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} + div.tnotes p { text-align: justify; } + .x-ebookmaker .covernote { visibility: visible; display: block; } + .figcenter {font-size: .9em; page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; + max-height: 100%; } + h1 {line-height: 150%; } + .footnote {font-size: .9em; } + div.footnote p {text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: .5em; } + .chapter { clear: both; page-break-before: always; } + body {font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: justify; } + table {font-size: .9em; padding: 1.5em .5em 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; + clear: both; } + div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; + page-break-after: always; } + div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } + .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; + page-break-before: always; } + .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***</div> + +<div class='tnotes covernote'> + +<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + +<div class='titlepage'> + +<div> + <h1 class='c001'>ON DREAMS</h1> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div>BY</div> + <div><span class='xlarge'>PROF. DR. SIGM. FREUD</span></div> + <div class='c003'><span class='small'>ONLY AUTHORISED ENGLISH TRANSLATION</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div> + <div><span class='large'>M. D. EDER</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION</span></div> + <div class='c003'><span class='small'>WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY</span></div> + <div class='c003'><span class='large'>W. LESLIE MACKENZIE, <span class='fss'>M.A.</span>, <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, <span class='fss'>LL.D.</span></span></div> + <div class='c003'><span class='small'>MEDICAL MEMBER OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD FOR SCOTLAND; LATE FERGUSON SCHOLAR IN PHILOSOPHY; LATE EXAMINER IN MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='AGE QUOD AGIS' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>NEW YORK</div> + <div>REBMAN COMPANY</div> + <div>HERALD SQUARE BUILDING</div> + <div>141–145 WEST <span class='fss'>36TH</span> STREET</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div><span class='small'><em>All rights reserved</em></span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span> + <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c006'></th> + <th class='c007'> </th> + <th class='c008'>PAGE</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>I.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR VIEWS OF DREAMS CONTRASTED</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>II.</td> + <td class='c007'>DREAMS HAVE A MEANING—ANALYSIS OF A DREAM—MANIFEST AND LATENT CONTENT OF DREAMS</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>III.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM AS REALISATION OF UNFULFILLED DESIRES—INFANTILE TYPE OF DREAMS</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>IV.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM—CONDENSATION—DRAMATISATION</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>V.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—DISPLACEMENT—TRANSVALUATION OF ALL PSYCHICAL VALUES</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>VI.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—THE EGO IN THE DREAM</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>VII.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM-MECHANISM CONTINUED—REGARD FOR INTELLIGIBILITY</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>VIII.</td> + <td class='c007'>RELATION OF DREAMS TO OTHER UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES—REPRESSION</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>IX.</td> + <td class='c007'>THREE CLASSES OF DREAMS</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>X.</td> + <td class='c007'>WHY THE DREAM DISGUISES THE DESIRES—THE CENSORSHIP</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>XI.</td> + <td class='c007'>THE DREAM THE GUARDIAN OF SLEEP</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>XII.</td> + <td class='c007'>DREAM SYMBOLISM—MYTHS AND FOLKLORE</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'>XIII.</td> + <td class='c007'>ELEMENTS COMMON TO NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY</td> + <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> + <h2 class='c005'>INTRODUCTION</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>“The interpretation of dreams,” says Professor +Freud in one place, “is the royal +road to a knowledge of the part the unconscious +plays in the mental life.”</p> + +<p class='c010'>Even standing alone this statement is +sufficiently striking; it is at once a theory +and a challenge. But it does not stand +alone. It comes at the end of many years +of research among every class of mental +diseases. It comes, therefore, with the +authentication of experience. It is not to +be lightly set aside; it claims our study; and +the study of it will not go unrewarded. +The short essay here translated by Dr. Eder +is but an introduction to the vast field +opened up by Professor Sigm. Freud and +his colleagues. Already the journals of +clinical psychology, normal or morbid, are +full of the discussions of Professor Freud’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>methods and results. There is a “Freud +School.” That alone is a proof that the +method is novel if not new. There are, of +course, violent opponents and critical students. +The opponents may provoke, but +it is to the critical students that Professor +Freud will prefer to speak. “The condemnation,” +said Hegel, “that a great man +lays upon the world is to force it to explain +him.” Of a new method, either of research +or of treatment—and the Freud method is +both—the same may be said. It is certain +that, whatever our prejudice against details +may be, the theory of “psycho-analysis” +and the treatment based upon it deserves, +if only as a mental exercise, our critical +consideration. But Professor Freud is not +alone in the world of morbid psychology. +Let me digress for a moment.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Over twenty years ago it was my special +business to study and criticise several textbooks +on insanity. To the study of these +textbooks I came after many years of discipline +in normal psychology and the related +<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>sciences. When I came to insanity proper, +I found that practically not a single textbook +made any systematic effort to show +how the morbid symptoms we classified as +“mental diseases” had their roots in the +mental processes of the normal mind. In +his small book, “Sanity and Insanity,” +Dr. Charles Mercier did make an effort to +lay out, as it were, the institutes of insanity, +the normal groundwork out of which the +insanities grew, the groups of ideas that +to-day serve to direct our conduct and +to-morrow lose their adjustment to any but +a specially adapted environment. In his +later works, particularly in “Psychology, +Normal and Morbid,” Dr. Mercier has followed +up the central ideas of the early study. +All the more recent textbooks in English +contain efforts in the same direction; but +with a few striking exceptions they are +studies rather of physical symptoms associated +with mental processes than of morbid +psychology proper. It was not until there +came from across the Channel Dr. Pierre +<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>Janet’s carefully elaborated studies on +Hysteria that I realised what a wealth of +psychological material had remained hidden +in our asylums, in our nervous homes, even +in our ordinary hospitals, and in the multitudes +of strange cases that occur in private +practice. Janet, a pupil of the Charcot +School—Charcot, who made <em>la Salpetrière</em> +famous—pushed the minute analysis of +morbid mental states into regions practically +hitherto untouched. He was not alone. +His colleague, Professor Raymond, and +others in France and Germany, all work +with the same main ideas. Janet’s books +read like romances. His studies on Psychological +Automatism, the Mental State of +Hystericals, Neuroses and Fixed Ideas, and +many others on the part played by the +unconscious, were such rich mines of fact +and suggestion that Professor William +James, in his “Principles of Psychology,” +said of them: “All these facts taken together, +form unquestionably the beginning +of an inquiry which is destined to throw a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>new light into the very abysses of our +nature.” Curiously, not in this country—the +country of great psychologists, Locke, +Berkeley, Hume, Hartley, Thomas Reid, +Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, James Mill, +John Stuart Mill, Bain, Spencer, among the +dead, and whole schools of distinguished +psychologists among the living—not in this +country, but in America, was the value of +the new material seriously considered. Here +and there, within recent years, in this +country, Janet’s elaborate studies have not +been fruitless; but I could not readily name +any clinician in this country that has produced +similar studies. It is to the continents +of Europe and America, which in this +field are in intimate touch, that we must +go if we are to see the rich outgrowths of +morbid psychology. I do not say that the +work done by our English students of +insanity is not, of its kind, as great and as +important as any done in the world, but it +is none the less true that, until a few years +ago, the methods of Janet, Raymond, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>Bernheim, Beaunis, not to speak of Moll, +Forel, and Oppenheim, were practically unstudied +here. In America it has been +entirely different. Even the names of the +men are now familiar in our English magazines—Muensterberg, +Morton Prince, Boris +Sidis, Ernest Jones, J. Mark Baldwin, not +to mention William James and Stanley +Hall. It looks as if every new idea unearthed +in the Old World is put to the test +by someone in the new. Britain remains +curiously cold.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It would be interesting to ask the reason. +Is it our metaphysical training? Is it the +failure of the philosophical schools to realize +the value of all this new raw material +of study? Is it, perhaps, the fear that “the +unity of consciousness” may be endangered +by the study of Double Personality, Multiple +Personality, Dissociation of Consciousness, +Dormant Complexes, Hysterias, Phobias, +Obsessions, Psychoneuroses, Fixed +Ideas, Hysterical Amnesias, Hypermnesias, +and the masses of other notions correlated, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>roughly, under the term “unconscious”? +The suggestion of fear is not mere conjecture. +Many years ago a distinguished +student of philosophy, a pupil and friend +of Sir William Hamilton, indicated to me, +when I spoke to him of some recent work +on Double Personality, that he had difficulty +in placing the new work, feeling that, +in admitting the possibility of multiple +personality, he was sacrificing the primary +concept of philosophy, the unity of consciousness. +It did not perhaps occur to +him that, when two so-called “persons” +speak together, there are, in popular language, +“two personalities”—each, no +doubt, in a separate body, but each having +his own “unity of consciousness.”</p> + +<p class='c010'>If this be a fact, is there any greater difficulty +in explaining the other fact that two +persons may be, as James put it, under +the same hat? The metaphysical difficulty, +if there be a difficulty, is neither +more nor less in the one case than in the +other. But it is needless to ask why a whole +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>field of study has been, relatively, neglected +in this country. For now we have begun +to make up leeway.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This translation by Dr. Eder is an introduction +to the latest phase of the study of +the unconscious. It brings us back to the +point I began with, the relation of the +normal to the morbid. Dreams are a part +of everyone’s normal experience, yet they +are shown here to be of the same tissue, +of the same mental nature, as other phenomena +that are undoubtedly morbid. +Dreams therefore offer in the normal a +budding-point for the study of morbid +growths. And the study of dreams by +Freud came long after his studies of such +neuroses as the phobias, hysterias, and the +rest. To dreams he applied the same method +of investigation and treatment as to the +others, and he found that dreams offered an +unlimited field for the same kind of study.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Perhaps, before going further, I should +attempt to disarm criticism about the +term “unconscious.” We speak of subconsciousness, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>co-consciousness, unconscious +mind, unconscious cerebration; or what +other terms should we use? Here it is +better to avoid discussion, for we are concerned +less with theory than with practice. +And in Freud’s work, whether we accept +his theory or not, the practice is of primary +importance. He takes the view that no +conscious experience is entirely lost; what +seems to have vanished from the current +consciousness has really passed into a subconsciousness, +where it lives on in an +organised form as real as if it were still +part of the conscious personality. This +view, with various modifications, is adopted +by many students of morbid psychology. +But there is another view. Muensterberg, +for instance, maintains that it is unnecessary +to speak of “subconsciousness,” for +every fact can be explained in terms of +physiology. He would accept the term +“co-conscious” or “co-consciousness”; but +in one chapter he ends the discussion by +saying: “But whether we prefer the physiological +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>account or insist on the co-conscious +phenomena, in either case is there any +chance for the subconscious to slip in? +That a content of consciousness is to a high +degree dissociated, or that the idea of the +personality is split off, is certainly a symptom +of pathological disturbance, but it has +nothing to do with the constituting of two +different kinds of consciousness, or with +breaking the continuous sameness of consciousness +itself. The most exceptional and +most uncanny occurrences of the hospital +teach after all the same which our daily +experience ought to teach us: there is +no subconsciousness” (“Psychotherapy,” +p. 157).</p> + +<p class='c010'>There are many refinements of distinction +that we could make here, and if any reader +is anxious to consider them, he will find +some of them in a small volume on “Subconscious +Phenomena,” by Muensterberg, +Ribot, and others (Rebman, London).</p> + +<p class='c010'>Here it is not of primary importance to +come to any conclusion on the best term +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>to use or the complement theory of the +facts. The discussion is far from an end; +but the harvest of facts need not wait for +the end of the discussion.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Meanwhile, let it be said that Professor +Freud has been steeped in this whole subject +from his student days. It is, however, +less important to discuss his theory than +to understand his method. The method is +called “psycho-analysis.” The name is +not inviting, and it might apply to any +form of mental analysis; but it is at least +consistently Greek in etymology, and has +taken on a technical meaning in the medical +schools. What is the method?</p> + +<p class='c010'>Let it be granted that a person has undergone +a strongly emotional experience—for +example, a sudden shock or fright. If the +person is highly nervous, the shock may +result in some degree of dissociation. This +may take the form of a loss of memory for +certain parts of the experience. Let it be +so. The ultimate result may be an unreasonable +fear of some entirely harmless +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>object or situation. The person is afraid +of a crowd, or afraid of a closed door, or has +an intense fear of some animal or person. +For this fear he can give no reason; he +cannot tell when it began nor why it persists. +He may more or less overcome it; +but he may not. All through his future life +he will go about with a helplessly unreasonable +fear of a closed door (claustrophobia) +or of a crowd (agoraphobia). Minor varieties +of such an affection are to be found in every +person’s experience. On investigation, however, +the root of the fear can be discovered: +it is the product of the original emotional +shock. The intellectual details of the emotional +experience have completely vanished +from the memory, but the emotion remains, +and it is attached to some accidental object +or circumstance present in the original +experience. Thousands of illustrations +could be given. They are, unfortunately, +only too numerous. In this essay on the +Interpretation of Dreams the reader will +find many simple cases.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>If, now, the person so affected is placed +in a quiet room, if he is requested to concentrate +his mind on the disturbing object +or idea associated with his fear, if he is +encouraged to observe passively the chance +ideas which float up to him when he thus +concentrates himself, if he utters, under the +direction of his medical attendant, every +such idea as it comes into his mind, there is +a strange result. These ideas, coming apparently +by chance from nowhere in particular, +are, when carefully studied, found +to be linked up with some past experience, +dating, perhaps, from months or years +away. If each idea as it emerges is followed +up, if the other ideas dragged into +consciousness by it are carefully recorded, +it is found that sooner or later entirely +forgotten experiences come into clear consciousness. +There are many ways of helping +this process. One of the ways is this: +Let a series of words be arranged; let the +doctor speak one of them to the patient; +let the patient, in the shortest time possible +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>to him, say right out whatever idea is +suggested to him by the word; let the time +taken to make the response be recorded in +seconds and fractions of a second—a thing +easy enough to do with a stop-watch. +Then, when the responses to a long series +of words are all recorded, and the time each +response has taken, it is found that some +responses have taken much longer than +others. This prolongation of the response-time +is always found whenever the test +word has stirred up a memory associated +with emotion. By following up further the +ideas stirred by this word, more ideas of a +related kind are discovered, often to the +patient’s surprise. Things long forgotten +come back to memory; circumstances that +apparently had no relation to the present +consciousness are found to be linked in +sequence with it—emotions, unreasoning +fears, anxieties, that apparently had no +relation to any particular experience, are +found at last to be part and parcel of things +that happened long ago. Once the doctor +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span>has his cue, he can range in many directions, +and probe the mind again and again, until +he reveals multitudes of suppressed memories, +forgotten ideas, forgotten elements of +experience. He can even get back into +early childhood, which, to the patient himself, +leaves many and many a blank area in +the memory. But always the doctor lights, +sooner or later, on some complex experience +in which the particular fear or anxiety +arose.