him for
+something: “That is all gone,” and wished
+to give her something else, remarking:
+“That’s very good.” She declines, and goes
+to the greengrocer, who wants to sell her a
+peculiar vegetable which is bound up in
+bundles and of a black colour. She says:
+“I don’t know that; I won’t take it.”</em></p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The remark “That is all gone” arose
+from the treatment. A few days before I
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>said myself to the patient that the earliest
+reminiscences of childhood <em>are all gone</em> as
+such, but are replaced by transferences and
+dreams. Thus I am the butcher.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The second remark, “<em>I don’t know that</em>,”
+arose in a very different connection. The
+day before she had herself called out in
+rebuke to the cook (who, moreover, also
+appears in the dream): “<em>Behave yourself
+properly</em>; I don’t know <em>that</em>”—that is, “I
+don’t know this kind of behaviour; I won’t
+have it.” The more harmless portion of
+this speech was arrived at by a displacement
+of the dream content; in the dream thoughts
+only the other portion of the speech played
+a part, because the dream work changed an
+imaginary situation into utter irrecognisability
+and complete inoffensiveness (while in
+a certain sense I behave in an unseemly way
+to the lady). The situation resulting in this
+phantasy is, however, nothing but a new
+edition of one that actually took place.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>2. A dream apparently meaningless relates
+to figures. “<em>She wants to pay something;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>her daughter takes three florins sixty-five
+kreuzers out of her purse; but she says:
+‘What are you doing? It only costs twenty-one
+kreuzers.’</em>”</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The dreamer was a stranger who had
+placed her child at school in Vienna, and
+who was able to continue under my treatment
+so long as her daughter remained at
+Vienna. The day before the dream the
+directress of the school had recommended
+her to keep the child another year at school.
+In this case she would have been able to
+prolong her treatment by one year. The
+figures in the dream become important if
+it be remembered that time is money.
+One year equals 365 days, or, expressed in
+kreuzers, 365 kreuzers, which is three florins
+sixty-five kreuzers. The twenty-one kreuzers
+correspond with the three weeks which
+remained from the day of the dream to the
+end of the school term, and thus to the end
+of the treatment. It was obviously financial
+considerations which had moved the
+lady to refuse the proposal of the directress,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>and which were answerable for the triviality
+of the amount in the dream.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>3. A lady, young, but already ten years
+married, heard that a friend of hers, Miss
+Elise L——, of about the same age, had
+become engaged. This gave rise to the
+following dream:</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><em>She was sitting with her husband in the
+theatre; the one side of the stalls was quite
+empty. Her husband tells her, Elise L——
+and her fiancé had intended coming, but could
+only get some cheap seats, three for one florin
+fifty kreuzers, and these they would not take.
+In her opinion, that would not have mattered
+very much.</em></p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The origin of the figures from the matter
+of the dream thoughts and the changes the
+figures underwent are of interest. Whence
+came the one florin fifty kreuzers? From
+a trifling occurrence of the previous day.
+Her sister-in-law had received 150 florins
+as a present from her husband, and had
+quickly got rid of it by buying some ornament.
+Note that 150 florins is one hundred
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>times one florin fifty kreuzers. For the
+<em>three</em> concerned with the tickets, the only
+link is that Elise L—— is exactly three
+months younger than the dreamer. The
+scene in the dream is the repetition of a
+little adventure for which she has often been
+teased by her husband. She was once in
+a great hurry to get tickets in time for a
+piece, and when she came to the theatre
+<em>one side of the stalls was almost empty</em>. It
+was therefore quite unnecessary for her to
+have been in <em>such a hurry</em>. Nor must we
+overlook the absurdity of the dream that
+two persons should take three tickets for
+the theatre.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Now for the dream ideas. It was <em>stupid</em>
+to have married so early; <em>I need not</em> have
+been <em>in so great a hurry</em>. Elise L——’s example
+shows me that I should have been
+able to get a husband later; indeed, one a
+<em>hundred times better</em> if I had but waited. I
+could have bought <em>three</em> such men with the
+money (dowry).</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>VIII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>In the foregoing exposition we have now
+learnt something of the dream work; we
+must regard it as a quite special psychical
+process, which, so far as we are aware, resembles
+nothing else. To the dream work
+has been transferred that bewilderment
+which its product, the dream, has aroused
+in us. In truth, the dream work is only the
+first recognition of a group of psychical processes
+to which must be referred the origin
+of hysterical symptoms, the ideas of morbid
+dread, obsession, and illusion. Condensation,
+and especially displacement, are never-failing
+features in these other processes.
