initial commit of ebook 7402HEADmain

1 files changed, 8032 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/debcj10.txt b/old/debcj10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d69e2f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/debcj10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8032 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino
+by Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino
+
+Author: Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius)
+
+Release Date: February, 2005 [EBook #7402]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 24, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English and Latin
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+Classical Series.
+Edited By Drs. Schmitz And Zumpt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+C SALLUSTII CRISPI
+
+DE BELLO CATILINARIO et JUGURTHINO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PREFACE.
+
+The text of Sallust, notwithstanding the many and excellent editions
+which have been published, has not yet acquired a form that can be
+regarded as generally adopted and established; for the number of
+manuscripts is great, and their differences have led critical editors to
+form different opinions as to which, in each case, is the correct
+reading, or at least the one most worthy of acceptation. This difference
+of opinion manifested itself especially after the edition of Gottleib
+Corte (Leipzig, 1724, 4to.), who in many passages abandoned the vulgate
+as constituted by Gruter and Wasse, and on the authority of a few
+manuscripts, altered the text of Sallust, on the mere supposition that
+his style was abrupt. Corte's recension was adopted by many, and often
+reprinted; while others, especially Haverkamp, in his valuable and very
+complete edition (Hague, 1742, 2 vols. 4to.), returned to the vulgate.
+The latest critical editors of Sallust--Gerlach (Basel, 1823, &c. 3 vols.
+4to., and a revised text, Basel, 1832, 8vo.) and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828,
+&c. 2 vols. 8vo.)--though declaring against the arbitrary proceedings of
+Corte, yet very often differ in their texts from each other. Between
+these two stands the edition of the learned critic, J. C. Orelli (Zurich,
+1840), whose text forms the basis of the present edition. But besides
+abandoning his artificial and antiquated orthography, and restoring that
+which is adopted in most editions of Latin classics, we have felt obliged
+in many instances to give up Orelli's reading, and to follow the
+authority of the best manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked
+L in Haverkamp's edition). For our explanatory notes we are much indebted
+to the edition of Kritz, though we have often been under the necessity of
+differing from him.
+
+C. G. Zumpt.
+
+Berlin, _May_, 1848.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Caius Sallustius Crispus, according to the statement of the ancient
+chronologer Hieronymus, was born in B. C. 86, at Amiternum, in the
+country of the Sabines (to the north-east of Rome), and died four years
+before the battle of Actium--that is, in B.C. 34 or 35. After having no
+doubt gone through a complete course of law and the art of oratory, he
+devoted himself to the service of the Roman republic at a time when Rome
+was internally divided by the struggle of the opposite factions of
+the _optimates_, or the aristocracy, and the _populares_, or the
+democratical party. The optimates supported the power of the senate, and
+of the nobility who prevailed in the senate; while the populares were
+exerting themselves to bring all public questions of importance before
+the popular assembly for decision, and resisted the influence of
+illustrious and powerful families, whose privileges, arising from birth
+and wealth, they attempted to destroy. Sallust belonged to the latter of
+these parties. In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an
+active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by
+the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was
+canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain
+the praetorship. Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by
+the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could
+not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned,
+and sentenced him to exile. Pompey alone, who was then consul for the
+third time, was capable of restoring order and tranquillity. The position
+of a tribune of the people was a difficult one for Sallust: he was to
+some extent opposed to Milo, and consequently also to Cicero, who pleaded
+for Milo; but there exists a statement that he gave up his opposition;
+and he himself, in the introduction to his 'Catiline,' intimates that his
+honest endeavours for the good of the state drew upon him only ill-will
+and hatred. Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by
+the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates.
+The other censor, L. Piso, did not protect either Sallust, or any of the
+others who shared the same fate with him, against this act of partiality.
+Rome was at that time governed by the most oppressive oligarchy, which
+was then mainly directed against Julius Caesar, who, as a reward for
+his brilliant achievements in extending the Roman dominion in Gaul,
+desired to be allowed to offer himself in his absence as a candidate for
+his second consulship--a desire which the people were willing to comply
+with, as it was based upon a law which had been passed some years before
+in favour of Caesar; but the optimates endeavoured in every way to oppose
+him, and drawing Pompey over to their side, they brought about a rupture
+between him and Caesar. Sallust was looked upon in the senate as a
+partisan of the latter, and this was the principal reason why he was
+deprived of his seat in the great council of the republic; and L. Piso,
+the father-in-law of Caesar, is said not to have opposed the partiality
+of his colleague in the censorship, in order to increase the number of
+Caesar's partisans. When, in B. C. 49, Caesar established his right by
+force of arms, Sallust went over to him, and was restored not only to his
+seat in the senate, but was advanced to the praetorship in the year B. C.
+47. Sallust served, both before and during his year of office, in the
+capacity of a lieutenant in Caesar's armies. He also accompanied him
+to Africa in the war against the Pompeian party there, and after its
+successful termination, was left behind as proconsul of Numidia, which
+was made a Roman province. In the discharge of his duties, he is said to
+have indulged in extorting money from the new subjects of Rome. He was
+accused, but acquitted. This is the historical statement of Dion Cassius;
+but a hostile writer of doubtful authority mentions that, by paying
+12,000 pieces of gold to Caesar (perhaps as damages for the injury done),
+he purchased his acquittal.
+
+Hereupon Sallust withdrew from public life, to devote his leisure to
+literature, and the composition of works on the history of his native
+country; for, as after the murder of Caesar, in B. C. 44, the republic
+was again delivered over to a state of military despotism, peaceful
+advice was deprived of its influence. It need hardly be mentioned that
+Sallust, as he had qualified himself for the highest political career,
+and the great offices of the republic, must have been possessed of an
+independent property; but the statement, that he afterwards gave himself
+up to a life of luxury--that he purchased a villa at Tibur, which had
+formerly belonged to Caesar--and that he possessed a splendid mansion,
+with a garden laid out with elegant plantations and appropriate
+buildings, at Rome, near the Colline gate--is founded on the equivocal
+authority of a writer of a late period, who was hostile to him. It is
+indeed certain that there existed at Rome _horti Sallustiani_, in
+which Augustus frequently resided, and which were afterwards in the
+possession of the Roman emperors; but it is doubtful as to whether they
+had been acquired and laid out by our historian, or by his nephew, a
+Roman eques, and particular favourite of Augustus. The statement that
+Sallust married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, is still more
+doubtful, and probably altogether fictitious.[1] There is, however, a
+statement of a contemporary, the learned friend of Cicero, M. Varro,
+which cannot be doubted--that in his earlier years Sallust, in the midst
+of the party-strife at Rome, kept up an illicit intercourse with the
+wife of Milo; but how much the hostility of party may have had to do with
+such a report, cannot be decided. In his writings, Sallust expresses
+a strong disgust of the luxurious mode of life, and the avarice and
+prodigality, of his contemporaries; and there can be no doubt that these
+repeated expressions of a stern morality excited both his contemporaries
+and subsequent writers to hunt up and divulge any moral foibles in his
+life and character, especially as in his compositions he struck into a
+new path, by abandoning the ordinary style, and artificially reviving the
+ancient style of composition.
+
+[1] This strange account is found in Hieronymus's first work against
+    Jovinianus, towards the end; and it becomes still more strange by the
+    addition, that Terentia was married a third time to the orator
+    Messalla Corvinus (who was consul with Augustus, B. C. 91):--_Illa_
+    (Terentia) _interim conjunx egregia, et quae de fontibus Tullianis
+    hauserat sapientiam, nupsit Sallustio, inimico ejus, et tertio
+    Messallae Corvino: et quasi per quosdam gradus eloquentiae devoluta
+    est._ It almost appears as if in this tradition it had been
+    intended to mark three phases in the style of Roman oratory, for
+    Sallust was twenty years younger than Cicero, and Messalla nearly
+    as many years younger than Sallust.
+
+The historical works of Sallust are, _De Bello Catilinae_, _De Bello
+Jugurthino_ (or the two _Bella_, as the ancients call them), and
+five books of _Historiae_--that is, a history of the Roman republic
+during the period of twelve years, from the death of Sulla in B. C. 78,
+down to the appointment of Pompey to the supreme command in the war
+against Mithridates in B. C. 66. This history was regarded by the
+ancients as the principal work of our author; but is now lost, with the
+exception of four speeches and two political letters, which some admirer
+of oratory copied separately from the context of the history, and which
+have thus been preserved to our times. The two _Bella_, which are
+preserved entire, form the contents of the present volume.
+
+The work _De Bella Catilinae_ formed the beginning of his historical
+compositions, as is clear from the author's own introduction; but it
+was not written till after the murder of Caesar in B. C. 44. In it he
+describes the conspiracy of L. Sergius Catilina, a man of noble birth and
+high rank, but ruined circumstances; its discovery, and the punishment
+of the conspirators at Rome in B. C. 63; and its final and complete
+suppression in a pitched battle at the beginning of the year B. C. 62.
+
+The _Bellum Jugurthinum_ treats of the life of Jugurtha, who in
+B. C. 118, together with his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal, governed
+Numidia. Having crushed his two cousins by fraud and violence, Jugurtha
+afterwards maintained himself in his usurped kingdom for several years
+against the Roman armies and generals that were sent out against him,
+until in the end, after several defeats sustained at the hands of the
+Roman consuls, L. Metullus and C. Marius, his own ally, Bocchus, king of
+Mauretania, delivered him up into the hands of the Roman quaestor,
+L. Sulla.
+
+In the work on the war of Catiline, Sallust reveals especially the
+corruption of what was called the Roman nobility, by tracing the criminal
+designs of the conspirators to their sources--avarice, and the love of
+pleasure. In the history of the Jugurthine war, he particularly exposes
+and condemns the system of bribery in which the leading men of that
+age indulged; but on the other hand, he draws a pleasing contrast in
+describing the restoration of military discipline by Metullus and Marius.
+The difficult campaigns in the extensive and desert country of Numidia,
+and the wonderful events of this war, also deserve the attention of the
+reader; the more so, as the author has bestowed the greatest care on
+giving vivid descriptions of them.
+
+Among the writings of Sallust, which have been transmitted to us in
+manuscripts, and are printed in the larger editions of his works, there
+are two epistles addressed to Caesar, containing the author's opinions
+and advice regarding the new constitution to be given to the republic,
+after the defeat of the optimates and their faction by the dictator. They
+are written in his own peculiar style: the first contains excellent ideas
+and energetic exposures of the general defects and evils in the state,
+as well as plans for remedying them; the second adds some proposals
+regarding the courts of justice, and the composition of the senate,
+the utility and practicability of which appear somewhat doubtful.
+The authenticity of these epistles, therefore, is still a matter of
+uncertainty. Lastly, there are two Declamations (_declamationes_), the
+one purporting to be by M. Cicero against Sallust, and the other by
+Sallust against Cicero; but both are evidently unworthy of the character
+and style of the men whose names they bear, and are justly considered to
+be the production of some wretched rhetorician of the third or fourth
+century of the Christian era.[2] Such declaimers made use of all possible
+reports that were current respecting the moral weaknesses of the two men,
+and respecting an enmity between them, of which history knows nothing,
+and which is contradicted by our author himself, by the praise he
+bestows, in his 'Catilinarian War,' upon Cicero.
+
+[2] It has indeed been said that Quinctilian, who wrote about the year 95
+    after Christ, cites passages from these Declamations; but critical
+    investigation has shown that these passages are interpolations, and
+    are found only in the worst manuscripts.
+
+Sallust's character as an historian, and his grammatical style, have
+been the subjects of contradictory opinions even among the ancients
+themselves--both his own contemporaries, and the men of succeeding ages.
+Some condemned his introductions, as having nothing to do with the
+works themselves; found fault with the minute details of the speeches
+introduced in the narrative; and called him a senseless imitator, in
+words and expressions, of the earlier Roman historians, especially of
+Cato. Others praised him for his vivid delineations of character, the
+precision and vigour of his diction, and for the dignity which he had
+given to his style by the use of ancient words and phrases which were no
+longer employed in the ordinary language of his own day. But however
+different these opinions may appear, there is truth both in the censure
+and in the praise, though the praise no doubt outweighs the censure;
+and the general opinion among the later Romans justly declared _primus
+Romana Crispus in historia_. It is obvious that it is altogether unjust
+to say that his introductions are unsuitable, and that the speeches he
+introduces are inappropriate: for an author must be allowed to write a
+preface to make an avowal of his own sentiments; and the speeches are
+inseparably connected with the forms of public life in antiquity: they
+are certainly not too long, and express most accurately, both in
+sentiment and style, the characters of the great men to whom the author
+assigns them. We have no hesitation in declaring that the speeches in the
+Catiline and Jugurtha, as well as those extracted from the _Historiae_,
+are the most precious specimens of the kind that have come down to us
+from antiquity.
+
+As regards the grammatical style and the imitation of earlier authors,
+for which Sallust has been blamed by some, and praised by others, it must
+be observed that he is the first among the classical authors extant in
+whose works we perceive a difference between the refined language of
+public life, such as we have it in Cicero and Caesar, and a new and
+artificially-formed language of literature. Cicero and Caesar wrote just
+as a well-educated orator of taste spoke: after the death of Caesar,
+oratory began to withdraw from the active scenes of public life; and
+there remained few authors who, following the practical vocation of an
+orator, though at an unfavourable epoch, yet observed the principle
+which is generally correct--that a man ought to write in the same manner
+in which well-bred people speak. But most men of talent who devoted
+themselves to written composition for the satisfaction of their own
+minds, or for the instruction of their contemporaries, created for
+themselves a new style, such as was naturally developed in them by
+reading the earlier authors, and through their own relations to their
+readers and not hearers. Livy clung to the language, style, and the
+full-sounding period of the oratorical style, though even he in many
+points deviated from the natural refinement of a Caesar and a Cicero;
+but Sallust gave up the oratorical period, divided the long-spun,
+full-sounding, and well-finished oratorical sentence into several short
+sentences; and in this manner he seemed to go back to the ancients, who
+had not yet invented the period: but still there was a great difference
+between his style, in which the ancient simplicity was artificially
+restored, and the genuine ancient sentence formed without any rhetorical
+art. He wrote without periods, because he would not write otherwise, and
+not because he could not; he divided the rhetorical period into separate
+sentences, because it appeared to him advantageous in his animated
+description of minute details; and he wrote concisely, because he did
+not want the things to fill up his sentences which the orator requires
+to give roundness and fulness to his periods. He states in isolated
+independent sentences those ideas and thoughts which the orator
+distributes among leading and subordinate sentences; but he did all this
+consciously, as an artist, and with the conviction that it was conducive
+to historical animation. Tacitus was his imitator in this artificial
+historical style; and notwithstanding all his well-deserved praise, it
+must he admitted that the blame cast upon Sallust attaches in a still
+higher degree to Tacitus. It is a fact beyond all doubt, that Sallust
+introduced into the language of literature antiquated forms, words, and
+expressions; and this arose from a desire to recall with the ancient
+language also the ancient vigour and simplicity. But even this revival of
+what was ancient is visible only here and there, and all such words and
+phrases might be exchanged for others and more customary ones, without
+depriving Sallust of his essential characteristics; for these consist in
+a vivid perception of the important moments of an action, in placing them
+in strong contrasts, to excite his readers, and in the effect produced by
+isolated sentences simply put in juxtaposition without the artifice of a
+polished and intricate period.
+
+To give our young readers some preparatory information about certain
+frequently-recurring peculiarities of Sallust's style, we may remark that
+the omission of the personal pronoun in the construction of the
+accusative with the infinitive, as well as the omission of the auxiliary
+verb _est_, and the frequent use of the infinitive instead of a
+dependent clause--for example, _hortatur dicere, res postulat exponere,
+conjuravere patriam incendere_, and many similar expressions--arise
+from his desire to be brief and concise. Among his antiquated forms of
+words, we may mention _die_ for _diei_, the singular _plerusque_, _quis_
+for _quibus_, _senati_ for _senatus_; _dicundi, legundi_, &c. for
+_dicendi, legendi_; _intellego_ for _intelligo_, _forem_ for _essem_,
+_fuere_ for _fuerunt_; the use of the past participles of deponent verbs
+in a passive sense--as _adeptus, interpretatus_. Antiquated words, or
+words used in an antiquated sense, are--_supplicium_ for _preces_,
+_scilicet_ for _scire licet_; antiquated expressions are--_fugam facere_
+for _fugere_, _habere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, and other phrases with
+_habere_. The frequent use of _mortales_ for _homines_, _aevum_ for
+_aetas_, and _subigere_ for _cogere_, gives to his style somewhat of a
+poetical colouring. As far as grammatical construction is concerned,
+there is a tendency to archaisms in the use of _quippe qui_ with the
+indicative; in the frequent application of the indicative in subordinate
+sentences in the oratio obliqua; and in some other points which we shall
+explain in short notes to the passages where they occur. An intentional
+disturbance of rhetorical symmetry is perceptible in the change of
+corresponding particles;--for example, instead of _alii_ in the
+expression _alii-alii_, we find _pars_ or _partim_; instead of _modo_ in
+the expression _modo-modo_, we find _interdum_, and similar variations.
+But all these differences from the ordinary language contain in
+themselves sufficient grounds of explanation and excuse, and are by no
+means so frequent as to render the language of Sallust unworthy of the
+merited reputation of being classical.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+C. SALLUSTII CRISPI
+
+BELLUM CATILINARIUM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1. Omnes[1] homines, qui sese student[2] praestare ceteris animalibus,
+summa ope[3] niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae
+natura prona[4] atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in
+animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur;
+alterum nobis cum dis,[5] alterum cum beluis[6] commune est. Quo mihi
+rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam
+vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri[7] quam maxime
+longam[8] efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis
+est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales
+certamen fuit,[9] vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis
+procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris
+mature facto opus est.[10] Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius
+auxilio eget.
+
+[1] _Omnes_. Other editions have _omnis_ or _omneis_. The accusative
+    plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural
+    in _ium_, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in _is_, and
+    sometimes in _eis_ or _es_. This fluctuation, however, afterwards
+    ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became
+    generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative
+    in _es_. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as
+    _volt_ for _vult_, _divorsus_ for _diversus_, _quoique_ for _cuique_,
+    _maxumus_ for _maximus_, _quom_ for _quum_, or _cum_, which are
+    retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in
+    accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best
+    period of the Latin language.
+[2] _Studeo_, when the verb following has the same subject, may be
+    construed in three ways--with the infinitive alone, as _studeo
+    praestare_; with the accusative and infinitive, _studeo me
+    praestare_, as in the present case; or with _ut_, as _studeo ut
+    praestem_.
+[3] _Summa ope_, 'with the greatest exertion,' equivalent to _summa
+    opere, summopere_; as _magno opere_, or _magnopere_, signifies 'with
+    great exertion,' or 'greatly.' The nominative _ops_ is not in use,
+    and the plural _opes_ generally signifies 'the means' or 'power of
+    doing something.'
+[4] _Prona_, 'bent forward,' 'bent down to the ground,' in opposition to
+    the erect gait of man.
+[5] _Dis_ for _diis_. See Zumpt, S 51, n. 5.
+[6] _Beluis_; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is _bellua,
+    belluis_.
+[7] Instead of _memoriam nostri_, Sallust might have said _memoriam
+    nostram_; but the genitive _nostri_ sets forth the object of
+    remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, S 423.
+[8] _Quam maxime longam_; that is, _quam longissimam_, 'lasting as long
+    as possible.' Zumpt, S 108.
+[9] The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in
+    war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority.
+    He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but
+    maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become
+    rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. _Vine
+    corporis an_; that is, _utrum vi corporis an_. See Zumpt, S 554.
+[10] That is, 'before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when
+    you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without
+    delay.' The past participles _consulta_ and _facto_ here supply the
+    place of verbal substantives.
+
+2. Igitur[11] initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit),
+diversi pars[12] ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum
+sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero
+quam[13] in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere
+urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere,
+maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque
+negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi[14] regum
+atque imperatorum animi virtus[15] in pace ita ut in bello valeret,
+aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud
+alio[16] ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium
+facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro
+labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia
+invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad
+optimum quemque[17] a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant,
+navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti
+ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes
+transiere;[18] quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima
+oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,[19] quoniam de
+utraque siletur. Verum enimvero[20] is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima
+videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus[21] praeclari facinoris aut artis
+bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter
+ostendit.
+
+[11] Respecting the frequent position of _igitur_ at the beginning of a
+    sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, S 357.
+[12] _Pars_, instead of _alii_, probably to avoid the repetition of
+    _alii_, and to produce variety.
+[13] _Postea vero quam_, for _postquam vero_. The author means to say,
+    that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the
+    truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere
+    bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the
+    Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the
+    Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history.
+[14] Sallust here introduces, by _quodsi_ (and if, or yes, if), an
+    illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this
+    connecting power of _quodsi_, as distinguished from the simple _si_,
+    see Zumpt, S 807. This illustration, which ends with the word
+    _transfertur_, was suggested to Sallust especially by the
+    consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under
+    Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace,
+    saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away.
+[15] _Animi virtus_; these two words are here united to express a single
+    idea, 'mental greatness.'
+[16] _Aliud alio ferri_, 'that one thing is drawn in one direction, and
+    the other in another.' For _aliud alio_, see Zumpt, S 714; and for
+    _cerneres_, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive
+    answers to the English 'you' when not referring to any definite
+    person, S 381.
+[17] _Optimum quemque_, 'to every one in proportion as he is better than
+    others.' Respecting this relative meaning of _quisque_, see Zumpt,
+    S 710. 'Every one,' absolutely, is _unusqisque_, and adjectively
+    _omnis_.
+[18] 'They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;' that
+    is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is
+    clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of
+    themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers,
+    and apply them to practical purposes.
+[19] 'I set an equal value upon their life and their death;' that is,
+    an equally low value, _juxta_ being equivalent to _aeque_ or
+    _pariter_.
+[20] _Verum enimvero;_ these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw
+    the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding
+    argument.
+[21] 'Intent upon some occupation.' _Intentus_ is commonly construed
+    with the dative, or the preposition _in_ or _ad_ with the accusative;
+    but as a person may be intent _upon_ something, so he also may be
+    intent _by_, or _in consequence of_, something, so that the ablative
+    is perfectly consistent.
+
+3. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum
+est;[22] vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui
+facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,[23] tametsi
+haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in
+primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis
+exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis,
+malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;[24] ubi de magna virtute atque
+gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo
+animo accipit, supra ea[25] veluti ficta pro falsis ducit.
+
+Sed ego[26] adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam
+latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro
+abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae
+tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,[27] tamen inter
+tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur[28]: ac me, quum
+ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido
+eadem qua ceteros fama atque invidia vexabat.[29]
+
+[22] _Haud absurdum est_, 'is not unbecoming;' that is, 'is worthy
+    of man.'
+[23] _Quidem_ here, like the Greek [Greek: men] in [Greek: emoi men],
+    without a [Greek: de] following, introduces one opinion in
+    contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned,
+    but merely suggested by _quidem_. 'I for my part think so, but what
+    others think I do not know, or care.'
+[24] 'If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure
+    is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will.'
+[25] _Supra ea_, 'whatever is beyond: that;' that is, whatever is beyond
+    the capacity of the reader.
+[26] The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that
+    after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man,
+    and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his
+    opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a
+    literary life.
+[27] _Insolens malarum artium_, 'unacquainted with base artifices or
+    intrigues;' for _artes_ may be _malae_ as well as _bonae_,
+    according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things.
+[28] _Imbecilla aetas_, 'my weak age;' that is, my mind, which had
+    not yet arrived at mature independence,'was corrupted by ambition,
+    and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances.' Sallust
+    means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he
+    would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of
+    public life.
+[29] My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and
+    thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally
+    harassed and persecuted as they were.
+
+4. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit et mihi
+reliquam aetatem a re publica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium
+socordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere;[30] neque vero agrum
+colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis,[31] intentum aetatem agere; sed
+a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus
+statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,[32] ut quaeque memoria digna
+videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei
+publicae animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione quam
+verissime potero paucis absolvam:[33] nam id facinus in primis ego
+memorabile existimo sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis
+moribus pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam.
+
+[30] _Conterere_--that is, _consumere_, 'to waste my fair leisure.'
+[31] Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a
+    servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered
+    the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free
+    citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important
+    business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the
+    chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time
+    taken an active part in political affairs.
+[32] _Carptim_, 'in detached parts.'
+[33] _Paucis absolvam_, 'I shall treat briefly,' or _paucis pertractabo
+    conjurationem Catilinae_.
+
+5. Lucius Catilina,[34] nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et
+corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic abadolescentia bella
+intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique
+juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens[35] inediae, algoris, vigiliae,
+supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus
+rei libet[36] simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus,
+ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus
+animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post
+dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei publicae
+capiundae,[37] neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum
+pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus
+ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his
+artibus auxerat,[38] quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti
+civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque
+avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus
+civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere[39] ac paucis instituta majorum
+domi militiaeque,[40] quomodo rem publicam habuerint quantamque
+reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex pulcherrima pessima ac
+flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere.
+
+[34] Sallust begins with a general description of the character of
+    Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition,
+    belonged to the patrician _gens Sergia_, which traced its descent to
+    one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at
+    any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned
+    among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of
+    bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic
+    wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the
+    sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for
+    the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law
+    before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume
+    that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war.
+    Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger
+    than Catiline.
+[35] _Patiens inediae_. Respecting the genitive governed by this and
+    similar participles--as soon after _alieni appetens_--see Zumpt,
+    S 438.
+[36] _Cujus rei libet;_ it is more common to say _cujuslibet rei_.
+    Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with _cunque_ and _libet_
+    are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between
+    them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis--as _quod enim
+    cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi
+    dederit, lucre appone,_ 'whatever day chance may give thee, consider
+    it as a gain.'
+[37] _Capiundae_. Respecting the _e_ or _u_ in such gerunds and
+    gerandives, see Zumpt, S 167.
+[38] _Auxerat_. He had increased both by the above-mentioned
+    qualities--namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness
+    of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural _quae_,
+    referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is
+    not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, S 377.
+[39] Respecting the infinitive after _hortari_, instead of the more
+    common use of the conjunction _ut_, see Zumpt, S 615.
+[40] _Domi militiaeque_, 'in times of peace and in war.'
+
+6. Urbem Romam,[41] sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio
+Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his
+Aborigines,[42] genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio,
+liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una[43] moenia convenere, dispari
+genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu
+est quam facile coaluerint.[44] Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus,
+agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque
+mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique
+finitimi bello temptare,[45] pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri
+metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti
+festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem,
+patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant,
+sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,[46] magisque dandis quam
+accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen
+imperii regium habebant;[47] delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum,
+ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;[48] hi vel
+aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium
+imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei
+publicae[49] fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit[50] immutato
+more annua imperia binosque imperatores[51] sibi fecere; eo modo minime
+posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum.
+
+[41] In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the
+    transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic
+    peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time
+    of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice,
+    oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking
+    picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their
+    subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his
+    time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had
+    acquired the dominion over the world--that is, after the destruction
+    of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as
+    the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain
+    supreme power for himself.
+[42] According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had
+    been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native
+    Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about
+    Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate
+    townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city
+    of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin
+    territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded.
+    Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like
+    others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do
+    only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about
+    historical developments.
+[43] _Una_ is the plural. See Zumpt, S 115, note.
+[44] It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although
+    consisting of a mixture of different tribes--whether, as Sallust
+    briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more
+    minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans--united into
+    one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however,
+    was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin,
+    which, in conformity with Sallust's notion, appears to be a
+    combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom.
+[45] _Temptare_, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and
+    construction of which see Zumpt, S 599, note.
+[46] _Auxilia portare_ is a less common expression than _auxilium ferre_;
+    for _portare_ is generally used only to denote the actual physical
+    carrying of something, while _ferre_ has a wider meaning. The plural
+    _auxilia_, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to
+    friends.
+[47] 'Their government was a legitimate one'--that is, the powers of the
+    government were limited by law; 'and bore the name of a kingly
+    government'--that is, a king stood at the head of it.
+[48] Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the
+    good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a
+    _consilium publicum_, and were addressed by the term _patres_.
+[49] Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also
+    might have been used, see Zumpt, S 662.
+[50] _Ubi--convertit_, 'when it had changed (itself).' For _ubi_ with the
+    perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 506; and for the
+    use of _vertere_ in an intransitive or reflective sense, S 145.
+[51] In the earliest times they were called _praetores_ or leaders, _qui
+    praeeunt exercitui_; afterwards _consules_. As two were elected every
+    year, Sallust uses _bini_, and not _duo_.
+
+7. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium
+in promptu habere.[52] Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt,
+semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile
+memoratu est adepta[53] libertate quantum brevi[54] creverit; tanta
+cupido gloriae incesserat.[55] Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli
+patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in
+decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis
+libidinem habebant.[56] Igitur talibus viris non labos[57] insolitus, non
+locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus;
+virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic
+se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus
+faceret, properabat; eas[58] divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque
+nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam
+ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis
+maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes
+natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto
+traheret.
+
+[52] _In promptu habere_, 'to have in readiness,' and also 'to bring
+    into action,' or 'to make use of.' Sallust means to say, that in
+    consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one
+    increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents
+    shine.
+[53] _Adepta_ is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of
+    the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said
+    _adepta libertatem_.
+[54] _Brevi_, 'in a short time.'
+[55] _Incesserat_; supply _in eos_ or _iis_, referring to _cives_,
+    implied in the preceding _civitas_.
+[56] _Habebant_ should have been _habebat_, since _discebat_ precedes.
+    But see Zumpt, S 366.
+[57] _Labos_, a rarer form for _labor_, as _honos_ and _lepos_, which are
+    even more frequently found than _honor_ and _lepor_.
+[58] _Eas_ agrees with _divitias_, though in English we say, in such
+    cases, 'This,' or 'these things they considered as riches.' See
+    Zumpt, S 372.
+
+8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex libidine
+magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti
+ego aestimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto[59]
+minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna
+ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis[60]
+celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea
+verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea
+copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime negotiosus erat;[61]
+ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere,
+sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat.
+
+[59] _Aliquanto_, 'by a considerable amount,' or simply 'considerably,'
+    is the ablative, expressing the amount of difference between two
+    things compared. Sallust here considers it to be a mere matter
+    of chance that the wars of the early Romans, as those against the
+    Volscians, Aequians, Etruscans, and Samnites, do not stand forth
+    in history as glorious as the wars of the Greek nations among
+    themselves, and against the Persians. To us it appears that this was
+    not a matter of chance; but it undoubtedly arose from the fact,
+    that the Greeks even then had already attained a higher degree of
+    civilisation. The interest which history takes in wars does not
+    depend upon the vastness of the armies or the extent of countries,
+    but upon the lower or higher degree of civilisation of those engaged
+    in the wars.
+[60] _Pro maximis_, 'they are celebrated _as if they were_ the greatest.'
+    Respecting this meaning of _pro_, see Zumpt, S 394, note 3.
+[61] 'The more intelligent any one was, the more business was intrusted
+    to him,' so that he had no leisure (_otium_) to devote to literary
+    composition. This at least is Sallust's opinion; but when a man feels
+    it to be his vocation to write history, he can find time for it,
+    however much he may be otherwise engaged--witness J. Caesar and
+    Frederick II. of Prussia. For the construction, see Zumpt, S 710. C.
+
+9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur, concordia maxima,
+minima avaritia erat, jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam
+natura[62] valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus
+exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis[63]
+deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant. Duabus his
+artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque[64] remque
+publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in
+bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem
+pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa
+relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod
+beneficiis quam[65] metu imperium agitabant, et accepta injuria[66]
+ignoscere quam persequi malebant.
+
+[62] 'Not more by law than by nature;' that is, 'by nature as well as by
+    law.'
+[63] _In suppliciis_, 'in the worship of the gods;' for as it was
+    customary, in worshipping, to fall down, the word _supplicium_ has
+    this religious meaning, which also appears in _supplicatio_. The
+    other and more common meaning of 'execution,' 'capital punishment,'
+    or 'severe chastisement,' likewise originates in the prostration of
+    the person so punished.
+[64] _Seque remque_ is an unusual expression for _et se et rem_.
+[65] _Quam_; before this word we must supply _magis_, 'they carried on
+    the government more with acts of kindness than with fear.' This
+    ellipsis before _quam_ is not uncommon.
+[66] When they had suffered a wrong, they would rather pardon it than
+    take revenge.' To _persequi_ we must supply _eam_ from the preceding
+    ablative.
+
+10. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello
+domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula
+imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant,
+saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias
+atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis
+oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido
+crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem,
+probitatem ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam,
+crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio
+multos mortales falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in
+lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex
+commodo aestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo
+paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi
+pestilentia invasit, civitas immutata, imperium ex justissimo atque
+optimo crudele intolerandumque factum.
+
+11. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod
+tamen vitium propius virtutem[67] erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium
+bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic
+quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia
+pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit;[68] ea quasi
+venenis malis imbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita,
+insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam
+L. Sulla, armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos eventus
+habuit,[69] rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque
+modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civibus[70]
+facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia
+ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret,[71] contra morem majorum luxuriose
+nimisque liberaliter habuerat; loca amoena, voluptaria[72] facile in otio
+feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi
+Romani amare,[73] potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata[74] mirari,
+ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra[75] spoliare, sacra profanaque
+omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil
+reliqui victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant;
+ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.[76]
+
+[67] _Propius virtutem_, also _propius virtuti_. See Zumpt, S 411.
+[68] _Concupivit_, 'No man in his senses _has_ ever coveted money for
+    its own sake;' that is, and even now no one does so, nor will any
+    one ever do so. But a _homo avarus_ covets money only that he may
+    _have_ it, and not for any ulterior objects.
+[69] _Bonis initiis_ is the ablative absolute, 'though his beginnings
+    were good.' Although Sulla's government began well, it became
+    arbitrary and bad, especially by the unlimited partiality with which
+    he treated the men of his own party.
+[70] _In civibus_. It would have been more in accordance with the common
+    usage to write _in cives_; but the ablative signifies 'in the case of
+    citizens.'
+[71] 'In order thereby to render him faithful or attached to himself,'
+    _quo_ being equivalent to _ut eo_ or _ut ea re_.
+[72] Namely, the charming and delightful places in Asia Minor, near
+    the sea-coast, under a mild climate, abounding in all the means
+    calculated to afford pleasure and delight.
+[73] _Amare_, 'to indulge in illicit intercourse with the other sex:'
+    _amare_ is often used to denote an immoral intercourse between the
+    sexes.
+[74] _Vasa caelata_, vessels adorned with figures, and wrought with the
+    _caelum_, the chisel. _Caelare_ and _caelatura_ denote the art of
+    making raised figures in metal, _alto relievo_.
+[75] _Delubra_, 'temples of the gods.' Sallust has chosen this word
+    in preference to the common _templa_ or _aedes_, because it conveys
+    the idea of antiquity, sanctity, and mysterious seclusion, which is
+    also contained in the word _fanum_.
+[76] _Ne illi--temperament_ 'not to speak of their using their victory
+    with moderation;' that is, they were far from using their victory
+    with moderation. _Ne_ is here used in the sense of _nedum_.
+
+12. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium,
+potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi,
+innocentia pro malivolentia[77] duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis
+juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere; rapere,
+consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina
+atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. Operae pretium
+est,[78] quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum
+exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi
+mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria
+decorabant, neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam
+eripiebant.[79] At hi contra ignavissimi homines per summum scelus omnia
+ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reliquerant; proinde
+quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti.
+
+[77] 'Honest conduct was regarded as malevolence or envy,' inasmuch as an
+    honest and incorruptible man was not praised for these virtues, but
+    rather drew upon himself the suspicion of envying others for their
+    increasing their possessions, and of wishing to prevent them from
+    becoming rich by the base means which in their greediness they
+    considered to be fair.