</p> + +<p class='c010'>But now, if the case is a suitable one, a +still stranger thing happens. When the +forgotten experience has thus artfully been +brought into the full light of consciousness, +the patient finds himself satisfied with the +explanation, and loses his particular fear. +He can now go back over the whole history +of its genesis; he can link up the old experience +to the new, and so he attains once +more satisfaction and peace of mind. Up +till now he could not be reasoned out of his +anxiety; he had always an answer for any +explanation; he had always a fresh foolish +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>reason for his fear. Now all this vanishes. +He finds his mind once more running +smoothly, and his “phobia” gone. The +unreasoning dread has been tracked back +to its lair, and its lair has been destroyed +in the process.</p> + +<p class='c010'>There are many other methods of achieving +the same result; let this generalised +sketch suffice.</p> + +<p class='c010'>What now is the theory? The theory is +that the mental experience or “complex” +had, for some reason and by some mechanism, +been submerged, or suppressed, or forgotten. +Freud maintains that there is a +fundamental tendency in the mind to suppress +every experience that is associated +with painful emotion. This doctrine is allied +to Bain’s “Law of Conservation”—that +painful experiences depress the vitality and +tend to disappear, while pleasant experiences +exalt the vitality and tend to remain +in memory. At any rate, by some process +the painful experience disappears from conscious +memory, but it does not cease to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>exist. It may lie dormant, or it may work +subconsciously, and throw up the emotional +bubbles that continue, without a known +reason, to excite the ordinary consciousness. +But the complex, though deep and partly +dormant, never gets beyond reach. By the +method of concentration, by the use of +“free associations,” by the following up of +all the clues offered by the ideas “fished +up,” the submerged complex can, element +by element, be brought back. When once +it is brought back the patient is restored, +the dormant complexes once more resume +their place in the total current of his experience, +and the mind flows at peace.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This is, roughly, the method of psycho-analysis. +It has been applied in various +types of neurosis—hysterias, obsessions, phobias, +etc. It has not always succeeded in +removing the morbid conditions, but it has +succeeded so often that it may legitimately +be regarded as a method of treatment. As +a matter of discovery it is arduous, and +demands the highest skill and invention if +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>it is to succeed. Incidentally it reveals +masses of unpleasant ideas, of painful ideas, +even of disgusting ideas; but, in the right +hands, it leads to the healing of the mind.</p> + + <dl class='dl_1'> + <dt><span class='sc'>Macbeth.</span></dt> + <dd>How does your patient, doctor? + </dd> + <dt><span class='sc'>Doctor.</span></dt> + <dd>Not so sick, my lord, + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>As she is troubled with thick-coming fancies, + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>That keep her from her rest. + </dd> + <dt><span class='sc'>Macbeth.</span></dt> + <dd>Cure her of that; + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas’d; + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow; + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Raze out the written troubles of the brain; + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>And, with some sweet oblivious antidote, + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that perilous stuff, + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Which weighs upon the heart? + </dd> + <dt><span class='sc'>Doctor.</span></dt> + <dd>Therein the patient + </dd> + <dt> </dt> + <dd>Must minister to himself. + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c010'>And here, insensibly, we have passed into +the World of Dreams. The morbid and +the normal have come together. Dreams +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>are the awaking of dormant complexes; +they are transfigured experiences; they come +into consciousness trailing clouds of emotion, +and fill the dreamer’s imagination with +mysterious images. It is here that the +method of psycho-analysis most fascinates +the student. It looks as if once more the +“interpretation of dreams” had become a +reality. The results of psycho-analysis, +even when the method is applied with a +master hand and the details are interpreted +with a skill that comes only of a quick +imagination, are not entirely convincing; +but they are certainly such as to make more +and more observation desirable. In the +present short essay Professor Freud gives a +sketch of psycho-analysis as it is applied to +the interpretations of dreams. His examples, +if they are enough to illustrate the +theory, are hardly enough to prove it, but +they are intended as an introduction to his +more elaborate studies; and, hitherto, observers +as they have increased in experience +have gained in conviction. That the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiv'>xxiv</span>method goes a long way to prove that +dreams are not a chaotic sport of the brain, +but are a manifestation of ordered mental +experience, is beyond doubt. It would be +easy to show where the theory does not +cover facts, but it is equally easy to show +many facts that it does cover.</p> + +<p class='c010'>What, then, is the theory? Briefly this, +that dreams are very largely the expressions +of unfulfilled desires. Where, as in +children, the waking experience and the +sleeping experience differ from each other +by very little, the dream, or sleeping experience, +readily takes the form of the ungratified +desires of the day. But as the mind +grows older the dream expression of a desire +gets more intricate. By-and-by it is too +intricate to be deciphered from direct +memory, and then there is a chance for the +method of psycho-analysis. What of the +dream is remembered gives the cue for the +analysis. Take a remembered element of a +dream, track it back and back by free +association or other method, and you will +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxv'>xxv</span>find that, at one or two removes, the +remembered element stirs up forgotten +elements, and ultimately brings coherence +out of incoherence.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This appears simple, but let the reader +study the dreams analysed in this essay, +and he will find himself stirred by a thousand +suggestions. For Professor Freud has +constructed empirical laws out of his masses +of material. The dream as it appears to +the dreamer he calls the <em>manifest dream +ideas</em>. But as these are too absurd to form +a coherent reality, he gives ground for +believing that they represent <em>latent dream +ideas</em>. The manifest dream is a mass of +symbols representing elements in the latent +dream ideas. How the latent dream ideas +generate the manifest dream is discovered +by psycho-analysis, the translation from +the latent to the manifest is the effect +of the <em>dream work</em>. The dream work +is the very core of the difficulty. It is +round this that Professor Freud’s greatest +subtleties of method are focussed. He +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvi'>xxvi</span>shows that every dream is linked to something +that occurs on the previous day, +some recent experience, but the experience +emerges in the dream as part of the current +panorama of the subjective life, and there +is no date to the beginning of the panorama—it +may go back to any point in the individual’s +history, even into the preconscious +days of early infancy. The day’s experience +and the life’s experience flow in a +single stream, and the images that appear +in dreams are but the symbols of all the +latent ideas of that experience. How, by +displacement of this element or that, compound +symbols are formed; how, by the +foreshortening of experience and the linking +of the past with the present in a single idea, +masses of old memories are clotted into a +single point; how, in the freedom of the +dream world, where the tension of the +waking life is relaxed, where the exacting +stimulations of the day are reduced, where +the consciousness of duty to be done in the +highly organised conditions of social conduct +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvii'>xxvii</span>is lowered, where, in a word, the <em>censor</em> is +drowsy or asleep, where the dream symbols +shape themselves into dramatic scenes of +endless variety—these it is that Professor +Freud’s theory endeavours to set forth. +Displacement, condensation, dramatisation—these +are the short names for these long +and complicated processes. In the course +of his expositions, Professor Freud uses +these processes almost as if they were +demons, and he admits frankly their figurative +character. But he pleads that they +represent real processes, and is ready to +accept better names when he finds them. +To trace back the dream images to a definite +meaning in experience is the aim of the +psycho-analysis of dreams. And the successes +in these must be tested by the facts. +Sometimes the results are highly persuasive, +sometimes they look highly fanciful, +always they are full of suggestion and +keep close to realities.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dream symbolism, in particular, it is +easy to criticise; but, after all, dream symbolism +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxviii'>xxviii</span>is a reality. The point to investigate +is, what dream images are legitimately considered +symbolic and what not. One has +only to remember that every word spoken +or written is a symbol, and a symbol in +much the same sense as the symbolism of +dreams, for every written or spoken word +is a complicated series of motions that +express meanings. The dream images are +complicated series of images that express +meanings. The difficulty of symbolism is +no greater in the one case than in the other. +But the variety of dream symbols is so +immense that the difficulties of tracing their +meaning are enormous. It is here that +the method meets its greatest difficulties; +but, equally, it is here that it scores its +greatest triumphs. Spoken or written language +is a technically organised system of +symbols; dream language is as yet a poorly +organised system of symbols. The method +of psycho-analysis aims at organising them. +Some test results are described in this essay; +multitudes of others are to be found in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxix'>xxix</span>literature that is flowing from the application +of the psycho-analytic method. Time +alone will show how far the organisation of +dream symbols into a definite “language +of dreams” is, in any given society, actual +or possible. But the effort of organisation +has led Professor Freud to another fine fetch +of theory, for his dream symbolism suggests +many curious explanations for the mythologies +of all ages and all countries. Myth +symbols, that seem to defy explanation, +he traces back to their roots in the “unconscious” +of primitive man.</p> + +<p class='c010'>That the emotions of sex should play an +enormous part in the processes of analysis +is to be expected; for the sex emotions are +among the deepest, if not the deepest, of +our nature, and colour every experience. +From their proximate beginning in infancy—and +Freud’s theory here is of immense +significance—to their multiform derivatives +in adult life, the sex emotions exercise an +influence on every phase of development, +and, in one form or another, are themselves +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxx'>xxx</span>a normal index of the stages of development. +It is therefore reasonable to expect +that they should play a great part in the +formation of obsessions, of fixed ideas, of +perversions, of repressed complexes. In +every civilisation, as Freud indicates, the +sex emotions are the most difficult to control, +and have demanded the greatest +amount of restraint.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Restraints lead to repressions, repressions +lead to dissociations, dissociations lead to +irregularities of action. When, therefore, +as in dreams, the restraints of the social day +are withdrawn, naturally the repressed +ideas tend to emerge once more. How +much these ideas account for in the hysterias, +how much “the shocks of despised +love” affect even the normal life, needs no +emphasis, but Freud pushes his analysis +farther, and tracks the sex emotions, like +many other fundamental emotions, into a +thousand by-paths of ordinary experience. +But it would be foolishness to say that sex +emotions are everything in the ruins of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxxi'>xxxi</span>“Buried Temple.” Far from it. What is +true of the sex emotions is true of all other +emotions in their varying degrees, and +often what looks like predominant sex emotions +may turn out to be accidental rather +than causative, a concomitant symptom +rather than the initiatory centre of disturbance. +But these points are all controversial. +It is the object of Freud to put +them to the test. If his general theory be +true, the dream-world will more and more +become the revealer of our deepest and +oldest experience.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It would be easy to fill many pages with +illustrative items and relative criticisms, +but that is not the purpose of an introduction. +Here I am concerned simply to +recommend this essay to the careful study +of all those interested in the mental history +of the individual, and in the blotting out +from the mind of needless fears and +anxieties. And no one need hesitate to +enter on this study, whatever his metaphysical +theories may be. Even the “unity +<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxxii'>xxxii</span>of consciousness” will not suffer, for, +through his unending efforts to link the +experiences of the day with the whole experience +of the individual life, Professor +Freud, by the union of buried consciousness, +restores to the mind a new unity of consciousness.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Dr. Eder, whose studies in this field have +been long and varied, does well to present +to British readers this essay which serves +as an introduction to the more elaborate +studies of <span class='sc'>Freud</span> and his school, and I am +glad to have the privilege of saying so.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>W. LESLIE MACKENZIE.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> + <h2 class='c005'>I.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>In what we may term “prescientific days” +people were in no uncertainty about the +interpretation of dreams. When they were +recalled after awakening they were regarded +as either the friendly or hostile manifestation +of some higher powers, demoniacal and +Divine. With the rise of scientific thought +the whole of this expressive mythology was +transferred to psychology; to-day there is +but a small minority among educated persons +who doubt that the dream is the +dreamer’s own psychical act.</p> + +<p class='c010'>But since the downfall of the mythological +hypothesis an interpretation of the +dream has been wanting. The conditions +of its origin; its relationship to our psychical +life when we are awake; its independence of +disturbances which, during the state of +sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities +<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>repugnant to our waking thought; +the incongruence between its images and +the feelings they engender; then the dream’s +evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, +our thoughts thrust it aside as something +bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating +or rejecting it—all these and many +other problems have for many hundred +years demanded answers which up till now +could never have been satisfactory. Before +all there is the question as to the meaning +of the dream, a question which is in itself +double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical +significance of the dream, its position +with regard to the psychical processes, as +to a possible biological function; secondly, +has the dream a meaning—can sense be +made of each single dream as of other +mental syntheses?</p> + +<p class='c010'>Three tendencies can be observed in the +estimation of dreams. Many philosophers +have given currency to one of these tendencies, +one which at the same time preserves +something of the dream’s former +<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>over-valuation. The foundation of dream +life is for them a peculiar state of psychical +activity, which they even celebrate as +elevation to some higher state. Schubert, +for instance, claims: “The dream is the +liberation of the spirit from the pressure of +external nature, a detachment of the soul +from the fetters of matter.” Not all go so +far as this, but many maintain that dreams +have their origin in real spiritual excitations, +and are the outward manifestations +of spiritual powers whose free movements +have been hampered during the day +(“Dream Phantasies,” Scherner, Volkelt). +A large number of observers acknowledge +that dream life is capable of extraordinary +achievements—at any rate, in certain fields +(“Memory”).