+The regard for appearance remains, on the
+other hand, peculiar to the dream work.
+If this explanation brings the dream into
+line with the formation of psychical disease,
+it becomes the more important to fathom
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>the essential conditions of processes like
+dream building. It will be probably a surprise
+to hear that neither the state of sleep
+nor illness is among the indispensable conditions.
+A whole number of phenomena of
+the everyday life of healthy persons, forgetfulness,
+slips in speaking and in holding
+things, together with a certain class of mistakes,
+are due to a psychical mechanism
+analogous to that of the dream and the other
+members of this group.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Displacement is the core of the problem,
+and the most striking of all the dream performances.
+A thorough investigation of
+the subject shows that the essential condition
+of displacement is purely psychological;
+it is in the nature of a motive. We get on
+the track by thrashing out experiences
+which one cannot avoid in the analysis of
+dreams. I had to break off the relations
+of my dream thoughts in the analysis of my
+dream on p. <a href='#Page_11'>11</a> because I found some experiences
+which I do not wish strangers to
+know, and which I could not relate without
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>serious damage to important considerations.
+I added, it would be no use were I to select
+another instead of that particular dream;
+in every dream where the content is obscure
+or intricate, I should hit upon dream
+thoughts which call for secrecy. If, however,
+I continue the analysis for myself,
+without regard to those others, for whom,
+indeed, so personal an event as my dream
+cannot matter, I arrive finally at ideas
+which surprise me, which I have not known
+to be mine, which not only appear <em>foreign</em>
+to me, but which are <em>unpleasant</em>, and which
+I would like to oppose vehemently, whilst
+the chain of ideas running through the analysis
+intrudes upon me inexorably. I can
+only take these circumstances into account
+by admitting that these thoughts are actually
+part of my psychical life, possessing
+a certain psychical intensity or energy.
+However, by virtue of a particular psychological
+condition, the <em>thoughts could not become
+conscious to me</em>. I call this particular
+condition “<em>Repression</em>.” It is therefore
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>impossible for me not to recognise some
+causal relationship between the obscurity
+of the dream content and this state of repression—this
+<em>incapacity of consciousness</em>.
+Whence I conclude that the cause of the
+obscurity is <em>the desire to conceal these
+thoughts</em>. Thus I arrive at the conception
+of the <em>dream distortion</em> as the deed of the
+dream work, and of <em>displacement</em> serving to
+disguise this object.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>I will test this in my own dream, and ask
+myself, What is the thought which, quite
+innocuous in its distorted form, provokes
+my liveliest opposition in its real form? I
+remember that the free drive reminded me
+of the last expensive drive with a member
+of my family, the interpretation of the
+dream being: I should for once like to experience
+affection for which I should not
+have to pay, and that shortly before the
+dream I had to make a heavy disbursement
+for this very person. In this connection,
+I cannot get away from the thought <em>that I
+regret this disbursement</em>. It is only when I
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>acknowledge this feeling that there is any
+sense in my wishing in the dream for an
+affection that should entail no outlay. And
+yet I can state on my honour that I did
+not hesitate for a moment when it became
+necessary to expend that sum. The regret,
+the counter-current, was unconscious to me.