+[78] _Operae pretium est_, 'it is worth while (properly "the labour has
+    its reward") to compare the extensive country-houses of our present
+    aristocracy with the small temples of the gods erected by our
+    ancestors, notwithstanding their intense piety.'
+[79] This is the same precept as that advanced by Cicero, that in
+    punishing an enemy, we should be satisfied if we have placed him
+    in a position in which he can no longer injure us.
+
+13. Nam quid ea memorem, quae nisi his qui videre nemini credibilia sunt,
+a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa[80] esse.
+Quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe quas honeste habere
+licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido stupri, ganeae
+ceterique cultus[81] non minor incesserat; viri muliebria pati, mulieres
+pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia
+exquirere, dormire prius quam somni cupido esset, non famem aut sitim
+neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere.
+Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant.
+Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat; eo
+profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui[82] deditus erat.
+
+[80] 'Mountains are levelled, and seas are produced artificially.'  In
+    the latter expression, Sallust, as in chap. 20 (_maria extruuntur_),
+    alludes to the formation of immense basins in the interior of the
+    country, into which the water was conducted from the sea, for the
+    purpose of keeping in them sea-fish and oysters. In this kind of
+    luxury and extravagance all the earlier Roman grandees were eclipsed
+    by L. Lucullus, who had amassed immense wealth in the war against
+    Mithridates. He possessed a very extensive _piscina_ of this kind
+    near the coast of Campania, in the neighbourhood of Baiae.
+[81] _Cultus_ comprises the whole domestic arrangement, and especially
+    includes costly furniture and dresses.
+[82] 'To the acquisition and to the squandering of money;' for, as we
+    stated before, it was peculiar to the corruption prevalent among
+    the Romans that they squandered their own property, and appropriated
+    to themselves, by violent means, that which belonged to others.
+
+14. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum
+erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum
+catervas habebat.[83] Nam quicunque impudicus, adulter, ganeo manu,[84]
+ventre, pene bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande
+conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique
+parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis aut pro factis judicium
+timentes, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili
+alebat, postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus
+exagitabat: hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quodsi quis etiam a
+culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, cotidiano usu atque illecebris
+facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium
+familiaritates appetebat; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud
+difficulter[85] capiebantur. Nam ut cujusque studium ex aetate[86]
+flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari,
+postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum[87] illos
+obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos qui ita
+existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum
+honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quam quod cuiquam
+id compertum foret, haec fama valebat.
+
+[83] The author, after having given a description of the state of
+    morality in the time of Sulla, now proceeds to the life of Catiline
+    himself, and in the following two chapters, describes the associates
+    in whom that criminal placed his confidence, and with whose help he
+    hoped to overturn the constitution. _Flagitia_ and _facinora_ in this
+    passage have the meaning of _homines flagitiosi_, and _facinorosi_.
+[84] _Manu_, 'by playing at dice' (_alea_), because that game was played
+    with the hand, either with or without the cup containing the dice
+    (_fritillus_).
+[85] _Difficulter_. See Zumpt, S 267, note 2.
+[86] 'In accordance with his (still) youthful age.' Zumpt, S 309.
+[87] _Dum_ for _dummodo_, 'if but.'
+
+15. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum
+virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque.
+Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae cujus praeter formam nihil
+unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum
+adulta aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis
+nuptiis fecisse.[88] Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse
+facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus,
+neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem
+excitam vastabat.[89] Igitur color exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo,
+modo tardus incessus; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat.
+
+[88] Catiline then had a son from a previous marriage, whom he got rid of
+    because Orestilla would not become his wife, from fear of the young
+    man, who was already grown up, and who would have become her stepson
+    (_privignus_).
+[89] 'The consciousness of his guilt disturbed his thinking powers,' for
+    this is the meaning of _mens_ as distinct from _animus_, which has
+    reference to the feelings.
+
+16. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala
+facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem,
+fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem
+attriverat, majora alia imperabat; si causa peccandi in praesens minus
+suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare;
+scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito[90] potius
+malus atque crudelis erat.
+
+His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes
+terras ingens erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites,[91] largius suo
+usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant,
+opprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus;
+Gn.[92] Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum
+petenti magna spes; senatus nihil sane intentus;[93] tutae tranquillaeque
+res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae.
+
+[90] _Gratuito_, 'gratuitously,' 'without any advantage.' Respecting the
+    form of this adverb, see Zumpt, S 266.
+[91] Sulla had given settlements to the legions with which he had
+    gained the victory over the Marian party in the territory of those
+    towns which had longest remained faithful to his adversaries; and
+    it was more especially in Etruria that this measure had brought
+    about a complete change of the owners of the soil. But the new
+    landowners had acted very recklessly on their new estates, and
+    therefore were inclined to favour any fresh revolutionary attempt
+    which seemed to promise an equally favourable result.
+[92] Gn. Pompeius. Respecting the orthography of the prenomen _Gneius_,
+    see Zumpt, S 4. Pompey was then engaged in the war against
+    Mithridates, king of Pontus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia; and in
+    consequence of this war, the extensive country of Syria, which had
+    before been an independent kingdom, became a Roman province.
+[93] _Nihil sane intentus_, 'in no way attentive.' For the difference
+    between nihil and non, see Zumpt, S 677.
+
+17. Igitur, circiter Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et G. Figulo
+consulibus,[94] primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare;
+opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, magna praemia conjurationis docere.
+Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus
+maxima necessitudo[95] et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere
+senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus,
+G. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius,
+Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praeterea ex equestri
+ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito,
+G. Cornelius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant
+praeterea complures[96] paulo occultius concilii hujusce participes
+nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut aliqua
+necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque,[97] sed maxime nobilium,
+Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter
+vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere
+item ea tempestate[98] qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum[99] non ignarum
+ejus consilii fuisse; quia Gn. Pompeius invisus ipsi magnum exercitum
+ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul
+confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore.
+
+[94] That is, in the year B.C. 64, or 690 after the building of the city.
+[95] _Necessitudo_, 'a close connection' or 'friendship' is commonly
+    distinguished from _necessitas_, 'necessity,' or 'a compulsory
+    circumstance;' but the two words are often confounded with each
+    other, as here, and subsequently in this chapter, _necessitudo_ is
+    used in the sense of _necessitas_.
+[96] For the difference between _plures_ and _complures_, see
+    Zumpt, S 65.
+[97] _Juventus pleraque_, 'most young men.' Commonly the plural
+    _plerique_ only is used; but see Zumpt, S 103.
+[98] _Ea tempestate_, an old-fashioned expression, such as Sallust is
+    fond of, for _eo tempore_; for in ordinary Latinity, _tempestas_
+    is used only in the sense of 'storm' or 'tempest.'
+[99] M. Licinius Crassus had been consul several years before (B.C.
+    70), together with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity
+    both on account of his former practical usefulness in the state, and
+    on account of his colossal wealth, which he used with proper
+    discretion.
+
+18. Sed antea[100] item conjuravere pauci contra rem publicam, in quibus
+Catilina fuit; de qua[101] quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo et
+M. Lepido consulibus,[102] P. Autronius et P. Sulla designati consules,
+legibus ambitus interrogati[103] poenas dederant. Post paulo[104]
+Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,[105] prohibitus erat consulatum
+petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri[106] nequiverat. Erat eodem
+tempore Gn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus,
+quem ad perturbandam rem publicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant.
+Cum hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter Nonas Decembres consilio
+communicato parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L.
+Torquatum consules[107] interficere, ipsi fascibus correptis Pisonem cum
+exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias[108] mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus
+in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam tum non
+consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur.
+Quodni[109] Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post
+conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum
+frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit.
+
+[100] _Antea_. Sallust, who has commenced speaking of the conspiracy
+    entered into in the year B. C. 64, considers it necessary, before
+    relating its progress, to go back to an earlier conspiracy, which
+    failed, and in which Catiline had likewise taken an active part. This
+    earlier conspiracy the author relates in chaps. 19 and 20.
+[101] _Qua_; supply _conjuratione_, which is to be taken from the verb
+    _conjuravere_. This is an irregularity arising from the desire to be
+    brief and concise.
+[102] That is, in the year B. C. 66, or 688 after the building of the
+    city.
+[103] _Interrogati_--that is, _accusati_, 'taken to account by accusers,'
+    because the beginning of all such accusations consisted in the
+    accused being asked whether they owned having done this or that thing
+    forbidden by law.
+[104] _Post paulo_ is less common than _paulo post_.
+[105] _Repetundarum reus_, 'accused of extortion.' _Res repetundae_, in
+    legal phraseology, signifies the things or money which had been
+    illegally taken by public officers from those subject to their
+    authority; for such citizens or subjects had a right, after the
+    expiration of the official year of their ruler, to reclaim
+    (_repetere_) their property in a court of law. Those officers who
+    were found guilty had, in addition, to pay a fine, or were otherwise
+    punished. A person who stood accused of extortion was not allowed to
+    come forward as a candidate for any other office before he was tried
+    and acquitted.
+[106] _Profiteri_, 'to announce one's self' as a candidate for an
+    office.
+[107] These are the consuls of the year B. C. 65, who had obtained
+    their office after the condemnation of the above-mentioned P. Sulla
+    (a nephew of the dictator) and P. Autronius.
+[108] _Hispanias_. Ancient Spain was, for administrative purposes,
+    divided into two provinces--_Hispania Tarraconensis_, or _provincia
+    citerior_, with Tarraco (the modern Tarragona) for its capital; and
+    _Hispania Baetica_, or _ulterior_, deriving its name from the river
+    Baitis (the modern Guadalquiver). Its chief towns were Corduba and
+    Hispalis (now Seville).
+[109] About the force of _quod_, when joined to conjunctions, see
+    Zumpt, S 807. Compare p.14, note 6 [note 14].
+
+19. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore[110] missus
+est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Gn. Pompeio cognoverat.
+Neque tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum hominem a
+re publica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni complures praesidium in
+eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in
+provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens
+occisus est. Sunt qui ita dicunt,[111] imperia ejus injusta, superba,
+crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; alii autem equites illos Gn. Pompeii
+veteres fidosque clientes voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos; numquam
+Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante
+perpessos. Nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione
+satis dictum.
+
+[110] That is, he was only quaestor, but had the powers of a praetor,
+    being commissioned to supply the place of a praetor.
+[111] Respecting the indicative _dicunt_, see Zumpt, S 563.
+
+20. Catilina,[112] ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, convenisse videt,
+tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen in rem fore credens
+universos appellare et cohortari, in abditam partem aedium secedit, atque
+ibi, omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit. 'Ni
+virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res
+cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent. Neque ego
+per ignaviam[113] aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia
+multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, eo
+animus ausus est maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere, simul quia
+vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque
+idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente agitavi omnes
+jam antea diversi[114] audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus
+accenditur, quum considero, quae condicio vitae futura sit, nisi
+nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam res publica in
+paucorum potentium jus atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges,
+tetrarchae[115] vectigales esse, populi, nationes stipendia pendere;
+ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles vulgus fuimus sine
+gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica valeret,
+formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud
+illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere pericula repulsas,
+judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque tandem patiemini fortissimi viri? Nonne
+emori per virtutem praestat quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam,
+ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum
+enimvero pro deum atque hominum fidem[116] victoria in manu nobis est,
+viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia
+consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est; cetera res expediet. Etenim
+quis mortalium cui virile ingenium est, tolerare potest, illis divitias
+superare,[117] quas profundant in extruendo mari et montibus coaequandis,
+nobis rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas aut amplius
+domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem[118] nusquam ullum esse? Quum
+tabulas, signa, toreumata[119] emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant,
+postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen summa libidine
+divitias vincere[120] nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes
+alienum, mala res, spes multo asperior; denique quid reliqui habemus
+praeter miseram animam? Quin[121] igitur expergiscimini? En[122] illa,
+illa, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria
+in oculis sita sunt. Fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. Res,
+tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis quam oratio mea
+vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini; neque animus neque
+corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam,
+nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati
+estis.'
+
+[112] The author now continues his account of the conspiracy entered
+    into in B.C. 64.
+[113] _Per ignaviam_, 'by means of cowardice,' here means, 'with the
+    assistance of cowardly men,' 'such as you are not, since I have
+    evidence of your valour and trustworthiness.' _Vana ingenia_ are
+    men of untrustworthy character. In both cases the abstract quality is
+    mentioned instead of the person possessing it.
+[114] _Diversi_, 'separately;' that is, at different times, and in
+    different places.
+[115] _Tetrarcha_ is a title which properly belonged only to such princes
+    as ruled over the fourth part of a whole nation. Such a division took
+    place in Galatia, and afterwards also in Judaea. A similar title,
+    _ethnarcha_, but that of king also, was sometimes granted to powerful
+    princes; or, when they had had it before, the Roman senate sometimes
+    allowed them to keep it.
+[116] _Pro fidem_, or _proh fidem_, is an exclamation, and _pro_ an
+    interjection. The accus. _fidem_ is governed by some such verb as
+    _testor_ or _invoco_. See Zumpt, S 361.
+[117] _Superare_ here has an intransitive meaning, 'to exist in
+    abundance.'
+[118] _Lar familiaris_, a domestic or family divinity, whose image stood
+    in the interior of the house, by the domestic altar; hence _lar_, or
+    the plural _lares_, is sometimes used in the sense of 'a house,' or
+    'home.'
+[119] _Toreumata_ are the _vasa caelata_ mentioned in chap. 11; works
+    in metal, especially silver, with raised figures. The instrument
+    called by the Latins _caelum_, was called by the Greeks [Greek:
+    toros], whence [Greek: toreuein, toreuma].
+[120] 'They cannot master their wealth;' that is, they are not able to
+    spend it.
+[121] _Quin_--that is, _qui non_ or _quo non_? 'why not?'
+[122] _En_, as well as _ecce_, are most commonly construed with the
+    accusative.
+
+21. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed
+neque res neque spes bona ulla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces
+videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, uti proponeret, quae condicio
+belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei
+haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas,[123] proscriptionem
+locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum
+atque libido victorum fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem,
+in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes;
+petere consulatum G. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem
+et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum; cum eo se
+consulem[124] initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpat omnes
+bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare; admonebat alium egestatis,
+alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae,[125] multos
+victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos
+alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum
+dimisit.
+
+[123] _Tabulae novae_ are literally 'new registers of debts;' that is, a
+    change or reduction of debts, when, for example, the interest
+    already paid was deducted from the principal, or when the amount of
+    debts was reduced by one-half, or even by three-fourths. Such
+    regulations of debts in favour of debtors were often resorted to in
+    the revolutions of the ancient republics.
+[124] 'If he should be consul with him, he would begin to carry the
+    matter into effect.'
+[125] _Ignominia_, 'disgrace' which a person incurs, either because
+    he has been condemned in a court of law, or with which he has been
+    branded by the censors.
+
+22. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, quum ad
+jusjurandum populares[126] sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis
+sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde quum post
+execrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri
+consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare[127] fecisse, quo
+inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli
+ficta et haec et multa praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis
+invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris
+eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta
+est.
+
+[126] _Popularis_, properly 'a fellow-countryman,' or 'belonging to the
+    same people;' but Sallust here, and in chapter 24, uses it in the
+    more general sense of _particeps, socius_, 'associate.'
+[127] _Dictitare_, a contraction for _dictitavere_: 'it was frequently
+    said that Catiline had done it for this reason.' This contraction has
+    nothing that is offensive here, though in form it is the same as the
+    present infinitive; for such an ambiguity of form is not always
+    avoided, provided the context clearly shows what the meaning is.
+    _Dictitare_ contains a repetition of what is implied in _fuere qui
+    dicerent_.
+
+23. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus haud obscuro loco,
+flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quera censores senatu probri
+gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia; neque
+reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet[128] ipse scelera occultare,
+prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum
+Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri[129] vetus consuetudo; cui quum minus
+gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria
+montesque polliceri coepit et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia
+foret, postremo ferocius agitare[130] quam solitus erat. At Fulvia,
+insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei publicae haud
+occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore[131] de Catilinae conjuratione quae
+quoque modo audierat compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia
+hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque
+antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat,[132] et quasi pollui
+consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo novus[133] adeptus
+foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere.[134]
+
+[128] _Met_ is a suffix which may be appended to all the cases of
+    _suus_, and answers to our 'own.' It is usually followed by _ipse_.
+    See Zumpt, S 139, note.
+[129] _Stuprum_ is the name for every unchaste connexion with unmarried
+    as well as with married women; but _adulterium_ is the illicit
+    intercourse with married women.
+[130] 'To behave more ferociously;' for _agere_ and _agitare_, even
+    without an accusative, signify 'to behave,' 'conduct one's self,'
+    'lead a life.'
+[131] _Sublato auctore_, 'without mentioning the one of whom she had
+    learned it.'
+[132] 'The nobility was boiling with envy;' a figurative expression,
+    taken from the boiling of water over the fire, which is frequently
+    used to describe violent passions. So also _incendi, ardere,
+    flagrare cupiditate_.
+[133] A _homo novus_ was at Rome the name for any person, none of
+    whose ancestors had been invested with a curule office; that is,
+    with the consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, or curule aedileship.
+[134] _Post fuere_; that is, _postposita sunt_, 'were put on one side.'
+
+24. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et
+G. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat.[135]
+Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma
+per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide
+sumptam mutuam Faesulas[136] ad Manlium quendam portare,[137] qui postea
+princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis
+homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo
+ingentes sumptus[138] stupro corporis toleraverant, post ubi aetas
+tantummodo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande
+conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana
+sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi vel
+interficere.
+
+[135] 'Which fact _had_ at first intimidated the associates of the
+    conspiracy.' The pluperfect here seems to be used for the perfect,
+    but is necessary from the idea, which properly should have been
+    expressed by some such sentence as this: 'which fact, although it
+    had at first intimidated the conspirators, yet did not stop the
+    progress of the conspiracy.'
+[136] _Faesulae_, now Fiesole, a town in the northern part of Etruria,
+    not far from Florentia (Florence), which is now the largest town in
+    that district, though it was not so in ancient times.
+[137] _Portare_, 'he caused money to be taken.' See Zumpt, S 713.
+[138] _Sumptus tolerare_, 'to bear the expenses,' implying the difficulty
+    of defraying them.
+
+25. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae
+facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro,
+liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta,
+psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa alia, quae
+instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque
+pudicitia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile
+discerneres;[139] libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam
+peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat,
+caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps[140] abierat. Verum
+ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone
+uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque
+lepos inerat.
+
+[139] _Haud facile discerneres_, 'it was not easy to determine whether
+    she was less concerned about her money or her reputation,' since she
+    was reckless in regard to both. Respecting the imperfect subjunctive,
+    see Zumpt, S 528, note 2.
+[140] _Praeceps_ is used of steep and precipitous places, and of persons
+    who fall or throw themselves headlong down from or into anything.
+    Hence _Sempronia praeceps abierat_ is, 'she had thrown herself
+    headlong into ruin,' which might also be expressed by _in praeceps
+    iverat_.
+
+26. His rebus comparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proximum annum[141]
+consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate
+Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias
+parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae
+deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa pollicendo per
+Fulviam effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia
+Catilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc[142] collegam suum Antonium pactione
+provinciae[143] perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret; circum se
+praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies
+comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consuli
+in Campo[144] fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et
+extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat aspera
+foedaque[145] evenerant.
+
+[141] Namely, for the year beginning with the first of January, B. C. 62.
+    The elections took place about the middle of the preceding year,
+    consequently, in the present instance, about the middle of the
+    year B. C. 63.
+[142] _Ad hoc_ is a common expression in Sallust for _praeterea_.
+[143] _Pactione provinciae_, by coming to an understanding with him
+    about the provinces which were assigned to the consuls after the
+    expiration of their year of office at Rome. Cicero had obtained by
+    lot the lucrative province of Macedonia and exchanged it for Gallia
+    Cisalpina, which had fallen to the lot of Antonius; but afterwards
+    he declined the latter also, in order to be able to remain at Rome,
+    which at that time was considered to be a sign that a man did not
+    care for money--_continentia abstinentia_.
+[144] The _Campus Martius_, an extensive open plain between the city and
+    the Tiber, was the place for the large assemblies of the people; that
+    is, for the Comitia Centuriate, in which the consuls and praetors
+    were elected.
+[145] _Aspera foedaque_ might also have been expressed by the adverbs
+    _aspere foedeque_, 'his attempts turned out unfavourably and
+    disgracefully.' Compare Zumpt, S 682.
+
+27. Igitur G. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam partem Etruriae, Septimium
+quendam Camertem[146] in agrum Picenum, G. Julium in Apuliam dimisit;
+praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea
+Romae multa simul moliri, consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia,
+opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios
+jubere, hortari; uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies noctesque
+festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi
+multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis
+principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum
+questus, docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multitudinem, quam ad
+capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium
+belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem
+oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multum officere.
+
+[146] _Camers_, 'a native of Camerium,' (the capital of the Umbrians),
+    for the inhabitants of that place were called Camertes. _Picenum_
+    or _ager Picenus_, was the Roman territory on the Adriatic between
+    the mouths of the rivers Aesis and Aternus with the capitals of
+    Ancona and Asculum.
+
+28. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, G. Cornelius eques
+Romanus operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator
+constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus sicuti
+salutatum[147] introire ad Ciceronem ac de improviso domi suae imparatum
+confodere. Curius ubi intellegit,[148] quantum periculum consuli
+impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat.
+Ita illi janua prohibiti tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea
+Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuriae
+novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia
+amiserat, praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna
+copia erat, nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex
+magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant.
+
+[147] _Sicuti salutatum,_ 'as if to offer him his morning salutation,'
+    for such a morning call before sunrise was a common politeness among
+    the Romans.
+[148] Or according to the common orthography, _intelligit_.
+
+29. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque
+urbem ab insidiis privato consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus
+Manlii quantus aut quo consilio foret satis compertum habebat, rem ad
+senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam.[149] Itaque, quod
+plerumque in atroci negotio solet; senatus decrevit,[150] darent operam
+consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum
+more Romano magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,[151] bellum
+gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeque
+imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli
+earum rerum consuli jus est.
+
+[149] _Exagitatam_ for _agitatam_; but the preposition _ex_ gives to the
+    word the idea of something brought out of its obscurity to light. The
+    matter had already been discussed on the ground of certain rumours.
+[150] About _decrevit_, with the mere subjunctive, without _ut_, see
+    Zumpt, S 624.
+[151] _Parare_ should properly be _parandi_; but see Zumpt, S 598.
+
+30. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras recitavit,
+quas Faesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat, G. Manlium
+arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres.[152]
+Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque prodigia[153]
+nuntiabant, alii conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia
+servile bellum moveri. Igitur senati[154] decreto Q. Marcius Rex
+Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi; hi
+utrique[155] ad urbem imperatores erant,[156] impediti ne triumpharent
+calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos
+erat.[157] Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in
+agrum Picenum,[158] hisque permissum, uti pro tempore atque periculo
+exercitum compararent. Ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae
+contra rem publicam facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia
+centum, [159] libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta; itemque
+decrevere, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia
+distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus,[160] Romae per totam urbem vigiliae
+haberentur, iisque minores magistratus[161] praeessent.
+
+[152] That is, 'on the 6th day before the 1st of November,' or on the
+    27th of October. In such computations with _ante_ and _post_, the
+    point of time from which the calculation begins is included. See
+    Zumpt, S 867. But we here reckon according to the calendar such as it
+    was subsequently reformed and rectified by J. Caesar.
+[153] _Portenta_ are chiefly human beings or animals presenting at their
+    birth anything abnormal or monstrous; _prodigia_, on the other hand,
+    are strange phenomena in the heavens; and the superstition of the
+    ancients regarded both as signs sent by the gods to warn men.
+[154] _Senati_ for _senatus_. See Zumpt, S 81.
+[155] _Hi utrique_ for _horum uterque_. Zumpt, S 141, note 2.
+[156] Both had received the military command (_imperium_) from the
+    senate and people: Marcius Rex as proconsul of Cilicia, and Metellus
+    for the purpose of subduing Crete. After their return from their
+    provinces, they tarried for a time outside the walls of Rome (_ad
+    urbem_), because, by entering the city, they would have lost their
+    imperium, which they were anxious to retain until their solemn
+    entrance in a military procession (the triumph), to which the senate
+    had not yet given its sanction. Accordingly, as they were still
+    generals in active service, they could legally be intrusted with the
+    military command in the disturbed districts of Italy.
+[157] The intrigues of some influential members of the senate, who had
+    either received bribes from the opponents of the two commanders, or
+    expected some from the commanders themselves, prevented the
+    resolution of the senate here alluded to. Respecting _mos erat
+    vendere_, see Zumpt, S 598.
+[158] Supply to the two names of places _missus est_, which is implied
+    in the preceding sentence.
+[159] _Sestertia centum_; that is, _centum millia sestertiorum_, or the
+    ancient census of the citizens of the first class; for the neuter
+    sestertia was used in calculations as an imaginary coin of _mille
+    sestertii_ or ten nummi aurei.
+[160] 'According to the means of every town.' As the Roman gladiators
+    might easily be tempted to join in conspiracies, they were quartered
+    at a distance from Rome, in the towns of a certain class of Roman
+    citizens (_municipia_); and the citizens of such places were
+    ordered to watch over those bands of gladiators, that they might not
+    make their escape. _Familiae_, in its proper sense, signifies the
+    whole body of slaves belonging to one master.
+[161] _Minores magistratus_ are those officers who did not, by virtue
+    of their office, become members of the senate. The quaestors,
+    accordingly, did not belong to them, but they comprised the masters
+    of the mint, the superintendents of the paving of the roads, and
+    especially the superintendents of all matters connected with prisons,
+    and the _decemviri litibus judicandis_.
+
+31. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex
+summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente
+omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare, neque loco neque homini
+cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere, suo
+quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus[162] rei publicae
+magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare sese,[163] manus
+supplices ad coelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia
+pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. At
+Catilinae crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, tametsi praesidia
+parabantur et ipse lege Plautia[164] interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo.
+Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti[165] jurgio
+lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive
+praesentiam ejus timens sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam
+atque utilem rei publicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.[166] Sed ubi ille
+assedit,[167] Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso
+vultu, voce supplici postulare, 'Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere
+crederent; ea familia ortum, ita se ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut
+omnia bona in spe haberet; ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus
+ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita
+re publica opus esse, quum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis
+urbis Romae.'[168] Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere omnes,
+hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: 'Quoniam quidem
+circumventus, inquit, ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina
+restinguam.'
+
+[162] _Quibus_. Sallust more frequently uses the accusative in such
+    expressions. See chapter 8.
+[163] _Afflictare sese_, 'they worried themselves.' The expression is
+    properly used of that kind of grief which manifests itself in
+    inflicting pain on the body, by pulling the hair, striking the breast
+    or loins, or by throwing one's self on the ground. So also
+    _plangere_ denotes the physical expression of pain.
+[164] A law _de vi_ enacted in the year B.C. 89, and aimed at those who
+    might attempt by violence to subvert the existing constitution of the
+    state. On the ground of this law Catiline had already been summoned
+    before a court of law, though no formal charge had yet been brought
+    against him.
+[165] _Sicuti_ is here used for _quasi_, _velut_, or _perinde ac si_,
+    'as if.'
+[166] This is the first of Cicero's speeches against Catiline, which
+    was delivered A.D. 6, Id. Novemb.; that is, on the 8th of November.
+[167] 'When he had sat down;' that is, when he had finished his speech,
+    for those who spoke in the senate did so standing.
+[168] The imprudence of this speech, independent of the audacious denial
+    of facts, consists in his boasting of his patrician descent, and in
+    the insinuation that Cicero, who was born in the municipium of
+    Arpinum, was only an alien at Rome, although in regard to political
+    rights there no longer was any difference between patricians and
+    plebeians, nor between the citizens of Rome and those of a
+    municipium. Respecting the construction of _opus est_, with the
+    ablative of a participle, see Zumpt, S 464, note 1.
+
+32. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit; ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod
+neque insidiae consuli procedebant et ab incendio intellegebat urbem
+vigiliis munitam, optimum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam
+legiones scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent, nocte
+intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque
+Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus
+rebus possent opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent,
+caedem, incendia aliaque belli facinora parent; sese propediem cum magno
+exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, G. Manlius ex suo
+numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis hujuscemodi:
+
+33. 'Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam
+cepisse, neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab
+injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate
+feneratorum plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis[169] expertes
+sumus; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti,[170] neque
+amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere, tanta saevitia feneratorum atque
+praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum[171] miseriti plebis Romanae,
+decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt; ac novissime memoria nostra,
+propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum
+aere solutum est.[172] Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota,
+aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non
+imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina
+omnia inter mortales sunt, sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima
+simul amittit.[173] Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris
+civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis;
+neve nobis eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime
+ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus.'
+
+[169] The adjective _expers_ here is joined in the same sentence with two
+    different cases; this is an unusual construction, though _expers_ may
+    be joined with the genit. as well as with the ablat. See Zumpt,
+    S 437, note 1.
+[170] From what he quotes as the substance of the law, we see that he
+    means the lex Papiria Poetelia, which had been passed in B.C. 326,
+    and according to which the property of a debtor served as a security
+    to the creditor, while his person or his personal liberty could not
+    be touched.
+[171] _Vestrum_; it would be more in accordance with the common usage to
+    say _vestri_, but the genitive of the personal pronoun also may be
+    used. See Zumpt, SS 424 and 431.
+[172] Literally, 'the borrowed silver was repaid in copper;' that is,
+    instead of the ordinary silver coin, the sestertius, the value of
+    four copper ases, only one copper as was paid. By this means debtors
+    gained three-fourths of the capital they had borrowed. This reduction
+    of debts took place in B.C. 86, during the ascendancy of the Marian
+    party.
+[173] _Amittit_; that is, _missam facit_, _dimittit_ or _omittit_, 'he
+    gives up.'
+
+34. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit: 'Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab
+armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur; ea mansuetudine atque
+misericordia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam
+ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At Catilina ex itinere plerisque
+consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras mittit: 'Se falsis
+criminibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere
+nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam[174] in exilium proficisci: non
+quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti res publica quieta foret,
+neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas litteras
+Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas
+dicebat; earum exemplum infra scriptum est:
+
+[174] _Massilia_ (the modern Marseilles) was a free and independent city,
+    leagued with the Roman people by treaty. It had been founded about
+    the year B.C. 600, by Greek emigrants from Phocaea in Asia Minor. As
+    Massilia thus was not subject to the civil law of Rome, the Romans
+    who withdraw from the laws of their own country--that is, who went
+    into exile--might choose that city as a safe place of residence,
+    without fear of being delivered up to their own country.
+
+35. 'L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides re cognita, grata mihi, in
+magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem
+defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare, satisfactionem ex nulla
+conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi,[175] quam mediusfidius[176] veram
+licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris
+industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam,[177]
+publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non quin aes
+alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et alienis
+nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret;[178]
+sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa
+suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam.[179] Hoc nomine[180] satis honestas
+pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura
+quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari.[181] Nunc Orestillam
+commendo tuaeque fidei trado: eam ab injuria defendas per liberos tuos
+rogatus. Haveto.'[182]
+
+[175] Catiline writes that he will not undertake a detailed defence of
+    his new design of taking up arms, but he says that he wishes to
+    justify himself in regard to one point, and that merely because he
+    is not conscious of any criminal act. _Satisfactio_ is nearly the
+    same as _defensio_, but less formal. A man defends himself against
+    opponents, but before friends he merely gives an explanation, whereby
+    they may be gained over to his side. _Ex nulla conscientia_, 'in
+    consequence of his not being conscious of guilt.' The expression is
+    rather harsh and artificial, and seemingly in Catiline's own style
+    of writing.
+[176] _Medius fidius_, the same as _mehercules_. See Zumpt, S 361.
+[177] 'I could not maintain the position of my dignity;' that is, I could
+    not maintain my position in society after my enemies had deprived me
+    of the consulship.
+[178] 'Not as if I could not pay my own debts out of my property, since
+    Orestilla has paid even other persons' debts out of her own purse;'
+    she would accordingly have done the same much more for me, her
+    husband. _Aes alienum meis nominibus_ is the same as _meum ipsius
+    aes alienum_, 'debts on my own account.' _Nomen_, in money
+    transactions, is something put down to a person's account. Hence
+    _aes alienum alienis nominibus_ is the same as _aliorum debita_,
+    'other persons' debts,' _aes alienum_ being understood from the
+    preceding clause.
+[179] 'I felt that I had become estranged by false suspicions,' namely,
+    'from the Roman people,' who confer the honours which have been
+    obtained by unworthy persons.
+[180] _Hoc nomine_, the same as _ideo_, 'accordingly,' 'for this reason.'
+[181] This is said in allusion to the consul Cicero, as if he had
+    intended to arrest Catiline, and imprison him. Catiline evidently has
+    recourse to this expedient for the purpose of avoiding his awkward
+    explanation. They are hollow phrases about honour, the republic,
+    and persecution, and well suited to the ruined circumstances of that
+    nobleman.
+[182] _Haveto_. It is much more common to use this word in meeting a
+    person, while _vale_ is the ordinary expression in parting from a
+    friend.
+
+36. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud G. Flaminium in agro
+Arretino,[183] dum vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum
+fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit.
+Haec ubi Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes
+judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude[184]
+liceret ab armis discedere praeter[185] rerum capitalium condemnatis.
+Praeterea decernit, uti consules delectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu
+Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi
+imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile visum est, cui quum ad
+occasum ab ortu solis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque
+divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui
+seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent.[186] Namque
+duobus senati decretis ex tanta multitudine neque praemio inductus
+conjurationem patefecerat neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium
+discesserat; tanta vis morbi uti tabes plerosque civium animos invaserat.
+
+[183] _In agro Arretino_, 'in the territory of Arretium,' in the heart
+    of Etruria, near the lake Trasimenus.
+[184] _Sine fraude_, 'without injury'--that is, without the fact that
+    hitherto they had been with Manlius, drawing any punishment upon
+    them.
+[185] _Praeter_, adverbially for _praeterquam_; but he might also have
+    used _praeter_ as a preposition: _praeter--condemnatas_.
+[186] _Perditum irent_. See Zumpt, S 669.
+
+37. Neque solum illis aliena[187] mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis
+fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta
+probabat. Id adeo[188] more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate,
+quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis[189] invident, malos extollunt, vetera
+odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student, turba
+atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur; quoniam egestas facile habetur[190]
+sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero[191] praeceps ierat multis de
+causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime
+praestabant, item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremo
+omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in
+sentinam[192] confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod
+ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, ut
+regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis foret,
+ex victoria talia sperabat. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum
+mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus
+excita[193] urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerat; eos atque alios
+omnes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes,
+malis moribus, maxima spe, rei publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.[194]
+Praeterea quorum,[195] victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, bona erepta,
+jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo belli eventum
+expectabant. Ad hoc quicunque aliarum atque senatus partium erant,
+conturbari rem publicam quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo malum
+multos post annos in civitatem reverterat.
+
+[187] _Aliena_; supply _a republica_.
+[188] _Adeo_ renders the sentence emphatic, 'nay, the common people
+    seemed to do this even according to their custom.' _Adeo_ in this
+    sense is always preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. See Zumpt,
+    S 281.
+[189] _Boni_. In the political signification of this word, the ideas of
+    quiet conduct, aversion to innovations, and acquiescence in the
+    actual state of things, are combined with solid wealth. The reason
+    of this is easily perceptible; for he who possesses property, dreads
+    every change, and supports the existing state of things. A still
+    more decided political meaning is implied in the term _optimates_,
+    which denotes the party in the state which we now call Conservative,
+    but at Rome it implied at the same time the idea of 'faction,' and of
+    a tendency to occasional violence.