</p> + +<p class='c010'>In striking contradiction with this the +majority of medical writers hardly admit +that the dream is a psychical phenomenon +at all. According to them dreams are provoked +and initiated exclusively by stimuli +proceeding from the senses or the body, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>which either reach the sleeper from without +or are accidental disturbances of his internal +organs. The dream has no greater claim +to meaning and importance than the sound +called forth by the ten fingers of a person +quite unacquainted with music running his +fingers over the keys of an instrument. +The dream is to be regarded, says Binz, +“as a physical process always useless, frequently +morbid.” All the peculiarities of +dream life are explicable as the incoherent +effort, due to some physiological stimulus, +of certain organs, or of the cortical elements +of a brain otherwise asleep.</p> + +<p class='c010'>But slightly affected by scientific opinion +and untroubled as to the origin of dreams, +the popular view holds firmly to the belief +that dreams really have got a meaning, in +some way they do foretell the future, whilst +the meaning can be unravelled in some way +or other from its oft bizarre and enigmatical +content. The reading of dreams consists in +replacing the events of the dream, so far as +remembered, by other events. This is done +<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>either scene by scene, <em>according to some +rigid key</em>, or the dream as a whole is replaced +by something else of which it was a <em>symbol</em>. +Serious-minded persons laugh at these +efforts—“Dreams are but sea-foam!”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span> + <h2 class='c005'>II.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>One day I discovered to my amazement +that the popular view grounded in superstition, +and not the medical one, comes +nearer to the truth about dreams. I +arrived at new conclusions about dreams +by the use of a new method of psychological +investigation, one which had rendered me +good service in the investigation of phobias, +obsessions, illusions, and the like, and +which, under the name “psycho-analysis,” +had found acceptance by a whole school of +investigators. The manifold analogies of +dream life with the most diverse conditions +of psychical disease in the waking state have +been rightly insisted upon by a number +of medical observers. It seemed, therefore, +<em>a priori</em>, hopeful to apply to the +interpretation of dreams methods of investigation +which had been tested in psychopathological +<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>processes. Obsessions and +those peculiar sensations of haunting dread +remain as strange to normal consciousness +as do dreams to our waking consciousness; +their origin is as unknown to consciousness +as is that of dreams. It was practical ends +that impelled us, in these diseases, to +fathom their origin and formation. Experience +had shown us that a cure and a +consequent mastery of the obsessing ideas +did result when once those thoughts, the +connecting links between the morbid ideas +and the rest of the psychical content, were +revealed which were heretofore veiled from +consciousness. The procedure I employed +for the interpretation of dreams thus arose +from psychotherapy.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This procedure is readily described, although +its practice demands instruction +and experience. Suppose the patient is +suffering from intense morbid dread. He +is requested to direct his attention to the +idea in question, without, however, as he +has so frequently done, meditating upon it. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Every impression about it, without any +exception, which occurs to him should be +imparted to the doctor. The statement +which will be perhaps then made, that he +cannot concentrate his attention upon anything +at all, is to be countered by assuring +him most positively that such a blank state +of mind is utterly impossible. As a matter +of fact, a great number of impressions will +soon occur, with which others will associate +themselves. These will be invariably accompanied +by the expression of the observer’s +opinion that they have no meaning +or are unimportant. It will be at once +noticed that it is this self-criticism which +prevented the patient from imparting the +ideas, which had indeed already excluded +them from consciousness. If the patient +can be induced to abandon this self-criticism +and to pursue the trains of thought +which are yielded by concentrating the +attention, most significant matter will be +obtained, matter which will be presently +seen to be clearly linked to the morbid idea +<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>in question. Its connection with other +ideas will be manifest, and later on will permit +the replacement of the morbid idea by +a fresh one, which is perfectly adapted to +psychical continuity.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This is not the place to examine thoroughly +the hypothesis upon which this +experiment rests, or the deductions which +follow from its invariable success. It must +suffice to state that we obtain matter +enough for the resolution of every morbid +idea if we especially direct our attention to +the <em>unbidden</em> associations <em>which disturb our +thoughts</em>—those which are otherwise put +aside by the critic as worthless refuse. If +the procedure is exercised on oneself, the +best plan of helping the experiment is to +write down at once all one’s first indistinct +fancies.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I will now point out where this method +leads when I apply it to the examination of +dreams. Any dream could be made use +of in this way. From certain motives I, +however, choose a dream of my own, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>appears confused and meaningless to my +memory, and one which has the advantage +of brevity. Probably my dream of last +night satisfies the requirements. Its content, +fixed immediately after awakening, +runs as follows:</p> + +<p class='c010'>“<em>Company; at table or table d’hôte.... +Spinach is served. Mrs. E. L., sitting next +to me, gives me her undivided attention, and +places her hand familiarly upon my knee. +In defence I remove her hand. Then she +says: ‘But you have always had such beautiful +eyes.’... I then distinctly see something +like two eyes as a sketch or as the contour of +a spectacle lens.</em>...”</p> + +<p class='c010'>This is the whole dream, or, at all events, +all that I can remember. It appears to +me not only obscure and meaningless, but +more especially odd. Mrs. E. L. is a person +with whom I am scarcely on visiting terms, +nor to my knowledge have I ever desired +any more cordial relationship. I have not +seen her for a long time, and do not think +there was any mention of her recently. No +<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>emotion whatever accompanied the dream +process.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Reflecting upon this dream does not make +it a bit clearer to my mind. I will now, +however, present the ideas, without premeditation +and without criticism, which +introspection yielded. I soon notice that +it is an advantage to break up the dream +into its elements, and to search out the +ideas which link themselves to each fragment.</p> + +<p class='c010'><em>Company; at table or table d’hôte.</em> The +recollection of the slight event with which +the evening of yesterday ended is at once +called up. I left a small party in the +company of a friend, who offered to drive +me home in his cab. “I prefer a taxi,” he +said; “that gives one such a pleasant +occupation; there is always something to +look at.” When we were in the cab, and the +cab-driver turned the disc so that the first +sixty hellers were visible, I continued the +jest. “We have hardly got in and we +already owe sixty hellers. The taxi always +<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>reminds me of the table d’hôte. It makes +me avaricious and selfish by continuously +reminding me of my debt. It seems to me +to mount up too quickly, and I am always +afraid that I shall be at a disadvantage, +just as I cannot resist at table d’hôte the +comical fear that I am getting too little, +that I must look after myself.” In far-fetched +connection with this I quote:</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c011'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,</div> + <div class='line'>To guilt ye let us heedless go.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>Another idea about the table d’hôte. A +few weeks ago I was very cross with my +dear wife at the dinner-table at a Tyrolese +health resort, because she was not sufficiently +reserved with some neighbours +with whom I wished to have absolutely +nothing to do. I begged her to occupy +herself rather with me than with the +strangers. That is just as if I had <em>been at +a disadvantage at the table d’hôte</em>. The +contrast between the behaviour of my wife +at that table and that of Mrs. E. L. in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>the dream now strikes me: “<em>Addresses +herself entirely to me.</em>”</p> + +<p class='c010'>Further, I now notice that the dream is +the reproduction of a little scene which +transpired between my wife and myself +when I was secretly courting her. The +caressing under cover of the tablecloth was +an answer to a wooer’s passionate letter. +In the dream, however, my wife is replaced +by the unfamiliar E. L.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Mrs. E. L. is the daughter of a man to +whom I <em>owed money</em>! I cannot help noticing +that here there is revealed an unsuspected +connection between the dream content +and my thoughts. If the chain of +associations be followed up which proceeds +from one element of the dream one is soon +led back to another of its elements. The +thoughts evoked by the dream stir up +associations which were not noticeable in +the dream itself.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Is it not customary, when someone expects +others to look after his interests without +any advantage to themselves, to ask +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>the innocent question satirically: “Do you +think this will be done <em>for the sake of your +beautiful eyes</em>?” Hence Mrs. E. L.’s speech +in the dream. “You have always had +such beautiful eyes,” means nothing but +“people always do everything to you for +love of you; you have had <em>everything for +nothing</em>.” The contrary is, of course, the +truth; I have always paid dearly for whatever +kindness others have shown me. Still, +the fact that <em>I had a ride for nothing</em> yesterday +when my friend drove me home in his +cab must have made an impression upon me.</p> + +<p class='c010'>In any case, the friend whose guests we +were yesterday has often made me his +debtor. Recently I allowed an opportunity +of requiting him to go by. He has had only +one present from me, an antique shawl, +upon which eyes are painted all round, a +so-called Occhiale, as a <em>charm</em> against the +<em>Malocchio</em>. Moreover, he is an <em>eye specialist</em>. +That same evening I had asked him after a +patient whom I had sent to him for <em>glasses</em>.</p> + +<p class='c010'>As I remarked, nearly all parts of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>dream have been brought into this new +connection. I still might ask why in the +dream it was <em>spinach</em> that was served up. +Because spinach called up a little scene +which recently occurred at our table. A +child, whose <em>beautiful eyes</em> are really deserving +of praise, refused to eat <em>spinach</em>. As a +child I was just the same; for a long time +I loathed <em>spinach</em>, until in later life my +tastes altered, and it became one of my +favourite dishes. The mention of this dish +brings my own childhood and that of my +child’s near together. “You should be +glad that you have some spinach,” his +mother had said to the little gourmet. +“Some children would be very glad to get +spinach.” Thus I am reminded of the +parents’ duties towards their children. +Goethe’s words—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c011'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“To earth, this weary earth, ye bring us,</div> + <div class='line'>To guilt ye let us heedless go”—</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>take on another meaning in this connection.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Here I will stop in order that I may +<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>recapitulate the results of the analysis of +the dream. By following the associations +which were linked to the single elements of +the dream torn from their context, I have +been led to a series of thoughts and reminiscences +where I am bound to recognise +interesting expressions of my psychical life. +The matter yielded by an analysis of the +dream stands in intimate relationship with +the dream content, but this relationship is +so special that I should never have been +able to have inferred the new discoveries +directly from the dream itself. The dream +was passionless, disconnected, and unintelligible. +During the time that I am +unfolding the thoughts at the back of the +dream I feel intense and well-grounded +emotions. The thoughts themselves fit +beautifully together into chains logically +bound together with certain central ideas +which ever repeat themselves. Such ideas +not represented in the dream itself are in +this instance the antitheses <em>selfish, unselfish, +to be indebted, to work for nothing</em>. I could +<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>draw closer the threads of the web which +analysis has disclosed, and would then be +able to show how they all run together into +a single knot; I am debarred from making +this work public by considerations of a +private, not of a scientific, nature. After +having cleared up many things which I do +not willingly acknowledge as mine, I should +have much to reveal which had better +remain my secret. Why, then, do not I +choose another dream whose analysis would +be more suitable for publication, so that I +could awaken a fairer conviction of the +sense and cohesion of the results disclosed +by analysis? The answer is, because every +dream which I investigate leads to the +same difficulties and places me under the +same need of discretion; nor should I forgo +this difficulty any the more were I to analyse +the dream of someone else. That could +only be done when opportunity allowed all +concealment to be dropped without injury +to those who trusted me.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The conclusion which is now forced upon +<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>me is that the dream is a <em>sort of substitution</em> +for those emotional and intellectual trains +of thought which I attained after complete +analysis. I do not yet know the process by +which the dream arose from those thoughts, +but I perceive that it is wrong to regard the +dream as psychically unimportant, a purely +physical process which has arisen from the +activity of isolated cortical elements awakened +out of sleep.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I must further remark that the dream is +far shorter than the thoughts which I hold it +replaces; whilst analysis discovered that the +dream was provoked by an unimportant +occurrence the evening before the dream.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Naturally, I would not draw such far-reaching +conclusions if only one analysis +were known to me. Experience has shown +me that when the associations of any dream +are honestly followed such a chain of +thought is revealed, the constituent parts of +the dream reappear correctly and sensibly +linked together; the slight suspicion that +this concatenation was merely an accident +<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>of a single first observation must, therefore, +be absolutely relinquished. I regard it, +therefore, as my right to establish this new +view by a proper nomenclature. I contrast +the dream which my memory evokes +with the dream and other added matter +revealed by analysis: the former I call the +dream’s <em>manifest content</em>; the latter, without +at first further subdivision, its <em>latent +content</em>. I arrive at two new problems +hitherto unformulated: (1) What is the +psychical process which has transformed the +latent content of the dream into its manifest +content? (2) What is the motive or the +motives which have made such transformation +exigent. The process by which the +change from latent to manifest content is +executed I name the <em>dream work</em>. In contrast +with this is the <em>work of analysis</em>, which +produces the reverse transformation. The +other problems of the dream—the inquiry +as to its stimuli, as to the source of its +materials, as to its possible purpose, the +function of dreaming, the forgetting of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>dreams—these I will discuss in connection +with the latent dream content.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I shall take every care to avoid a confusion +between the <em>manifest</em> and the <em>latent +content</em>, for I ascribe all the contradictory +as well as the incorrect accounts of dreamlife +to the ignorance of this latent content, +now first laid bare through analysis.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> + <h2 class='c005'>III.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>The conversion of the latent dream +thoughts into those manifest deserves our +close study as the first known example of +the transformation of psychical stuff from +one mode of expression into another. From +a mode of expression which, moreover, is +readily intelligible into another which we +can only penetrate by effort and with guidance, +although this new mode must be +equally reckoned as an effort of our own +psychical activity. From the standpoint of +the relationship of latent to manifest dream content, +dreams can be divided into three +classes. We can, in the first place, distinguish +those dreams which have a <em>meaning</em> +and are, at the same time, <em>intelligible</em>, +which allow us to penetrate into our +psychical life without further ado. Such +dreams are numerous; they are usually +<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>short, and, as a general rule, do not seem +very noticeable, because everything remarkable +or exciting surprise is absent. Their +occurrence is, moreover, a strong argument +against the doctrine which derives the +dream from the isolated activity of certain +cortical elements. All signs of a lowered or +subdivided psychical activity are wanting. +Yet we never raise any objection to characterising +them as dreams, nor do we confound +them with the products of our waking life.