+Why it was unconscious is quite another
+question which would lead us far away
+from the answer which, though within my
+knowledge, belongs elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>If I subject the dream of another person
+instead of one of my own to analysis, the
+result is the same; the motives for convincing
+others is, however, changed. In
+the dream of a healthy person the only way
+for me to enable him to accept this repressed
+idea is the coherence of the dream
+thoughts. He is at liberty to reject this
+explanation. But if we are dealing with a
+person suffering from any neurosis—say
+from hysteria—the recognition of these repressed
+ideas is compulsory by reason of
+their connection with the symptoms of his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>illness and of the improvement resulting
+from exchanging the symptoms for the repressed
+ideas. Take the patient from whom
+I got the last dream about the three tickets
+for one florin fifty kreuzers. Analysis shows
+that she does not think highly of her
+husband, that she regrets having married
+him, that she would be glad to change him
+for someone else. It is true that she maintains
+that she loves her husband, that her
+emotional life knows nothing about this
+depreciation (a hundred times better!), but
+all her symptoms lead to the same conclusion
+as this dream. When her repressed
+memories had rewakened a certain period
+when she was conscious that she did not
+love her husband, her symptoms disappeared,
+and therewith disappeared her resistance
+to the interpretation of the dream.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>IX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>This conception of repression once fixed, together
+with the distortion of the dream in
+relation to repressed psychical matter, we
+are in a position to give a general exposition
+of the principal results which the analysis
+of dreams supplies. We learnt that the
+most intelligible and meaningful dreams
+are unrealised desires; the desires they pictured
+as realised are known to consciousness,
+have been held over from the daytime,
+and are of absorbing interest. The analysis
+of obscure and intricate dreams discloses
+something very similar; the dream scene
+again pictures as realised some desire which
+regularly proceeds from the dream ideas,
+but the picture is unrecognisable, and is
+only cleared up in the analysis. The desire
+itself is either one repressed, foreign to
+consciousness, or it is closely bound up with
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>repressed ideas. The formula for these
+dreams may be thus stated: <em>They are concealed
+realisations of repressed desires.</em> It is
+interesting to note that they are right who
+regard the dream as foretelling the future.
+Although the future which the dream shows
+us is not that which will occur, but that which
+we would like to occur. Folk psychology
+proceeds here according to its wont; it
+believes what it wishes to believe.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Dreams can be divided into three classes
+according to their relation towards the
+realisation of desire. Firstly come those
+which exhibit a <em>non-repressed, non-concealed
+desire</em>; these are dreams of the infantile
+type, becoming ever rarer among adults.
+Secondly, dreams which express in <em>veiled</em>
+form some <em>repressed desire</em>; these constitute
+by far the larger number of our dreams,
+and they require analysis for their understanding.
+Thirdly, these dreams where
+repression exists, but <em>without</em> or with but
+slight concealment. These dreams are invariably
+accompanied by a feeling of dread
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>which brings the dream to an end. This
+feeling of dread here replaces dream displacement;
+I regarded the dream work as
+having prevented this in the dream of the
+second class. It is not very difficult to
+prove that what is now present as intense
+dread in the dream was once desire, and is
+now secondary to the repression.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>There are also definite dreams with a
+painful content, without the presence of
+any anxiety in the dream. These cannot be
+reckoned among dreams of dread; they
+have, however, always been used to prove
+the unimportance and the psychical futility
+of dreams. An analysis of such an example
+will show that it belongs to our second class
+of dreams—a <em>perfectly concealed</em> realisation
+of repressed desires. Analysis will demonstrate
+at the same time how excellently
+adapted is the work of displacement to the
+concealment of desires.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>A girl dreamt that she saw lying dead
+before her the only surviving child of her
+sister amid the same surroundings as a few
+years before she saw the first child lying
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>dead. She was not sensible of any pain,
+but naturally combated the view that the
+scene represented a desire of hers. Nor
+was that view necessary. Years ago it
+was at the funeral of the child that she had
+last seen and spoken to the man she loved.
