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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/7402-h.zip b/7402-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..27a9651 --- /dev/null +++ b/7402-h.zip diff --git a/7402-h/7402-h.htm b/7402-h/7402-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39d9fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/7402-h/7402-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8680 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> +<HTML> +<HEAD> +<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<TITLE>C. Sallustii Crispi, De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino</TITLE> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +body { + margin-left:5%; + margin-right:10%; + } +hr { + text-align:center; + width:50%; + } +.fbig { + font-size:120%; + } +.fsmall { + font-size:90%; + } +.note { + text-align:justify; + margin-left:4%; + font-size:90%; + } +.sup { + vertical-align:super; + font-size:60%; + } +.bold { + font-weight:bold; + } +.center { + text-align:center; + } +h1, h2, h3 { + text-align:center; + font-family: "trebuchet ms", tahoma, sans-serif; + } +p { + text-align:justify; + line-height: 1.5em; + font-family: verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; + font-size: 95%; + } + --> +</style> +</HEAD> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino, by +Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino + +Author: Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +Posting Date: November 7, 2012 [EBook #7402] +Release Date: February, 2005 +First Posted: April 24, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<P>[Illustration: Numidia (Map)]</P> + +<hr> + +<P class="center">Classical Series. +Edited By Drs. Schmitz And Zumpt.</P> + +<hr> + +<h1>C. Sallustii Crispi</h1> + +<h1>De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino.</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2>Preface.</h2> + +<P>The text of Sallust, notwithstanding the many and excellent editions +which have been published, has not yet acquired a form that can be +regarded as generally adopted and established; for the number of +manuscripts is great, and their differences have led critical editors to +form different opinions as to which, in each case, is the correct +reading, or at least the one most worthy of acceptation. This difference +of opinion manifested itself especially after the edition of Gottleib +Corte (Leipzig, 1724, 4to.), who in many passages abandoned the vulgate +as constituted by Gruter and Wasse, and on the authority of a few +manuscripts, altered the text of Sallust, on the mere supposition that +his style was abrupt. Corte’s recension was adopted by many, and often +reprinted; while others, especially Haverkamp, in his valuable and very +complete edition (Hague, 1742, 2 vols. 4to.), returned to the vulgate. +The latest critical editors of Sallust — Gerlach (Basel, 1823, &c. 3 vols. +4to., and a revised text, Basel, 1832, 8vo.) and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828, +&c. 2 vols. 8vo.) — though declaring against the arbitrary proceedings of +Corte, yet very often differ in their texts from each other. Between +these two stands the edition of the learned critic, J. C. Orelli (Zürich, +1840), whose text forms the basis of the present edition. But besides +abandoning his artificial and antiquated orthography, and restoring that +which is adopted in most editions of Latin classics, we have felt obliged +in many instances to give up Orelli’s reading, and to follow the +authority of the best manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked +L in Haverkamp’s edition). For our explanatory notes we are much indebted +to the edition of Kritz, though we have often been under the necessity of +differing from him.</P> + +<P>C. G. Zumpt.</P> + +<P>Berlin, <i>May</i>, 1848.</P> + +<hr> + +<h2>Introduction.</h2> + +<P>Caius Sallustius Crispus, according to the statement of the ancient +chronologer Hieronymus, was born in B. C. 86, at Amiternum, in the +country of the Sabines (to the north-east of Rome), and died four years +before the battle of Actium — that is, in B.C. 34 or 35. After having no +doubt gone through a complete course of law and the art of oratory, he +devoted himself to the service of the Roman republic at a time when Rome +was internally divided by the struggle of the opposite factions of +the <i>optimates</i>, or the aristocracy, and the <i>populares</i>, or the +democratical party. The optimates supported the power of the senate, and +of the nobility who prevailed in the senate; while the populares were +exerting themselves to bring all public questions of importance before +the popular assembly for decision, and resisted the influence of +illustrious and powerful families, whose privileges, arising from birth +and wealth, they attempted to destroy. Sallust belonged to the latter of +these parties. In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an +active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by +the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was +canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain +the praetorship. Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by +the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could +not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned, +and sentenced him to exile. Pompey alone, who was then consul for the +third time, was capable of restoring order and tranquillity. The position +of a tribune of the people was a difficult one for Sallust: he was to +some extent opposed to Milo, and consequently also to Cicero, who pleaded +for Milo; but there exists a statement that he gave up his opposition; +and he himself, in the introduction to his ‘Catiline,’ intimates that his +honest endeavours for the good of the state drew upon him only ill-will +and hatred. Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by +the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates. +The other censor, L. Piso, did not protect either Sallust, or any of the +others who shared the same fate with him, against this act of partiality. +Rome was at that time governed by the most oppressive oligarchy, which +was then mainly directed against Julius Caesar, who, as a reward for +his brilliant achievements in extending the Roman dominion in Gaul, +desired to be allowed to offer himself in his absence as a candidate for +his second consulship — a desire which the people were willing to comply +with, as it was based upon a law which had been passed some years before +in favour of Caesar; but the optimates endeavoured in every way to oppose +him, and drawing Pompey over to their side, they brought about a rupture +between him and Caesar. Sallust was looked upon in the senate as a +partisan of the latter, and this was the principal reason why he was +deprived of his seat in the great council of the republic; and L. Piso, +the father-in-law of Caesar, is said not to have opposed the partiality +of his colleague in the censorship, in order to increase the number of +Caesar’s partisans. When, in B. C. 49, Caesar established his right by +force of arms, Sallust went over to him, and was restored not only to his +seat in the senate, but was advanced to the praetorship in the year B. C. +47. Sallust served, both before and during his year of office, in the +capacity of a lieutenant in Caesar’s armies. He also accompanied him +to Africa in the war against the Pompeian party there, and after its +successful termination, was left behind as proconsul of Numidia, which +was made a Roman province. In the discharge of his duties, he is said to +have indulged in extorting money from the new subjects of Rome. He was +accused, but acquitted. This is the historical statement of Dion Cassius; +but a hostile writer of doubtful authority mentions that, by paying +12,000 pieces of gold to Caesar (perhaps as damages for the injury done), +he purchased his acquittal.</P> + +<P>Hereupon Sallust withdrew from public life, to devote his leisure to +literature, and the composition of works on the history of his native +country; for, as after the murder of Caesar, in B. C. 44, the republic +was again delivered over to a state of military despotism, peaceful +advice was deprived of its influence. It need hardly be mentioned that +Sallust, as he had qualified himself for the highest political career, +and the great offices of the republic, must have been possessed of an +independent property; but the statement, that he afterwards gave himself +up to a life of luxury — that he purchased a villa at Tibur, which had +formerly belonged to Caesar — and that he possessed a splendid mansion, +with a garden laid out with elegant plantations and appropriate +buildings, at Rome, near the Colline gate — is founded on the equivocal +authority of a writer of a late period, who was hostile to him. It is +indeed certain that there existed at Rome <i>horti Sallustiani</i>, in +which Augustus frequently resided, and which were afterwards in the +possession of the Roman emperors; but it is doubtful as to whether they +had been acquired and laid out by our historian, or by his nephew, a +Roman eques, and particular favourite of Augustus. The statement that +Sallust married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, is still more +doubtful, and probably altogether fictitious.<a class="sup" href="#1">[1]</a> There is, however, a +statement of a contemporary, the learned friend of Cicero, M. Varro, +which cannot be doubted — that in his earlier years Sallust, in the midst +of the party-strife at Rome, kept up an illicit intercourse with the +wife of Milo; but how much the hostility of party may have had to do with +such a report, cannot be decided. In his writings, Sallust expresses +a strong disgust of the luxurious mode of life, and the avarice and +prodigality, of his contemporaries; and there can be no doubt that these +repeated expressions of a stern morality excited both his contemporaries +and subsequent writers to hunt up and divulge any moral foibles in his +life and character, especially as in his compositions he struck into a +new path, by abandoning the ordinary style, and artificially reviving the +ancient style of composition.</P> + + + +<P>The historical works of Sallust are, <i>De Bello Catilinae</i>, <i>De Bello +Jugurthino</i> (or the two <i>Bella</i>, as the ancients call them), and +five books of <i>Historiae</i> — that is, a history of the Roman republic +during the period of twelve years, from the death of Sulla in B. C. 78, +down to the appointment of Pompey to the supreme command in the war +against Mithridates in B. C. 66. This history was regarded by the +ancients as the principal work of our author; but is now lost, with the +exception of four speeches and two political letters, which some admirer +of oratory copied separately from the context of the history, and which +have thus been preserved to our times. The two <i>Bella</i>, which are +preserved entire, form the contents of the present volume.</P> + +<P>The work <i>De Bella Catilinae</i> formed the beginning of his historical +compositions, as is clear from the author’s own introduction; but it +was not written till after the murder of Caesar in B. C. 44. In it he +describes the conspiracy of L. Sergius Catilina, a man of noble birth and +high rank, but ruined circumstances; its discovery, and the punishment +of the conspirators at Rome in B. C. 63; and its final and complete +suppression in a pitched battle at the beginning of the year B. C. 62.</P> + +<P>The <i>Bellum Jugurthinum</i> treats of the life of Jugurtha, who in +B. C. 118, together with his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal, governed +Numidia. Having crushed his two cousins by fraud and violence, Jugurtha +afterwards maintained himself in his usurped kingdom for several years +against the Roman armies and generals that were sent out against him, +until in the end, after several defeats sustained at the hands of the +Roman consuls, L. Metullus and C. Marius, his own ally, Bocchus, king of +Mauretania, delivered him up into the hands of the Roman quaestor, +L. Sulla.</P> + +<P>In the work on the war of Catiline, Sallust reveals especially the +corruption of what was called the Roman nobility, by tracing the criminal +designs of the conspirators to their sources — avarice, and the love of +pleasure. In the history of the Jugurthine war, he particularly exposes +and condemns the system of bribery in which the leading men of that +age indulged; but on the other hand, he draws a pleasing contrast in +describing the restoration of military discipline by Metullus and Marius. +The difficult campaigns in the extensive and desert country of Numidia, +and the wonderful events of this war, also deserve the attention of the +reader; the more so, as the author has bestowed the greatest care on +giving vivid descriptions of them.</P> + +<P>Among the writings of Sallust, which have been transmitted to us in +manuscripts, and are printed in the larger editions of his works, there +are two epistles addressed to Caesar, containing the author’s opinions +and advice regarding the new constitution to be given to the republic, +after the defeat of the optimates and their faction by the dictator. They +are written in his own peculiar style: the first contains excellent ideas +and energetic exposures of the general defects and evils in the state, +as well as plans for remedying them; the second adds some proposals +regarding the courts of justice, and the composition of the senate, +the utility and practicability of which appear somewhat doubtful. +The authenticity of these epistles, therefore, is still a matter of +uncertainty. Lastly, there are two Declamations (<i>declamationes</i>), the +one purporting to be by M. Cicero against Sallust, and the other by +Sallust against Cicero; but both are evidently unworthy of the character +and style of the men whose names they bear, and are justly considered to +be the production of some wretched rhetorician of the third or fourth +century of the Christian era.<a class="sup" href="#2">[2]</a> Such declaimers made use of all possible +reports that were current respecting the moral weaknesses of the two men, +and respecting an enmity between them, of which history knows nothing, +and which is contradicted by our author himself, by the praise he +bestows, in his ‘Catilinarian War,’ upon Cicero.</P> + + +<P>Sallust’s character as an historian, and his grammatical style, have +been the subjects of contradictory opinions even among the ancients +themselves — both his own contemporaries, and the men of succeeding ages. +Some condemned his introductions, as having nothing to do with the +works themselves; found fault with the minute details of the speeches +introduced in the narrative; and called him a senseless imitator, in +words and expressions, of the earlier Roman historians, especially of +Cato. Others praised him for his vivid delineations of character, the +precision and vigour of his diction, and for the dignity which he had +given to his style by the use of ancient words and phrases which were no +longer employed in the ordinary language of his own day. But however +different these opinions may appear, there is truth both in the censure +and in the praise, though the praise no doubt outweighs the censure; +and the general opinion among the later Romans justly declared <i>primus +Romana Crispus in historia</i>. It is obvious that it is altogether unjust +to say that his introductions are unsuitable, and that the speeches he +introduces are inappropriate: for an author must be allowed to write a +preface to make an avowal of his own sentiments; and the speeches are +inseparably connected with the forms of public life in antiquity: they +are certainly not too long, and express most accurately, both in +sentiment and style, the characters of the great men to whom the author +assigns them. We have no hesitation in declaring that the speeches in the +Catiline and Jugurtha, as well as those extracted from the <i>Historiae</i>, +are the most precious specimens of the kind that have come down to us +from antiquity.</P> + +<P>As regards the grammatical style and the imitation of earlier authors, +for which Sallust has been blamed by some, and praised by others, it must +be observed that he is the first among the classical authors extant in +whose works we perceive a difference between the refined language of +public life, such as we have it in Cicero and Caesar, and a new and +artificially-formed language of literature. Cicero and Caesar wrote just +as a well-educated orator of taste spoke: after the death of Caesar, +oratory began to withdraw from the active scenes of public life; and +there remained few authors who, following the practical vocation of an +orator, though at an unfavourable epoch, yet observed the principle +which is generally correct — that a man ought to write in the same manner +in which well-bred people speak. But most men of talent who devoted +themselves to written composition for the satisfaction of their own +minds, or for the instruction of their contemporaries, created for +themselves a new style, such as was naturally developed in them by +reading the earlier authors, and through their own relations to their +readers and not hearers. Livy clung to the language, style, and the +full-sounding period of the oratorical style, though even he in many +points deviated from the natural refinement of a Caesar and a Cicero; +but Sallust gave up the oratorical period, divided the long-spun, +full-sounding, and well-finished oratorical sentence into several short +sentences; and in this manner he seemed to go back to the ancients, who +had not yet invented the period: but still there was a great difference +between his style, in which the ancient simplicity was artificially +restored, and the genuine ancient sentence formed without any rhetorical +art. He wrote without periods, because he would not write otherwise, and +not because he could not; he divided the rhetorical period into separate +sentences, because it appeared to him advantageous in his animated +description of minute details; and he wrote concisely, because he did +not want the things to fill up his sentences which the orator requires +to give roundness and fulness to his periods. He states in isolated +independent sentences those ideas and thoughts which the orator +distributes among leading and subordinate sentences; but he did all this +consciously, as an artist, and with the conviction that it was conducive +to historical animation. Tacitus was his imitator in this artificial +historical style; and notwithstanding all his well-deserved praise, it +must he admitted that the blame cast upon Sallust attaches in a still +higher degree to Tacitus. It is a fact beyond all doubt, that Sallust +introduced into the language of literature antiquated forms, words, and +expressions; and this arose from a desire to recall with the ancient +language also the ancient vigour and simplicity. But even this revival of +what was ancient is visible only here and there, and all such words and +phrases might be exchanged for others and more customary ones, without +depriving Sallust of his essential characteristics; for these consist in +a vivid perception of the important moments of an action, in placing them +in strong contrasts, to excite his readers, and in the effect produced by +isolated sentences simply put in juxtaposition without the artifice of a +polished and intricate period.</P> + +<P>To give our young readers some preparatory information about certain +frequently-recurring peculiarities of Sallust’s style, we may remark that +the omission of the personal pronoun in the construction of the +accusative with the infinitive, as well as the omission of the auxiliary +verb <i>est</i>, and the frequent use of the infinitive instead of a +dependent clause — for example, <i>hortatur dicere, res postulat exponere, +conjuravere patriam incendere</i>, and many similar expressions — arise +from his desire to be brief and concise. Among his antiquated forms of +words, we may mention <i>die</i> for <i>diei</i>, the singular <i>plerusque</i>, <i>quis</i> +for <i>quibus</i>, <i>senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>; <i>dicundi, legundi</i>, &c. for +<i>dicendi, legendi</i>; <i>intellego</i> for <i>intelligo</i>, <i>forem</i> for <i>essem</i>, +<i>fuere</i> for <i>fuerunt</i>; the use of the past participles of deponent verbs +in a passive sense — as <i>adeptus, interpretatus</i>. Antiquated words, or +words used in an antiquated sense, are — <i>supplicium</i> for <i>preces</i>, +<i>scilicet</i> for <i>scire licet</i>; antiquated expressions are — <i>fugam facere</i> +for <i>fugere</i>, <i>habere vitam</i> for <i>agere vitam</i>, and other phrases with +<i>habere</i>. The frequent use of <i>mortales</i> for <i>homines</i>, <i>aevum</i> for +<i>aetas</i>, and <i>subigere</i> for <i>cogere</i>, gives to his style somewhat of a +poetical colouring. As far as grammatical construction is concerned, +there is a tendency to archaisms in the use of <i>quippe qui</i> with the +indicative; in the frequent application of the indicative in subordinate +sentences in the oratio obliqua; and in some other points which we shall +explain in short notes to the passages where they occur. An intentional +disturbance of rhetorical symmetry is perceptible in the change of +corresponding particles; — for example, instead of <i>alii</i> in the +expression <i>alii-alii</i>, we find <i>pars</i> or <i>partim</i>; instead of <i>modo</i> in +the expression <i>modo-modo</i>, we find <i>interdum</i>, and similar variations. +But all these differences from the ordinary language contain in +themselves sufficient grounds of explanation and excuse, and are by no +means so frequent as to render the language of Sallust unworthy of the +merited reputation of being classical.</P> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Introduction</i></h3> + +<P class="note"> +<a class="bold" name="1">[1]</a> This strange account is found in Hieronymus’s first work against + Jovinianus, towards the end; and it becomes still more strange by the + addition, that Terentia was married a third time to the orator + Messalla Corvinus (who was consul with Augustus, B. C. 91): — <i>Illa</i> + (Terentia) <i>interim conjunx egregia, et quae de fontibus Tullianis + hauserat sapientiam, nupsit Sallustio, inimico ejus, et tertio + Messallae Corvino: et quasi per quosdam gradus eloquentiae devoluta + est.</i> It almost appears as if in this tradition it had been + intended to mark three phases in the style of Roman oratory, for + Sallust was twenty years younger than Cicero, and Messalla nearly + as many years younger than Sallust.</P> +<P class="note"> +<a class="bold" name="2">[2]</a> It has indeed been said that Quinctilian, who wrote about the year 95 + after Christ, cites passages from these Declamations; but critical + investigation has shown that these passages are interpolations, and + are found only in the worst manuscripts.</P> + +<hr> + +<h2>C. Sallustii Crispi</h2> + +<h2>Bellum Catilinarium.</h2> + +<hr> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat1">1</a>. Omnes<a class="sup" href="#c1">[1]</a> homines, qui sese student<a class="sup" href="#c2">[2]</a> praestare ceteris animalibus, +summa ope<a class="sup" href="#c3">[3]</a> niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae +natura prona<a class="sup" href="#c4">[4]</a> atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in +animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur; +alterum nobis cum dis,<a class="sup" href="#c5">[5]</a> alterum cum beluis<a class="sup" href="#c6">[6]</a> commune est. Quo mihi +rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam +vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri<a class="sup" href="#c7">[7]</a> quam maxime +longam<a class="sup" href="#c8">[8]</a> efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis +est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales +certamen fuit,<a class="sup" href="#c9">[9]</a> vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis +procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris +mature facto opus est.<a class="sup" href="#c10">[10]</a> Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius +auxilio eget.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat2">2</a>. Igitur<a class="sup" href="#c11">[11]</a> initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit), +diversi pars<a class="sup" href="#c12">[12]</a> ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum +sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero +quam<a class="sup" href="#c13">[13]</a> in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere +urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, +maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque +negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi<a class="sup" href="#c14">[14]</a> regum +atque imperatorum animi virtus<a class="sup" href="#c15">[15]</a> in pace ita ut in bello valeret, +aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud +alio<a class="sup" href="#c16">[16]</a> ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium +facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro +labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia +invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad +optimum quemque<a class="sup" href="#c17">[17]</a> a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, +navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti +ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes +transiere;<a class="sup" href="#c18">[18]</a> quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima +oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,<a class="sup" href="#c19">[19]</a> quoniam de +utraque siletur. Verum enimvero<a class="sup" href="#c20">[20]</a> is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima +videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus<a class="sup" href="#c21">[21]</a> praeclari facinoris aut artis +bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter +ostendit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat3">3</a>. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum +est;<a class="sup" href="#c22">[22]</a> vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui +facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,<a class="sup" href="#c23">[23]</a> tametsi +haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in +primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis +exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, +malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;<a class="sup" href="#c24">[24]</a> ubi de magna virtute atque +gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo +animo accipit, supra ea<a class="sup" href="#c25">[25]</a> veluti ficta pro falsis ducit.</P> + +<P>Sed ego<a class="sup" href="#c26">[26]</a> adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam +latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro +abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae +tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,<a class="sup" href="#c27">[27]</a> tamen inter +tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur<a class="sup" href="#c28">[28]</a>: ac me, quum +ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido +eâdem qua ceteros famâ atque invidiâ vexabat.<a class="sup" href="#c29">[29]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat4">4</a>. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis +requievit et mihi reliquam aetatem a re publica procul +habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium socordia atque desidia +bonum otium conterere;<a class="sup" href="#c30">[30]</a> neque vero agrum colendo aut +venando, servilibus officiis,<a class="sup" href="#c31">[31]</a> intentum aetatem agere; sed a +quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem +regressus statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,<a class="sup" href="#c32">[32]</a> ut quaeque +memoria digna videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod +mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei publicae animus liber erat. Igitur +de Catilinae conjuratione quam verissime potero paucis absolvam:<a class="sup" href="#c33">[33]</a> +nam id facinus in primis ego memorabile existimo +sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis moribus +pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat5">5</a>. Lucius Catilina,<a class="sup" href="#c34">[34]</a> nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et +animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab +adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis +grata fuere, ibique juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus +patiens<a class="sup" href="#c35">[35]</a> inediae, algoris, vigiliae, supra quam cuiquam credibile +est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus rei libet<a class="sup" href="#c36">[36]</a> +simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, ardens +in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus +animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. +Hunc post dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat +rei publicae capiundae,<a class="sup" href="#c37">[37]</a> neque id quibus modis assequeretur, +dum sibi regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur +magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et +conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his artibus auxerat,<a class="sup" href="#c38">[38]</a> quas +supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti civitatis +mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque +avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de +moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere<a class="sup" href="#c39">[39]</a> ac paucis +instituta majorum domi militiaeque,<a class="sup" href="#c40">[40]</a> quomodo rem publicam +habuerint quantamque reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex +pulcherrima pessima ac flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat6">6</a>. Urbem Romam,<a class="sup" href="#c41">[41]</a> sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio +Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his +Aborigines,<a class="sup" href="#c42">[42]</a> genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, +liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una<a class="sup" href="#c43">[43]</a> moenia convenere, dispari +genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu +est quam facile coaluerint.<a class="sup" href="#c44">[44]</a> Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, +agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque +mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique +finitimi bello temptare,<a class="sup" href="#c45">[45]</a> pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri +metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti +festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, +patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, +sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,<a class="sup" href="#c46">[46]</a> magisque dandis quam +accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen +imperii regium habebant;<a class="sup" href="#c47">[47]</a> delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, +ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;<a class="sup" href="#c48">[48]</a> hi vel +aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium +imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei +publicae<a class="sup" href="#c49">[49]</a> fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit<a class="sup" href="#c50">[50]</a> immutato +more annua imperia binosque imperatores<a class="sup" href="#c51">[51]</a> sibi fecere; eo modo minime +posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat7">7</a>. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium +in promptu habere.<a class="sup" href="#c52">[52]</a> Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, +semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile +memoratu est adepta<a class="sup" href="#c53">[53]</a> libertate quantum brevi<a class="sup" href="#c54">[54]</a> creverit; tanta +cupido gloriae incesserat.<a class="sup" href="#c55">[55]</a> Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli +patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in +decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis +libidinem habebant.<a class="sup" href="#c56">[56]</a> Igitur talibus viris non labos<a class="sup" href="#c57">[57]</a> insolitus, non +locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus; +virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic +se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus +faceret, properabat; eas<a class="sup" href="#c58">[58]</a> divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque +nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam +ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis +maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes +natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto +traheret.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat8">8</a>. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex libidine +magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti +ego aestimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto<a class="sup" href="#c59">[59]</a> +minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna +ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis<a class="sup" href="#c60">[60]</a> +celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea +verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea +copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime negotiosus erat;<a class="sup" href="#c61">[61]</a> +ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, +sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat9">9</a>. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur, concordia maxima, +minima avaritia erat, jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam +natura<a class="sup" href="#c62">[62]</a> valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus +exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis<a class="sup" href="#c63">[63]</a> +deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant. Duabus his +artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque<a class="sup" href="#c64">[64]</a> remque +publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in +bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa +relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod +beneficiis quam<a class="sup" href="#c65">[65]</a> metu imperium agitabant, et acceptâ injuriâ<a class="sup" href="#c66">[66]</a> +ignoscere quam persequi malebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat10">10</a>. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello +domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula +imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, +saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias +atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis +oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido +crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, +probitatem ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam, +crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio +multos mortales falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in +lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex +commodo aestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo +paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi +pestilentia invasit, civitas immutata, imperium ex justissimo atque +optimo crudele intolerandumque factum.</P> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat11">11</a>. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod +tamen vitium propius virtutem<a class="sup" href="#c67">[67]</a> erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium +bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic +quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia +pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit;<a class="sup" href="#c68">[68]</a> ea quasi +venenis malis imbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita, +insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam +L. Sulla, armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos eventus +habuit,<a class="sup" href="#c69">[69]</a> rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque +modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civibus<a class="sup" href="#c70">[70]</a> +facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia +ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret,<a class="sup" href="#c71">[71]</a> contra morem majorum luxuriose +nimisque liberaliter habuerat; loca amoena, voluptaria<a class="sup" href="#c72">[72]</a> facile in otio +feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi +Romani amare,<a class="sup" href="#c73">[73]</a> potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata<a class="sup" href="#c74">[74]</a> mirari, +ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra<a class="sup" href="#c75">[75]</a> spoliare, sacra profanaque +omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil +reliqui victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant; +ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.<a class="sup" href="#c76">[76]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat12">12</a>. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium, +potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, +innocentia pro malivolentia<a class="sup" href="#c77">[77]</a> duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis +juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere; rapere, +consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina +atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. Operae pretium +est,<a class="sup" href="#c78">[78]</a> quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum +exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi +mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria +decorabant, neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam +eripiebant.<a class="sup" href="#c79">[79]</a> At hi contra ignavissimi homines per summum scelus omnia +ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reliquerant; proinde +quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat13">13</a>. Nam quid ea memorem, quae nisi his qui videre nemini credibilia sunt, +a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa<a class="sup" href="#c80">[80]</a> esse. +Quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe quas honeste habere +licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido stupri, ganeae +ceterique cultus<a class="sup" href="#c81">[81]</a> non minor incesserat; viri muliebria pati, mulieres +pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia +exquirere, dormire prius quam somni cupido esset, non famem aut sitim +neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. +Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. +Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat; eo +profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui<a class="sup" href="#c82">[82]</a> deditus erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat14">14</a>. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum +erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum +catervas habebat.<a class="sup" href="#c83">[83]</a> Nam quicunque impudicus, adulter, ganeo manu,<a class="sup" href="#c84">[84]</a> +ventre, pene bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande +conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique +parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis aut pro factis judicium +timentes, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili +alebat, postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus +exagitabat: hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quodsi quis etiam a +culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, cotidiano usu atque illecebris +facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium +familiaritates appetebat; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud +difficulter<a class="sup" href="#c85">[85]</a> capiebantur. Nam ut cujusque studium ex aetate<a class="sup" href="#c86">[86]</a> +flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari, +postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum<a class="sup" href="#c87">[87]</a> illos +obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos qui ita +existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum +honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quam quod cuiquam +id compertum foret, haec fama valebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat15">15</a>. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum +virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. +Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae cujus praeter formam nihil +unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum +adulta aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis +nuptiis fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c88">[88]</a> Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse +facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, +neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem +excitam vastabat.<a class="sup" href="#c89">[89]</a> Igitur color exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo, +modo tardus incessus; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat16">16</a>. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala +facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, +fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem +attriverat, majora alia imperabat; si causa peccandi in praesens minus +suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare; +scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito<a class="sup" href="#c90">[90]</a> potius +malus atque crudelis erat.</P> + +<P>His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes +terras ingens erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites,<a class="sup" href="#c91">[91]</a> largius suo +usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, +opprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus; +Gn.<a class="sup" href="#c92">[92]</a> Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum +petenti magna spes; senatus nihil sane intentus;<a class="sup" href="#c93">[93]</a> tutae tranquillaeque +res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat17">17</a>. Igitur, circiter Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et G. Figulo +consulibus,<a class="sup" href="#c94">[94]</a> primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare; +opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, magna praemia conjurationis docere. +Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus +maxima necessitudo<a class="sup" href="#c95">[95]</a> et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere +senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, +G. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, +Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praeterea ex equestri +ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, +G. Cornelius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant +praeterea complures<a class="sup" href="#c96">[96]</a> paulo occultius concilii hujusce participes +nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut aliqua +necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque,<a class="sup" href="#c97">[97]</a> sed maxime nobilium, +Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter +vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere +item ea tempestate<a class="sup" href="#c98">[98]</a> qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum<a class="sup" href="#c99">[99]</a> non ignarum +ejus consilii fuisse; quia Gn. Pompeius invisus ipsi magnum exercitum +ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul +confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat18">18</a>. Sed antea<a class="sup" href="#c100">[100]</a> item conjuravere pauci contra rem publicam, in quibus +Catilina fuit; de qua<a class="sup" href="#c101">[101]</a> quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo et +M. Lepido consulibus,<a class="sup" href="#c102">[102]</a> P. Autronius et P. Sulla designati consules, +legibus ambitus interrogati<a class="sup" href="#c103">[103]</a> poenas dederant. Post paulo<a class="sup" href="#c104">[104]</a> +Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,<a class="sup" href="#c105">[105]</a> prohibitus erat consulatum +petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri<a class="sup" href="#c106">[106]</a> nequiverat. Erat eodem +tempore Gn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus, +quem ad perturbandam rem publicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. +Cum hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter Nonas Decembres consilio +communicato parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. +Torquatum consules<a class="sup" href="#c107">[107]</a> interficere, ipsi fascibus correptis Pisonem cum +exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias<a class="sup" href="#c108">[108]</a> mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus +in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam tum non +consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. +Quodni<a class="sup" href="#c109">[109]</a> Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post +conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum +frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat19">19</a>. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore<a class="sup" href="#c110">[110]</a> missus +est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Gn. Pompeio cognoverat. +Neque tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum hominem a +re publica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni complures praesidium in +eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in +provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens +occisus est. Sunt qui ita dicunt,<a class="sup" href="#c111">[111]</a> imperia ejus injusta, superba, +crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; alii autem equites illos Gn. Pompeii +veteres fidosque clientes voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos; numquam +Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante +perpessos. Nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione +satis dictum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat20">20</a>. Catilina,<a class="sup" href="#c112">[112]</a> ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, convenisse +videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen +in rem fore credens universos appellare et cohortari, in abditam +partem aedium secedit, atque ibi, omnibus arbitris procul +amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit. ‘Ni virtus fidesque +vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset; +spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent. +Neque ego per ignaviam<a class="sup" href="#c113">[113]</a> aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis +captarem. Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi +fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maximum +atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere, simul quia vobis eadem +quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque +idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente +agitavi omnes jam antea diversi<a class="sup" href="#c114">[114]</a> audistis. Ceterum mihi +in dies magis animus accenditur, quum considero, quae condicio +vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. +Nam postquam res publica in paucorum potentium +jus atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae<a class="sup" href="#c115">[115]</a> +vectigales esse, populi, nationes stipendia pendere; ceteri +omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles vulgus fuimus +sine gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica +valeret, formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, +honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere +pericula repulsas, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque +tandem patiemini fortissimi viri? Nonne emori per virtutem +praestat quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae +superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum enimvero +pro deum atque hominum fidem<a class="sup" href="#c116">[116]</a> victoria in manu nobis +est, viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis +omnia consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est; cetera +res expediet. Etenim quis mortalium cui virile ingenium est, +tolerare potest, illis divitias superare,<a class="sup" href="#c117">[117]</a> quas profundant in +extruendo mari et montibus coaequandis, nobis rem familiarem +etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas aut amplius domos +continuare, nobis larem familiarem<a class="sup" href="#c118">[118]</a> nusquam ullum esse? +Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata<a class="sup" href="#c119">[119]</a> emunt, nova diruunt, alia +aedificant, postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, +tamen summa libidine divitias vincere<a class="sup" href="#c120">[120]</a> nequeunt. At nobis +est domi inopia, foris aes alienum, mala res, spes multo +asperior; denique quid reliqui habemus praeter miseram +animam? Quin<a class="sup" href="#c121">[121]</a> igitur expergiscimini? En<a class="sup" href="#c122">[122]</a> illa, illa, quam +saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria in +oculis sita sunt. Fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. +Res, tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis +quam oratio mea vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me +utimini; neque animus neque corpus a vobis aberit. Haec +ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam, nisi forte me +animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati estis.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat21">21</a>. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed +neque res neque spes bona ulla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces +videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, uti proponeret, quae condicio +belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei +haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas,<a class="sup" href="#c123">[123]</a> proscriptionem +locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum +atque libido victorum fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, +in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes; +petere consulatum G. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem +et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum; cum eo se +consulem<a class="sup" href="#c124">[124]</a> initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpat omnes +bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, +alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae,<a class="sup" href="#c125">[125]</a> multos +victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos +alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum +dimisit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat22">22</a>. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, quum ad +jusjurandum populares<a class="sup" href="#c126">[126]</a> sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis +sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde quum post +execrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri +consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare<a class="sup" href="#c127">[127]</a> fecisse, quo +inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli +ficta et haec et multa praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis +invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris +eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta +est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat23">23</a>. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus haud obscuro loco, +flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quera censores senatu probri +gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia; neque +reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet<a class="sup" href="#c128">[128]</a> ipse scelera occultare, +prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum +Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri<a class="sup" href="#c129">[129]</a> vetus consuetudo; cui quum minus +gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria +montesque polliceri coepit et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia +foret, postremo ferocius agitare<a class="sup" href="#c130">[130]</a> quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, +insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei publicae haud +occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore<a class="sup" href="#c131">[131]</a> de Catilinae conjuratione quae +quoque modo audierat compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia +hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque +antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat,<a class="sup" href="#c132">[132]</a> et quasi pollui +consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo novus<a class="sup" href="#c133">[133]</a> adeptus +foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere.<a class="sup" href="#c134">[134]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat24">24</a>. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et +G. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat.<a class="sup" href="#c135">[135]</a> +Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma +per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide +sumptam mutuam Faesulas<a class="sup" href="#c136">[136]</a> ad Manlium quendam portare,<a class="sup" href="#c137">[137]</a> qui postea +princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis +homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo +ingentes sumptus<a class="sup" href="#c138">[138]</a> stupro corporis toleraverant, post ubi aetas +tantummodo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande +conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana +sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi vel +interficere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat25">25</a>. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae +facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro, +liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta, +psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa alia, quae +instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque +pudicitia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile +discerneres;<a class="sup" href="#c139">[139]</a> libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam +peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, +caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps<a class="sup" href="#c140">[140]</a> abierat. Verum +ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone +uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque +lepos inerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat26">26</a>. His rebus comparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proximum annum<a class="sup" href="#c141">[141]</a> +consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate +Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias +parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae +deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa pollicendo per Fulviam +effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae +sibi proderet. Ad hoc<a class="sup" href="#c142">[142]</a> collegam suum Antonium pactione +provinciae<a class="sup" href="#c143">[143]</a> perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret; circum se +praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies +comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consuli +in Campo<a class="sup" href="#c144">[144]</a> fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et +extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat aspera +foedaque<a class="sup" href="#c145">[145]</a> evenerant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat27">27</a>. Igitur G. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam partem Etruriae, Septimium +quendam Camertem<a class="sup" href="#c146">[146]</a> in agrum Picenum, G. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; +praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea +Romae multa simul moliri, consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, +opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios +jubere, hortari; uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies noctesque +festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi +multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis +principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum +questus, docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multitudinem, quam ad +capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium +belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem +oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multum officere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat28">28</a>. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, G. Cornelius eques +Romanus operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator +constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus sicuti +salutatum<a class="sup" href="#c147">[147]</a> introire ad Ciceronem ac de improviso domi suae imparatum +confodere. Curius ubi intellegit,<a class="sup" href="#c148">[148]</a> quantum periculum consuli +impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. +Ita illi janua prohibiti tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea +Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuriae +novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia +amiserat, praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna +copia erat, nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex +magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat29">29</a>. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque +urbem ab insidiis privato consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus +Manlii quantus aut quo consilio foret satis compertum habebat, rem ad +senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam.<a class="sup" href="#c149">[149]</a> Itaque, quod +plerumque in atroci negotio solet; senatus decrevit,<a class="sup" href="#c150">[150]</a> darent operam +consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum +more Romano magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,<a class="sup" href="#c151">[151]</a> bellum +gerere, coërcere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeque +imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli +earum rerum consuli jus est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat30">30</a>. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras +recitavit, quas Faesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum +erat, G. Manlium arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante +diem VI. Kalendas Novembres.<a class="sup" href="#c152">[152]</a> Simul, id quod in tali re solet, +alii portenta atque prodigia<a class="sup" href="#c153">[153]</a> nuntiabant, alii conventus fieri, +arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri. +Igitur senati<a class="sup" href="#c154">[154]</a> decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus +Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi; hi utrique<a class="sup" href="#c155">[155]</a> ad +urbem imperatores erant,<a class="sup" href="#c156">[156]</a> impediti ne triumpharent calumnia +paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos +erat.<a class="sup" href="#c157">[157]</a> Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus +Celer in agrum Picenum,<a class="sup" href="#c158">[158]</a> hisque permissum, uti pro +tempore atque periculo exercitum compararent. Ad hoc, si +quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae contra rem publicam +facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia centum,<a class="sup" href="#c159">[159]</a> +libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta; itemque +decrevere, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia +distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus,<a class="sup" href="#c160">[160]</a> Romae per totam +urbem vigiliae haberentur, iisque minores magistratus<a class="sup" href="#c161">[161]</a> praeessent.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat31">31</a>. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex +summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente +omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare, neque loco neque homini +cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere, suo +quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus<a class="sup" href="#c162">[162]</a> rei publicae +magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare sese,<a class="sup" href="#c163">[163]</a> manus +supplices ad coelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia +pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. At +Catilinae crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, tametsi praesidia +parabantur et ipse lege Plautia<a class="sup" href="#c164">[164]</a> interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo. +Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti<a class="sup" href="#c165">[165]</a> jurgio +lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive +praesentiam ejus timens sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam +atque utilem rei publicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.<a class="sup" href="#c166">[166]</a> Sed ubi ille +assedit,<a class="sup" href="#c167">[167]</a> Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso +vultu, voce supplici postulare, ‘Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere +crederent; ea familia ortum, ita se ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut +omnia bona in spe haberet; ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus +ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita +re publica opus esse, quum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis +urbis Romae.’<a class="sup" href="#c168">[168]</a> Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere omnes, +hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: ‘Quoniam quidem +circumventus, inquit, ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina +restinguam.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat32">32</a>. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit; ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod +neque insidiae consuli procedebant et ab incendio intellegebat urbem +vigiliis munitam, optimum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam +legiones scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent, nocte +intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque +Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus +rebus possent opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, +caedem, incendia aliaque belli facinora parent; sese propediem cum magno +exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, G. Manlius ex suo +numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis hujuscemodi:</P> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat33">33</a>. ‘Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam +cepisse, neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab +injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate +feneratorum plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis<a class="sup" href="#c169">[169]</a> expertes +sumus; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti,<a class="sup" href="#c170">[170]</a> neque +amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere, tanta saevitia feneratorum atque +praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum<a class="sup" href="#c171">[171]</a> miseriti plebis Romanae, +decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt; ac novissime memoria nostra, +propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum +aere solutum est.<a class="sup" href="#c172">[172]</a> Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, +aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non +imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina +omnia inter mortales sunt, sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima +simul amittit.<a class="sup" href="#c173">[173]</a> Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris +civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; +neve nobis eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime +ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat34">34</a>. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit: ‘Si quid ab senatu +petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur; +ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum populumque +Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam ab eo +frustra auxilium petiverit.’ At Catilina ex itinere plerisque +consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras mittit: ‘Se +falsis criminibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum +resistere nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam<a class="sup" href="#c174">[174]</a> in exilium +proficisci: non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti +res publica quieta foret, neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.’ +Ab his longe diversas litteras Q. Catulus in senatu +recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas dicebat; earum +exemplum infra scriptum est:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat35">35</a>. ‘L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides re cognita, grata mihi, in +magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem +defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare, satisfactionem ex nulla +conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi,<a class="sup" href="#c175">[175]</a> quam mediusfidius<a class="sup" href="#c176">[176]</a> veram +licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris +industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam,<a class="sup" href="#c177">[177]</a> +publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non quin aes +alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et alienis +nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret;<a class="sup" href="#c178">[178]</a> +sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa +suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam.<a class="sup" href="#c179">[179]</a> Hoc nomine<a class="sup" href="#c180">[180]</a> satis honestas +pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura +quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari.<a class="sup" href="#c181">[181]</a> Nunc Orestillam +commendo tuaeque fidei trado: eam ab injuria defendas per liberos tuos +rogatus. Haveto.’<a class="sup" href="#c182">[182]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat36">36</a>. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud G. Flaminium in agro +Arretino,<a class="sup" href="#c183">[183]</a> dum vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum +fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. +Haec ubi Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes +judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude<a class="sup" href="#c184">[184]</a> +liceret ab armis discedere praeter<a class="sup" href="#c185">[185]</a> rerum capitalium condemnatis. +Praeterea decernit, uti consules delectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu +Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi +imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile visum est, cui quum ad +occasum ab ortu solis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque +divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui +seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent.<a class="sup" href="#c186">[186]</a> Namque +duobus senati decretis ex tanta multitudine neque praemio inductus +conjurationem patefecerat neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium +discesserat; tanta vis morbi uti tabes plerosque civium animos invaserat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat37">37</a>. Neque solum illis aliena<a class="sup" href="#c187">[187]</a> mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis +fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta +probabat. Id adeo<a class="sup" href="#c188">[188]</a> more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, +quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis<a class="sup" href="#c189">[189]</a> invident, malos extollunt, vetera +odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student, turba +atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur; quoniam egestas facile habetur<a class="sup" href="#c190">[190]</a> +sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero<a class="sup" href="#c191">[191]</a> praeceps ierat multis de +causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime +praestabant, item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremo +omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in +sentinam<a class="sup" href="#c192">[192]</a> confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod +ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, ut +regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis foret, +ex victoria talia sperabat. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum +mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus +excita<a class="sup" href="#c193">[193]</a> urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerat; eos atque alios +omnes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, +malis moribus, maxima spe, rei publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.<a class="sup" href="#c194">[194]</a> +Praeterea quorum,<a class="sup" href="#c195">[195]</a> victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, bona erepta, +jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo belli eventum +expectabant. Ad hoc quicunque aliarum atque senatus partium erant, +conturbari rem publicam quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo malum +multos post annos in civitatem reverterat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat38">38</a>. Nam postquam Gn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus<a class="sup" href="#c196">[196]</a> tribunicia +potestas restituta est, homines adolescentes summam potestatem nacti, +quibus aetas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem +exagitare, dein largiundo atque pollicitando magis incendere; ita ipsi +clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque +nobilitas senatus specie<a class="sup" href="#c197">[197]</a> pro sua magnitudine. Namque uti paucis +verum absolvam, post illa tempora quicunque rem publicam agitavere, +honestis nominibus, alii sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars quo<a class="sup" href="#c198">[198]</a> +senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua +quisque potentia certabant; neque illis modestia neque modus contentionis +erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat39">39</a>. Sed postquam Gn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum +missus est, plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi +magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere, ipsi innoxii,<a class="sup" href="#c199">[199]</a> +florentes, sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem +in magistratu placidius tractarent.<a class="sup" href="#c200">[200]</a> Sed ubi primum dubiis rebus<a class="sup" href="#c201">[201]</a> +novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quodsi +primo proelio Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto +magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset; neque illis, qui +victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et +exsanguibus qui plus posset imperium atque libertatem extorqueret.<a class="sup" href="#c202">[202]</a> +Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio +profecti sunt; in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quem retractum +ex itinere parens necari jussit. Iisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti +Catilina praeceperat, quoscunque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos +credebat, aut per se aut per alios sollicitabat, neque solum cives, sed +cujusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat40">40</a>. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Allobrogum<a class="sup" href="#c203">[203]</a> +requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem belli, existimans +publice privatimque aere alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens +Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. +Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus +civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat; itaque sine mora, ubi primum +legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi +dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis sperarent. +Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, +quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem expectare: +‘At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua +tanta ista mala effugiatis.’ Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem +adducti Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur; nihil tam asperum neque tam +difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem +aere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum, D. Bruti perducit, quod foro +propinqua erat neque aliena consilii<a class="sup" href="#c204">[204]</a> propter Semproniam; nam tum +Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium accersit,<a class="sup" href="#c205">[205]</a> quo major +auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesente conjurationem aperit, nominat +socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus +amplior<a class="sup" href="#c206">[206]</a> esset; deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat41">41</a>. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In +altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe +victoriae, at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe +certa praemia. Haec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicae. +Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem +omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, +legatis praecepit, ut studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros +adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos +habeant.<a class="sup" href="#c207">[207]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat42">42</a>. Iisdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore,<a class="sup" href="#c208">[208]</a> item +in agro Piceno, Bruttio,<a class="sup" href="#c209">[209]</a> Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante +Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul +agebant; nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, +festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo +numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consulto, causa +cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia G. Murena, qui +ei provinciae legatus<a class="sup" href="#c210">[210]</a> praeerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat43">43</a>. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes conjurationis erant, +paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, constituerant, uti quum Catilina in +agrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset. L. Bestia tribunus plebis +contione habita quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi +invidiam optimo consuli imponeret; eo signo<a class="sup" href="#c211">[211]</a> proxima nocte cetera +multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed<a class="sup" href="#c212">[212]</a> ea +divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu +duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior +aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret; +Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem +alium; sed filii<a class="sup" href="#c213">[213]</a> familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, +parentes interficerent, simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus, ad +Catilinam erumperent. Inter haec parata atque decreta<a class="sup" href="#c214">[214]</a> Cethegus +semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum; illos dubitando et dies prolatando +magnas opportunitates corrumpere, facto, non consulto, in tali periculo +opus esse, seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in +curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum +bonum in celeritate putabat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat44">44</a>. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros +conveniunt;<a class="sup" href="#c215">[215]</a> ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant +jusjurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant; aliter haud facile eos ad +tantum negotium impelli posse. Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; Cassius +semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe +proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem +mittit, ut Allobroges prins quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina data atque +accepta fide societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad +Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: ‘Qui<a class="sup" href="#c216">[216]</a> sim ex eo, +quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et +memineris te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent; +auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.’<a class="sup" href="#c217">[217]</a> Ad hoc mandata verbis +dat: ‘Quum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia +repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse propius +accedere.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat45">45</a>. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero +per legates cuncta edoctus,<a class="sup" href="#c218">[218]</a> L. Valerio Flacco et G. Pomptinio +praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio<a class="sup" href="#c219">[219]</a> per insidias Allobrogum +comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur, +cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines +militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, +occulte pontem obsidunt.<a class="sup" href="#c220">[220]</a> Postquam ad id loci<a class="sup" href="#c221">[221]</a> legati cum +Volturcio venerunt et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito +cognito consilio, sine mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, +cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde ubi a +legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinium obtestatus, +quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut +hostibus<a class="sup" href="#c222">[222]</a> sese praetoribus dedit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat46">46</a>. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuntios consuli +declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere; nam +laetabatur intellegens conjuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam +esse, porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civibus +deprehensis, quid facto opus esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, +impunitatem perdundae rei publicae<a class="sup" href="#c223">[223]</a> fore credebat. Igitur confirmato +animo vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, item +quendam Caeparium Tarracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia +proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Caeparius paulo ante domo +egressus cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod +praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum<a class="sup" href="#c224">[224]</a> perducit; reliquos cum +custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque +frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit, Flaccum +praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre +jubet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat47">47</a>. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut +qua de causa consilii habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de +conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est,<a class="sup" href="#c225">[225]</a> omnia, uti +gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Caepario +socium ascitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; tantummodo audire +solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Ser. Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos +praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum +dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere +solitus erat; ex libris Sibyllinis<a class="sup" href="#c226">[226]</a> regnum Romae tribus Corneliis +portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret +urbis potiri;<a class="sup" href="#c227">[227]</a> praeterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum +annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices<a class="sup" href="#c228">[228]</a> respondissent bello civili +cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua +cognovissent, senatus decernit, uti abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque +ceteri in liberis custodiis<a class="sup" href="#c229">[229]</a> habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo +Spintheri, qui tum aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius G. +Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga +retractus erat) Gn. Terentio senatori traduntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat48">48</a>. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum +novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari, +Ciceronem ad coelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque +laetitiam agitabat.<a class="sup" href="#c230">[230]</a> Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis quam +detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, immoderatum ac sibi maxime +calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu +corporis erant.<a class="sup" href="#c231">[231]</a> Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum +adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum +ajebant. Is, quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides +publica data esset, jussus a consule quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae +Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium +senatum docet; praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, +ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi<a class="sup" href="#c232">[232]</a> +terrerent, eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum +animos reficeret et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur. Sed ubi +Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa +potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars tametsi verum existimabant, +tamen quia in tali tempore<a class="sup" href="#c233">[233]</a> tanta vis hominis magis leniunda quam +exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii +conclamant indicem falsum esse, deque ea re postulant uti referatur.<a class="sup" href="#c234">[234]</a> +Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium +falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius +potestatem<a class="sup" href="#c235">[235]</a> faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam +rem esset mentitus. Erant eo tempore, qui aestimarent, indicium illud a +P. Autronio machinatum, quo facilius appellato Crasso per societatem +periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone +immissum ajebant, ne Crassus more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio rem +publicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem <a class="sup" href="#c236">[236]</a> audivi, +tantam illam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impositam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat49">49</a>. Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso<a class="sup" href="#c237">[237]</a> neque precibus neque +gratia neque pretio Ciceronem impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut +alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves +inimicitias exercebat: Piso oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum +propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione +pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis honoribus usus, +ab adolescentulo Caesare victus<a class="sup" href="#c238">[238]</a> discesserat. Res autem opportuna +videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, publice maximis +muneribus<a class="sup" href="#c239">[239]</a> grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum +facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo atque ementiundo, +quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent,<a class="sup" href="#c240">[240]</a> magnam illi +invidiam conflaverant, usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui +praesidii causa eum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi +magnitudine seu animi mobilitate<a class="sup" href="#c241">[241]</a> impulsi, quo studium suum in rem +publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat50">50</a>. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatis Allobrogum et T. Volturcio, +comprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex +clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in vicis +ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim exquirebant duces +multitudinum,<a class="sup" href="#c242">[242]</a> qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus +autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in +audaciam, orabat, ut grege facto cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, +ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus +monebat, convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui in +custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat +contra rem publicam fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c243">[243]</a> Tum D. Junius Silanus, primus +sententiam rogatus,<a class="sup" href="#c244">[244]</a> quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, +qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, +P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum +decreverat; isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in +sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum<a class="sup" href="#c245">[245]</a> se dixerat, quod de ea re praesidiis +additis referundum censuerat.<a class="sup" href="#c246">[246]</a> Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, +rogatus sententiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat51">51</a>. ‘Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab +odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile +animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini +simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si libido possidet, +ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi, +P. C., quae reges atque populi ira aut misericordia impulsi male +consuluerint;<a class="sup" href="#c247">[247]</a> sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra +libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum +rege Perse<a class="sup" href="#c248">[248]</a> gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quae +populi Romani opibus creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit; sed +postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis +divitiarum magis quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos +eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Karthaginienses et +in pace et per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi +per occasionem talia fecere; magis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in +illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est, +P. C., ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra +dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna +poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitude +sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus +comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententiam dixerunt, +composite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt; quae belli +saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; rapi virgines, +pueros, divelli liberos a parentum complexu, matres familiarum pati, quae +victoribus collibuissent, fana atque domos spoliari, caedem, incendia +fieri, postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri. +Sed, per deos immortales, quo illa oratio pertinuit? an<a class="sup" href="#c249">[249]</a> uti vos +infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet<a class="sup" href="#c250">[250]</a> quem res tanta et tam, +atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. Non ita est; neque cuiquam +mortalium injuriae suae<a class="sup" href="#c251">[251]</a> parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo +habuere.<a class="sup" href="#c252">[252]</a> Sed alia aliis licentia est, P. C. Qui demissi in obscuro +vitam habent,<a class="sup" href="#c253">[253]</a> si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque +fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem +agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima +licentia est; neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime irasci decet; quae +apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas +appellatur. Equidem ego<a class="sup" href="#c254">[254]</a> sic existimo, P. C., omnes cruciatus minores +quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et +in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo +severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, quae +dixerit, studio rei publicae dixisse, neque illum in tanta re gratiam aut +inimicitias<a class="sup" href="#c255">[255]</a> exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi.<a class="sup" href="#c256">[256]</a> +Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis, — quid enim in tales homines +crudele fieri potest? — sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam +profecto aut metus aut injuria te subegit,<a class="sup" href="#c257">[257]</a> Silane, consulem +designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore supervacaneum est +disserere, quum praesertim diligentia clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta +praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus equidem dicere id quod res +habet;<a class="sup" href="#c258">[258]</a> in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non +cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque curae +neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quamobrem +in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos +animadverteretur?<a class="sup" href="#c259">[259]</a> An quia lex Porcia<a class="sup" href="#c260">[260]</a> vetat? At aliae leges item +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed exilium permitti jubent.<a class="sup" href="#c261">[261]</a> +An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis +grave est in homines tanti facinoris convictos? Sin, quia levius est; quî +convenit<a class="sup" href="#c262">[262]</a> in minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore +neglexeris? At enim<a class="sup" href="#c263">[263]</a> quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei +publicae decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus +moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, P. C., +quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta +sunt; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum +illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos +transfertur.<a class="sup" href="#c264">[264]</a> Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros<a class="sup" href="#c265">[265]</a> +imposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum +quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare; ea<a class="sup" href="#c266">[266]</a> populus laetari et +merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et +malos libidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute +oppressa stultae laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor +Sulla quum Damasippum<a class="sup" href="#c267">[267]</a> et alios hujusmodi, qui malo rei publicae +creverant, jugulare jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat? Homines +scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant, +merito necatos ajebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam uti +quisque domum aut villam, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus +concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum<a class="sup" href="#c268">[268]</a> numero esset. Ita +illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi +trahebantur; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit quam Sulla omnes suos +divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus +vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio +tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro +vero credi; ubi hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit, +quis illi finem statuet aut quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, P. C., +neque consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere, neque illis superbia +obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. +Arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis +pleraque<a class="sup" href="#c269">[269]</a> sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes +idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exequebantur, imitari quam +invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem imitati, +verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium +sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones +valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, tum lex +Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus<a class="sup" href="#c270">[270]</a> exilium damnatis +permissum est. Ego hanc causam, P. C., quominus<a class="sup" href="#c271">[271]</a> novum consilium +capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia major in +illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere quam in nobis, +qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere +exercitum Catilinae? Minime, sed ita censeo; publicandas eorum pecunias, +ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,<a class="sup" href="#c272">[272]</a> quae maxime opibus valent; +neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat; qui +aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salutem +omnium facturum.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat52">52</a>. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie +assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi +orationem habuit: ‘Longe mihi alia mens est, P. C., quum res atque +pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnullorum mecum ipse +reputo.<a class="sup" href="#c273">[273]</a> Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, +parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere; res autem monet cavere +ab illis magis quam, quid in illos statuamus, consultare. Nam cetera +maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt; hoc nisi provideris ne accidat, +ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores; capta urbe nihil fit reliqui +victis. Sed, per deos immortales, vos ego appello, qui semper domos, +villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rem publicam fecistis,<a class="sup" href="#c274">[274]</a> si +ista, cujuscunque modi sunt quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus +vestris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando et capessite rem +publicam.<a class="sup" href="#c275">[275]</a> Non agitur de vectigalibus neque de sociorum injuriis: +libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenumero, P. C., multa verba in +hoc ordine feci,<a class="sup" href="#c276">[276]</a> saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium +questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo; qui mihi atque +animo meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecissem,<a class="sup" href="#c277">[277]</a> haud facile +alterius libidini male facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi +pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat; opulentia neglegentiam +tolerabat.<a class="sup" href="#c278">[278]</a> Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus +vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum imperium, populi Romani sit, +sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra an nobiscum una hostium futura +sint. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat.<a class="sup" href="#c279">[279]</a> +Jampridem equidem<a class="sup" href="#c280">[280]</a> nos vera vocabula rerum amisimus, quia bona aliena +largiri liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur, eo<a class="sup" href="#c281">[281]</a> res +publica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent, +liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii; ne +illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et<a class="sup" href="#c282">[282]</a> dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, +bonos omnes perditum eant. Bene et composite G. Caesar paulo ante in hoc +ordine de vita et morte disseruit, credo falsa existimans ea, quae de +inferis memorantur, diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra, inculta, +foeda atque formidolosa habere. Itaque censuit pecunias eorum +publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos; videlicet timens, +ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis aut a multitudine +conducta per vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in +urbe et non<a class="sup" href="#c283">[283]</a> per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, +ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium +est, si periculum ex illis metuit; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non +timet, eo magis refert<a class="sup" href="#c284">[284]</a> me mihi atque vobis timere. Quare quum de P. +Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro certo habetote,<a class="sup" href="#c285">[285]</a> vos simul de +exercitu Catilinae et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos +attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit; si paululum modo +vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.<a class="sup" href="#c286">[286]</a> Nolite existimare, +majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c287">[287]</a> Si ita +res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque +civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. +Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi +industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque +delicto neque libidini obnoxius.<a class="sup" href="#c288">[288]</a> Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque +avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudamus divitias, +sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia +virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi +quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic<a class="sup" href="#c289">[289]</a> pecuniae aut +gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam<a class="sup" href="#c290">[290]</a> rem publicam. +Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam +incendere,<a class="sup" href="#c291">[291]</a> Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum +accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini +etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis?<a class="sup" href="#c292">[292]</a> +Misereamini censeo<a class="sup" href="#c293">[293]</a>, — deliquere homines adolescentuli per +ambitionem, — atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et +misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in miseriam onvertet.<a class="sup" href="#c294">[294]</a> Scilicet +res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.<a class="sup" href="#c295">[295]</a> Immo vero<a class="sup" href="#c296">[296]</a> maxime; +sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini, +videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rem publicam saepe in +maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus +auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera +omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos +implores;<a class="sup" href="#c297">[297]</a> irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius +Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverat, necare jussit,<a class="sup" href="#c298">[298]</a> atque ille egregius adolescens +immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis +parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic +sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si +famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi +adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de +Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam<a class="sup" href="#c299">[299]</a> unquam pensi +fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si +mehercule peccato locus esset,<a class="sup" href="#c300">[300]</a> facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, +quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum +exercitu faucibus urguet:<a class="sup" href="#c301">[301]</a> alii intra moenia atque in sinu urbis sunt +hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis +properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum +civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii +et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia +aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, +de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum +supplicium sumendum.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat53">53</a>. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars +sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios +increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati +decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa +audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra +praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta +negotia sustinuisset.<a class="sup" href="#c302">[302]</a> Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis +legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum +opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia +Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti +constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,<a class="sup" href="#c303">[303]</a> +eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. +Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica +magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac, +sicuti effeta parentum,<a class="sup" href="#c304">[304]</a> multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam +Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis +moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat, +silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin<a class="sup" href="#c305">[305]</a> utriusque naturam et +mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat54">54</a>. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere; magnitudo +animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.<a class="sup" href="#c306">[306]</a> Caesar beneficiis ac +munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine +et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. +Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam +adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies; +illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum +induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, +nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, +bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium +modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, +neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, +cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita +quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilium sequebatur.<a class="sup" href="#c307">[307]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat55">55</a>. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit,<a class="sup" href="#c308">[308]</a> +consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo +spatio novaretur, III. viros<a class="sup" href="#c309">[309]</a> quae supplicium postulabat parare +jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit;<a class="sup" href="#c310">[310]</a> +idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod<a class="sup" href="#c311">[311]</a> Tullianum +appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes +humi depressus.<a class="sup" href="#c312">[312]</a> Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera +lapideis fornicibus vineta,<a class="sup" href="#c313">[313]</a> sed incultu,<a class="sup" href="#c314">[314]</a> tenebris, odore foeda +atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est +Lentulus, viridices rerum capitalium,<a class="sup" href="#c315">[315]</a> quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo +gulam fregere. Ila ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui +consulare imperium Romae habuerat,<a class="sup" href="#c316">[316]</a> dignum moribus factisque suis +exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo +supplicium sumptum est.<a class="sup" href="#c317">[317]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat56">56</a>. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni copia,<a class="sup" href="#c318">[318]</a> quam et ipse +adduxerat et Manlius habuerat, duas legiones instituit, cohortes pro +numero militum complet,<a class="sup" href="#c319">[319]</a> deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis +in castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones +numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milibus<a class="sup" href="#c320">[320]</a> +habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis +instructa; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas,<a class="sup" href="#c321">[321]</a> +alii praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius<a class="sup" href="#c322">[322]</a> cum exercitu +adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in +Galliam versus castra movere, hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare; +sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii incepta +patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus<a class="sup" href="#c323">[323]</a> initio ad eum +magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum +suis rationibus existimans, videri<a class="sup" href="#c324">[324]</a> causam civium cum servis +fugitivis communicavisse.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat57">57</a>. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae conjurationem +patefactam, de Lentulo et Cethego ceterisque, quos supra memoravi, +supplicium sumptum; plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum +rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur; reliquos Catilina per montes asperos +magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem<a class="sup" href="#c325">[325]</a> abducit, eo consilio, uti +per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Transalpinam. At Q. Metellus +Celer cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate +rerum eadem illa existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. +Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movet ac sub +ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam +properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu +locis aequioribus expeditos in fuga sequeretur.<a class="sup" href="#c326">[326]</a> Sed Catilina +postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res +adversas, neque fugae neque praesidii ullam spem, optimum factu ratus, in +tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum +confligere. Itaque contione advocata hujuscemodi orationem habuit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat58">58</a>. ‘Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non addere, neque ex +ignavo strenuum neque fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris +fieri. Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in +bello patere solet. Quem neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam +hortere; timor animi auribus officit.<a class="sup" href="#c327">[327]</a> Sed ego vos, quo pauca +monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis +equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque +cladem attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam +proficisci nequiverim.<a class="sup" href="#c328">[328]</a> Nunc vero quo in loco<a class="sup" href="#c329">[329]</a> res nostrae sint, +juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab urbe, +alter a Gallia obstant; diutius in his locis esse, si maxime animus +ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum egestas<a class="sup" href="#c330">[330]</a> prohibet. Quocunque ire +placet, ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo; uti forti atque +parato animo sitis et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis vos divitias, +decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque patriam in dexteris vestris +portare. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, municipia +atque coloniae patebunt; sin metu cesserimus, eadem illa adversa fient: +neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint. +Praeterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet; nos +pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum est pro +potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristinae +virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem agere; +potuistis nonnulli Romae amissis bonis alienas opes expectare: quia illa +foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec<a class="sup" href="#c331">[331]</a> sequi decrevistis. Si +haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus est; nemo nisi victor pace bellum +mutavit.<a class="sup" href="#c332">[332]</a> Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quîs<a class="sup" href="#c333">[333]</a> corpus +tegitur, ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in proelio +iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent; audacia pro muro habetur. +Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes +victoriae tenet. Animus, aetas, virtus vestra me hortantur;<a class="sup" href="#c334">[334]</a> +praeterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes facit. Nam multitudo +hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustiae loci. Quodsi virtuti +vestrae fortuna inviderit, cavete,<a class="sup" href="#c335">[335]</a> inulti animam amittatis, neu +capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes +cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat59">59</a>. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa canere jubet,<a class="sup" href="#c336">[336]</a> atque +instructos ordines in locum aequum deducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis, +quo militibus exaequato periculo animus amplior esset, ipse pedes +exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter +sinistros montes et ab dextera rupe aspera,<a class="sup" href="#c337">[337]</a> octo cohortes in fronte +constituit, reliquarum signa<a class="sup" href="#c338">[338]</a> in subsidio artius collocat. Ab his +centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus +optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit.<a class="sup" href="#c339">[339]</a> G. Manlium in +dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare<a class="sup" href="#c340">[340]</a> jubet; ipse cum +libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit,<a class="sup" href="#c341">[341]</a> quam bello Cimbrico G. +Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius, +pedibus aeger,<a class="sup" href="#c342">[342]</a> quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato<a class="sup" href="#c343">[343]</a> +exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti<a class="sup" href="#c344">[344]</a> causa +conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. +Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut +meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris +atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta +tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in +exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea +commemorando militum animos accendebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat60">60</a>. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes +paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum +est, unde a ferentariis<a class="sup" href="#c345">[345]</a> proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum +infestis signis<a class="sup" href="#c346">[346]</a> concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. +Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud +timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in +prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis +accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire; +strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius, +ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem +praetoriam<a class="sup" href="#c347">[347]</a> in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios +alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros +aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam +fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis +atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique +pugnans confoditur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat61">61</a>. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres,<a class="sup" href="#c348">[348]</a> quanta audacia +quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque +vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci +autem, quos medios<a class="sup" href="#c349">[349]</a> cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed +omnes tamen adversis vulneribus<a class="sup" href="#c350">[350]</a> conciderant. Catilina vero longe a +suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans +ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex +omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam<a class="sup" href="#c351">[351]</a> civis ingenuus +captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta<a class="sup" href="#c352">[352]</a> pepercerant. +Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam +adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut +graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut +spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, +pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos +cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus +atque gaudia<a class="sup" href="#c353">[353]</a> agitabantur.