</p> + +<p class='c010'>A second group is formed by those dreams +which are indeed self-coherent and have a +distinct meaning, but appear strange because +we are unable to reconcile their +meaning with our mental life. That is the +case when we dream, for instance, that some +dear relative has died of plague when we +know of no ground for expecting, apprehending, +or assuming anything of the sort; +we can only ask ourself wonderingly: +“What brought that into my head?” To +the third group those dreams belong which +are void of both meaning and intelligibility; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>they are <em>incoherent, complicated, and meaningless</em>. +The overwhelming number of our +dreams partake of this character, and this +has given rise to the contemptuous attitude +towards dreams and the medical theory +of their limited psychical activity. It is +especially in the longer and more complicated +dream-plots that signs of incoherence +are seldom missing.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The contrast between manifest and latent +dream content is clearly only of value for +the dreams of the second and more especially +for those of the third class. Here are +problems which are only solved when the +manifest dream is replaced by its latent +content; it was an example of this kind, a +complicated and unintelligible dream, that +we subjected to analysis. Against our expectation +we, however, struck upon reasons +which prevented a complete cognizance of +the latent dream thought. On the repetition +of this same experience we were +forced to the supposition that there is an +<em>intimate bond, with laws of its own, between +<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>the unintelligible and complicated nature of +the dream and the difficulties attending communication +of the thoughts connected with +the dream</em>. Before investigating the nature +of this bond, it will be advantageous to turn +our attention to the more readily intelligible +dreams of the first class where, the manifest +and latent content being identical, the +dream work seems to be omitted.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The investigation of these dreams is also +advisable from another standpoint. The +dreams of <em>children</em> are of this nature; they +have a meaning, and are not bizarre. This, +by the way, is a further objection to reducing +dreams to a dissociation of cerebral +activity in sleep, for why should such a +lowering of psychical functions belong to +the nature of sleep in adults, but not in +children? We are, however, fully justified +in expecting that the explanation of psychical +processes in children, essentially simplified +as they may be, should serve as an +indispensable preparation towards the psychology +of the adult.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>I shall therefore cite some examples of +dreams which I have gathered from children. +A girl of nineteen months was made +to go without food for a day because she +had been sick in the morning, and, according +to nurse, had made herself ill through +eating strawberries. During the night, +after her day of fasting, she was heard +calling out her name during sleep, and +adding: “<em>Tawberry, eggs, pap.</em>” She is +dreaming that she is eating, and selects +out of her menu exactly what she supposes +she will not get much of just now.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The same kind of dream about a forbidden +dish was that of a little boy of +twenty-two months. The day before he +was told to offer his uncle a present of a +small basket of cherries, of which the child +was, of course, only allowed one to taste. +He woke up with the joyful news: “Hermann +eaten up all the cherries.”</p> + +<p class='c010'>A girl of three and a half years had made +during the day a sea trip which was too +short for her, and she cried when she had +<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>to get out of the boat. The next morning +her story was that during the night she had +been on the sea, thus continuing the interrupted +trip.</p> + +<p class='c010'>A boy of five and a half years was not at +all pleased with his party during a walk in +the Dachstein region. Whenever a new +peak came into sight he asked if that were +the Dachstein, and, finally, refused to +accompany the party to the waterfall. His +behaviour was ascribed to fatigue; but a +better explanation was forthcoming when +the next morning he told his dream: <em>he had +ascended the Dachstein</em>. Obviously he expected +the ascent of the Dachstein to be +the object of the excursion, and was vexed +by not getting a glimpse of the mountain. +The dream gave him what the day had +withheld. The dream of a girl of six was +similar; her father had cut short the walk +before reaching the promised objective on +account of the lateness of the hour. On +the way back she noticed a signpost giving +the name of another place for excursions; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>her father promised to take her there also +some other day. She greeted her father +next day with the news that she had dreamt +that <em>her father had been with her to both +places</em>.</p> + +<p class='c010'>What is common in all these dreams is +obvious. They completely satisfy wishes +excited during the day which remain +unrealised. They are simply and undisguisedly +realisations of wishes.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The following child-dream, not quite +understandable at first sight, is nothing +else than a wish realised. On account of +poliomyelitis a girl, not quite four years of +age, was brought from the country into +town, and remained over night with a +childless aunt in a big—for her, naturally, +huge—bed. The next morning she stated +that she had dreamt that <em>the bed was much +too small for her, so that she could find no +place in it</em>. To explain this dream as a +wish is easy when we remember that to be +“big” is a frequently expressed wish of +all children. The bigness of the bed reminded +<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>Miss Little-Would-be-Big only too +forcibly of her smallness. This nasty situation +became righted in her dream, and she +grew so big that the bed now became too +small for her.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Even when children’s dreams are complicated +and polished, their comprehension +as a realisation of desire is fairly evident. +A boy of eight dreamt that he was being +driven with Achilles in a war-chariot, guided +by Diomedes. The day before he was +assiduously reading about great heroes. It +is easy to show that he took these heroes +as his models, and regretted that he was +not living in those days.</p> + +<p class='c010'>From this short collection a further characteristic +of the dreams of children is manifest—<em>their +connection with the life of the day</em>. +The desires which are realised in these +dreams are left over from the day or, as a +rule, the day previous, and the feeling has +become intently emphasised and fixed during +the day thoughts. Accidental and indifferent +matters, or what must appear so +<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>to the child, find no acceptance in the +contents of the dream.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Innumerable instances of such dreams of +the infantile type can be found among adults +also, but, as mentioned, these are mostly +exactly like the manifest content. Thus, a +random selection of persons will generally +respond to thirst at night-time with a dream +about drinking, thus striving to get rid of +the sensation and to let sleep continue. +Many persons frequently have these comforting +<em>dreams</em> before waking, just when +they are called. They then dream that +they are already up, that they are washing, +or already in school, at the office, etc., +where they ought to be at a given time. +The night before an intended journey one +not infrequently dreams that one has +already arrived at the destination; before +going to a play or to a party the dream not +infrequently anticipates, in impatience, as +it were, the expected pleasure. At other +times the dream expresses the realisation +of the desire somewhat indirectly; some +<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>connection, some sequel must be known—the +first step towards recognising the desire. +Thus, when a husband related to me the +dream of his young wife, that her monthly +period had begun, I had to bethink myself +that the young wife would have expected a +pregnancy if the period had been absent. +The dream is then a sign of pregnancy. Its +meaning is that it shows the wish realised +that pregnancy should not occur just yet. +Under unusual and extreme circumstances, +these dreams of the infantile type become +very frequent. The leader of a polar expedition +tells us, for instance, that during +the wintering amid the ice the crew, with +their monotonous diet and slight rations, +dreamt regularly, like children, of fine meals, +of mountains of tobacco, and of home.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It is not uncommon that out of some long, +complicated and intricate dream one specially +lucid part stands out containing unmistakably +the realisation of a desire, but +bound up with much unintelligible matter. +On more frequently analysing the seemingly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>more transparent dreams of adults, +it is astonishing to discover that these are +rarely as simple as the dreams of children, +and that they cover another meaning beyond +that of the realisation of a wish.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It would certainly be a simple and convenient +solution of the riddle if the work of +analysis made it at all possible for us to +trace the meaningless and intricate dreams +of adults back to the infantile type, to the +realisation of some intensely experienced +desire of the day. But there is no warrant +for such an expectation. Their dreams are +generally full of the most indifferent and +bizarre matter, and no trace of the realisation +of the wish is to be found in their +content.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Before leaving these infantile dreams, +which are obviously unrealised desires, we +must not fail to mention another chief characteristic +of dreams, one that has been long +noticed, and one which stands out most +clearly in this class. I can replace any of +these dreams by a phrase expressing a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>desire. If the sea trip had only lasted +longer; if I were only washed and dressed; if +I had only been allowed to keep the cherries +instead of giving them to my uncle. But +the dream gives something more than the +choice, for here the desire is already realised; +its realisation is real and actual. The +dream presentations consist chiefly, if not +wholly, of scenes and mainly of visual sense +images. Hence a kind of transformation +is not entirely absent in this class of dreams, +and this may be fairly designated as the +dream work. <em>An idea merely existing in the +region of possibility is replaced by a vision +of its accomplishment.</em></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span> + <h2 class='c005'>IV.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>We are compelled to assume that such +transformation of scene has also taken place +in intricate dreams, though we do not know +whether it has encountered any possible +desire. The dream instanced at the commencement, +which we analysed somewhat +thoroughly, did give us occasion in two +places to suspect something of the kind. +Analysis brought out that my wife was +occupied with others at table, and that I +did not like it; in the dream itself <em>exactly +the opposite</em> occurs, for the person who +replaces my wife gives me her undivided +attention. But can one wish for anything +pleasanter after a disagreeable incident than +that the exact contrary should have occurred, +just as the dream has it? The stinging +thought in the analysis, that I have never +had anything for nothing, is similarly connected +<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>with the woman’s remark in the +dream: “You have always had such beautiful +eyes.” Some portion of the opposition +between the latent and manifest content of +the dream must be therefore derived from +the realisation of a wish.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Another manifestation of the dream work +which all incoherent dreams have in common +is still more noticeable. Choose any instance, +and compare the number of separate +elements in it, or the extent of the dream, +if written down, with the dream thoughts +yielded by analysis, and of which but a +trace can be refound in the dream itself. +There can be no doubt that the dream +working has resulted in an extraordinary +compression or <em>condensation</em>. It is not +at first easy to form an opinion as to the +extent of the condensation; the more deeply +you go into the analysis, the more deeply +you are impressed by it. There will be +found no factor in the dream whence the +chains of associations do not lead in two or +more directions, no scene which has not +<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>been pieced together out of two or more +impressions and events. For instance, I +once dreamt about a kind of swimming-bath +where the bathers suddenly separated in +all directions; at one place on the edge a +person stood bending towards one of the +bathers as if to drag him out. The scene +was a composite one, made up out of an +event that occurred at the time of puberty, +and of two pictures, one of which I had +seen just shortly before the dream. The +two pictures were The Surprise in the +Bath, from Schwind’s Cycle of the Melusine +(note the bathers suddenly separating), and +a picture of The Flood, by an Italian +master. The little incident was that I once +witnessed a lady, who had tarried in the +swimming-bath until the men’s hour, being +helped out of the water by the swimming-master. +The scene in the dream which +was selected for analysis led to a whole group +of reminiscences, each one of which had +contributed to the dream content. First of +all came the little episode from the time of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>my courting, of which I have already +spoken; the pressure of a hand under the +table gave rise in the dream to the “under +the table,” which I had subsequently to +find a place for in my recollection. There +was, of course, at the time not a word about +“undivided attention.” Analysis taught +me that this factor is the realisation of a +desire through its contradictory and related +to the behaviour of my wife at the table +d’hôte. An exactly similar and much more +important episode of our courtship, one +which separated us for an entire day, lies +hidden behind this recent recollection. The +intimacy, the hand resting upon the knee, +refers to a quite different connection and +to quite other persons. This element in +the dream becomes again the starting-point +of two distinct series of reminiscences, +and so on.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The stuff of the dream thoughts which +has been accumulated for the formation of +the dream scene must be naturally fit for +this application. There must be one or +<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>more common factors. The dream work +proceeds like Francis Galton with his +family photographs. The different elements +are put one on top of the other; what +is common to the composite picture stands +out clearly, the opposing details cancel each +other. This process of reproduction partly +explains the wavering statements, of a +peculiar vagueness, in so many elements of +the dream. For the interpretation of dreams +this rule holds good: When analysis discloses +<em>uncertainty</em> as to <em>either</em>—<em>or</em> read <em>and</em>, taking +each section of the apparent alternatives as +a separate outlet for a series of impressions.</p> + +<p class='c010'>When there is nothing in common between +the dream thoughts, the dream work +takes the trouble to create a something, in +order to make a common presentation +feasible in the dream. The simplest way to +approximate two dream thoughts, which +have as yet nothing in common, consists in +making such a change in the actual expression +of one idea as will meet a slight +responsive recasting in the form of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>other idea. The process is analogous to +that of rhyme, when consonance supplies the +desired common factor. A good deal of the +dream work consists in the creation of those +frequently very witty, but often exaggerated, +digressions. These vary from the +common presentation in the dream content +to dream thoughts which are as varied as +are the causes in form and essence which +give rise to them. In the analysis of our +example of a dream, I find a like case of the +transformation of a thought in order that +it might agree with another essentially +foreign one. In following out the analysis I +struck upon the thought: <em>I should like to +have something for nothing</em>. But this formula +is not serviceable to the dream. Hence +it is replaced by another one: “I should +like to enjoy something free of cost.”<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c013'><sup>[1]</sup></a> +The word “<span lang="de">kost</span>” (taste), with its double +<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>meaning, is appropriate to a table d’hôte; +it, moreover, is in place through the special +sense in the dream. At home if there is a +dish which the children decline, their mother +first tries gentle persuasion, with a “Just +taste it.” That the dream work should +unhesitatingly use the double meaning of +the word is certainly remarkable; ample +experience has shown, however, that the +occurrence is quite usual.</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c010'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. “<span lang="de">Ich möchte gerne etwas geniessen ohne +‘Kosten’ zu haben.</span>” A pun upon the word +“<span lang="de">kosten</span>,” which has two meanings—“taste” +and “cost.” In “<span lang="de">Die Traumdeutung</span>,” third +edition, p. 71 footnote, Professor Freud remarks +that “the finest example of dream interpretation +left us by the ancients is based upon a pun” +(from “The Interpretation of Dreams,” by +Artemidorus Daldianus). “Moreover, dreams are +so intimately bound up with language that +Ferenczi truly points out that every tongue has its +own language of dreams. A dream is as a rule untranslatable +into other languages.”