+Were the second child to die, she would be
+sure to meet this man again in her sister’s
+house. She is longing to meet him, but
+struggles against this feeling. The day of
+the dream she had taken a ticket for a
+lecture, which announced the presence of
+the man she always loved. The dream is
+simply a dream of impatience common to
+those which happen before a journey,
+theatre, or simply anticipated pleasures.
+The longing is concealed by the shifting of
+the scene to the occasion when any joyous
+feeling were out of place, and yet where it
+did once exist. Note, further, that the
+emotional behaviour in the dream is
+adapted, not to the displaced, but to the
+real but suppressed dream ideas. The scene
+anticipates the long-hoped-for meeting;
+there is here no call for painful emotions.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>X.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>There has hitherto been no occasion for
+philosophers to bestir themselves with a
+psychology of repression. We must be
+allowed to construct some clear conception
+as to the origin of dreams as the first steps
+in this unknown territory. The scheme
+which we have formulated not only from
+a study of dreams is, it is true, already
+somewhat complicated, but we cannot find
+any simpler one that will suffice. We hold
+that our psychical apparatus contains two
+procedures for the construction of thoughts.
+The second one has the advantage that its
+products find an open path to consciousness,
+whilst the activity of the first procedure is
+unknown to itself, and can only arrive at
+consciousness through the second one. At
+the borderland of these two procedures,
+where the first passes over into the second,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>a censorship is established which only
+passes what pleases it, keeping back everything
+else. That which is rejected by the
+censorship is, according to our definition,
+in a state of repression. Under certain
+conditions, one of which is the sleeping
+state, the balance of power between the
+two procedures is so changed that what is
+repressed can no longer be kept back. In
+the sleeping state this may possibly occur
+through the negligence of the censor; what
+has been hitherto repressed will now succeed
+in finding its way to consciousness. But
+as the censorship is never absent, but
+merely off guard, certain alterations must
+be conceded so as to placate it. It is a
+compromise which becomes conscious in
+this case—a compromise between what one
+procedure has in view and the demands of
+the other. <em>Repression</em>, <em>laxity of the censor</em>,
+<em>compromise</em>—this is the foundation for the
+origin of many another psychological process,
+just as it is for the dream. In such
+compromises we can observe the processes
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>of condensation, of displacement, the acceptance
+of superficial associations, which
+we have found in the dream work.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It is not for us to deny the demonic
+element which has played a part in constructing
+our explanation of dream work.
+The impression left is that the formation
+of obscure dreams proceeds as if a person
+had something to say which must be disagreeable
+for another person upon whom
+he is dependent to hear. It is by the use
+of this image that we figure to ourselves
+the conception of the <em>dream distortion</em> and
+of the censorship, and ventured to crystallise
+our impression in a rather crude, but at
+least definite, psychological theory. Whatever
+explanation the future may offer of
+these first and second procedures, we shall
+expect a confirmation of our correlate that
+the second procedure commands the entrance
+to consciousness, and can exclude
+the first from consciousness.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Once the sleeping state overcome, the
+censorship resumes complete sway, and is
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>now able to revoke that which was granted
+in a moment of weakness. That the <em>forgetting</em>
+of dreams explains this in part, at
+least, we are convinced by our experience,
+confirmed again and again. During the
+relation of a dream, or during analysis of
+one, it not infrequently happens that some
+fragment of the dream is suddenly forgotten.
+This fragment so forgotten invariably
+contains the best and readiest
+approach to an understanding of the dream.
+Probably that is why it sinks into oblivion—<em>i.e.</em>,
+into a renewed suppression.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>XI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Viewing the dream content as the representation
+of a realised desire, and referring
+its vagueness to the changes made by the
+censor in the repressed matter, it is no longer
+difficult to grasp the function of dreams.