</P> + +<hr> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Bellum Catilinarium</i></h3> +<p>(<a class="fsmall" href="#bj">Skip footnotes</a>)</p> +<h4><a href="#cat1">1.</a></h4> +<p class="note"> +[<a class="bold" name="c1">1</a>] <i>Omnes</i>. Other editions have <i>omnis</i> or <i>omneis</i>. The accusative + plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural + in <i>ium</i>, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in <i>is</i>, and + sometimes in <i>eis</i> or <i>es</i>. This fluctuation, however, afterwards + ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became + generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative + in <i>es</i>. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as + <i>volt</i> for <i>vult</i>, <i>divorsus</i> for <i>diversus</i>, <i>quoique</i> for <i>cuique</i>, + <i>maxumus</i> for <i>maximus</i>, <i>quom</i> for <i>quum</i>, or <i>cum</i>, which are + retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in + accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best + period of the Latin language.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c2">[2]</a> <i>Studeo</i>, when the verb following has the same subject, may be + construed in three ways — with the infinitive alone, as <i>studeo + praestare</i>; with the accusative and infinitive, <i>studeo me + praestare</i>, as in the present case; or with <i>ut</i>, as <i>studeo ut + praestem</i>.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c3">[3]</a> <i>Summa ope</i>, ‘with the greatest exertion,’ equivalent to <i>summa + opere, summopere</i>; as <i>magno opere</i>, or <i>magnopere</i>, signifies ‘with + great exertion,’ or ‘greatly.’ The nominative <i>ops</i> is not in use, + and the plural <i>opes</i> generally signifies ‘the means’ or ‘power of + doing something.’<br> +<a class="bold" name="c4">[4]</a> <i>Prona</i>, ‘bent forward,’ ‘bent down to the ground,’ in opposition to + the erect gait of man.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c5">[5]</a> <i>Dis</i> for <i>diis</i>. See Zumpt, § 51, n. 5.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c6">[6]</a> <i>Beluis</i>; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is <i>bellua, + belluis</i>.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c7">[7]</a> Instead of <i>memoriam nostri</i>, Sallust might have said <i>memoriam + nostram</i>; but the genitive <i>nostri</i> sets forth the object of + remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, § 423.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c8">[8]</a> <i>Quam maxime longam</i>; that is, <i>quam longissimam</i>, ‘lasting as long + as possible.’ Zumpt, § 108.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c9">[9]</a> The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in + war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority. + He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but + maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become + rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. <i>Vine + corporis an</i>; that is, <i>utrum vi corporis an</i>. See Zumpt, § 554.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c10">[10]</a> That is, ‘before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when + you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without + delay.’ The past participles <i>consulta</i> and <i>facto</i> here supply the + place of verbal substantives.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat2">2.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c11">[11]</a> Respecting the frequent position of <i>igitur</i> at the beginning of a + sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, § 357. +<br><a class="bold" name="c12">[12]</a> <i>Pars</i>, instead of <i>alii</i>, probably to avoid the repetition of + <i>alii</i>, and to produce variety. +<br><a class="bold" name="c13">[13]</a> <i>Postea vero quam</i>, for <i>postquam vero</i>. The author means to say, + that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the + truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere + bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the + Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the + Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history. +<br><a class="bold" name="c14">[14]</a> Sallust here introduces, by <i>quodsi</i> (and if, or yes, if), an + illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this + connecting power of <i>quodsi</i>, as distinguished from the simple <i>si</i>, + see Zumpt, § 807. This illustration, which ends with the word + <i>transfertur</i>, was suggested to Sallust especially by the + consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under + Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace, + saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away. +<br><a class="bold" name="c15">[15]</a> <i>Animi virtus</i>; these two words are here united to express a single + idea, ‘mental greatness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c16">[16]</a> <i>Aliud alio ferri</i>, ‘that one thing is drawn in one direction, and + the other in another.’ For <i>aliud alio</i>, see Zumpt, § 714; and for + <i>cerneres</i>, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive + answers to the English ‘you’ when not referring to any definite + person, § 381. +<br><a class="bold" name="c17">[17]</a> <i>Optimum quemque</i>, ‘to every one in proportion as he is better than + others.’ Respecting this relative meaning of <i>quisque</i>, see Zumpt, + § 710. ‘Every one,’ absolutely, is <i>unusqisque</i>, and adjectively + <i>omnis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c18">[18]</a> ‘They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;’ that + is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is + clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of + themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers, + and apply them to practical purposes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c19">[19]</a> ‘I set an equal value upon their life and their death;’ that is, + an equally low value, <i>juxta</i> being equivalent to <i>aeque</i> or + <i>pariter</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c20">[20]</a> <i>Verum enimvero;</i> these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw + the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding + argument. +<br><a class="bold" name="c21">[21]</a> ‘Intent upon some occupation.’ <i>Intentus</i> is commonly construed + with the dative, or the preposition <i>in</i> or <i>ad</i> with the accusative; + but as a person may be intent <i>upon</i> something, so he also may be + intent <i>by</i>, or <i>in consequence of</i>, something, so that the ablative + is perfectly consistent.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat3">3.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c22">[22]</a> <i>Haud absurdum est</i>, ‘is not unbecoming;’ that is, ‘is worthy + of man.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c23">[23]</a> <i>Quidem</i> here, like the Greek + <i>μεν</i> in <i>εμοι μεν</i>, + without a <i>δε</i> following, introduces one opinion in + contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned, + but merely suggested by <i>quidem</i>. ‘I for my part think so, but what + others think I do not know, or care.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c24">[24]</a> ‘If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure + is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c25">[25]</a> <i>Supra ea</i>, ‘whatever is beyond: that;’ that is, whatever is beyond + the capacity of the reader. +<br><a class="bold" name="c26">[26]</a> The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that + after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man, + and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his + opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a + literary life. +<br><a class="bold" name="c27">[27]</a> <i>Insolens malarum artium</i>, ‘unacquainted with base artifices or + intrigues;’ for <i>artes</i> may be <i>malae</i> as well as <i>bonae</i>, + according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things. +<br><a class="bold" name="c28">[28]</a> <i>Imbecilla aetas</i>, ‘my weak age;’ that is, my mind, which had + not yet arrived at mature independence, ‘was corrupted by ambition, + and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances.’ Sallust + means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he + would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of + public life. +<br><a class="bold" name="c29">[29]</a> My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and + thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally + harassed and persecuted as they were.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat4">4.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c30">[30]</a> <i>Conterere</i> — that is, <i>consumere</i>, ‘to waste my fair leisure.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c31">[31]</a> Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a + servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered + the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free + citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important + business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the + chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time + taken an active part in political affairs. +<br><a class="bold" name="c32">[32]</a> <i>Carptim</i>, ‘in detached parts.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c33">[33]</a> <i>Paucis absolvam</i>, ‘I shall treat briefly,’ or <i>paucis pertractabo + conjurationem Catilinae</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat5">5.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c34">[34]</a> Sallust begins with a general description of the character of + Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition, + belonged to the patrician <i>gens Sergia</i>, which traced its descent to + one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at + any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned + among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of + bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic + wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the + sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for + the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law + before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume + that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war. + Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger + than Catiline. +<br><a class="bold" name="c35">[35]</a> <i>Patiens inediae</i>. Respecting the genitive governed by this and + similar participles — as soon after <i>alieni appetens</i> — see Zumpt, + § 438. +<br><a class="bold" name="c36">[36]</a> <i>Cujus rei libet;</i> it is more common to say <i>cujuslibet rei</i>. + Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with <i>cunque</i> and <i>libet</i> + are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between + them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis — as <i>quod enim + cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi + dederit, lucre appone,</i> ‘whatever day chance may give thee, consider + it as a gain.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c37">[37]</a> <i>Capiundae</i>. Respecting the <i>e</i> or <i>u</i> in such gerunds and + gerandives, see Zumpt, § 167. +<br><a class="bold" name="c38">[38]</a> <i>Auxerat</i>. He had increased both by the above-mentioned + qualities — namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness + of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural <i>quae</i>, + referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is + not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, § 377. +<br><a class="bold" name="c39">[39]</a> Respecting the infinitive after <i>hortari</i>, instead of the more + common use of the conjunction <i>ut</i>, see Zumpt, § 615. +<br><a class="bold" name="c40">[40]</a> <i>Domi militiaeque</i>, ‘in times of peace and in war.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat6">6.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c41">[41]</a> In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the + transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic + peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time + of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice, + oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking + picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their + subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his + time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had + acquired the dominion over the world — that is, after the destruction + of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as + the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain + supreme power for himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="c42">[42]</a> According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had + been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native + Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about + Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate + townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city + of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin + territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded. + Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like + others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do + only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about + historical developments. +<br><a class="bold" name="c43">[43]</a> <i>Una</i> is the plural. See Zumpt, § 115, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c44">[44]</a> It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although + consisting of a mixture of different tribes — whether, as Sallust + briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more + minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans — united into + one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however, + was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin, + which, in conformity with Sallust’s notion, appears to be a + combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom. +<br><a class="bold" name="c45">[45]</a> <i>Temptare</i>, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and + construction of which see Zumpt, § 599, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c46">[46]</a> <i>Auxilia portare</i> is a less common expression than <i>auxilium ferre</i>; + for <i>portare</i> is generally used only to denote the actual physical + carrying of something, while <i>ferre</i> has a wider meaning. The plural + <i>auxilia</i>, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to + friends. +<br><a class="bold" name="c47">[47]</a> ‘Their government was a legitimate one’ — that is, the powers of the + government were limited by law; ‘and bore the name of a kingly + government’ — that is, a king stood at the head of it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c48">[48]</a> Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the + good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a + <i>consilium publicum</i>, and were addressed by the term <i>patres</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c49">[49]</a> Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also + might have been used, see Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="c50">[50]</a> <i>Ubi — convertit</i>, ‘when it had changed (itself).’ For <i>ubi</i> with the + perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, § 506; and for the + use of <i>vertere</i> in an intransitive or reflective sense, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="c51">[51]</a> In the earliest times they were called <i>praetores</i> or leaders, <i>qui + praeeunt exercitui</i>; afterwards <i>consules</i>. As two were elected every + year, Sallust uses <i>bini</i>, and not <i>duo</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat7">7.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c52">[52]</a> <i>In promptu habere</i>, ‘to have in readiness,’ and also ‘to bring + into action,’ or ‘to make use of.’ Sallust means to say, that in + consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one + increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents + shine. +<br><a class="bold" name="c53">[53]</a> <i>Adepta</i> is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of + the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said + <i>adepta libertatem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c54">[54]</a> <i>Brevi</i>, ‘in a short time.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c55">[55]</a> <i>Incesserat</i>; supply <i>in eos</i> or <i>iis</i>, referring to <i>cives</i>, + implied in the preceding <i>civitas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c56">[56]</a> <i>Habebant</i> should have been <i>habebat</i>, since <i>discebat</i> precedes. + But see Zumpt, § 366. +<br><a class="bold" name="c57">[57]</a> <i>Labos</i>, a rarer form for <i>labor</i>, as <i>honos</i> and <i>lepos</i>, which are + even more frequently found than <i>honor</i> and <i>lepor</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c58">[58]</a> <i>Eas</i> agrees with <i>divitias</i>, though in English we say, in such + cases, ‘This,’ or ‘these things they considered as riches.’ See + Zumpt, § 372.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat8">8.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c59">[59]</a> <i>Aliquanto</i>, ‘by a considerable amount,’ or simply ‘considerably,’ + is the ablative, expressing the amount of difference between two + things compared. Sallust here considers it to be a mere matter + of chance that the wars of the early Romans, as those against the + Volscians, Aequians, Etruscans, and Samnites, do not stand forth + in history as glorious as the wars of the Greek nations among + themselves, and against the Persians. To us it appears that this was + not a matter of chance; but it undoubtedly arose from the fact, + that the Greeks even then had already attained a higher degree of + civilisation. The interest which history takes in wars does not + depend upon the vastness of the armies or the extent of countries, + but upon the lower or higher degree of civilisation of those engaged + in the wars. +<br><a class="bold" name="c60">[60]</a> <i>Pro maximis</i>, ‘they are celebrated <i>as if they were</i> the greatest.’ + Respecting this meaning of <i>pro</i>, see Zumpt, § 394, note 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="c61">[61]</a> ‘The more intelligent any one was, the more business was intrusted + to him,’ so that he had no leisure (<i>otium</i>) to devote to literary + composition. This at least is Sallust’s opinion; but when a man feels + it to be his vocation to write history, he can find time for it, + however much he may be otherwise engaged — witness J. Caesar and + Frederick II. of Prussia. For the construction, see Zumpt, § 710. C.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat9">9.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c62">[62]</a> ‘Not more by law than by nature;’ that is, ‘by nature as well as by + law.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c63">[63]</a> <i>In suppliciis</i>, ‘in the worship of the gods;’ for as it was + customary, in worshipping, to fall down, the word <i>supplicium</i> has + this religious meaning, which also appears in <i>supplicatio</i>. The + other and more common meaning of ‘execution,’ ‘capital punishment,’ + or ‘severe chastisement,’ likewise originates in the prostration of + the person so punished. +<br><a class="bold" name="c64">[64]</a> <i>Seque remque</i> is an unusual expression for <i>et se et rem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c65">[65]</a> <i>Quam</i>; before this word we must supply <i>magis</i>, ‘they carried on + the government more with acts of kindness than with fear.’ This + ellipsis before <i>quam</i> is not uncommon. +<br><a class="bold" name="c66">[66]</a> When they had suffered a wrong, they would rather pardon it than + take revenge.’ To <i>persequi</i> we must supply <i>eam</i> from the preceding + ablative.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat11">11.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c67">[67]</a> <i>Propius virtutem</i>, also <i>propius virtuti</i>. See Zumpt, § 411. +<br><a class="bold" name="c68">[68]</a> <i>Concupivit</i>, ‘No man in his senses <i>has</i> ever coveted money for + its own sake;’ that is, and even now no one does so, nor will any + one ever do so. But a <i>homo avarus</i> covets money only that he may + <i>have</i> it, and not for any ulterior objects. +<br><a class="bold" name="c69">[69]</a> <i>Bonis initiis</i> is the ablative absolute, ‘though his beginnings + were good.’ Although Sulla’s government began well, it became + arbitrary and bad, especially by the unlimited partiality with which + he treated the men of his own party. +<br><a class="bold" name="c70">[70]</a> <i>In civibus</i>. It would have been more in accordance with the common + usage to write <i>in cives</i>; but the ablative signifies ‘in the case of + citizens.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c71">[71]</a> ‘In order thereby to render him faithful or attached to himself,’ + <i>quo</i> being equivalent to <i>ut eo</i> or <i>ut ea re</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c72">[72]</a> Namely, the charming and delightful places in Asia Minor, near + the sea-coast, under a mild climate, abounding in all the means + calculated to afford pleasure and delight. +<br><a class="bold" name="c73">[73]</a> <i>Amare</i>, ‘to indulge in illicit intercourse with the other sex:’ + <i>amare</i> is often used to denote an immoral intercourse between the + sexes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c74">[74]</a> <i>Vasa caelata</i>, vessels adorned with figures, and wrought with the + <i>caelum</i>, the chisel. <i>Caelare</i> and <i>caelatura</i> denote the art of + making raised figures in metal, <i>alto relievo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c75">[75]</a> <i>Delubra</i>, ‘temples of the gods.’ Sallust has chosen this word + in preference to the common <i>templa</i> or <i>aedes</i>, because it conveys + the idea of antiquity, sanctity, and mysterious seclusion, which is + also contained in the word <i>fanum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c76">[76]</a> <i>Ne illi — temperament</i> ‘not to speak of their using their victory + with moderation;’ that is, they were far from using their victory + with moderation. <i>Ne</i> is here used in the sense of <i>nedum</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat12">12.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c77">[77]</a> ‘Honest conduct was regarded as malevolence or envy,’ inasmuch as an + honest and incorruptible man was not praised for these virtues, but + rather drew upon himself the suspicion of envying others for their + increasing their possessions, and of wishing to prevent them from + becoming rich by the base means which in their greediness they + considered to be fair. +<br><a class="bold" name="c78">[78]</a> <i>Operae pretium est</i>, ‘it is worth while (properly “the labour has + its reward”) to compare the extensive country-houses of our present + aristocracy with the small temples of the gods erected by our + ancestors, notwithstanding their intense piety.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c79">[79]</a> This is the same precept as that advanced by Cicero, that in + punishing an enemy, we should be satisfied if we have placed him + in a position in which he can no longer injure us.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat13">13.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c80">[80]</a> ‘Mountains are levelled, and seas are produced artificially.’ In + the latter expression, Sallust, as in <a href="#cat20">chap. 20</a> (<i>maria extruuntur</i>), + alludes to the formation of immense basins in the interior of the + country, into which the water was conducted from the sea, for the + purpose of keeping in them sea-fish and oysters. In this kind of + luxury and extravagance all the earlier Roman grandees were eclipsed + by L. Lucullus, who had amassed immense wealth in the war against + Mithridates. He possessed a very extensive <i>piscina</i> of this kind + near the coast of Campania, in the neighbourhood of Baiae. +<br><a class="bold" name="c81">[81]</a> <i>Cultus</i> comprises the whole domestic arrangement, and especially + includes costly furniture and dresses. +<br><a class="bold" name="c82">[82]</a> ‘To the acquisition and to the squandering of money;’ for, as we + stated before, it was peculiar to the corruption prevalent among + the Romans that they squandered their own property, and appropriated + to themselves, by violent means, that which belonged to others.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat14">14.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c83">[83]</a> The author, after having given a description of the state of + morality in the time of Sulla, now proceeds to the life of Catiline + himself, and in the following two chapters, describes the associates + in whom that criminal placed his confidence, and with whose help he + hoped to overturn the constitution. <i>Flagitia</i> and <i>facinora</i> in this + passage have the meaning of <i>homines flagitiosi</i>, and <i>facinorosi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c84">[84]</a> <i>Manu</i>, ‘by playing at dice’ (<i>alea</i>), because that game was played + with the hand, either with or without the cup containing the dice + (<i>fritillus</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c85">[85]</a> <i>Difficulter</i>. See Zumpt, § 267, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c86">[86]</a> ‘In accordance with his (still) youthful age.’ Zumpt, § 309. +<br><a class="bold" name="c87">[87]</a> <i>Dum</i> for <i>dummodo</i>, ‘if but.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat15">15.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c88">[88]</a> Catiline then had a son from a previous marriage, whom he got rid of + because Orestilla would not become his wife, from fear of the young + man, who was already grown up, and who would have become her stepson + (<i>privignus</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c89">[89]</a> ‘The consciousness of his guilt disturbed his thinking powers,’ for + this is the meaning of <i>mens</i> as distinct from <i>animus</i>, which has + reference to the feelings.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat16">16.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c90">[90]</a> <i>Gratuito</i>, ‘gratuitously,’ ‘without any advantage.’ Respecting the + form of this adverb, see Zumpt, § 266. +<br><a class="bold" name="c91">[91]</a> Sulla had given settlements to the legions with which he had + gained the victory over the Marian party in the territory of those + towns which had longest remained faithful to his adversaries; and + it was more especially in Etruria that this measure had brought + about a complete change of the owners of the soil. But the new + landowners had acted very recklessly on their new estates, and + therefore were inclined to favour any fresh revolutionary attempt + which seemed to promise an equally favourable result. +<br><a class="bold" name="c92">[92]</a> Gn. Pompeius. Respecting the orthography of the prenomen <i>Gneius</i>, + see Zumpt, § 4. Pompey was then engaged in the war against + Mithridates, king of Pontus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia; and in + consequence of this war, the extensive country of Syria, which had + before been an independent kingdom, became a Roman province. +<br><a class="bold" name="c93">[93]</a> <i>Nihil sane intentus</i>, ‘in no way attentive.’ For the difference + between nihil and non, see Zumpt, § 677.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat17">17.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c94">[94]</a> That is, in the year B.C. 64, or 690 after the building of the city. +<br><a class="bold" name="c95">[95]</a> <i>Necessitudo</i>, ‘a close connection’ or ‘friendship’ is commonly + distinguished from <i>necessitas</i>, ‘necessity,’ or ‘a compulsory + circumstance;’ but the two words are often confounded with each + other, as here, and subsequently in this chapter, <i>necessitudo</i> is + used in the sense of <i>necessitas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c96">[96]</a> For the difference between <i>plures</i> and <i>complures</i>, see + Zumpt, § 65. +<br><a class="bold" name="c97">[97]</a> <i>Juventus pleraque</i>, ‘most young men.’ Commonly the plural + <i>plerique</i> only is used; but see Zumpt, § 103. +<br><a class="bold" name="c98">[98]</a> <i>Ea tempestate</i>, an old-fashioned expression, such as Sallust is + fond of, for <i>eo tempore</i>; for in ordinary Latinity, <i>tempestas</i> + is used only in the sense of ‘storm’ or ‘tempest.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c99">[99]</a> M. Licinius Crassus had been consul several years before (B.C. + 70), together with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity + both on account of his former practical usefulness in the state, and + on account of his colossal wealth, which he used with proper + discretion.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat18">18.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c100">[100]</a> <i>Antea</i>. Sallust, who has commenced speaking of the conspiracy + entered into in the year B. C. 64, considers it necessary, before + relating its progress, to go back to an earlier conspiracy, which + failed, and in which Catiline had likewise taken an active part. This + earlier conspiracy the author relates in chaps. <a href="#cat19">19</a> and <a href="#cat20">20</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c101">[101]</a> <i>Qua</i>; supply <i>conjuratione</i>, which is to be taken from the verb + <i>conjuravere</i>. This is an irregularity arising from the desire to be + brief and concise. +<br><a class="bold" name="c102">[102]</a> That is, in the year B. C. 66, or 688 after the building of the + city. +<br><a class="bold" name="c103">[103]</a> <i>Interrogati</i> — that is, <i>accusati</i>, ‘taken to account by accusers,’ + because the beginning of all such accusations consisted in the + accused being asked whether they owned having done this or that thing + forbidden by law. +<br><a class="bold" name="c104">[104]</a> <i>Post paulo</i> is less common than <i>paulo post</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c105">[105]</a> <i>Repetundarum reus</i>, ‘accused of extortion.’ <i>Res repetundae</i>, in + legal phraseology, signifies the things or money which had been + illegally taken by public officers from those subject to their + authority; for such citizens or subjects had a right, after the + expiration of the official year of their ruler, to reclaim + (<i>repetere</i>) their property in a court of law. Those officers who + were found guilty had, in addition, to pay a fine, or were otherwise + punished. A person who stood accused of extortion was not allowed to + come forward as a candidate for any other office before he was tried + and acquitted. +<br><a class="bold" name="c106">[106]</a> <i>Profiteri</i>, ‘to announce one’s self’ as a candidate for an + office. +<br><a class="bold" name="c107">[107]</a> These are the consuls of the year B. C. 65, who had obtained + their office after the condemnation of the above-mentioned P. Sulla + (a nephew of the dictator) and P. Autronius. +<br><a class="bold" name="c108">[108]</a> <i>Hispanias</i>. Ancient Spain was, for administrative purposes, + divided into two provinces — <i>Hispania Tarraconensis</i>, or <i>provincia + citerior</i>, with Tarraco (the modern Tarragona) for its capital; and + <i>Hispania Baetica</i>, or <i>ulterior</i>, deriving its name from the river + Baitis (the modern Guadalquiver). Its chief towns were Corduba and + Hispalis (now Seville). +<br><a class="bold" name="c109">[109]</a> About the force of <i>quod</i>, when joined to conjunctions, see + Zumpt, § 807. Compare p.14, note 6 [<a href="#c14">note 14</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat19">19.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c110">[110]</a> That is, he was only quaestor, but had the powers of a praetor, + being commissioned to supply the place of a praetor. +<br><a class="bold" name="c111">[111]</a> Respecting the indicative <i>dicunt</i>, see Zumpt, § 563.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat20">20.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c112">[112]</a> The author now continues his account of the conspiracy entered + into in B.C. 64. +<br><a class="bold" name="c113">[113]</a> <i>Per ignaviam</i>, ‘by means of cowardice,’ here means, ‘with the + assistance of cowardly men,’ ‘such as you are not, since I have + evidence of your valour and trustworthiness.’ <i>Vana ingenia</i> are + men of untrustworthy character. In both cases the abstract quality is + mentioned instead of the person possessing it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c114">[114]</a> <i>Diversi</i>, ‘separately;’ that is, at different times, and in + different places. +<br><a class="bold" name="c115">[115]</a> <i>Tetrarcha</i> is a title which properly belonged only to such princes + as ruled over the fourth part of a whole nation. Such a division took + place in Galatia, and afterwards also in Judaea. A similar title, + <i>ethnarcha</i>, but that of king also, was sometimes granted to powerful + princes; or, when they had had it before, the Roman senate sometimes + allowed them to keep it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c116">[116]</a> <i>Pro fidem</i>, or <i>proh fidem</i>, is an exclamation, and <i>pro</i> an + interjection. The accus. <i>fidem</i> is governed by some such verb as + <i>testor</i> or <i>invoco</i>. See Zumpt, § 361. +<br><a class="bold" name="c117">[117]</a> <i>Superare</i> here has an intransitive meaning, ‘to exist in + abundance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c118">[118]</a> <i>Lar familiaris</i>, a domestic or family divinity, whose image stood + in the interior of the house, by the domestic altar; hence <i>lar</i>, or + the plural <i>lares</i>, is sometimes used in the sense of ‘a house,’ or + ‘home.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c119">[119]</a> <i>Toreumata</i> are the <i>vasa caelata</i> mentioned in <a href="#cat11">chap. 11</a>; works + in metal, especially silver, with raised figures. The instrument + called by the Latins <i>caelum</i>, was called by the Greeks + <i>τορος</i>,whence + <i>τορευειν, τορευμα</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c120">[120]</a> ‘They cannot master their wealth;’ that is, they are not able to + spend it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c121">[121]</a> <i>Quin</i> — that is, <i>qui non</i> or <i>quo non</i>? ‘why not?’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c122">[122]</a> <i>En</i>, as well as <i>ecce</i>, are most commonly construed with the + accusative.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat21">21.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c123">[123]</a> <i>Tabulae novae</i> are literally ‘new registers of debts;’ that is, a + change or reduction of debts, when, for example, the interest + already paid was deducted from the principal, or when the amount of + debts was reduced by one-half, or even by three-fourths. Such + regulations of debts in favour of debtors were often resorted to in + the revolutions of the ancient republics. +<br><a class="bold" name="c124">[124]</a> ‘If he should be consul with him, he would begin to carry the + matter into effect.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c125">[125]</a> <i>Ignominia</i>, ‘disgrace’ which a person incurs, either because + he has been condemned in a court of law, or with which he has been + branded by the censors.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat22">22.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c126">[126]</a> <i>Popularis</i>, properly ‘a fellow-countryman,’ or ‘belonging to the + same people;’ but Sallust here, and in <a href="#cat24">chapter 24</a>, uses it in the + more general sense of <i>particeps, socius</i>, ‘associate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c127">[127]</a> <i>Dictitare</i>, a contraction for <i>dictitavere</i>: ‘it was frequently + said that Catiline had done it for this reason.’ This contraction has + nothing that is offensive here, though in form it is the same as the + present infinitive; for such an ambiguity of form is not always + avoided, provided the context clearly shows what the meaning is. + <i>Dictitare</i> contains a repetition of what is implied in <i>fuere qui + dicerent</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat23">23.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c128">[128]</a> <i>Met</i> is a suffix which may be appended to all the cases of + <i>suus</i>, and answers to our ‘own.’ It is usually followed by <i>ipse</i>. + See Zumpt, § 139, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c129">[129]</a> <i>Stuprum</i> is the name for every unchaste connexion with unmarried + as well as with married women; but <i>adulterium</i> is the illicit + intercourse with married women. +<br><a class="bold" name="c130">[130]</a> ‘To behave more ferociously;’ for <i>agere</i> and <i>agitare</i>, even + without an accusative, signify ‘to behave,’ ‘conduct one’s self,’ + ‘lead a life.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c131">[131]</a> <i>Sublato auctore</i>, ‘without mentioning the one of whom she had + learned it.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c132">[132]</a> ‘The nobility was boiling with envy;’ a figurative expression, + taken from the boiling of water over the fire, which is frequently + used to describe violent passions. So also <i>incendi, ardere, + flagrare cupiditate</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c133">[133]</a> A <i>homo novus</i> was at Rome the name for any person, none of + whose ancestors had been invested with a curule office; that is, + with the consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, or curule aedileship. +<br><a class="bold" name="c134">[134]</a> <i>Post fuere</i>; that is, <i>postposita sunt</i>, ‘were put on one side.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat24">24.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c135">[135]</a> ‘Which fact <i>had</i> at first intimidated the associates of the + conspiracy.’ The pluperfect here seems to be used for the perfect, + but is necessary from the idea, which properly should have been + expressed by some such sentence as this: ‘which fact, although it + had at first intimidated the conspirators, yet did not stop the + progress of the conspiracy.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c136">[136]</a> <i>Faesulae</i>, now Fiesole, a town in the northern part of Etruria, + not far from Florentia (Florence), which is now the largest town in + that district, though it was not so in ancient times. +<br><a class="bold" name="c137">[137]</a> <i>Portare</i>, ‘he caused money to be taken.’ See Zumpt, § 713. +<br><a class="bold" name="c138">[138]</a> <i>Sumptus tolerare</i>, ‘to bear the expenses,’ implying the difficulty + of defraying them.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat25">25.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c139">[139]</a> <i>Haud facile discerneres</i>, ‘it was not easy to determine whether + she was less concerned about her money or her reputation,’ since she + was reckless in regard to both. Respecting the imperfect subjunctive, + see Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c140">[140]</a> <i>Praeceps</i> is used of steep and precipitous places, and of persons + who fall or throw themselves headlong down from or into anything. + Hence <i>Sempronia praeceps abierat</i> is, ‘she had thrown herself + headlong into ruin,’ which might also be expressed by <i>in praeceps + iverat</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat26">26.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c141">[141]</a> Namely, for the year beginning with the first of January, B. C. 62. + The elections took place about the middle of the preceding year, + consequently, in the present instance, about the middle of the + year B. C. 63. +<br><a class="bold" name="c142">[142]</a> <i>Ad hoc</i> is a common expression in Sallust for <i>praeterea</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c143">[143]</a> <i>Pactione provinciae</i>, by coming to an understanding with him + about the provinces which were assigned to the consuls after the + expiration of their year of office at Rome. Cicero had obtained by + lot the lucrative province of Macedonia and exchanged it for Gallia + Cisalpina, which had fallen to the lot of Antonius; but afterwards + he declined the latter also, in order to be able to remain at Rome, + which at that time was considered to be a sign that a man did not + care for money — <i>continentia abstinentia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c144">[144]</a> The <i>Campus Martius</i>, an extensive open plain between the city and + the Tiber, was the place for the large assemblies of the people; that + is, for the Comitia Centuriate, in which the consuls and praetors + were elected. +<br><a class="bold" name="c145">[145]</a> <i>Aspera foedaque</i> might also have been expressed by the adverbs + <i>aspere foedeque</i>, ‘his attempts turned out unfavourably and + disgracefully.’ Compare Zumpt, § 682.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat27">27.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c146">[146]</a> <i>Camers</i>, ‘a native of Camerium,’ (the capital of the Umbrians), + for the inhabitants of that place were called Camertes. <i>Picenum</i> + or <i>ager Picenus</i>, was the Roman territory on the Adriatic between + the mouths of the rivers Aesis and Aternus with the capitals of + Ancona and Asculum.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat28">28.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c147">[147]</a> <i>Sicuti salutatum,</i> ‘as if to offer him his morning salutation,’ + for such a morning call before sunrise was a common politeness among + the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="c148">[148]</a> Or according to the common orthography, <i>intelligit</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat29">29.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c149">[149]</a> <i>Exagitatam</i> for <i>agitatam</i>; but the preposition <i>ex</i> gives to the + word the idea of something brought out of its obscurity to light. The + matter had already been discussed on the ground of certain rumours. +<br><a class="bold" name="c150">[150]</a> About <i>decrevit</i>, with the mere subjunctive, without <i>ut</i>, see + Zumpt, § 624. +<br><a class="bold" name="c151">[151]</a> <i>Parare</i> should properly be <i>parandi</i>; but see Zumpt, § 598.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat30">30.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c152">[152]</a> That is, ‘on the 6th day before the 1st of November,’ or on the + 27th of October. In such computations with <i>ante</i> and <i>post</i>, the + point of time from which the calculation begins is included. See + Zumpt, § 867. But we here reckon according to the calendar such as it + was subsequently reformed and rectified by J. Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="c153">[153]</a> <i>Portenta</i> are chiefly human beings or animals presenting at their + birth anything abnormal or monstrous; <i>prodigia</i>, on the other hand, + are strange phenomena in the heavens; and the superstition of the + ancients regarded both as signs sent by the gods to warn men. +<br><a class="bold" name="c154">[154]</a> <i>Senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>. See Zumpt, § 81. +<br><a class="bold" name="c155">[155]</a> <i>Hi utrique</i> for <i>horum uterque</i>. Zumpt, § 141, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c156">[156]</a> Both had received the military command (<i>imperium</i>) from the + senate and people: Marcius Rex as proconsul of Cilicia, and Metellus + for the purpose of subduing Crete. After their return from their + provinces, they tarried for a time outside the walls of Rome (<i>ad + urbem</i>), because, by entering the city, they would have lost their + imperium, which they were anxious to retain until their solemn + entrance in a military procession (the triumph), to which the senate + had not yet given its sanction. Accordingly, as they were still + generals in active service, they could legally be intrusted with the + military command in the disturbed districts of Italy. +<br><a class="bold" name="c157">[157]</a> The intrigues of some influential members of the senate, who had + either received bribes from the opponents of the two commanders, or + expected some from the commanders themselves, prevented the + resolution of the senate here alluded to. Respecting <i>mos erat + vendere</i>, see Zumpt, § 598. +<br><a class="bold" name="c158">[158]</a> Supply to the two names of places <i>missus est</i>, which is implied + in the preceding sentence. +<br><a class="bold" name="c159">[159]</a> <i>Sestertia centum</i>; that is, <i>centum millia sestertiorum</i>, or the + ancient census of the citizens of the first class; for the neuter + sestertia was used in calculations as an imaginary coin of <i>mille + sestertii</i> or ten nummi aurei. +<br><a class="bold" name="c160">[160]</a> ‘According to the means of every town.’ As the Roman gladiators + might easily be tempted to join in conspiracies, they were quartered + at a distance from Rome, in the towns of a certain class of Roman + citizens (<i>municipia</i>); and the citizens of such places were + ordered to watch over those bands of gladiators, that they might not + make their escape. <i>Familiae</i>, in its proper sense, signifies the + whole body of slaves belonging to one master. +<br><a class="bold" name="c161">[161]</a> <i>Minores magistratus</i> are those officers who did not, by virtue + of their office, become members of the senate. The quaestors, + accordingly, did not belong to them, but they comprised the masters + of the mint, the superintendents of the paving of the roads, and + especially the superintendents of all matters connected with prisons, + and the <i>decemviri litibus judicandis</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat31">31.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c162">[162]</a> <i>Quibus</i>. Sallust more frequently uses the accusative in such + expressions. See <a href="#cat8">chapter 8</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c163">[163]</a> <i>Afflictare sese</i>, ‘they worried themselves.’ The expression is + properly used of that kind of grief which manifests itself in + inflicting pain on the body, by pulling the hair, striking the breast + or loins, or by throwing one’s self on the ground. So also + <i>plangere</i> denotes the physical expression of pain. +<br><a class="bold" name="c164">[164]</a> A law <i>de vi</i> enacted in the year B.C. 89, and aimed at those who + might attempt by violence to subvert the existing constitution of the + state. On the ground of this law Catiline had already been summoned + before a court of law, though no formal charge had yet been brought + against him. +<br><a class="bold" name="c165">[165]</a> <i>Sicuti</i> is here used for <i>quasi</i>, <i>velut</i>, or <i>perinde ac si</i>, + ‘as if.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c166">[166]</a> This is the first of Cicero’s speeches against Catiline, which + was delivered A.D. 6, Id. Novemb.; that is, on the 8th of November. +<br><a class="bold" name="c167">[167]</a> ‘When he had sat down;’ that is, when he had finished his speech, + for those who spoke in the senate did so standing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c168">[168]</a> The imprudence of this speech, independent of the audacious denial + of facts, consists in his boasting of his patrician descent, and in + the insinuation that Cicero, who was born in the municipium of + Arpinum, was only an alien at Rome, although in regard to political + rights there no longer was any difference between patricians and + plebeians, nor between the citizens of Rome and those of a + municipium. Respecting the construction of <i>opus est</i>, with the + ablative of a participle, see Zumpt, § 464, note 1.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat33">33.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c169">[169]</a> The adjective <i>expers</i> here is joined in the same sentence with two + different cases; this is an unusual construction, though <i>expers</i> may + be joined with the genit. as well as with the ablat. See Zumpt, + § 437, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c170">[170]</a> From what he quotes as the substance of the law, we see that he + means the lex Papiria Poetelia, which had been passed in B.C. 326, + and according to which the property of a debtor served as a security + to the creditor, while his person or his personal liberty could not + be touched. +<br><a class="bold" name="c171">[171]</a> <i>Vestrum</i>; it would be more in accordance with the common usage to + say <i>vestri</i>, but the genitive of the personal pronoun also may be + used. See Zumpt, §§ 424 and 431. +<br><a class="bold" name="c172">[172]</a> Literally, ‘the borrowed silver was repaid in copper;’ that is, + instead of the ordinary silver coin, the sestertius, the value of + four copper ases, only one copper as was paid. By this means debtors + gained three-fourths of the capital they had borrowed. This reduction + of debts took place in B.C. 86, during the ascendancy of the Marian + party. +<br><a class="bold" name="c173">[173]</a> <i>Amittit</i>; that is, <i>missam facit</i>, <i>dimittit</i> or <i>omittit</i>, ‘he + gives up.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat34">34.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c174">[174]</a> <i>Massilia</i> (the modern Marseilles) was a free and independent city, + leagued with the Roman people by treaty. It had been founded about + the year B.C. 600, by Greek emigrants from Phocaea in Asia Minor. As + Massilia thus was not subject to the civil law of Rome, the Romans + who withdraw from the laws of their own country — that is, who went + into exile — might choose that city as a safe place of residence, + without fear of being delivered up to their own country.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat35">35.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c175">[175]</a> Catiline writes that he will not undertake a detailed defence of + his new design of taking up arms, but he says that he wishes to + justify himself in regard to one point, and that merely because he + is not conscious of any criminal act. <i>Satisfactio</i> is nearly the + same as <i>defensio</i>, but less formal. A man defends himself against + opponents, but before friends he merely gives an explanation, whereby + they may be gained over to his side. <i>Ex nulla conscientia</i>, ‘in + consequence of his not being conscious of guilt.’ The expression is + rather harsh and artificial, and seemingly in Catiline’s own style + of writing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c176">[176]</a> <i>Medius fidius</i>, the same as <i>mehercules</i>. See Zumpt, § 361. +<br><a class="bold" name="c177">[177]</a> ‘I could not maintain the position of my dignity;’ that is, I could + not maintain my position in society after my enemies had deprived me + of the consulship. +<br><a class="bold" name="c178">[178]</a> ‘Not as if I could not pay my own debts out of my property, since + Orestilla has paid even other persons’ debts out of her own purse;’ + she would accordingly have done the same much more for me, her + husband. <i>Aes alienum meis nominibus</i> is the same as <i>meum ipsius + aes alienum</i>, ‘debts on my own account.’ <i>Nomen</i>, in money + transactions, is something put down to a person’s account. Hence + <i>aes alienum alienis nominibus</i> is the same as <i>aliorum debita</i>, + ‘other persons’ debts,’ <i>aes alienum</i> being understood from the + preceding clause. +<br><a class="bold" name="c179">[179]</a> ‘I felt that I had become estranged by false suspicions,’ namely, + ‘from the Roman people,’ who confer the honours which have been + obtained by unworthy persons. +<br><a class="bold" name="c180">[180]</a> <i>Hoc nomine</i>, the same as <i>ideo</i>, ‘accordingly,’ ‘for this reason.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c181">[181]</a> This is said in allusion to the consul Cicero, as if he had + intended to arrest Catiline, and imprison him. Catiline evidently has + recourse to this expedient for the purpose of avoiding his awkward + explanation. They are hollow phrases about honour, the republic, + and persecution, and well suited to the ruined circumstances of that + nobleman. +<br><a class="bold" name="c182">[182]</a> <i>Haveto</i>. It is much more common to use this word in meeting a + person, while <i>vale</i> is the ordinary expression in parting from a + friend.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat36">36.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c183">[183]</a> <i>In agro Arretino</i>, ‘in the territory of Arretium,’ in the heart + of Etruria, near the lake Trasimenus. +<br><a class="bold" name="c184">[184]</a> <i>Sine fraude</i>, ‘without injury’ — that is, without the fact that + hitherto they had been with Manlius, drawing any punishment upon + them. +<br><a class="bold" name="c185">[185]</a> <i>Praeter</i>, adverbially for <i>praeterquam</i>; but he might also have + used <i>praeter</i> as a preposition: <i>praeter — condemnatas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c186">[186]</a> <i>Perditum irent</i>. See Zumpt, § 669.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat37">37.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c187">[187]</a> <i>Aliena</i>; supply <i>a republica</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c188">[188]</a> <i>Adeo</i> renders the sentence emphatic, ‘nay, the common people + seemed to do this even according to their custom.’ <i>Adeo</i> in this + sense is always preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. See Zumpt, + § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="c189">[189]</a> <i>Boni</i>. In the political signification of this word, the ideas of + quiet conduct, aversion to innovations, and acquiescence in the + actual state of things, are combined with solid wealth. The reason + of this is easily perceptible; for he who possesses property, dreads + every change, and supports the existing state of things. A still + more decided political meaning is implied in the term <i>optimates</i>, + which denotes the party in the state which we now call Conservative, + but at Rome it implied at the same time the idea of ‘faction,’ and of + a tendency to occasional violence. +<br><a class="bold" name="c190">[190]</a> ‘Poverty (that is, poor people) maintains itself, or continues in + all disturbances without suffering any loss;’ for he who has nothing, + cannot sustain any loss. +<br><a class="bold" name="c191">[191]</a> <i>Ea vero</i>, ‘this in particular. <i>Vero</i> indicates the transition to + that circumstance, which in the present case is of the greatest + importance. Compare Zumpt, § 348, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c192">[192]</a> <i>Sentina</i> properly signifies the sediment which, in a vessel filled + with water, sinks to the bottom. Hence ‘the residue,’ or the place + where all that is bad or impure is collected. +<br><a class="bold" name="c193">[193]</a> The largesses in money and provisions with which the state + supported the needy population of the capital, and by which private + persons, anxious to gain partisans, catered numbers of clients, + attracted to Rome many people from the country: the city plebs was + thus constantly increasing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c194">[194]</a> ‘They were as much concerned about the good of the state as about + their own good’ — that is, just as little. +<br><a class="bold" name="c195">[195]</a> Connect <i>quorum</i> with <i>parentes</i> and the following words, <i>bona</i> + and <i>jus</i>. Sulla had excluded the sons of those whom he proscribed + from all public offices, and thus curtailed their rights of free + citizens.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat38">38.