—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>Through condensation of the dream certain +constituent parts of its content are +explicable which are peculiar to the dream +life alone, and which are not found in the +waking state. Such are the composite +and mixed persons, the extraordinary mixed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>figures, creations comparable with the fantastic +animal compositions of Orientals; a +moment’s thought and these are reduced to +unity, whilst the fancies of the dream are +ever formed anew in an inexhaustible profusion. +Everyone knows such images in +his own dreams; manifold are their origins. +I can build up a person by borrowing one +feature from one person and one from +another, or by giving to the form of one the +name of another in my dream. I can also +visualise one person, but place him in a +position which has occurred to another. +There is a meaning in all these cases when +different persons are amalgamated into one +substitute. Such cases denote an “and,” +a “just like,” a comparison of the original +person from a certain point of view, a comparison +which can be also realised in the +dream itself. As a rule, however, the +identity of the blended persons is only discoverable +by analysis, and is only indicated +in the dream content by the formation of +the “combined” person.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>The same diversity in their ways of formation +and the same rules for its solution +hold good also for the innumerable medley +of dream contents, examples of which I need +scarcely adduce. Their strangeness quite +disappears when we resolve not to place +them on a level with the objects of perception +as known to us when awake, but to +remember that they represent the art of +dream condensation by an exclusion of unnecessary +detail. Prominence is given to +the common character of the combination. +Analysis must also generally supply the +common features. The dream says simply: +<em>All these things have an “x” in common.</em> +The decomposition of these mixed images +by analysis is often the quickest way to an +interpretation of the dream. Thus I once +dreamt that I was sitting with one of my +former university tutors on a bench, which +was undergoing a rapid continuous movement +amidst other benches. This was a +combination of lecture-room and moving +staircase. I will not pursue the further +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>result of the thought. Another time I was +sitting in a carriage, and on my lap an +object in shape like a top-hat, which, however, +was made of transparent glass. The +scene at once brought to my mind the +proverb: “He who keeps his hat in his +hand will travel safely through the land.” +By a slight turn the <em>glass hat</em> reminded me +of <em>Auer’s light</em>, and I knew that I was about +to invent something which was to make +me as rich and independent as his invention +had made my countryman, Dr. Auer, of +Welsbach; then I should be able to travel +instead of remaining in Vienna. In the +dream I was travelling with my invention, +with the, it is true, rather awkward glass +top-hat. The dream work is peculiarly +adept at representing two contradictory +conceptions by means of the same mixed +image. Thus, for instance, a woman dreamt +of herself carrying a tall flower-stalk, as in +the picture of the Annunciation (Chastity-Mary +is her own name), but the stalk was +bedecked with thick white blossoms resembling +<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>camellias (contrast with chastity: La +dame aux Camelias).</p> + +<p class='c010'>A great deal of what we have called +“dream condensation” can be thus formulated. +Each one of the elements of the +dream content is <em>overdetermined</em> by the +matter of the dream thoughts; it is not derived +from one element of these thoughts, +but from a whole series. These are not +necessarily interconnected in any way, but +may belong to the most diverse spheres of +thought. The dream element truly represents +all this disparate matter in the dream +content. Analysis, moreover, discloses +another side of the relationship between +dream content and dream thoughts. Just +as one element of the dream leads to associations +with several dream thoughts, so, as +a rule, the <em>one dream thought represents more +than one dream element</em>. The threads of the +association do not simply converge from +the dream thoughts to the dream content, +but on the way they overlap and interweave +in every way.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>Next to the transformation of one thought +in the scene (its “dramatisation”), condensation +is the most important and most +characteristic feature of the dream work. +We have as yet no clue as to the motive +calling for such compression of the content.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span> + <h2 class='c005'>V.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>In the complicated and intricate dreams +with which we are now concerned, condensation +and dramatisation do not wholly +account for the difference between dream +contents and dream thoughts. There is +evidence of a third factor, which deserves +careful consideration.</p> + +<p class='c010'>When I have arrived at an understanding +of the dream thoughts by my analysis I +notice, above all, that the matter of the +manifest is very different from that of the +latent dream content. That is, I admit, +only an apparent difference which vanishes +on closer investigation, for in the end I find +the whole dream content carried out in the +dream thoughts, nearly all the dream +thoughts again represented in the dream +content. Nevertheless, there does remain +a certain amount of difference.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The essential content which stood out +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>clearly and broadly in the dream must, +after analysis, rest satisfied with a very +subordinate rôle among the dream thoughts. +These very dream thoughts which, going by +my feelings, have a claim to the greatest +importance are either not present at all in +the dream content, or are represented by +some remote allusion in some obscure region +of the dream. I can thus describe these +phenomena: <em>During the dream work the +psychical intensity of those thoughts and conceptions +to which it properly pertains flows +to others which, in my judgment, have no +claim to such emphasis.</em> There is no other +process which contributes so much to concealment +of the dream’s meaning and to +make the connection between the dream +content and dream ideas irrecognisable. +During this process, which I will call <em>the +dream displacement</em>, I notice also the psychical +intensity, significance, or emotional +nature of the thoughts become transposed +in sensory vividness. What was clearest +in the dream seems to me, without further +<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>consideration, the most important; but +often in some obscure element of the dream +I can recognise the most direct offspring of +the principal dream thought.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I could only designate this dream displacement +as the <em>transvaluation of psychical +values</em>. The phenomena will not have been +considered in all its bearings unless I add +that this displacement or transvaluation is +shared by different dreams in extremely +varying degrees. There are dreams which +take place almost without any displacement. +These have the same time, meaning, +and intelligibility as we found in the +dreams which recorded a desire. In other +dreams not a bit of the dream idea +has retained its own psychical value, or +everything essential in these dream ideas +has been replaced by unessentials, whilst +every kind of transition between these conditions +can be found. The more obscure +and intricate a dream is, the greater is the +part to be ascribed to the impetus of displacement +in its formation.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>The example that we chose for analysis +shows, at least, this much of displacement—that +its content has a different centre of +interest from that of the dream ideas. In +the forefront of the dream content the main +scene appears as if a woman wished to +make advances to me; in the dream idea the +chief interest rests on the desire to enjoy +disinterested love which shall “cost +nothing”; this idea lies at the back of the +talk about the beautiful eyes and the far-fetched +allusion to “spinach.”</p> + +<p class='c010'>If we abolish the dream displacement, +we attain through analysis quite certain +conclusions regarding two problems of the +dream which are most disputed—as to what +provokes a dream at all, and as to the connection +of the dream with our waking life. +There are dreams which at once expose +their links with the events of the day; in +others no trace of such a connection can be +found. By the aid of analysis it can be +shown that every dream, without any exception, +is linked up with our impression of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>the day, or perhaps it would be more correct +to say of the day previous to the dream. +The impressions which have incited the +dream may be so important that we are not +surprised at our being occupied with them +whilst awake; in this case we are right in +saying that the dream carries on the chief +interest of our waking life. More usually, +however, when the dream contains anything +relating to the impressions of the day, +it is so trivial, unimportant, and so deserving +of oblivion, that we can only recall it +with an effort. The dream content appears, +then, even when coherent and intelligible, +to be concerned with those indifferent +trifles of thought undeserving of our waking +interest. The depreciation of dreams is +largely due to the predominance of the indifferent +and the worthless in their content.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Analysis destroys the appearance upon +which this derogatory judgment is based. +When the dream content discloses nothing +but some indifferent impression as instigating +the dream, analysis ever indicates +<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>some significant event, which has been replaced +by something indifferent with which +it has entered into abundant associations. +Where the dream is concerned with uninteresting +and unimportant conceptions, analysis +reveals the numerous associative paths +which connect the trivial with the momentous +in the psychical estimation of the individual. +<em>It is only the action of displacement +if what is indifferent obtains recognition in +the dream content instead of those impressions +which are really the stimulus, or instead of +the things of real interest.</em> In answering the +question as to what provokes the dream, as +to the connection of the dream, in the daily +troubles, we must say, in terms of the insight +given us by replacing the manifest +latent dream content: <em>The dream does never +trouble itself about things which are not deserving +of our concern during the day, and +trivialities which do not trouble us during +the day have no power to pursue us whilst +asleep.</em></p> + +<p class='c010'>What provoked the dream in the example +<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>which we have analysed? The +really unimportant event, that a friend invited +me to a <em>free ride in his cab</em>. The +table d’hôte scene in the dream contains an +allusion to this indifferent motive, for in +conversation I had brought the taxi parallel +with the table d’hôte. But I can indicate +the important event which has as its substitute +the trivial one. A few days before I +had disbursed a large sum of money for a +member of my family who is very dear to +me. Small wonder, says the dream thought, +if this person is grateful to me for this—this +love is not cost-free. But love that shall +cost nothing is one of the prime thoughts +of the dream. The fact that shortly +before this I had had several <em>drives</em> with +the relative in question puts the one drive +with my friend in a position to recall the +connection with the other person. The indifferent +impression which, by such ramifications, +provokes the dream is subservient to +another condition which is not true of the +real source of the dream—the impression +<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>must be a recent one, everything arising +from the day of the dream.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I cannot leave the question of dream displacement +without the consideration of a +remarkable process in the formation of +dreams in which condensation and displacement +work together towards one end. In +condensation we have already considered +the case where two conceptions in the +dream having something in common, some +point of contact, are replaced in the dream +content by a mixed image, where the distinct +germ corresponds to what is common, +and the indistinct secondary modifications +to what is distinctive. If displacement is +added to condensation, there is no formation +of a mixed image, but a <em>common mean</em> +which bears the same relationship to the +individual elements as does the resultant +in the parallelogram of forces to its components. +In one of my dreams, for instance, +there is talk of an injection with +<em>propyl</em>. On first analysis I discovered an +indifferent but true incident where <em>amyl</em> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>played a part as the excitant of the dream. +I cannot yet vindicate the exchange of +amyl for propyl. To the round of ideas of +the same dream, however, there belongs the +recollection of my first visit to Munich, +when the <em>Propylæa</em> struck me. The attendant +circumstances of the analysis render +it admissible that the influence of this +second group of conceptions caused the displacement +of amyl to propyl. <em>Propyl</em> is, so +to say, the mean idea between <em>amyl</em> and +<em>propylæa</em>; it got into the dream as a kind +of <em>compromise</em> by simultaneous condensation +and displacement.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The need of discovering some motive for +this bewildering work of the dream is even +more called for in the case of displacement +than in condensation.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span> + <h2 class='c005'>VI.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Although the work of displacement must +be held mainly responsible if the dream +thoughts are not refound or recognised in +the dream content (unless the motive of the +changes be guessed), it is another and milder +kind of transformation which will be considered +with the dream thoughts which +leads to the discovery of a new but readily +understood act of the dream work. The first +dream thoughts which are unravelled by +analysis frequently strike one by their unusual +wording. They do not appear to be +expressed in the sober form which our +thinking prefers; rather are they expressed +symbolically by allegories and metaphors +like the figurative language of the poets. It +is not difficult to find the motives for this +degree of constraint in the expression of +dream ideas. The dream content consists +<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>chiefly of visual scenes; hence the dream +ideas must, in the first place, be prepared +to make use of these forms of presentation. +Conceive that a political leader’s +or a barrister’s address had to be transposed +into pantomime, and it will be +easy to understand the transformations to +which the dream work is constrained by +regard for this <em>dramatisation of the dream +content</em>.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Around the psychical stuff of dream +thoughts there are ever found reminiscences +of impressions, not infrequently of early +childhood—scenes which, as a rule, have +been visually grasped. Whenever possible, +this portion of the dream ideas exercises +a definite influence upon the modelling +of the dream content; it works like a centre +of crystallisation, by attracting and rearranging +the stuff of the dream thoughts. +The scene of the dream is not infrequently +nothing but a modified repetition, complicated +by interpolations of events that have +left such an impression; the dream but very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>seldom reproduces accurate and unmixed +reproductions of real scenes.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dream content does not, however, consist +exclusively of scenes, but it also includes +scattered fragments of visual images, conversations, +and even bits of unchanged +thoughts. It will be perhaps to the point +if we instance in the briefest way the means +of dramatisation which are at the disposal +of the dream work for the repetition of the +dream thoughts in the peculiar language of +the dream.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dream thoughts which we learn from +the analysis exhibit themselves as a psychical +complex of the most complicated +superstructure. Their parts stand in the +most diverse relationship to each other; +they form backgrounds and foregrounds, +stipulations, digressions, illustrations, demonstrations, +and protestations. It may +be said to be almost the rule that one train +of thought is followed by its contradictory. +No feature known to our reason whilst +awake is absent. If a dream is to grow out +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>of all this, the psychical matter is submitted +to a pressure which condenses it extremely, +to an inner shrinking and displacement, +creating at the same time fresh surfaces, +to a selective interweaving among the +constituents best adapted for the construction +of these scenes. Having regard +to the origin of this stuff, the term <em>regression</em> +can be fairly applied to this process. The +logical chains which hitherto held the +psychical stuff together become lost in this +transformation to the dream content. The +dream work takes on, as it were, only the +essential content of the dream thoughts for +elaboration. It is left to analysis to restore +the connection which the dream work has +destroyed.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dream’s means of expression must +therefore be regarded as meagre in comparison +with those of our imagination, +though the dream does not renounce all +claims to the restitution of logical relation +to the dream thoughts. It rather +succeeds with tolerable frequency in replacing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>these by formal characters of +its own.