+In fundamental contrast with those saws
+which assume that sleep is disturbed by
+dreams, we hold the <em>dream as the guardian
+of sleep</em>. So far as children’s dreams are
+concerned, our view should find ready
+acceptance.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>The sleeping state or the psychical change
+to sleep, whatsoever it be, is brought about
+by the child being sent to sleep or compelled
+thereto by fatigue, only assisted by
+the removal of all stimuli which might open
+other objects to the psychical apparatus.
+The means which serve to keep external
+stimuli distant are known; but what are
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>the means we can employ to depress the
+internal psychical stimuli which frustrate
+sleep? Look at a mother getting her child
+to sleep. The child is full of beseeching;
+he wants another kiss; he wants to play
+yet awhile. His requirements are in part
+met, in part drastically put off till the
+following day. Clearly these desires and
+needs, which agitate him, are hindrances to
+sleep. Everyone knows the charming story
+of the bad boy (Baldwin Groller’s) who
+awoke at night bellowing out, “<em>I want the
+rhinoceros</em>.” A really good boy, instead of
+bellowing, would have <em>dreamt</em> that he was
+playing with the rhinoceros. Because the
+dream which realises his desire is believed
+during sleep, it removes the desire and
+makes sleep possible. It cannot be denied
+that this belief accords with the dream
+image, because it is arrayed in the psychical
+appearance of probability; the child is
+without the capacity which it will acquire
+later to distinguish hallucinations or phantasies
+from reality.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>The adult has learnt this differentiation;
+he has also learnt the futility of desire, and
+by continuous practice manages to postpone
+his aspirations, until they can be
+granted in some roundabout method by a
+change in the external world. For this
+reason it is rare for him to have his wishes
+realised during sleep in the short psychical
+way. It is even possible that this never
+happens, and that everything which appears
+to us like a child’s dream demands a
+much more elaborate explanation. Thus it
+is that for adults—for every sane person
+without exception—a differentiation of the
+psychical matter has been fashioned which
+the child knew not. A psychical procedure
+has been reached which, informed by the
+experience of life, exercises with jealous
+power a dominating and restraining influence
+upon psychical emotions; by its relation
+to consciousness, and by its spontaneous
+mobility, it is endowed with the
+greatest means of psychical power. A
+portion of the infantile emotions has been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>withheld from this procedure as useless to
+life, and all the thoughts which flow from
+these are found in the state of repression.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Whilst the procedure in which we recognise
+our normal ego reposes upon the desire
+for sleep, it appears compelled by the
+psycho-physiological conditions of sleep to
+abandon some of the energy with which it
+was wont during the day to keep down
+what was repressed. This neglect is really
+harmless; however much the emotions of
+the child’s spirit may be stirred, they find
+the approach to consciousness rendered
+difficult, and that to movement blocked in
+consequence of the state of sleep. The
+danger of their disturbing sleep must,
+however, be avoided. Moreover, we must
+admit that even in deep sleep some amount
+of free attention is exerted as a protection
+against sense-stimuli which might, perchance,
+make an awakening seem wiser
+than the continuance of sleep. Otherwise
+we could not explain the fact of our being
+always awakened by stimuli of certain
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>quality. As the old physiologist Burdach
+pointed out, the mother is awakened by
+the whimpering of her child, the miller by
+the cessation of his mill, most people by
+gently calling out their names. This attention,
+thus on the alert, makes use of the internal
+stimuli arising from repressed desires,
+and fuses them into the dream, which
+as a compromise satisfies both procedures
+at the same time. The dream creates a
+form of psychical release for the wish which
+is either suppressed or formed by the aid
+of repression, inasmuch as it presents it as
+realised. The other procedure is also satisfied,
+since the continuance of the sleep is
+assured. Our ego here gladly behaves like
+a child; it makes the dream pictures believable,
+saying, as it were, “Quite right,
+but let me sleep.” The contempt which,
+once awakened, we bear the dream, and
+which rests upon the absurdity and apparent
+illogicality of the dream, is probably