+[190] 'Poverty (that is, poor people) maintains itself, or continues in
+    all disturbances without suffering any loss;' for he who has nothing,
+    cannot sustain any loss.
+[191] _Ea vero_, 'this in particular. _Vero_ indicates the transition to
+    that circumstance, which in the present case is of the greatest
+    importance. Compare Zumpt, S 348, note.
+[192] _Sentina_ properly signifies the sediment which, in a vessel filled
+    with water, sinks to the bottom. Hence 'the residue,' or the place
+    where all that is bad or impure is collected.
+[193] The largesses in money and provisions with which the state
+    supported the needy population of the capital, and by which private
+    persons, anxious to gain partisans, catered numbers of clients,
+    attracted to Rome many people from the country: the city plebs was
+    thus constantly increasing.
+[194] 'They were as much concerned about the good of the state as about
+    their own good'--that is, just as little.
+[195] Connect _quorum_ with _parentes_ and the following words, _bona_
+    and _jus_. Sulla had excluded the sons of those whom he proscribed
+    from all public offices, and thus curtailed their rights of free
+    citizens.
+
+38. Nam postquam Gn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus[196] tribunicia
+potestas restituta est, homines adolescentes summam potestatem nacti,
+quibus aetas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem
+exagitare, dein largiundo atque pollicitando magis incendere; ita ipsi
+clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque
+nobilitas senatus specie[197] pro sua magnitudine. Namque uti paucis
+verum absolvam, post illa tempora quicunque rem publicam agitavere,
+honestis nominibus, alii sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars quo[198]
+senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua
+quisque potentia certabant; neque illis modestia neque modus contentionis
+erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant.
+
+[196] In B. C. 70, these consuls restored the power of the tribunes in
+    its full extent, after it had been greatly reduced by Sulla in
+    B. C. 81. The Roman people received this restoration of the tribunian
+    power with the greatest joy; but Sallust does not seem to approve of
+    it.
+[197] _Senatus specie_; under the pretence of supporting the senate, the
+    _nobiles_ formed opposition to the tribunes, but in reality it was
+    for their own aggrandisement.
+[198] _Quo_ for _ut eo_, 'that the authority of the senate might be the
+    highest in the state.'
+
+39. Sed postquam Gn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum
+missus est, plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi
+magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere, ipsi innoxii,[199]
+florentes, sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem
+in magistratu placidius tractarent.[200] Sed ubi primum dubiis rebus[201]
+novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quodsi
+primo proelio Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto
+magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset; neque illis, qui
+victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et
+exsanguibus qui plus posset imperium atque libertatem extorqueret.[202]
+Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio
+profecti sunt; in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quem retractum
+ex itinere parens necari jussit. Iisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti
+Catilina praeceperat, quoscunque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos
+credebat, aut per se aut per alios sollicitabat, neque solum cives, sed
+cujusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret.
+
+[199] _Innoxius_ has a twofold meaning, one active, 'one who does no
+    harm' (_noxa_), and a passive, 'one who is not injured,' 'one to
+    whom no harm is done,' _qui non afficitur noxa_, and in this latter
+    sense it is used in this passage.
+[200] 'In order that, when in office, they themselves might guide the
+    populace more gently,' since those who excited the multitude would
+    be kept in awe by the terror of the law. _Placidius_, 'without
+    harshness,' 'without severity,' harshness and severity being applied
+    only against the popular leaders.
+[201] _Dubiis rebus_, the ablative absolute; _cum res dubiae essent_,
+    'the state of affairs being dangerous.'
+[202] 'A more powerful man would even have wrested their freedom from
+    them.' About _quin_, see Zumpt, S 542; and about the imperfect in the
+    sense of a pluperfect, S 525.
+
+40. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Allobrogum[203]
+requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem belli, existimans
+publice privatimque aere alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens
+Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse.
+Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus
+civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat; itaque sine mora, ubi primum
+legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi
+dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis sperarent.
+Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum,
+quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem expectare:
+'At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua
+tanta ista mala effugiatis.' Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem
+adducti Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur; nihil tam asperum neque tam
+difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem
+aere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum, D. Bruti perducit, quod foro
+propinqua erat neque aliena consilii[204] propter Semproniam; nam tum
+Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium accersit,[205] quo major
+auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesente conjurationem aperit, nominat
+socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus
+amplior[206] esset; deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit.
+
+[203] The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lacus Lemannus and the
+    Rhone as far south as the Isara. They were subject to Rome, but, with
+    a certain degree of independence, they governed themselves within
+    their own country. Their chief towns were Vienna and Geneva.
+[204] _Aliena consilii_. See Zumpt, S 470.
+[205] Respecting the orthography of _accersit_, see Zumpt, S 202.
+[206] _Magnus animus_ is the usual Latin expression for 'courage,' and
+    _amplior_ is the same as _major_.
+
+41. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In
+altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe
+victoriae, at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe
+certa praemia. Haec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicae.
+Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem
+omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito,
+legatis praecepit, ut studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros
+adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos
+habeant.[207]
+
+[207] Manifestum habeo aliquem, 'I catch a person in the act,' so that he
+    can be convicted of his crime by unexceptionable evidence.
+
+42. Iisdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore,[208] item
+in agro Piceno, Bruttio,[209] Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante
+Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul
+agebant; nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus,
+festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo
+numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consulto, causa
+cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia G. Murena, qui
+ei provinciae legatus[210] praeerat.
+
+[208] _Gallia citerior_ is Gaul south of the Alps, or the province of
+    Cisalpine Gaul. _Gallia ulterior_ is Gaul north of the Alps, as
+    far as the Cebenna mountains. The part of modern France beyond those
+    mountains was not yet subject to Rome, but became a Roman province by
+    the conquests of Caesar.
+[209] _Bruttium_ is the peninsula of Italy, which extends towards Sicily.
+    It was a mountainous country with many forests.
+[210] He was legate to his brother L. Murena, who had then already left
+    the province of Gaul, being a candidate for the consulship for the
+    year B.C. 62, which he obtained.
+
+43. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes conjurationis erant,
+paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, constituerant, uti quum Catilina in
+agrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset. L. Bestia tribunus plebis
+contione habita quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi
+invidiam optimo consuli imponeret; eo signo[211] proxima nocte cetera
+multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed[212] ea
+divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu
+duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior
+aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret;
+Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem
+alium; sed filii[213] familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat,
+parentes interficerent, simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus, ad
+Catilinam erumperent. Inter haec parata atque decreta[214] Cethegus
+semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum; illos dubitando et dies prolatando
+magnas opportunitates corrumpere, facto, non consulto, in tali periculo
+opus esse, seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in
+curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum
+bonum in celeritate putabat.
+
+[211] _Signum,_ in military phraseology, is the visible or audible signal
+    for a movement which the army is to execute. The attack of the
+    tribune of the people on Cicero during his address to the people was
+    to be the signal. 'After this signal had been given' (_eo signo_),
+    _dato_ being understood. _Conjurationis_ for _conjuratorum_.
+[212] _Sed_. According to ordinary Latinity, the sentence ought to have
+    been introduced by _autem_; see Zumpt, S 348, note. But it must be
+    observed that in the historical style of Sallust _sed_ very
+    frequently expresses not only opposition, but also mere transition
+    from one thing to another, which seems to be an affectation of
+    simplicity.
+[213] The idea expressed by _filius familias_ is 'a son who is not yet
+    independent, who has not yet a household of his own.'
+[214] _Inter haec_, &c.; that is, _dum haec parantur atque decernuntur_.
+
+44. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros
+conveniunt;[215] ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant
+jusjurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant; aliter haud facile eos ad
+tantum negotium impelli posse. Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; Cassius
+semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe
+proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem
+mittit, ut Allobroges prins quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina data atque
+accepta fide societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad
+Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: 'Qui[216] sim ex eo,
+quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et
+memineris te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent;
+auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.'[217] Ad hoc mandata verbis
+dat: 'Quum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia
+repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse propius
+accedere.'
+
+[215] _Conveniunt_, with the accusative. See Zumpt, S 387.
+[216] _Qui_ for _quis_. See Zumpt, S 134, note.
+[217] He means to say, 'even from the slaves, who, as is now seen, have
+    not been received by Catiline into his army.'
+
+45. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero
+per legates cuncta edoctus,[218] L. Valerio Flacco et G. Pomptinio
+praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio[219] per insidias Allobrogum
+comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur,
+cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines
+militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat,
+occulte pontem obsidunt.[220] Postquam ad id loci[221] legati cum
+Volturcio venerunt et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito
+cognito consilio, sine mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo,
+cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde ubi a
+legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinium obtestatus,
+quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut
+hostibus[222] sese praetoribus dedit.
+
+[218] _Cuncta_. Respecting this accusative, see Zumpt, S 391, note 1.
+[219] _Pons Mulvius_, a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from
+    the city, outside the porta Flaminia. It still exists under the name
+    of ponte Molle, and is passed by all travellers who go from Rome to
+    the north.
+[220] _Obsidunt_. For this verb, see Zumpt, S 189, under _sido_.
+[221] _Ad id loci_; that is, _ad eum locum_.
+[222] He betrayed his treasonable designs even by surrendering to the
+    public authorities, as if they were a foreign and hostile power, and
+    by praying them to spare his life.
+
+46. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuntios consuli
+declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere; nam
+laetabatur intellegens conjuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam
+esse, porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civibus
+deprehensis, quid facto opus esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri,
+impunitatem perdundae rei publicae[223] fore credebat. Igitur confirmato
+animo vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, item
+quendam Caeparium Tarracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia
+proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Caeparius paulo ante domo
+egressus cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod
+praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum[224] perducit; reliquos cum
+custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque
+frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit, Flaccum
+praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre
+jubet.
+
+[223] See Zumpt, S 662.
+[224] The meeting of the senate was held in the Temple of Concord,
+    close by the Forum. Temples were often used instead of the Curia
+    Hostilia, which was the regular place for the senate to assemble in.
+    Lentulus was taken to the senate by the consul himself; the others
+    were conducted thither by guards, to be brought before the assembly
+    after the business had been opened.
+
+47. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut
+qua de causa consilii habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de
+conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est,[225] omnia, uti
+gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Caepario
+socium ascitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; tantummodo audire
+solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Ser. Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos
+praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum
+dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere
+solitus erat; ex libris Sibyllinis[226] regnum Romae tribus Corneliis
+portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret
+urbis potiri;[227] praeterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum
+annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices[228] respondissent bello civili
+cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua
+cognovissent, senatus decernit, uti abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque
+ceteri in liberis custodiis[229] habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo
+Spintheri, qui tum aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius G.
+Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga
+retractus erat) Gn. Terentio senatori traduntur.
+
+[225] 'He was ordered to make his statement on the ground of the promise
+    made to him, on behalf of the state, that he should not be punished.'
+    Sallust might have used the more complete expression, _fide publica
+    data_ or _accepta_; but such expressions are to be completed by the
+    sense rather than by any grammatical ellipsis.
+[226] _Sibylla_ is the ancient Greek name for a prophetic woman; and at
+    Rome prophecies and counsels (_libri Sibyllini_) were kept in the
+    Capitol which were believed to have been given as early as the time
+    of the kings by a Sibyl of Cumae. They contained information about
+    festivals, sacrifices, and other religious observances, and the
+    means by which calamities which threatened the state might be
+    averted. They were under the superintendence of a special college
+    of priests, by whom alone they were consulted, on the command of
+    the senate, in cases of public distress or apprehension. This college
+    was called at different times, according to the number of its
+    members, _duoviri_, _decemviri_, or _quindecemviri sacrorum_.
+[227] The _gens_ Cornelia comprised a large number of families, such
+    as the Scipios, Dolabellas, Merulas, Sullas, Cinnas, Cethegi, and
+    Lentuli. L. Cinna, by repeated consulships, and as the leader of
+    the Marian party, obtained the highest power at Rome after the
+    death of C. Marius, but was slain in B.C. 84 by his own soldiers,
+    whom he intended to lead against L. Sulla. Sulla, after having
+    been consul as early as the year B.C. 88, became dictator in B.C. 82.
+    Respecting the expression _urbis potiri_, see Zumpt, S 466.
+[228] _Haruspices_ were the interpreters of the signs which were
+    believed to be contained in the entrails of victims sacrificed to the
+    gods, as well as of the phenomena in the atmosphere (_monstra_), and
+    other occurrences in nature, which seemed to be contrary to the
+    ordinary course of things. The system of this kind of superstition
+    had been principally developed by the ancient Etruscans, and the
+    haruspices engaged in the state religion of the Romans were generally
+    natives of Etruria; and the Romans, owing to the uncertainty of their
+    knowledge of things divine, dreaded this kind of superstition rather
+    than practised it.
+[229] _Libera custodia_ is opposed to the _carcer publicus_, in which
+    the prisoners were treated like slaves, and kept in chains. There
+    were at Rome no prisons for those persons whose guilt was not yet
+    established, or whose punishment consisted merely in confinement; but
+    private persons, or the relatives of the accused, were obliged to
+    keep the person of a criminal in their own houses, until the final
+    decision upon his offence was given by the ordinary courts of
+    justice.
+
+48. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum
+novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari,
+Ciceronem ad coelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque
+laetitiam agitabat.[230] Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis quam
+detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, immoderatum ac sibi maxime
+calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu
+corporis erant.[231] Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum
+adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum
+ajebant. Is, quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides
+publica data esset, jussus a consule quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae
+Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium
+senatum docet; praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret,
+ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi[232]
+terrerent, eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum
+animos reficeret et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur. Sed ubi
+Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa
+potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars tametsi verum existimabant,
+tamen quia in tali tempore[233] tanta vis hominis magis leniunda quam
+exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii
+conclamant indicem falsum esse, deque ea re postulant uti referatur.[234]
+Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium
+falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius
+potestatem[235] faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam
+rem esset mentitus. Erant eo tempore, qui aestimarent, indicium illud a
+P. Autronio machinatum, quo facilius appellato Crasso per societatem
+periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone
+immissum ajebant, ne Crassus more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio rem
+publicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem [236] audivi,
+tantam illam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impositam.
+
+[230] Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the present or
+    imperfect, and _vice versa_, are not uncommon in Sallust. See
+    chapters 18, 23, 56, 58.
+[231] _Erant_; according to the style of Cicero, it would be _essent_.
+    See Zumpt, S 565.
+[232] For _deprehensio Lentuli et aliorum_, which would be more in
+    accordance with the usage of modern languages.
+[233] _In tali tempore_. See Zumpt, S 475, note.
+[234] They demanded that the consul should bring forward the matter, as
+    to whether the statement of Tarquinius was to be believed, in order
+    that the votes might be taken upon it. For without a special
+    _relatio_ by the magistrate authorised to make it (commonly the
+    presiding consul, but sometimes also a tribune of the people), no
+    senatus consultum could be made.
+[235] _Potestatem_; supply from the context _indicandi_.
+[236] _Praedicantem_. See Zumpt, S 636.
+
+49. Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso[237] neque precibus neque
+gratia neque pretio Ciceronem impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut
+alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves
+inimicitias exercebat: Piso oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum
+propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione
+pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis honoribus usus,
+ab adolescentulo Caesare victus[238] discesserat. Res autem opportuna
+videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, publice maximis
+muneribus[239] grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum
+facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo atque ementiundo,
+quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent,[240] magnam illi
+invidiam conflaverant, usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui
+praesidii causa eum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi
+magnitudine seu animi mobilitate[241] impulsi, quo studium suum in rem
+publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur.
+
+[237] These two leaders of the party of the optimates had been consuls,
+    Catulus in the year B.C. 78, and C. Piso in B.C. 67; and Catulus had
+    also been censor in B.C. 65. Both were enemies of Caesar, who had
+    defeated Catulus in his canvas for the office of pontifex maximus,
+    and had caused a judicial inquiry to be instituted against Piso,
+    about the manner in which he had conducted the proconsular
+    administration of Gaul. Caesar was even then considered as the leader
+    of the popular party, and as an opponent of the senate and its
+    influence in the constitution.
+[238] It was at that time that Caesar, on going from home to the
+    elective assembly, said to his mother, 'To-day you shall see your
+    son either as pontifex, or you shall never see him again.' Caesar,
+    however, is here called an _adolescentulus_ only in comparison
+    with the aged Catulus, for he was at that time thirty-six years old.
+[239] 'In public life by the greatest exhibitions;' for _munera_ are
+    exhibitions by means of which a private person, and still oftener a
+    magistrate, endeavoured to win the favour of the people. As regards
+    Caesar, that which is said here refers to the brilliant exhibitions
+    in his aedileship, and the games which he gave while invested with
+    that office. But he had thereby got so deeply into debt, that when,
+    after his praetorship--with which he was invested in B. C. 62, the
+    year after the Catilinarian conspiracy--he wanted to leave Rome to go
+    to his province of Spain, he was kept back by his creditors; and
+    he was not allowed to depart until M. Crassus had given security
+    for him.
+[240] _Dicerent_. Respecting this subjunctive, see Zumpt, S 551.
+[241] _Mobilitas animi_, 'irritability,' or that state of mind which is
+    easily excited, or upon which it is easy to make an impression.
+    _Clarius esset_ is an explanation of _gladio minitarentur_.
+
+50. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatis Allobrogum et T. Volturcio,
+comprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex
+clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in
+vicis ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim exquirebant duces
+multitudinum,[242] qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus
+autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in
+audaciam, orabat, ut grege facto cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul,
+ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus
+monebat, convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui in
+custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat
+contra rem publicam fecisse.[243] Tum D. Junius Silanus, primus
+sententiam rogatus,[244] quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de
+his, qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio,
+P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum
+decreverat; isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in
+sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum[245] se dixerat, quod de ea re praesidiis
+additis referundum censuerat.[246] Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est,
+rogatus sententiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est:
+
+[242] _Multitudines_; that is, _catervae, factiones_, crowds or bands of
+    men united for the purpose of creating disturbances among the people.
+[243] This is the customary form of condemnation in a decree of the
+    senate, whereby it is declared that a wrong has actually been done
+    to the state, or that an attempt has been made upon the constitution.
+    The verdict of 'guilty,' therefore, had been pronounced by the
+    senate itself.
+[244] _Sententiam rogatus_. See Zumpt, S 393, note 1.
+[245] He had declared that at the voting, which took place after the
+    members of the senate had expressed their opinions, he would vote
+    for the opinion of Tib. Nero; for the voting took place by a division
+    (_discessio_), only one proposal being voted upon at a time, so
+    that those who supported it separated from those who did not support
+    it, but intended to vote for any other opinion (_alia omnia_).
+[246] This opinion then aimed only at an adjournment of the matter.
+    Its issue was to be waited for; but in the meantime, the posts of
+    guards were to be strengthened, and a fresh proposal was to be made
+    respecting the punishment of the prisoners. The Tib. Nero here
+    mentioned is the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, who was raised
+    to the imperial throne in A. D. 14, in the fifty-sixth year of his
+    age.
+
+51. 'Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab
+odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile
+animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini
+simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si libido possidet,
+ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi,
+P. C., quae reges atque populi ira aut misericordia impulsi male
+consuluerint;[247] sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra
+libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum
+rege Perse[248] gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quae
+populi Romani opibus creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit; sed
+postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis
+divitiarum magis quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos
+eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Karthaginienses et
+in pace et per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi
+per occasionem talia fecere; magis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in
+illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est,
+P. C., ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra
+dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna
+poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitude
+sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus
+comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententiam dixerunt,
+composite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt; quae belli
+saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; rapi virgines,
+pueros, divelli liberos a parentum complexu, matres familiarum pati, quae
+victoribus collibuissent, fana atque domos spoliari, caedem, incendia
+fieri, postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri.
+Sed, per deos immortales, quo illa oratio pertinuit? an[249] uti vos
+infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet[250] quem res tanta et tam,
+atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. Non ita est; neque cuiquam
+mortalium injuriae suae[251] parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo
+habuere.[252] Sed alia aliis licentia est, P. C. Qui demissi in obscuro
+vitam habent,[253] si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque
+fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem
+agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima
+licentia est; neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime irasci decet; quae
+apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas
+appellatur. Equidem ego[254] sic existimo, P. C., omnes cruciatus minores
+quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et
+in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo
+severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, quae
+dixerit, studio rei publicae dixisse, neque illum in tanta re gratiam aut
+inimicitias[255] exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi.[256]
+Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis,--quid enim in tales homines
+crudele fieri potest?--sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam
+profecto aut metus aut injuria te subegit,[257] Silane, consulem
+designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore supervacaneum est
+disserere, quum praesertim diligentia clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta
+praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus equidem dicere id quod res
+habet;[258] in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non
+cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque
+curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quamobrem
+in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos
+animadverteretur?[259] An quia lex Porcia[260] vetat? At aliae leges item
+condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed exilium permitti jubent.[261]
+An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis
+grave est in homines tanti facinoris convictos? Sin, quia levius est; qui
+convenit[262] in minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore
+neglexeris? At enim[263] quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei
+publicae decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus
+moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, P. C.,
+quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta
+sunt; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum
+illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos
+transfertur.[264] Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros[265]
+imposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum
+quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare; ea[266] populus laetari et
+merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et
+malos libidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute
+oppressa stultae laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor
+Sulla quum Damasippum[267] et alios hujusmodi, qui malo rei publicae
+creverant, jugulare jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat? Homines
+scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant,
+merito necatos ajebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam uti
+quisque domum aut villam, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus
+concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum[268] numero esset. Ita
+illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi
+trahebantur; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit quam Sulla omnes suos
+divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus
+vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio
+tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro
+vero credi; ubi hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit,
+quis illi finem statuet aut quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, P. C.,
+neque consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere, neque illis superbia
+obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur.
+Arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis
+pleraque[269] sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes
+idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exequebantur, imitari quam
+invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem imitati,
+verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium
+sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones
+valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, tum lex
+Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus[270] exilium damnatis
+permissum est. Ego hanc causam, P. C., quominus[271] novum consilium
+capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia major in
+illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere quam in nobis,
+qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere
+exercitum Catilinae? Minime, sed ita censeo; publicandas eorum pecunias,
+ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,[272] quae maxime opibus valent;
+neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat; qui
+aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salutem
+omnium facturum.'
+
+[247] _Male consulere_, 'to form bad' or 'injurious resolutions.'
+[248] _Perse_. Respecting the forms of this name, see Zumpt, SS 52, 54.
+[249] _An_ must be explained by supplying another interrogation before
+    it, such as _alione?_ 'had that speech any other object, or had it
+    this one?' for _an_ is used only in the second part of a double
+    question.
+[250] 'To be sure words will fire him on, whom the thing itself did not
+    move'--that is, words are sure not to rouse him whom the thing
+    itself did not move; for _scilicet_ has an ironical force.
+[251] _Injuriae suae_, 'the injuries done to him.'
+[252] 'Many have taken them more seriously to heart than was necessary.'
+    It is more common to say _gravius tulerunt_. The perfect, _habuere_,
+    in expressing a general truth, has the sense of a present, or rather
+    of a Greek aorist, denoting that which once happened, and still
+    continues to happen. Compare p.22, note 2 [note 68].
+[253] _Vitam habent_ for _vitam agunt_, which is more common. Sallust is
+    very fond of the verb _habere_ in certain phrases. See _Jug_. 10.
+[254] _Equidem ego_ for _ego quidem_. See Zumpt, S 278.
+[255] _Inimicitiae_. About this plural, see Zumpt, S 94. The singular
+    _inimicitia_ is not used at all.
+[256] 'Such I know to be the character of the man.'
+[257] _Subigere_ here, as in many other passages of Sallust, has the
+    meaning of _cogere, invitum impellere_ ('to force a person to
+    something'), followed by an infinitive instead of a clause with _ut_.
+[258] _Id quod res habet_, 'that which is in the nature of the thing.'
+    Caesar hereby means to represent his opinion as philosophically
+    correct, and in accordance with nature. _Id quod_ belong together.
+[259] Such had indeed been the custom in former times. The condemned
+    person, previous to being beheaded with the axe, was bound to a post
+    and scourged. This barbarous punishment continued to be inflicted
+    sometimes even at a later period, when it was expressly mentioned in
+    the verdict that the criminal should be punished _more majorum_.
+    _Animadvertere_ is the proper expression for the infliction of
+    bodily punishment by a lictor, who _has to pay attention to his
+    orders_; but it is also used of the person who gives the order,
+    and causes it to be carried into effect, just as _interficere_
+    is said both of the executioner and the person who orders a man to be
+    put to death.
+[260] This law, proposed by one Porcius, and passed by the people,
+    forbade the scourging of Roman citizens on the naked body; so that,
+    after the passing of that law, an execution consisted simply in
+    beheading a criminal with the sword; and if he was a soldier,
+    flogging took the place of scourging. The celebrated M. Porcius Cato,
+    about B. C. 160, recommended this bill to the people; but it was not
+    he who proposed it, but an unknown person of the name of Porcius,
+    probably a tribune of the people.
+[261] There were no Roman laws forbidding capital punishment, or
+    substituting exile in its place, and for this reason Caesar does not
+    refer to any such law. He supports his view only by the circumstance
+    that, in all the more recent laws, especially in the criminal law of
+    Sulla, exile (_interdictio aquae et ignis_) was fixed upon as the
+    extreme penalty; and that according to the usual indulgence (not
+    sanctioned by any law), accused persons, if they denied being guilty,
+    and were defended by some one, remained in the enjoyment of their
+    freedom until the sentence was passed. Thus it happened that a
+    person, foreseeing his condemnation, might quit the Roman territory,
+    and take up his abode within the territory of some town or city where
+    the Roman law was not in force, and where the Roman state placed no
+    obstacles in his way.
+[262] 'How is it consistent?' Respecting _qui_ for _quomodo_ or _quo
+    pacto_, see Zumpt, S 133, note. The _minus negotium_ is the
+    scourging, and the _majus negotium_ the execution.
+[263] _At enim_ introduces an objection raised by the orator himself.
+    _At_ represents the objection, and _enim_ introduces an explanation
+    of it. See Zumpt, S 349.
+[264] Caesar means to say that the present senate, which, as he
+    flatteringly says, consists of worthy men, will not abuse the power
+    of putting Roman citizens to death; but that a subsequent senate,
+    taking such an example as a precedent, might abuse its power. It
+    must be observed that the Roman senate possessed the power over the
+    life and death of citizens, not by virtue of legal enactments, but
+    only by ancient custom. This power legally belonged only to the
+    people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata, or to those to whom the
+    people expressly intrusted it--namely, the ordinary and extraordinary
+    courts of justice. It may seem surprising that Caesar does not
+    express himself more energetically against the right claimed by the
+    senate; but he would certainly have spoken in vain, for it was
+    every senator's interest that the power of the senate should be
+    recognised in its greatest extent, even though it should not be
+    exercised in every particular case.
+[265] That is, the so-called thirty tyrants in the year B. C. 404.
+[266] _Ea_; for this accusative, see Zumpt, S 385.
+[267] _Damasippus_ was only a surname of the praetor M. Junius Brutus,
+    who in the year B. C. 82 put to death a great many Roman nobles of
+    the party of Sulla.
+[268] Namely, by Sulla, after he had been made dictator.
+[269] _Pleraque_; most of the ensigns and distinctions by which the
+    magistrates were distinguished from private persons, especially the
+    _toga praetexta_, _sella curulis_, _fasces_ (which were carried
+    by the lictors), and, above all, the splendid procession of the
+    _triumphatores_.
+[270] _Legibus_ is here a pleonasm, and might have been omitted. We
+    must here repeat that Caesar makes an artful application of the
+    circumstance that, in all the late criminal laws, the _interdictio
+    aquae et ignis_ was fixed as the severest punishment, as if
+    thereby a person had been simply permitted to withdraw from the
+    republic. The _interdictio_ was a much more severe punishment,
+    inasmuch as the person on whom it was inflicted lost all his rights
+    as a citizen, and as every one was forbidden to receive him into his
+    house, so that he was a complete outcast. Wherever these regulations
+    were not carried into effect, and even in case a criminal made his
+    escape before the sentence was pronounced, we can see nothing but an
+    abuse of clemency.
+[271] _Quominus_ is here used because the leading clause conveys the
+    idea of a hindrance; but _ne_ also might have been written.
+[272] _Per municipia_, 'among the municipia.' See Zumpt, S 301.
+
+52. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie
+assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi
+orationem habuit: 'Longe mihi alia mens est, P. C., quum res atque
+pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnullorum mecum ipse
+reputo.[273] Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae,
+parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere; res autem monet cavere
+ab illis magis quam, quid in illos statuamus, consultare. Nam cetera
+maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt; hoc nisi provideris ne accidat,
+ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores; capta urbe nihil fit reliqui
+victis. Sed, per deos immortales, vos ego appello, qui semper domos,
+villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rem publicam fecistis,[274] si
+ista, cujuscunque modi sunt quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus
+vestris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando et capessite rem
+publicam.[275] Non agitur de vectigalibus neque de sociorum injuriis:
+libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenumero, P. C., multa verba in
+hoc ordine feci,[276] saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium
+questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo; qui mihi atque
+animo meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecissem,[277] haud facile
+alterius libidini male facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi
+pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat; opulentia neglegentiam
+tolerabat.[278] Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus
+vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum imperium, populi Romani sit,
+sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra an nobiscum una hostium futura
+sint. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat.[279]
+Jampridem equidem[280] nos vera vocabula rerum amisimus, quia bona aliena
+largiri liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur, eo[281] res
+publica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent,
+liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii; ne
+illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et[282] dum paucis sceleratis parcunt,
+bonos omnes perditum eant. Bene et composite G. Caesar paulo ante in hoc
+ordine de vita et morte disseruit, credo falsa existimans ea, quae de
+inferis memorantur, diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra, inculta,
+foeda atque formidolosa habere. Itaque censuit pecunias eorum
+publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos; videlicet timens,
+ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis aut a multitudine
+conducta per vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in
+urbe et non[283] per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia,
+ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium
+est, si periculum ex illis metuit; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non
+timet, eo magis refert[284] me mihi atque vobis timere. Quare quum de P.
+Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro certo habetote,[285] vos simul de
+exercitu Catilinae et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos
+attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit; si paululum modo
+vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.[286] Nolite existimare,
+majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse.[287] Si ita
+res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque
+civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est.
+Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi
+industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque
+delicto neque libidini obnoxius.[288] Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque
+avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudamus divitias,
+sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia
+virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi
+quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic[289] pecuniae aut
+gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam[290] rem publicam.
+Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam
+incendere,[291] Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum
+accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini
+etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis?[292]
+Misereamini censeo[293],--deliquere homines adolescentuli per
+ambitionem,--atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et
+misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in miseriam onvertet.[294] Scilicet
+res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.[295] Immo vero[296] maxime;
+sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini,
+videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rem publicam saepe in
+maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus
+auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera
+omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos
+implores;[297] irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius
+Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem
+pugnaverat, necare jussit,[298] atque ille egregius adolescens
+immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis
+parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic
+sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si
+famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi
+adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de
+Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam[299] unquam pensi
+fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si
+mehercule peccato locus esset,[300] facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi,
+quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum
+exercitu faucibus urguet:[301] alii intra moenia atque in sinu urbis sunt
+hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis
+properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum
+civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii
+et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia
+aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse,
+de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum
+supplicium sumendum.'
+
+[273] Cato says, '_When I consider the danger of our situation, I form
+    quite a different view_ from what I do when I reflect upon the
+    opinions expressed by some about the punishment of the criminals; for
+    the present danger demands energetic measures of defence, while some
+    of you are speaking only about the punishment of a crime already
+    committed. But such a view is incorrect, for we are still surrounded
+    by the greatest dangers.'
+[274] _Pluris facere_, 'to esteem higher.'
+[275] _Capessere rem publicam_, 'to take part in the administration of
+    the state,' or 'to devote one's self to its service.'
+[276] _Verba facere_, 'to speak,' or 'to make a speech.'
+[277] 'I who had never connived at any of my bad acts'--that is, I who
+    had never given way to my own weaknesses. About this subjunctive
+    expressing the reason why the orator does not allow the faults of
+    others to pass unnoticed, see Zumpt, SS 555, 558.
+[278] 'The strength of the state bore the negligence' in restraining the
+    arbitrary proceedings in which individuals indulged.
+[279] 'And here any one will speak to me of clemency and mercy!' alluding
+    to Caesar. The negative pronoun _quisquam_ is used because the
+    meaning implied is, that no one ought to have done so. See
+    Zumpt, S 709.
+[280] _Equidem_ for _quidem_, as often in Sallust, but never in
+    Cicero. The meaning is: 'We have indeed (_quidem_) long since lost
+    the habit of calling things by their true names, but this erroneous
+    application of the word _mercy_ is not to be borne.'
+[281] _Eo_; Cicero would have said _ea re_.
+[282] Instead of _et_, the author might have used _neve_ (_neu_), since
+    from the preceding clause we have to supply _ne_ to _et_. This is not
+    a very common mode of speaking; but it occurs most frequently when,
+    after a negative clause, _et_ introduces a kind of antithesis, and
+    thus acquires the power of _sed_.
+[283] _Et non_ corrects the untrue supposition, that there were no rebels
+    except at Rome. In such a case we can neither use _non_ without _et_,
+    nor _neque_. See Zumpt, S 334.
+[284] 'If Caesar alone is unconcerned, it is more requisite (necessary
+    or important) that I should be concerned for me and for you.' About
+    _refert_, see Zumpt, SS 23, 449, note.
+[285] _Habetote_; this future imperative denotes that something is to be
+    done when something else shall take place. Zumpt, S 583.
+[286] The meaning is: 'All will be there immediately'--that is, they will
+    rise to make the attack.
+[287] Cato means to say, 'It is a wrong opinion that our state has
+    become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the
+    most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater
+    than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the
+    activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and
+    it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.'
+[288] _Obnoxius_, 'subject to a punishment,' or 'to be injured (_noxa_);'
+    hence, figuratively, 'bound,' 'dependent.' Our ancestors, says Cato,
+    could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not
+    crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate
+    desires and passions--a hint intimating that those who were in favour
+    of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free
+    from bad intentions.
+[289] _Hic_--that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public
+    importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to
+    gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who
+    may be in your way.
+[290] _Vacuam_--namely, _a defensoribus_, 'defenceless,' 'helpless.'
+[291] _Incendere_, a free use of the infinitive for _ad patriam
+    incendendam_.
+[292] A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative
+    particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, S 351, note.
+[293] Ironically: 'I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and
+    dismiss the criminals.' The subjunctive without _ut_ depends upon the
+    verb _censeo_; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative.
+[294] 'Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.' Respecting
+    _nae_, see Zumpt, S 360; and on the transitive sense of _vertere_,
+    S 145.
+[295] The sentence beginning with _scilicet_ is again ironical. The
+    sense, without the irony, is: 'Nor can it be supposed that you
+    consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear.
+    You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.'
+[296] _Immo vero_, 'oh no; on the contrary.' See Zumpt, S 277.
+[297] Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, S 524,
+    note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be _implorabis_, without
+    altering the meaning.
+[298] This statement differs in two points from the current tradition
+    of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly _Titus_,
+    and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts
+    have _Aulus_. Secondly, he did not show his severe military
+    discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin
+    war, which ended, in B.C. 340, with the subjugation of Latium.
+    Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and
+    to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word
+    _necare_ instead of _interficere_ or _occidere_.
+[299] _Quidquam_ is stronger than _siquid_--that is, the expression of
+    the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis.