</p> + +<p class='c010'>By reason of the undoubted connection +existing between all the parts of dream +thoughts, the dream is able to embody this +matter into a single scene. It upholds a +<em>logical connection</em> as <em>approximation in time +and space</em>, just as the painter, who groups +all the poets for his picture of Parnassus +who, though they have never been all together +on a mountain peak, yet form ideally +a community. The dream continues this +method of presentation in individual +dreams, and often when it displays two elements +close together in the dream content +it warrants some special inner connection +between what they represent in the dream +thoughts. It should be, moreover, observed +that all the dreams of one night +prove on analysis to originate from the +same sphere of thought.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The causal connection between two ideas +is either left without presentation, or replaced +by two different long portions of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>dreams one after the other. This presentation +is frequently a reversed one, the beginning +of the dream being the deduction, +and its end the hypothesis. The direct +<em>transformation</em> of one thing into another in +the dream seems to serve the relationship +of <em>cause</em> and <em>effect</em>.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dream never utters the <em>alternative</em> +“<em>either-or</em>,” but accepts both as having +equal rights in the same connection. When +“either-or” is used in the reproduction of +dreams, it is, as I have already mentioned, +to be replaced by “<em>and</em>.”</p> + +<p class='c010'>Conceptions which stand in opposition to +one another are preferably expressed in +dreams by the same element.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c013'><sup>[2]</sup></a> There +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>seems no “not” in dreams. Opposition +between two ideas, the relation of conversion, +is represented in dreams in a very +remarkable way. It is expressed by the +reversal of another part of the dream content +just as if by way of appendix. We +shall later on deal with another form of +expressing disagreement. The common +dream sensation of <em>movement checked</em> serves +the purpose of representing disagreement of +impulses—a <em>conflict of the will</em>.</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='f2'> +<p class='c010'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. It is worthy of remark that eminent philologists +maintain that the oldest languages used +the same word for expressing quite general antitheses. +In C. Abel’s essay, “<span lang="de">Ueber den Gegensinn +der Urworter</span>” (1884), the following examples +of such words in English are given: “gleam—gloom”; +“to lock—loch”; “down—The +Downs”; “to step—to stop.” In his essay on +“The Origin of Language” (“Linguistic Essays,” +p. 240), Abel says: “When the Englishman says +‘without,’ is not his judgment based upon the +comparative juxtaposition of two opposites, ‘with’ +and ‘out’; ‘with’ itself originally meant ‘without,’ +as may still be seen in ‘withdraw.’ ‘Bid’ includes +the opposite sense of giving and of proffering” +(Abel, “The English Verbs of Command,” “Linguistic +Essays,” p. 104; see also Freud, <span lang="de">“Ueber +den Gegensinn der Urworte”: <cite>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische +und Psychopathologische Forschungen</cite></span>, +Band ii., part i., p. 179).—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>Only one of the logical relationships—that +of <em>similarity</em>, <em>identity</em>, <em>agreement</em>—is found +highly developed in the mechanism of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>dream formation. Dream work makes use +of these cases as a starting-point for condensation, +drawing together everything which +shows such agreement to a <em>fresh unity</em>.</p> + +<p class='c010'>These short, crude observations naturally +do not suffice as an estimate of the abundance +of the dream’s formal means of presenting +the logical relationships of the +dream thoughts. In this respect, individual +dreams are worked up more nicely +or more carelessly, our text will have been +followed more or less closely, auxiliaries of +the dream work will have been taken more +or less into consideration. In the latter +case they appear obscure, intricate, incoherent. +When the dream appears openly +absurd, when it contains an obvious paradox +in its content, it is so of purpose. +Through its apparent disregard of all +logical claims, it expresses a part of the +intellectual content of the dream ideas. +Absurdity in the dream denotes <em>disagreement</em>, +<em>scorn</em>, <em>disdain</em> in the dream thoughts. +As this explanation is in entire disagreement +<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>with the view that the dream owes its origin +to dissociated, uncritical cerebral activity, +I will emphasise my view by an example:</p> + +<p class='c010'>“<em>One of my acquaintances, Mr. M——, +has been attacked by no less a person than +Goethe in an essay with, we all maintain, +unwarrantable violence. Mr. M—— has +naturally been ruined by this attack. He +complains very bitterly of this at a dinner-party, +but his respect for Goethe has not +diminished through this personal experience. +I now attempt to clear up the chronological +relations which strike me as improbable. +Goethe died in 1832. As his attack upon +Mr. M—— must, of course, have taken place +before, Mr. M—— must have been then a +very young man. It seems to me plausible +that he was eighteen. I am not certain, however, +what year we are actually in, and the +whole calculation falls into obscurity. The +attack was, moreover, contained in Goethe’s +well-known essay on ‘Nature.’</em>”</p> + +<p class='c010'>The absurdity of the dream becomes the +more glaring when I state that Mr. M—— is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>a young business man without any poetical +or literary interests. My analysis of the +dream will show what method there is in +this madness. The dream has derived its +material from three sources:</p> + +<p class='c010'>1. Mr. M——, to whom I was introduced +at a dinner-party, begged me one day to examine +his elder brother, who showed signs +of mental trouble. In conversation with +the patient, an unpleasant episode occurred. +Without the slightest occasion he +disclosed one of his brother’s <em>youthful escapades</em>. +I had asked the patient the <em>year of +his birth</em> (<em>year of death</em> in dream), and led him +to various calculations which might show +up his want of memory.</p> + +<p class='c010'>2. A medical journal which displayed my +name among others on the cover had published +a <em>ruinous</em> review of a book by my +friend F—— of Berlin, from the pen of a +very <em>juvenile</em> reviewer. I communicated +with the editor, who, indeed, expressed his +regret, but would not promise any redress. +Thereupon I broke off my connection with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>the paper; in my letter of resignation I expressed +the hope that our <em>personal relations +would not suffer from this</em>. Here is the real +source of the dream. The derogatory reception +of my friend’s work had made a deep +impression upon me. In my judgment, it +contained a fundamental biological discovery +which only now, several years later, +commences to find favour among the professors.</p> + +<p class='c010'>3. A little while before, a patient gave +me the medical history of her brother, who, +exclaiming “<em>Nature, Nature!</em>” had gone +out of his mind. The doctors considered +that the exclamation arose from a study of +<em>Goethe’s</em> beautiful essay, and indicated that +the patient had been overworking. I expressed +the opinion that it seemed more +<em>plausible</em> to me that the exclamation +“Nature!” was to be taken in that sexual +meaning known also to the less educated in +our country. It seemed to me that this +view had something in it, because the unfortunate +youth afterwards mutilated his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>genital organs. The patient was eighteen +years old when the attack occurred.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The first person in the dream thoughts behind +the ego was my friend who had been so +scandalously treated. “<em>I now attempted to +clear up the chronological relations.</em>” My +friend’s book deals with the chronological +relations of life, and, amongst other things, +correlates <em>Goethe’s</em> duration of life with +a number of days in many ways important +to biology. The ego is, however, +represented as a general paralytic (“<em>I am +not certain what year we are actually in</em>”). +The dream exhibits my friend as behaving +like a general paralytic, and thus riots in +absurdity. But the dream thoughts run +ironically. “Of course he is a madman, a +fool, and you are the genius who understands +all about it. But shouldn’t it be the +<em>other way round</em>?” This inversion obviously +took place in the dream when Goethe +attacked the young man, which is absurd, +whilst anyone, however young, can to-day +easily attack the great Goethe.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>I am prepared to maintain that no dream +is inspired by other than egoistic emotions. +The ego in the dream does not, indeed, represent +only my friend, but stands for myself +also. I identify myself with him because +the fate of his discovery appears to +me typical of the acceptance <em>of my own</em>. If +I were to publish my own theory, which +gives sexuality predominance in the ætiology +of psycho-neurotic disorders (see the +allusion to the eighteen-year-old patient—“<em>Nature, +Nature!</em>”), the same criticism +would be levelled at me, and it would even +now meet with the same contempt.</p> + +<p class='c010'>When I follow out the dream thoughts +closely, I ever find only <em>scorn</em> and <em>contempt</em> +as <em>correlated with the dream’s absurdity</em>. It +is well known that the discovery of a +cracked sheep’s skull on the Lido in Venice +gave Goethe the hint for the so-called vertebral +theory of the skull. My friend +plumes himself on having as a student +raised a hubbub for the resignation of an +aged professor who had done good work +<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>(including some in this very subject of comparative +anatomy), but who, on account +of <em>decrepitude</em>, had become quite incapable of +teaching. The agitation my friend inspired +was so successful because in the German +Universities an <em>age limit</em> is not demanded +for academic work. <em>Age is no protection +against folly.</em> In the hospital here I had for +years the honour to serve under a chief who, +long fossilised, was for decades notoriously +<em>feeble-minded</em>, and was yet permitted to +continue in his responsible office. A trait, +after the manner of the find in the Lido, +forces itself upon me here. It was to this +man that some youthful colleagues in the +hospital adapted the then popular slang of +that day: “No Goethe has written that,” +“No Schiller composed that,” etc.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span> + <h2 class='c005'>VII.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>We have not exhausted our valuation of +the dream work. In addition to condensation, +displacement, and definite arrangement +of the psychical matter, we must +ascribe to it yet another activity—one +which is, indeed, not shared by every +dream. I shall not treat this position of +the dream work exhaustively; I will only +point out that the readiest way to arrive at +a conception of it is to take for granted, +probably unfairly, that it <em>only subsequently +influences the dream content which has already +been built up</em>. Its mode of action thus consists +in so co-ordinating the parts of the +dream that these coalesce to a coherent +whole, to a dream composition. The dream +gets a kind of façade which, it is true, does +not conceal the whole of its content. There +is a sort of preliminary explanation to be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>strengthened by interpolations and slight +alterations. Such elaboration of the dream +content must not be too pronounced; the +misconception of the dream thoughts to +which it gives rise is merely superficial, and +our first piece of work in analysing a dream +is to get rid of these early attempts at interpretation.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The motives for this part of the dream +work are easily gauged. This final elaboration +of the dream is due to a <em>regard for intelligibility</em>—a +fact at once betraying the +origin of an action which behaves towards +the actual dream content just as our normal +psychical action behaves towards some +proffered perception that is to our liking. +The dream content is thus secured under the +pretence of certain expectations, is perceptually +classified by the supposition of its +intelligibility, thereby risking its falsification, +whilst, in fact, the most extraordinary +misconceptions arise if the dream can be +correlated with nothing familiar. Everyone +is aware that we are unable to look at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>any series of unfamiliar signs, or to listen +to a discussion of unknown words, without +at once making perpetual changes through +<em>our regard for intelligibility</em>, through our +falling back upon what is familiar.</p> + +<p class='c010'>We can call those dreams <em>properly made +up</em> which are the result of an elaboration +in every way analogous to the psychical +action of our waking life. In other dreams +there is no such action; not even an attempt +is made to bring about order and meaning. +We regard the dream as “quite mad,” +because on awaking it is with this last-named +part of the dream work, the dream +elaboration, that we identify ourselves. So +far, however, as our analysis is concerned, +the dream, which resembles a medley of +disconnected fragments, is of as much value +as the one with a smooth and beautifully +polished surface. In the former case we +are spared, to some extent, the trouble of +breaking down the super-elaboration of the +dream content.</p> + +<p class='c010'>All the same, it would be an error to see +<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>in the dream façade nothing but the misunderstood +and somewhat arbitrary elaboration +of the dream carried out at the instance +of our psychical life. Wishes and +phantasies are not infrequently employed in +the erection of this façade, which were +already fashioned in the dream thoughts; +they are akin to those of our waking life—“day-dreams,” +as they are very properly +called. These wishes and phantasies, which +analysis discloses in our dreams at night, +often present themselves as repetitions and +refashionings of the scenes of infancy. +Thus the dream façade may show us directly +the true core of the dream, distorted through +admixture with other matter.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Beyond these four activities there is +nothing else to be discovered in the dream +work. If we keep closely to the definition +that dream work denotes the transference +of dream thoughts to dream content, we +are compelled to say that the dream work +is not creative; it develops no fancies of its +own, it judges nothing, decides nothing. It +<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>does nothing but prepare the matter for +condensation and displacement, and refashions +it for dramatisation, to which must be +added the inconstant last-named mechanism—that +of explanatory elaboration. It is +true that a good deal is found in the dream +content which might be understood as the +result of another and more intellectual performance; +but analysis shows conclusively +every time that these <em>intellectual operations +were already present in the dream thoughts, +and have only been taken over by the dream +content</em>. A syllogism in the dream is +nothing other than the repetition of a syllogism +in the dream thoughts; it seems inoffensive +if it has been transferred to the +dream without alteration; it becomes +absurd if in the dream work it has been +transferred to other matter. A calculation +in the dream content simply means that +there was a calculation in the dream +thoughts; whilst this is always correct, the +calculation in the dream can furnish the +silliest results by the condensation of its +<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>factors and the displacement of the same +operations to other things. Even speeches +which are found in the dream content are +not new compositions; they prove to be +pieced together out of speeches which have +been made or heard or read; the words are +faithfully copied, but the occasion of their +utterance is quite overlooked, and their +meaning is most violently changed.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It is, perhaps, not superfluous to support +these assertions by examples:</p> + +<p class='c010'>1. <em>A seemingly inoffensive, well-made +dream of a patient. She was going to market +with her cook, who carried the basket. The +butcher said to her when she asked him for +something: “That is all gone,” and wished +to give her something else, remarking: +“That’s very good.” She declines, and goes +to the greengrocer, who wants to sell her a +peculiar vegetable which is bound up in +bundles and of a black colour. She says: +“I don’t know that; I won’t take it.”</em></p> + +<p class='c010'>The remark “That is all gone” arose +from the treatment. A few days before I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>said myself to the patient that the earliest +reminiscences of childhood <em>are all gone</em> as +such, but are replaced by transferences and +dreams. Thus I am the butcher.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The second remark, “<em>I don’t know that</em>,” +arose in a very different connection. The +day before she had herself called out in +rebuke to the cook (who, moreover, also +appears in the dream): “<em>Behave yourself +properly</em>; I don’t know <em>that</em>”—that is, “I +don’t know this kind of behaviour; I won’t +have it.” The more harmless portion of +this speech was arrived at by a displacement +of the dream content; in the dream thoughts +only the other portion of the speech played +a part, because the dream work changed an +imaginary situation into utter irrecognisability +and complete inoffensiveness (while in +a certain sense I behave in an unseemly way +to the lady). The situation resulting in this +phantasy is, however, nothing but a new +edition of one that actually took place.</p> + +<p class='c010'>2. A dream apparently meaningless relates +to figures. “<em>She wants to pay something; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>her daughter takes three florins sixty-five +kreuzers out of her purse; but she says: +‘What are you doing? It only costs twenty-one +kreuzers.’