+nothing but the reasoning of our sleeping
+ego on the feelings about what was repressed;
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>with greater right it should rest
+upon the incompetency of this disturber of
+our sleep. In sleep we are now and then
+aware of this contempt; the dream content
+transcends the censorship rather too much,
+we think, “It’s only a dream,” and sleep
+on.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It is no objection to this view if there are
+border-lines for the dream where its function,
+to preserve sleep from interruption,
+can no longer be maintained—as in the
+dreams of impending dread. It is here
+changed for another function—to suspend
+the sleep at the proper time. It acts like
+a conscientious night-watchman, who first
+does his duty by quelling disturbances so
+as not to waken the citizen, but equally
+does his duty quite properly when he
+awakens the street should the causes of the
+trouble seem to him serious and himself
+unable to cope with them alone.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>This function of dreams becomes especially
+well marked when there arises some
+incentive for the sense perception. That
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>the senses aroused during sleep influence
+the dream is well known, and can be experimentally
+verified; it is one of the certain
+but much overestimated results of the
+medical investigation of dreams. Hitherto
+there has been an insoluble riddle connected
+with this discovery. The stimulus
+to the sense by which the investigator
+affects the sleeper is not properly recognised
+in the dream, but is intermingled with a
+number of indefinite interpretations, whose
+determination appears left to psychical
+free-will. There is, of course, no such
+psychical free-will. To an external sense-stimulus
+the sleeper can react in many
+ways. Either he awakens or he succeeds
+in sleeping on. In the latter case he can
+make use of the dream to dismiss the external
+stimulus, and this, again, in more
+ways than one. For instance, he can stay
+the stimulus by dreaming of a scene which
+is absolutely intolerable to him. This was
+the means used by one who was troubled
+by a painful perineal abscess. He dreamt
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>that he was on horseback, and made use of
+the poultice, which was intended to alleviate
+his pain, as a saddle, and thus got away
+from the cause of the trouble. Or, as is
+more frequently the case, the external
+stimulus undergoes a new rendering, which
+leads him to connect it with a repressed
+desire seeking its realisation, and robs him
+of its reality, and is treated as if it were a
+part of the psychical matter. Thus, someone
+dreamt that he had written a comedy
+which embodied a definite <em>motif</em>; it was
+being performed; the first act was over
+amid enthusiastic applause; there was great
+clapping. At this moment the dreamer
+must have succeeded in prolonging his sleep
+despite the disturbance, for when he woke
+he no longer heard the noise; he concluded
+rightly that someone must have been beating
+a carpet or bed. The dreams which
+come with a loud noise just before waking
+have all attempted to cover the stimulus
+to waking by some other explanation, and
+thus to prolong the sleep for a little while.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>XII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>Whosoever has firmly accepted this <em>censorship</em>
+as the chief motive for the distortion
+of dreams will not be surprised to learn
+as the result of dream interpretation that
+most of the dreams of adults are traced by
+analysis to erotic desires. This assertion
+is not drawn from dreams obviously of a
+sexual nature, which are known to all
+dreamers from their own experience, and
+are the only ones usually described as
+“sexual dreams.” These dreams are ever
+sufficiently mysterious by reason of the
+choice of persons who are made the objects
+of sex, the removal of all the barriers which
+cry halt to the dreamer’s sexual needs in
+his waking state, the many strange reminders
+as to details of what are called
+perversions. But analysis discovers that, in
+many other dreams in whose manifest content
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>nothing erotic can be found, the work
+of interpretation shows them up as, in
+reality, realisation of sexual desires; whilst,
+on the other hand, that much of the
+thought-making when awake, the thoughts
+saved us as surplus from the day only,
+reaches presentation in dreams with the
+help of repressed erotic desires.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Towards the explanation of this statement,
+which is no theoretical postulate, it
+must be remembered that no other class of
+instincts has required so vast a suppression