+[300] 'If there were room for a mistake'--namely, in the resolution to be
+    come to. The meaning is: 'No time is to be lost, since, if you come
+    to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to
+    correct your decision.'
+[301] 'Is upon our necks,' a figurative expression, properly applied to
+    a wrestler who seizes another by the throat.
+
+53. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars
+sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios
+increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati
+decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa
+audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra
+praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta
+negotia sustinuisset.[302] Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis
+legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum
+opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia
+Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti
+constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,[303]
+eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret.
+Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica
+magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac,
+sicuti effeta parentum,[304] multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam
+Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis
+moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat,
+silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin[305] utriusque naturam et
+mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem.
+
+[302] 'What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.'
+    _Negotium sustinere_, 'to be able to carry out a business,'
+    representing the _negotium_ as a burden.
+[303] Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the
+    circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of
+    individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world,
+    but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling
+    others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone
+    made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment
+    of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the
+    unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not
+    very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid
+    progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other
+    hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and
+    a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while
+    all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities.
+[304] _Effeta parentum_, the same as _effeta parens_, 'a mother who has
+    had children, but can have no more.' Respecting the partitive
+    genitive (as in _aliqui militum_ for _aliqui milites_), see
+    Zumpt, S 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the
+    construction with which he began, and which ought to have been
+    continued thus: _Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit_,
+    for which he says, _Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit_.
+    This deviation from the construction may be explained still more
+    easily, if in our mind we add _facit_ to the words _sicuti effeta
+    parentum_, 'as is the case with an aged mother.' _Multis
+    tempestatibus_, 'during a long time.' The singular _tempestas_ in the
+    sense of 'time' is not uncommon, but the plural _tempestates_ in the
+    sense of 'periods of time' occurs only in Sallust in this passage,
+    and _Jug_. 73, 96, and 108.
+[305] _Quin_ is used regularly for _ut non_ after a negative clause:
+    'I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their
+    characters.'
+
+54. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere; magnitudo
+animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.[306] Caesar beneficiis ac
+munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine
+et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat.
+Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam
+adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies;
+illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum
+induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere,
+nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum,
+bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium
+modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite,
+neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore,
+cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita
+quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilium sequebatur.[307]
+
+[306] 'But the one a different one from the other.' The Latin custom of
+    repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said _alia_,
+    to use _alii_, which, strictly speaking, should be _alteri_, as he is
+    speaking of only two persons.
+[307] 'The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of
+    itself,' so that _gloria_ must be supplied.
+
+55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit,[308]
+consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo
+spatio novaretur, III. viros[309] quae supplicium postulabat parare
+jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit;[310]
+idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod[311] Tullianum
+appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes
+humi depressus.[312] Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera
+lapideis fornicibus vineta,[313] sed incultu,[314] tenebris, odore foeda
+atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est
+Lentulus, viridices rerum capitalium,[315] quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo
+gulam fregere. Ila ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui
+consulare imperium Romae habuerat,[316] dignum moribus factisque suis
+exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo
+supplicium sumptum est.[317]
+
+[308] _Dicessit_; that is, after the senate, a division having taken
+    place, had decided in favour of Cato's opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2
+    [note 245].
+[309] Read _tresviros_; each one by himself was called _triumvir_ 'one of
+    the college of the three.' These officers belonging to the
+    magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison,
+    and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their
+    complete title was _tresviri capitales_. The singular, _triumvir_,
+    does not justify the plural _triumviri_, since the ordinary
+    grammatical laws require _tres viri_. In manuscripts, we usually had
+    _III. viri_. Compare Zumpt, S 124.
+[310] The preposition _de_ in this compound adds to the idea of the
+    simple verb _ducere_, that of the place to which a person is led,
+    and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the
+    expression _domum deducere_, 'to take' or 'lead a person home.'
+[311] _Locus, quod_. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun,
+    see Zumpt, S 372.
+[312] The whole structure was called _carcer Mamertinus_, and its main
+    parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, _San Pietro
+    in carcere_. It is situated not far from the ancient _forum Romanum_,
+    to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to
+    Sallust's description, persons on entering had to go down a few
+    steps leading to the entrance of the _Tullianum_, a subterraneous
+    apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this
+    was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were
+    afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining _Scalae Gemoniae_.
+    The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullius
+    Hostilius.
+[313] 'The roof is bound together by arches of stone,' to make it strong,
+    for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes.
+[314] _Incultus_, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting 'want of
+    cleanliness,' 'the absence of care.'
+[315] 'Punishers of capital offences' is only a paraphrase for
+    _carnifices_, 'executioners.'
+[316] _Cornelius Lentulus_ had been consul as early as B.C. 71, but the
+    year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on
+    account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the
+    senate, he caused himself to become praetor a second time in this
+    year, B.C. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is
+    mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the
+    baseness of his character is attested also by other authors.
+[317] The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was
+    Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian
+    rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina.
+
+56. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni copia,[318] quam et ipse
+adduxerat et Manlius habuerat, duas legiones instituit, cohortes pro
+numero militum complet,[319] deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis
+in castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones
+numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milibus[320]
+habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis
+instructa; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas,[321]
+alii praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius[322] cum exercitu
+adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in
+Galliam versus castra movere, hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare;
+sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii incepta
+patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus[323] initio ad eum
+magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum
+suis rationibus existimans, videri[324] causam civium cum servis
+fugitivis communicavisse.
+
+[318] A regular military force is more commonly called _copiae_, but
+    the singular, _copia_, also occurs in the sense of 'army,' especially
+    when it consists of an irregular mass of troops.
+[319] _Cohortes complet_ cannot mean in this passage, 'he makes the
+    cohorts complete,' for such a completeness (consisting of at least
+    420 men) is incompatible with the addition _pro numero militum_,
+    'according to the number of his soldiers' in each cohort was not the
+    usual number of a complete cohort. _Complet_ refers to the number
+    of cohorts, ten of which made a legion. Translate therefore, 'he
+    makes the full number of cohorts.'
+[320] _Duobus milibus_, Sallust might have said _duo milia_, with the
+    ellipsis of _quam_ so customary with _plus_, _amplius_, and _minus_.
+    See Zumpt, S 485.
+[321] _Sparus_ is said to be a wooden kind of weapon, resembling a
+    shepherd's staff, turned at the top; and _lancea_ a spear with
+    a handle in the middle. Both these weapons were not used by Roman
+    soldiers, for the latter, besides the short and broad _gladius_,
+    used the _pilum_, as long as a man is high, and as thick as a
+    fist, the upper end of which was strongly provided with iron, and
+    sometimes the _hasta_, which was still longer, and had an
+    iron point.
+[322] _L. Antonius_, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, B.C. 63.
+[323] _Servitia, cujus magnae copiae_; a singular construction, which
+    cannot be explained otherwise than by taking _cujus_ as a neuter,
+    'slaves, _of which_ large numbers flocked to him.' This explanation,
+    however, is supported by the consideration that slaves were regarded
+    as things, and were designated by names of the neuter gender, as
+    _servitia_, _mancipia_. In ordinary language, we should say _cujus
+    generis_, 'of which class of men.'
+[324] _Videri_ for _se videri_, 'he thought it contrary to his interest
+    to appear to have maintained the cause of citizens with the aid of
+    runaway slaves.' Respecting the omission of the subject of the
+    infinitive when it is a personal pronoun, see Zumpt, S 605.
+
+57. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae conjurationem
+patefactam, de Lentulo et Cethego ceterisque, quos supra memoravi,
+supplicium sumptum; plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum
+rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur; reliquos Catilina per montes asperos
+magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem[325] abducit, eo consilio, uti
+per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Transalpinam. At Q. Metellus
+Celer cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate
+rerum eadem illa existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare.
+Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movet ac sub
+ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam
+properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu
+locis aequioribus expeditos in fuga sequeretur.[326] Sed Catilina
+postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res
+adversas, neque fugae neque praesidii ullam spem, optimum factu ratus, in
+tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum
+confligere. Itaque contione advocata hujuscemodi orationem habuit:
+
+[325] The territory of Pistoria, in the north of Etruria, not far from
+    Faesulae, and to the north of Florentia, is in the Apennines. The
+    regular road from Pisae to Genoa, and thence across the Alps into
+    Transalpine Gaul, ran along the sea-coast. Cisalpine Gaul was
+    likewise protected against Catiline by Metellus, so that he could
+    reach his goal (Transalpine Gaul) only by mountain passes.
+[326] Antonius followed the bands of Catiline, which were not
+    inconvenienced by baggage, as they were fleeing (_in fuga_; that is,
+    _fugientes_). Antonius's army marched on smoother roads, but had
+    to carry heavier baggage. From all this, we see why Antonius, though
+    not far from the enemy, yet could not reach him. Respecting the
+    adverb _utpote_, see Zumpt, S 271. _Utpote qui_, 'the which,' is
+    used as a conjunction for _quippe qui_, generally with the
+    subjunctive, and indicates the cause of the preceding statement.
+
+58. 'Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non addere, neque ex
+ignavo strenuum neque fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris
+fieri. Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in
+bello patere solet. Quem neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam
+hortere; timor animi auribus officit.[327] Sed ego vos, quo pauca
+monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis
+equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque
+cladem attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam
+proficisci nequiverim.[328] Nunc vero quo in loco[329] res nostrae sint,
+juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab urbe,
+alter a Gallia obstant; diutius in his locis esse, si maxime animus
+ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum egestas[330] prohibet. Quocunque ire
+placet, ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo; uti forti atque
+parato animo sitis et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis vos divitias,
+decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque patriam in dexteris vestris
+portare. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, municipia
+atque coloniae patebunt; sin metu cesserimus, eadem illa adversa fient:
+neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint.
+Praeterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet; nos
+pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum est pro
+potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristinae
+virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem agere;
+potuistis nonnulli Romae amissis bonis alienas opes expectare: quia illa
+foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec[331] sequi decrevistis. Si
+haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus est; nemo nisi victor pace bellum
+mutavit.[332] Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quis[333] corpus
+tegitur, ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in proelio
+iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent; audacia pro muro habetur.
+Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes
+victoriae tenet. Animus, aetas, virtus vestra me hortantur;[334]
+praeterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes facit. Nam multitudo
+hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustiae loci. Quodsi virtuti
+vestrae fortuna inviderit, cavete,[335] inulti animam amittatis, neu
+capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes
+cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis.'
+
+[327] _Officere_ is properly 'to oppose,' 'obstruct,' _aliquid alicui
+    rei_; then omitting the object (_aliquid_) with the dative alone, 'to
+    be an obstacle to,' or 'to hinder,' therefore, _officia famae tuae_,
+    'I oppose something to your fame.' 'Internal fear is a hindrance to
+    the ear,' so that admonitions are either not heard at all, or do not
+    penetrate into the mind.
+[328] Catiline assigns the circumstance that he had expected aid and
+    succours from Rome itself, as the cause of his not having set out for
+    Gaul earlier, when he might have accomplished his end. _Opperior_,
+    'I wait for,' or _expecto dum aliquis veniat_.
+[329] _Quo in loco_, 'in which situation.' The preposition _in_ might
+    have been omitted. See Zumpt, S 481.
+[330] _Egestas_, 'want,' with the genitive of the thing wanted, is of
+    rare occurrence for _inopia_ or _penuria_. _Egestas_ is commonly used
+    absolutely in the sense of 'poverty,' 'neediness.'
+[331] _Haec_ is here used in the general sense of 'these circumstances;'
+    that is, this honourable but difficult war. This we must infer from
+    the _haec_ following.
+[332] For the construction of _mutare_, see Zumpt, S 456.
+[333] _Quis_ for _quibus_. _Ea_, not _id_. Zumpt, S 372.
+[334] 'Give me courage,' or 'give me hope,' for _hortari_ is applied to
+    persons doing good things, and _admonere_ to persons doing bad ones:
+    _hortamur properantem, admonemus cunctantem_.
+[335] _Cavete--amittatis, neu trucidemeni_ for _cavete, ne amittatis,
+    neve (neu) trucidemini_. See Zumpt, S 586.
+
+59. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa canere jubet,[336] atque
+instructos ordines in locum aequum deducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis,
+quo militibus exaequato periculo animus amplior esset, ipse pedes
+exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter
+sinistros montes et ab dextera rupe aspera,[337] octo cohortes in fronte
+constituit, reliquarum signa[338] in subsidio artius collocat. Ab his
+centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus
+optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit.[339] G. Manlium in
+dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare[340] jubet; ipse cum
+libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit,[341] quam bello Cimbrico G.
+Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius,
+pedibus aeger,[342] quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato[343]
+exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti[344] causa
+conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat.
+Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut
+meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris
+atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta
+tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in
+exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea
+commemorando militum animos accendebat.
+
+[336] _Canere_ is used in different ways: _tubicen canit signum_, 'the
+    trumpeter blows the signal;' _tubicen canit_, 'the trumpeter blows
+    (his instrument);' _signa canuntur_, 'signals are blown' or 'given;'
+    and lastly, _signa canunt_, 'the signals sound.' The last expression
+    is the one used in our passage.
+[337] _Rupe aspera_, &c. 'For in accordance with the nature of the plain
+    between hills on the left-hand side, and on the right a rugged rock,
+    he drew up (only) eight cohorts in front.'  A simpler construction
+    would have been _et rupem asperam a dextra_, but the manuscripts are
+    decidedly in favour of the ablative, which must be considered as an
+    ablative absolute, and as forming a distinct clause. Other editions
+    have the correction _rupis aspera_, 'the rough part of a rock'
+    (_aspera_ being the neut. plur.), but this is a poetical expression.
+    See Zumpt, S 435.
+[338] Literally, 'The signals (_vexilla_) of the other cohorts he places
+    in the rear as a reserve, more closely together.' _Signa_ here
+    denotes the separate divisions of the troops; that is, the cohorts
+    and the three maniples in each cohort, which are distinguished from
+    one another by their flags or banners (_vexilla_). When an army was
+    drawn up in a spacious plain, a space was left between the several
+    divisions, but in this case, the plain being too narrow, there were
+    no such spaces.
+[339] 'From among these who were drawn up as a reserve, he draws, for the
+    purpose of strengthening the van, all centurions, picked men (in
+    apposition), and the volunteers who had not been enlisted, as well as
+    the ablest of the common soldiers who were provided with arms.' The
+    word _lectos_ belonging to _centuriones_, shows that Catiline had
+    appointed to the office of centurions only chosen men who were
+    personally known to him as able soldiers. _Evocati_ were those
+    soldiers in a Roman army who did not serve in the ranks of the other
+    common soldiers, but as a separate corps, and were exempt from
+    the ordinary military duties of standing as sentinels, making
+    fortifications, foraging, and the like. They derived their name from
+    the fact that they were invited (_evocare_) by the general to serve
+    in the army as volunteers; they, moreover, were generally more
+    advanced in years than the regular troops.
+[340] _Curare_, 'to command.'
+[341] Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most
+    faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is,
+    the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates.
+    The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their
+    estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their
+    freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters.
+[342] _Pedibus aeger_. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian
+    of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to
+    be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline.
+[343] A _legatus_, in this sense (for it also means 'ambassador'),
+    supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the
+    _imperium_. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with
+    the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the
+    number of legions which they had under their command. The office of
+    legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy,
+    generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the
+    senate appointed them on the proposal of the commander-in-chief.
+    When there were several legates, the commander-in-chief might
+    intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the
+    commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate.
+[344] _Tumulti_ for _tumultus_, as _senati_ for _senatus_.
+
+60. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes
+paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum
+est, unde a ferentariis[345] proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum
+infestis signis[346] concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur.
+Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud
+timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in
+prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis
+accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire;
+strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius,
+ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem
+praetoriam[347] in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios
+alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros
+aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam
+fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis
+atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique
+pugnans confoditur.
+
+[345] _Ferentarii_ are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with
+    javelins.
+[346] The banners being turned hostilely against one another. Respecting
+    _cum_, see Zumpt, S 473; for we also find _infestis signis
+    concurrere_, without _cum_, as an ablative of the instrument.
+[347] The _cohors praetoria_ was a battalion which, in forming an army,
+    was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the bodyguard
+    of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in
+    contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it
+    to be. Under the emperors, the _cohortes praetoriae_, nine or
+    ten in number--the emperors having several armies under their
+    command--formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of
+    Rome.
+
+61. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres,[348] quanta audacia
+quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque
+vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci
+autem, quos medios[349] cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed
+omnes tamen adversis vulneribus[350] conciderant. Catilina vero longe a
+suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans
+ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex
+omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam[351] civis ingenuus
+captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta[352] pepercerant.
+Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam
+adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut
+graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut
+spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii,
+pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos
+cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus
+atque gaudia[353] agitabantur.
+
+[348] 'There you might indeed have seen.' See Zumpt, S 528, note 2.
+[349] In the centre of the army where they were drawn up.
+[350] _Adversa vulnera_, 'wounds in the breast,' or 'in the front part
+    of the body' generally. _Aversa vulnera_, on the other hand, are
+    'wounds in the back,' such as are inflicted on cowards that run away.
+[351] _Quisquam_ for ullus_. See Zumpt, S 676.
+[352] _Juxta_, 'equally little.' They had spared the life of their
+    enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3 [note 194].
+[353] These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not
+    in the regular way, for _gaudium_ and _moeror_ denote a joyous and
+    sad state of mind, 'joy' and 'sadness;' _laetitia_ and _luctus_ at
+    the same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief.
+    Accordingly, _laetitia_ contrasts with _luctus_, and _gaudia_ with
+    _moeror_. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing
+    contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, S 783.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+C. SALLUSTII CRISPI
+
+BELLUM JUGURTHINUM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi
+brevis[1] forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque
+majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,[2] magisque naturae industriam
+hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae
+mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,[3]
+abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe
+probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere
+cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates
+corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper[4] usus, ubi per
+socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas
+accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.[5]
+Quodsi[6] hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio
+aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa[7] petunt; neque
+regerentur[8] magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis[9]
+procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent.
+
+[1] _Aevi brevis_, 'of short duration.' _Aevum_, in the sense of _aetas_,
+    is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period;
+    whence the common expression _medium aevum_, 'the middle ages,' is
+    not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity.
+[2] _Invenias_; supply _quam naturam humanam_.
+[3] _Grassatur_, the same as _ingreditur_, 'advances towards;' but
+    _grassari_ has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence
+    it is often used to mark the progress of something bad.
+[4] _Paulisper_, 'for a short time.'
+[5] _Auctores_ contains a whole clause--'every one transfers his own
+    fault, _though he himself is the author of it_, to circumstances;'
+    that is, to the things which he himself has done.
+[6] _Quodsi_, 'if, however.' Zumpt, S 807.
+[7] 'And at the same time very dangerous.' In many cases one feels
+    inclined to assign to the adverb _multum_ the meaning of 'often,'
+    but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning.
+[8] _Regerentur_; supply _casibus_.
+[9] _Eo magnitudinis_; that is, _ad eam magnitudinem_, 'to that
+    greatness.' See Zumpt, S 434.
+
+2. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res
+cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi[10] naturam
+sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis
+et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora
+sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut
+initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus
+incorruptus[11] aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta
+neque ipse habetur.[12] Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,[13]
+qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt,
+ceterum[14] ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura
+mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim
+tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.
+
+[10] According to the common arrangement of words, it would be _alia
+    corporis, alia animi_; but Sallust abandons this order just because
+    it is common. For the same reason he prefers _alii--pars_ to
+    _alii--alii_. _Naturam corporis_ (or _animi_) _sequuntur_, 'they
+    follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and
+    mind.' Regarding the change of _anima_ into _animus_, it must be
+    observed that _anima_ is 'the soul,' the seat and basis of _animus_
+    (mind), which is the activity of the _anima_.
+[11] 'But the mind is not subject to corruption' (that is, to dissolution
+    and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix
+    in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually
+    expressed by adjectives ending in _ilis_ or _bilis_; as _invictus
+    miles_, an invincible soldier.
+[12] 'The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;' that
+    is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase,
+    [Greek: echo, ouk echomai].
+[13] _Admirari_ signifies not only 'to admire,' but also 'to wonder,' at
+    anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense
+    it is the same as _mirari_.
+[14] Respecting _ceterum _ as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt,
+    S 349.
+
+3. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum
+publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate[15] cupiunda videntur; quoniam
+neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,[16]
+tuti aut eo magis honesti[17] sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut
+parentes,[18] quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,[19] tamen
+importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam,
+aliaque hostilia portendant,[20] frustra autem niti,[21] neque aliud se
+fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte[22]
+quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido[23] tenet, potentiae paucorum decus
+atque libertatem suam gratificari.
+
+[15] _Hac tempestate_, the same as _hoc tempore_. Sallust frequently uses
+    _tempestas_ in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints
+    in such dark colours--namely, the period after the murder of Caesar,
+    in B.C. 44--was an agitated and stormy one.
+[16] 'Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,'
+    _quibus honos contigit_.
+[17] _Honestus_, 'honoured,' or 'honourable;' for _honestus_ (from
+    _honor_) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office,
+    and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken
+    of were _honesti_ in the first, but not in the second sense.
+[18] It might seem doubtful as to whether _parentes_ here means 'obeying
+    persons'--that is, subjects of the Roman state--or 'kinsmen,'
+    'relatives.' We believe the latter to be the case, because to control
+    subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust
+    elsewhere also combines _patria et parentes_ (_Catil._ 6, _Jug._ 87),
+    thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal _civitas_, which is
+    to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen
+    by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word _importunus_
+    properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or
+    tyrant.
+[19] 'Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes
+    in the state'--whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government
+    may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been
+    the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with _quamquam_,
+    because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an
+    indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare
+    Zumpt, S 831, 3.
+[20] _Portendere_ is here the same as 'to bring with one's self,' or 'to
+    be followed by.' It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes
+    in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at
+    the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of
+    injustice and crime.
+[21] _Frustra niti_, 'to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements),
+    if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme
+    folly.'
+[22] _Nisi forte_, 'unless perhaps'--which surely cannot be the case
+    with any sensible man. Respecting this use of _nisi forte_,
+    expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, S 526.
+[23] _Libido--gratificari_, 'the inclination to gratify;' for _libido
+    tenet_ is only a paraphrase for _libet_. This statement is striking,
+    and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to
+    sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of
+    pleasing persons in power.
+
+4. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno
+usui est memoria rerum gestarum:[24] cujus de virtute quia multi dixere,
+praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam[25] quis existimet memet
+studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi
+procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen
+inertiae imponant: certe, quibus[26] maxima industria videtur salutare
+plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego
+temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi
+nequiverint,[27] et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint,
+profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei
+mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei
+publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,[28] P. Scipionem,
+praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum
+majorum imagines[29] intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem
+accendi. Scilicet[30] non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese
+habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore
+crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam
+adaequaverit.[31] At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,[32] quin
+divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque[33] industria cum majoribus
+suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,[34] qui antea per virtutem soliti
+erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis
+artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi[35] praetura et
+consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica
+sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est.
+Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget
+taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo.
+
+[24] _Memoria rerum gestarum_, 'the recording of events ;' that is, the
+    writing of history, the usefulness (_virtus_) of which is
+    acknowledged.
+[25] The words _per insolentiam_ belong to _laudando extollere_,
+    and the meaning is, 'that no one may believe me to extol my own
+    occupation with excessive praise.' _Per insolentiam_ is the same as
+    _insolenter_, _per_ expressing manner.
+[26] 'At least _those_ to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,' &c.
+    Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the
+    relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, S 765.
+[27] 'And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a
+    distinction.' Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the
+    senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of
+    difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain
+    either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many
+    undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to
+    co-operate with whom was no honour. _Quae genera hominum_ refers to
+    the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and
+    even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious
+    upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in
+    the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J.
+    Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In
+    consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he
+    was justified in withdrawing from public life.
+[28] That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who
+    distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War.
+    P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.
+    We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus
+    the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must
+    lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio.
+[29] The images (_imagines_) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but
+    from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we
+    have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest
+    ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts
+    (portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule
+    office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax
+    portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the
+    illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices
+    with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at
+    public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep
+    alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits
+    of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily
+    appearance.
+[30] _Scilicet_, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as
+    in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for _scire
+    licet_, 'one may perceive,' or 'it is self-evident,' and is
+    accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive.
+[31] 'The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until
+    their merit had obtained the fame and glory' (namely, of those
+    ancestors).
+[32] _His moribus_, 'in the present state of morality;' an ablative
+    absolute.
+[33] Instead of _neque_, the author might have used _aut_, for both
+    particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt,
+    S 337.
+[34] _Homines novi_, 'new men,' so called by the Romans, were those
+    persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices,
+    as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times,
+    Sallust says, such _homines novi_ distinguished themselves by their
+    ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party
+    strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls
+    _latrocinium_.
+[35] _Proinde quasi_, 'just as if,' and afterwards _perinde habentur ut_,
+    'they are considered as of equal value.' Compare Zumpt, SS 282 and
+    340.
+
+5. Bellum scripturus sum,[36] quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege
+Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit,
+dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae
+contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit,
+uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed
+priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad
+cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.[37] Bello
+Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem
+nominis Romani[38] Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex
+Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano[39]
+cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara[40] rei militaris facinora
+fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in
+Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,[41] populus Romanus quascunque
+urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae
+bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem
+fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa
+fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit,
+Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex
+concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,[42] eodem cultu quo liberos suos
+domi habuit.
+
+[36] Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation,
+    see Zumpt, S 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this
+    war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at
+    Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which
+    was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only
+    the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (_studiis
+    civilibus_), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and
+    afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of
+    the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the
+    greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome
+    at that time.
+[37] The same meaning might have been expressed by _ut omnia ad
+    cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint_. See Zumpt, S 106.
+[38] That is, 'after the Roman name had become great;' for in earlier
+    times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses,
+    especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself.
+    But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods.
+[39] _Africano_. See Zumpt, S 421.
+[40] About _et_ after _multa_, see Zumpt, S 756.
+[41] _Magnum atque late_, the connection of an adjective and adverb is
+    somewhat singular--'the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one,
+    and had a wide extent;' for he possessed the whole of western
+    Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli,
+    while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe
+    of the Massyli.
+[42] 'He had left him behind in a private station;' that is, he had not
+    appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But
+    his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa
+    had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the
+    royal family.
+
+6. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo
+maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu[43] neque inertiae corrumpendum
+dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum
+aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus
+esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras
+primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui.
+Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem
+Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem
+exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit,
+vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat
+eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi
+cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,[44] quae
+etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;[45] ad hoc studia
+Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis
+interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat.
+
+[43] _Luxu_ for _luxui_. See Zumpt, S 81.
+[44] 'The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender
+    age of his children.'
+[45] Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with
+    great mental powers) away from the right path. _Transversus_, 'that
+    which turns away to one side.'
+
+7. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque
+insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat
+Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum
+objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello
+Numantino[46] Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia
+mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum
+occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res
+longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque
+acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator
+erat,[47] et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura,
+praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam
+claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis
+maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis[48] est, et
+proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum[49] ex
+providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque
+solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in
+amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque
+consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.[50] Huc accedebat
+munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex
+Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat.
+
+[46] 'In the war against Numantia.' Numantia was the capital of the
+    Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated
+    on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence
+    the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward,
+    into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This
+    city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own
+    independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken
+    and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of
+    Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the
+    modern Soria.
+[47] _Qui tum erat_--that is, _quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant_.
+[48] _Difficillimum in primis_, like _difficillimum omnium_; that is, the
+    most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in
+    difficulty.
+[49] The one--namely, to be good in council--usually produces
+    timidity; the other--namely, to be bold in battle--rashness.
+    _Alterum--alterum_, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an
+    inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, S 700, note.
+[50] _Erat_ for the usual subjunctive _esset_.
+
+8. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles,
+quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,[51] factiosi domi,
+potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non
+mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset,
+fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem,
+Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio
+dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum
+magnifice pro contione[52] Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto
+monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret
+neu quibus[53] largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod
+multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,[54] ultro illi et
+gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum
+pecunia praecipitem casurum.
+
+[51] 'To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and
+    noble.'
+[52] For the meaning of _pro_ in this and similar expressions, see
+    Zumpt, S 311.
+[53] Not to make presents to individuals, _quibus_ being used for
+    _aliquibus_. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy
+    between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal
+    character.
+[54] 'In his own mode of acting,' must be understood here of his
+    honourable mode of acting; though there are also _malae artes_, such
+    as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like.
+
+9. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum
+sententia haec erat: 'Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus
+fuit, qnam rem tibi certo[55] scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus
+est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem
+pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo
+Masinissa.' Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris
+imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus
+flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est,
+statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem
+instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum
+sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque
+Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha
+habuisse:[56]
+
+[55] _Certo scio_; we also find _certe scio_. See Zumpt, S 266, note.
+[56] _Verba habere_ is sometimes used in the sense of _orationem habere_.
+
+10. 'Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in
+meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob
+beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.[57] Nam, ut alia
+magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque
+meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis
+amicissimos[58] fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est,
+postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti.
+Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni
+fidem[59] moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui,
+beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere[60]
+quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia
+regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas;
+officio et fide pariuntur.[61] Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut
+quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis
+regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia
+parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos[62]
+te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat,
+providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi
+accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem,
+Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate[63] talem hunc virum, imitamini
+virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam
+genuisse.'
+
+[57] _Me falsum habuit_ for _me fefellit_. We remarked before (Cat. 51)
+    [note 253 above] that Sallust is fond of using _habere_ in certain
+    phrases.
+[58] _Amicissimos._ See Zumpt, S 410.
+[59] _Per regni fidem_, 'by the conscientiousness which is observed in
+    governing, and must be observed;' so that it is almost the same as
+    _per regiam fidem_, or _per fidem regum_, which kings owe to one
+    another.
+[60] _Adjungere_; supply _tibi_, 'connect yourself with strangers,' as
+    opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his
+    friends and kinsmen.
+[61] Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said _parantur_,
+    but _parere_ also occurs in other authors in the sense of _parare_,
+    or 'to acquire.'
+[62] _Ante hos_, 'in preference to these.'
+[63] _Observare_ has a sense similar to that of _colere_, 'to honour' and
+    refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially
+    in the external relations of social life.
+
+11. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse
+longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa
+paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice
+fecerant, reguli[64] in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis
+disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et
+jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat,
+despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,[65] ne medius ex tribus, quod
+apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati
+concederet fatigatus[66] a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est.
+Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias
+res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam
+per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem
+Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis
+annis[67] adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus
+Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo
+tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo
+habere,[68] quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius
+procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum
+perficere.
+
+[64] _Reguli_ may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young
+    kings--that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning.
+[65] _Adherbalem assedit_, or _Adherbali assedit_, 'he sat himself down
+    at the right-hand side of Adherbal.' See Zumpt, S 386, note. There
+    accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of
+    Adherbal--that is, the least honourable of the three places.
+[66] _Fatigatus_ is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to
+    be supplied (_precibus_); but without such an addition, _fatigare_
+    signifies 'to importune a person with prayers and requests.'
+[67] 'Within the last three years;' but as the author is here speaking
+    of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of
+    _ante triennium_, or _triennio ante_.
+[68] _Cum animo habere_, the same as _cum_, or _in animo agitare_,
+    _volvere_, _reputare_. Here, again, we must attend to the use of
+    _habere_.
+
+12. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter
+dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis
+constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad
+pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius
+alio[69] concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo
+utebatur, qui proximus lictor[70] Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper
+fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque,
+uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas[71] paret
+(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se
+ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti
+doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes
+irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes
+interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu
+omnia miscere; quum[72] interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio
+mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae
+caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.
+
+[69] _Alius alio_, 'one in one direction, and the other in another.' See
+    Zumpt, S 289.
+[70] _Proximus lictor_ is the one of the lictors who, when they precede
+    the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his
+    commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the
+    highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were
+    imitated at the courts of allied princes.
+[71] _Claves adulterinae_, 'imitation keys.'
+[72] Respecting the _quum_ in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded
+    by _interea_, or _interim_, see Zumpt, S 580.
+
+13. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur;
+Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in
+duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum
+alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat,
+urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae
+imperare parat.[73] Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum
+docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine
+militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus
+ex proelio profugit in provinciam[74] ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum
+Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio
+facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus
+iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere.
+Itaque paucis diebus[75] cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit,
+quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde
+novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne
+cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus
+aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna
+munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in
+gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii
+praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo[76] nitebantur, ne gravius
+in eum consuleretur.[77] Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die
+constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum
+accepimus:
+
+[73] _Parat_, in the sense of _se parat_, 'he prepares himself,' or 'sets
+    about;' and thus _parare_ is not unfrequently used by Sallust
+    absolutely in the sense of _statuere_ and _instituere_.
+[74] _Provincia_ here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the
+    territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the
+    towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was
+    gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs
+    to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia,
+    in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the
+    kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is
+    possessed by the French.
+[75] _Paucis diebus_, 'within a few days;' that is, a few days after.
+    See Zumpt, S 480.
+[76] _Singulos ambire_, 'to go about addressing individual persons,' has
+    at the same time the meaning of 'attempting to gain them over by
+    intreaties or promises.'
+[77] 'That no severe decree might be passed against him,' _ne gravius
+    consilium in eum caperetur_.
+
+14. 'Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti
+regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem[78] existimarem meam, ceterum jus
+et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam
+maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium[79]
+loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias,
+munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem,
+Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,[80] sceleratissimus contempto
+imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque
+amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres
+conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,[81] vellem potius ob mea
+quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime
+deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si
+desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.[82] Sed quoniam parum tuta per se
+ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,[83] Jugurtha qualis foret, ad
+vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor
+prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a
+vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram
+appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi
+amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda
+erat.[84] Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem
+Masinissae[85] frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil
+causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere,
+fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes
+expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi[86] prohibere injuriam neque
+pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus
+sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus
+una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi
+erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu
+me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,[87] ut, quem tu
+parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis
+tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit![88] semperne
+in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere,
+jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes
+omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti
+pacem agitabamus, quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos
+jussissetis.[89] Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia,
+scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo
+suo[90] interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post,
+ubi me iisdem dolis non quit[91] capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum
+expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,[92] domo,
+inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius[93] quam in meo
+regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem
+audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos
+multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos[94] esse. Quod
+in familia nostra fuit,[95] praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset
+vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres
+conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham,
+beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est,
+alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum
+infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti
+necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,[96]
+propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros
+alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars
+bestiis objecti sunt;[97] pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in
+tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.[98] Si
+omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,[99]
+incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos
+implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et
+injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque
+omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?[100]
+nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam
+infesti sunt?[101] An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum
+hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui
+aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres
+conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne
+foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia
+fore; si huic imperio[102] fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse.
+Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda[103] et
+obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum
+illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita
+transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare[104]
+vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me
+verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam[105]
+illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec
+simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales
+rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox
+atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem
+nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas
+reddat.[106] Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo
+et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,[107] tamen laetandum magis quam
+dolendum puto casum tuum;[108] non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium,
+egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul
+amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno,
+rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias
+persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque
+potestas ex opibus alienis[109] pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis
+honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis
+injuriae concessissem.[110] Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet
+sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos[111] atque parentes
+vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam
+injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et
+sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.'[112]
+
+[78] Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to
+    him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome--the
+    language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself
+    to the protection of the senate.
+[79] _Affines_ are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas
+    _cognati_ are relations by blood.
+[80] _Sustinere_ is here the same as _ferre_.
+[81] 'As I was to come to such misery;' that is, as it had been ordained
+    by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, S 498.