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c196">[196]</a> In B. C. 70, these consuls restored the power of the tribunes in + its full extent, after it had been greatly reduced by Sulla in + B. C. 81. The Roman people received this restoration of the tribunian + power with the greatest joy; but Sallust does not seem to approve of + it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c197">[197]</a> <i>Senatus specie</i>; under the pretence of supporting the senate, the + <i>nobiles</i> formed opposition to the tribunes, but in reality it was + for their own aggrandisement. +<br><a class="bold" name="c198">[198]</a> <i>Quo</i> for <i>ut eo</i>, ‘that the authority of the senate might be the + highest in the state.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat39">39.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c199">[199]</a> <i>Innoxius</i> has a twofold meaning, one active, ‘one who does no + harm’ (<i>noxa</i>), and a passive, ‘one who is not injured,’ ‘one to + whom no harm is done,’ <i>qui non afficitur noxa</i>, and in this latter + sense it is used in this passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="c200">[200]</a> ‘In order that, when in office, they themselves might guide the + populace more gently,’ since those who excited the multitude would + be kept in awe by the terror of the law. <i>Placidius</i>, ‘without + harshness,’ ‘without severity,’ harshness and severity being applied + only against the popular leaders. +<br><a class="bold" name="c201">[201]</a> <i>Dubiis rebus</i>, the ablative absolute; <i>cum res dubiae essent</i>, + ‘the state of affairs being dangerous.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c202">[202]</a> ‘A more powerful man would even have wrested their freedom from + them.’ About <i>quin</i>, see Zumpt, § 542; and about the imperfect in the + sense of a pluperfect, § 525.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat40">40.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c203">[203]</a> The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lacus Lemannus and the + Rhone as far south as the Isara. They were subject to Rome, but, with + a certain degree of independence, they governed themselves within + their own country. Their chief towns were Vienna and Geneva. +<br><a class="bold" name="c204">[204]</a> <i>Aliena consilii</i>. See Zumpt, § 470. +<br><a class="bold" name="c205">[205]</a> Respecting the orthography of <i>accersit</i>, see Zumpt, § 202. +<br><a class="bold" name="c206">[206]</a> <i>Magnus animus</i> is the usual Latin expression for ‘courage,’ and + <i>amplior</i> is the same as <i>major</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat41">41.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c207">[207]</a> Manifestum habeo aliquem, ‘I catch a person in the act,’ so that he + can be convicted of his crime by unexceptionable evidence.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat42">42.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c208">[208]</a> <i>Gallia citerior</i> is Gaul south of the Alps, or the province of + Cisalpine Gaul. <i>Gallia ulterior</i> is Gaul north of the Alps, as + far as the Cebenna mountains. The part of modern France beyond those + mountains was not yet subject to Rome, but became a Roman province by + the conquests of Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="c209">[209]</a> <i>Bruttium</i> is the peninsula of Italy, which extends towards Sicily. + It was a mountainous country with many forests. +<br><a class="bold" name="c210">[210]</a> He was legate to his brother L. Murena, who had then already left + the province of Gaul, being a candidate for the consulship for the + year B.C. 62, which he obtained.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat43">43.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c211">[211]</a> <i>Signum,</i> in military phraseology, is the visible or audible signal + for a movement which the army is to execute. The attack of the + tribune of the people on Cicero during his address to the people was + to be the signal. ‘After this signal had been given’ (<i>eo signo</i>), + <i>dato</i> being understood. <i>Conjurationis</i> for <i>conjuratorum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c212">[212]</a> <i>Sed</i>. According to ordinary Latinity, the sentence ought to have + been introduced by <i>autem</i>; see Zumpt, § 348, note. But it must be + observed that in the historical style of Sallust <i>sed</i> very + frequently expresses not only opposition, but also mere transition + from one thing to another, which seems to be an affectation of + simplicity. +<br><a class="bold" name="c213">[213]</a> The idea expressed by <i>filius familias</i> is ‘a son who is not yet + independent, who has not yet a household of his own.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c214">[214]</a> <i>Inter haec</i>, &c.; that is, <i>dum haec parantur atque decernuntur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat44">44.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c215">[215]</a> <i>Conveniunt</i>, with the accusative. See Zumpt, § 387. +<br><a class="bold" name="c216">[216]</a> <i>Qui</i> for <i>quis</i>. See Zumpt, § 134, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c217">[217]</a> He means to say, ‘even from the slaves, who, as is now seen, have + not been received by Catiline into his army.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat45">45.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c218">[218]</a> <i>Cuncta</i>. Respecting this accusative, see Zumpt, § 391, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c219">[219]</a> <i>Pons Mulvius</i>, a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from + the city, outside the porta Flaminia. It still exists under the name + of ponte Molle, and is passed by all travellers who go from Rome to + the north. +<br><a class="bold" name="c220">[220]</a> <i>Obsidunt</i>. For this verb, see Zumpt, § 189, under <i>sido</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c221">[221]</a> <i>Ad id loci</i>; that is, <i>ad eum locum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c222">[222]</a> He betrayed his treasonable designs even by surrendering to the + public authorities, as if they were a foreign and hostile power, and + by praying them to spare his life.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat46">46.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c223">[223]</a> See Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="c224">[224]</a> The meeting of the senate was held in the Temple of Concord, + close by the Forum. Temples were often used instead of the Curia + Hostilia, which was the regular place for the senate to assemble in. + Lentulus was taken to the senate by the consul himself; the others + were conducted thither by guards, to be brought before the assembly + after the business had been opened.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat47">47.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c225">[225]</a> ‘He was ordered to make his statement on the ground of the promise + made to him, on behalf of the state, that he should not be punished.’ + Sallust might have used the more complete expression, <i>fide publica + data</i> or <i>accepta</i>; but such expressions are to be completed by the + sense rather than by any grammatical ellipsis. +<br><a class="bold" name="c226">[226]</a> <i>Sibylla</i> is the ancient Greek name for a prophetic woman; and at + Rome prophecies and counsels (<i>libri Sibyllini</i>) were kept in the + Capitol which were believed to have been given as early as the time + of the kings by a Sibyl of Cumae. They contained information about + festivals, sacrifices, and other religious observances, and the + means by which calamities which threatened the state might be + averted. They were under the superintendence of a special college + of priests, by whom alone they were consulted, on the command of + the senate, in cases of public distress or apprehension. This college + was called at different times, according to the number of its + members, <i>duoviri</i>, <i>decemviri</i>, or <i>quindecemviri sacrorum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c227">[227]</a> The <i>gens</i> Cornelia comprised a large number of families, such + as the Scipios, Dolabellas, Merulas, Sullas, Cinnas, Cethegi, and + Lentuli. L. Cinna, by repeated consulships, and as the leader of + the Marian party, obtained the highest power at Rome after the + death of C. Marius, but was slain in B.C. 84 by his own soldiers, + whom he intended to lead against L. Sulla. Sulla, after having + been consul as early as the year B.C. 88, became dictator in B.C. 82. + Respecting the expression <i>urbis potiri</i>, see Zumpt, § 466. +<br><a class="bold" name="c228">[228]</a> <i>Haruspices</i> were the interpreters of the signs which were + believed to be contained in the entrails of victims sacrificed to the + gods, as well as of the phenomena in the atmosphere (<i>monstra</i>), and + other occurrences in nature, which seemed to be contrary to the + ordinary course of things. The system of this kind of superstition + had been principally developed by the ancient Etruscans, and the + haruspices engaged in the state religion of the Romans were generally + natives of Etruria; and the Romans, owing to the uncertainty of their + knowledge of things divine, dreaded this kind of superstition rather + than practised it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c229">[229]</a> <i>Libera custodia</i> is opposed to the <i>carcer publicus</i>, in which + the prisoners were treated like slaves, and kept in chains. There + were at Rome no prisons for those persons whose guilt was not yet + established, or whose punishment consisted merely in confinement; but + private persons, or the relatives of the accused, were obliged to + keep the person of a criminal in their own houses, until the final + decision upon his offence was given by the ordinary courts of + justice.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat48">48.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c230">[230]</a> Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the present or + imperfect, and <i>vice versa</i>, are not uncommon in Sallust. See + chapters <a href="#cat18">18</a>, <a href="#cat23">23</a>, <a href="#cat56">56</a>, <a href="#cat58">58</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c231">[231]</a> <i>Erant</i>; according to the style of Cicero, it would be <i>essent</i>. + See Zumpt, § 565. +<br><a class="bold" name="c232">[232]</a> For <i>deprehensio Lentuli et aliorum</i>, which would be more in + accordance with the usage of modern languages. +<br><a class="bold" name="c233">[233]</a> <i>In tali tempore</i>. See Zumpt, § 475, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c234">[234]</a> They demanded that the consul should bring forward the matter, as + to whether the statement of Tarquinius was to be believed, in order + that the votes might be taken upon it. For without a special + <i>relatio</i> by the magistrate authorised to make it (commonly the + presiding consul, but sometimes also a tribune of the people), no + senatus consultum could be made. +<br><a class="bold" name="c235">[235]</a> <i>Potestatem</i>; supply from the context <i>indicandi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c236">[236]</a> <i>Praedicantem</i>. See Zumpt, § 636.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat49">49.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c237">[237]</a> These two leaders of the party of the optimates had been consuls, + Catulus in the year B.C. 78, and C. Piso in B.C. 67; and Catulus had + also been censor in B.C. 65. Both were enemies of Caesar, who had + defeated Catulus in his canvas for the office of pontifex maximus, + and had caused a judicial inquiry to be instituted against Piso, + about the manner in which he had conducted the proconsular + administration of Gaul. Caesar was even then considered as the leader + of the popular party, and as an opponent of the senate and its + influence in the constitution. +<br><a class="bold" name="c238">[238]</a> It was at that time that Caesar, on going from home to the + elective assembly, said to his mother, ‘To-day you shall see your + son either as pontifex, or you shall never see him again.’ Caesar, + however, is here called an <i>adolescentulus</i> only in comparison + with the aged Catulus, for he was at that time thirty-six years old. +<br><a class="bold" name="c239">[239]</a> ‘In public life by the greatest exhibitions;’ for <i>munera</i> are + exhibitions by means of which a private person, and still oftener a + magistrate, endeavoured to win the favour of the people. As regards + Caesar, that which is said here refers to the brilliant exhibitions + in his aedileship, and the games which he gave while invested with + that office. But he had thereby got so deeply into debt, that when, + after his praetorship — with which he was invested in B. C. 62, the + year after the Catilinarian conspiracy — he wanted to leave Rome to go + to his province of Spain, he was kept back by his creditors; and + he was not allowed to depart until M. Crassus had given security + for him. +<br><a class="bold" name="c240">[240]</a> <i>Dicerent</i>. Respecting this subjunctive, see Zumpt, § 551. +<br><a class="bold" name="c241">[241]</a> <i>Mobilitas animi</i>, ‘irritability,’ or that state of mind which is + easily excited, or upon which it is easy to make an impression. + <i>Clarius esset</i> is an explanation of <i>gladio minitarentur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat50">50.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c242">[242]</a> <i>Multitudines</i>; that is, <i>catervae, factiones</i>, crowds or bands of + men united for the purpose of creating disturbances among the people. +<br><a class="bold" name="c243">[243]</a> This is the customary form of condemnation in a decree of the + senate, whereby it is declared that a wrong has actually been done + to the state, or that an attempt has been made upon the constitution. + The verdict of ‘guilty,’ therefore, had been pronounced by the + senate itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="c244">[244]</a> <i>Sententiam rogatus</i>. See Zumpt, § 393, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c245">[245]</a> He had declared that at the voting, which took place after the + members of the senate had expressed their opinions, he would vote + for the opinion of Tib. Nero; for the voting took place by a division + (<i>discessio</i>), only one proposal being voted upon at a time, so + that those who supported it separated from those who did not support + it, but intended to vote for any other opinion (<i>alia omnia</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c246">[246]</a> This opinion then aimed only at an adjournment of the matter. + Its issue was to be waited for; but in the meantime, the posts of + guards were to be strengthened, and a fresh proposal was to be made + respecting the punishment of the prisoners. The Tib. Nero here + mentioned is the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, who was raised + to the imperial throne in A. D. 14, in the fifty-sixth year of his + age.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat51">51.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c247">[247]</a> <i>Male consulere</i>, ‘to form bad’ or ‘injurious resolutions.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c248">[248]</a> <i>Perse</i>. Respecting the forms of this name, see Zumpt, §§ 52, 54. +<br><a class="bold" name="c249">[249]</a> <i>An</i> must be explained by supplying another interrogation before + it, such as <i>alione?</i> ‘had that speech any other object, or had it + this one?’ for <i>an</i> is used only in the second part of a double + question. +<br><a class="bold" name="c250">[250]</a> ‘To be sure words will fire him on, whom the thing itself did not + move’ — that is, words are sure not to rouse him whom the thing + itself did not move; for <i>scilicet</i> has an ironical force. +<br><a class="bold" name="c251">[251]</a> <i>Injuriae suae</i>, ‘the injuries done to him.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c252">[252]</a> ‘Many have taken them more seriously to heart than was necessary.’ + It is more common to say <i>gravius tulerunt</i>. The perfect, <i>habuere</i>, + in expressing a general truth, has the sense of a present, or rather + of a Greek aorist, denoting that which once happened, and still + continues to happen. Compare p.22, note 2 [<a href="#c68">note 68</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c253">[253]</a> <i>Vitam habent</i> for <i>vitam agunt</i>, which is more common. Sallust is + very fond of the verb <i>habere</i> in certain phrases. See <a href="#jug10"><i>Jug</i>. 10</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c254">[254]</a> <i>Equidem ego</i> for <i>ego quidem</i>. See Zumpt, § 278. +<br><a class="bold" name="c255">[255]</a> <i>Inimicitiae</i>. About this plural, see Zumpt, § 94. The singular + <i>inimicitia</i> is not used at all. +<br><a class="bold" name="c256">[256]</a> ‘Such I know to be the character of the man.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c257">[257]</a> <i>Subigere</i> here, as in many other passages of Sallust, has the + meaning of <i>cogere, invitum impellere</i> (‘to force a person to + something’), followed by an infinitive instead of a clause with <i>ut</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c258">[258]</a> <i>Id quod res habet</i>, ‘that which is in the nature of the thing.’ + Caesar hereby means to represent his opinion as philosophically + correct, and in accordance with nature. <i>Id quod</i> belong together. +<br><a class="bold" name="c259">[259]</a> Such had indeed been the custom in former times. The condemned + person, previous to being beheaded with the axe, was bound to a post + and scourged. This barbarous punishment continued to be inflicted + sometimes even at a later period, when it was expressly mentioned in + the verdict that the criminal should be punished <i>more majorum</i>. + <i>Animadvertere</i> is the proper expression for the infliction of + bodily punishment by a lictor, who <i>has to pay attention to his + orders</i>; but it is also used of the person who gives the order, + and causes it to be carried into effect, just as <i>interficere</i> + is said both of the executioner and the person who orders a man to be + put to death. +<br><a class="bold" name="c260">[260]</a> This law, proposed by one Porcius, and passed by the people, + forbade the scourging of Roman citizens on the naked body; so that, + after the passing of that law, an execution consisted simply in + beheading a criminal with the sword; and if he was a soldier, + flogging took the place of scourging. The celebrated M. Porcius Cato, + about B. C. 160, recommended this bill to the people; but it was not + he who proposed it, but an unknown person of the name of Porcius, + probably a tribune of the people. +<br><a class="bold" name="c261">[261]</a> There were no Roman laws forbidding capital punishment, or + substituting exile in its place, and for this reason Caesar does not + refer to any such law. He supports his view only by the circumstance + that, in all the more recent laws, especially in the criminal law of + Sulla, exile (<i>interdictio aquae et ignis</i>) was fixed upon as the + extreme penalty; and that according to the usual indulgence (not + sanctioned by any law), accused persons, if they denied being guilty, + and were defended by some one, remained in the enjoyment of their + freedom until the sentence was passed. Thus it happened that a + person, foreseeing his condemnation, might quit the Roman territory, + and take up his abode within the territory of some town or city where + the Roman law was not in force, and where the Roman state placed no + obstacles in his way. +<br><a class="bold" name="c262">[262]</a> ‘How is it consistent?’ Respecting <i>qui</i> for <i>quomodo</i> or <i>quo + pacto</i>, see Zumpt, § 133, note. The <i>minus negotium</i> is the + scourging, and the <i>majus negotium</i> the execution. +<br><a class="bold" name="c263">[263]</a> <i>At enim</i> introduces an objection raised by the orator himself. + <i>At</i> represents the objection, and <i>enim</i> introduces an explanation + of it. See Zumpt, § 349. +<br><a class="bold" name="c264">[264]</a> Caesar means to say that the present senate, which, as he + flatteringly says, consists of worthy men, will not abuse the power + of putting Roman citizens to death; but that a subsequent senate, + taking such an example as a precedent, might abuse its power. It + must be observed that the Roman senate possessed the power over the + life and death of citizens, not by virtue of legal enactments, but + only by ancient custom. This power legally belonged only to the + people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata, or to those to whom the + people expressly intrusted it — namely, the ordinary and extraordinary + courts of justice. It may seem surprising that Caesar does not + express himself more energetically against the right claimed by the + senate; but he would certainly have spoken in vain, for it was + every senator’s interest that the power of the senate should be + recognised in its greatest extent, even though it should not be + exercised in every particular case. +<br><a class="bold" name="c265">[265]</a> That is, the so-called thirty tyrants in the year B. C. 404. +<br><a class="bold" name="c266">[266]</a> <i>Ea</i>; for this accusative, see Zumpt, § 385. +<br><a class="bold" name="c267">[267]</a> <i>Damasippus</i> was only a surname of the praetor M. Junius Brutus, + who in the year B. C. 82 put to death a great many Roman nobles of + the party of Sulla. +<br><a class="bold" name="c268">[268]</a> Namely, by Sulla, after he had been made dictator. +<br><a class="bold" name="c269">[269]</a> <i>Pleraque</i>; most of the ensigns and distinctions by which the + magistrates were distinguished from private persons, especially the + <i>toga praetexta</i>, <i>sella curulis</i>, <i>fasces</i> (which were carried + by the lictors), and, above all, the splendid procession of the + <i>triumphatores</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c270">[270]</a> <i>Legibus</i> is here a pleonasm, and might have been omitted. We + must here repeat that Caesar makes an artful application of the + circumstance that, in all the late criminal laws, the <i>interdictio + aquae et ignis</i> was fixed as the severest punishment, as if + thereby a person had been simply permitted to withdraw from the + republic. The <i>interdictio</i> was a much more severe punishment, + inasmuch as the person on whom it was inflicted lost all his rights + as a citizen, and as every one was forbidden to receive him into his + house, so that he was a complete outcast. Wherever these regulations + were not carried into effect, and even in case a criminal made his + escape before the sentence was pronounced, we can see nothing but an + abuse of clemency. +<br><a class="bold" name="c271">[271]</a> <i>Quominus</i> is here used because the leading clause conveys the + idea of a hindrance; but <i>ne</i> also might have been written. +<br><a class="bold" name="c272">[272]</a> <i>Per municipia</i>, ‘among the municipia.’ See Zumpt, § 301.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat52">52.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c273">[273]</a> Cato says, ‘<i>When I consider the danger of our situation, I form + quite a different view</i> from what I do when I reflect upon the + opinions expressed by some about the punishment of the criminals; for + the present danger demands energetic measures of defence, while some + of you are speaking only about the punishment of a crime already + committed. But such a view is incorrect, for we are still surrounded + by the greatest dangers.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c274">[274]</a> <i>Pluris facere</i>, ‘to esteem higher.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c275">[275]</a> <i>Capessere rem publicam</i>, ‘to take part in the administration of + the state,’ or ‘to devote one’s self to its service.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c276">[276]</a> <i>Verba facere</i>, ‘to speak,’ or ‘to make a speech.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c277">[277]</a> ‘I who had never connived at any of my bad acts’ — that is, I who + had never given way to my own weaknesses. About this subjunctive + expressing the reason why the orator does not allow the faults of + others to pass unnoticed, see Zumpt, §§ 555, 558. +<br><a class="bold" name="c278">[278]</a> ‘The strength of the state bore the negligence’ in restraining the + arbitrary proceedings in which individuals indulged. +<br><a class="bold" name="c279">[279]</a> ‘And here any one will speak to me of clemency and mercy!’ alluding + to Caesar. The negative pronoun <i>quisquam</i> is used because the + meaning implied is, that no one ought to have done so. See + Zumpt, § 709. +<br><a class="bold" name="c280">[280]</a> <i>Equidem</i> for <i>quidem</i>, as often in Sallust, but never in + Cicero. The meaning is: ‘We have indeed (<i>quidem</i>) long since lost + the habit of calling things by their true names, but this erroneous + application of the word <i>mercy</i> is not to be borne.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c281">[281]</a> <i>Eo</i>; Cicero would have said <i>ea re</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c282">[282]</a> Instead of <i>et</i>, the author might have used <i>neve</i> (<i>neu</i>), since + from the preceding clause we have to supply <i>ne</i> to <i>et</i>. This is not + a very common mode of speaking; but it occurs most frequently when, + after a negative clause, <i>et</i> introduces a kind of antithesis, and + thus acquires the power of <i>sed</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c283">[283]</a> <i>Et non</i> corrects the untrue supposition, that there were no rebels + except at Rome. In such a case we can neither use <i>non</i> without <i>et</i>, + nor <i>neque</i>. See Zumpt, § 334. +<br><a class="bold" name="c284">[284]</a> ‘If Caesar alone is unconcerned, it is more requisite (necessary + or important) that I should be concerned for me and for you.’ About + <i>refert</i>, see Zumpt, §§ 23, 449, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c285">[285]</a> <i>Habetote</i>; this future imperative denotes that something is to be + done when something else shall take place. Zumpt, § 583. +<br><a class="bold" name="c286">[286]</a> The meaning is: ‘All will be there immediately’ — that is, they will + rise to make the attack. +<br><a class="bold" name="c287">[287]</a> Cato means to say, ‘It is a wrong opinion that our state has + become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the + most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater + than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the + activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and + it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c288">[288]</a> <i>Obnoxius</i>, ‘subject to a punishment,’ or ‘to be injured (<i>noxa</i>);’ + hence, figuratively, ‘bound,’ ‘dependent.’ Our ancestors, says Cato, + could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not + crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate + desires and passions — a hint intimating that those who were in favour + of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free + from bad intentions. +<br><a class="bold" name="c289">[289]</a> <i>Hic</i> — that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public + importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to + gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who + may be in your way. +<br><a class="bold" name="c290">[290]</a> <i>Vacuam</i> — namely, <i>a defensoribus</i>, ‘defenceless,’ ‘helpless.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c291">[291]</a> <i>Incendere</i>, a free use of the infinitive for <i>ad patriam + incendendam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c292">[292]</a> A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative + particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, § 351, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c293">[293]</a> Ironically: ‘I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and + dismiss the criminals.’ The subjunctive without <i>ut</i> depends upon the + verb <i>censeo</i>; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative. +<br><a class="bold" name="c294">[294]</a> ‘Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.’ Respecting + <i>nae</i>, see Zumpt, § 360; and on the transitive sense of <i>vertere</i>, + § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="c295">[295]</a> The sentence beginning with <i>scilicet</i> is again ironical. The + sense, without the irony, is: ‘Nor can it be supposed that you + consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear. + You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c296">[296]</a> <i>Immo vero</i>, ‘oh no; on the contrary.’ See Zumpt, § 277. +<br><a class="bold" name="c297">[297]</a> Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, § 524, + note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be <i>implorabis</i>, without + altering the meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="c298">[298]</a> This statement differs in two points from the current tradition + of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly <i>Titus</i>, + and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts + have <i>Aulus</i>. Secondly, he did not show his severe military + discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin + war, which ended, in B.C. 340, with the subjugation of Latium. + Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and + to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word + <i>necare</i> instead of <i>interficere</i> or <i>occidere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c299">[299]</a> <i>Quidquam</i> is stronger than <i>siquid</i> — that is, the expression of + the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis. +<br><a class="bold" name="c300">[300]</a> ‘If there were room for a mistake’ — namely, in the resolution to be + come to. The meaning is: ‘No time is to be lost, since, if you come + to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to + correct your decision.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c301">[301]</a> ‘Is upon our necks,’ a figurative expression, properly applied to + a wrestler who seizes another by the throat.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat53">53.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c302">[302]</a> ‘What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.’ + <i>Negotium sustinere</i>, ‘to be able to carry out a business,’ + representing the <i>negotium</i> as a burden. +<br><a class="bold" name="c303">[303]</a> Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the + circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of + individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world, + but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling + others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone + made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment + of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the + unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not + very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid + progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other + hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and + a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while + all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities. +<br><a class="bold" name="c304">[304]</a> <i>Effeta parentum</i>, the same as <i>effeta parens</i>, ‘a mother who has + had children, but can have no more.’ Respecting the partitive + genitive (as in <i>aliqui militum</i> for <i>aliqui milites</i>), see + Zumpt, § 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the + construction with which he began, and which ought to have been + continued thus: <i>Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit</i>, + for which he says, <i>Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit</i>. + This deviation from the construction may be explained still more + easily, if in our mind we add <i>facit</i> to the words <i>sicuti effeta + parentum</i>, ‘as is the case with an aged mother.’ <i>Multis + tempestatibus</i>, ‘during a long time.’ The singular <i>tempestas</i> in the + sense of ‘time’ is not uncommon, but the plural <i>tempestates</i> in the + sense of ‘periods of time’ occurs only in Sallust in this passage, + and <i>Jug</i>. <a href="#jug73">73</a>, <a href="#jug96">96</a>, and <a href="#jug108">108</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c305">[305]</a> <i>Quin</i> is used regularly for <i>ut non</i> after a negative clause: + ‘I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their + characters.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat54">54.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c306">[306]</a> ‘But the one a different one from the other.’ The Latin custom of + repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said <i>alia</i>, + to use <i>alii</i>, which, strictly speaking, should be <i>alteri</i>, as he is + speaking of only two persons. +<br><a class="bold" name="c307">[307]</a> ‘The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of + itself,’ so that <i>gloria</i> must be supplied.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat55">55.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c308">[308]</a> <i>Dicessit</i>; that is, after the senate, a division having taken + place, had decided in favour of Cato’s opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2 [<a href="#c245">note 245</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c309">[309]</a> Read <i>tresviros</i>; each one by himself was called <i>triumvir</i> ‘one of + the college of the three.’ These officers belonging to the + magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison, + and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their + complete title was <i>tresviri capitales</i>. The singular, <i>triumvir</i>, + does not justify the plural <i>triumviri</i>, since the ordinary + grammatical laws require <i>tres viri</i>. In manuscripts, we usually had + <i>III. viri</i>. Compare Zumpt, § 124. +<br><a class="bold" name="c310">[310]</a> The preposition <i>de</i> in this compound adds to the idea of the + simple verb <i>ducere</i>, that of the place to which a person is led, + and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the + expression <i>domum deducere</i>, ‘to take’ or ‘lead a person home.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c311">[311]</a> <i>Locus, quod</i>. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun, + see Zumpt, § 372. +<br><a class="bold" name="c312">[312]</a> The whole structure was called <i>carcer Mamertinus</i>, and its main + parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, <i>San Pietro + in carcere</i>. It is situated not far from the ancient <i>forum Romanum</i>, + to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to + Sallust’s description, persons on entering had to go down a few + steps leading to the entrance of the <i>Tullianum</i>, a subterraneous + apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this + was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were + afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining <i>Scalae Gemoniae</i>. + The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullius + Hostilius. +<br><a class="bold" name="c313">[313]</a> ‘The roof is bound together by arches of stone,’ to make it strong, + for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c314">[314]</a> <i>Incultus</i>, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting ‘want of + cleanliness,’ ‘the absence of care.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c315">[315]</a> ‘Punishers of capital offences’ is only a paraphrase for + <i>carnifices</i>, ‘executioners.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c316">[316]</a> <i>Cornelius Lentulus</i> had been consul as early as B.C. 71, but the + year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on + account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the + senate, he caused himself to become praetor a second time in this + year, B.C. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is + mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the + baseness of his character is attested also by other authors. +<br><a class="bold" name="c317">[317]</a> The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was + Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian + rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat56">56.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c318">[318]</a> A regular military force is more commonly called <i>copiae</i>, but + the singular, <i>copia</i>, also occurs in the sense of ‘army,’ especially + when it consists of an irregular mass of troops. +<br><a class="bold" name="c319">[319]</a> <i>Cohortes complet</i> cannot mean in this passage, ‘he makes the + cohorts complete,’ for such a completeness (consisting of at least + 420 men) is incompatible with the addition <i>pro numero militum</i>, + ‘according to the number of his soldiers’ in each cohort was not the + usual number of a complete cohort. <i>Complet</i> refers to the number + of cohorts, ten of which made a legion. Translate therefore, ‘he + makes the full number of cohorts.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c320">[320]</a> <i>Duobus milibus</i>, Sallust might have said <i>duo milia</i>, with the + ellipsis of <i>quam</i> so customary with <i>plus</i>, <i>amplius</i>, and <i>minus</i>. + See Zumpt, § 485. +<br><a class="bold" name="c321">[321]</a> <i>Sparus</i> is said to be a wooden kind of weapon, resembling a + shepherd’s staff, turned at the top; and <i>lancea</i> a spear with + a handle in the middle. Both these weapons were not used by Roman + soldiers, for the latter, besides the short and broad <i>gladius</i>, + used the <i>pilum</i>, as long as a man is high, and as thick as a + fist, the upper end of which was strongly provided with iron, and + sometimes the <i>hasta</i>, which was still longer, and had an + iron point. +<br><a class="bold" name="c322">[322]</a> <i>L. Antonius</i>, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, B.C. 63. +<br><a class="bold" name="c323">[323]</a> <i>Servitia, cujus magnae copiae</i>; a singular construction, which + cannot be explained otherwise than by taking <i>cujus</i> as a neuter, + ‘slaves, <i>of which</i> large numbers flocked to him.’ This explanation, + however, is supported by the consideration that slaves were regarded + as things, and were designated by names of the neuter gender, as + <i>servitia</i>, <i>mancipia</i>. In ordinary language, we should say + <i>cujus generis</i>, ‘of which class of men.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c324">[324]</a> <i>Videri</i> for <i>se videri</i>, ‘he thought it contrary to his interest + to appear to have maintained the cause of citizens with the aid of + runaway slaves.’ Respecting the omission of the subject of the + infinitive when it is a personal pronoun, see Zumpt, § 605.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat57">57.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c325">[325]</a> The territory of Pistoria, in the north of Etruria, not far from + Faesulae, and to the north of Florentia, is in the Apennines. The + regular road from Pisae to Genoa, and thence across the Alps into + Transalpine Gaul, ran along the sea-coast. Cisalpine Gaul was + likewise protected against Catiline by Metellus, so that he could + reach his goal (Transalpine Gaul) only by mountain passes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c326">[326]</a> Antonius followed the bands of Catiline, which were not + inconvenienced by baggage, as they were fleeing (<i>in fuga</i>; that is, + <i>fugientes</i>). Antonius’s army marched on smoother roads, but had + to carry heavier baggage. From all this, we see why Antonius, though + not far from the enemy, yet could not reach him. Respecting the + adverb <i>utpote</i>, see Zumpt, § 271. <i>Utpote qui</i>, ‘the which,’ is + used as a conjunction for <i>quippe qui</i>, generally with the + subjunctive, and indicates the cause of the preceding statement.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat58">58.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c327">[327]</a> <i>Officere</i> is properly ‘to oppose,’ ‘obstruct,’ <i>aliquid alicui + rei</i>; then omitting the object (<i>aliquid</i>) with the dative alone, ‘to + be an obstacle to,’ or ‘to hinder,’ therefore, <i>officia famae tuae</i>, + ‘I oppose something to your fame.’ ‘Internal fear is a hindrance to + the ear,’ so that admonitions are either not heard at all, or do not + penetrate into the mind. +<br><a class="bold" name="c328">[328]</a> Catiline assigns the circumstance that he had expected aid and + succours from Rome itself, as the cause of his not having set out for + Gaul earlier, when he might have accomplished his end. <i>Opperior</i>, + ‘I wait for,’ or <i>expecto dum aliquis veniat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c329">[329]</a> <i>Quo in loco</i>, ‘in which situation.’ The preposition <i>in</i> might + have been omitted. See Zumpt, § 481. +<br><a class="bold" name="c330">[330]</a> <i>Egestas</i>, ‘want,’ with the genitive of the thing wanted, is of + rare occurrence for <i>inopia</i> or <i>penuria</i>. <i>Egestas</i> is commonly used + absolutely in the sense of ‘poverty,’ ‘neediness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c331">[331]</a> <i>Haec</i> is here used in the general sense of ‘these circumstances;’ + that is, this honourable but difficult war. This we must infer from + the <i>haec</i> following. +<br><a class="bold" name="c332">[332]</a> For the construction of <i>mutare</i>, see Zumpt, § 456. +<br><a class="bold" name="c333">[333]</a> <i>Quis</i> for <i>quibus</i>. <i>Ea</i>, not <i>id</i>. Zumpt, § 372. +<br><a class="bold" name="c334">[334]</a> ‘Give me courage,’ or ‘give me hope,’ for <i>hortari</i> is applied to + persons doing good things, and <i>admonere</i> to persons doing bad ones: + <i>hortamur properantem, admonemus cunctantem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c335">[335]</a> <i>Cavete — amittatis, neu trucidemeni</i> for <i>cavete, ne amittatis, + neve (neu) trucidemini</i>. See Zumpt, § 586.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat59">59.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c336">[336]</a> <i>Canere</i> is used in different ways: <i>tubicen canit signum</i>, ‘the + trumpeter blows the signal;’ <i>tubicen canit</i>, ‘the trumpeter blows + (his instrument);’ <i>signa canuntur</i>, ‘signals are blown’ or ‘given;’ + and lastly, <i>signa canunt</i>, ‘the signals sound.’ The last expression + is the one used in our passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="c337">[337]</a> <i>Rupe aspera</i>, &c. ‘For in accordance with the nature of the plain + between hills on the left-hand side, and on the right a rugged rock, + he drew up (only) eight cohorts in front.’ A simpler construction + would have been <i>et rupem asperam a dextra</i>, but the manuscripts are + decidedly in favour of the ablative, which must be considered as an + ablative absolute, and as forming a distinct clause. Other editions + have the correction <i>rupis aspera</i>, ‘the rough part of a rock’ + (<i>aspera</i> being the neut. plur.), but this is a poetical expression. + See Zumpt, § 435. +<br><a class="bold" name="c338">[338]</a> Literally, ‘The signals (<i>vexilla</i>) of the other cohorts he places + in the rear as a reserve, more closely together.’ <i>Signa</i> here + denotes the separate divisions of the troops; that is, the cohorts + and the three maniples in each cohort, which are distinguished from + one another by their flags or banners (<i>vexilla</i>). When an army was + drawn up in a spacious plain, a space was left between the several + divisions, but in this case, the plain being too narrow, there were + no such spaces. +<br><a class="bold" name="c339">[339]</a> ‘From among these who were drawn up as a reserve, he draws, for the + purpose of strengthening the van, all centurions, picked men (in + apposition), and the volunteers who had not been enlisted, as well as + the ablest of the common soldiers who were provided with arms.’ The + word <i>lectos</i> belonging to <i>centuriones</i>, shows that Catiline had + appointed to the office of centurions only chosen men who were + personally known to him as able soldiers. <i>Evocati</i> were those + soldiers in a Roman army who did not serve in the ranks of the other + common soldiers, but as a separate corps, and were exempt from + the ordinary military duties of standing as sentinels, making + fortifications, foraging, and the like. They derived their name from + the fact that they were invited (<i>evocare</i>) by the general to serve + in the army as volunteers; they, moreover, were generally more + advanced in years than the regular troops. +<br><a class="bold" name="c340">[340]</a> <i>Curare</i>, ‘to command.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c341">[341]</a> Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most + faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is, + the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates. + The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their + estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their + freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters. +<br><a class="bold" name="c342">[342]</a> <i>Pedibus aeger</i>. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian + of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to + be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline. +<br><a class="bold" name="c343">[343]</a> A <i>legatus</i>, in this sense (for it also means ‘ambassador’), + supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the + <i>imperium</i>. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with + the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the + number of legions which they had under their command. The office of + legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy, + generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the + senate appointed them on the proposal of the commander-in-chief. + When there were several legates, the commander-in-chief might + intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the + commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate. +<br><a class="bold" name="c344">[344]</a> <i>Tumulti</i> for <i>tumultus</i>, as <i>senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat60">60.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c345">[345]</a> <i>Ferentarii</i> are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with + javelins. +<br><a class="bold" name="c346">[346]</a> The banners being turned hostilely against one another. Respecting + <i>cum</i>, see Zumpt, § 473; for we also find <i>infestis signis + concurrere</i>, without <i>cum</i>, as an ablative of the instrument. +<br><a class="bold" name="c347">[347]</a> The <i>cohors praetoria</i> was a battalion which, in forming an army, + was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the bodyguard + of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in + contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it + to be. Under the emperors, the <i>cohortes praetoriae</i>, nine or + ten in number — the emperors having several armies under their + command — formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of + Rome.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat61">61.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c348">[348]</a> ‘There you might indeed have seen.’ See Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c349">[349]</a> In the centre of the army where they were drawn up. +<br><a class="bold" name="c350">[350]</a> <i>Adversa vulnera</i>, ‘wounds in the breast,’ or ‘in the front part + of the body’ generally. <i>Aversa vulnera</i>, on the other hand, are + ‘wounds in the back,’ such as are inflicted on cowards that run away. +<br><a class="bold" name="c351">[351]</a> <i>Quisquam</i> for <i>ullus</i>. See Zumpt, § 676. +<br><a class="bold" name="c352">[352]</a> <i>Juxta</i>, ‘equally little.’ They had spared the life of their + enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3 [<a href="#c194">note 194</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c353">[353]</a> These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not + in the regular way, for <i>gaudium</i> and <i>moeror</i> denote a joyous and sad + state of mind, ‘joy’ and ‘sadness;’ <i>laetitia</i> and <i>luctus</i> at the + same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief. + Accordingly, <i>laetitia</i> contrasts with <i>luctus</i>, and <i>gaudia</i> with + <i>moeror</i>. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing + contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, § 783.</P> + + + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="bj">C.</a> Sallustii Crispi</h2> + +<h2>Bellum Jugurthinum.</h2> + +<hr> + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug1">1</a>. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi +brevis<a class="sup" href="#j1">[1]</a> forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque +majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,<a class="sup" href="#j2">[2]</a> magisque naturae industriam +hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae +mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,<a class="sup" href="#j3">[3]</a> +abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe +probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere +cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates +corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper<a class="sup" href="#j4">[4]</a> usus, ubi per +socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas +accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.<a class="sup" href="#j5">[5]</a> +Quodsi<a class="sup" href="#j6">[6]</a> hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio +aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa<a class="sup" href="#j7">[7]</a> petunt; neque +regerentur<a class="sup" href="#j8">[8]</a> magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis<a class="sup" href="#j9">[9]</a> +procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug2">2</a>. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res +cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi<a class="sup" href="#j10">[10]</a> naturam +sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis +et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora +sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut +initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus +incorruptus<a class="sup" href="#j11">[11]</a> aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta +neque ipse habetur.<a class="sup" href="#j12">[12]</a> Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,<a class="sup" href="#j13">[13]</a> +qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt, +ceterum<a class="sup" href="#j14">[14]</a> ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura +mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim +tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug3">3</a>. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum +publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate<a class="sup" href="#j15">[15]</a> cupiunda videntur; quoniam +neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j16">[16]</a> +tuti aut eo magis honesti<a class="sup" href="#j17">[17]</a> sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut +parentes,<a class="sup" href="#j18">[18]</a> quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,<a class="sup" href="#j19">[19]</a> tamen +importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam, +aliaque hostilia portendant,<a class="sup" href="#j20">[20]</a> frustra autem niti,<a class="sup" href="#j21">[21]</a> neque aliud se +fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte<a class="sup" href="#j22">[22]</a> +quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido<a class="sup" href="#j23">[23]</a> tenet, potentiae paucorum decus +atque libertatem suam gratificari.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug4">4</a>. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno +usui est memoria rerum gestarum:<a class="sup" href="#j24">[24]</a> cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, +praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam<a class="sup" href="#j25">[25]</a> quis existimet memet +studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi +procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen +inertiae imponant: certe, quibus<a class="sup" href="#j26">[26]</a> maxima industria videtur salutare +plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego +temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi +nequiverint,<a class="sup" href="#j27">[27]</a> et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint, +profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei +mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei +publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,<a class="sup" href="#j28">[28]</a> P. Scipionem, +praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum +majorum imagines<a class="sup" href="#j29">[29]</a> intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem +accendi. Scilicet<a class="sup" href="#j30">[30]</a> non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese +habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore +crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam +adaequaverit.<a class="sup" href="#j31">[31]</a> At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,<a class="sup" href="#j32">[32]</a> quin +divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque<a class="sup" href="#j33">[33]</a> industria cum majoribus +suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,<a class="sup" href="#j34">[34]</a> qui antea per virtutem soliti +erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis +artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi<a class="sup" href="#j35">[35]</a> praetura et +consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica +sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. +Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget +taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug5">5</a>. Bellum scripturus sum,<a class="sup" href="#j36">[36]</a> quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege +Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit, +dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae +contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit, +uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed +priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad +cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.<a class="sup" href="#j37">[37]</a> Bello +Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem +nominis Romani<a class="sup" href="#j38">[38]</a> Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex +Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano<a class="sup" href="#j39">[39]</a> +cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara<a class="sup" href="#j40">[40]</a> rei militaris facinora +fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in +Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,<a class="sup" href="#j41">[41]</a> populus Romanus quascunque +urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae +bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem +fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa +fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit, +Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex +concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,<a class="sup" href="#j42">[42]</a> eodem cultu quo liberos suos +domi habuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug6">6</a>. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo +maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu<a class="sup" href="#j43">[43]</a> neque inertiae corrumpendum +dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum +aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus +esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras +primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui. +Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem +Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem +exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit, +vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat +eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi +cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,<a class="sup" href="#j44">[44]</a> quae +etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;<a class="sup" href="#j45">[45]</a> ad hoc studia +Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis +interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug7">7</a>. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque +insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat +Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum +objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello +Numantino<a class="sup" href="#j46">[46]</a> Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia +mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum +occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res +longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque +acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator +erat,<a class="sup" href="#j47">[47]</a> et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura, +praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam +claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis +maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis<a class="sup" href="#j48">[48]</a> est, et +proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum<a class="sup" href="#j49">[49]</a> ex +providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque +solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in +amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque +consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.<a class="sup" href="#j50">[50]</a> Huc accedebat +munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quîs rebus sibi multos ex +Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug8">8</a>. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles, +quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,<a class="sup" href="#j51">[51]</a> factiosi domi, +potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non +mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, +fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem, +Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio +dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum +magnifice pro contione<a class="sup" href="#j52">[52]</a> Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto +monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret +neu quibus<a class="sup" href="#j53">[53]</a> largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod +multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,<a class="sup" href="#j54">[54]</a> ultro illi et +gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum +pecunia praecipitem casurum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug9">9</a>. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum +sententia haec erat: ‘Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus +fuit, qnam rem tibi certo<a class="sup" href="#j55">[55]</a> scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus +est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem +pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo +Masinissa.’ Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris +imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus +flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est, +statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem +instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum +sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque +Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha +habuisse:<a class="sup" href="#j56">[56]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug10">10</a>. ‘Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in +meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob +beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.<a class="sup" href="#j57">[57]</a> Nam, ut alia +magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque +meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis +amicissimos<a class="sup" href="#j58">[58]</a> fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est, +postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. +Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni +fidem<a class="sup" href="#j59">[59]</a> moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, +beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere<a class="sup" href="#j60">[60]</a> +quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia +regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas; +officio et fide pariuntur.<a class="sup" href="#j61">[61]</a> Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut +quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis +regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia +parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos<a class="sup" href="#j62">[62]</a> +te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, +providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi +accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, +Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate<a class="sup" href="#j63">[63]</a> talem hunc virum, imitamini +virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam +genuisse.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug11">11</a>. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse +longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa +paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice +fecerant, reguli<a class="sup" href="#j64">[64]</a> in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis +disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et +jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat, +despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,<a class="sup" href="#j65">[65]</a> ne medius ex tribus, quod +apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati +concederet fatigatus<a class="sup" href="#j66">[66]</a> a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est. +Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias +res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam +per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem +Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis +annis<a class="sup" href="#j67">[67]</a> adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus +Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo +tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo +habere,<a class="sup" href="#j68">[68]</a> quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius +procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum +perficere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug12">12</a>. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter +dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis +constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad +pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius +alio<a class="sup" href="#j69">[69]</a> concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo +utebatur, qui proximus lictor<a class="sup" href="#j70">[70]</a> Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper +fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque, +uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas<a class="sup" href="#j71">[71]</a> paret +(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se +ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti +doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes +irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes +interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu +omnia miscere; quum<a class="sup" href="#j72">[72]</a> interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio +mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae +caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug13">13</a>. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur; +Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in +duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum +alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat, +urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae +imperare parat.<a class="sup" href="#j73">[73]</a> Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum +docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine +militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus +ex proelio profugit in provinciam<a class="sup" href="#j74">[74]</a> ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum +Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio +facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus +iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. +Itaque paucis diebus<a class="sup" href="#j75">[75]</a> cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit, +quîs praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde +novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne +cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus +aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna +munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in +gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii +praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo<a class="sup" href="#j76">[76]</a> nitebantur, ne gravius +in eum consuleretur.<a class="sup" href="#j77">[77]</a> Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die +constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum +accepimus:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug14">14</a>. ‘Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti +regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem<a class="sup" href="#j78">[78]</a> existimarem meam, ceterum jus +et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam +maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium<a class="sup" href="#j79">[79]</a> +loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, +munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, +Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,<a class="sup" href="#j80">[80]</a> sceleratissimus contempto +imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque +amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres +conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,<a class="sup" href="#j81">[81]</a> vellem potius ob mea +quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime +deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si +desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.<a class="sup" href="#j82">[82]</a> Sed quoniam parum tuta per se +ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j83">[83]</a> Jugurtha qualis foret, ad +vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor +prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a +vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram +appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi +amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda +erat.<a class="sup" href="#j84">[84]</a> Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem +Masinissae<a class="sup" href="#j85">[85]</a> frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil +causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, +fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes +expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi<a class="sup" href="#j86">[86]</a> prohibere injuriam neque +pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus +sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus +una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi +erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu +me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,<a class="sup" href="#j87">[87]</a> ut, quem tu +parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis +tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit!<a class="sup" href="#j88">[88]</a> semperne +in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, +jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes +omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti +pacem agitabamus, quippe quîs hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos +jussissetis.<a class="sup" href="#j89">[89]</a> Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia, +scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo +suo<a class="sup" href="#j90">[90]</a> interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post, +ubi me iisdem dolis non quit<a class="sup" href="#j91">[91]</a> capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum +expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,<a class="sup" href="#j92">[92]</a> domo, +inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius<a class="sup" href="#j93">[93]</a> quam in meo +regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem +audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos +multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos<a class="sup" href="#j94">[94]</a> esse. Quod +in familia nostra fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j95">[95]</a> praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset +vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres +conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham, +beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, +alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum +infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti +necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,<a class="sup" href="#j96">[96]</a> +propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros +alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars +bestiis objecti sunt;<a class="sup" href="#j97">[97]</a> pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in +tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.<a class="sup" href="#j98">[98]</a> Si +omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j99">[99]</a> +incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos +implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et +injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque +omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?<a class="sup" href="#j100">[100]</a> +nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam +infesti sunt?<a class="sup" href="#j101">[101]</a> An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum +hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui +aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres +conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne +foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia +fore; si huic imperio<a class="sup" href="#j102">[102]</a> fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse. +Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda<a class="sup" href="#j103">[103]</a> et +obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum +illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita +transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare<a class="sup" href="#j104">[104]</a> +vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me +verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam<a class="sup" href="#j105">[105]</a> +illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec +simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales +rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox +atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem +nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas +reddat.<a class="sup" href="#j106">[106]</a> Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo +et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,<a class="sup" href="#j107">[107]</a> tamen laetandum magis quam +dolendum puto casum tuum;<a class="sup" href="#j108">[108]</a> non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium, +egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul +amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, +rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias +persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque +potestas ex opibus alienis<a class="sup" href="#j109">[109]</a> pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis +honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis +injuriae concessissem.<a class="sup" href="#j110">[110]</a> Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet +sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos<a class="sup" href="#j111">[111]</a> atque parentes +vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam +injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et +sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.’<a class="sup" href="#j112">[112]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug15">15</a>. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis +quam causa freti, paucis respondent: ‘Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab +Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara +superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab +senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu +verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.’<a class="sup" href="#j113">[113]</a> Deinde utrique curia +egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea +magna pars gratia depravata,<a class="sup" href="#j114">[114]</a> Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae +virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro +alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra +pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum +Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex +omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus +potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is +postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in +tali re solet, ne polluta licentia<a class="sup" href="#j115">[115]</a> invidiam accenderet, animum a +consueta libidine continuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug16">16</a>. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam +anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa +obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis +princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia +consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam +nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.<a class="sup" href="#j116">[116]</a> Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in +inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando +multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,<a class="sup" href="#j117">[117]</a> postremo omnibus suis rebus +commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus, +plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione, +quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, +Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae +portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.<a class="sup" href="#j118">[118]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug17">17</a>. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes, +quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca +et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus +frequentata<a class="sup" href="#j119">[119]</a> sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera +quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte +tertia<a class="sup" href="#j120">[120]</a> Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed +Africam in Europa.<a class="sup" href="#j121">[121]</a>Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et +Oceani,<a class="sup" href="#j122">[122]</a> ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,<a class="sup" href="#j123">[123]</a> quem locum +Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum +fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria +aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque +senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud +saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui +mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo +inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, +diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis +dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus +terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.<a class="sup" href="#j124">[124]</a> Ceterum fides ejus rei penes +auctores erit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug18">18</a>. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quîs +cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque +moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua +nox coëgerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti +Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, +amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,<a class="sup" href="#j125">[125]</a> brevi +dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam +transvecti, proximos nostro mari<a class="sup" href="#j126">[126]</a> locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra +Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia +neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat; +mare magnum et ignara<a class="sup" href="#j127">[127]</a> lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per +connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros<a class="sup" href="#j128">[128]</a> +alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. +Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant, +oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem +et Armenii accessere Libyes<a class="sup" href="#j129">[129]</a> (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant, +Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida +habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant. +Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro +Medis<a class="sup" href="#j130">[130]</a> appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine +Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, +quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique<a class="sup" href="#j131">[131]</a> alteris +freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coëgere, nomen +gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, +quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior +pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque +imperantium concessere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug19">19</a>. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars +imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,<a class="sup" href="#j132">[132]</a> +Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim<a class="sup" href="#j133">[133]</a> aliasque urbes in ora maritima +condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis<a class="sup" href="#j134">[134]</a> +praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam<a class="sup" href="#j135">[135]</a> de Carthagine silere melius puto +quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad +Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari<a class="sup" href="#j136">[136]</a> +prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,<a class="sup" href="#j137">[137]</a> +interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,<a class="sup" href="#j138">[138]</a> quem locum Aegyptum +versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes. +Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri +sunt. Super Numidiam<a class="sup" href="#j139">[139]</a> Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios +incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis +ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines +Carthaginiensium, quos novissime<a class="sup" href="#j140">[140]</a> habuerant, populus Romanus +permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad +flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus +imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus<a class="sup" href="#j141">[141]</a> populi Romani, itemque +nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad +necessitudinem rei satis dictum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug20">20</a>. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra +timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex +amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et +illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, +in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem +petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens +magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu +invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia +incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni +multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum +Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore. +At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani +magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis +questum<a class="sup" href="#j142">[142]</a> misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius +tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea +secus<a class="sup" href="#j143">[143]</a> cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe +qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum +praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et +aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros +vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug21">21</a>. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum +esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius +procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum<a class="sup" href="#j144">[144]</a> utriusque +exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. +Sed ubi plerumque<a class="sup" href="#j145">[145]</a> noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites +Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,<a class="sup" href="#j146">[146]</a> +alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus +Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum<a class="sup" href="#j147">[147]</a> fuisset, quae Numidas +insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque +patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis +turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime +festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab +Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum +accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, +senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: ‘Velle et censere eos ab armis +discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita +seque illisque<a class="sup" href="#j148">[148]</a> dignum esse.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug22">22</a>. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum +proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur; +sed is rumor clemens erat.<a class="sup" href="#j149">[149]</a> Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione +respondit: ‘Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus +esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur; +virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes +ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo +plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus +tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset, +sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono +facturum,<a class="sup" href="#j150">[150]</a> si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus +rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.’ Ita utrique<a class="sup" href="#j151">[151]</a> digrediuntur. +Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug23">23</a>. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci +naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia +circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies +noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia +modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,<a class="sup" href="#j152">[152]</a> +prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas +fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria +rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam +profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac +miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad +proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa +efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec +fuit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug24">24</a>. ‘Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis +Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos +neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit. +Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus +teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta +auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha +scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei +miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego<a class="sup" href="#j153">[153]</a> illum supra quam ego sum petere, +neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius +existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem +meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae, +nihil ad vos.<a class="sup" href="#j154">[154]</a> Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos +imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti +fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo +moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae +antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem +verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui +essem,<a class="sup" href="#j155">[155]</a> non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et +crutiatus corporis deprecor.<a class="sup" href="#j156">[156]</a> Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti +libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per +amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug25">25</a>. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum +censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti +consuleretur,<a class="sup" href="#j157">[157]</a> quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis +regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,<a class="sup" href="#j158">[158]</a> ne tale decretum fieret. Ita +bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. +Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in +quîs fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in +senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis +obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad +Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime<a class="sup" href="#j159">[159]</a> ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum +ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem +Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, +metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni +paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus +rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita +circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere<a class="sup" href="#j160">[160]</a> nititur, maxime sperans, +diducta manu hostium<a class="sup" href="#j161">[161]</a> aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae +inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere +potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne +amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis +equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae +nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione +consumpta legati frustra discessere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug26">26</a>. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia +defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani +inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae +tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At +ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,<a class="sup" href="#j162">[162]</a> tamen quia penes +eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant +Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum +necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti +quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug27">27</a>. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta, +iidem illi ministri regis interpellando<a class="sup" href="#j163">[163]</a> ac saepe gratia, interdum +jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius, +tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, +populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae +scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus +dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi +senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia<a class="sup" href="#j164">[164]</a> provinciae +futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P. +Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia +obvenit;<a class="sup" href="#j165">[165]</a> deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur; +stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug28">28</a>. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum +ire<a class="sup" href="#j166">[166]</a> in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum +legatos mittit, hisque ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, +praecipit, omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Romam +adventabant,<a class="sup" href="#j167">[167]</a> senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legatos +Jugurthae recipi moenibus; iique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque deditum +venissent, uti in diebus proximis decem<a class="sup" href="#j168">[168]</a> Italia decederent. Consul +Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet; ita infectis rebus illi domum +discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, legat<a class="sup" href="#j169">[169]</a> sibi homines +nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore +sperabat; in quîs fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra<a class="sup" href="#j170">[170]</a> +memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et +corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepediebat; patiens laborum, acri +ingenio, satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula +et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,<a class="sup" href="#j171">[171]</a> +porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio, +paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales +et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug29">29</a>. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia temptare bellique quod +administrabat asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger avaritia<a class="sup" href="#j172">[172]</a> +facile conversus est. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum +assumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a principio,<a class="sup" href="#j173">[173]</a> plerisque ex factione +ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a +bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo +belli moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romae pretio aut +gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum accepit, +in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus +pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa mittitur a +consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam,<a class="sup" href="#j174">[174]</a> cujus rei +species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpurnius palam legatis +imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora induciae agitabantur.<a class="sup" href="#j175">[175]</a> Igitur +rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit, ac pauca praesenti consilio +locutus de invidia facti sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua +cum Bestia et Scauro secreta<a class="sup" href="#j176">[176]</a> transigit, dein postero die, quasi per +saturam sententiis exquisitis,<a class="sup" href="#j177">[177]</a> in deditionem accipitur. Sed uti pro +consilio<a class="sup" href="#j178">[178]</a> imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi +cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad +magistratus rogandos<a class="sup" href="#j179">[179]</a> proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro +pax agitabatur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug30">30</a>. Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent fama +divulgavit, Romae per omnes locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. +Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum +flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat.<a class="sup" href="#j180">[180]</a> Ac +maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a +vero bonoque impediebat. At G. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et +odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras +senatus contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem +publicam, ne libertatem suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia +facinora nobilitatis ostendere; prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum +accendebat. Sed quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia clara +pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus +perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in contione post reditum +Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis disseruit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug31">31</a>. ‘Multa me dehortantur a vobis,<a class="sup" href="#j181">[181]</a> Quirites, ni studium rei publicae +omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, +quod innocentiae plus periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget +dicere, his annis XV.<a class="sup" href="#j182">[182]</a> quam ludibrio fueritis superbiae paucorum, +quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri defensores, ut vobis animus ab +ignavia<a class="sup" href="#j183">[183]</a> atque socordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis +inimicis,<a class="sup" href="#j184">[184]</a> exsurgitis, atque etiamnunc timetis eos, quibus decet +terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis +potentiae animus subigit.<a class="sup" href="#j185">[185]</a> Certe ego libertatem, quae mihi a parente +meo tradita est, experiar; verum id frustra an ob rem<a class="sup" href="#j186">[186]</a> faciam, in +vestra manu situm est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saepe majores +vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil +secessione opus est: necesse est suomet ipsi more praecipites eant.<a class="sup" href="#j187">[187]</a> +Occisso Ti. Graccho, quem regnum parare ajebant, in plebem Romanam +quaestiones habitae sunt. Post G. Gracchi et M. Fulvi caedem item vestri +ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt; utriusque cladis non lex, +verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua +restituere; quicquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum +sit.<a class="sup" href="#j188">[188]</a> Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, +reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, penes eosdem +et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse; tamen haec talia facinora +impune suscepisse parum habuere.<a class="sup" href="#j189">[189]</a> Itaque postremo leges, majestas +vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui ea +fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per ora vestra<a class="sup" href="#j190">[190]</a> magnifici, +sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi +ea honori non praedae habeant. Servi aera parati injusta imperia +dominorum non perferunt; vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo animo +servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi qui rem publicam oocupavere? Homines +sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque +superbissimi, quibus fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque +inhonesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis, alii +quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro munimento +habent.<a class="sup" href="#j191">[191]</a> Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime<a class="sup" href="#j192">[192]</a> tutus est: +metum a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere;<a class="sup" href="#j193">[193]</a> quos omnes +eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coëgit.<a class="sup" href="#j194">[194]</a> Sed haec +inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quodsi tam vos libertatis +curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque +res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra<a class="sup" href="#j195">[195]</a> penes +optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et +majestatis constituendae gratia bis per secessionem armati Aventinum +occupavere,<a class="sup" href="#j196">[196]</a> vos pro libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa +ope nitemini?<a class="sup" href="#j197">[197]</a> atque eo vehementius, quo majus dedecus est parta +amittere quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: Quid igitur censes? +Vindicandum in eos,<a class="sup" href="#j198">[198]</a> qui hosti prodidere rem publicam? Non manu neque +vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum est, verum +quaestionibus<a class="sup" href="#j199">[199]</a> et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, qut si dediticius est, +profecto jussis vestris obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet +existimabitis, qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham +scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rem publicam +damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte<a class="sup" href="#j200">[200]</a> nondum etiam vos +dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et illa quam haec tempora magis +placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces, +postremo divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem, hoc est, +populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gentium, satis +habebatis animam retinere; nam servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare +audebat? Atque ego, tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune +injuriam accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, +quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, ni misericordia in perniciem +casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent,<a class="sup" href="#j201">[201]</a> parum est +impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, et vobis +aeterna sollicitudo remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse aut +permanus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut concordiae quae spes +est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse, facere illi injurias, vos +prohibere; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis +utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? Quare +moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus +aerarii factus est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae, quae quamquam +gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo +prodita senatus auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum, domi militiaeque +res publica venalis fuit. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in +noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes +vivamus? Nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem<a class="sup" href="#j202">[202]</a> esse. Neque ego +vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam recte +fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum eatis.<a class="sup" href="#j203">[203]</a> Ad hoc in re +publica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii immemorem esse;<a class="sup" href="#j204">[204]</a> +bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si +injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug32">32</a>. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicundo Memmius populo persuadet, +uti L. Cassius, qui tum praetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur eumque +interposita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri +et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant,<a class="sup" href="#j205">[205]</a> delicta +patefierent. Dum haec Romae geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia +exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui plurima et +flagitiosissima facinora fecere. Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos +Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas +agebant; tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At +Cassius, perlata rogatione<a class="sup" href="#j206">[206]</a> a G. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate, +ad Jugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia diffidenti +rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam +misericordiam ejus experiri mallet. Privatim praeterea fidem suam +interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat; talis ea +tempestate fama de Cassio erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug33">33</a>. Igitur Jugurtha contra decus regium cultu quam maxime miserabili cum +Cassio Romam venit. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus +ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra +diximus, G. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impudentia +contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At G. Memmius, advocata +contione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars in vincula duci +jubebat, pars, ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste +supplicium sumi; dignitati quam irae magis consulens, sedare motus et +animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare, fidem publicam per sese<a class="sup" href="#j207">[207]</a> +inviolatam fore. Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba +facit; Romae Numidiaeque<a class="sup" href="#j208">[208]</a> facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem +fratresque ostendit. Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit, +quamquam intellegat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo +habere. Si verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem +illi sitam; sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore,<a class="sup" href="#j209">[209]</a> sed se suasque +spes corrupturum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug34">34</a>. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicundi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus +est, G. Baebius, tribunus plebis, quem pecunia corruptum supra diximus, +regem tacere jubet, ac tametsi multitudo, quae in contione aderat, +vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis +omnibus, quae ira fieri amat,<a class="sup" href="#j210">[210]</a> vicit tamen impudentia. Ita populus +ludibrio habitus ex contione discedit: Jugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris, +quos illa quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt.<a class="sup" href="#j211">[211]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug35">35</a>. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae +filius, Masinissae nepos; qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae +adversus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa +abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio +Rufo consulatum gerebat,<a class="sup" href="#j212">[212]</a> persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae +sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat,<a class="sup" href="#j213">[213]</a> regnum +Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi moveri quam +senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia +evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis +satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et +timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat, +pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac +maxime<a class="sup" href="#j214">[214]</a> occulte, sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam interficiat. +Bomilcar mature regis mandata exequitur, et per homines talis negotii +artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca atque tempora cuncta +explorat, deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. Igitur unus ex eo +numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius Massivam +aggreditur; illum obtruncat, sed ipse deprehensus, multis hortantibus et +in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.<a class="sup" href="#j215">[215]</a> Fit reus magis ex +aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romam fide +publica venerat. At Jugurtha manifestus<a class="sup" href="#j216">[216]</a> tanti sceleris non prius +omisit contra verum niti, quam animum advertit,<a class="sup" href="#j217">[217]</a> supra gratiam atque +pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex +amicis quinquaginta vades dederat,<a class="sup" href="#j218">[218]</a> regno magis quam vadibus +consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne reliquos +populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum +foret. Et ipse paucis diebus<a class="sup" href="#j219">[219]</a> eodem profectus est, jussus a senatu +Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur saepe eo tacitus +respiciens postremo dixisse: ‘urbem venalem et mature perituram, si +emptorem invenerit.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug36">36</a>. Interim Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium aliaque, quae +militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare; ac statim ipse +profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus<a class="sup" href="#j220">[220]</a> haud longe aberat, armis +aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra Jugurtha +trahere omnia et alias deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri +deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne +sui diffiderent, instare; ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem +ludificare.<a class="sup" href="#j221">[221]</a> Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis +existimarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum +socordia magis quam dolo crederent.<a class="sup" href="#j222">[222]</a> Sed postquam dilapso tempore +comitiorum dies adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore +relicto Romam decessit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug37">37</a>. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res publica +agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus +collegis, continuare magistratum<a class="sup" href="#j223">[223]</a> nitebantur, quae dissensio totius +anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro +praetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut +terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capiundae, milites mense Januario ex +hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, +pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quamquam et +saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque obsideri poterat +(nam circum murum situm in praerupti montis extremo planities limosa +hiemalibus aquis paludem fecerat<a class="sup" href="#j224">[224]</a>), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo +regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi +potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui +forent, properare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug38">38</a>. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus +augere amentiam, missitare<a class="sup" href="#j225">[225]</a> supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi +vitabundus per saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum +spe pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones sese +veluti cedentem insequeretur; ‘ita delicta occultiora fore.’ Interea per +homines callidos die noctuque exercitum temptabat; centuriones ducesque +turmarum partim uti transfugerent corrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti +desererent.<a class="sup" href="#j226">[226]</a> Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de +improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani, +perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars +territos confirmare, trepidare<a class="sup" href="#j227">[227]</a> omnibus locis; vis magna hostium, +coelum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps,<a class="sup" href="#j228">[228]</a> postremo +fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos +paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum duabus turmis +Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transiere ad regem,<a class="sup" href="#j229">[229]</a> et +centurio primi pili<a class="sup" href="#j230">[230]</a> tertiae legionis per munitionem, quam uti +defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae +cuncti irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proximum +collem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum hostes, quo minus victoria +uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in +colloquio verba facit: ‘tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clausum +tenet,<a class="sup" href="#j231">[231]</a> tamen se memorem humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret, +incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum,<a class="sup" href="#j232">[232]</a> praeterea uti diebus decem +Numidia decederet.’ Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, +quia mortis metu mutabantur,<a class="sup" href="#j233">[233]</a> sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug39">39</a>. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus atque maeror civitatem +invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum +timere libertati,<a class="sup" href="#j234">[234]</a> Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe +praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem +quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde +periculum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim +exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino<a class="sup" href="#j235">[235]</a> auxilia +accersere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat, +decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri. Consul +impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret, +paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur; nam omnis exercitus, uti +convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, +quamquam persequi Jugurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animo ardebat, +cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia atque +lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum<a class="sup" href="#j236">[236]</a> statuit sibi nihil agitandum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug40">40</a>. Interim Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis rogationem ad +populum promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha +senati decreta neglexisset,<a class="sup" href="#j237">[237]</a> quique ab eo in legationibus aut +imperiis pecunias accepissent, qui elephantos quique perfugas +tradidissent, item qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones +fecissent. Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia +pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, quin illa et +alia talia placere sibi faterentur,<a class="sup" href="#j238">[238]</a> occulte per amicos ac maxime per +homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed +plebes incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit quantaque vi +rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit: magis odio nobilitatis, cui +mala illa parabantur, quam cura rei publicae; tanta libido in partibus +erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestiae +fuisse supra docuimus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida +etiamtum civitate quum ex Mamili regatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, +effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.<a class="sup" href="#j239">[239]</a> Sed quaestio exercita +aspere violenterque ex<a class="sup" href="#j240">[240]</a> rumore et libidine plebis; ut saepe +nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia +ceperat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug41">41</a>. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus factionum,<a class="sup" href="#j241">[241]</a> ac deinde +omnium malarum artium paucis ante annis Romae ortus est otio atque +abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt.<a class="sup" href="#j242">[242]</a> Nam ante +Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter +se rem publicam tractabant, neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen +inter cives erat; metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. +Sed ubi illa formido mentibus decessit, scilicet<a class="sup" href="#j243">[243]</a> ea, quae res +secundae amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis +rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit. +Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, populus libertatem in libidinem +vertere, sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes +abstracta sunt, res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum +nobilitas factione magis pollebat, plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in +multitudine minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, +penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique +erant; populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; praedas bellicas +imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes aut parvi liberi +militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.<a class="sup" href="#j244">[244]</a> +Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et +vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa +praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram +gloriam injustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio +civilis quasi permixtio terrae<a class="sup" href="#j245">[245]</a> oriri coepit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug42">42</a>. Nam postquam Tiberius et G. Gracchus, quorum majores Punico atque +aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in +libertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque +eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites +Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus +obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem +ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis +deducendis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.