+at the behest of civilisation as the sexual,
+whilst their mastery by the highest psychical
+processes are in most persons soonest
+of all relinquished. Since we have learnt
+to understand <em>infantile sexuality</em>, often so
+vague in its expression, so invariably overlooked
+and misunderstood, we are justified
+in saying that nearly every civilised
+person has retained at some point or other
+the infantile type of sex life; thus we
+understand that repressed infantile sex
+desires furnish the most frequent and most
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>powerful impulses for the formation of
+dreams.<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c013'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c010'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Freud, “Three Contributions to Sexual
+Theory,” translated by A. A. Brill (<cite>Journal of
+Nervous and Mental Disease</cite> Publishing Company,
+New York).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>If the dream, which is the expression of
+some erotic desire, succeeds in making its
+manifest content appear innocently asexual,
+it is only possible in one way. The matter
+of these sexual presentations cannot be
+exhibited as such, but must be replaced by
+allusions, suggestions, and similar indirect
+means; differing from other cases of indirect
+presentation, those used in dreams must
+be deprived of direct understanding. The
+means of presentation which answer these
+requirements are commonly termed “symbols.”
+A special interest has been directed
+towards these, since it has been observed
+that the dreamers of the same language use
+the like symbols—indeed, that in certain
+cases community of symbol is greater than
+community of speech. Since the dreamers
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>do not themselves know the meaning of
+the symbols they use, it remains a puzzle
+whence arises their relationship with what
+they replace and denote. The fact itself
+is undoubted, and becomes of importance
+for the technique of the interpretation of
+dreams, since by the aid of a knowledge of
+this symbolism it is possible to understand
+the meaning of the elements of a dream,
+or parts of a dream, occasionally even the
+whole dream itself, without having to question
+the dreamer as to his own ideas. We
+thus come near to the popular idea of an
+interpretation of dreams, and, on the other
+hand, possess again the technique of the
+ancients, among whom the interpretation of
+dreams was identical with their explanation
+through symbolism.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Though the study of dream symbolism
+is far removed from finality, we now possess
+a series of general statements and of particular
+observations which are quite certain.
+There are symbols which practically always
+have the same meaning: Emperor and Empress
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>(King and Queen) always mean the
+parents; room, a woman,<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c013'><sup>[4]</sup></a> and so on. The
+sexes are represented by a great variety of
+symbols, many of which would be at first
+quite incomprehensible had not the clues
+to the meaning been often obtained through
+other channels.</p>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c010'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. The words from “and” to “channels” in the
+next sentence is a short summary of the passage
+in the original. As this book will be read by
+other than professional people the passage has
+not been translated, in deference to English
+opinion.—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>There are symbols of universal circulation,
+found in all dreamers, of one range of
+speech and culture; there are others of the
+narrowest individual significance which an
+individual has built up out of his own
+material. In the first class those can be
+differentiated whose claim can be at once
+recognised by the replacement of sexual
+things in common speech (those, for instance,
+arising from agriculture, as reproduction,
+seed) from others whose sexual
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>references appear to reach back to the
+earliest times and to the obscurest depths
+of our image-building. The power of building
+symbols in both these special forms of
+symbols has not died out. Recently discovered
+things, like the airship, are at once
+brought into universal use as sex symbols.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>It would be quite an error to suppose
+that a profounder knowledge of dream
+symbolism (the “Language of Dreams”)
+would make us independent of questioning
+the dreamer regarding his impressions about
+the dream, and would give us back the whole
+technique of ancient dream interpreters.