+[82] Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in
+    consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors;
+    he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable
+    that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in
+    want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he
+    requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter
+    sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out--namely, his
+    wish to have done good services (_beneficia_) to the Romans. _Vellem_
+    in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the
+    infinitive (_posse_, to which _me_ is to be supplied, and _beneficia
+    deberi_), and then by a clause with _ut_ (_uti;_ that is,
+    _ut--uterer_). _Secundum ea_, 'next to,' or 'next after this,'
+    according to the etymology of _secundum_ from _sequor_.
+[83] _In manu fuit_, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; _in
+    manu alicujus est_, 'it is in a person's power.'
+[84] 'At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so
+    desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and
+    trustworthiness.'
+[85] 'Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.' _Me_ in this
+    sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first
+    _progeniem_, and then _nepotem Masinissae_.
+[86] Observe the unusual combination _Romani populi_ for _populi Romani_,
+    which is to be explained by the fact, that here _Romani_ is the more
+    emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other
+    nations.
+[87] 'O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good
+    services led!' For the accusative _me miserum_, see Zumpt, S 402; and
+    for the double suffix in _hucine_, S 132.
+[88] 'Never, then, will our family be at peace!' an exclamation to which
+    afterwards an interrogative sentence with _ne_ is appended. The
+    former also might have been expressed by _numquamne ergo_, &c.
+[89] The subjunctive _jussissetis_ indicates a repeated action. See
+    Zumpt, S 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war
+    and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the
+    allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom
+    the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not
+    long since, the Numantines.
+[90] 'Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.' Respecting
+    this use of the pronoun _idem_, when the two predicates are added to
+    one subject, see Zumpt, S 697.
+[91] _Non queo_; that is, _nequeo_, or _non possum_.
+[92] _Extorris_ (from _terra_), as _exsul_ from _solum_, 'homeless.'
+    Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt,
+    S 468.
+[93] _Tutius_; the adjective _tutior_ also might have been used.
+    Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, S 365.
+[94] _Maxime tutos_; that is, _omnium tutissimos_.
+[95] 'Whatever was in the power of our family;' _quod per familiam
+    nostram stetit_.
+[96] This inserted clause belongs to the following _propinquus_. The
+    demonstrative _id_ (or _is_) is omitted, and the relative clause
+    precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, SS 765, 813.
+[97] _Pars--pars_; that is, _alii--alii_; whence the verb is in the
+    plural.
+[98] _Exigere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, but implying a long and sorrowful
+    life.
+[99] 'Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.'
+    The neuter _necessaria_ also comprises the persons who are termed
+    _necessarii_, 'persons connected by ties of relationship or
+    friendship;' such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of
+    the speaker.
+[100] 'Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?'
+    Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes
+    from Sallust _quo accidam?_ 'whither shall I turn myself for
+    assistance?' but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this
+    passage.
+[101] He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and
+    had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially
+    the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of
+    Mauritania.
+[102] Sallust might have said _hujus imperii_, but he prefers the dative,
+    which is a dativus incommodi.
+[103] _Secundus_, 'favourable,' according to its derivation from
+    _sequor_, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the
+    general sense of 'assisting,' or 'devoted to.'
+[104] _Fatigare_, 'to importune a person with prayers.' See note chap. 3.
+[105] _Quodutinam_ connects this sentence in an animated manner with the
+    preceding, otherwise _utinam_ alone might be used. 'Yes, would that I
+    could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.'
+[106] _Nae ille--reddat_; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence
+    forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: 'would that I could see
+    him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened
+    their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for
+    his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.'
+    The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same
+    tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future
+    indicative. See Zumpt, S 524, note.
+[107] 'Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity,
+    and by a person who should have done it least of all.' _Unde_,
+    the more general relative, is here used for _a quo homine_. In like
+    manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant
+    _unde petitur_; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded.
+[108] _Doleo_, 'I grieve at,' is construed with _de_, as _de casu tuo_,
+    with the ablative alone, _casu tuo_, and also as a transitive verb
+    with the accusative, _doleo casum tuum_. _Laetari_ here follows the
+    construction of _doleo_, for it is generally followed by _de_, or the
+    ablative alone. See Zumpt, S 383.
+[109] Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends
+    upon the power of Jugurtha.
+[110] Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may
+    terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in
+    contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these
+    things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares
+    for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must
+    live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts
+    of the senators, expressed as they are by a king.
+[111] _Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros_. The words _per liberos_
+    belong together; to _vos_ supply _oro_. See Zumpt, S 794. Adherbal
+    intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha
+    has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others
+    read _per vos per liberos vestros_; but this is wrong, and the
+    repetition of _per_ is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves,
+    but by something that is dear to them.
+[112] _Tabescere_, 'to waste away,' 'perish;' the proper meaning is, 'to
+    be consumed by some disease.'
+
+15. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis
+quam causa freti, paucis respondent: 'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab
+Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara
+superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab
+senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu
+verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.'[113] Deinde utrique curia
+egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea
+magna pars gratia depravata,[114] Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae
+virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro
+alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra
+pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum
+Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex
+omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus
+potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is
+postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in
+tali re solet, ne polluta licentia[115] invidiam accenderet, animum a
+consueta libidine continuit.
+
+[113] _Ante facta_, &c. It would have been more common to say _factis
+    suis anteponerent_. In Cicero, _ante_ is not used to denote
+    preference as in Sallust, _Cat._ 53: _Graeci ante Romanos fuere_ for
+    _Graeci Romanis praestabant_.
+[114] According to Sallust's mode of speaking, we should have expected
+    _depravati_, _pars_ being only another form for _alii_. But nothing
+    can be said against the grammatical agreement _pars depravata_, it
+    being that form which, according to grammar, should be used.
+[115] Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes
+    from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to
+    stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. _Licentia_ is the
+    conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and
+    accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen
+    disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men
+    (_pollutus_) is here transferred to _licentia_. Sallust describes
+    Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was
+    twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious
+    to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much
+    as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means
+    to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related
+    hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by
+    Jugurtha, and Adherbal's flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116,
+    a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes
+    on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military
+    undertaking.
+
+16. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam
+anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa
+obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis
+princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia
+consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam
+nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.[116] Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in
+inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando
+multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,[117] postremo omnibus suis rebus
+commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus,
+plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione,
+quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior,
+Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae
+portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.[118]
+
+[116] Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had,
+    with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of
+    G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory,
+    several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy
+    to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility.
+    Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from
+    the narrative of Sallust.
+[117] _Fide_ for _fidei_. See Zumpt, S 85, note 3.
+[118] _Possedit_, 'he took possession of.' The present _possideo_ only
+    means 'to possess;' but the past tenses, _possedi_, _possessum_, at
+    the same time have the meaning of 'taking possession,' as if they
+    were formed from a present _possido_, _possidere_. Compare the
+    similarly-formed compounds of _sido_, _sidere_, in Zumpt, S 189.
+
+17. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes,
+quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca
+et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus
+frequentata[119] sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera
+quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte
+tertia[120] Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed
+Africam in Europa.[121]Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et
+Oceani,[122] ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,[123] quem locum
+Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum
+fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria
+aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque
+senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud
+saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui
+mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo
+inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet,
+diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis
+dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus
+terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.[124] Ceterum fides ejus rei penes
+auctores erit.
+
+[119] _Frequentata sunt_, 'they have been frequented.' The participle is
+    in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate.
+    _Asperitas_ refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous
+    districts.
+[120] Other editions have _in partem tertiam_, and this deviation from
+    the common mode of speaking (which is to use _pono_ with _in_ and the
+    ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was
+    not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no
+    such distinction.
+[121] In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three
+    parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt
+    and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect
+    Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided
+    the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the
+    vast extent of Africa to the south.
+[122] _Fretum_, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of
+    Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern
+    frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the
+    east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to
+    him to speak about it.
+[123] 'The inclined plain,' or, as the geographer Mela says, 'the valley
+    which inclines towards Egypt.' The length of this valley extends from
+    south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it
+    separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east,
+    which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in
+    Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite
+    clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa.
+[124] Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants
+    of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it
+    was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This
+    Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been
+    murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled
+    after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about
+    B. C. 60. _Interpretatum est_, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, S 632.
+
+18. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quis
+cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque
+moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua
+nox coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti
+Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus,
+amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,[125] brevi
+dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam
+transvecti, proximos nostro mari[126] locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra
+Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia
+neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat;
+mare magnum et ignara[127] lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per
+connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros[128]
+alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere.
+Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant,
+oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem
+et Armenii accessere Libyes[129] (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant,
+Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida
+habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant.
+Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro
+Medis[130] appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine
+Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca,
+quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique[131] alteris
+freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, nomen
+gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant,
+quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior
+pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque
+imperantium concessere.
+
+[125] Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute
+    (_multis--petentibus_) there is inserted another stating that each
+    did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because _multis
+    petentibus_ is, after all, only a different form for _quum multi
+    peterent_. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be _sibi quoque_; but
+    no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken
+    _quoque_ as an adverb. See Zumpt, S 710. _Passim_, 'in different
+    places,' 'scattered everywhere,' but not 'here and there.' The
+    tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western
+    extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules
+    (Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs
+    through the whole of ancient history.
+[126] _Nostrum mare_ is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which
+    was occupied by the parts of Hercules' army here mentioned; and
+    the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more
+    within (that is, 'on this side,' as a person writing at Rome would
+    say) the ocean.
+[127] _Gnarus_ and _ignarus_ have most commonly an active meaning,
+    denoting 'one who does know,' or 'one does not know;' but sometimes,
+    and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning,
+    'he who is known,' and 'he who is not known.' So here _ignara lingua_
+    is the same as _ignota lingua_.
+[128] 'They tried the fields;' that is, 'the soil,' as to whether it was
+    fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place,
+    and sometimes another. _Alia, deinde alia_, is the same as _alia
+    atque alia_, as in chap. 26. Hence they were called in Greek [Greek:
+    Nomades], and the Greek accusative of this word, _Nomadas_ for
+    _Nomades_, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, S 74.
+[129] The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the
+    Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. _Libyes_ is the
+    accusative, for _accedere_ is joined with the accusative as well as
+    the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, S 386, note.
+[130] This derivation of the name _Mauri_ is very improbable. The Mauri
+    are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the
+    Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river
+    Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga
+    and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as
+    far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of
+    Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri.
+[131] _Utrique_ refers to _parentes_ and their descendants, the Numidae.
+    One part of the nation trusted to the other (_alteris freti_), and
+    was supported by it.
+
+19. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars
+imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,[132]
+Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim[133] aliasque urbes in ora maritima
+condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis[134]
+praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam[135] de Carthagine silere melius puto
+quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad
+Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari[136]
+prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,[137]
+interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,[138] quem locum Aegyptum
+versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes.
+Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri
+sunt. Super Numidiam[139] Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios
+incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis
+ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines
+Carthaginiensium, quos novissime[140] habuerant, populus Romanus
+permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad
+flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus
+imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus[141] populi Romani, itemque
+nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad
+necessitudinem rei satis dictum.
+
+[132] To _aliis--avidis_ supply _sollicitatis_.
+[133] All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards
+    became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus,
+    (there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is
+    said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and
+    Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more
+    to the east), are now in ruins.
+[134] 'To their origin;' that is, to their mother country Phoenicia,
+    whence the settlers had come.
+[135] The transition to Carthage by the conjunction _nam_ presupposes
+    the ellipsis of some such sentiment as--'I only meant to mention
+    these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, _for_ it is well
+    known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.'
+[136] _Secundo mari_, 'along the sea,' is said according to the analogy
+    of _secundo flumine_ (see Caes. _Bell. Gall._ vii. 58) _secundo
+    flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit_. The sea has indeed no
+    current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person
+    travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from
+    east to west. _Theraei_ are the inhabitants of the island of Thera,
+    in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first
+    Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership
+    of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive _on_, instead of _orum_, see
+    Zumpt, S 52, 1.
+[137] _Syrtis major_ and _Syrtis minor_ are two large sandbanks near the
+    coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very
+    dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis
+    magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare chap. 78, where
+    Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them.
+[138] The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, chap.
+    79. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis,
+    it is clear that _deinde_ is used somewhat vaguely, since only the
+    great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis,
+    precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession.
+[139] 'Above Numidia;' that is, southward, towards the inland, the
+    coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower
+    than the inland districts.
+[140] _Novissime_, 'latterly;' that is, at the beginning of the third
+    Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory
+    became a Roman province.
+[141] _Cetera ignarus_, 'otherwise unknown.' Compare p. 87, note 4 [note
+    127]; and on _cetera_, Zumpt, S 459.
+
+20. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra
+timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex
+amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et
+illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat,
+in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem
+petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens
+magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu
+invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia
+incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni
+multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum
+Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore.
+At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani
+magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis
+questum[142] misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius
+tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea
+secus[143] cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe
+qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum
+praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et
+aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros
+vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere.
+
+[142] _Questum_, the supine, 'in order to complain'
+[143] 'The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.'
+    About _secus_, see Zumpt, S 283.
+
+21. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum
+esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius
+procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum[144] utriusque
+exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum.
+Sed ubi plerumque[145] noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites
+Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,[146]
+alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus
+Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum[147] fuisset, quae Numidas
+insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque
+patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis
+turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime
+festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab
+Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum
+accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant,
+senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: 'Velle et censere eos ab armis
+discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita
+seque illisque[148] dignum esse.'
+
+[144] _Cirta_, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the
+    country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be
+    'not far from the sea,' only in consideration of the vast extent of
+    Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it
+    received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a
+    distance of four days' march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius.
+[145] _Plerumque_ for the more common _plurimum_, 'the greater part.'
+    See Zumpt, S 103.
+[146] As Sallust in other passages connects _pars_ and _alii_, so here
+    _partim_ and _alios_, _partim_ being the same as _partem_.
+[147] _Togati_ are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and
+    privileged dress called _toga_. But it may be that other Italians
+    also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in
+    great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for
+    the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct _conventus_.
+    _Moenibus prohibere_. See Zumpt, S 468.
+[148] It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say,
+    _et se et illis_. See Zumpt, S 338.
+
+22. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum
+proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur;
+sed is rumor clemens erat.[149] Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione
+respondit: 'Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus
+esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur;
+virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes
+ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo
+plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus
+tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset,
+sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono
+facturum,[150] si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus
+rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.' Ita utrique[151] digrediuntur.
+Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit.
+
+[149] Literally, 'but this report was mild;' that is, it spoke of the
+    battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not
+    the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy.
+[150] _Pro bono facere_; literally, 'to act in accordance with what is
+    good,' and hence 'to act well,' _bene agere_.
+[151] _Utrique_ refers to both parties--the Roman ambassadors on the one
+    hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to
+    speak with Adherbal.
+
+23. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci
+naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia
+circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies
+noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia
+modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,[152]
+prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas
+fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria
+rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam
+profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac
+miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad
+proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa
+efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec
+fuit:
+
+[152] _Arrigere_, the same as _excitare_; hence frequently _animum
+    arrigere_, 'to rouse courage.'
+
+24. 'Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis
+Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos
+neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit.
+Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus
+teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta
+auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha
+scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei
+miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego[153] illum supra quam ego sum petere,
+neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius
+existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem
+meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae,
+nihil ad vos.[154] Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos
+imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti
+fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo
+moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae
+antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem
+verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui
+essem,[155] non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et
+crutiatus corporis deprecor.[156] Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti
+libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per
+amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.'
+
+[153] _Nisi tamen intellego_ refers to the preceding _plura scribere
+    nolo_, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with _nisi_
+    after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the
+    remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of
+    Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans
+    themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of
+    Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. _Plura non
+    scribam nisi hoc intellego_ is an elliptical expression, equivalent
+    to _plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere_.
+[154] 'Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no
+    concern of yours;' that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider
+    only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your
+    ally.
+[155] Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate,
+    represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the
+    crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative _ostentui_, see Zumpt,
+    SS 90 and 422.
+[156] Adherbal prays the senate to _prevent (deprecor)_ his enemy from
+    acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures.
+
+25. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum
+censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti
+consuleretur,[157] quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis
+regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,[158] ne tale decretum fieret. Ita
+bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum.
+Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in
+quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in
+senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis
+obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad
+Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime[159] ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum
+ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem
+Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus,
+metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni
+paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus
+rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita
+circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere[160] nititur, maxime sperans,
+diducta manu hostium[161] aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae
+inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere
+potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne
+amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis
+equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae
+nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione
+consumpta legati frustra discessere.
+
+[157] _Consuleretur_; supply _senatus_; 'that the subject of the
+    disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before
+    the senate.'
+[158] _Enisum est_, 'it was carried.' Observe the passive meaning of the
+    deponent verb.
+[159] _Quam ocissime_, 'as speedily as possible.' The positive of
+    _ocissime_ is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, S 293, note.
+[160] _Cirtam irrumpere_ is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the
+    common expression being, _in urbem irrumpere_. See Zumpt, S 386,
+    note.
+[161] By engaging the enemy's troops in different places, and thus
+    dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle _dis_
+    or _di_.
+
+26. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia
+defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani
+inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae
+tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At
+ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,[162] tamen quia penes
+eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant
+Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum
+necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti
+quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit.
+
+[162] 'Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than
+    the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.' The conquest of Cirta, and
+    the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112.
+
+27. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta,
+iidem illi ministri regis interpellando[163] ac saepe gratia, interdum
+jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius,
+tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis,
+populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae
+scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus
+dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi
+senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia[164] provinciae
+futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P.
+Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia
+obvenit;[165] deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur;
+stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur.
+
+[163] _Interpellando_, 'by interrupting the speakers, and introducing
+    other topics.'
+[164] By this law of the tribune G. Sempronius Gracchus, in the year
+    B. C. 122, it had been ordained that every year previous to the
+    election of the consuls for the next year, the senate should
+    determine those provinces which should be assigned to the consuls
+    about to be elected, after the expiration of the year of their
+    office. As two provinces were thus fixed upon, the consuls afterwards
+    determined by lot which should have the one, and which the other. The
+    object of this law was to prevent intrigues in the senate, which
+    would be carried on by the ruling consuls if they had to choose their
+    own provinces.
+[165] _Obvenit_, 'fell to the lot.' Whenever Italy is called a province,
+    it is implied that the consul undertaking its administration was to
+    remain at Rome, and was to be ready for any other war which might
+    break out. For in the first place, there were now no wars in Italy,
+    and in the second place, Italy was not a province in the ordinary
+    sense of the term. The consuls here mentioned entered upon their
+    office on the 1st January, B. C. 111.
+
+28. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum
+ire[166] in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum
+legatos mittit, hisque ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat,
+praecipit, omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Romam
+adventabant,[167] senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legatos
+Jugurthae recipi moenibus; iique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque deditum
+venissent, uti in diebus proximis decem[168] Italia decederent. Consul
+Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet; ita infectis rebus illi domum
+discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, legat[169] sibi homines
+nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore
+sperabat; in quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra[170]
+memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et
+corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepediebat; patiens laborum, acri
+ingenio, satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula
+et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,[171]
+porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio,
+paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales
+et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit.
+
+[166] _Venum eo_, or contracted _veneo_, infinitive _venire_, 'to go to
+    be sold,' or 'to be sold;' the passive of _vendo_ (I sell) is not in
+    use. Zumpt, S 187.
+[167] _Adventabant_, with the accusative, see Zumpt, S 489.
+[168] _In diebus_, &c.; for _in_, with words denoting time, see Zumpt,
+    S 479. _Deditum_ is a supine.
+[169] _Legare_ properly signifies 'to despatch,' and 'to add to;' whence
+    the word _legatus_ means both 'an ambassador,' and 'a person added
+    to an officer,' who, when necessary, supplies his place. See _Catil._
+    chap. 59. It was the business of the senate to supply such legates
+    to a magistrate (_senatus legat aliquem alicui_), but as this was
+    commonly done on the proposal or recommendation of the magistrate
+    himself, we also read _legat sibi_, 'he chooses some one to be his
+    legate.'
+[170] _Supra_. See chap. 15.
+[171] Respecting the omission of _in_ before _Siciliam_, see Zumpt,
+    S 398, note 1.
+
+29. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia temptare bellique quod
+administrabat asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger avaritia[172]
+facile conversus est. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum
+assumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a principio,[173] plerisque ex factione
+ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a
+bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo
+belli moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romae pretio aut
+gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum accepit,
+in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus
+pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa mittitur a
+consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam,[174] cujus rei
+species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpurnius palam legatis
+imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora induciae agitabantur.[175] Igitur
+rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit, ac pauca praesenti consilio
+locutus de invidia facti sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua
+cum Bestia et Scauro secreta[176] transigit, dein postero die, quasi per
+saturam sententiis exquisitis,[177] in deditionem accipitur. Sed uti pro
+consilio[178] imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi
+cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad
+magistratus rogandos[179] proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro
+pax agitabatur.
+
+[172] _Aeger avaritia_, 'sick with avarice;' a very appropriate
+    expression, describing moral defects as a disease.
+[173] _A principio_; that is, _in principio_. See Zumpt, S 304. The
+    faction of Scaurus is that of the nobility or aristocracy.
+[174] _Vaga_, a considerable town in Numidia, to the south-east of Cirta.
+[175] 'A truce was observed on account of (or during) the delay of the
+    surrender,' which Jugurtha had promised, but which could not yet be
+    carried into effect.
+[176] _Secreta_ refers to _reliqua_, so that the other negotiations were
+    secret, whereas the proposal to surrender had been made in presence
+    of the war council. It would have been more in accordance with
+    ordinary usage to employ the adverb _secreto_ belonging to the verb.
+[177] The opinions of the persons invited to the war council were asked
+    only _en masse (per saturam)_. The Latin expression is taken from
+    _lanx satura_, a dish offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and
+    containing different kinds of fruit. Its figurative application to
+    other mixtures is here indicated by _quasi_.
+[178] _Pro consilio_; that is, _in consilio_. See Zumpt, S 311.
+[179] To cause the magistrates for the year B.C. 110 to be elected.
+    The president in the elective assembly _rogat populum_ (requests the
+    people) to appoint new officers; hence _rogare_, the usual term.
+
+30. Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent fama
+divulgavit, Romae per omnes locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari.
+Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum
+flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat.[180] Ac
+maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a
+vero bonoque impediebat. At G. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et
+odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras
+senatus contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem
+publicam, ne libertatem suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia
+facinora nobilitatis ostendere; prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum
+accendebat. Sed quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia clara
+pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus
+perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in contione post reditum
+Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis disseruit.
+
+[180] _Parum constabat_, 'was not firmly determined upon;' namely, _iis,
+    patribus_--that is, they had not yet made up their minds.
+
+31. 'Multa me dehortantur a vobis,[181] Quirites, ni studium rei publicae
+omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime,
+quod innocentiae plus periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget
+dicere, his annis XV.[182] quam ludibrio fueritis superbiae paucorum,
+quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri defensores, ut vobis animus ab
+ignavia[183] atque socordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis
+inimicis,[184] exsurgitis, atque etiamnunc timetis eos, quibus decet
+terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis
+potentiae animus subigit.[185] Certe ego libertatem, quae mihi a parente
+meo tradita est, experiar; verum id frustra an ob rem[186] faciam, in
+vestra manu situm est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saepe majores
+vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil
+secessione opus est: necesse est suomet ipsi more praecipites eant.[187]
+Occisso Ti. Graccho, quem regnum parare ajebant, in plebem Romanam
+quaestiones habitae sunt. Post G. Gracchi et M. Fulvi caedem item vestri
+ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt; utriusque cladis non lex,
+verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua
+restituere; quicquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum
+sit.[188] Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari,
+reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, penes eosdem
+et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse; tamen haec talia facinora
+impune suscepisse parum habuere.[189] Itaque postremo leges, majestas
+vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui ea
+fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per ora vestra[190] magnifici,
+sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi
+ea honori non praedae habeant. Servi aera parati injusta imperia
+dominorum non perferunt; vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo animo
+servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi qui rem publicam oocupavere? Homines
+sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque
+superbissimi, quibus fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque
+inhonesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis, alii
+quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro munimento
+habent.[191] Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime[192] tutus est:
+metum a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere;[193] quos omnes
+eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit.[194] Sed haec
+inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quodsi tam vos libertatis
+curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque
+res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra[195] penes
+optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et
+majestatis constituendae gratia bis per secessionem armati Aventinum
+occupavere,[196] vos pro libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa
+ope nitemini?[197] atque eo vehementius, quo majus dedecus est parta
+amittere quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: Quid igitur censes?
+Vindicandum in eos,[198] qui hosti prodidere rem publicam? Non manu neque
+vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum est, verum
+quaestionibus[199] et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, qut si dediticius est,
+profecto jussis vestris obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet
+existimabitis, qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham
+scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rem publicam
+damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte[200] nondum etiam vos
+dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et illa quam haec tempora magis
+placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces,
+postremo divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem, hoc est,
+populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gentium, satis
+habebatis animam retinere; nam servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare
+audebat? Atque ego, tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune
+injuriam accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere,
+quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, ni misericordia in perniciem
+casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent,[201] parum est
+impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, et vobis
+aeterna sollicitudo remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse aut
+permanus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut concordiae quae spes
+est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse, facere illi injurias, vos
+prohibere; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis
+utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? Quare
+moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus
+aerarii factus est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae, quae quamquam
+gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo
+prodita senatus auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum, domi militiaeque
+res publica venalis fuit. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in
+noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes
+vivamus? Nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem[202] esse. Neque ego
+vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam recte
+fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum eatis.[203] Ad hoc in re
+publica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii immemorem esse;[204]
+bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si
+injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas.'
+
+[181] _Dehortantur a vobis_--that is, _ad causam vestram suscipiendam_,
+    'many things dissuade me to undertake your cause.' According to
+    the context, the expression might, or rather should be, _multa me
+    dehortantur, ni superaret_; but the present represents the act of
+    _superare_ as an actual fact, and is at the same time more
+    impressive.
+[182] The number XV., which is found in all good manuscripts, points
+    to the year B. C. 125, in which the aristocracy gained a decisive
+    victory through the praetor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of
+    Fregellae, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian
+    allies (_socii_) to obtain the Roman franchise. It may be supposed
+    that this attempt of the allies was even then supported by the Roman
+    plebs, as was the case afterwards in the time of Marius.
+[183] _Ab ignavia_ is to be taken in the sense of 'in consequence of,' or
+    'on account of your cowardice.' See Zumpt, S 305.
+[184] 'When your political enemies (in consequence of the crime which
+    they have committed) are deserving of punishment, and in your hands.'
+[185] _Animus subigit_. 'My feelings compel me to stand out against
+    the faction (of the optimates), in spite of your lukewarmness.'
+[186] _Ob rem_, 'effectually,' 'with success.'
+[187] 'They must ruin themselves.'
+[188] 'I will grant that everything has been done with justice, which
+    cannot be punished without again shedding the blood of citizens;'
+    that is, the cruelties then committed by the optimates in crushing
+    Tib. and G. Gracchus may be considered as legitimate, since the
+    perpetrators cannot be punished without fresh executions. _Ulciscor_,
+    usually a deponent, is here used in a passive sense, just as the
+    participle _ultus_ is sometimes used in the sense of _vindicatus_.
+    For the same reason, the passive form _nequitur_ has been chosen;
+    respecting which, see Zumpt, S 216.
+[189] _Parum habuere_, 'they considered it too little' (this is the
+    meaning of _parum_): it was not enough for them that they had
+    committed such disgraceful acts.
+[190] _Incedere per ora hominum_, 'to walk in the eyes' or 'in the sight
+    of men.'
+[191] 'The cruelties committed against the defenders of the plebs, serve
+    them as a bulwark;' that is, make them only the more audacious.
+[192] About _quam maxime--tam maxime_, expressing a proportionate
+    increase, see Zumpt, S 725.
+[193] A complicated expression--'they have transferred their fear, which
+    they ought to have on account of their crime, to your cowardice;'
+    that is, to you who are cowards, or whom they consider as cowards.
+[194] _In unum coegit_; that is, _conjunxit, copulavit_. The infinitives
+    here are the subjects of the sentence: the same fear and the same
+    greediness have united all your opponents into one league. Compare
+    _Cat._ 20: _idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia
+    est_.
+[195] _Benejicia vestra_; that is, _honores, magistratus, imperia_.
+[196] The speaker refers to the two most important secessions of the
+    Roman plebs--the one in which they obtained their tribunes in B.C.
+    510, and the other, which was undertaken in B.C. 449. to restore
+    the consulate and the tribuneship after the overthrow of the
+    tyrannical rule of the decemvirs. Both led to the establishment of a
+    legitimate state of things (_jus_), and the latter, in particular, to
+    the establishment of the decisive authority of the people against the
+    magistrates and the patricians. This sovereignty of the Roman
+    people was termed _majestas_. These secessions, according to the
+    statements of the ancients, were made to the Mons Sacer, and not
+    to the Aventine; but Sallust here follows other ancient authorities;
+    and it is probable enough that the plebs may have occupied both
+    hills.
+[197] Respecting the form of this sentence, see Zumpt, S 781. The answer
+    to this question is contained in the clause _atque eo vehementius_,
+    to which we must supply _nitendum vobis est_. _Atque_ introduces the
+    answer with emphasis.
+[198] _Vindicare_ is construed with _in_ and the accusative, as well as
+    _vindicare scelus in aliquo_ and _vindicare aliquam rem_. _Vindicare
+    in aliquem_, 'to use force against a person for the purpose of taking
+    revenge.' _Vindicare sibi rem_, 'to claim a thing for one's self,' or
+    'to appropriate a thing.'
+[199] _Quaestio_, 'a judicial inquiry into a crime,' 'a criminal trial.'
+[200] _Nisi forte_ supposes, with a strong irony, a case which cannot be
+    conceived. See Zumpt, S 526.
+[201] _Quantum importunitatis habent_, 'according to the high degree of
+    impudence and arrogance which they possess.' Sallust might have said,
+    _quae eorum importunitas est_, or _pro eorum importunitate_. See
+    Zumpt, S 705.
+[202] _Rex_, according to Roman notions, always contains the idea of an
+    absolute ruler, and is therefore frequently used in the sense of 'a
+    tyrant.' The idea of a constitutional or limited monarchy was not
+    known in antiquity, except perhaps at Sparta.
+[203] _Perditum eatis_; that is, _perdatis_. See Zumpt, S 669.
+[204] Practically, it is quite correct, that in the administration of a
+    state it is more necessary to punish criminals than to reward good
+    services; for it is impossible that all good citizens should be
+    rewarded with external distinctions; but if a criminal remains
+    unpunished, he does harm by his example, and undermines the organism
+    of the state.
+
+32. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicundo Memmius populo persuadet,
+uti L. Cassius, qui tum praetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur eumque
+interposita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri
+et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant,[205] delicta
+patefierent. Dum haec Romae geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia
+exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui plurima et
+flagitiosissima facinora fecere. Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos
+Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas
+agebant; tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At
+Cassius, perlata rogatione[206] a G. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate,
+ad Jugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia diffidenti
+rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam
+misericordiam ejus experiri mallet. Privatim praeterea fidem suam
+interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat; talis ea
+tempestate fama de Cassio erat.
+
+[205] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' governs the
+    genitive of the thing for which a person is summoned.
+[206] _Rogatio_, 'a proposal to the people,' because, in making a
+    proposal, as well as at elections of magistrates, the people were
+    requested (_rogabatur_) to pass a resolution.
+
+33. Igitur Jugurtha contra decus regium cultu quam maxime miserabili cum
+Cassio Romam venit. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus
+ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra
+diximus, G. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impudentia
+contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At G. Memmius, advocata
+contione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars in vincula duci
+jubebat, pars, ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste
+supplicium sumi; dignitati quam irae magis consulens, sedare motus et
+animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare, fidem publicam per sese[207]
+inviolatam fore. Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba
+facit; Romae Numidiaeque[208] facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem
+fratresque ostendit. Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit,
+quamquam intellegat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo
+habere. Si verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem
+illi sitam; sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore,[209] sed se suasque
+spes corrupturum.
+
+[207] _Per sese_, 'as far as lay in him,' 'as much as he could,' as in
+    the phrase _per me licet_.
+[208] Respecting _Romae Numidiaeque_, where _Numidiae_ by a kind of
+    attraction takes the same case as _Romae_, instead of _in Numidia_,
+    see Zumpt, S 398, note 1.
+[209] 'He (Jugurtha) would not, indeed, thereby be a safety to his
+    accomplices, but destroy his own hope (of obtaining pardon).'
+
+34. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicundi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus
+est, G. Baebius, tribunus plebis, quem pecunia corruptum supra diximus,
+regem tacere jubet, ac tametsi multitudo, quae in contione aderat,
+vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis
+omnibus, quae ira fieri amat,[210] vicit tamen impudentia. Ita populus
+ludibrio habitus ex contione discedit: Jugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris,
+quos illa quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt.[211]
+
+[210] The words _quae ira fieri amat_ are very surprising, but were
+    regarded by the ancients themselves as a Graecism of Sallust, from
+    whom Quinctilian quotes the words _quae vulgus amat fieri_, which
+    occurred in a work of Sallust that is lost. In both cases, we must
+    construe _ira (vulgus) amat_ with an accusative with the infinitive
+    after it: 'anger likes that this or that should happen.'
+[211] _Animus augescit_, 'courage grows' or 'increases.' For the plural
+    _animi_, see Zumpt, S 92.
+
+35. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae
+filius, Masinissae nepos; qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae
+adversus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa
+abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio
+Rufo consulatum gerebat,[212] persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae
+sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat,[213] regnum
+Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi moveri quam
+senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia
+evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis
+satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et
+timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat,
+pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac
+maxime[214] occulte, sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam
+interficiat. Bomilcar mature regis mandata exequitur, et per homines
+talis negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca atque
+tempora cuncta explorat, deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit.
+Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius
+Massivam aggreditur; illum obtruncat, sed ipse deprehensus, multis
+hortantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.[215] Fit
+reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium Bomilcar, comes ejus,
+qui Romam fide publica venerat. At Jugurtha manifestus[216] tanti
+sceleris non prius omisit contra verum niti, quam animum advertit,[217]
+supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam
+in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dederat,[218] regno magis
+quam vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne
+reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium
+sumptum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus[219] eodem profectus est, jussus a
+senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur saepe eo
+tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse: 'urbem venalem et mature perituram,
+si emptorem invenerit.'
+
+[212] We here enter the year B.C. 110.
+[213] _Urgueat_, 'presses Jugurtha;' that is, he is hindered by the
+    indignation on account of his past crimes, and at the same time by
+    the apprehension with which the Roman people regard him.
+[214] He would like best that it should be done in secret; but if this
+    should not succeed, he would like it to be done in any way, whatever
+    it might be. Instead of _maxime_, the author might have said
+    _potissimum_. See the same expression chap. 46.
+[215] _Profiteri indicium_, 'to declare that you will state everything.'
+    We must understand that in the defective administration of justice
+    at Rome, the _index_ (informer) received a promise of impunity.
+[216] _Manifestus_, with the genitive of the crime, is a person _qui mani
+    festo tenetur_, or against whom there is most decisive evidence.
+[217] _Animum adverto_, the same as the compound _animadverto_, like
+    _venum eo_ for _veneo_.
+[218] Jugurtha had given fifty sureties in the name of Bomilcar, in order
+    that he might remain at liberty. These sureties were of course fifty
+    Roman citizens. As Bomilcar fled, those sureties had to pay the money
+    with which each guaranteed his appearance, and there can be no doubt
+    but that Jugurtha secretly paid the money.