<a class="sup" href="#j246">[246]</a> Et sane Gracchis +cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit: sed bono vinci +satius est quam malo more injuriam vincere.<a class="sup" href="#j247">[247]</a> Igitur ea victoria +nobilitas ex libidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga extinxit, +plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res +plerumque magnas civitates pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis +modo et victos acerbius<a class="sup" href="#j248">[248]</a> ulcisci volunt. Sed de studiis partium et +omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem +disserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret.<a class="sup" href="#j249">[249]</a> Quamobrem ad +inceptum redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug43">43</a>. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam, Metellus et +Silanus consules designati,<a class="sup" href="#j250">[250]</a> provincias inter se partiverant, +Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et quamquam adverso populi +partium,<a class="sup" href="#j251">[251]</a> fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum +magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, +quod gesturus erat, animum intendit.<a class="sup" href="#j252">[252]</a> Igitur diffidens veteri +exercitui, milites scribere, praesidia<a class="sup" href="#j253">[253]</a> undique accersere, arma, +tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc commeatum +affatim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui +esse solent. Ceteram ad ea patranda senatus auctoritate, socii nomenque +Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo +studio adnitebatur. Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis +compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum propter +artes bonas, tum maxime, quod adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat, +et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes +contusae<a class="sup" href="#j254">[254]</a> hostiumque auctae erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug44">44</a>. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino pro +consule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua +quam manu promptior, praedator<a class="sup" href="#j255">[255]</a> ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium, +sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis +moribus sollicitudinis quam ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae +accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus<a class="sup" href="#j256">[256]</a> +comitiorum mora imminuerat, et expectatione eventus civium animos +intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere quam majorum disciplina +milites laborare coëgisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade +perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, quantum temporis +aestivorum in imperio fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j257">[257]</a> plerumque milites stativis castris +habebat, nisi quum odos<a class="sup" href="#j258">[258]</a> aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. +Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari vigiliae deducebantur; uti +cuique libebat, ab signis aberat: lixae permixti cum militibus die +noctuque vagabantur; palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et +mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus<a class="sup" href="#j259">[259]</a> +vino advectitio et aliis talibus; praeterea frumentum publice datum +vendere, panem in dies mercari; postremo, quaecunque dici aut fingi +queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, ea in illo exercitu cuncta fuere et +alia amplius.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug45">45</a>. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus hostilibus +magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior; tanta temperantia inter +ambitionem<a class="sup" href="#j260">[260]</a> saevitiamque moderatum: namque edicto primum adjumenta +ignaviae sustulisse, ne quisquam in castris panem aut quem alium coctum +cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in +castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet; ceteris arte modum +statuisse.<a class="sup" href="#j261">[261]</a> Praeterea transversis itineribus cotidie castra movere, +juxta ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras +ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine in primis modo, +modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, +uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita +prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug46">46</a>. Interea Jugurtha, ubi quae Metellus agebat ex nuntiis accepit, simul +de innocentia ejus certior Romae factus, diffidere suis rebus ac tum +demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum +suppliciis<a class="sup" href="#j262">[262]</a> mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, +alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis +cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum +avidum esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur,<a class="sup" href="#j263">[263]</a> ac +paulatim temptando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo +persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime<a class="sup" href="#j264">[264]</a> vivum, sin id parum procedat, +necatum sibi traderent; ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent,<a class="sup" href="#j265">[265]</a> +regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus intento atque infesto +exercitu in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena +hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis et mapalibus +praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum +portare, postremo omnia, quae imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus +idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, +late explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere et insidiis +locum temptari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et +sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat, in postremo G. Marius +legatus cum equitibus curabat, in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites +tribunis legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his +permixti velites, quocunque accederent equitatus<a class="sup" href="#j266">[266]</a> hostium, +propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et +militiae erat, ut absens an praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior +esset, in incerto haberetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug47">47</a>. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum +Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime +celebratum,<a class="sup" href="#j267">[267]</a> ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis +multi mortales. Huc consul simul temptandi gratia, et si paterentur, +opportunitate loci, praesidium imposuit;<a class="sup" href="#j268">[268]</a> praeterea imperavit +frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare,<a class="sup" href="#j269">[269]</a> ratus id quod +res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum et +jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius +modo<a class="sup" href="#j270">[270]</a> legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam +liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul +illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat, regi pacem quam postulabat +neque abnuere neque polliceri et inter eas moras promissa legatorum +exspectare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug48">48</a>. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit ac se suis artibus +temptari animadvertit, quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re +bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, +animi popularium temptati, coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis +certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex +opportunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium generum parat ac +per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit.<a class="sup" href="#j271">[271]</a> Erat in ea parte +Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie, +nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme milia passuum viginti tractu +pari,<a class="sup" href="#j272">[272]</a> vastus ab natura et humano cultu. Sed ex eo medio quasi collis +oriebatur, in immensum pertingens,<a class="sup" href="#j273">[273]</a> vestitus oleastro ac murtetis +aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso<a class="sup" href="#j274">[274]</a> gignuntur. +Media autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua +loca; ea consita arbustis, pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug49">49</a>. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere porrectum docuimus, +Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,<a class="sup" href="#j275">[275]</a> consedit, elephantis et parti +copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet, quae ageret; ipse +propior montem<a class="sup" href="#j276">[276]</a> cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos +collocat. Dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque +obtestatur, uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque +suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant; cum iis certamen fore, quos antea +victos sub jugum miserint; ducem illis, non animum mutatum; quae ab +imperatore decuerint,<a class="sup" href="#j277">[277]</a> omnia suis provisa, locum superiorem, ut +prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus aut rudes cum bello +melioribus manum consererent; proinde parati intentique essent signo +dato Romanos invadere; illum diem aut omnes labores et victorias +confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum initium fore. Ad hoc viritim, uti +quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere +beneficii sui et eum ipsum aliis ostentare; postremo pro cujusque ingenio +pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium alio modo excitare; quum +interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu +conspicitur,<a class="sup" href="#j278">[278]</a> primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet (nam +inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant, neque plane occultati +humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,<a class="sup" href="#j279">[279]</a> quidnam esset, cum natura loci +tum dolo ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis +insidiis paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus,<a class="sup" href="#j280">[280]</a> in +dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem +instruxit, inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum +omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus aciem, +sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis<a class="sup" href="#j281">[281]</a> in planum deducit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug50">50</a>. Sed ubi Numidas quietos neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex +anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium +legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen, +uti locum castris antecaperet, existimans hostes crebro impetu et +transversis proeliis<a class="sup" href="#j282">[282]</a> iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis +diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum temptaturos.<a class="sup" href="#j283">[283]</a> Deinde ipse +pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere, Marium +post principia habere, ipse cum sinistrae alae equitibus esse, qui in +agmine principes facti erant.<a class="sup" href="#j284">[284]</a> At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen +Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum milium +peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus +adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dein repente signo dato +hostes invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere, pars a sinistra ac +dextera temptare, infensi adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Romanorum +ordines conturbare, quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus +fuerant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur, neque +contra feriundi aut conserendi manum copia erat; ante jam docti ab +Jugurtha equites, ubicunque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non +confertim neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime +diversi. Ita numero priores,<a class="sup" href="#j285">[285]</a> si ab persequendo hostes deterrere +nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant; sin +opportunior fugae collis quam campi fuerat, ea<a class="sup" href="#j286">[286]</a> vero consueti +Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et +insolentia loci retinebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug51">51</a>. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda atque +miserabilis; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi, neque signa neque +ordines observare, ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac +propulsare, arma tela,<a class="sup" href="#j287">[287]</a> equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti, nihil +consilio neque imperio agi, fors omnia regere: itaque multum diei +processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique omnibus +labore et aestu languidis, Metellus ubi videt Numidas minus instare, +paulatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit et cohortes +legionarias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars +superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari milites, ne +deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes vincere; neque illis<a class="sup" href="#j288">[288]</a> +castra esse neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent, in armis +omnia sita. Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire, +hortari, renovare proelium et ipse cum delectis temptare omnia, subvenire +suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando +retinere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug52">52</a>. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri certabant, ipsi pares, +ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus +adversus, Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani, +ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi +fieri (et jam diei<a class="sup" href="#j289">[289]</a> vesper erat) adverse colle, sicuti praeceptum +fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere, +plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j290">[290]</a> Interea +Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab +Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi cum Rutilius praetergressus est, paulatim +suos in aequum locum deducit ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus +erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat, neque +remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret,<a class="sup" href="#j291">[291]</a> explorare. Postquam Rutilium +consedisse jam et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio +clamorem augeri, veritus, ne legatus cognita re laborantibus suis auxilio +foret, aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat,<a class="sup" href="#j292">[292]</a> quo +hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra +procedit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug53">53</a>. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt; nam prospectum +ager arbustis consitus prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento +agitari, post ubi aequabilem manere et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis +magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re properantes arma capiunt ac pro +castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, +utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in +elephantis auxilium putant,<a class="sup" href="#j293">[293]</a> postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum +atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt ac plerique +abjectis armis collis aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio integri abeunt. +Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes numero quadraginta interfecti. At +Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi +lassique<a class="sup" href="#j294">[294]</a> erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, +instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languidi +neque remissi patiebatur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul +inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent,<a class="sup" href="#j295">[295]</a> alteri apud +alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, et paene imprudentia +admissum<a class="sup" href="#j296">[296]</a> facinus miserabile, ni utrimque praemissi equites rem +exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum, milites alius +alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt, sua quisque fortia +facta ad coelum fert. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel +ignavis gloriari licet, adversae res etiam bonos detractant.<a class="sup" href="#j297">[297]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug54">54</a>. Metellus in iisdem castris quatriduo<a class="sup" href="#j298">[298]</a> moratus, saucios cum cura +reficit, meritos in proeliis more militiae donat, universos in contione +laudat atque agit gratias; hortatur ad cetera, quae levia sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j299">[299]</a> +parem animum gerant; pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores +pro praeda fore. Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha +ubi gentium<a class="sup" href="#j300">[300]</a> aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an exercitum +haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca +saltuosa et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum numero +hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam +belli cultorem.<a class="sup" href="#j301">[301]</a> Id ea gratia<a class="sup" href="#j302">[302]</a> eveniebat, quod praeter regios +equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus +fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae ducitur; ita se mores +habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, +bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset,<a class="sup" href="#j303">[303]</a> +praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento illos +vinci quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio +more bellum gerundum. Itaque in Numidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros +vastat, multa castella et oppida temere<a class="sup" href="#j304">[304]</a> munita aut sine praesidio +capit incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum praedam +esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et +alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita, ubicunque res postulabat, +praesidium impositum. Quae negotia multo magis quam proelium male +pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant; quippe cui spes omnis in fuga sita +erat, sequi cogebatur, et qui sua loca<a class="sup" href="#j305">[305]</a> defendere nequiverat, in +alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex copia<a class="sup" href="#j306">[306]</a> quod optimum videbatur +consilium capit, exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet, ipse +cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus +ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique inermes +cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus profugit, et Numidae, +priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles +discedunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug55">55</a>. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque +et exercitum more majorum gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute +fuisset hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum<a class="sup" href="#j307">[307]</a> ex Auli +socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coëgisset habere. Itaque +senatus ob ea felicitur acta dis immortalibus supplicia<a class="sup" href="#j308">[308]</a> decernere, +civitas trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu laeta agere, fama de +Metello praeclara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus +modis festinare, cavere tamen, necubi<a class="sup" href="#j309">[309]</a> hosti opportunus fieret, +meminisse post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo clarior, eo magis anxius +erat, neque post insidias Jugurthae<a class="sup" href="#j310">[310]</a> effuso exercitu praedari; ubi +frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium +agitabant; exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis +quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra +faciebant; ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterum, quo fuga atque +formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles +sequi, tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere; qua venturum hostem audierat, +pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere; modo se +Metello, interdum Mario ostendere, postremo in agmine temptare ac statim +in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, neque proelium +facere neque otium pati, tantummodo hostem ab incepto retinere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug56">56</a>. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt neque ab hoste copiam +pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam et in ea parte qua sita erat arcem regni, +nomine Zamam,<a class="sup" href="#j311">[311]</a> statuit oppugnare, ratus id quod negotium poscebat +Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum ibique proelium fore. At +ille, quae parabantur a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum +antevenit, oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant, additis auxilio +perfugis, quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum +erat. Praeterea pollicetur in tempore<a class="sup" href="#j312">[312]</a> semet cum exercitu affore. Ita +compositis rebus in loca quam maxime occulta discedit ac post paulo +cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam +missum, quod oppidum primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat. +Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit et jam egredientibus Romanis in +porta pugnam facit; simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, uti cohortes ab +tergo circumveniant; fortunam illis praeclari facinoris casum dare; si id +fecerint, postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem +acturos. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavisset, +profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent; tanta +mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege +sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes urguent, paucis amissis profugi +discedunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug57">57</a>. Marius ad Zamam pervenit; id oppidum in campo situm, magis opere quam +natura munitum erat, nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. +Igitur Metellus pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus cuncta moenia +exercitu circumvenit, legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret. Deinde signo +dato undique simul clamor ingens oritur; neque ea res Numidas terret, +infensi intentique sine tumultu manent; proelium incipitur. Romani, pro +ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare; alii succedere +ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium in manibus +facere.<a class="sup" href="#j313">[313]</a> Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pila, +praeterea pice et sulfure taedam mixtam ardenti<a class="sup" href="#j314">[314]</a> mittere. Sed ne +illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat; nam +plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant, parique periculo, +sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug58">58</a>. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum +magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,<a class="sup" href="#j315">[315]</a> et omnia magis +quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu +perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma +capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non +amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo +quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela +eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;<a class="sup" href="#j316">[316]</a> sin +Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero<a class="sup" href="#j317">[317]</a> virtutem ostendere et eos +maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime +rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo +animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse. +Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium +cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem +publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve +hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha +munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, +alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in +loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, +in castra cum exercitu revertitur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug59">59</a>. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum +omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet, +portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum +atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto +repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi +perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere +quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu +facerent;<a class="sup" href="#j318">[318]</a> quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi, +dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare +aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug60">60</a>. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut +tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,<a class="sup" href="#j319">[319]</a> neque alius in alio magis quam +in sese<a class="sup" href="#j320">[320]</a> spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare +omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor +permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum +ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes +paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant, +eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos +animadverteres,<a class="sup" href="#j321">[321]</a> ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,<a class="sup" href="#j322">[322]</a> +monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,<a class="sup" href="#j323">[323]</a> +et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi +Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac +diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu<a class="sup" href="#j324">[324]</a> regis proelium +visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,<a class="sup" href="#j325">[325]</a> repente magna vi murum +aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum +oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri +primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui +supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci +integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium +nox diremit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug61">61</a>. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque +Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem +exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se<a class="sup" href="#j326">[326]</a> +defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit; +ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi +gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae +concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per +amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem, +qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece +judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi +erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se +colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum +aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua +omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,<a class="sup" href="#j327">[327]</a> tum +metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad +supplicium traderetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug62">62</a>. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem +fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando +sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus +proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos, +regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et +fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo<a class="sup" href="#j328">[328]</a> cunctante Numidae sibi +consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. +Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent +ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere. +Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet, +eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more +majorum<a class="sup" href="#j329">[329]</a> ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti +pondo<a class="sup" href="#j330">[330]</a> ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum +aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas +vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum +primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur +Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad +imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,<a class="sup" href="#j331">[331]</a> rursus coepit flectere animum suum et +ex mala conscientia digna<a class="sup" href="#j332">[332]</a> timere. Denique multis diebus per +dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello +potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in +servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam +perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis +consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.<a class="sup" href="#j333">[333]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug63">63</a>. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti, +magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo +agitabat,<a class="sup" href="#j334">[334]</a> fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, +cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido +exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia +abunde erant,<a class="sup" href="#j335">[335]</a> industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus +belli<a class="sup" href="#j336">[336]</a> ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, +tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini +altus,<a class="sup" href="#j337">[337]</a> ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, +non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter +artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum +militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,<a class="sup" href="#j338">[338]</a> facile +notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post +alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut +ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum<a class="sup" href="#j339">[339]</a> talis +vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non +audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se +per manus tradebat.<a class="sup" href="#j340">[340]</a> Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis +erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug64">64</a>. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido +animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem<a class="sup" href="#j341">[341]</a> rogat. Cui +quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,<a class="sup" href="#j342">[342]</a> tamen +inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque +primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam +monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non +omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo +caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam +haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi +primum potuisset per negotia publica,<a class="sup" href="#j343">[343]</a> facturum sese, quae peteret. +Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire; +satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore +contubernio patris<a class="sup" href="#j344">[344]</a> ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti; +quae res Marium cum pro<a class="sup" href="#j345">[345]</a> honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum +vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, +grassari,<a class="sup" href="#j346">[346]</a> neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo +ambitiosum<a class="sup" href="#j347">[347]</a> foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore +imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo +Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars +exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis +habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis<a class="sup" href="#j348">[348]</a> et regiae +superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora +videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo +cupienti nihil satis festinatur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug65">65</a>. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda, +Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum +heredem<a class="sup" href="#j349">[349]</a> scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum +imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item +postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat, +honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset, +praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos<a class="sup" href="#j350">[350]</a> foret, si equites Romani +satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque +hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori<a class="sup" href="#j351">[351]</a> cum suo auxilio poenas petat; +hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum +regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut +occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo<a class="sup" href="#j352">[352]</a> mature +posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum +et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores<a class="sup" href="#j353">[353]</a> alios ipse, plerosque +pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de +bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus +honestissima suffragatione<a class="sup" href="#j354">[354]</a> consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate +plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,<a class="sup" href="#j355">[355]</a> novos extollebat. Ita +Mario cuncta procedere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug66">66</a>. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna +cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se +defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,<a class="sup" href="#j356">[356]</a> communire +suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut +commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis +erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta +agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, +praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate +alienati,<a class="sup" href="#j357">[357]</a> principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti +plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque +discordiosum<a class="sup" href="#j358">[358]</a> erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. +Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is +festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam +formidinem ostentabat.<a class="sup" href="#j359">[359]</a> Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque +militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium +domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant; +postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die<a class="sup" href="#j360">[360]</a> ac sine +imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii +studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus +tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug67">67</a>. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum +facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, +praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc +mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum<a class="sup" href="#j361">[361]</a> saxa et alia, quae locus +praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,<a class="sup" href="#j362">[362]</a> neque a +fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique, +strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate, +saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus +ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an +pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in +tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque +videtur.<a class="sup" href="#j363">[363]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug68">68</a>. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e +conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima +cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam +plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos +educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam +planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos +itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia<a class="sup" href="#j364">[364]</a> docet oppidum Vagam non +amplius mille passuum<a class="sup" href="#j365">[365]</a> abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo +animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, +poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum +arrectis, equites in primo<a class="sup" href="#j366">[366]</a> late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa +occultare jubet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug69">69</a>. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, +uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros +vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum +Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque +repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas +festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam +lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas +magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.<a class="sup" href="#j367">[367]</a> Turpilius, quem +praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a +Metello causam dicere,<a class="sup" href="#j368">[368]</a> postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus +verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug70">70</a>. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam +metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas +res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare +animum;<a class="sup" href="#j369">[369]</a> denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, +hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui +plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus +erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant;<a class="sup" href="#j370">[370]</a> ex +quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis +statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa +ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne +ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.<a class="sup" href="#j371">[371]</a> Is postquam magnitudine facinoris +perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,<a class="sup" href="#j372">[372]</a> Bomilcar +simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere +consilio novum quaereret,<a class="sup" href="#j373">[373]</a> litteras ad eum per homines fideles +mittit, in quîs mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare,<a class="sup" href="#j374">[374]</a> testari deos, +per quos juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret; +Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id +modo agitari;<a class="sup" href="#j375">[375]</a> proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum +mallet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug71">71</a>. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,<a class="sup" href="#j376">[376]</a> forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore +fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, +deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,<a class="sup" href="#j377">[377]</a> somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam +negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi +novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex +consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum +introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere +positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem +pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit<a class="sup" href="#j378">[378]</a> +et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, +postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae +ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;<a class="sup" href="#j379">[379]</a> lacrimans +obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super<a class="sup" href="#j380">[380]</a> +tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug72">72</a>. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,<a class="sup" href="#j381">[381]</a> placide respondit. +Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum +cognoverat, interfectis iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio +seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum Jugurthae dies aut +nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut +tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, circumspectare +omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco +saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno +excitus arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi +vecordia exagitari.<a class="sup" href="#j382">[382]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug73">73</a>. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto<a class="sup" href="#j383">[383]</a> ex +perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat +festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et +offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, +litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo +de ambobus acceperant.<a class="sup" href="#j384">[384]</a> Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, +invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; +ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua +moderata.<a class="sup" href="#j385">[385]</a> Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum +omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,<a class="sup" href="#j386">[386]</a> Marii virtutem in majus +celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, +quorum res fidesque<a class="sup" href="#j387">[387]</a> in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus +frequentarent Marium<a class="sup" href="#j388">[388]</a> et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. +Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus +mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem +vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus +paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.<a class="sup" href="#j389">[389]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug74">74</a>. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse +necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum<a class="sup" href="#j390">[390]</a> +profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum +fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius +incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum +satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum +hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in +armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; +ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente +sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore +parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae +affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo +congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto +numero;<a class="sup" href="#j391">[391]</a> hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus +proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j392">[392]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug75">75</a>. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo<a class="sup" href="#j393">[393]</a> rebus suis diffidens cum +perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in +oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus +multus pueritiae cultus<a class="sup" href="#j394">[394]</a> erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, +quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta, +loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus +oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam +vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi +frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea<a class="sup" href="#j395">[395]</a> +portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti +pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta +ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam +Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque, +ubi praesto fuerint,<a class="sup" href="#j396">[396]</a> praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam +oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad +Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis +praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa +vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo<a class="sup" href="#j397">[397]</a> exercitui satis superque foret. +Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova +deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis +usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis +immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad +Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos +crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum +parare; idem nostri facere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug76">76</a>. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,<a class="sup" href="#j398">[398]</a> quippe qui omnia, +arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem +industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu +profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus +simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, +quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex +opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul +oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia +circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia<a class="sup" href="#j399">[399]</a> maxime idoneis vineas agere, +aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros +tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil +reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque +fatigati,<a class="sup" href="#j400">[400]</a> post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo +potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus +feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae +prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati, +illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus +poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.<a class="sup" href="#j401">[401]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug77">77</a>. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum +venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem +quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem +neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in +summo periculo suam salutem, illorum<a class="sup" href="#j402">[402]</a> socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam +inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam +miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata, +semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque +imperata nave<a class="sup" href="#j403">[403]</a> fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, +adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug78">78</a>. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob +discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter +duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in +extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae +praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,<a class="sup" href="#j404">[404]</a> alia in tempestate +vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum +arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis +simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.<a class="sup" href="#j405">[405]</a> Ejus civitatis lingua +modo<a class="sup" href="#j406">[406]</a> conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica, +quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem +agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug79">79</a>. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non +indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium +memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.<a class="sup" href="#j407">[407]</a> Qua tempestate Carthaginienses +pleraeque Africae imperitabant,<a class="sup" href="#j408">[408]</a> Cyrenenses quoque magni atque +opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque +mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque +bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe +fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne +mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias +sponsionem faciunt,<a class="sup" href="#j409">[409]</a> uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo +in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis +haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis +erat, maturavere iter pergere,<a class="sup" href="#j410">[410]</a> Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id +socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis +tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.<a class="sup" href="#j411">[411]</a> Nam ubi per loca +aequalia et nuda gignentium<a class="sup" href="#j412">[412]</a> ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea +magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito +morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob +rem corruptam<a class="sup" href="#j413">[413]</a> domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante +tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,<a class="sup" href="#j414">[414]</a> denique omnia malle quam +victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam, +peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,<a class="sup" href="#j415">[415]</a> ut vel illi, +quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi<a class="sup" href="#j416">[416]</a> vivi obruerentur, vel eadem +condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione +probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti. +Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique +illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug80">80</a>. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum +putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad +Gaetulos,<a class="sup" href="#j417">[417]</a> genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum +nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit +ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria +facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus +promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus +impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius +proniusque<a class="sup" href="#j418">[418]</a> fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam +miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto +bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quîs omnia honesta atque +inhonesta vendere mos erat.<a class="sup" href="#j419">[419]</a> Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi +nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia +singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures +habent, sed reges eo amplius.<a class="sup" href="#j420">[420]</a> Ita animus multitudine distrahitur, +nulla pro socia obtinet,<a class="sup" href="#j421">[421]</a> pariter omnes viles sunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug81">81</a>. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum<a class="sup" href="#j422">[422]</a> exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide +data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes +injustos, profunda avaritia,<a class="sup" href="#j423">[423]</a> communes omnium hostes esse; eandem +illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus, +libidinem imperitandi, quîs<a class="sup" href="#j424">[424]</a> omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,<a class="sup" href="#j425">[425]</a> +paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque +opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus +dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam +captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta +urbe<a class="sup" href="#j426">[426]</a> operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, +proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem +imminuere,<a class="sup" href="#j427">[427]</a> ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug82">82</a>. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti +saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam +facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur, +melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, +excommodo<a class="sup" href="#j428">[428]</a> pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit +provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quîs +rebus supra bonum atque honestum<a class="sup" href="#j429">[429]</a> perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere +neque moderari linguam;<a class="sup" href="#j430">[430]</a> vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter +aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii<a class="sup" href="#j431">[431]</a> bonum +ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex +manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii +quam injuria sua<a class="sup" href="#j432">[432]</a> excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si +adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug83">83</a>. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae<a class="sup" href="#j433">[433]</a> videbatur alienam +rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine +causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum<a class="sup" href="#j434">[434]</a> magnam copiam +societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam +opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;<a class="sup" href="#j435">[435]</a> +omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;<a class="sup" href="#j436">[436]</a> non in ejusdem +potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, +licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo +consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea +rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae +fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,<a class="sup" href="#j437">[437]</a> omnia conventura. +Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare +partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis +tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug84">84</a>. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe<a class="sup" href="#j438">[438]</a> consul factus, +postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus +nobilitati, tum vero multus<a class="sup" href="#j439">[439]</a> atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo +universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia +cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, +quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum, +auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio +fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et +ambiundo cogere<a class="sup" href="#j440">[440]</a> homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque +illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; +ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia +volenti<a class="sup" href="#j441">[441]</a> putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi +amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi +plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum +rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,<a class="sup" href="#j442">[442]</a> et eos non paulum +oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, +decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti +consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo +disseruit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug85">85</a>. ‘Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis +petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, +modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi +contra ea videtur; nam<a class="sup" href="#j443">[443]</a> quo pluris est universa res publica quam +consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti +debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio<a class="sup" href="#j444">[444]</a> negotii +sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam +eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter +invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.