+Apart from individual symbols and the
+variations in the use of what is general,
+one never knows whether an element in the
+dream is to be understood symbolically or
+in its proper meaning; the whole content of
+the dream is certainly not to be interpreted
+symbolically. The knowledge of dream
+symbols will only help us in understanding
+portions of the dream content, and does not
+render the use of the technical rules previously
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>given at all superfluous. But it must
+be of the greatest service in interpreting a
+dream just when the impressions of the
+dreamer are withheld or are insufficient.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>Dream symbolism proves also indispensable
+for understanding the so-called
+“typical” dreams and the dreams that
+“repeat themselves.” If the value of the
+symbolism of dreams has been so incompletely
+set out in this brief portrayal, this
+attempt will be corrected by reference to
+a point of view which is of the highest import
+in this connection. Dream symbolism
+leads us far beyond the dream; it does not
+belong only to dreams, but is likewise
+dominant in legend, myth, and saga, in wit
+and in folklore. It compels us to pursue
+the inner meaning of the dream in these
+productions. But we must acknowledge
+that symbolism is not a result of the dream
+work, but is a peculiarity probably of our
+unconscious thinking, which furnishes to
+the dream work the matter for condensation,
+displacement, and dramatisation.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>XIII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c009'>I disclaim all pretension to have thrown
+light here upon all the problems of the
+dream, or to have dealt convincingly with
+everything here touched upon. If anyone
+is interested in the whole of dream literature,
+I refer him to the works of Sante
+de Sanctis (I sogni, Turin, 1899). For a
+more complete investigation of my conception
+of the dream, my work should be consulted:
+“Die Traumdeutung,” Leipzig and
+Vienna, third edition, 1911.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c013'><sup>[5]</sup></a> I will only
+point out in what direction my exposition
+on dream work should be followed up.</p>
+
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c010'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Freud, “The Interpretation of Dreams,” third
+edition, translated by A. A. Brill. London:
+George Allen and Company, Ltd.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c010'>If I posit as the problem of dream interpretation
+the replacement of the dream by
+its latent ideas—that is, the resolution of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>that which the dream work has woven—I
+raise a series of new psychological problems
+which refer to the mechanism of this
+dream work as well as to the nature and
+the conditions of this so-called repression.
+On the other hand, I claim the existence
+of dream thoughts as a very valuable
+foundation for psychical construction of the
+highest order, provided with all the signs
+of normal intellectual performance. This
+matter is, however, removed from consciousness
+until it is rendered in the distorted
+form of the dream content. I am compelled
+to believe that all persons have such
+ideas, since nearly all, even the most
+normal, can have dreams. To the unconsciousness
+of dream ideas, or their relationship
+to consciousness and to repression, are
+linked questions of the greatest psychological
+importance. Their solution must
+be postponed until the analysis of the
+origin of other psychopathic growths, such
+as the symptoms of hysteria and of obsessions,
+has been made clear.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>LITERATURE</h2>
+</div>
+<p class='c014'>For a completer study of Dream Symbolism, consult
+the work of Artemidorus Daldianus: The
+Interpretation of Dreams. Rendered into English by
+“R. W.”—<em>i.e.</em>, Robert Wood. The fourth edition,
+newly written. B. L., London, 1644. The last
+edition was published in 1786.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scherner, R. A.</span> Das Leben des Traumes. Berlin,
+1861.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Freud.</span> The Interpretation of Dreams.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>For the symbolism of legend, myth, and saga compared
+with dreams, see—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Abraham, Karl.</span> Traum und Mythus.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rank, Otto.</span> Der Mythus von der Geburt des
+Helden.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Riklin, F.</span> Wunscherfüllung und Symbolik im Märchen.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>These three works are published by Franz Deuticke,
+Vienna.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'>English translations are ready, or are in preparation.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>Recent literature will be found in—</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische
+Forschungen: Franz Deuticke.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'>Internationale Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Psychoanalyse;
+and Imago (both published by Hugo
+Heller and Co., Vienna).</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c003'>
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c004'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+ <ul class='ul_1 c002'>
+    <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e on 2025-01-20 06:11:24 GMT -->
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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