+[219] _Paucis diebus._ See Zumpt, S 480.
+
+36. Interim Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium aliaque, quae
+militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare; ac statim ipse
+profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus[220] haud longe aberat, armis
+aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra Jugurtha
+trahere omnia et alias deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri
+deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne
+sui diffiderent, instare; ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem
+ludificare.[221] Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis
+existimarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum
+socordia magis quam dolo crederent.[222] Sed postquam dilapso tempore
+comitiorum dies adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore
+relicto Romam decessit.
+
+[220] This season was usually the middle of the year, but was frequently
+    delayed until the autumn. The consul Albinus seems to have been
+    commissioned to preside at the elections, because his colleague, who
+    had obtained Macedonia, was at a still greater distance.
+[221] Jugurtha protracted the war, delayed the negotiations for peace,
+    and in this manner thwarted the consul. We have here restored the
+    active form _ludificare_, because it exists in all the manuscripts.
+    It is found also in Cicero, though the deponent _ludificari_ is more
+    frequent.
+[222] Some were convinced that after the hurry which the consul had
+    shown at the beginning, the war was protracted, not so much by his
+    carelessness, as by his cunning designs. _Non magis quam_ is
+    expressed in modern languages as if the Latin were _dolo magis quam
+    socordia_: 'they believed that the war was protracted by his cunning
+    designs rather than by his carelessness.' See Zumpt, S 725.
+
+37. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res publica
+agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus
+collegis, continuare magistratum[223] nitebantur, quae dissensio totius
+anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro
+praetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut
+terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capiundae, milites mense Januario ex
+hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus, hieme aspera,
+pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quamquam et
+saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque obsideri poterat
+(nam circum murum situm in praerupti montis extremo planities limosa
+hiemalibus aquis paludem fecerat[224]), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo
+regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi
+potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui
+forent, properare.
+
+[223] _Continuare magistratum_, 'to continue for another year in a
+    magistracy which has been given for only one year.' In the case of
+    some magistracies this was forbidden by law; in that of tribunes of
+    the people, it occurs rather frequently in the early times, that they
+    were re-elected twice or oftener in successive years. The last in
+    stance of a tribuneship lasting for two years is that of G. Gracchus,
+    in B.C. 123 and 122; and even then this re-election was the cause of
+    violent commotions, and it was impossible to carry it for the third
+    year.
+[224] Around the wall, which had been built on the extreme edge of a
+    precipitous rock, the clayey soil had formed a marsh. Respecting
+    _extremum_ used substantively, see Zumpt, S 435.
+
+38. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus
+augere amentiam, missitare[225] supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi
+vitabundus per saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum
+spe pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones sese
+veluti cedentem insequeretur; 'ita delicta occultiora fore.' Interea per
+homines callidos die noctuque exercitum temptabat; centuriones ducesque
+turmarum partim uti transfugerent corrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti
+desererent.[226] Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de
+improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani,
+perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars
+territos confirmare, trepidare[227] omnibus locis; vis magna hostium,
+coelum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps,[228] postremo
+fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos
+paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum duabus turmis
+Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transiere ad regem,[229] et
+centurio primi pili[230] tertiae legionis per munitionem, quam uti
+defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae
+cuncti irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proximum
+collem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum hostes, quo minus victoria
+uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in
+colloquio verba facit: 'tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clausum
+tenet,[231] tamen se memorem humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret,
+incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum,[232] praeterea uti diebus decem
+Numidia decederet.' Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen,
+quia mortis metu mutabantur,[233] sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit.
+
+[225] Respecting the frequentatives _ductare_ and _missitare_, which last
+    is a secondary derivative from _mittere_ (as _currere, cursare,
+    cursitare_), see Zumpt, S 231; and about _vitabundus_, S 248.
+[226] The usual arrangement of the words would be: _corrumpere, ut alii
+    (partim) transfugerent, alii--desererent_. The _ut_ is here repeated
+    in the second clause, which is rather unusual.
+[227] _Trepidare_, in its proper sense, is, 'to run about with fear and
+    trembling.'
+[228] _Anceps_, 'twofold,' on the part of the enemy and of that of
+    nature.
+[229] The author here distinguishes the infantry (_cohors_) and cavalry
+    (_turma_) of the auxiliaries, and the common soldiers from the Roman
+    legions.
+[230] The _primus pilus_ in a Roman legion is the first company
+    (_manipulus_) of the third class of legionaries, who were called
+    _pilani_ or _triarii_, and were employed in battle as a reserve,
+    while the two other classes of legionaries, the _hastati_ and
+    _principes_, began the engagement. A legion thus contained ten
+    maniples of every class; that is, altogether thirty maniples, each of
+    which consisted of two _centuriae_, and each _centuria_ was commanded
+    by a _centurio_. Out of these sixty centurions of a legion, the two
+    commanding the _primus pilus_ (they themselves also were called, like
+    their companies, _primi pili_) were the first in rank, and again the
+    _ductor prioris centuriae primi pili_ was the principal centurion in
+    a legion. The treachery of such an officer, therefore, is the more
+    surprising. To the pronoun _ea_ supply _via_; _ea_, with this
+    ellipsis, is used as an adverb in the sense of 'there.' See Zumpt,
+    S 207, 288.
+[231] In accordance with the rules on the oratio obliqua, Sallust ought
+    to have written _teneat_.
+[232] A _jugum_ was formed by two lances fixed in the ground, and a
+    third fastened across them so as to form a gate. When an army
+    confessed itself to be conquered, and after capitulating, was allowed
+    to depart, the troops had to march under a yoke of this description.
+[233] Literally: 'because the disgrace was exchanged for the fear of
+    death;' that is, by enduring it, they became free from the fear of
+    death.
+
+39. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus atque maeror civitatem
+invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum
+timere libertati,[234] Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe
+praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem
+quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde
+periculum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim
+exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino[235] auxilia
+accersere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat,
+decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri. Consul
+impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret,
+paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur; nam omnis exercitus, uti
+convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit,
+quamquam persequi Jugurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animo ardebat,
+cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia atque
+lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum[236] statuit sibi nihil agitandum.
+
+[234] _Dolere pro gloria_, 'to be grieved for reputation;' that is, as
+    they were interested in the glory of their country, they were grieved
+    at the disgrace (_dedecore_ or _propter dedecus_) they had suffered.
+    _Timere libertati_, 'to be afraid of losing one's freedom,' it
+    appearing to be in danger. See Zumpt, S 414.
+[235] _Nomen Latinum_ is the same as _socii Latini_, or _Latini_ alone.
+    The expression properly signifies those who are called Latins; for
+    this class of people comprised not only those who really belonged to
+    the nation of the Latins--such as the inhabitants of the ancient
+    Latin towns of Tibur and Praeneste--but those also whose towns
+    subsequently received the same privileges. The latter were termed
+    coloniae Latinae--such as Alba in the country of the Marsians,
+    Beneventum in Samnium, Cremona and Placentia on the Po.
+[236] _Ex copia rerum_, 'according to his present resources,' 'according
+    to the state of affairs.'
+
+40. Interim Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis rogationem ad
+populum promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha
+senati decreta neglexisset,[237] quique ab eo in legationibus aut
+imperiis pecunias accepissent, qui elephantos quique perfugas
+tradidissent, item qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones
+fecissent. Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia
+pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, quin illa et
+alia talia placere sibi faterentur,[238] occulte per amicos ac maxime per
+homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed
+plebes incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit quantaque vi
+rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit: magis odio nobilitatis, cui
+mala illa parabantur, quam cura rei publicae; tanta libido in partibus
+erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestiae
+fuisse supra docuimus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida
+etiamtum civitate quum ex Mamili regatione tres quaesitores rogarentur,
+effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.[239] Sed quaestio exercita
+aspere violenterque ex[240] rumore et libidine plebis; ut saepe
+nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia
+ceperat.
+
+[237] In a few manuscripts we read _neglegisset_, respecting which see
+    Zumpt, S 195.
+[238] _Quin faterentur_, 'without confessing.' See Zumpt, S 539.
+[239] M. Scaurus, who, as Sallust stated before, was himself bribed
+    by Jugurtha, had availed himself of the time when the people were
+    rejoicing at his victory, when the city was still under apprehensions
+    respecting the war, and when many other nobles, from a consciousness
+    of guilt, kept back; and there can be no doubt that, through the
+    influence of his friends, he contrived to be himself elected one of
+    the commissioners who had to institute inquiries about these
+    briberies, and thus escaped being tried himself.
+[240] _Ex_ here signifies 'with respect to.' The people after this
+    victory were insolent, so that the commissioners yielded to the
+    wishes of the multitude.
+
+41. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus factionum,[241] ac deinde
+omnium malarum artium paucis ante annis Romae ortus est otio atque
+abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt.[242] Nam ante
+Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter
+se rem publicam tractabant, neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen
+inter cives erat; metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat.
+Sed ubi illa formido mentibus decessit, scilicet[243] ea, quae res
+secundae amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis
+rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit.
+Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, populus libertatem in libidinem
+vertere, sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes
+abstracta sunt, res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum
+nobilitas factione magis pollebat, plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in
+multitudine minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,
+penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique
+erant; populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; praedas bellicas
+imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes aut parvi liberi
+militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.[244]
+Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et
+vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa
+praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram
+gloriam injustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio
+civilis quasi permixtio terrae[245] oriri coepit.
+
+[241] 'The custom of (forming) parties among the people, and of factions
+    in the senate;' the people are divided into _partes_, the senate
+    into _factiones_; the latter evidently implies intriguing
+    combinations.
+[242] 'From the abundance of those things which mortals deem of the
+    first importance.' _Prima_ is used substantively, and with it the
+    relative pronoun (_quae_) agrees. Sallust might have said
+    _quas--primas_.
+[243] _Scilicet_, 'naturally,' is used here as an adverb. See Zumpt,
+    S 271.
+[244] The annexation of small free farms to the adjoining large estates,
+    is described by all the ancient authors as the cause of the great
+    misery of the Roman state, and, as Sallust remarks, it was
+    facilitated by the absence of many of the free citizens who were
+    serving in the armies; for their fathers or children, who were left
+    behind, were easily induced to sell their small farm to a wealthy and
+    powerful neighbour. For force was certainly not always applied, and
+    _pellere_ here signifies 'to displace,' rather than 'to expel.' The
+    large estates thus formed were called _latifundia_.
+[245] _Permixtio terrae_ is said figuratively, as is indicated by
+    _quasi_, 'a chaos--a mixture of elements.'
+
+42. Nam postquam Tiberius et G. Gracchus, quorum majores Punico atque
+aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in
+libertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque
+eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites
+Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus
+obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem
+ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis
+deducendis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.[246] Et sane Gracchis
+cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit: sed bono vinci
+satius est quam malo more injuriam vincere.[247] Igitur ea victoria
+nobilitas ex libidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga extinxit,
+plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res
+plerumque magnas civitates pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis
+modo et victos acerbius[248] ulcisci volunt. Sed de studiis partium et
+omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem
+disserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret.[249] Quamobrem ad
+inceptum redeo.
+
+[246] Tib. Gracchus was slain in B.C. 133, and his brother, G. Gracchus,
+    in B.C. 121. Sallust here states that the faction of the optimates
+    threw obstacles in the way of the two brothers, sometimes by means of
+    the _socii_ (in Italy), and sometimes by means of the Roman equites,
+    who had been drawn into the senate by the popular party. This
+    refers, in the first place, to the opposition made, through the
+    instrumentality of the Latins, to the scheme of the Gracchi to
+    settle poor Roman citizens in Latin colonies; and secondly, to the
+    ingratitude of the equites, to whom G. Gracchus had transferred
+    the administration of justice, after having taken it from the senate.
+    Respecting _modo--interdum_, instead of _modo--modo_, see Zumpt,
+    S 723.
+[247] Sallust admits that the Gracchi went somewhat too far, but blames
+    the violence with which the faction of the optimates took
+    vengeance upon them; 'for,' says he, 'a good man prefers being
+    conquered, to taking revenge for injury done to him in a violent
+    manner'--intimating that the optimates ought to have borne the
+    injury done to them by the Gracchi, rather than avenge it with
+    murder and assassination.
+[248] _Acerbius_; that is, _nimis acerbe_, or _acerbius quam par est_.
+[249] _Omnis civitatis_ for _totius civitatis_, in opposition to the
+    patres. _Parem_; that is, _velim_, which is followed in the apodosis
+    by the same subjunctive present, or the future indicative. See Zumpt,
+    S 524, note 1. _Res_, the same as _materia_, _argumentum_, 'subject.'
+
+43. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam, Metellus et
+Silanus consules designati,[250] provincias inter se partiverant,
+Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et quamquam adverso populi
+partium,[251] fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum
+magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum,
+quod gesturus erat, animum intendit.[252] Igitur diffidens veteri
+exercitui, milites scribere, praesidia[253] undique accersere, arma,
+tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc commeatum
+affatim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui
+esse solent. Ceteram ad ea patranda senatus auctoritate, socii nomenque
+Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo
+studio adnitebatur. Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis
+compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum propter
+artes bonas, tum maxime, quod adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat,
+et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes
+contusae[254] hostiumque auctae erant.
+
+[250] The consuls here mentioned entered upon their office on the 1st
+    of January, 109 B.C. The preparation for the campaign accordingly
+    belongs to the latter part of the year 110.
+[251] 'An opponent of the popular party;' _adversus_ being used as a
+    substantive, in the sense of _adversarius_; as an adjective, it is
+    construed with the dative.
+[252] _Cum collega_, a short expression for _conjuncta cum collega_,
+    'everything else he considered as common between himself and his
+    colleague, but to the Numidian war he alone directed his attention,
+    as though it were his own exclusive business.'
+[253] _Praesidia_ is generally 'resources;' but here the same as
+    _auxilia_, 'auxiliary troops.'
+[254] _Contusae_, from _contundere_, for _imminutae_, _debilitatae_,
+    _fractae_.
+
+44. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino pro
+consule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua
+quam manu promptior, praedator[255] ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium,
+sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis
+moribus sollicitudinis quam ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae
+accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus[256]
+comitiorum mora imminuerat, et expectatione eventus civium animos
+intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere quam majorum disciplina
+milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade
+perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, quantum temporis
+aestivorum in imperio fuit,[257] plerumque milites stativis castris
+habebat, nisi quum odos[258] aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat.
+Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari vigiliae deducebantur; uti
+cuique libebat, ab signis aberat: lixae permixti cum militibus die
+noctuque vagabantur; palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et
+mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus[259]
+vino advectitio et aliis talibus; praeterea frumentum publice datum
+vendere, panem in dies mercari; postremo, quaecunque dici aut fingi
+queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, ea in illo exercitu cuncta fuere et
+alia amplius.
+
+[255] _Praedator_, belonging to _exercitus_, is the same as _praedas
+    agens_, 'carrying off booty.' See Zumpt, S 102, note 2.
+[256] _Aestivorum tempus_ is the time suited for the campaign. To
+    _aestivorum_ supply _castrorum_, 'a summer-camp,' and 'a campaign
+    made in summer;' hence, also, 'a campaign' in general, inasmuch as
+    warlike operations were but rarely carried on in winter.
+[257] _Albinus_, during a portion of the summer of the year 109 B. C.,
+    continued to command as proconsul, while the consul Metellus was
+    detained at Rome by the election of the consuls for the year
+    B. C. 108.
+[258] _Odos_ for _odor_. See Zumpt, S 7.
+[259] _Cum mercatoribus_, 'in intercourse with merchants.' The
+    merchandise, in return for which another commodity is given, is
+    expressed by the ablative. See Zumpt, S 456.
+
+45. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus hostilibus
+magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior; tanta temperantia inter
+ambitionem[260] saevitiamque moderatum: namque edicto primum adjumenta
+ignaviae sustulisse, ne quisquam in castris panem aut quem alium coctum
+cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in
+castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet; ceteris arte modum
+statuisse.[261] Praeterea transversis itineribus cotidie castra movere,
+juxta ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras
+ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine in primis modo,
+modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur,
+uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita
+prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit.
+
+[260] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' hence here in the sense of
+    'indulgence,' 'connivance,' these being the ordinary means to obtain
+    the favour of the multitude.
+[261] _Ceteris arte modum statuisse_ still depends upon _comperior_, 'I
+    learn (that is, we are informed) that for the rest (of the wants) he
+    fixed the measure in a close (niggardly) manner;' for _arte_ is the
+    adverb of _artus_, which is frequently, though not correctly, written
+    _arcte_. It must not be confounded with _arte_ from _ars_. Sallust
+    might have said, _ceteris (rebus) artum modum statuisse_.
+
+46. Interea Jugurtha, ubi quae Metellus agebat ex nuntiis accepit, simul
+de innocentia ejus certior Romae factus, diffidere suis rebus ac tum
+demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum
+suppliciis[262] mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent,
+alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis
+cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum
+avidum esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur,[263] ac
+paulatim temptando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo
+persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime[264] vivum, sin id parum procedat,
+necatum sibi traderent; ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent,[265]
+regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus intento atque infesto
+exercitu in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena
+hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis et mapalibus
+praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum
+portare, postremo omnia, quae imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus
+idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere,
+late explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere et insidiis
+locum temptari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et
+sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat, in postremo G. Marius
+legatus cum equitibus curabat, in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites
+tribunis legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his
+permixti velites, quocunque accederent equitatus[266] hostium,
+propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et
+militiae erat, ut absens an praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior
+esset, in incerto haberetur.
+
+[262] _Supplicia_ here, as elsewhere, are _supplices preces_, 'humble
+    prayers,' or 'petitions.' Compare chap. 66.
+[263] 'He applies to the ambassadors one by one;' that is, he tries them
+    one by one, _temptat singulos_.
+[264] _Maxime_, the same as _potissimum_. Compare chap. 35.
+[265] 'What would be in accordance with his wish;' namely, the granting
+    of his request.
+[266] The plural _equitatus_ is rare; here it refers to different troops
+    of cavalry, as in Caesar, _Bell. Civ._ i. 61. To _propulsarent_
+    supply _eos_. See Zumpt, S 766.
+
+47. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum
+Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime
+celebratum,[267] ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis
+multi mortales. Huc consul simul temptandi gratia, et si paterentur,
+opportunitate loci, praesidium imposuit;[268] praeterea imperavit
+frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare,[269] ratus id quod
+res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum et
+jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius
+modo[270] legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam
+liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul
+illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat, regi pacem quam postulabat
+neque abnuere neque polliceri et inter eas moras promissa legatorum
+exspectare.
+
+[267] 'Most frequented;' for _celeber_, _bris_, _bre_, is commonly used
+    of densely peopled or much frequented places.
+[268] Metellus placed a garrison in the city, partly to test the
+    sentiments of the inhabitants, and partly on account of the
+    advantages offered to him by the nature of the place, in case the
+    inhabitants should not object to a garrison of the Romans. The common
+    reading, _si paterentur opportunitates loci_, must be rejected, for
+    the words _si paterentur_ must refer to the inhabitants of the place,
+    and explain the preceding _temptandi gratia_. Another reading,
+    _opportunitatis_, to which _gratia_ must be supplied by the mind, has
+    the same meaning as _opportunitate_, the ablative of cause.
+[269] 'He believed that the great number of merchants (in the town)
+    and the corn would be of use to the army, and protect the provisions
+    (of the Roman army) already accumulated,' so that the Roman stores
+    might be saved.
+[270] _Impensius modo_; that is, _praeter modum_, 'beyond measure,'
+    'immoderately;' literally, 'stronger than the measure observed in
+    such matters.'
+
+48. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit ac se suis artibus
+temptari animadvertit, quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re
+bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus,
+animi popularium temptati, coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis
+certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex
+opportunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium generum parat ac
+per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit.[271] Erat in ea parte
+Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie,
+nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme milia passuum viginti tractu
+pari,[272] vastus ab natura et humano cultu. Sed ex eo medio quasi collis
+oriebatur, in immensum pertingens,[273] vestitus oleastro ac murtetis
+aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso[274] gignuntur.
+Media autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua
+loca; ea consita arbustis, pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur.
+
+[271] _Exercitum antevenit_. See Zumpt, S 386, note.
+[272] 'In an equal direction;' that is, likewise extending from south
+    to north.
+[273] In the midst of this range there arose another group, extending
+    far and wide; and, as will be seen hereafter (chapter 49), in a
+    transverse direction (_transverso itinere_) from the range to the
+    river running parallel with it. _In immensum_, however, must be
+    understood relatively of a very great extent, and not absolutely of
+    an infinite extent.
+[274] 'On dry and sandy ground' is a very singular expression, and
+    has been noticed as such by the Roman grammarians themselves;
+    for _humi_ (on the ground) is otherwise used without an adjective as
+    an adverb. The adjective is here put in the ablative, to denote the
+    place where, and in the neuter gender, _humi_ being regarded as
+    indeclinable. In ordinary language, it would be _in humo arida_.
+
+49. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere porrectum docuimus,
+Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,[275] consedit, elephantis et parti
+copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet, quae ageret; ipse
+propior montem[276] cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos
+collocat. Dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque
+obtestatur, uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque
+suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant; cum iis certamen fore, quos antea
+victos sub jugum miserint; ducem illis, non animum mutatum; quae ab
+imperatore decuerint,[277] omnia suis provisa, locum superiorem, ut
+prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus aut rudes cum bello
+melioribus manum consererent; proinde parati intentique essent signo
+dato Romanos invadere; illum diem aut omnes labores et victorias
+confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum initium fore. Ad hoc viritim, uti
+quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere
+beneficii sui et eum ipsum aliis ostentare; postremo pro cujusque ingenio
+pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium alio modo excitare; quum
+interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu
+conspicitur,[278] primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet (nam
+inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant, neque plane occultati
+humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,[279] quidnam esset, cum natura loci
+tum dolo ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis
+insidiis paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus,[280] in
+dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem
+instruxit, inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum
+omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus aciem,
+sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis[281] in planum deducit.
+
+[275] 'The battle-line being long, but not deep.'
+[276] _Montem_, the same as _monti_. See Zumpt, S 411.
+[277] _Decuerint_. Sallust might have written _decuerit_ in the singular.
+    Compare Zumpt, S 226.
+[278] _Quum interim Metellus--conspicitur_, is the apodosis. 'Then,
+    in the meantime, Metellus appears.' Respecting this use of _quum_
+    with the present indicative, see Zumpt, S 580, 2; for the
+    circumstance of _interim_ being used here, where we might expect
+    _subito_, does not alter the case, and only expresses that Jugurtha
+    was yet engaged in encouraging his army when Metellus became visible.
+[279] _Incerti_ is here used passively and personally, 'uncertain what it
+    might be,' for _de quibus incertum erat, quidnam esset_; and the
+    neuter _quidnam_ is used in the sense of the masculine plural, 'it
+    was uncertain whether they were men, and what sort of men.' In like
+    manner we have seen (chapter 18) _ignarus_ used passively.
+[280] 'With an alteration in the ranks,' those soldiers who had before
+    marched by the side of one another now being placed behind one
+    another, as the man who had till then been on the right wing of his
+    detachment suddenly turned to the right, with his face towards the
+    hill. On the right of the whole marching army, he now formed the
+    front towards the enemy (_aciem_), and strengthened by a threefold
+    reserve.
+[281] 'The _principia_ standing transversely' (to the direction in which
+    till then the column had been). The march of the Roman army
+    was from east to west; the enemy appeared on the right flank, and
+    the Roman vanguard (_principia_) therefore turned round to face them
+    (that is, turning its face to the north), and it is this direction
+    which is expressed by _transversus_. _Principia_ is the vanguard,
+    because in a Roman legion the ten companies of _principes_ formed the
+    front line, while the _hastati_ constituted the second, and the
+    _triarii_ the third. In this manner the _principes_ here faced the
+    enemy, while the other divisions of the army drew up behind them as
+    a reserve.
+
+50. Sed ubi Numidas quietos neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex
+anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium
+legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen,
+uti locum castris antecaperet, existimans hostes crebro impetu et
+transversis proeliis[282] iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis
+diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum temptaturos.[283] Deinde ipse
+pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere, Marium
+post principia habere, ipse cum sinistrae alae equitibus esse, qui in
+agmine principes facti erant.[284] At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen
+Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum milium
+peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus
+adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dein repente signo dato
+hostes invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere, pars a sinistra ac
+dextera temptare, infensi adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Romanorum
+ordines conturbare, quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus
+fuerant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur, neque
+contra feriundi aut conserendi manum copia erat; ante jam docti ab
+Jugurtha equites, ubicunque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non
+confertim neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime
+diversi. Ita numero priores,[285] si ab persequendo hostes deterrere
+nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant; sin
+opportunior fugae collis quam campi fuerat, ea[286] vero consueti
+Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et
+insolentia loci retinebat.
+
+[282] _Transversis proeliis_, 'by attacks on the flanks'--namely, if the
+    Roman army should resume its march westward.
+[283] _Temptare lassitudinem militum_, the same as _lassos milites
+    aggredi_.
+[284] The army was drawn up in battle array facing the north, so that,
+    if it resumed its march westward, the part which formed the left
+    wing became the head of the column (_agmen_).
+[285] _Priores_; that is, _superiores_, 'superior.'
+[286] _Ea_, 'on this road,' or 'there.' _Evadere_, 'to ascend.' _Vero_ in
+    the apodosis renders it strong and emphatic. See Zumpt, S 716.
+
+51. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda atque
+miserabilis; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi, neque signa neque
+ordines observare, ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac
+propulsare, arma tela,[287] equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti, nihil
+consilio neque imperio agi, fors omnia regere: itaque multum diei
+processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique omnibus
+labore et aestu languidis, Metellus ubi videt Numidas minus instare,
+paulatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit et cohortes
+legionarias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars
+superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari milites, ne
+deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes vincere; neque illis[288]
+castra esse neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent, in armis
+omnia sita. Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire,
+hortari, renovare proelium et ipse cum delectis temptare omnia, subvenire
+suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando
+retinere.
+
+[287] Respecting the omission of _et_, see Zumpt, S 782. _Arma_ and
+    _tela_ are the two kinds of arms, the one being used in a close
+    contest, and the other at a distance; the use of either of them
+    depended on chance (_fors regebat_). _Itaque_ in the next clause is
+    the same as et _ita_, and not the conjunction _itaque = igitur_.
+[288] They had no camp, no fortifications into which they could retreat.
+    _Illis_ refers to the Romans addressed, and is rendered by the
+    emphatic they; instead of _illis_, the speaker might have used
+    _ipsis_ whereby he would have included himself, whereas now he is
+    speaking only of the soldiers. Compare Zumpt, S 702.
+
+52. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri certabant, ipsi pares,
+ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus
+adversus, Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani,
+ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi
+fieri (et jam diei[289] vesper erat) adverse colle, sicuti praeceptum
+fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere,
+plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt.[290] Interea
+Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab
+Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi cum Rutilius praetergressus est, paulatim
+suos in aequum locum deducit ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus
+erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat, neque
+remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret,[291] explorare. Postquam Rutilium
+consedisse jam et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio
+clamorem augeri, veritus, ne legatus cognita re laborantibus suis auxilio
+foret, aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat,[292] quo
+hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra
+procedit.
+
+[289] _Diei_; other editions have _die_, an obsolete form of the fifth
+    declension. _Adverso colle evadunt_, 'they worked their way up the
+    opposite hill.' The author might have said _in adversum collem,_
+    'they ascended it.'
+[290] The neuter predicate _tutata sunt_ here refers to two feminine
+    nouns, instead of _tutatae sunt_; but it is quite in accordance with
+    the custom of Sallust. See Zumpt, S 377.
+[291] 'What the enemy were doing in every place;' for _ubique_ signifies
+    'in every place;' not absolutely, but in every one of the places
+    where anything was done by the enemy. _Ubique_ stands to _ubivis_
+    in the same relation as _quisque_ to _quivis_. Compare Zumpt, S 710.
+[292] 'He had drawn up his corps close together.' About _arte_, see
+    _Cat._, chap. 59, and p. 110, note 4 [note 261].
+
+53. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt; nam prospectum
+ager arbustis consitus prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento
+agitari, post ubi aequabilem manere et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis
+magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re properantes arma capiunt ac pro
+castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est,
+utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in
+elephantis auxilium putant,[293] postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum
+atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt ac plerique
+abjectis armis collis aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio integri abeunt.
+Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes numero quadraginta interfecti. At
+Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi
+lassique[294] erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur,
+instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languidi
+neque remissi patiebatur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul
+inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent,[295] alteri apud
+alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, et paene imprudentia
+admissum[296] facinus miserabile, ni utrimque praemissi equites rem
+exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum, milites alius
+alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt, sua quisque fortia
+facta ad coelum fert. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel
+ignavis gloriari licet, adversae res etiam bonos detractant.[297]
+
+[293] 'They held out only so long as they believed that they had an
+    assistance in their elephants.' When they were disappointed in this
+    hope, they took to flight; for _fugam facere_ is here the same as
+    _fugere_, though generally it is equivalent to _fugare_.
+[294] 'Tired and worn out.'
+[295] The two detachments of the Roman army approaching each other, threw
+    each other into fear and confusion by the noise of their march, as
+    they imagined lhat the enemy was approaching. We have retained
+    _adventarent_, the reading of the early editions; the one now
+    generally received, _adventare_, must be rendered, 'when they were
+    not far from one another, they approached in a noisy manner, like
+    enemies, (and) filled each other mutually with fear.' But here
+    the verb _adventare_ is offensive, it having already been said that
+    they were not far from one another; so also is the mere ablative
+    _strepitu adventare_ and the omission of _et_, for which we cannot
+    see any reason.
+[296] Supply _esset_.
+[297] 'Misfortunes lower even good men;' that is, diminish their
+    reputation.
+
+54. Metellus in iisdem castris quatriduo[298] moratus, saucios cum cura
+reficit, meritos in proeliis more militiae donat, universos in contione
+laudat atque agit gratias; hortatur ad cetera, quae levia sunt,[299]
+parem animum gerant; pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores
+pro praeda fore. Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha
+ubi gentium[300] aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an exercitum
+haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca
+saltuosa et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum numero
+hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam
+belli cultorem.[301] Id ea gratia[302] eveniebat, quod praeter regios
+equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus
+fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae ducitur; ita se mores
+habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse,
+bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset,[303]
+praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento illos
+vinci quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio
+more bellum gerundum. Itaque in Numidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros
+vastat, multa castella et oppida temere[304] munita aut sine praesidio
+capit incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum praedam
+esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et
+alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita, ubicunque res postulabat,
+praesidium impositum. Quae negotia multo magis quam proelium male
+pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant; quippe cui spes omnis in fuga sita
+erat, sequi cogebatur, et qui sua loca[305] defendere nequiverat, in
+alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex copia[306] quod optimum videbatur
+consilium capit, exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet, ipse
+cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus
+ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique inermes
+cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus profugit, et Numidae,
+priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles
+discedunt.
+
+[298] Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the
+    ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, S 396.
+[299] _Sunt_ here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta;
+    according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be _sint_ or _essent_.
+[300] _Gentium_ is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See
+    Zumpt, S 434.
+[301] A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of
+    being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war.
+    Respecting the substantive _cultor_, instead of the participle
+    _colens_, see p. 109, note 5 [note 255].
+[302] _Ea gratia_, a concise expression for _ejus (rei) gratia_, 'on this
+    account.' In like manner we find _hac, ea causa_.
+[303] 'Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his
+    pleasure;' because, considering the number and condition of his
+    irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to
+    retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither.
+[304] _Temere_ signifies that which is done without any lasting effect,
+    without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident
+    or chance.
+[305] _Sua loca_ are 'convenient' or 'favourable places;' _aliena_,
+    'inconvenient ;' that is, such as he would not have chosen himself.
+[306] 'According to circumstances,' as in chap. 39: _ex copia rerum_,
+    'according to the state of circumstances.'
+
+55. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque
+et exercitum more majorum gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute
+fuisset hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum[307] ex Auli
+socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset habere. Itaque
+senatus ob ea felicitur acta dis immortalibus supplicia[308] decernere,
+civitas trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu laeta agere, fama de
+Metello praeclara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus
+modis festinare, cavere tamen, necubi[309] hosti opportunus fieret,
+meminisse post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo clarior, eo magis anxius
+erat, neque post insidias Jugurthae[310] effuso exercitu praedari; ubi
+frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium
+agitabant; exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis
+quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra
+faciebant; ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterum, quo fuga atque
+formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles
+sequi, tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere; qua venturum hostem audierat,
+pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere; modo se
+Metello, interdum Mario ostendere, postremo in agmine temptare ac statim
+in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, neque proelium
+facere neque otium pati, tantummodo hostem ab incepto retinere.
+
+[307] _Magnificus_, 'boasting,' 'insolent,' as in chap. 31: _incedunt per
+    ora, vestra magnifci_.
+[308] Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called
+    _supplicatio_, and was a sign that the general was likely to be
+    honoured with a triumph.
+[309] _Necubi_ for _ne alicubi_, 'in order that not somewhere.' See
+    Zumpt, S 136.
+[310] _Post insidias Jugurthae_, 'after he had once experienced attacks
+    made from an ambuscade.'
+
+56. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt neque ab hoste copiam
+pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam et in ea parte qua sita erat arcem regni,
+nomine Zamam,[311] statuit oppugnare, ratus id quod negotium poscebat
+Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum ibique proelium fore. At
+ille, quae parabantur a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum
+antevenit, oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant, additis auxilio
+perfugis, quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum
+erat. Praeterea pollicetur in tempore[312] semet cum exercitu affore. Ita
+compositis rebus in loca quam maxime occulta discedit ac post paulo
+cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam
+missum, quod oppidum primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat.
+Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit et jam egredientibus Romanis in
+porta pugnam facit; simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, uti cohortes ab
+tergo circumveniant; fortunam illis praeclari facinoris casum dare; si id
+fecerint, postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem
+acturos. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavisset,
+profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent; tanta
+mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege
+sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes urguent, paucis amissis profugi
+discedunt.
+
+[311] _Zama_, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred
+    years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according
+    to Polybius, five days' march south of Carthage.
+[312] _In tempore_, 'in due time,' 'in proper time.' Zumpt, S 475, note.
+
+57. Marius ad Zamam pervenit; id oppidum in campo situm, magis opere quam
+natura munitum erat, nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum.
+Igitur Metellus pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus cuncta moenia
+exercitu circumvenit, legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret. Deinde signo
+dato undique simul clamor ingens oritur; neque ea res Numidas terret,
+infensi intentique sine tumultu manent; proelium incipitur. Romani, pro
+ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare; alii succedere
+ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium in manibus
+facere.[313] Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pila,
+praeterea pice et sulfure taedam mixtam ardenti[314] mittere. Sed ne
+illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat; nam
+plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant, parique periculo,
+sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant.
+
+[313] _Proelium facere in manibus_, the same as _pugnare cominus, manus
+    conserere_, 'to be engaged in close combat.'
+[314] 'Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;' that is, burning
+    torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular _taedam_ is used in a
+    collective sense for the plural _taedas_.
+
+58. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum
+magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,[315] et omnia magis
+quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu
+perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma
+capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non
+amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo
+quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela
+eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;[316] sin
+Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero[317] virtutem ostendere et eos
+maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime
+rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo
+animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse.
+Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium
+cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem
+publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve
+hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha
+munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur,
+alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in
+loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat,
+in castra cum exercitu revertitur.
+
+[315] 'Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss'
+    (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of _remissus_, taken from a
+    bow when it is not stretched.
+[316] 'As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among
+    the many.' The deponent _frustari_ here has a reflective meaning,
+    'to exert one's self in vain,' 'to deceive one's self,' and must be
+    conceived to come from the active _frustrare_, 'to frustrate.'