</em>”</p> + +<p class='c010'>The dreamer was a stranger who had +placed her child at school in Vienna, and +who was able to continue under my treatment +so long as her daughter remained at +Vienna. The day before the dream the +directress of the school had recommended +her to keep the child another year at school. +In this case she would have been able to +prolong her treatment by one year. The +figures in the dream become important if +it be remembered that time is money. +One year equals 365 days, or, expressed in +kreuzers, 365 kreuzers, which is three florins +sixty-five kreuzers. The twenty-one kreuzers +correspond with the three weeks which +remained from the day of the dream to the +end of the school term, and thus to the end +of the treatment. It was obviously financial +considerations which had moved the +lady to refuse the proposal of the directress, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>and which were answerable for the triviality +of the amount in the dream.</p> + +<p class='c010'>3. A lady, young, but already ten years +married, heard that a friend of hers, Miss +Elise L——, of about the same age, had +become engaged. This gave rise to the +following dream:</p> + +<p class='c010'><em>She was sitting with her husband in the +theatre; the one side of the stalls was quite +empty. Her husband tells her, Elise L—— +and her fiancé had intended coming, but could +only get some cheap seats, three for one florin +fifty kreuzers, and these they would not take. +In her opinion, that would not have mattered +very much.</em></p> + +<p class='c010'>The origin of the figures from the matter +of the dream thoughts and the changes the +figures underwent are of interest. Whence +came the one florin fifty kreuzers? From +a trifling occurrence of the previous day. +Her sister-in-law had received 150 florins +as a present from her husband, and had +quickly got rid of it by buying some ornament. +Note that 150 florins is one hundred +<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>times one florin fifty kreuzers. For the +<em>three</em> concerned with the tickets, the only +link is that Elise L—— is exactly three +months younger than the dreamer. The +scene in the dream is the repetition of a +little adventure for which she has often been +teased by her husband. She was once in +a great hurry to get tickets in time for a +piece, and when she came to the theatre +<em>one side of the stalls was almost empty</em>. It +was therefore quite unnecessary for her to +have been in <em>such a hurry</em>. Nor must we +overlook the absurdity of the dream that +two persons should take three tickets for +the theatre.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Now for the dream ideas. It was <em>stupid</em> +to have married so early; <em>I need not</em> have +been <em>in so great a hurry</em>. Elise L——’s example +shows me that I should have been +able to get a husband later; indeed, one a +<em>hundred times better</em> if I had but waited. I +could have bought <em>three</em> such men with the +money (dowry).</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span> + <h2 class='c005'>VIII.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>In the foregoing exposition we have now +learnt something of the dream work; we +must regard it as a quite special psychical +process, which, so far as we are aware, resembles +nothing else. To the dream work +has been transferred that bewilderment +which its product, the dream, has aroused +in us. In truth, the dream work is only the +first recognition of a group of psychical processes +to which must be referred the origin +of hysterical symptoms, the ideas of morbid +dread, obsession, and illusion. Condensation, +and especially displacement, are never-failing +features in these other processes. +The regard for appearance remains, on the +other hand, peculiar to the dream work. +If this explanation brings the dream into +line with the formation of psychical disease, +it becomes the more important to fathom +<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>the essential conditions of processes like +dream building. It will be probably a surprise +to hear that neither the state of sleep +nor illness is among the indispensable conditions. +A whole number of phenomena of +the everyday life of healthy persons, forgetfulness, +slips in speaking and in holding +things, together with a certain class of mistakes, +are due to a psychical mechanism +analogous to that of the dream and the other +members of this group.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Displacement is the core of the problem, +and the most striking of all the dream performances. +A thorough investigation of +the subject shows that the essential condition +of displacement is purely psychological; +it is in the nature of a motive. We get on +the track by thrashing out experiences +which one cannot avoid in the analysis of +dreams. I had to break off the relations +of my dream thoughts in the analysis of my +dream on p. <a href='#Page_11'>11</a> because I found some experiences +which I do not wish strangers to +know, and which I could not relate without +<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>serious damage to important considerations. +I added, it would be no use were I to select +another instead of that particular dream; +in every dream where the content is obscure +or intricate, I should hit upon dream +thoughts which call for secrecy. If, however, +I continue the analysis for myself, +without regard to those others, for whom, +indeed, so personal an event as my dream +cannot matter, I arrive finally at ideas +which surprise me, which I have not known +to be mine, which not only appear <em>foreign</em> +to me, but which are <em>unpleasant</em>, and which +I would like to oppose vehemently, whilst +the chain of ideas running through the analysis +intrudes upon me inexorably. I can +only take these circumstances into account +by admitting that these thoughts are actually +part of my psychical life, possessing +a certain psychical intensity or energy. +However, by virtue of a particular psychological +condition, the <em>thoughts could not become +conscious to me</em>. I call this particular +condition “<em>Repression</em>.” It is therefore +<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>impossible for me not to recognise some +causal relationship between the obscurity +of the dream content and this state of repression—this +<em>incapacity of consciousness</em>. +Whence I conclude that the cause of the +obscurity is <em>the desire to conceal these +thoughts</em>. Thus I arrive at the conception +of the <em>dream distortion</em> as the deed of the +dream work, and of <em>displacement</em> serving to +disguise this object.</p> + +<p class='c010'>I will test this in my own dream, and ask +myself, What is the thought which, quite +innocuous in its distorted form, provokes +my liveliest opposition in its real form? I +remember that the free drive reminded me +of the last expensive drive with a member +of my family, the interpretation of the +dream being: I should for once like to experience +affection for which I should not +have to pay, and that shortly before the +dream I had to make a heavy disbursement +for this very person. In this connection, +I cannot get away from the thought <em>that I +regret this disbursement</em>. It is only when I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>acknowledge this feeling that there is any +sense in my wishing in the dream for an +affection that should entail no outlay. And +yet I can state on my honour that I did +not hesitate for a moment when it became +necessary to expend that sum. The regret, +the counter-current, was unconscious to me. +Why it was unconscious is quite another +question which would lead us far away +from the answer which, though within my +knowledge, belongs elsewhere.</p> + +<p class='c010'>If I subject the dream of another person +instead of one of my own to analysis, the +result is the same; the motives for convincing +others is, however, changed. In +the dream of a healthy person the only way +for me to enable him to accept this repressed +idea is the coherence of the dream +thoughts. He is at liberty to reject this +explanation. But if we are dealing with a +person suffering from any neurosis—say +from hysteria—the recognition of these repressed +ideas is compulsory by reason of +their connection with the symptoms of his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>illness and of the improvement resulting +from exchanging the symptoms for the repressed +ideas. Take the patient from whom +I got the last dream about the three tickets +for one florin fifty kreuzers. Analysis shows +that she does not think highly of her +husband, that she regrets having married +him, that she would be glad to change him +for someone else. It is true that she maintains +that she loves her husband, that her +emotional life knows nothing about this +depreciation (a hundred times better!), but +all her symptoms lead to the same conclusion +as this dream. When her repressed +memories had rewakened a certain period +when she was conscious that she did not +love her husband, her symptoms disappeared, +and therewith disappeared her resistance +to the interpretation of the dream.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span> + <h2 class='c005'>IX.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>This conception of repression once fixed, together +with the distortion of the dream in +relation to repressed psychical matter, we +are in a position to give a general exposition +of the principal results which the analysis +of dreams supplies. We learnt that the +most intelligible and meaningful dreams +are unrealised desires; the desires they pictured +as realised are known to consciousness, +have been held over from the daytime, +and are of absorbing interest. The analysis +of obscure and intricate dreams discloses +something very similar; the dream scene +again pictures as realised some desire which +regularly proceeds from the dream ideas, +but the picture is unrecognisable, and is +only cleared up in the analysis. The desire +itself is either one repressed, foreign to +consciousness, or it is closely bound up with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>repressed ideas. The formula for these +dreams may be thus stated: <em>They are concealed +realisations of repressed desires.</em> It is +interesting to note that they are right who +regard the dream as foretelling the future. +Although the future which the dream shows +us is not that which will occur, but that which +we would like to occur. Folk psychology +proceeds here according to its wont; it +believes what it wishes to believe.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Dreams can be divided into three classes +according to their relation towards the +realisation of desire. Firstly come those +which exhibit a <em>non-repressed, non-concealed +desire</em>; these are dreams of the infantile +type, becoming ever rarer among adults. +Secondly, dreams which express in <em>veiled</em> +form some <em>repressed desire</em>; these constitute +by far the larger number of our dreams, +and they require analysis for their understanding. +Thirdly, these dreams where +repression exists, but <em>without</em> or with but +slight concealment. These dreams are invariably +accompanied by a feeling of dread +<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>which brings the dream to an end. This +feeling of dread here replaces dream displacement; +I regarded the dream work as +having prevented this in the dream of the +second class. It is not very difficult to +prove that what is now present as intense +dread in the dream was once desire, and is +now secondary to the repression.</p> + +<p class='c010'>There are also definite dreams with a +painful content, without the presence of +any anxiety in the dream. These cannot be +reckoned among dreams of dread; they +have, however, always been used to prove +the unimportance and the psychical futility +of dreams. An analysis of such an example +will show that it belongs to our second class +of dreams—a <em>perfectly concealed</em> realisation +of repressed desires. Analysis will demonstrate +at the same time how excellently +adapted is the work of displacement to the +concealment of desires.</p> + +<p class='c010'>A girl dreamt that she saw lying dead +before her the only surviving child of her +sister amid the same surroundings as a few +years before she saw the first child lying +<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>dead. She was not sensible of any pain, +but naturally combated the view that the +scene represented a desire of hers. Nor +was that view necessary. Years ago it +was at the funeral of the child that she had +last seen and spoken to the man she loved. +Were the second child to die, she would be +sure to meet this man again in her sister’s +house. She is longing to meet him, but +struggles against this feeling. The day of +the dream she had taken a ticket for a +lecture, which announced the presence of +the man she always loved. The dream is +simply a dream of impatience common to +those which happen before a journey, +theatre, or simply anticipated pleasures. +The longing is concealed by the shifting of +the scene to the occasion when any joyous +feeling were out of place, and yet where it +did once exist. Note, further, that the +emotional behaviour in the dream is +adapted, not to the displaced, but to the +real but suppressed dream ideas. The scene +anticipates the long-hoped-for meeting; +there is here no call for painful emotions.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span> + <h2 class='c005'>X.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>There has hitherto been no occasion for +philosophers to bestir themselves with a +psychology of repression. We must be +allowed to construct some clear conception +as to the origin of dreams as the first steps +in this unknown territory. The scheme +which we have formulated not only from +a study of dreams is, it is true, already +somewhat complicated, but we cannot find +any simpler one that will suffice. We hold +that our psychical apparatus contains two +procedures for the construction of thoughts. +The second one has the advantage that its +products find an open path to consciousness, +whilst the activity of the first procedure is +unknown to itself, and can only arrive at +consciousness through the second one. At +the borderland of these two procedures, +where the first passes over into the second, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>a censorship is established which only +passes what pleases it, keeping back everything +else. That which is rejected by the +censorship is, according to our definition, +in a state of repression. Under certain +conditions, one of which is the sleeping +state, the balance of power between the +two procedures is so changed that what is +repressed can no longer be kept back. In +the sleeping state this may possibly occur +through the negligence of the censor; what +has been hitherto repressed will now succeed +in finding its way to consciousness. But +as the censorship is never absent, but +merely off guard, certain alterations must +be conceded so as to placate it. It is a +compromise which becomes conscious in +this case—a compromise between what one +procedure has in view and the demands of +the other. <em>Repression</em>, <em>laxity of the censor</em>, +<em>compromise</em>—this is the foundation for the +origin of many another psychological process, +just as it is for the dream. In such +compromises we can observe the processes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>of condensation, of displacement, the acceptance +of superficial associations, which +we have found in the dream work.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It is not for us to deny the demonic +element which has played a part in constructing +our explanation of dream work. +The impression left is that the formation +of obscure dreams proceeds as if a person +had something to say which must be disagreeable +for another person upon whom +he is dependent to hear. It is by the use +of this image that we figure to ourselves +the conception of the <em>dream distortion</em> and +of the censorship, and ventured to crystallise +our impression in a rather crude, but at +least definite, psychological theory. Whatever +explanation the future may offer of +these first and second procedures, we shall +expect a confirmation of our correlate that +the second procedure commands the entrance +to consciousness, and can exclude +the first from consciousness.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Once the sleeping state overcome, the +censorship resumes complete sway, and is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>now able to revoke that which was granted +in a moment of weakness. That the <em>forgetting</em> +of dreams explains this in part, at +least, we are convinced by our experience, +confirmed again and again. During the +relation of a dream, or during analysis of +one, it not infrequently happens that some +fragment of the dream is suddenly forgotten. +This fragment so forgotten invariably +contains the best and readiest +approach to an understanding of the dream. +Probably that is why it sinks into oblivion—<em>i.e.</em>, +into a renewed suppression.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span> + <h2 class='c005'>XI.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Viewing the dream content as the representation +of a realised desire, and referring +its vagueness to the changes made by the +censor in the repressed matter, it is no longer +difficult to grasp the function of dreams. +In fundamental contrast with those saws +which assume that sleep is disturbed by +dreams, we hold the <em>dream as the guardian +of sleep</em>. So far as children’s dreams are +concerned, our view should find ready +acceptance.</p> + +<p class='c010'>The sleeping state or the psychical change +to sleep, whatsoever it be, is brought about +by the child being sent to sleep or compelled +thereto by fatigue, only assisted by +the removal of all stimuli which might open +other objects to the psychical apparatus. +The means which serve to keep external +stimuli distant are known; but what are +<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>the means we can employ to depress the +internal psychical stimuli which frustrate +sleep? Look at a mother getting her child +to sleep. The child is full of beseeching; +he wants another kiss; he wants to play +yet awhile. His requirements are in part +met, in part drastically put off till the +following day. Clearly these desires and +needs, which agitate him, are hindrances to +sleep. Everyone knows the charming story +of the bad boy (Baldwin Groller’s) who +awoke at night bellowing out, “<em>I want the +rhinoceros</em>.” A really good boy, instead of +bellowing, would have <em>dreamt</em> that he was +playing with the rhinoceros. Because the +dream which realises his desire is believed +during sleep, it removes the desire and +makes sleep possible. It cannot be denied +that this belief accords with the dream +image, because it is arrayed in the psychical +appearance of probability; the child is +without the capacity which it will acquire +later to distinguish hallucinations or phantasies +from reality.