+[317] 'Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,' &c. Respecting _vero_ in
+    the apodosis, see note on chap. 50.
+
+59. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum
+omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet,
+portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum
+atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto
+repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi
+perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere
+quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu
+facerent;[318] quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi,
+dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare
+aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare.
+
+[318] 'The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not
+    their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage'
+    (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though
+    the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 525. The Numidian
+    horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making
+    a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in
+    such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood
+    head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by
+    procuring a respite for their struggling infantry.
+
+60. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut
+tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,[319] neque alius in alio magis quam
+in sese[320] spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare
+omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor
+permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum
+ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes
+paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant,
+eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos
+animadverteres,[321] ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,[322]
+monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,[323]
+et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi
+Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac
+diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu[324] regis proelium
+visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,[325] repente magna vi murum
+aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum
+oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri
+primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui
+supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci
+integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium
+nox diremit.
+
+[319] 'There they exerted themselves most actively,' _eo_ having the
+    meaning of _eo loco_, or _ibi_.
+[320] 'More upon themselves than upon others.' See Zumpt, S 725.
+[321] 'One might observe them.' Zumpt, S 528, note 2.
+[322] _Sicuti--possent_, 'just as if,' as _sicut_, like _quasi_, is used
+    for _velut_. See chap. 31. For it is not possible that the two places
+    of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the
+    Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one
+    another, or even distinctly see the separate charges.
+[323] _Niti corporibus_, 'to exert one's self bodily,' inasmuch as the
+    body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes
+    backward. The plural _corpora_ is as common in Latin as _animi_, when
+    several persons are spoken of.
+[324] _Sine tumultu_, 'without disturbance' or 'hindrance.'
+[325] _Astrictus_, 'fixed intent,' whose attention was entirely directed
+    to the contest at a distance. _Occupatis_ also might have been used.
+
+61. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque
+Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem
+exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se[326]
+defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit;
+ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi
+gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae
+concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per
+amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem,
+qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece
+judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi
+erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se
+colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum
+aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua
+omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,[327] tum
+metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad
+supplicium traderetur.
+
+[326] _Ad eum_, or _ad illum_, would have been strictly grammatical; and
+    as Sallust uses _ad se_, it would have been more consistent to use
+    the subjunctive _defecissent_; but the indicative is necessary,
+    because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed
+    by _ad ipsum_, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from
+    the secondary subject, _urbes_, and direct it to the leading subject,
+    Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun
+    where _is_ or _sui_, _sibi_, _se_, can be employed. Compare chap. 66,
+    and Zumpt, S 550.
+[327] That is, _Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat_.
+
+62. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem
+fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando
+sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus
+proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos,
+regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et
+fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo[328] cunctante Numidae sibi
+consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit.
+Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent
+ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere.
+Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet,
+eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more
+majorum[329] ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti
+pondo[330] ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum
+aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas
+vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum
+primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur
+Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad
+imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,[331] rursus coepit flectere animum suum et
+ex mala conscientia digna[332] timere. Denique multis diebus per
+dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello
+potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in
+servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam
+perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis
+consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.[333]
+
+[328] _Ne illo_, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, 'if he hesitated still longer.'
+[329] _More majorum_ refers to the custom according to which Roman
+    generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace
+    according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a
+    council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior
+    officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the
+    praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also
+    took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a
+    purely military nature.
+[330] _Pondo_, 'pound,' properly _librarum pondo_ (depending upon
+    _milia_). See Zumpt, S 87. As in the time of the Roman republic
+    eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and
+    twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus,
+    the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi
+    aurei.
+[331] 'When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.' There
+    is an ancient military expression, _Ad imperium vocari_, or _adesse_,
+    by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry
+    into effect. See Zumpt, S 658.
+[332] _Digna_, 'what is due to him;' here of course bodily suffering or
+    punishment.
+[333] We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in
+    which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged
+    his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year
+    as proconsul.
+
+63. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti,
+magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo
+agitabat,[334] fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur,
+cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido
+exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia
+abunde erant,[335] industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus
+belli[336] ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor,
+tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini
+altus,[337] ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis,
+non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter
+artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum
+militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,[338] facile
+notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post
+alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut
+ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum[339] talis
+vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non
+audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se
+per manus tradebat.[340] Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis
+erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur.
+
+[334] _Agitabat_ does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if
+    so, the verb would be in the subjunctive.
+[335] Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a
+    candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not
+    a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium
+    of Arpinum. The term 'ancient family' means one which had _imagines_,
+    or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices
+    of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country
+    gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property
+    enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of
+    rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render
+    to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank,
+    which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might
+    be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member
+    of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as
+    he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his
+    praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus.
+[336] _Belli_; that is, _in bello_, on account of the following _domi_.
+[337] _Altus_; that is, _alitus_. See Zumpt, S 198.
+[338] That is, _quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen
+    notus factus_, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished
+    services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was
+    communicated by one person to another.
+[339] _Ad id locorum_, 'until then,' 'until that time,' as in chap. 72:
+    _post id locorum_. See Zumpt, S 434. Marius did not venture to aspire
+    to the consulship; for _appetere_ is not the same as _petere_, the
+    latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not
+    yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious
+    superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him.
+[340] The _nobiles_ transmitted the consulship to one another _per
+    manus_; that is, after one _nobilis_ had been invested with it, it
+    was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that
+    no _homo novus_ should come forward as a candidate.
+
+64. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido
+animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem[341] rogat. Cui
+quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,[342] tamen
+inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque
+primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam
+monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non
+omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo
+caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam
+haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi
+primum potuisset per negotia publica,[343] facturum sese, quae peteret.
+Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire;
+satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore
+contubernio patris[344] ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti;
+quae res Marium cum pro[345] honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum
+vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus,
+grassari,[346] neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo
+ambitiosum[347] foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore
+imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo
+Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars
+exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis
+habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis[348] et regiae
+superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora
+videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo
+cupienti nihil satis festinatur.
+
+[341] His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return
+    to the service, he would have asked _commeatum_, 'leave of absence.'
+    He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be
+    successful.
+[342] _Superabant_; that is, _supererant, abunde erant_.
+    Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at
+    the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly
+    born.
+[343] 'He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so
+    consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.'
+[344] _Contubernio patris_ for _in contubernio patris_, as
+    _contubernalis_ of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for
+    young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites
+    in the suite, and as attaches (adjutants) to a general, whereas other
+    less favoured Romans served _in ordine_; that is, enlisted in some
+    detachment of cavalry or infantry.
+[345] _Pro_, 'in regard to,' 'in consideration of.'
+[346] _Grassari_, 'to go on,' 'proceed;' but at the same time contains
+    the idea of excitement or vehemence.
+[347] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' _ambitiosum_, something the object
+    or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence 'winning,'
+    'captivating.'
+[348] _Inanis_, 'empty.' Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance,
+    one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with
+    it; hence 'vain,' 'superficial.' _Vanus_ also is used in the same
+    sense. _Regia superbia_. See chap. 31.
+
+65. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda,
+Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum
+heredem[349] scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum
+imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item
+postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat,
+honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset,
+praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos[350] foret, si equites Romani
+satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque
+hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori[351] cum suo auxilio poenas petat;
+hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum
+regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut
+occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo[352] mature
+posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum
+et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores[353] alios ipse, plerosque
+pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de
+bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus
+honestissima suffragatione[354] consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate
+plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,[355] novos extollebat. Ita
+Mario cuncta procedere.
+
+[349] _Secundus heres_ is the person who is pointed out in a will to
+    supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable
+    or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his
+    death without leaving any issue.
+[350] _In eos_; that is, _in equites Romanos_, referring to what follows.
+[351] _Imperatori_, a dativus incommodi, _cui poena imponantur_, 'that
+    with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the
+    general in return for the insults offered to him.'
+[352] 'This might happen even very soon.' _Adeo_ points out that which is
+    essential in a thing. See Zumpt, S 281.
+[353] The words _milites et negotiatiores_ are in apposition to _equites
+    Romanos_, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in
+    the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on
+    business (_negotiabantur_) in the towns. If the sentence were to be
+    understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been
+    omitted before _milites_. See Zumpt, S 783. The _milites gregarii_
+    and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons
+    had little or no communication with their friends at Rome.
+[354] _Suffragatio_, the inclination to give one's vote in favour of a
+    person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence 'the
+    support given to a person's election.' A vote is _suffragium_, and
+    _suffragari_, to vote for a person.
+[355] This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation
+    into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in
+    chap. 40, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was
+    terrified by it.
+
+66. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna
+cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se
+defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,[356] communire
+suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut
+commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis
+erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta
+agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante,
+praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate
+alienati,[357] principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti
+plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque
+discordiosum[358] erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum.
+Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is
+festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam
+formidinem ostentabat.[359] Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque
+militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium
+domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant;
+postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die[360] ac sine
+imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii
+studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus
+tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant.
+
+[356] _Affectare_, 'to try to obtain a thing,' 'to exert one's self for a
+    thing.'
+[357] _Voluntate alienati_; that is, _sua sponte alienati_.
+[358] _Discordiosus_, 'quarrelsome;' a very rare word, but formed with
+    perfect correctness. Zumpt, S 252.
+[359] 'The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather
+    than apprehension and terror;' namely, to the Romans or the Roman
+    garrison.
+[360] _In tali die_. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by
+    the addition _tali_, indicating the particular circumstances of that
+    day of joy. See Zumpt, S 475, note. _Inermos_ is much more rare than
+    _inermes_. See Zumpt, S 101, note.
+
+67. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum
+facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant,
+praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc
+mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum[361] saxa et alia, quae locus
+praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,[362] neque a
+fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique,
+strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate,
+saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus
+ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an
+pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in
+tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque
+videtur.[363]
+
+[361] _Pro tectis_, 'on the edge of the roofs.'
+[362] _Anceps malum_, 'the double attack;' namely, the one made on even
+    ground, and that from the roofs.
+[363] Respecting the connection of _nisi_--_videtur_, instead of the
+    complete expression _nisi hoc constat_--_eum videri_, see p. 92,
+    note 2 [note 153]. _Intestabilis_, properly, 'a person unfit to give
+    his evidence, and incapable of making a will;' hence, according to
+    Roman usage, equivalent to 'infamous;' _detestabilis_, which also
+    properly signifies 'one deserving to be excluded in the will,' or 'to
+    be disinherited.'
+
+68. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e
+conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima
+cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam
+plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos
+educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam
+planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos
+itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia[364] docet oppidum Vagam non
+amplius mille passuum[365] abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo
+animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis,
+poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum
+arrectis, equites in primo[366] late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa
+occultare jubet.
+
+[364] 'Declining everything;' that is, refusing to obey any order that
+    was given them.
+[365] _Passuum_ might also be _passus_. See Zumpt, S 116, note.
+[366] _In primo_, 'at the head,' or 'in front,' the line being spread out
+    (_late_), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.
+
+69. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo,
+uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros
+vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum
+Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque
+repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas
+festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam
+lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas
+magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.[367] Turpilius, quem
+praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a
+Metello causam dicere,[368] postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus
+verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat.
+
+[367] 'The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.' We cannot say
+    _urbs poenae fuit_ alone; but the dative _poenae_ is explained
+    by the common expression _praedae fuit_, with which it is connected.
+[368] 'Ordered to defend himself' against the charge of treachery
+    which was brought against him. For a _reus_ (a person standing
+    accused of a crime) _causam dicit_; that is, conducts his case, or
+    defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid
+    the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged.
+    This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound
+    to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been
+    abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5.
+    [note 260 in Cat.] For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that
+    Turpilius was a citizen from Latium; that is, he did not possess the
+    full Roman franchise, but only that part of it which was not
+    incompatible with his retaining the franchise in some Latin town.
+    Such half-citizens or Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given
+    in this manner, that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the
+    territory of Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they
+    renounced their Latin franchise, were at that time still very
+    numerous; but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called
+    the Latin towns received the Roman franchise.
+
+70. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam
+metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas
+res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare
+animum;[369] denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam,
+hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui
+plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus
+erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant;[370] ex
+quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis
+statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa
+ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne
+ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.[371] Is postquam magnitudine facinoris
+perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,[372] Bomilcar
+simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere
+consilio novum quaereret,[373] litteras ad eum per homines fideles
+mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare,[374] testari deos,
+per quos juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret;
+Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id
+modo agitari;[375] proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum
+mallet.
+
+[369] 'He tormented himself day and night with the thought.' Respecting
+    this paraphrase of one's own person by the word _animus_, see Zumpt,
+    S 678.
+[370] _Quae Jugurthae_--_superaverant_, 'which had been left for
+    Jugurtha;' that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish.
+[371] 'That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy
+    in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished' (_inultis_).
+[372] _Metusque_--_impediebat_. The imperfect describes the lasting
+    condition of the matter, while the perfect, _venit_, expresses the
+    momentary act, and the clause _metus impediebat_ represents an
+    inserted clause denoting cause: _metus enim rem impediebat_.
+[373] Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown
+    by Nabdalsa.
+[374] _In quis_--_accusare_. The historical infinitive in a relative
+    clause is very rare, but _in quis_ here supplies the place of _et in
+    his_.
+[375] 'The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their
+    (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa's) valour, or by that of Metellus,'
+    since his doom was fixed at all events. _Id agitari_ for _id agi_,
+    which in this sense is far more frequent.
+
+71. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,[376] forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore
+fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura,
+deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,[377] somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam
+negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi
+novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex
+consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum
+introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere
+positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem
+pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit[378]
+et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus,
+postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae
+ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;[379] lacrimans
+obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super[380]
+tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.
+
+[376] _Allatae_; supply _essent_, an ellipsis, which is not very common
+    after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive.
+[377] _Solet_, supply _capere_.
+[378] _Repperit_; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, S 22.
+[379] _Res praevenitur_, 'a thing is anticipated,' or 'something is done
+    previously,' is found very rarely instead of _occupatur_. _Homo
+    praevenitur_, 'a person is anticipated in a thing,' is more common.
+[380] _Super_, the same as _de_. See Zumpt, S 320.
+
+72. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,[381] placide respondit.
+Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis
+iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id
+locorum Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali
+cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere,
+circumspectare omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco
+saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus
+arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia
+exagitari.[382]
+
+[381] 'Differently from what he carried in his mind;' that is, from what
+    he intended in his mind.
+[382] A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of
+    his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have
+    paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.
+
+73. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto[383] ex
+perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat
+festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et
+offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes,
+litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo
+de ambobus acceperant.[384] Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori,
+invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat;
+ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua
+moderata.[385] Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum
+omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,[386] Marii virtutem in majus
+celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes,
+quorum res fidesque[387] in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus
+frequentarent Marium[388] et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent.
+Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus
+mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem
+vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus
+paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.[389]
+
+[383] _Indicio patefacto_ is a kind of pleonasm, as _indicio facto_ would
+    be sufficient; for _indicium fit, res ipsa_ (that is, _conjuratio_)
+    _patefit_--'the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.'
+[384] _Plebs--acceperant_ for _acceperat_, _plebs_ being a collective
+    noun. Zumpt, S 366.
+[385] 'However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than
+    either their virtues or their faults.' _Moderata sunt_, from the
+    deponent _moderor_, 'I determine,' 'I guide;' as in Cicero, _mens
+    moderatur omnia_, 'the mind determines everything.' _Sua bona aut
+    mala_, 'their own virtues or vices,' in apposition to the party-zeal
+    of others. _Suus_ here is not reflective, but only designates
+    something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt,
+    S 550.
+[386] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' with the
+    genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms _arcessere_ and
+    _accersere_ have the same meaning, but _arcessere_ is more frequent
+    in the sense of 'to summon,' or 'to accuse.'
+[387] _Res fidesque_, 'property and credit.'
+[388] 'Crowded around Marius,' whenever he appeared in public, to show
+    him their attachment. _Post honorem Marii ducerent_, the same, as
+    _postponerent honori Marii_, the preposition in this sense being
+    commonly joined to the verb. Compare _Cat_. chap. 23.
+[389] From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign
+    in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon
+    to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was
+    customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current
+    administration of foreign affairs.
+
+74. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse
+necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum[390]
+profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum
+fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius
+incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum
+satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum
+hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in
+armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet;
+ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente
+sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore
+parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae
+affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo
+congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto
+numero;[391] hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus
+proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.[392]
+
+[390] _Bocchus_, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as
+    far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the
+    modern empire of Fez and Morocco.
+[391] 'The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of
+    standards.' The adjective _aliquantus_, with the exception of the
+    neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe
+    the varying construction of _potior_. See Zumpt, SS 465, 466. Sallust
+    often prefers variety to uniformity.
+[392] _Tuta sunt_ might also be _tuentur_; for the perfect is here used
+    of things which usually happened, and still happen. _Tuta_ is less
+    common than _tuita_ or _tutata_, which in this passage is found in
+    some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.
+
+75. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo[393] rebus suis diffidens cum
+perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in
+oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus
+multus pueritiae cultus[394] erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt,
+quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta,
+loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus
+oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam
+vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi
+frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea[395]
+portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti
+pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta
+ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam
+Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque,
+ubi praesto fuerint,[396] praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam
+oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad
+Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis
+praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa
+vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo[397] exercitui satis superque foret.
+Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova
+deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis
+usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis
+immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad
+Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos
+crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum
+parare; idem nostri facere.
+
+[393] _Impensius modo_ may be 'still more strongly,' his despondency
+    having already been mentioned; or _modo_ is the ablative, and
+    _impensius modo_ is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is,
+    beyond measure, _ultra modum_.
+[394] _Cultus_ is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart
+    from eating and drinking; so that _pueritiae cultus_ comprises the
+    regulations for a youth's residence, his education, and the things
+    and persons by whom he is surrounded.
+[395] 'And other things fit to contain water;' probably vessels to keep
+    water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with
+    vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers.
+[396] 'Where they should be assembled.'
+[397] _Modo_ is commonly used only to denote that something is less
+    than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of 'that alone,'
+    or 'even that alone.'
+
+76. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,[398] quippe qui omnia,
+arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem
+industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu
+profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus
+simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat,
+quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex
+opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul
+oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia
+circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia[399] maxime idoneis vineas agere,
+aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros
+tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil
+reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque
+fatigati,[400] post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo
+potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus
+feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae
+prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati,
+illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus
+poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.[401]
+
+[398] 'That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,' the perfect
+    participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility--as
+    _invictus_, invincible; _incorruptus_, incorruptible; _inaccessus_,
+    inaccessible. See Zumpt, S 328.
+[399] _Ex copia_, 'according to circumstances,' here referring especially
+    to the different nature of the locality. _Vinea_, properly 'a bower
+    formed of vines;' hence 'a protecting roof,' under which the soldiers
+    attacked the fortifications of the enemy.
+[400] 'After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:'
+    _ante_ here is superfluous.
+[401] _Poenas pendere_, the same as _poenas solvere_, 'to pay a penalty.'
+    In _corrumpunt_ we may notice a zeugma, as out of _corrumpunt_ we
+    have to take _interficiunt_. See Zumpt, S 775.
+
+77. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum
+venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem
+quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem
+neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in
+summo periculo suam salutem, illorum[402] socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam
+inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam
+miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata,
+semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque
+imperata nave[403] fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant,
+adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus.
+
+[402] _Illorum_; that is, _Romanorum_. Respecting the situation of Leptis
+    magna, see chap. 19.
+[403] _Nave_ or _naviter_ ('actively') is the correct orthography, for
+    which other editions have _gnave_. See Zumpt, S 12. Its case is the
+    same as that of _natus_, which in composition takes the _g_--as
+    _cognatus_, _agnatus_; and also _narus_, _ignarus_.
+
+78. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob
+discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter
+duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in
+extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae
+praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,[404] alia in tempestate
+vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum
+arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis
+simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.[405] Ejus civitatis lingua
+modo[406] conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica,
+quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem
+agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant.
+
+[404] _Alta_; supply _in alia tempestate_, 'sometimes deep, and sometimes
+    shallow.'
+[405] 'They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws
+    other things along with it;' for the Greek [Greek: surein] signifies
+    'to draw,' or 'drag along.'
+[406] It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had
+    experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections
+    with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved
+    their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated
+    from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was
+    also the reason of the Numidian king's seldom residing at Leptis,
+    although the town belonged to his kingdom.
+
+79. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non
+indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium
+memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.[407] Qua tempestate Carthaginienses
+pleraeque Africae imperitabant,[408] Cyrenenses quoque magni atque
+opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque
+mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque
+bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe
+fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne
+mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias
+sponsionem faciunt,[409] uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo
+in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis
+haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis
+erat, maturavere iter pergere,[410] Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id
+socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis
+tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.[411] Nam ubi per loca
+aequalia et nuda gignentium[412] ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea
+magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito
+morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob
+rem corruptam[413] domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante
+tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,[414] denique omnia malle quam
+victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam,
+peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,[415] ut vel illi,
+quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi[416] vivi obruerentur, vel eadem
+condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione
+probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti.
+Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique
+illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo.
+
+[407] _Admonere_ is here construed in an unusual manner with two
+    accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the
+    latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun
+    in the accusative is not uncommon--as _hoc, id, illud te admoneo_.
+[408] _Imperare_ and _imperitare_ are construed with the dative of that
+    over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative
+    or ablative.
+[409] _Sponsionem facere_ here has the general sense, 'to make a
+    contract,' otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is
+    given, which is lost by him who is condemned.
+[410] 'They hastened to get through their journey.' The intransitive
+    _pergere_ (like _ire_) containing the notion of an uninterrupted
+    continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same
+    derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive
+    meaning. See Zumpt, S 384.
+[411] _Retinere_; supply _proficiscentes_ or _iter facientes_.
+[412] 'Devoid of,' or 'without products;' for _gignere_ is used of those
+    things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like
+    themselves.
+[413] 'Because they had spoiled the affair;' as by quick travelling they
+    might have traversed a considerable extent of country.
+[414] _Conturbare_, 'to disturb,' or 'to try to throw into confusion;'
+    namely, the agreement.
+[415] 'The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,' for _dant optionem
+    Carthaginiensibus_. The genitive _Carthaginiensium_ occurs in most,
+    and in the best manuscripts.
+[416] _Ibi_; that is, _in illis finibus_.
+
+80. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum
+putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad
+Gaetulos,[417] genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum
+nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit
+ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria
+facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus
+promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus
+impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius
+proniusque[418] fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam
+miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto
+bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quis omnia honesta atque
+inhonesta vendere mos erat.[419] Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi
+nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia
+singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures
+habent, sed reges eo amplius.[420] Ita animus multitudine distrahitur,
+nulla pro socia obtinet,[421] pariter omnes viles sunt.
+
+[417] The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it,
+    in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern
+    countries inhabited by real negroes.
+[418] _Pronum_, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without
+    obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an
+    inclined plane.
+[419] The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before
+    they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the
+    Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of
+    friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans.
+[420] 'But kings so much the more;' namely, surpass others in the
+    numbers of their wives.
+[421] 'None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;' that is, none
+    is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life
+    and rank.
+
+81. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum[422] exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide
+data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes
+injustos, profunda avaritia,[423] communes omnium hostes esse; eandem
+illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus,
+libidinem imperitandi, quis[424] omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,[425]
+paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque
+opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus
+dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam
+captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta
+urbe[426] operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset,
+proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem
+imminuere,[427] ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet.
+
+[422] _In locum placitum_, 'at a fixed place,' at a place where it had
+    been agreed to meet. The participle _placitus_ is formed irregularly
+    from the neuter verb _placeo_, as such verbs generally have no
+    passive voice. But _placeo_ is used also as an impersonal verb,
+    _placet_, and, as such, its perfect is either _placuit_ or _placitum
+    est_, 'it pleased,' or 'was decreed.' The same is the case with other
+    impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form
+    gradually ceased to be offensive, _placitus, a, um_, came to be used
+    in the sense of _is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit_. Compare Zumpt,
+    SS 142, 225.
+[423] 'Of an insatiable avarice;' for _profundus_ is often used
+    figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end.
+[424] _Quis_ (_quibus_) refers to the preceding _illos_; that is,
+    _Romanos_.
+[425] _Tum, sese_; supply _hostem Romanis esse_, which infinitive must be
+    taken from the following _fore_. The _tum_ must be rendered in
+    English by 'now,' as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, S 732; and
+    regarding _Persen_ for _Perseum_, S 52.
+[426] _Capta urbe_, 'if the town were taken,' it would be worth while.
+[427] _Pacem imminuere_, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus
+    intended to conclude with the Romans.
+
+82. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti
+saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam
+facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur,
+melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat,
+excommodo[428] pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit
+provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quis
+rebus supra bonum atque honestum[429] perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere
+neque moderari linguam;[430] vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter
+aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii[431] bonum
+ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex
+manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii
+quam injuria sua[432] excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si
+adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur.
+
+[428] 'According to his advantage;' that is, if a favourable opportunity
+    should offer.
+[429] 'More than is just and fair.'
+[430] According to the language of Cicero, the dative _linguae_ would
+    have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, S 414.
+[431] _Alii_; supply from what precedes _interpretabantur_, 'they
+    accounted for his sensibility by,' &c.
+[432] _Injuria sua_ has a passive sense; 'by the injustice done to him.'
+
+83. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae[433] videbatur alienam
+rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine
+causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum[434] magnam copiam
+societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam
+opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;[435]
+omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;[436] non in ejusdem
+potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo,
+licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo
+consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea
+rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae
+fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,[437] omnia conventura.
+Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare
+partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis
+tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi.
+
+[433] _Stultitiae_ might have been _stultilia_ for the genitive. See
+    Zumpt, S 448, note 1.
+[434] _Tum_. See page 137, note 3 [note 425].
+[435] _Incerta mutare_, 'to obtain uncertain things in exchange for
+    others, or for certain things;' but it might also mean, 'to give
+    uncertain things for certain ones.' See Zumpt, S 456, note.
+[436] _Desinere_ is used here for the sake of variety, instead of
+    _finire_, _deponi_.
+[437] 'If the same power were granted to him' (Jugurtha), namely, to
+    conclude peace, 'an agreement might easily be come to.' _Res convenit
+    inter nos_ is the same as _convenimus de re_, 'we agree upon the
+    matter.'
+
+84. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe[438] consul factus,
+postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus
+nobilitati, tum vero multus[439] atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo
+universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia
+cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim,
+quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum,
+auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio
+fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et
+ambiundo cogere[440] homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque
+illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat;
+ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia
+volenti[441] putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi
+amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi
+plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum
+rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,[442] et eos non paulum
+oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat,
+decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti
+consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo
+disseruit:
+
+[438] 'The plebs being most desirous.' The participle _cupiens_, with
+    its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not
+    contrary to grammar.
+[439] _Multus instare_ is rather a poetical phrase for _multum_,
+    'greatly,' or 'repeatedly.'
+[440] _Ambiundo cogere_, 'to oblige a person by flattering words;' a very
+    expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is
+    effected by flattery and intreaties.
+[441] For the expression _aliquid mihi volenti est_, 'a thing accords
+    with my wishes,' see Zumpt, S 420, note. _Neque_ corresponds with
+    _et_: on the one hand, it was _not_ believed that the service in the
+    army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it _was_
+    believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military
+    service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would
+    lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people.
+[442] _Traho animo_, or _cum animo meo_, 'I am incessantly occupied in my
+    mind with something.'
+
+85. 'Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis
+petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices,
+modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi
+contra ea videtur; nam[443] quo pluris est universa res publica quam
+consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti
+debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio[444] negotii
+sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam
+eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter
+invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.[445]
+Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta,
+cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio
+adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et
+innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites,
+omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene
+facta rei publicae procedunt,[446] nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere.
+Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra
+sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula
+consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti
+accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est
+in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere;
+mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex
+consuetudine in naturam vertit.[447] Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha
+jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum
+animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo
+nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris
+prosapiae[448] ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in
+tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo
+monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem
+jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites,
+qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria
+praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri
+tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.[449] Comparate nunc, Quirites,
+cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent,
+eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego
+militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint.
+Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis
+probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium
+existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.[450] Ac si jam ex
+patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni
+maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos
+voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant[451] idem majoribus suis,
+quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo
+invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec
+illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi
+vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae
+illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae
+voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu
+verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia
+facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita
+illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita
+se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque
+mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei[452] ego inopiam fateor.
+Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet[453] facta mihi
+dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi
+arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo
+et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam
+acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere
+velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo
+vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non
+placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.[454] Nam me
+quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera
+necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed
+quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum
+negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum
+sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus
+majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum,
+phaleras, alia militaria dona,[455] praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore.
+Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa
+illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt
+composita mea verba; parum id facio;[456] ipsa se virtus satis ostendit;
+illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras
+Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem
+doctoribus nihil profuerunt.[457] At illa multo optima rei publicae
+doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,[458] nihil metuere nisi
+turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem
+tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor,
+neque illos arte colam,[459] me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem
+illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per
+mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,[460] id est dominum, non
+imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque
+publicam celebravere.[461] Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus,
+nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi
+debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant.
+Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines,
+memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola
+neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt,
+quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris
+pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.[462] Quae mihi libet confiteri,
+Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi,
+munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere
+plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse.
+Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;[463]
+ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in
+conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem
+et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum
+noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum
+praemia ereptum eunt.[464] Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae
+artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae
+cladi sunt.[465] Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum
+flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium
+de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus
+Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,[466] avaritiam, imperitiam atque
+superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis
+strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum
+attrita est.[467] Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini
+mecum et capessite rem publicam,[468] neque quemquam ex calamitate
+aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in
+proelio consultor idem[469] et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque
+vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.[470] Et profecto dis juvantibus
+omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul
+essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.[471] Etenim
+nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti
+aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent.
+Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis
+abunde dictum puto.'
+
+[443] From what precedes, supply _mihi videtur_.
+[444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language,
+    calls his appointment to the consulship a _beneficium_, 'a favour,'
+    of the Roman people.
+[445] 'Is more difficult;' namely, than is commonly believed, quam
+    _opinio_ est.
+[446] _Procedunt_, 'benefit the state,' 'promote the general good.'
+[447] _Vertit_, intransitively, 'has become changed;' the same as _vertit
+    se_, or _versum est_. See Zumpt, S 145.
+[448] _Prosapia_ for _familia_, an ancient and obsolete word, and
+    intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the
+    pretensions of the nobility.
+[449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted
+    with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them,
+    _praeposteri homines_; that is, 'men who do afterwards that which
+    they ought to do before;' for, he adds, it is true one must first be
+    appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active
+    preparation ought to precede.
+[450] 'I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make
+    this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.' By _quamquam_,
+    Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt,
+    S 341); _sed_ introduces a new distinction between men; namely that
+    of merit.
+[451] _Faciant idem_, 'let them despise their own ancestors likewise.'
+[452] _Hujusce rei_; that is, _commemorationis majorum meorum_, 'I cannot
+    speak of my ancestors.'
+[453] _Meamet_, commonly with the addition of _ipse_. Zumpt, S 139, note.
+[454] 'That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious
+    of my own weakness and want of ability.' Modesty often shows
+    itself mainly in silence. _Conscientia_ is the consciousness of a
+    person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies.
+    _Ducere in aliquid_, 'to consider a thing as;' 'to interpret a thing
+    as:' compare chap. 82: _vertere in superbiam_.
+[455] _Militaria dona_ are presents which a general gives publicly to
+    brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable
+    distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such
+    presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times.
+    Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn
+    round the neck (_torques_), bracelets (_armillae_), pins or brooches
+    (_fibulae_) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (_coronae_). It was less
+    common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (_vexillum_) attached
+    to a pole.
+[456] 'I consider this as something too unimportant.' _Parum_ is used
+    substantively.
+[457] 'Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the
+    Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:' inasmuch as the Greek
+    states had been unable to protect their political liberty either
+    against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. _Virtus_ signifies
+    especially 'bravery,' 'valour;' but it has also a more general
+    meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's
+    own advantages.
+[458] _Praesidia agitare_, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts
+    intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of
+    enemies.
+[459] _Arte colere_, 'to keep close;' _opulenter colere_, 'to treat
+    liberally.'
+[460] 'To compel by bodily punishment.'
+[461] _Celebravere_; that is, _extulerunt_, _auxerunt_. _Celebrare_
+    properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring
+    into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other
+    objects.
+[462] 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails
+    the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more
+    than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the
+    _villicus_ was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged
+    in agriculture on the estate (_villa_) of a Roman noble. _Coquus_ is
+    also spelled _cocus_. See Zumpt, S 5.
+[463] _Quin ergo--faciant_, 'why, then, will they not do?' This form
+    of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The
+    subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon _quin_, but upon the
+    optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, S 542.
+[464] _Ereptum eunt_, 'they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch
+    away.'
+[465] _Cladi sunt_, 'they are a destruction;' the same as _calamitosae,
+    perniciosae sunt_.
+[466] That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced,
+    and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia,
+    Albinus, and Metellus.
+[467] _Attrito_, 'worn away,' 'annihilated,' 'sacrificed.'
+[468] 'Serve the republic,' 'devote yourselves to the public good.'
+[469] 'Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' _Idem_ indicates the
+    union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, S 697.
+[470] 'I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.'
+[471] _Decebat_, a peculiarity of the Latin language for _deceret_. See
+    Zumpt, S 518.
+
+86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos
+videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat;
+cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites
+scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido
+erat, capite censos plerosque.[472] Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii
+per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus
+auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque
+opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,[473] quippe quae nulla sunt, et
+omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto[474]
+majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus
+Uticam[475] advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam
+Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus
+tolerare nequiverat.
+
+[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military
+    affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first
+    five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those
+    persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of
+    the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the
+    legions. They were _capite censi_, because, when the censors made
+    out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal
+    existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth
+    class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking,
+    _classis_ signifies only 'a property class.' As the number of persons
+    of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable,
+    and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in
+    the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive
+    privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered
+    themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and
+    accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to
+    this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the
+    service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the
+    time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from
+    the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over,
+    those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life,
+    and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of
+    ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar.
+[473] _Sua curae_; another reading is _cura sunt_, the sense of which is
+    nearly the same. _Sua_, 'a person's own property,' or 'all that
+    belongs to him,' including the state itself.
+[474] 'With a considerably larger army.' About this meaning of
+    _aliquanto_ with a comparative, see Zumpt, SS 108, 488.
+[475] _Utica_, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was
+    a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second
+    Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded
+    by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is
+    Biserta, north-west of Tunis.
+
+87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum
+fertilem et praeda onustum[476] proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus
+donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur;
+proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi
+milites sine metu pugnae adesse,[477] videre fugientes capi aut occidi,
+fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et
+alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi
+veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de
+adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita
+Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos
+sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.[478]
+
+[476] 'Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken
+    as booty.
+[477] _Pugnae adesse_ belong together, 'to take part in the battle.'
+    Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with
+    courage before leading them to labour and hardship.
+[478] _Futuros_; supply _esse_, 'they would behave;' hence the adverbs.
+    See Zumpt, S 365.
+
+88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem[479] suam laetissimis
+animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta
+carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter
+attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare
+itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se
+remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex
+sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat,
+ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.[480] Quae
+postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi[481] cognovit, statuit urbes,
+quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae
+erant,[482] singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis
+nudatum,[483] si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus
+nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab
+se hostile timeret. [484] Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior
+accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum
+exploratum est.
+
+[479] 'Contrary to his expectation;' for _spes_ is often used in the
+    general sense of 'expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything,
+    whether good or bad.
+[480] _Armis exuere,_ 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or
+    'defeat;' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their
+    arms behind.
+[481] 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, S 662.
+[482] _Adversum se erant_ is a combination of two constructions
+    --_adversum se essent_ and _adversum eum erant_--of which we have
+    already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122,
+    note 1 [note 326].
+[483] To _nudatum_ supply _fore_, which is to be taken out of the
+    following _esse_; 'he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of
+    his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.'
+[484] _Ne quid--timeret_, '(requesting him) not to fear anything;' the
+    imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by
+    the subjunctive. See Zumpt, S 603.
+
+89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim
+vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo
+mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus
+venturum.[485] Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum
+accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.[486] Erat inter
+ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,[487]
+cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham
+immunes,[488] levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti
+adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo
+magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta,
+inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum[489] vis sicuti
+omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa
+perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium
+maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera
+videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud
+dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus
+aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi
+aqua;[490] cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae
+procul a mari incultius agebat,[491] eo facilius tolerabatur, quia
+Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque
+alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque
+sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat.
+
+[485] _In manus venire_, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close
+    combat;' for _manus conserere_, which is much more frequent.
+[486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable
+    moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive _aggredi_.
+    Zumpt, S 659, note.
+[487] _Capsa_, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river
+    Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage,
+    and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of
+    Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is,
+    by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a
+    Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal
+    scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors.
+[488] _Immunis_, 'exempt from taxes.'
+[489] Other editions have _quarum_ instead of _quorum_. See Zumpt, S 78,
+    note.
+[490] _Jugis aqua_, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.'
+    The other water which they used was rain water, and to _pluvia_ we
+    must supply _aqua_.
+[491] _Africa--incultius agebat_, 'Africa, which was in a state of
+    greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb _agere_
+    (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the
+    country itself.
+
+90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas
+difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti
+inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo
+student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita
+contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam
+aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter
+exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat,
+equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum
+cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum
+locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem
+venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.
+
+[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.'
+[493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.'
+[494] _Exornat_; supply _rem, expeditionem_, 'the undertaking or
+    campaign.'
+
+91. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas
+[495] aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat;
+simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui
+forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium
+effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque,
+uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus
+sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam
+tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit;
+idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in
+locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum[496] milium intervallo; ibique
+quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies
+coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente
+omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam
+et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque
+milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res
+trepidae,[497] metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra
+moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum
+oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati,
+praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque
+scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis
+aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio
+neque metu coercitum.[498]
+
+[495] _Per_ implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae.
+[496] _Duum_ for _duorum_ occurs most frequently in connection with
+    _milium_. See Zumpt, S 115, note 2.
+[497] _Res trepidae_, 'a dangerous situation.'
+[498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a
+    town which had surrendered at discretion.
+
+92. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit,
+magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene
+consulta in virtutem trahebantur,[499] milites modesto imperio habiti
+simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere,
+postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse
+aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.[500] Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit,
+ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta
+propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia
+complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento,
+aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,[501] ceterum
+haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod
+Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons
+saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno
+perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia[502] natura velut opere atque
+consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant,
+summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta.
+Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,[503] et
+fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus
+importunus, iter castellanorum[504] angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum.
+Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo
+processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere
+consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo
+administrare;[505] optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus
+augeri.
+
+[499] 'All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted
+    as good services,' so that to _non_ we have to supply _modo_. For the
+    phrase _in virtutem trahere_, see chap. 85: _ducere in conscientiam_.
+[500] 'He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything
+    was revealed to him by divine inspiration.'
+[501] _Capsensium_; supply _res_, 'the undertaking against Capsa;' for
+    the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the
+    town itself.
+[502] 'For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands,
+    and purposely.' The accusative _omnia_ is to be taken adverbially,
+    'on all sides,' just as we frequently find _cetera_ and _reliqua_.
+    See Zumpt, S 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have _per
+    omnia_, _omni parte_, _omnis_, all of which are only attempts to
+    explain the true reading.
+[503] 'For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and
+    provisions.' This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern
+    editions _et_ is omitted, and the passage is given with the following
+    punctuation: _nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis
+    frumenti_, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but
+    violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction
+    must either be used twice, or omitted altogether.
+[504] 'The road of the inhabitants of the castle;' that is, the only
+    road which led up to the castle.
+[505] 'Do their work ;' namely, break through the wall.
+
+93. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum
+animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam
+opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies
+noctesque aestuans[506] agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,[507] ex cohortibus
+auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab
+latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter
+saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures
+peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus
+est.[508] Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido
+difficilia faciundi animum vertit.[509] Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex
+coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in
+altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo
+eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,[510] quod
+cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.[511] Exploratis omnibus,
+quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat,
+sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta
+edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet;
+pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa
+ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;[512] quorum uti cujusque ingenium
+erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen
+paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque
+quam velocissimos delegit,[513] et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor
+centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem
+constituit.
+
+[506] _Aestuans_ is here used figuratively of one who is in care and
+    anxiety.
+[507] _Ligus_, 'a Ligurian,' belonging to the country of Liguria, which
+    was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital
+    of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman
+    army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt
+    of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were
+    accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from
+    their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness,
+    perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in
+    which they were engaged for many years against the Romans.
+[508] _Egressus est_, the same as _escendit_ or _evasit_, 'he got up.'
+[509] 'The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,'
+    inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack
+    upon the castle.
+[510] 'He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,' as from his
+    high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose
+    that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials;
+    but _perscribit_ may possibly mean only to mark such points as
+    would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality
+    after his return to the camp.
+[511] 'The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being
+    with them.'
+[512] 'Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of
+    the Ligurian.'
+[513] 'Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.'
+    _Numero_ is almost superfluous.
+
+94. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad
+locum pergit.[514] Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce,
+arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus
+nisusque per saxa facilius foret;[515] super terga gladii et scuta, verum
+ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius
+streperent.[516] Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate
+radices eminebant,[517] laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites
+facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu,
+ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere,
+deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur,
+potissimus temptare,[518] ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein
+statim digrediens,[519] ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque
+fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes
+sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae
+Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas
+habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus,
+testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et
+funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum
+subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro
+muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam
+objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus
+feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis,
+magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute
+certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri,
+qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat,
+postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani
+instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum
+corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam
+omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa
+invenit.[520]
+
+[514] _Pergit_; namely, _Ligus_.
+[515] 'That it might proceed more easily.'
+[516] 'In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make
+    less noise.'
+[517] 'And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;'
+    for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such
+    knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist.
+[518] 'He himself foremost (_potissimus_) tried those places which it
+    was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.'
+[519] 'And then immediately withdrawing;' namely, in order to make room
+    for those who followed.
+[520] 'The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable
+    fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, _correcta_) by
+    chance, found praise instead of blame.' The sudden terror of the
+    Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in
+    their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the
+    Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had
+    despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few
+    Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions
+    for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly
+    small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these
+    centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.
+
+95. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in
+castra venit, quos[521] uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus
+erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,[522] idoneum visum est de
+natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus
+dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res
+dixere, persecutus,[523] parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur
+Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum
+ignavia,[524] litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque
+doctissime,[525] eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae
+cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas
+remorata, nisi quod[526] de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus,
+callidus et amicitia facilis;[527] ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii
+incredibilis;[528] multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque
+illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam
+fortuna fuit,[529] multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam
+postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.
+
+[521] _Quos_ refers to the _equites_ implied in the word _equitatus_.
+    This is a construction _ad sensum_, of which many examples occur in
+    Sallust (compare _Cat._ 7), though the present case is rather
+    unusual.
+[522] _Res_, 'the subject,' 'the present discussion,' or 'the context of
+    the narrative.'
+[523] _Persecutus_; supply _Sullae naturam cultumque_. L. Sisenna, an
+    early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war
+    between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and
+    therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment.
+[524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia.
+    The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in
+    consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla,
+    applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a
+    physical decay of the family.
+[525] _Atque doctissime_, 'and that very profoundly;' the same as _et
+    doctissime quidem_.
+[526] _Nisi quod_ adds a limitation or exception to something stated
+    before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the
+    remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved
+    better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the
+    spur of a momentary passion. _Potuit consuli_; supply _ab eo_; that
+    is, _potuisset consulere_.
+[527] _Amicitia facilis_, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or
+    friendly intercourse.'
+[528] _Altitudo animi_, the unfathomableness of a man's character and
+    designs--a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going
+    on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become
+    hypocritical, _ad simulationem et dissimulationem_.
+[529] 'His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is,
+    his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved
+    all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are
+    utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither
+    good-luck nor activity.
+
+96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in
+castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli,
+sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus[530] factus est. Ad hoc
+milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare
+beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere,
+ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,[531] ut illi quam plurimi
+deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine
+atque ad vigilias multus adesse,[532] neque interim, quod prava ambitio
+solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque
+consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus
+et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.
+
+[530] For _intra breves tempestates_, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in
+    Cat.].
+[531] _Id laboro_. See Zumpt, S 385. _Ut illi deberent_ should properly
+    be _sibi_ or _ipsi_; but see Zumpt, S 550.
+[532] _Multus adesse_, 'he was present in many places,' multiplying, as
+    it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84.
+
+97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi
+utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit,
+quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse.
+Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes
+trahere,[533] rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique
+Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi,
+aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus
+Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu
+conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte
+die[534] reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi
+munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,[535] quia locorum
+scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem
+fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi
+hostes aderant[536] et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas
+colligere, denique antequam signum[537] aut imperium ullum accipere
+quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii,
+sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt;
+qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma
+capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos
+ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio[538] magis quam proelio
+similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti;
+caedere alios, alios obtruncare;[539] multos, contra adversos acerrime
+pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere,
+quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani
+veteres novique et ob ea[540] scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus
+conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et
+instructi hostium vim sustentabant.
+
+[533] _Rationes trahere_ implies slow and careful deliberation, as in
+    chaps. 34 and 93.
+[534] _Die_ for _diei_. See page 115, note 3 [note 289].
+[535] 'The night would not he an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit).
+    _Nullo_ obsolete for _nulli_. See Zumpt, S 140.
+[536] _Simul cognovit_--_et hostes aderant_, 'he at once learned--and the
+    enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information
+    and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. _Sarcinas
+    colligere_; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put
+    together in a heap, as in Caes. _Bell_. _Gall_. vii. 18.
+[537] _Signum_ here is 'the watchword,' which is given out by the
+    general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling
+    another. Sometimes _signum_ is the signal given by a _cornu_ or
+    _tuba_. To make the former known throughout an army required some
+    time, but not so the latter. _Signa_ afterwards are the standards of
+    the maniples, cohorts, and legions.
+[538] _Latrocinium_, 'a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular
+    battle.
+[539] _Obtruncare_ in opposition to _caedere_ (cut down) signifies 'to
+    mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word _multos_ is chosen
+    here only for variety's sake, instead of _alios_.
+[540] The words _veteres novique_ express a whole sentence: 'as old
+    and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and
+    cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that _ob ea_ (for
+    this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers
+    were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the
+    old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say _squares_), which
+    was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a
+    superior enemy.
+
+98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea
+demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam
+familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis
+succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu
+consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat.
+Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,[541]
+atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum
+Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus
+esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris
+parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna
+parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.[542] Ceterum apud
+aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos
+milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,[543] in unum contrahit, dein
+cunctos pleno gradu[544] in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate
+coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed,
+utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris
+ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare,
+strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro[545]
+victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis
+facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant.
+
+[541] _Quam tamen_--_nihil remittere_, 'while the barbarians nevertheless
+    did not leave off.' For _quum_ with the historical infinitive, see
+    Zumpt, S 582. _Pro se_, 'favourable to them.'
+[542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to
+    have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as
+    it required only to be slightly fortified. _Quaerebat_ for
+    _requirebat_, which is more common in this sense.
+[543] 'As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that
+    _neque_, being properly used for _et non_, must here be taken for
+    _etiam non_ or _ne_--_quidem_.
+[544] _Pleno gradu_, 'at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running.
+    This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had
+    been worsted in the attack.
+[545] _Fugere, ut pro_, is the reading of the manuscripts, 'as they did
+    not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' _Ut pro_
+    signifies 'both as victors and as if they were,' the _ut_ and _pro_
+    signifying nearly the same thing.
+
+99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum
+silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant,
+canere,[546] deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo
+ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum,
+legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere
+atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu
+repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut
+providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo
+subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi
+vecordia ceperat.[547] Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa
+militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus
+interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.
+
+[546] 'Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually
+    heard at the different night watches.' The night was divided by
+    the Romans into four watches (_vigiliae_), the beginning of which was
+    announced by a horn (_buccina_). _Canere_ is here used
+    intransitively, 'to sound,' as in _Cat_. chap. 59 Below, it is used
+    transitively, in the sense of 'to blow,' or 'give a signal.'
+[547] The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in
+    some parts very minute. _Formido_ is the highest degree of fear
+    (_timor_), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition _quasi
+    vecordia_.
+
+100. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter
+commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria
+socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium
+quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,[548] in
+sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea
+cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis
+tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari[549] et regionum scientissimi,
+hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,[550] omnia
+providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus
+intentusque, item milites cogebat;[551] neque secus, atque iter facere,
+castra munire,[552] excubitum in porta[553] cohortes ex legionibus, pro
+castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in
+munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum,
+quae[554] imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore
+labos volentibus esset.[555] Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus
+Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo[556] exercitum coercebat; quod
+multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam
+duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi
+tamen[557] res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore
+gesta.
+
+[548] The superlative _dextimus_ does not differ in meaning from the
+    positive _dexter_. See Zumpt, S 114, note 1.
+[549] _Minime cari_; that is, _maxime viles_, 'who were most
+    indifferent,' or 'valueless to him,' whose lives he was least
+    inclined to spare.
+[550] 'As if he had not placed (there) any commander.' _Imponere_, used
+    absolutely, 'to appoint;' namely, in the place spoken of. _Nullo_ for
+    _nemine_, the ablative as well as the genitive of _nemo_ not being in
+    use.
+[551] _Cogebat_; supply _armatos intentosque esse_.
+[552] Construe _neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere_; that is,
+    his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed
+    in marching.
+[553] The singular _in porta_ is here used because the author is speaking
+    especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the _porta praetoria_
+    opposite the _porta decumana_). At this gate a strong body of
+    outposts (_excubitores_) was stationed, consisting of the most
+    trustworthy soldiers.
+[554] _Futurum, quae imperavisset_, an old-fashioned mode of speaking
+    for _futura esse, quae_. Besides this passage, there is no other
+    certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of
+    Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that
+    in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon.
+[555] 'Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers)
+    by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.' _Aliquid
+    mihi est volenti_. See p. 139, note 1 [note 441].
+[556] _Malum_ is here the same as 'punishment,' or _poena_.
+[557] _Nisi tamen_ introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt
+    expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius's indulgence.
+    Compare p. 92, note 2 [note 153].
+
+101. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul
+speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.[558]
+Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem
+significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo
+ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham
+spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex
+omnibus aeque[559] aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla,
+quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime
+confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,[560] ceteri in loco
+manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus
+venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum
+peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in
+itinere morati, affuerant,[561] postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum
+Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat.
+Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites
+convertit;[562] ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat:
+'nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;' simul
+gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso
+pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate
+rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in
+perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum
+Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum[563] ierat, rediens ab latere
+Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare
+suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab
+equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus[564] occisis, solus inter tela hostium
+vitabundus[565] erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit
+auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi.
+Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi
+capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere
+posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia,
+qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus
+infecta sanguine.[566]
+
+[558] _Hostes adesse intellegitur_ is a nominative with the infinitive,
+    for _intellegunt hostem adesse_. See Zumpt, S 607. It is, however,
+    not impossible that _hostis_ may be the accusative plural for
+    _hostes_.
+[559] _Aeque_, 'equally;' for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his
+    detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not
+    know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his
+    detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans.
+[560] The meaning is--Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the
+    right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual
+    enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders
+    alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies,
+    and attacked the enemy.
+[561] _Neque--affuerant_, without repeating the relative pronoun, which,
+    being the subject, should be in the nominative, for _sed--qui non
+    affuerant_, or _neque ii--affuerant_. The omission is singular, but
+    not without other examples. See Zumpt, S 806. The _prior pugna_ is
+    the one described in chaps. 97-99.
+[562] 'He rode secretly, with few companions,' to another place, where
+    the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans.
+    _Convertit_ for _convertit se_. See Zumpt, S 145.
+[563] Respecting the position of _quos adversum_, instead of _adversum
+    quos_, see Zumpt, S 324.
+[564] That is, _ipsius comitibus_.
+[565] 'By making a skilful movement with his body,' _dum corpore evitat
+    tela_.
+[566] A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting
+    is over. _Afflicti_, 'thrust down to the ground,' implying the notion
+    of persons being severely wounded. _Niti_, 'to attempt to rise.'
+    _Qua visus erat_, 'as far as one could see.'
+
+102. Post ea loci[567] consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum
+Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.[568] Eo post diem quintum quam
+iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis
+verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de
+suo et de populi Romani commodo[569] cum iis disserere. Ille statim L.
+Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen
+placuit[570] verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent
+aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae,
+non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus:
+
+'Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere,
+uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium
+Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam
+necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi.
+Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos
+quaerere; tutiusque rati[571] volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi
+vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in
+quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod
+parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis
+fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo
+Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus
+es.[572] Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet
+placuisse[573] et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per
+illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna
+habes,[574] quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus
+tuum demitte,[575] nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam
+bello quid valeat, tute scis.'
+
+Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba
+facit: 'Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam
+Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,[576] jure belli suam
+factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam
+legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,[577] si
+per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta,[578]
+animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae
+et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat.
+
+[567] _Post ea loci_, 'afterwards.'
+[568] 'Whither he had at first directed his march. '_Profectus_ might
+    have been omitted, but its meaning is, 'having once set out on his
+    march.'
+[569] 'About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.'
+[570] _Placuit_; supply _eos_, which might also have been expressed by
+    the relative pronoun, _quos placuit_. See Zumpt, S 804. The
+    ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his
+    proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they
+    probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not
+    favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him
+    over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his
+    designs.
+[571] _Rati_; namely, _Romani_, which must be taken out of _populo
+    Romano_.
+[572] The manuscripts have _esses_, which can be explained only by an
+    amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form
+    of politeness which is not contained in _perpessus es_.
+[573] The infinitive _placuisse_ depends on _scilicet_, which is here
+    quite the same as _scire licet_, as in chaps. 4 and 113. In ordinary
+    language, _scilicet_ is a mere adverb, 'evidently,' 'forsooth.'
+[574] 'You have many opportunities;' consequently the same as _magnam
+    opportunitatem_. See Zumpt, S 756.
+[575] _Demittere in pectus_, 'to impress uponone's mind,' _sibi
+    persuadere_.
+[576] This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed
+    no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of
+    Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised
+    to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in
+    recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part
+    of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, chap. 111.
+[577] _Tum_, 'now.' See Zumpt, S 732.
+[578] Namely, _legates mittendi_, 'after he had obtained permission to
+    despatch an embassy to Rome.'
+
+103. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis[579] composito, cum
+expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola,
+obsessum turrim[580] regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium
+imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis
+venerant,[581] seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha
+reliquerat,[582] ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et
+fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si
+placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli
+componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum
+proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi
+spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in
+expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.[583] Eos ille non pro
+vanis hostibus,[584] uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter
+habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob
+munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota
+erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,[585] dona omnia in
+benignitate habebantur.[586] Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt;
+simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem,
+magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae[587]
+esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti,
+quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies
+quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur.
+
+[579] _Hibernacula_, 'a winter-camp;' the same as _hiberna_,
+    'winter-quarters;' for in chap. 100 it was stated that Marius ordered
+    quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful
+    whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he
+    ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents
+    made for the purpose. If the latter--_in hibernaculis_ is used in its
+    proper sense.
+[580] _Turrim_ is here the same as _castellum_. _Perfugae omnes_ are not
+    'all the deserters,' but 'nothing but deserters,' or 'all deserters;'
+    for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters.
+[581] _Venerant_ has the meaning of _evenerant_. Respecting _sibi_ for
+    _ipsi_, see p. 121, note 2 [note 320].
+[582] _Reliquerat_, not 'he had left them behind,' which is the usual
+    meaning of _relinquo_, but 'he had left them unbribed:' that is, he
+    had neglected to bribe them.
+[583] That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his
+    absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander.
+[584] 'He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;' for they
+    were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace
+    having yet been concluded. The epithet _vani_ belongs to them,
+    because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes
+    suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. _Accurate_, 'with
+    care,' 'with respect.'
+[585] _Volens_ expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does.
+[586] 'Were considered as acts of kindness,' as parts or proofs of a
+    kindly disposition.
+[587] _Benevolentiae sunt_, 'are calculated to produce good-will' towards
+    the king.
+
+104. Marius postquam confecto negotio, quo intenderat, Cirtam redit, de
+adventu legatorum certior factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet,[588]
+item L. Bellienum praetorum Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii
+ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi Romam
+fit ab consule; interea induciae postulabantur. Ea[589] Sullae et
+plerisque placuere; pauci ferocius decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum
+rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur.[590] Ceterum
+Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti cum Gn. Octavio Rufo,[591]
+qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat; duo ad regem redeunt. Ex
+his Bocchus quum cetera, tum maxime benignitatem et studium Sullae libens
+accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam errasse regem et Jugurthae scelere
+lapsura deprecati sunt,[592] amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo
+respondetur:
+
+'Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esse solet.
+Ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam facit;[593] foedus et
+amicitia dabantur, quum meruerit.'
+
+[588] Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier;
+    that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to
+    him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also
+    summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt
+    propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to
+    undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time
+    placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had
+    the _jus praetorem_ in his province, he was sometimes simply called
+    praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other
+    military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of
+    senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give
+    weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its
+    real conclusion rested with the senate.
+[589] _Ea_, the neuter plural, though referring to _induciae_.
+[590] Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto
+    been the case with the Roman war.
+[591] The manuscripts have _Rufone_, which unusual name must be
+    corrected either into _Rufo_ or _Rusone_. We prefer _Rufo_, because
+    Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the _Octavii Rufi_ as
+    a senatorial family of the time here spoken of.
+[592] _Deprecati sunt_; that is, _deprecantes dixerunt_; for _deprecari_
+    properly signifies 'to avert something by prayers.'
+[593] _Gratiam facere_, 'to grant pardon for something.' To _quoniam
+    poenitet_ we must supply _eum_.
+
+105. Quis rebus cognitis Bocchus per litteras a Mario petivit, uti Sullam
+ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.[594]
+Is missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium;[595]
+praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis,
+itineris properandi causa, neque his secus atque aliis armis adversum
+tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. Sed in itinere quinto denique
+die Volux filius Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non
+amplius[596] equitibus sese ostendit, qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae
+aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero et hostilem metum efficiebant.
+Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela temptare, intendere,[597]
+timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos,
+quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praemissi rem uti
+erat[598] quietam nuntiant.
+
+[594] 'By whose decision a final determination might be come to
+    respecting the common affairs.' Respecting the ablative _arbitratu_,
+    see Zumpt, S 190.
+[595] The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was
+    sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were
+    prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight
+    with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with
+    the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca,
+    Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and
+    as _socii_ of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman
+    armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls
+    were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500
+    paces. The _Pelignians_ are a people of central Italy, not far from
+    the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All
+    the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman
+    franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men
+    to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore _arma
+    velitaria_ (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or
+    whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems
+    that this was their proper armour.
+[596] _Non amplius_. See Zumpt, S 485.
+[597] 'They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them
+    against the supposed enemy,' but without making actual use of them.
+[598] 'As was in reality the case;' namely, that the approaching cavalry
+    had no hostile intentions.
+
+106. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque se a patre Boccho
+obviam illis simul et praesidio missum. Deinde eum et proximum diem sine
+metu conjuncti eunt. Post ubi castra locata et diei vesper erat; repente
+Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit dicitque sibi ex
+speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse; simul, uti noctu
+clam secum profugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat se
+toties fusum Numidam pertimescere; virtuti suorum satis credere;[599]
+etiamsi certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius quam proditis, quos
+ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae
+vitae parceret.[600] Ceterum ab eodem monitus, uti noctu
+proficiscerentur, consilium approbat, ac statim milites coenatos esse, in
+castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi
+jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus Sulla pariter cum ortu
+solis castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter
+duum milium intervallo ante eos[601] consedisse. Quod postquam auditum
+est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit; credere se proditos a Voluce
+et insidiis circumventos. Ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum neque
+apud illum tantum scelus inultum relinquendum.
+
+[599] To this and the following infinitive we must supply _dicit_, which
+    is to be taken out of the preceding _negat_. See Zumpt, S 774.
+[600] _Mansurum potius, quam--vitae parceret_ is correctly said, though
+    it might also be _quam vitae parsurum_. See Zumpt, S 603, 2. The
+    indicative _quos ducebat_ is a remark of the historian; _quos
+    duceret_ would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been
+    the regular form. _Coenatos esse_, 'they were to have finished
+    dining.' See Zumpt, S 148.
+[601] _Ante eos_, 'before them;' that is, on the road along which they
+    had to march.
+
+107. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen ab injuria Maurum
+prohibet;[602] suos hortatur, uti fortem animum gererent; saepe ante
+paucis strenuis[603] adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in
+proelio minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore, nec quemquam decere, qui
+manus armaverit, ab inermis[604] pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu
+nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere. Deinde Volucem, quoniam
+hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidiae
+Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille lacrimans orare, ne
+ea crederet; nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui
+videlicet speculanti iter suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque
+ingentem multitudinem haberet et spes opesque ejus ex patre suo
+penderent, credere illum nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse filius testis
+adesset; quare optimum factu[605] videri per media ejus castra palam
+transire; sese vel praemissis vet ibidem relictis Mauris solum cum Sulla
+iturum. Ea res ut in tali negotio[606] probata; ac statim profecti, quia
+de improviso acciderant,[607] dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, incolumes
+transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est.
+
+[602] 'He protects the Mauretanian against violence.'
+[603] A dative. See Zumpt, S 419.
+[604] The same as _inermibus_. See Zumpt, S 101. _Nudum et caecum
+    corpus_, 'the undefended part of the body, and not provided with
+    eyes;' that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards
+    the enemy, if he wants to be safe.
+[605] 'It seemed to him to be the most advisable.' Instead of _factu_,
+    other editions have _factum_, 'it seemed to him to be the best
+    thing.'
+[606] 'As the matter stood,' a limitation suggesting that, under other
+    circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen.
+[607] 'As they had come upon him unexpectedly;' for Jugurtha had
+    not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass
+    through his lines.
+
+108. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, multum et familiariter
+agebat, praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat,
+orator[608] et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia; praeterea Dabar,
+Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno genere impar
+(nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingenii multa bona
+carus acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante
+tempestatibus expertus illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit paratum sese
+facere, quae populus Romanus vellet; colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse
+delegeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;[609] neu
+Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius
+gereretur;[610] nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri[611] nequivisse. Sed
+ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide[612] quam ob ea, quae
+praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque cum
+animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis an illi Sullam traderet;
+libidinem[613] adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse.
+
+[608] 'As ambassador with a public commission,' though at the same time
+    he privately acted the part of a spy.
+[609] 'That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been
+    previously determined upon with Sulla.'
+[610] 'In order that the common business might be conducted the more
+    carelessly.' The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha's
+    ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace
+    more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of
+    fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. _Non pertimescere_
+    are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of
+    _contemnere_, 'he should disregard' the ambassador, and accordingly
+    act with Bocchus more confidentially.
+[611] The infinitive of the impersonal passive _cavetur ab insidiis_,
+    'precaution is taken against snares.'
+[612] _Punica fides_ is proverbially the same as _mala fides_, the
+    Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious
+    double-dealers. _Attinere_ is the same as _morari_, 'to detain.'
+[613] 'His inclination.'
+
+109. Igitur Sulla respondit, pauca coram Aspare locuturum, cetera occulte
+aut nullo aut quam paucissimis praesentibus; simul edocet, quae sibi
+responderentur. Postquam sicuti voluerat congressi, dicit se missum a
+consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. Tum
+rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decimum redire jubet, ac nihil
+etiamnunc[614] decrevisse, sed illo die responsurum. Dein ambo in sua
+castra digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho
+occulte accersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur,
+praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus.[615]
+Ac statim sic rex incipit:
+
+[614] 'And _says_ (which must be taken from the preceding _jubet_) that
+    as yet he had determined upon nothing.' As past time is here
+    spoken of, it should properly not be _etiamnunc_, but _etiamtunc_;
+    and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts _tum
+    etiam_ ought not to be received into the text. If _etiamnunc_ is
+    correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons
+    the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to
+    the present.
+[615] 'A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both' (Sulla
+    and Bocchus).
+
+110. 'Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus in hac terra et omnium,
+quos novi, privato homini[616] gratiam deberem. Et mehercule, Sulla, ante
+te cognitum multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius
+indigui.[617] Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor; fuerit
+mihi eguisse[618] aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud animum meum nihil
+carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet:[619] arma, viros, pecuniam,
+postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere; et quoad vives, nunquam tibi
+redditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra[620] erit; denique
+nihil me sciente frustra voles. Nam, ut ego aestimo, regem armis quam
+munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum est.[621] Ceterum de re publica
+vestra, cujus curator huc missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo
+Romano neque feci neque factum umquam volui:[622] fines meos adversum
+armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet; gerite
+quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me et
+Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque id intrare Jugurtham sinam. Praeterea
+si quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis.[623]
+
+[616] The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being
+    unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not,
+    like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor
+    Sulla was by no means a private person.
+[617] 'I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord
+    (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man's assistance.'
+[618] _Fuerit mihi eguisse_, the concessive mood: 'granting that it was
+    the case that I needed,' might also have been expressed simly by
+    _eguerim_.
+[619] 'This you may try at once.' For this meaning of _adeo_, whereby
+    that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, S 281.
+[620] 'Unimpaired,' 'in the same condition.'
+[621] We should express the same idea rather thus: _regem munificentia
+    vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis_.
+[622] About _factum volui_, see Zumpt, S 611.
+[623] 'Your wish will not be refused by me.' Bocchus no doubt here
+    alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to
+    whether it is worthy of himself.
+
+111. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et de communibus
+rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, 'quod polliceatur,
+senatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in
+gratiam habituros;[624] faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua
+rettulisse videretur; id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam
+haberet; quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, ut illi plurimum deberetur;
+amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro
+adventuram.'[625] Rex primo negitare;[626] affinitatem, cognationem,
+praeterea foedus intervenisse; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus
+popularium animos averteret, quis et Jugurtha carus et Romani invisi
+erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate Sullae omnia se
+facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus Numida defessus
+bello avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita composito dolo
+digrediuntur.
+
+[624] 'What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a
+    thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something
+    beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than
+    his.'
+[625] 'Would then come to him,' implying an advantage gained without
+    exertion.
+[626] _Negitare_, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple
+    _negare_, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion
+    that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The _affinitas_
+    (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned chap. 80, a
+    daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their
+    cognatio_ (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have
+    been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings.
+    _Intervenisse_--that is, _factum esse_--referring especially to
+    _foedus_.
+
+112. At rex postero die Asparem Jugurthae legatum appellat dicitque sibi
+per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse condicionibus bellum poni;[627]
+quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret. Ille laetus in castra
+Jugurthae venit; dein ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere post diem
+octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei denuntiat, 'Jugurtham cupere omnia, quae
+imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere; saepe antea cum
+imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam[628] frustra fuisse. Ceterum
+Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una
+ab omnibus quasi de pace in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam
+traderet; quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,[629] tum fore, uti
+jussu senatus populique Romani foedus fieret, neque hominem nobilem non
+sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam[630] in hostium potestate relictum iri.'
+
+[627] 'That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.'
+[628] _Pax conventa_, 'the peace which is agreed upon.' Observe the
+    rare use of the passive participle; for _convenire_ is commonly
+    intransitive--as _pax convenit_, a 'peace is concluded.'
+[629] _In potestatem habere_ is ungrammatical for _in potestate habere_,
+    but is found now and then. See Zumpt, S 316.
+[630] The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause
+    _non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam_ should have a verb of its own,
+    which, however, would be a part of the leading verb--namely, _qui
+    in hostium potestate esset_.
+
+113. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo an
+vere cunctatus, parum comperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut
+vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae.[631] Postea tempore
+et loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam
+modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem ambobus
+polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea,
+quae proxima fuit ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis
+ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris,[632] dicitur secum ipse
+multa agitavisse, vultu [633] corporis pariter atque animo varius, quae
+scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam
+accersi jubet et ex ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi
+dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul abesse, cum paucis
+amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum
+facillimum visu insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis
+suis inermis, uti dictum erat,[634] accedit ac statim, signo dato,
+undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullae
+vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.[635]
+
+[631] 'In contradiction with themselves,' 'contradictory.'
+[632] 'The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them
+    immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.' _Ceteris_
+    refers to the preceding _amicis_, but is used instead of _iis_, to
+    form antithesis to himself: 'after the removal of all the rest, he
+    deliberated by himself.'
+[633] _Vultus_, chiefly 'the look of the eyes,' but also 'the features of
+    the countenance,' by which the inward emotions are manifested;
+    hence Sallust here, by the addition of _corporis_, opposes the
+    outward expression to the emotions of the mind: 'He changed (varied)
+    in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his
+    sentiments.' _Quae scilicet patefecisse_, 'which, as could be seen,
+    revealed his mental emotions.' _Quae_ is the neuter plural, and
+    _scilicet_ contains the leading verb.
+[634] That is, _ut praeceptum erat_, and not _dictum_ in the sense of
+    _edictum_; for according to the deceitful agreement, the _condiciones
+    pacis_ were to be determined peaceably.
+[635] Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who
+    had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six
+    years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no
+    longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla
+    considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and
+    to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring.
+
+114. Per idem tempus[636] adversura Gallos ab ducibus nostris Q. Caepione
+et Gn. Manlio male pugnatum; quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat.
+Illique[637] et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere, alia
+omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria,
+certare.[638] Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum et Jugurtham
+Romam vinctum adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus et ei
+decreta provincia Gallia; isque Kalendis Januariis[639] magna gloria
+consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo
+sitae.
+
+[636] 'During the same time;' that is, the time during which Marius,
+    as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the
+    regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen
+    into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as
+    the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal
+    and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and
+    other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105,
+    in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul
+    Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the
+    river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in
+    B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (_Galli_) are
+    the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries
+    about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general
+    difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes,
+    and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been
+    wandering about in Gaul.
+[637] _Illique_; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in
+    the time of Sallust. _Sic habuere_, 'entertained this opinion.'
+[638] _Certare_; supply _se_; unless we read _certari_, to which it is
+    easier to supply a _se_.
+[639] On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that
+    Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome,
+    was put to death in the public prison near the Forum--which is
+    described by Sallust, _Cat._ 55--at the same hour in which Marius
+    offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the
+    Capitol.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino
+by Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius)
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO ***
+
+This file should be named debcj10.txt or debcj10.zip
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, debcj11.txt
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, debcj10a.txt
+
+Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03
+
+Or /etext02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
+