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>The adult has learnt this differentiation; +he has also learnt the futility of desire, and +by continuous practice manages to postpone +his aspirations, until they can be +granted in some roundabout method by a +change in the external world. For this +reason it is rare for him to have his wishes +realised during sleep in the short psychical +way. It is even possible that this never +happens, and that everything which appears +to us like a child’s dream demands a +much more elaborate explanation. Thus it +is that for adults—for every sane person +without exception—a differentiation of the +psychical matter has been fashioned which +the child knew not. A psychical procedure +has been reached which, informed by the +experience of life, exercises with jealous +power a dominating and restraining influence +upon psychical emotions; by its relation +to consciousness, and by its spontaneous +mobility, it is endowed with the +greatest means of psychical power. A +portion of the infantile emotions has been +<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>withheld from this procedure as useless to +life, and all the thoughts which flow from +these are found in the state of repression.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Whilst the procedure in which we recognise +our normal ego reposes upon the desire +for sleep, it appears compelled by the +psycho-physiological conditions of sleep to +abandon some of the energy with which it +was wont during the day to keep down +what was repressed. This neglect is really +harmless; however much the emotions of +the child’s spirit may be stirred, they find +the approach to consciousness rendered +difficult, and that to movement blocked in +consequence of the state of sleep. The +danger of their disturbing sleep must, +however, be avoided. Moreover, we must +admit that even in deep sleep some amount +of free attention is exerted as a protection +against sense-stimuli which might, perchance, +make an awakening seem wiser +than the continuance of sleep. Otherwise +we could not explain the fact of our being +always awakened by stimuli of certain +<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>quality. As the old physiologist Burdach +pointed out, the mother is awakened by +the whimpering of her child, the miller by +the cessation of his mill, most people by +gently calling out their names. This attention, +thus on the alert, makes use of the internal +stimuli arising from repressed desires, +and fuses them into the dream, which +as a compromise satisfies both procedures +at the same time. The dream creates a +form of psychical release for the wish which +is either suppressed or formed by the aid +of repression, inasmuch as it presents it as +realised. The other procedure is also satisfied, +since the continuance of the sleep is +assured. Our ego here gladly behaves like +a child; it makes the dream pictures believable, +saying, as it were, “Quite right, +but let me sleep.” The contempt which, +once awakened, we bear the dream, and +which rests upon the absurdity and apparent +illogicality of the dream, is probably +nothing but the reasoning of our sleeping +ego on the feelings about what was repressed; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>with greater right it should rest +upon the incompetency of this disturber of +our sleep. In sleep we are now and then +aware of this contempt; the dream content +transcends the censorship rather too much, +we think, “It’s only a dream,” and sleep +on.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It is no objection to this view if there are +border-lines for the dream where its function, +to preserve sleep from interruption, +can no longer be maintained—as in the +dreams of impending dread. It is here +changed for another function—to suspend +the sleep at the proper time. It acts like +a conscientious night-watchman, who first +does his duty by quelling disturbances so +as not to waken the citizen, but equally +does his duty quite properly when he +awakens the street should the causes of the +trouble seem to him serious and himself +unable to cope with them alone.</p> + +<p class='c010'>This function of dreams becomes especially +well marked when there arises some +incentive for the sense perception. That +<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>the senses aroused during sleep influence +the dream is well known, and can be experimentally +verified; it is one of the certain +but much overestimated results of the +medical investigation of dreams. Hitherto +there has been an insoluble riddle connected +with this discovery. The stimulus +to the sense by which the investigator +affects the sleeper is not properly recognised +in the dream, but is intermingled with a +number of indefinite interpretations, whose +determination appears left to psychical +free-will. There is, of course, no such +psychical free-will. To an external sense-stimulus +the sleeper can react in many +ways. Either he awakens or he succeeds +in sleeping on. In the latter case he can +make use of the dream to dismiss the external +stimulus, and this, again, in more +ways than one. For instance, he can stay +the stimulus by dreaming of a scene which +is absolutely intolerable to him. This was +the means used by one who was troubled +by a painful perineal abscess. He dreamt +<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>that he was on horseback, and made use of +the poultice, which was intended to alleviate +his pain, as a saddle, and thus got away +from the cause of the trouble. Or, as is +more frequently the case, the external +stimulus undergoes a new rendering, which +leads him to connect it with a repressed +desire seeking its realisation, and robs him +of its reality, and is treated as if it were a +part of the psychical matter. Thus, someone +dreamt that he had written a comedy +which embodied a definite <em>motif</em>; it was +being performed; the first act was over +amid enthusiastic applause; there was great +clapping. At this moment the dreamer +must have succeeded in prolonging his sleep +despite the disturbance, for when he woke +he no longer heard the noise; he concluded +rightly that someone must have been beating +a carpet or bed. The dreams which +come with a loud noise just before waking +have all attempted to cover the stimulus +to waking by some other explanation, and +thus to prolong the sleep for a little while.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span> + <h2 class='c005'>XII.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>Whosoever has firmly accepted this <em>censorship</em> +as the chief motive for the distortion +of dreams will not be surprised to learn +as the result of dream interpretation that +most of the dreams of adults are traced by +analysis to erotic desires. This assertion +is not drawn from dreams obviously of a +sexual nature, which are known to all +dreamers from their own experience, and +are the only ones usually described as +“sexual dreams.” These dreams are ever +sufficiently mysterious by reason of the +choice of persons who are made the objects +of sex, the removal of all the barriers which +cry halt to the dreamer’s sexual needs in +his waking state, the many strange reminders +as to details of what are called +perversions. But analysis discovers that, in +many other dreams in whose manifest content +<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>nothing erotic can be found, the work +of interpretation shows them up as, in +reality, realisation of sexual desires; whilst, +on the other hand, that much of the +thought-making when awake, the thoughts +saved us as surplus from the day only, +reaches presentation in dreams with the +help of repressed erotic desires.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Towards the explanation of this statement, +which is no theoretical postulate, it +must be remembered that no other class of +instincts has required so vast a suppression +at the behest of civilisation as the sexual, +whilst their mastery by the highest psychical +processes are in most persons soonest +of all relinquished. Since we have learnt +to understand <em>infantile sexuality</em>, often so +vague in its expression, so invariably overlooked +and misunderstood, we are justified +in saying that nearly every civilised +person has retained at some point or other +the infantile type of sex life; thus we +understand that repressed infantile sex +desires furnish the most frequent and most +<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>powerful impulses for the formation of +dreams.<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c013'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='footnote' id='f3'> +<p class='c010'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Freud, “Three Contributions to Sexual +Theory,” translated by A. A. Brill (<cite>Journal of +Nervous and Mental Disease</cite> Publishing Company, +New York).</p> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>If the dream, which is the expression of +some erotic desire, succeeds in making its +manifest content appear innocently asexual, +it is only possible in one way. The matter +of these sexual presentations cannot be +exhibited as such, but must be replaced by +allusions, suggestions, and similar indirect +means; differing from other cases of indirect +presentation, those used in dreams must +be deprived of direct understanding. The +means of presentation which answer these +requirements are commonly termed “symbols.” +A special interest has been directed +towards these, since it has been observed +that the dreamers of the same language use +the like symbols—indeed, that in certain +cases community of symbol is greater than +community of speech. Since the dreamers +<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>do not themselves know the meaning of +the symbols they use, it remains a puzzle +whence arises their relationship with what +they replace and denote. The fact itself +is undoubted, and becomes of importance +for the technique of the interpretation of +dreams, since by the aid of a knowledge of +this symbolism it is possible to understand +the meaning of the elements of a dream, +or parts of a dream, occasionally even the +whole dream itself, without having to question +the dreamer as to his own ideas. We +thus come near to the popular idea of an +interpretation of dreams, and, on the other +hand, possess again the technique of the +ancients, among whom the interpretation of +dreams was identical with their explanation +through symbolism.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Though the study of dream symbolism +is far removed from finality, we now possess +a series of general statements and of particular +observations which are quite certain. +There are symbols which practically always +have the same meaning: Emperor and Empress +<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>(King and Queen) always mean the +parents; room, a woman,<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c013'><sup>[4]</sup></a> and so on. The +sexes are represented by a great variety of +symbols, many of which would be at first +quite incomprehensible had not the clues +to the meaning been often obtained through +other channels.</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='f4'> +<p class='c010'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. The words from “and” to “channels” in the +next sentence is a short summary of the passage +in the original. As this book will be read by +other than professional people the passage has +not been translated, in deference to English +opinion.—<span class='sc'>Translator.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>There are symbols of universal circulation, +found in all dreamers, of one range of +speech and culture; there are others of the +narrowest individual significance which an +individual has built up out of his own +material. In the first class those can be +differentiated whose claim can be at once +recognised by the replacement of sexual +things in common speech (those, for instance, +arising from agriculture, as reproduction, +seed) from others whose sexual +<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>references appear to reach back to the +earliest times and to the obscurest depths +of our image-building. The power of building +symbols in both these special forms of +symbols has not died out. Recently discovered +things, like the airship, are at once +brought into universal use as sex symbols.</p> + +<p class='c010'>It would be quite an error to suppose +that a profounder knowledge of dream +symbolism (the “Language of Dreams”) +would make us independent of questioning +the dreamer regarding his impressions about +the dream, and would give us back the whole +technique of ancient dream interpreters. +Apart from individual symbols and the +variations in the use of what is general, +one never knows whether an element in the +dream is to be understood symbolically or +in its proper meaning; the whole content of +the dream is certainly not to be interpreted +symbolically. The knowledge of dream +symbols will only help us in understanding +portions of the dream content, and does not +render the use of the technical rules previously +<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>given at all superfluous. But it must +be of the greatest service in interpreting a +dream just when the impressions of the +dreamer are withheld or are insufficient.</p> + +<p class='c010'>Dream symbolism proves also indispensable +for understanding the so-called +“typical” dreams and the dreams that +“repeat themselves.” If the value of the +symbolism of dreams has been so incompletely +set out in this brief portrayal, this +attempt will be corrected by reference to +a point of view which is of the highest import +in this connection. Dream symbolism +leads us far beyond the dream; it does not +belong only to dreams, but is likewise +dominant in legend, myth, and saga, in wit +and in folklore. It compels us to pursue +the inner meaning of the dream in these +productions. But we must acknowledge +that symbolism is not a result of the dream +work, but is a peculiarity probably of our +unconscious thinking, which furnishes to +the dream work the matter for condensation, +displacement, and dramatisation.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span> + <h2 class='c005'>XIII.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c009'>I disclaim all pretension to have thrown +light here upon all the problems of the +dream, or to have dealt convincingly with +everything here touched upon. If anyone +is interested in the whole of dream literature, +I refer him to the works of Sante +de Sanctis (I sogni, Turin, 1899). For a +more complete investigation of my conception +of the dream, my work should be consulted: +“Die Traumdeutung,” Leipzig and +Vienna, third edition, 1911.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c013'><sup>[5]</sup></a> I will only +point out in what direction my exposition +on dream work should be followed up.</p> + +<div class='footnote' id='f5'> +<p class='c010'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Freud, “The Interpretation of Dreams,” third +edition, translated by A. A. Brill. London: +George Allen and Company, Ltd.</p> +</div> + +<p class='c010'>If I posit as the problem of dream interpretation +the replacement of the dream by +its latent ideas—that is, the resolution of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>that which the dream work has woven—I +raise a series of new psychological problems +which refer to the mechanism of this +dream work as well as to the nature and +the conditions of this so-called repression. +On the other hand, I claim the existence +of dream thoughts as a very valuable +foundation for psychical construction of the +highest order, provided with all the signs +of normal intellectual performance. This +matter is, however, removed from consciousness +until it is rendered in the distorted +form of the dream content. I am compelled +to believe that all persons have such +ideas, since nearly all, even the most +normal, can have dreams. To the unconsciousness +of dream ideas, or their relationship +to consciousness and to repression, are +linked questions of the greatest psychological +importance. Their solution must +be postponed until the analysis of the +origin of other psychopathic growths, such +as the symptoms of hysteria and of obsessions, +has been made clear.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span> + <h2 class='c005'>LITERATURE</h2> +</div> +<p class='c014'>For a completer study of Dream Symbolism, consult +the work of Artemidorus Daldianus: The +Interpretation of Dreams. Rendered into English by +“R. W.”—<em>i.e.</em>, Robert Wood. The fourth edition, +newly written. B. L., London, 1644. The last +edition was published in 1786.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scherner, R. A.</span> Das Leben des Traumes. Berlin, +1861.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Freud.</span> The Interpretation of Dreams.</p> + +<p class='c010'>For the symbolism of legend, myth, and saga compared +with dreams, see—</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Abraham, Karl.</span> Traum und Mythus.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rank, Otto.</span> Der Mythus von der Geburt des +Helden.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Riklin, F.</span> Wunscherfüllung und Symbolik im Märchen.</p> + +<p class='c010'>These three works are published by Franz Deuticke, +Vienna.</p> + +<p class='c010'>English translations are ready, or are in preparation.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>Recent literature will be found in—</p> + +<p class='c015'>Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische +Forschungen: Franz Deuticke.</p> + +<p class='c015'>Internationale Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Psychoanalyse; +and Imago (both published by Hugo +Heller and Co., Vienna).</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><span class='small'>BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c003'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + + <ul class='ul_1 c002'> + <li>Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75333 ***</div> + </body> + <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e on 2025-01-20 06:11:24 GMT --> +</html> + |