<a class="sup" href="#j445">[445]</a> +Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, +cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio +adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et +innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, +omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene +facta rei publicae procedunt,<a class="sup" href="#j446">[446]</a> nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. +Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra +sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula +consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti +accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est +in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; +mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex +consuetudine in naturam vertit.<a class="sup" href="#j447">[447]</a> Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha +jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum +animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo +nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris +prosapiae<a class="sup" href="#j448">[448]</a> ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in +tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo +monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem +jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, +qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria +praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri +tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.<a class="sup" href="#j449">[449]</a> Comparate nunc, Quirites, +cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, +eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego +militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. +Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis +probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium +existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.<a class="sup" href="#j450">[450]</a> Ac si jam ex +patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni +maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos +voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant<a class="sup" href="#j451">[451]</a> idem majoribus suis, +quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo +invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec +illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi +vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae +illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae +voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu +verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia +facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita +illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita +se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque +mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei<a class="sup" href="#j452">[452]</a> ego inopiam fateor. +Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet<a class="sup" href="#j453">[453]</a> facta mihi +dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi +arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo +et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam +acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere +velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo +vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non +placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.<a class="sup" href="#j454">[454]</a> Nam me +quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera +necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed +quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum +negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum +sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus +majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, +phaleras, alia militaria dona,<a class="sup" href="#j455">[455]</a> praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. +Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa +illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt +composita mea verba; parum id facio;<a class="sup" href="#j456">[456]</a> ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; +illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras +Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem +doctoribus nihil profuerunt.<a class="sup" href="#j457">[457]</a> At illa multo optima rei publicae +doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,<a class="sup" href="#j458">[458]</a> nihil metuere nisi +turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem +tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, +neque illos arte colam,<a class="sup" href="#j459">[459]</a> me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem +illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per +mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,<a class="sup" href="#j460">[460]</a> id est dominum, non +imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque +publicam celebravere.<a class="sup" href="#j461">[461]</a> Quîs nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, +nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi +debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. +Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, +memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola +neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, +quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris +pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.<a class="sup" href="#j462">[462]</a> Quae mihi libet confiteri, +Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, +munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere +plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. +Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;<a class="sup" href="#j463">[463]</a> +ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in +conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem +et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum +noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum +praemia ereptum eunt.<a class="sup" href="#j464">[464]</a> Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae +artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae +cladi sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j465">[465]</a> Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum +flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium +de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus +Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,<a class="sup" href="#j466">[466]</a> avaritiam, imperitiam atque +superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis +strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum +attrita est.<a class="sup" href="#j467">[467]</a> Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini +mecum et capessite rem publicam,<a class="sup" href="#j468">[468]</a> neque quemquam ex calamitate +aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in +proelio consultor idem<a class="sup" href="#j469">[469]</a> et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque +vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.<a class="sup" href="#j470">[470]</a> Et profecto dis juvantibus +omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul +essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.<a class="sup" href="#j471">[471]</a> Etenim +nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti +aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. +Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis +abunde dictum puto.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug86">86</a>. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos +videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; +cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites +scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido +erat, capite censos plerosque.<a class="sup" href="#j472">[472]</a> Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii +per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus +auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque +opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,<a class="sup" href="#j473">[473]</a> quippe quae nulla sunt, et +omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto<a class="sup" href="#j474">[474]</a> +majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus +Uticam<a class="sup" href="#j475">[475]</a> advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam +Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus +tolerare nequiverat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug87">87</a>. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum +fertilem et praeda onustum<a class="sup" href="#j476">[476]</a> proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus +donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; +proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi +milites sine metu pugnae adesse,<a class="sup" href="#j477">[477]</a> videre fugientes capi aut occidi, +fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et +alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi +veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de +adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita +Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos +sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.<a class="sup" href="#j478">[478]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug88">88</a>. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem<a class="sup" href="#j479">[479]</a> suam laetissimis +animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta +carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter +attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare +itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se +remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex +sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, +ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.<a class="sup" href="#j480">[480]</a> Quae +postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi<a class="sup" href="#j481">[481]</a> cognovit, statuit urbes, +quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae +erant,<a class="sup" href="#j482">[482]</a> singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis +nudatum,<a class="sup" href="#j483">[483]</a> si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus +nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab +se hostile timeret.<a class="sup" href="#j484">[484]</a> Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior +accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum +exploratum est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug89">89</a>. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim +vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo +mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus +venturum.<a class="sup" href="#j485">[485]</a> Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum +accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.<a class="sup" href="#j486">[486]</a> Erat inter +ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,<a class="sup" href="#j487">[487]</a> +cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham +immunes,<a class="sup" href="#j488">[488]</a> levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti +adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo +magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, +inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum<a class="sup" href="#j489">[489]</a> vis sicuti +omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa +perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium +maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera +videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud +dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus +aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi +aqua;<a class="sup" href="#j490">[490]</a> ceterâ pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae +procul a mari incultius agebat,<a class="sup" href="#j491">[491]</a> eo facilius tolerabatur, quia +Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque +alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque +sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug90">90</a>. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas +difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti +inopia temptabatur,<a class="sup" href="#j492">[492]</a> quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo +student,<a class="sup" href="#j493">[493]</a> et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita +contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam +aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter +exornat;<a class="sup" href="#j494">[494]</a> pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, +equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum +cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum +locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem +venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug91">91</a>. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas +<br><a class="bold" name="j495">[495]</a> aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat; +simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui +forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium +effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque, +uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus +sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam +tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit; +idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in +locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum<a class="sup" href="#j496">[496]</a> milium intervallo; ibique +quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies +coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente +omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam +et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque +milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res +trepidae,<a class="sup" href="#j497">[497]</a> metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra +moenia in hostium potestate, coëgere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum +oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati, +praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque +scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis +aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio +neque metu coërcitum.<a class="sup" href="#j498">[498]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug92">92</a>. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit, +magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene +consulta in virtutem trahebantur,<a class="sup" href="#j499">[499]</a> milites modesto imperio habiti +simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere, +postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse +aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.<a class="sup" href="#j500">[500]</a> Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, +ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta +propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia +complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento, +aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,<a class="sup" href="#j501">[501]</a> ceterum +haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod +Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons +saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno +perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia<a class="sup" href="#j502">[502]</a> natura velut opere atque +consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, +summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta. +Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,<a class="sup" href="#j503">[503]</a> et +fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus +importunus, iter castellanorum<a class="sup" href="#j504">[504]</a> angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum. +Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo +processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere +consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo +administrare;<a class="sup" href="#j505">[505]</a> optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus +augeri.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug93">93</a>. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum +animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam +opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies +noctesque aestuans<a class="sup" href="#j506">[506]</a> agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,<a class="sup" href="#j507">[507]</a> ex cohortibus +auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab +latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter +saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures +peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus +est.<a class="sup" href="#j508">[508]</a> Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido +difficilia faciundi animum vertit.<a class="sup" href="#j509">[509]</a> Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex +coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in +altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo +eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,<a class="sup" href="#j510">[510]</a> quod +cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.<a class="sup" href="#j511">[511]</a> Exploratis omnibus, +quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, +sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta +edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet; +pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa +ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;<a class="sup" href="#j512">[512]</a> quorum uti cujusque ingenium +erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen +paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque +quam velocissimos delegit,<a class="sup" href="#j513">[513]</a> et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor +centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem +constituit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug94">94</a>. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad +locum pergit.<a class="sup" href="#j514">[514]</a> Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce, +arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus +nisusque per saxa facilius foret;<a class="sup" href="#j515">[515]</a> super terga gladii et scuta, verum +ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius +streperent.<a class="sup" href="#j516">[516]</a> Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate +radices eminebant,<a class="sup" href="#j517">[517]</a> laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites +facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu, +ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, +deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur, +potissimus temptare,<a class="sup" href="#j518">[518]</a> ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein +statim digrediens,<a class="sup" href="#j519">[519]</a> ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque +fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes +sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae +Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas +habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus, +testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et +funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum +subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro +muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam +objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus +feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, +magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute +certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri, +qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat, +postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani +instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum +corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam +omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa +invenit.<a class="sup" href="#j520">[520]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug95">95</a>. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in +castra venit, quos<a class="sup" href="#j521">[521]</a> uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus +erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,<a class="sup" href="#j522">[522]</a> idoneum visum est de +natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus +dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res +dixere, persecutus,<a class="sup" href="#j523">[523]</a> parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur +Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum +ignavia,<a class="sup" href="#j524">[524]</a> litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque +doctissime,<a class="sup" href="#j525">[525]</a> eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae +cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas +remorata, nisi quod<a class="sup" href="#j526">[526]</a> de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus, +callidus et amicitia facilis;<a class="sup" href="#j527">[527]</a> ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii +incredibilis;<a class="sup" href="#j528">[528]</a> multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque +illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam +fortuna fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j529">[529]</a> multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam +postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug96">96</a>. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in +castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, +sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus<a class="sup" href="#j530">[530]</a> factus est. Ad hoc +milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare +beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, +ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,<a class="sup" href="#j531">[531]</a> ut illi quam plurimi +deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine +atque ad vigilias multus adesse,<a class="sup" href="#j532">[532]</a> neque interim, quod prava ambitio +solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque +consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quîs rebus +et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug97">97</a>. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi +utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, +quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. +Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes +trahere,<a class="sup" href="#j533">[533]</a> rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique +Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, +aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus +Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu +conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte +die<a class="sup" href="#j534">[534]</a> reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi +munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,<a class="sup" href="#j535">[535]</a> quia locorum +scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem +fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi +hostes aderant<a class="sup" href="#j536">[536]</a> et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas +colligere, denique antequam signum<a class="sup" href="#j537">[537]</a> aut imperium ullum accipere +quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, +sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; +qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma +capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos +ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio<a class="sup" href="#j538">[538]</a> magis quam proelio +similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; +caedere alios, alios obtruncare;<a class="sup" href="#j539">[539]</a> multos, contra adversos acerrime +pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, +quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani +veteres novique et ob ea<a class="sup" href="#j540">[540]</a> scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus +conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et +instructi hostium vim sustentabant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug98">98</a>. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea +demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam +familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis +succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu +consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. +Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,<a class="sup" href="#j541">[541]</a> +atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum +Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus +esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris +parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna +parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.<a class="sup" href="#j542">[542]</a> Ceterum apud +aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos +milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,<a class="sup" href="#j543">[543]</a> in unum contrahit, dein +cunctos pleno gradu<a class="sup" href="#j544">[544]</a> in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate +coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, +utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris +ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, +strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro<a class="sup" href="#j545">[545]</a> +victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis +facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug99">99</a>. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum +silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, +canere,<a class="sup" href="#j546">[546]</a> deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo +ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, +legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere +atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu +repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut +providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo +subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi +vecordia ceperat.<a class="sup" href="#j547">[547]</a> Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa +militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus +interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug100">100</a>. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter +commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria +socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium +quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,<a class="sup" href="#j548">[548]</a> in +sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea +cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis +tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari<a class="sup" href="#j549">[549]</a> et regionum scientissimi, +hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,<a class="sup" href="#j550">[550]</a> omnia +providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus +intentusque, item milites cogebat;<a class="sup" href="#j551">[551]</a> neque secus, atque iter facere, +castra munire,<a class="sup" href="#j552">[552]</a> excubitum in porta<a class="sup" href="#j553">[553]</a> cohortes ex legionibus, pro +castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in +munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, +quae<a class="sup" href="#j554">[554]</a> imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore +labos volentibus esset.<a class="sup" href="#j555">[555]</a> Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus +Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo<a class="sup" href="#j556">[556]</a> exercitum coërcebat; quod +multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam +duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi +tamen<a class="sup" href="#j557">[557]</a> res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore +gesta.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug101">101</a>. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul +speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.<a class="sup" href="#j558">[558]</a> +Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem +significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo +ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham +spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex +omnibus aeque<a class="sup" href="#j559">[559]</a> aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, +quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime +confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,<a class="sup" href="#j560">[560]</a> ceteri in loco +manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus +venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum +peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in +itinere morati, affuerant,<a class="sup" href="#j561">[561]</a> postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum +Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. +Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites +convertit;<a class="sup" href="#j562">[562]</a> ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat: +‘nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;’ simul +gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso +pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate +rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in +perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum +Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum<a class="sup" href="#j563">[563]</a> ierat, rediens ab latere +Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare +suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab +equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus<a class="sup" href="#j564">[564]</a> occisis, solus inter tela hostium +vitabundus<a class="sup" href="#j565">[565]</a> erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit +auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. +Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi +capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere +posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia, +qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus +infecta sanguine.<a class="sup" href="#j566">[566]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug102">102</a>. Post ea loci<a class="sup" href="#j567">[567]</a> consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum +Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.<a class="sup" href="#j568">[568]</a> Eo post diem quintum quam +iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis +verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de +suo et de populi Romani commodo<a class="sup" href="#j569">[569]</a> cum iis disserere. Ille statim L. +Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen +placuit<a class="sup" href="#j570">[570]</a> verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent +aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae, +non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus:</P> + +<P>‘Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere, +uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium +Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam +necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi. +Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos +quaerere; tutiusque rati<a class="sup" href="#j571">[571]</a> volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi +vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in +quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod +parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis +fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo +Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus +es.<a class="sup" href="#j572">[572]</a> Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet +placuisse<a class="sup" href="#j573">[573]</a> et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per +illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna +habes,<a class="sup" href="#j574">[574]</a> quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus +tuum demitte,<a class="sup" href="#j575">[575]</a> nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam +bello quid valeat, tute scis.’</P> + +<P>Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba +facit: ‘Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam +Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,<a class="sup" href="#j576">[576]</a> jure belli suam +factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam +legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,<a class="sup" href="#j577">[577]</a> si +per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.’ Dein, copia facta,<a class="sup" href="#j578">[578]</a> +animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae +et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug103">103</a>. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis<a class="sup" href="#j579">[579]</a> composito, cum +expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola, +obsessum turrim<a class="sup" href="#j580">[580]</a> regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium +imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis +venerant,<a class="sup" href="#j581">[581]</a> seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha +reliquerat,<a class="sup" href="#j582">[582]</a> ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et +fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si +placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli +componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum +proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi +spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in +expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.<a class="sup" href="#j583">[583]</a> Eos ille non pro +vanis hostibus,<a class="sup" href="#j584">[584]</a> uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter +habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob +munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota +erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,<a class="sup" href="#j585">[585]</a> dona omnia in +benignitate habebantur.<a class="sup" href="#j586">[586]</a> Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt; +simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem, +magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae<a class="sup" href="#j587">[587]</a> +esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, +quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies +quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug104">104</a>. Marius postquam confecto negotio, quo intenderat, Cirtam redit, de +adventu legatorum certior factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet,<a class="sup" href="#j588">[588]</a> +item L. Bellienum praetorum Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii +ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi Romam +fit ab consule; interea induciae postulabantur. Ea<a class="sup" href="#j589">[589]</a> Sullae et +plerisque placuere; pauci ferocius decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum +rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur.<a class="sup" href="#j590">[590]</a> Ceterum +Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti cum Gn. Octavio Rufo,<a class="sup" href="#j591">[591]</a> +qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat; duo ad regem redeunt. Ex +his Bocchus quum cetera, tum maxime benignitatem et studium Sullae libens +accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam errasse regem et Jugurthae scelere +lapsura deprecati sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j592">[592]</a> amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo +respondetur:</P> + +<P>‘Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esse solet. +Ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam facit;<a class="sup" href="#j593">[593]</a> foedus et +amicitia dabantur, quum meruerit.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug105">105</a>. Quîs rebus cognitis Bocchus per litteras a Mario petivit, uti Sullam +ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.<a class="sup" href="#j594">[594]</a> +Is missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium;<a class="sup" href="#j595">[595]</a> +praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, +itineris properandi causa, neque his secus atque aliis armis adversum +tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. Sed in itinere quinto denique +die Volux filius Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non +amplius<a class="sup" href="#j596">[596]</a> equitibus sese ostendit, qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae +aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero et hostilem metum efficiebant. +Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela temptare, intendere,<a class="sup" href="#j597">[597]</a> +timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, +quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praemissi rem uti +erat<a class="sup" href="#j598">[598]</a> quietam nuntiant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug106">106</a>. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque se a patre Boccho +obviam illis simul et praesidio missum. Deinde eum et proximum diem sine +metu conjuncti eunt. Post ubi castra locata et diei vesper erat; repente +Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit dicitque sibi ex +speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse; simul, uti noctu +clam secum profugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat se +toties fusum Numidam pertimescere; virtuti suorum satis credere;<a class="sup" href="#j599">[599]</a> +etiamsi certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius quam proditis, quos +ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae +vitae parceret.<a class="sup" href="#j600">[600]</a> Ceterum ab eodem monitus, uti noctu +proficiscerentur, consilium approbat, ac statim milites coenatos esse, in +castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi +jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus Sulla pariter cum ortu +solis castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter +duum milium intervallo ante eos<a class="sup" href="#j601">[601]</a> consedisse. Quod postquam auditum +est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit; credere se proditos a Voluce +et insidiis circumventos. Ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum neque +apud illum tantum scelus inultum relinquendum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug107">107</a>. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen ab injuria Maurum +prohibet;<a class="sup" href="#j602">[602]</a> suos hortatur, uti fortem animum gererent; saepe ante +paucis strenuis<a class="sup" href="#j603">[603]</a> adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in +proelio minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore, nec quemquam decere, qui +manus armaverit, ab inermis<a class="sup" href="#j604">[604]</a> pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu +nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere. Deinde Volucem, quoniam +hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidiae +Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille lacrimans orare, ne +ea crederet; nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui +videlicet speculanti iter suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque +ingentem multitudinem haberet et spes opesque ejus ex patre suo +penderent, credere illum nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse filius testis +adesset; quare optimum factu<a class="sup" href="#j605">[605]</a> videri per media ejus castra palam +transire; sese vel praemissis vet ibidem relictis Mauris solum cum Sulla +iturum. Ea res ut in tali negotio<a class="sup" href="#j606">[606]</a> probata; ac statim profecti, quia +de improviso acciderant,<a class="sup" href="#j607">[607]</a> dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, incolumes +transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug108">108</a>. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, multum et familiariter +agebat, praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, +orator<a class="sup" href="#j608">[608]</a> et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia; praeterea Dabar, +Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno genere impar +(nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingenii multa bona +carus acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante +tempestatibus expertus illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit paratum sese +facere, quae populus Romanus vellet; colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse +delegeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;<a class="sup" href="#j609">[609]</a> neu +Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius +gereretur;<a class="sup" href="#j610">[610]</a> nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri<a class="sup" href="#j611">[611]</a> nequivisse. Sed +ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide<a class="sup" href="#j612">[612]</a> quam ob ea, quae +praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque cum +animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis an illi Sullam traderet; +libidinem<a class="sup" href="#j613">[613]</a> adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug109">109</a>. Igitur Sulla respondit, pauca coram Aspare locuturum, cetera occulte +aut nullo aut quam paucissimis praesentibus; simul edocet, quae sibi +responderentur. Postquam sicuti voluerat congressi, dicit se missum a +consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. Tum +rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decimum redire jubet, ac nihil +etiamnunc<a class="sup" href="#j614">[614]</a> decrevisse, sed illo die responsurum. Dein ambo in sua +castra digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho +occulte accersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur, +praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus.<a class="sup" href="#j615">[615]</a> +Ac statim sic rex incipit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug110">110</a>. ‘Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus in hac terra et omnium, +quos novi, privato homini<a class="sup" href="#j616">[616]</a> gratiam deberem. Et mehercule, Sulla, ante +te cognitum multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius +indigui.<a class="sup" href="#j617">[617]</a> Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor; fuerit +mihi eguisse<a class="sup" href="#j618">[618]</a> aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud animum meum nihil +carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet:<a class="sup" href="#j619">[619]</a> arma, viros, pecuniam, +postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere; et quoad vives, nunquam tibi +redditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra<a class="sup" href="#j620">[620]</a> erit; denique +nihil me sciente frustra voles. Nam, ut ego aestimo, regem armis quam +munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum est.<a class="sup" href="#j621">[621]</a> Ceterum de re publica +vestra, cujus curator huc missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo +Romano neque feci neque factum umquam volui:<a class="sup" href="#j622">[622]</a> fines meos adversum +armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet; gerite +quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me et +Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque id intrare Jugurtham sinam. Praeterea +si quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis.<a class="sup" href="#j623">[623]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug111">111</a>. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et de communibus +rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, ‘quod polliceatur, +senatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in +gratiam habituros;<a class="sup" href="#j624">[624]</a> faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua +rettulisse videretur; id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam +haberet; quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, ut illi plurimum deberetur; +amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro +adventuram.’<a class="sup" href="#j625">[625]</a> Rex primo negitare;<a class="sup" href="#j626">[626]</a> affinitatem, cognationem, +praeterea foedus intervenisse; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus +popularium animos averteret, quîs et Jugurtha carus et Romani invisi +erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate Sullae omnia se +facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus Numida defessus +bello avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita composito dolo +digrediuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug112">112</a>. At rex postero die Asparem Jugurthae legatum appellat dicitque sibi +per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse condicionibus bellum poni;<a class="sup" href="#j627">[627]</a> +quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret. Ille laetus in castra +Jugurthae venit; dein ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere post diem +octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei denuntiat, ‘Jugurtham cupere omnia, quae +imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere; saepe antea cum +imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam<a class="sup" href="#j628">[628]</a> frustra fuisse. Ceterum +Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una +ab omnibus quasi de pace in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam +traderet; quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,<a class="sup" href="#j629">[629]</a> tum fore, uti +jussu senatus populique Romani foedus fieret, neque hominem nobilem non +sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam<a class="sup" href="#j630">[630]</a> in hostium potestate relictum iri.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug113">113</a>. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo an +vere cunctatus, parum comperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut +vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae.<a class="sup" href="#j631">[631]</a> Postea tempore +et loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam +modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem ambobus +polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, +quae proxima fuit ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis +ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris,<a class="sup" href="#j632">[632]</a> dicitur secum ipse +multa agitavisse, vultu <a class="sup" href="#j633">[633]</a> corporis pariter atque animo varius, quae +scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam +accersi jubet et ex ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi +dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul abesse, cum paucis +amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum +facillimum visu insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis +suis inermis, uti dictum erat,<a class="sup" href="#j634">[634]</a> accedit ac statim, signo dato, +undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullae +vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.<a class="sup" href="#j635">[635]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug114">114</a>. Per idem tempus<a class="sup" href="#j636">[636]</a> adversura Gallos ab ducibus nostris Q. Caepione +et Gn. Manlio male pugnatum; quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. +Illique<a class="sup" href="#j637">[637]</a> et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere, alia +omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria, +certare.<a class="sup" href="#j638">[638]</a> Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum et Jugurtham +Romam vinctum adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus et ei +decreta provincia Gallia; isque Kalendis Januariis<a class="sup" href="#j639">[639]</a> magna gloria +consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo +sitae.</P> + + +<hr> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Bellum Jugurthinum</i></h3> + +<h4><a href="#jug1">1.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j1">[1]</a> <i>Aevi brevis</i>, ‘of short duration.’ <i>Aevum</i>, in the sense of <i>aetas</i>, + is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period; + whence the common expression <i>medium aevum</i>, ‘the middle ages,’ is + not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j2">[2]</a> <i>Invenias</i>; supply <i>quam naturam humanam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j3">[3]</a> <i>Grassatur</i>, the same as <i>ingreditur</i>, ‘advances towards;’ but + <i>grassari</i> has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence + it is often used to mark the progress of something bad. +<br><a class="bold" name="j4">[4]</a> <i>Paulisper</i>, ‘for a short time.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j5">[5]</a> <i>Auctores</i> contains a whole clause — ‘every one transfers his own + fault, <i>though he himself is the author of it</i>, to circumstances;’ + that is, to the things which he himself has done. +<br><a class="bold" name="j6">[6]</a> <i>Quodsi</i>, ‘if, however.’ Zumpt, § 807. +<br><a class="bold" name="j7">[7]</a> ‘And at the same time very dangerous.’ In many cases one feels + inclined to assign to the adverb <i>multum</i> the meaning of ‘often,’ + but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="j8">[8]</a> <i>Regerentur</i>; supply <i>casibus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j9">[9]</a> <i>Eo magnitudinis</i>; that is, <i>ad eam magnitudinem</i>, ‘to that + greatness.’ See Zumpt, § 434.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug2">2.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j10">[10]</a> According to the common arrangement of words, it would be <i>alia + corporis, alia animi</i>; but Sallust abandons this order just because + it is common. For the same reason he prefers <i>alii — pars</i> to + <i>alii — alii</i>. <i>Naturam corporis</i> (or <i>animi</i>) <i>sequuntur</i>, ‘they + follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and + mind.’ Regarding the change of <i>anima</i> into <i>animus</i>, it must be + observed that <i>anima</i> is ‘the soul,’ the seat and basis of <i>animus</i> + (mind), which is the activity of the <i>anima</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j11">[11]</a> ‘But the mind is not subject to corruption’ (that is, to dissolution + and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix + in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually + expressed by adjectives ending in <i>ilis</i> or <i>bilis</i>; as <i>invictus + miles</i>, an invincible soldier. +<br><a class="bold" name="j12">[12]</a> ‘The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;’ that + is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase, + <i>εχω, ουκ εχομαι</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j13">[13]</a> <i>Admirari</i> signifies not only ‘to admire,’ but also ‘to wonder,’ at + anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense + it is the same as <i>mirari</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j14">[14]</a> Respecting <i>ceterum </i> as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt, + § 349.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug3">3.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j15">[15]</a> <i>Hac tempestate</i>, the same as <i>hoc tempore</i>. Sallust frequently uses + <i>tempestas</i> in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints + in such dark colours — namely, the period after the murder of Caesar, + in B.C. 44 — was an agitated and stormy one. +<br><a class="bold" name="j16">[16]</a> ‘Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,’ + <i>quibus honos contigit</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j17">[17]</a> <i>Honestus</i>, ‘honoured,’ or ‘honourable;’ for <i>honestus</i> (from + <i>honor</i>) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office, + and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken + of were <i>honesti</i> in the first, but not in the second sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j18">[18]</a> It might seem doubtful as to whether <i>parentes</i> here means ‘obeying + persons’ — that is, subjects of the Roman state — or ‘kinsmen,’ + ‘relatives.’ We believe the latter to be the case, because to control + subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust + elsewhere also combines <i>patria et parentes</i> (<a href="#cat6"><i>Catil.</i> 6</a>, <a href="#jug87"><i>Jug.</i> 87</a>), + thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal <i>civitas</i>, which is + to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen + by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word <i>importunus</i> + properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or + tyrant. +<br><a class="bold" name="j19">[19]</a> ‘Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes + in the state’ — whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government + may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been + the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with <i>quamquam</i>, + because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an + indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare + Zumpt, § 831, 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="j20">[20]</a> <i>Portendere</i> is here the same as ‘to bring with one’s self,’ or ‘to + be followed by.’ It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes + in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at + the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of + injustice and crime. +<br><a class="bold" name="j21">[21]</a> <i>Frustra niti</i>, ‘to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements), + if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme + folly.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j22">[22]</a> <i>Nisi forte</i>, ‘unless perhaps’ — which surely cannot be the case + with any sensible man. Respecting this use of <i>nisi forte</i>, + expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, § 526. +<br><a class="bold" name="j23">[23]</a> <i>Libido — gratificari</i>, ‘the inclination to gratify;’ for <i>libido + tenet</i> is only a paraphrase for <i>libet</i>. This statement is striking, + and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to + sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of + pleasing persons in power.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug4">4.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j24">[24]</a> <i>Memoria rerum gestarum</i>, ‘the recording of events ;’ that is, the + writing of history, the usefulness (<i>virtus</i>) of which is + acknowledged. +<br><a class="bold" name="j25">[25]</a> The words <i>per insolentiam</i> belong to <i>laudando extollere</i>, + and the meaning is, ‘that no one may believe me to extol my own + occupation with excessive praise.’ <i>Per insolentiam</i> is the same as + <i>insolenter</i>, <i>per</i> expressing manner. +<br><a class="bold" name="j26">[26]</a> ‘At least <i>those</i> to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,’ &c. + Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the + relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, § 765. +<br><a class="bold" name="j27">[27]</a> ‘And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a + distinction.’ Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the + senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of + difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain + either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many + undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to + co-operate with whom was no honour. <i>Quae genera hominum</i> refers to + the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and + even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious + upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in + the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J. + Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In + consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he + was justified in withdrawing from public life. +<br><a class="bold" name="j28">[28]</a> That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who + distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War. + P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. + We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus + the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must + lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio. +<br><a class="bold" name="j29">[29]</a> The images (<i>imagines</i>) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but + from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we + have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest + ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts + (portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule + office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax + portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the + illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices + with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at + public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep + alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits + of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily + appearance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j30">[30]</a> <i>Scilicet</i>, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as + in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for <i>scire + licet</i>, ‘one may perceive,’ or ‘it is self-evident,’ and is + accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j31">[31]</a> ‘The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until their + merit had obtained the fame and glory’ (namely, of those ancestors). +<br><a class="bold" name="j32">[32]</a> <i>His moribus</i>, ‘in the present state of morality;’ an ablative + absolute. +<br><a class="bold" name="j33">[33]</a> Instead of <i>neque</i>, the author might have used <i>aut</i>, for both + particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt, + § 337. +<br><a class="bold" name="j34">[34]</a> <i>Homines novi</i>, ‘new men,’ so called by the Romans, were those + persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices, + as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times, + Sallust says, such <i>homines novi</i> distinguished themselves by their + ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party + strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls + <i>latrocinium</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j35">[35]</a> <i>Proinde quasi</i>, ‘just as if,’ and afterwards <i>perinde habentur ut</i>, + ‘they are considered as of equal value.’ Compare Zumpt, §§ 282 and + 340.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug5">5.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j36">[36]</a> Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation, + see Zumpt, § 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this + war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at + Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which + was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only + the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (<i>studiis + civilibus</i>), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and + afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of + the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the + greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome + at that time. +<br><a class="bold" name="j37">[37]</a> The same meaning might have been expressed by <i>ut omnia ad + cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint</i>. See Zumpt, § 106. +<br><a class="bold" name="j38">[38]</a> That is, ‘after the Roman name had become great;’ for in earlier + times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses, + especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself. + But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods. +<br><a class="bold" name="j39">[39]</a> <i>Africano</i>. See Zumpt, § 421. +<br><a class="bold" name="j40">[40]</a> About <i>et</i> after <i>multa</i>, see Zumpt, § 756. +<br><a class="bold" name="j41">[41]</a> <i>Magnum atque late</i>, the connection of an adjective and adverb is + somewhat singular — ‘the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one, + and had a wide extent;’ for he possessed the whole of western + Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli, + while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe + of the Massyli. +<br><a class="bold" name="j42">[42]</a> ‘He had left him behind in a private station;’ that is, he had not + appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But + his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa + had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the + royal family.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug6">6.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j43">[43]</a> <i>Luxu</i> for <i>luxui</i>. See Zumpt, § 81. +<br><a class="bold" name="j44">[44]</a> ‘The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender + age of his children.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j45">[45]</a> Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with + great mental powers) away from the right path. <i>Transversus</i>, ‘that + which turns away to one side.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug7">7.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j46">[46]</a> ‘In the war against Numantia.’ Numantia was the capital of the + Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated + on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence + the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward, + into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This + city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own + independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken + and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of + Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the + modern Soria. +<br><a class="bold" name="j47">[47]</a> <i>Qui tum erat</i> — that is, <i>quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j48">[48]</a> <i>Difficillimum in primis</i>, like <i>difficillimum omnium</i>; that is, the + most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in + difficulty. +<br><a class="bold" name="j49">[49]</a> The one — namely, to be good in council — usually produces + timidity; the other — namely, to be bold in battle — rashness. + <i>Alterum — alterum</i>, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an + inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, § 700, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j50">[50]</a> <i>Erat</i> for the usual subjunctive <i>esset</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug8">8.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j51">[51]</a> ‘To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and + noble.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j52">[52]</a> For the meaning of <i>pro</i> in this and similar expressions, see + Zumpt, § 311. +<br><a class="bold" name="j53">[53]</a> Not to make presents to individuals, <i>quibus</i> being used for + <i>aliquibus</i>. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy + between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal + character. +<br><a class="bold" name="j54">[54]</a> ‘In his own mode of acting,’ must be understood here of his + honourable mode of acting; though there are also <i>malae artes</i>, such + as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug9">9.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j55">[55]</a> <i>Certo scio</i>; we also find <i>certe scio</i>. See Zumpt, § 266, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j56">[56]</a> <i>Verba habere</i> is sometimes used in the sense of <i>orationem habere</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug10">10.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j57">[57]</a> <i>Me falsum habuit</i> for <i>me fefellit</i>. We remarked before (<a href="#c253">Cat. 51</a>) + that Sallust is fond of using <i>habere</i> in certain phrases. +<br><a class="bold" name="j58">[58]</a> <i>Amicissimos.</i> See Zumpt, § 410. +<br><a class="bold" name="j59">[59]</a> <i>Per regni fidem</i>, ‘by the conscientiousness which is observed in + governing, and must be observed;’ so that it is almost the same as + <i>per regiam fidem</i>, or <i>per fidem regum</i>, which kings owe to one + another. +<br><a class="bold" name="j60">[60]</a> <i>Adjungere</i>; supply <i>tibi</i>, ‘connect yourself with strangers,’ as + opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his + friends and kinsmen. +<br><a class="bold" name="j61">[61]</a> Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said <i>parantur</i>, + but <i>parere</i> also occurs in other authors in the sense of <i>parare</i>, + or ‘to acquire.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j62">[62]</a> <i>Ante hos</i>, ‘in preference to these.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j63">[63]</a> <i>Observare</i> has a sense similar to that of <i>colere</i>, ‘to honour’ and + refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially + in the external relations of social life.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug11">11.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j64">[64]</a> <i>Reguli</i> may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young + kings — that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="j65">[65]</a> <i>Adherbalem assedit</i>, or <i>Adherbali assedit</i>, ‘he sat himself down + at the right-hand side of Adherbal.’ See Zumpt, § 386, note. There + accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of + Adherbal — that is, the least honourable of the three places. +<br><a class="bold" name="j66">[66]</a> <i>Fatigatus</i> is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to + be supplied (<i>precibus</i>); but without such an addition, <i>fatigare</i> + signifies ‘to importune a person with prayers and requests.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j67">[67]</a> ‘Within the last three years;’ but as the author is here speaking + of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of + <i>ante triennium</i>, or <i>triennio ante</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j68">[68]</a> <i>Cum animo habere</i>, the same as <i>cum</i>, or <i>in animo agitare</i>, + <i>volvere</i>, <i>reputare</i>. Here, again, we must attend to the use of + <i>habere</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug12">12.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j69">[69]</a> <i>Alius alio</i>, ‘one in one direction, and the other in another.’ See + Zumpt, § 289. +<br><a class="bold" name="j70">[70]</a> <i>Proximus lictor</i> is the one of the lictors who, when they precede + the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his + commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the + highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were + imitated at the courts of allied princes. +<br><a class="bold" name="j71">[71]</a> <i>Claves adulterinae</i>, ‘imitation keys.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j72">[72]</a> Respecting the <i>quum</i> in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded + by <i>interea</i>, or <i>interim</i>, see Zumpt, § 580.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug13">13.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j73">[73]</a> <i>Parat</i>, in the sense of <i>se parat</i>, ‘he prepares himself,’ or ‘sets + about;’ and thus <i>parare</i> is not unfrequently used by Sallust + absolutely in the sense of <i>statuere</i> and <i>instituere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j74">[74]</a> <i>Provincia</i> here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the + territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the + towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was + gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs + to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia, + in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the + kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is + possessed by the French. +<br><a class="bold" name="j75">[75]</a> <i>Paucis diebus</i>, ‘within a few days;’ that is, a few days after. + See Zumpt, § 480. +<br><a class="bold" name="j76">[76]</a> <i>Singulos ambire</i>, ‘to go about addressing individual persons,’ has + at the same time the meaning of ‘attempting to gain them over by + intreaties or promises.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j77">[77]</a> ‘That no severe decree might be passed against him,’ <i>ne gravius + consilium in eum caperetur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug14">14.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j78">[78]</a> Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to + him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome — the + language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself + to the protection of the senate. +<br><a class="bold" name="j79">[79]</a> <i>Affines</i> are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas + <i>cognati</i> are relations by blood. +<br><a class="bold" name="j80">[80]</a> <i>Sustinere</i> is here the same as <i>ferre</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j81">[81]</a> ‘As I was to come to such misery;’ that is, as it had been ordained + by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, § 498. +<br><a class="bold" name="j82">[82]</a> Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in + consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors; + he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable + that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in + want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he + requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter + sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out — namely, his + wish to have done good services (<i>beneficia</i>) to the Romans. <i>Vellem</i> + in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the + infinitive (<i>posse</i>, to which <i>me</i> is to be supplied, and <i>beneficia + deberi</i>), and then by a clause with <i>ut</i> (<i>uti;</i> that is, + <i>ut — uterer</i>). <i>Secundum ea</i>, ‘next to,’ or ‘next after this,’ + according to the etymology of <i>secundum</i> from <i>sequor</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j83">[83]</a> <i>In manu fuit</i>, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; <i>in + manu alicujus est</i>, ‘it is in a person’s power.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j84">[84]</a> ‘At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so + desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and + trustworthiness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j85">[85]</a> ‘Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.’ <i>Me</i> in this + sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first + <i>progeniem</i>, and then <i>nepotem Masinissae</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j86">[86]</a> Observe the unusual combination <i>Romani populi</i> for <i>populi Romani</i>, + which is to be explained by the fact, that here <i>Romani</i> is the more + emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other + nations. +<br><a class="bold" name="j87">[87]</a> ‘O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good + services led!’ For the accusative <i>me miserum</i>, see Zumpt, § 402; and + for the double suffix in <i>hucine</i>, § 132. +<br><a class="bold" name="j88">[88]</a> ‘Never, then, will our family be at peace!’ an exclamation to which + afterwards an interrogative sentence with <i>ne</i> is appended. The + former also might have been expressed by <i>numquamne ergo</i>, &c. +<br><a class="bold" name="j89">[89]</a> The subjunctive <i>jussissetis</i> indicates a repeated action. See + Zumpt, § 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war + and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the + allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom + the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not + long since, the Numantines. +<br><a class="bold" name="j90">[90]</a> ‘Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.’ Respecting + this use of the pronoun <i>idem</i>, when the two predicates are added to + one subject, see Zumpt, § 697. +<br><a class="bold" name="j91">[91]</a> <i>Non queo</i>; that is, <i>nequeo</i>, or <i>non possum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j92">[92]</a> <i>Extorris</i> (from <i>terra</i>), as <i>exsul</i> from <i>solum</i>, ‘homeless.’ + Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt, + § 468. +<br><a class="bold" name="j93">[93]</a> <i>Tutius</i>; the adjective <i>tutior</i> also might have been used. + Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, § 365. +<br><a class="bold" name="j94">[94]</a> <i>Maxime tutos</i>; that is, <i>omnium tutissimos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j95">[95]</a> ‘Whatever was in the power of our family;’ <i>quod per familiam + nostram stetit</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j96">[96]</a> This inserted clause belongs to the following <i>propinquus</i>. The + demonstrative <i>id</i> (or <i>is</i>) is omitted, and the relative clause + precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, §§ 765, 813. +<br><a class="bold" name="j97">[97]</a> <i>Pars — pars</i>; that is, <i>alii — alii</i>; whence the verb is in the + plural. +<br><a class="bold" name="j98">[98]</a> <i>Exigere vitam</i> for <i>agere vitam</i>, but implying a long and sorrowful + life. +<br><a class="bold" name="j99">[99]</a> ‘Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.’ + The neuter <i>necessaria</i> also comprises the persons who are termed + <i>necessarii</i>, ‘persons connected by ties of relationship or + friendship;’ such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of + the speaker. +<br><a class="bold" name="j100">[100]</a> ‘Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?’ + Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes + from Sallust <i>quo accidam?</i> ‘whither shall I turn myself for + assistance?’ but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this + passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="j101">[101]</a> He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and + had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially + the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of + Mauritania. +<br><a class="bold" name="j102">[102]</a> Sallust might have said <i>hujus imperii</i>, but he prefers the dative, + which is a dativus incommodi. +<br><a class="bold" name="j103">[103]</a> <i>Secundus</i>, ‘favourable,’ according to its derivation from + <i>sequor</i>, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the + general sense of ‘assisting,’ or ‘devoted to.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j104">[104]</a> <i>Fatigare</i>, ‘to importune a person with prayers.’ See note <a href="#jug3">chap. 3</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j105">[105]</a> <i>Quodutinam</i> connects this sentence in an animated manner with the + preceding, otherwise <i>utinam</i> alone might be used. ‘Yes, would that I + could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j106">[106]</a> <i>Nae ille — reddat</i>; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence + forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: ‘would that I could see + him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened + their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for + his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.’ + The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same + tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future + indicative. See Zumpt, § 524, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j107">[107]</a> ‘Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity, + and by a person who should have done it least of all.’ <i>Unde</i>, + the more general relative, is here used for <i>a quo homine</i>. In like + manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant + <i>unde petitur</i>; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded. +<br><a class="bold" name="j108">[108]</a> <i>Doleo</i>, ‘I grieve at,’ is construed with <i>de</i>, as <i>de casu tuo</i>, + with the ablative alone, <i>casu tuo</i>, and also as a transitive verb + with the accusative, <i>doleo casum tuum</i>. <i>Laetari</i> here follows the + construction of <i>doleo</i>, for it is generally followed by <i>de</i>, or the + ablative alone. See Zumpt, § 383. +<br><a class="bold" name="j109">[109]</a> Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends + upon the power of Jugurtha. +<br><a class="bold" name="j110">[110]</a> Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may + terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in + contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these + things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares + for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must + live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts + of the senators, expressed as they are by a king. +<br><a class="bold" name="j111">[111]</a> <i>Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros</i>. The words <i>per liberos</i> + belong together; to <i>vos</i> supply <i>oro</i>. See Zumpt, § 794. Adherbal + intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha + has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others + read <i>per vos per liberos vestros</i>; but this is wrong, and the + repetition of <i>per</i> is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves, + but by something that is dear to them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j112">[112]</a> <i>Tabescere</i>, ‘to waste away,’ ‘perish;’ the proper meaning is, ‘to + be consumed by some disease.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug15">15.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j113">[113]</a> <i>Ante facta</i>, &c. It would have been more common to say <i>factis + suis anteponerent</i>. In Cicero, <i>ante</i> is not used to denote + preference as in Sallust, <a href="#cat53"><i>Cat.</i> 53</a>: <i>Graeci ante Romanos fuere</i> for + <i>Graeci Romanis praestabant</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j114">[114]</a> According to Sallust’s mode of speaking, we should have expected + <i>depravati</i>, <i>pars</i> being only another form for <i>alii</i>. But nothing + can be said against the grammatical agreement <i>pars depravata</i>, it + being that form which, according to grammar, should be used. +<br><a class="bold" name="j115">[115]</a> Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes + from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to + stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. <i>Licentia</i> is the + conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and + accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen + disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men + (<i>pollutus</i>) is here transferred to <i>licentia</i>. Sallust describes + Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was + twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious + to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much + as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means + to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related + hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by + Jugurtha, and Adherbal’s flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116, + a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes + on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military + undertaking.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug16">16.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j116">[116]</a> Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had, + with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of + G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory, + several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy + to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility. + Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from + the narrative of Sallust. +<br><a class="bold" name="j117">[117]</a> <i>Fide</i> for <i>fidei</i>. See Zumpt, § 85, note 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="j118">[118]</a> <i>Possedit</i>, ‘he took possession of.’ The present <i>possideo</i> only + means ‘to possess;’ but the past tenses, <i>possedi</i>, <i>possessum</i>, at + the same time have the meaning of ‘taking possession,’ as if they + were formed from a present <i>possido</i>, <i>possidere</i>. Compare the + similarly-formed compounds of <i>sido</i>, <i>sidere</i>, in Zumpt, § 189.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug17">17.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j119">[119]</a> <i>Frequentata sunt</i>, ‘they have been frequented.’ The participle is + in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate. + <i>Asperitas</i> refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous + districts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j120">[120]</a> Other editions have <i>in partem tertiam</i>, and this deviation from + the common mode of speaking (which is to use <i>pono</i> with <i>in</i> and the + ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was + not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no + such distinction. +<br><a class="bold" name="j121">[121]</a> In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three + parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt + and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect + Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided + the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the + vast extent of Africa to the south. +<br><a class="bold" name="j122">[122]</a> <i>Fretum</i>, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of + Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern + frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the + east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to + him to speak about it. +<br><a class="bold" name="j123">[123]</a> ‘The inclined plain,’ or, as the geographer Mela says, ‘the valley + which inclines towards Egypt.’ The length of this valley extends from + south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it + separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east, + which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in + Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite + clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa. +<br><a class="bold" name="j124">[124]</a> Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants + of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it + was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This + Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been + murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled + after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about + B. C. 60. <i>Interpretatum est</i>, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, § 632.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug18">18.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j125">[125]</a> Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute + (<i>multis — petentibus</i>) there is inserted another stating that each + did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because <i>multis + petentibus</i> is, after all, only a different form for <i>quum multi + peterent</i>. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be <i>sibi quoque</i>; but + no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken + <i>quoque</i> as an adverb. See Zumpt, § 710. <i>Passim</i>, ‘in different + places,’ ‘scattered everywhere,’ but not ‘here and there.’ The + tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western + extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules + (Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs + through the whole of ancient history. +<br><a class="bold" name="j126">[126]</a> <i>Nostrum mare</i> is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which + was occupied by the parts of Hercules’ army here mentioned; and + the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more + within (that is, ‘on this side,’ as a person writing at Rome would + say) the ocean. +<br><a class="bold" name="j127">[127]</a> <i>Gnarus</i> and <i>ignarus</i> have most commonly an active meaning, + denoting ‘one who does know,’ or ‘one does not know;’ but sometimes, + and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning, + ‘he who is known,’ and ‘he who is not known.’ So here <i>ignara lingua</i> + is the same as <i>ignota lingua</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j128">[128]</a> ‘They tried the fields;’ that is, ‘the soil,’ as to whether it was + fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place, + and sometimes another. <i>Alia, deinde alia</i>, is the same as <i>alia + atque alia</i>, as in <a href="#jug26">chap. 26</a>. Hence they were called in Greek + <i>Νομαδες</i>, and the Greek accusative of this word, <i>Nomadas</i> for + <i>Nomades</i>, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, § 74. +<br><a class="bold" name="j129">[129]</a> The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the + Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. <i>Libyes</i> is the + accusative, for <i>accedere</i> is joined with the accusative as well as + the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, § 386, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j130">[130]</a> This derivation of the name <i>Mauri</i> is very improbable. The Mauri + are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the + Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river + Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga + and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as + far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of + Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri. +<br><a class="bold" name="j131">[131]</a> <i>Utrique</i> refers to <i>parentes</i> and their descendants, the Numidae. + One part of the nation trusted to the other (<i>alteris freti</i>), and + was supported by it.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug19">19.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j132">[132]</a> To <i>aliis — avidis</i> supply <i>sollicitatis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j133">[133]</a> All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards + became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus, + (there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is + said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and + Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more + to the east), are now in ruins. +<br><a class="bold" name="j134">[134]</a> ‘To their origin;’ that is, to their mother country Phoenicia, + whence the settlers had come. +<br><a class="bold" name="j135">[135]</a> The transition to Carthage by the conjunction <i>nam</i> presupposes + the ellipsis of some such sentiment as — ‘I only meant to mention + these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, <i>for</i> it is well + known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j136">[136]</a> <i>Secundo mari</i>, ‘along the sea,’ is said according to the analogy + of <i>secundo flumine</i> (see Caes. <i>Bell. Gall.</i> vii. 58) <i>secundo + flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit</i>. The sea has indeed no + current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person + travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from + east to west. <i>Theraei</i> are the inhabitants of the island of Thera, + in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first + Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership + of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive <i>on</i>, instead of <i>orum</i>, see + Zumpt, § 52, 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j137">[137]</a> <i>Syrtis major</i> and <i>Syrtis minor</i> are two large sandbanks near the + coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very + dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis + magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare <a href="#jug78">chap. 78</a>, where + Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j138">[138]</a> The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, <a href="#jug79">chap. + 79</a>. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis, + it is clear that <i>deinde</i> is used somewhat vaguely, since only the + great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis, + precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession. +<br><a class="bold" name="j139">[139]</a> ‘Above Numidia;’ that is, southward, towards the inland, the + coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower + than the inland districts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j140">[140]</a> <i>Novissime</i>, ‘latterly;’ that is, at the beginning of the third + Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory + became a Roman province. +<br><a class="bold" name="j141">[141]</a> <i>Cetera ignarus</i>, ‘otherwise unknown.’ Compare p. 87, note 4 + [<a href="#j127">note 127</a>]; and on <i>cetera</i>, Zumpt, § 459.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug20">20.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j142">[142]</a> <i>Questum</i>, the supine, ‘in order to complain’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j143">[143]</a> ‘The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.’ + About <i>secus</i>, see Zumpt, § 283.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug21">21.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j144">[144]</a> <i>Cirta</i>, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the + country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be + ‘not far from the sea,’ only in consideration of the vast extent of + Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it + received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a + distance of four days’ march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius. +<br><a class="bold" name="j145">[145]</a> <i>Plerumque</i> for the more common <i>plurimum</i>, ‘the greater part.’ + See Zumpt, § 103. +<br><a class="bold" name="j146">[146]</a> As Sallust in other passages connects <i>pars</i> and <i>alii</i>, so here + <i>partim</i> and <i>alios</i>, <i>partim</i> being the same as <i>partem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j147">[147]</a> <i>Togati</i> are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and + privileged dress called <i>toga</i>. But it may be that other Italians + also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in + great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for + the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct <i>conventus</i>. + <i>Moenibus prohibere</i>. See Zumpt, § 468. +<br><a class="bold" name="j148">[148]</a> It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say, + <i>et se et illis</i>. See Zumpt, § 338.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug22">22.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j149">[149]</a> Literally, ‘but this report was mild;’ that is, it spoke of the + battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not + the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j150">[150]</a> <i>Pro bono facere</i>; literally, ‘to act in accordance with what is + good,’ and hence ‘to act well,’ <i>bene agere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j151">[151]</a> <i>Utrique</i> refers to both parties — the Roman ambassadors on the one + hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to + speak with Adherbal.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug23">23.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j152">[152]</a> <i>Arrigere</i>, the same as <i>excitare</i>; hence frequently <i>animum + arrigere</i>, ‘to rouse courage.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug24">24.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j153">[153]</a> <i>Nisi tamen intellego</i> refers to the preceding <i>plura scribere + nolo</i>, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with <i>nisi</i> + after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the + remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of + Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans + themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of + Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. <i>Plura non + scribam nisi hoc intellego</i> is an elliptical expression, equivalent + to <i>plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j154">[154]</a> ‘Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no + concern of yours;’ that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider + only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your + ally. +<br><a class="bold" name="j155">[155]</a> Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate, + represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the + crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative <i>ostentui</i>, see Zumpt, + §§ 90 and 422. +<br><a class="bold" name="j156">[156]</a> Adherbal prays the senate to <i>prevent (deprecor)</i> his enemy from + acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug25">25.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j157">[157]</a> <i>Consuleretur</i>; supply <i>senatus</i>; ‘that the subject of the + disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before + the senate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j158">[158]</a> <i>Enisum est</i>, ‘it was carried.’ Observe the passive meaning of the + deponent verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j159">[159]</a> <i>Quam ocissime</i>, ‘as speedily as possible.’ The positive of + <i>ocissime</i> is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, § 293, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j160">[160]</a> <i>Cirtam irrumpere</i> is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the + common expression being, <i>in urbem irrumpere</i>. See Zumpt, § 386, + note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j161">[161]</a> By engaging the enemy’s troops in different places, and thus + dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle <i>dis</i> + or <i>di</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug26">26.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j162">[162]</a> ‘Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than + the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.’ The conquest of Cirta, and + the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug27">27.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j163">[163]</a> <i>Interpellando</i>, ‘by interrupting the speakers, and introducing + other topics.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j164">[164]</a> By this law of the tribune G. Sempronius Gracchus, in the year + B. C. 122, it had been ordained that every year previous to the + election of the consuls for the next year, the senate should + determine those provinces which should be assigned to the consuls + about to be elected, after the expiration of the year of their + office. As two provinces were thus fixed upon, the consuls afterwards + determined by lot which should have the one, and which the other. The + object of this law was to prevent intrigues in the senate, which + would be carried on by the ruling consuls if they had to choose their + own provinces. +<br><a class="bold" name="j165">[165]</a> <i>Obvenit</i>, ‘fell to the lot.’ Whenever Italy is called a province, + it is implied that the consul undertaking its administration was to + remain at Rome, and was to be ready for any other war which might + break out. For in the first place, there were now no wars in Italy, + and in the second place, Italy was not a province in the ordinary + sense of the term. The consuls here mentioned entered upon their + office on the 1st January, B. C. 111.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug28">28.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j166">[166]</a> <i>Venum eo</i>, or contracted <i>veneo</i>, infinitive <i>venire</i>, ‘to go to + be sold,’ or ‘to be sold;’ the passive of <i>vendo</i> (I sell) is not in + use. Zumpt, § 187. +<br><a class="bold" name="j167">[167]</a> <i>Adventabant</i>, with the accusative, see Zumpt, § 489. +<br><a class="bold" name="j168">[168]</a> <i>In diebus</i>, &c.; for <i>in</i>, with words denoting time, see Zumpt, + § 479. <i>Deditum</i> is a supine. +<br><a class="bold" name="j169">[169]</a> <i>Legare</i> properly signifies ‘to despatch,’ and ‘to add to;’ whence + the word <i>legatus</i> means both ‘an ambassador,’ and ‘a person added + to an officer,’ who, when necessary, supplies his place. See <a href="#cat59"><i>Catil.</i> + chap. 59</a>. It was the business of the senate to supply such legates + to a magistrate (<i>senatus legat aliquem alicui</i>), but as this was + commonly done on the proposal or recommendation of the magistrate + himself, we also read <i>legat sibi</i>, ‘he chooses some one to be his + legate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j170">[170]</a> <i>Supra</i>. See <a href="#jug15">chap. 15</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j171">[171]</a> Respecting the omission of <i>in</i> before <i>Siciliam</i>, see Zumpt, + § 398, note 1.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug29">29.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j172">[172]</a> <i>Aeger avaritia</i>, ‘sick with avarice;’ a very appropriate + expression, describing moral defects as a disease. +<br><a class="bold" name="j173">[173]</a> <i>A principio</i>; that is, <i>in principio</i>. See Zumpt, § 304. The + faction of Scaurus is that of the nobility or aristocracy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j174">[174]</a> <i>Vaga</i>, a considerable town in Numidia, to the south-east of Cirta. +<br><a class="bold" name="j175">[175]</a> ‘A truce was observed on account of (or during) the delay of the + surrender,’ which Jugurtha had promised, but which could not yet be + carried into effect. +<br><a class="bold" name="j176">[176]</a> <i>Secreta</i> refers to <i>reliqua</i>, so that the other negotiations were + secret, whereas the proposal to surrender had been made in presence + of the war council. It would have been more in accordance with + ordinary usage to employ the adverb <i>secreto</i> belonging to the verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j177">[177]</a> The opinions of the persons invited to the war council were asked + only <i>en masse (per saturam)</i>. The Latin expression is taken from + <i>lanx satura</i>, a dish offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and + containing different kinds of fruit. Its figurative application to + other mixtures is here indicated by <i>quasi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j178">[178]</a> <i>Pro consilio</i>; that is, <i>in consilio</i>. See Zumpt, § 311. +<br><a class="bold" name="j179">[179]</a> To cause the magistrates for the year B.C. 110 to be elected. + The president in the elective assembly <i>rogat populum</i> (requests the + people) to appoint new officers; hence <i>rogare</i>, the usual term.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug30">30.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j180">[180]</a> <i>Parum constabat</i>, ‘was not firmly determined upon;’ namely, <i>iis, + patribus</i> — that is, they had not yet made up their minds.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug31">31.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j181">[181]</a> <i>Dehortantur a vobis</i> — that is, <i>ad causam vestram suscipiendam</i>, + ‘many things dissuade me to undertake your cause.’ According to + the context, the expression might, or rather should be, <i>multa me + dehortantur, ni superaret</i>; but the present represents the act of + <i>superare</i> as an actual fact, and is at the same time more + impressive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j182">[182]</a> The number XV., which is found in all good manuscripts, points + to the year B. C. 125, in which the aristocracy gained a decisive + victory through the praetor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of + Fregellae, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian + allies (<i>socii</i>) to obtain the Roman franchise. It may be supposed + that this attempt of the allies was even then supported by the Roman + plebs, as was the case afterwards in the time of Marius. +<br><a class="bold" name="j183">[183]</a> <i>Ab ignavia</i> is to be taken in the sense of ‘in consequence of,’ or + ‘on account of your cowardice.’ See Zumpt, § 305. +<br><a class="bold" name="j184">[184]</a> ‘When your political enemies (in consequence of the crime which + they have committed) are deserving of punishment, and in your hands.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j185">[185]</a> <i>Animus subigit</i>. ‘My feelings compel me to stand out against + the faction (of the optimates), in spite of your lukewarmness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j186">[186]</a> <i>Ob rem</i>, ‘effectually,’ ‘with success.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j187">[187]</a> ‘They must ruin themselves.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j188">[188]</a> ‘I will grant that everything has been done with justice, which + cannot be punished without again shedding the blood of citizens;’ + that is, the cruelties then committed by the optimates in crushing + Tib. and G. Gracchus may be considered as legitimate, since the + perpetrators cannot be punished without fresh executions. <i>Ulciscor</i>, + usually a deponent, is here used in a passive sense, just as the + participle <i>ultus</i> is sometimes used in the sense of <i>vindicatus</i>. + For the same reason, the passive form <i>nequitur</i> has been chosen; + respecting which, see Zumpt, § 216. +<br><a class="bold" name="j189">[189]</a> <i>Parum habuere</i>, ‘they considered it too little’ (this is the + meaning of <i>parum</i>): it was not enough for them that they had + committed such disgraceful acts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j190">[190]</a> <i>Incedere per ora hominum</i>, ‘to walk in the eyes’ or ‘in the sight + of men.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j191">[191]</a> ‘The cruelties committed against the defenders of the plebs, serve + them as a bulwark;’ that is, make them only the more audacious. +<br><a class="bold" name="j192">[192]</a> About <i>quam maxime — tam maxime</i>, expressing a proportionate + increase, see Zumpt, § 725. +<br><a class="bold" name="j193">[193]</a> A complicated expression — ‘they have transferred their fear, which + they ought to have on account of their crime, to your cowardice;’ + that is, to you who are cowards, or whom they consider as cowards. +<br><a class="bold" name="j194">[194]</a> <i>In unum coëgit</i>; that is, <i>conjunxit, copulavit</i>. The infinitives + here are the subjects of the sentence: the same fear and the same + greediness have united all your opponents into one league. Compare + <a href="#cat20"><i>Cat.</i> 20</a>: <i>idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia + est</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j195">[195]</a> <i>Benejicia vestra</i>; that is, <i>honores, magistratus, imperia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j196">[196]</a> The speaker refers to the two most important secessions of the + Roman plebs — the one in which they obtained their tribunes in B.C. + 510, and the other, which was undertaken in B.C. 449. to restore + the consulate and the tribuneship after the overthrow of the + tyrannical rule of the decemvirs. Both led to the establishment of a + legitimate state of things (<i>jus</i>), and the latter, in particular, to + the establishment of the decisive authority of the people against the + magistrates and the patricians. This sovereignty of the Roman + people was termed <i>majestas</i>. These secessions, according to the + statements of the ancients, were made to the Mons Sacer, and not + to the Aventine; but Sallust here follows other ancient authorities; + and it is probable enough that the plebs may have occupied both + hills. +<br><a class="bold" name="j197">[197]</a> Respecting the form of this sentence, see Zumpt, § 781. The answer + to this question is contained in the clause <i>atque eo vehementius</i>, + to which we must supply <i>nitendum vobis est</i>. <i>Atque</i> introduces the + answer with emphasis. +<br><a class="bold" name="j198">[198]</a> <i>Vindicare</i> is construed with <i>in</i> and the accusative, as well as + <i>vindicare scelus in aliquo</i> and <i>vindicare aliquam rem</i>. <i>Vindicare + in aliquem</i>, ‘to use force against a person for the purpose of taking + revenge.’ <i>Vindicare sibi rem</i>, ‘to claim a thing for one’s self,’ or + ‘to appropriate a thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j199">[199]</a> <i>Quaestio</i>, ‘a judicial inquiry into a crime,’ ‘a criminal trial.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j200">[200]</a> <i>Nisi forte</i> supposes, with a strong irony, a case which cannot be + conceived. See Zumpt, § 526. +<br><a class="bold" name="j201">[201]</a> <i>Quantum importunitatis habent</i>, ‘according to the high degree of + impudence and arrogance which they possess.’ Sallust might have said, + <i>quae eorum importunitas est</i>, or <i>pro eorum importunitate</i>. See + Zumpt, § 705. +<br><a class="bold" name="j202">[202]</a> <i>Rex</i>, according to Roman notions, always contains the idea of an + absolute ruler, and is therefore frequently used in the sense of ‘a + tyrant.’ The idea of a constitutional or limited monarchy was not + known in antiquity, except perhaps at Sparta. +<br><a class="bold" name="j203">[203]</a> <i>Perditum eatis</i>; that is, <i>perdatis</i>. See Zumpt, § 669. +<br><a class="bold" name="j204">[204]</a> Practically, it is quite correct, that in the administration of a + state it is more necessary to punish criminals than to reward good + services; for it is impossible that all good citizens should be + rewarded with external distinctions; but if a criminal remains + unpunished, he does harm by his example, and undermines the organism + of the state.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug32">32.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j205">[205]</a> <i>Arcessere</i>, ‘to summon before a court of justice,’ governs the + genitive of the thing for which a person is summoned. +<br><a class="bold" name="j206">[206]</a> <i>Rogatio</i>, ‘a proposal to the people,’ because, in making a + proposal, as well as at elections of magistrates, the people were + requested (<i>rogabatur</i>) to pass a resolution.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug33">33.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j207">[207]</a> <i>Per sese</i>, ‘as far as lay in him,’ ‘as much as he could,’ as in + the phrase <i>per me licet</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j208">[208]</a> Respecting <i>Romae Numidiaeque</i>, where <i>Numidiae</i> by a kind of + attraction takes the same case as <i>Romae</i>, instead of <i>in Numidia</i>, + see Zumpt, § 398, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j209">[209]</a> ‘He (Jugurtha) would not, indeed, thereby be a safety to his + accomplices, but destroy his own hope (of obtaining pardon).’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug34">34.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j210">[210]</a> The words <i>quae ira fieri amat</i> are very surprising, but were + regarded by the ancients themselves as a Graecism of Sallust, from + whom Quinctilian quotes the words <i>quae vulgus amat fieri</i>, which + occurred in a work of Sallust that is lost. In both cases, we must + construe <i>ira (vulgus) amat</i> with an accusative with the infinitive + after it: ‘anger likes that this or that should happen.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j211">[211]</a> <i>Animus augescit</i>, ‘courage grows’ or ‘increases.’ For the plural + <i>animi</i>, see Zumpt, § 92.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug35">35.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j212">[212]</a> We here enter the year B.C. 110. +<br><a class="bold" name="j213">[213]</a> <i>Urgueat</i>, ‘presses Jugurtha;’ that is, he is hindered by the + indignation on account of his past crimes, and at the same time by + the apprehension with which the Roman people regard him. +<br><a class="bold" name="j214">[214]</a> He would like best that it should be done in secret; but if this + should not succeed, he would like it to be done in any way, whatever + it might be. Instead of <i>maxime</i>, the author might have said + <i>potissimum</i>. See the same expression <a href="#jug46">chap. 46</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j215">[215]</a> <i>Profiteri indicium</i>, ‘to declare that you will state everything.’ + We must understand that in the defective administration of justice + at Rome, the <i>index</i> (informer) received a promise of impunity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j216">[216]</a> <i>Manifestus</i>, with the genitive of the crime, is a person <i>qui mani + festo tenetur</i>, or against whom there is most decisive evidence. +<br><a class="bold" name="j217">[217]</a> <i>Animum adverto</i>, the same as the compound <i>animadverto</i>, like + <i>venum eo</i> for <i>veneo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j218">[218]</a> Jugurtha had given fifty sureties in the name of Bomilcar, in order + that he might remain at liberty. These sureties were of course fifty + Roman citizens. As Bomilcar fled, those sureties had to pay the money + with which each guaranteed his appearance, and there can be no doubt + but that Jugurtha secretly paid the money. +<br><a class="bold" name="j219">[219]</a> <i>Paucis diebus.</i> See Zumpt, § 480.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug36">36.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j220">[220]</a> This season was usually the middle of the year, but was frequently + delayed until the autumn. The consul Albinus seems to have been + commissioned to preside at the elections, because his colleague, who + had obtained Macedonia, was at a still greater distance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j221">[221]</a> Jugurtha protracted the war, delayed the negotiations for peace, + and in this manner thwarted the consul. We have here restored the + active form <i>ludificare</i>, because it exists in all the manuscripts. + It is found also in Cicero, though the deponent <i>ludificari</i> is more + frequent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j222">[222]</a> Some were convinced that after the hurry which the consul had + shown at the beginning, the war was protracted, not so much by his + carelessness, as by his cunning designs. <i>Non magis quam</i> is + expressed in modern languages as if the Latin were <i>dolo magis quam + socordia</i>: ‘they believed that the war was protracted by his cunning + designs rather than by his carelessness.’ See Zumpt, § 725.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug37">37.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j223">[223]</a> <i>Continuare magistratum</i>, ‘to continue for another year in a + magistracy which has been given for only one year.’ In the case of + some magistracies this was forbidden by law; in that of tribunes of + the people, it occurs rather frequently in the early times, that they + were re-elected twice or oftener in successive years. The last in + stance of a tribuneship lasting for two years is that of G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 123 and 122; and even then this re-election was the cause of + violent commotions, and it was impossible to carry it for the third + year. +<br><a class="bold" name="j224">[224]</a> Around the wall, which had been built on the extreme edge of a + precipitous rock, the clayey soil had formed a marsh. Respecting + <i>extremum</i> used substantively, see Zumpt, § 435.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug38">38.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j225">[225]</a> Respecting the frequentatives <i>ductare</i> and <i>missitare</i>, which last + is a secondary derivative from <i>mittere</i> (as <i>currere, cursare, + cursitare</i>), see Zumpt, § 231; and about <i>vitabundus</i>, § 248. +<br><a class="bold" name="j226">[226]</a> The usual arrangement of the words would be: <i>corrumpere, ut alii + (partim) transfugerent, alii — desererent</i>. The <i>ut</i> is here repeated + in the second clause, which is rather unusual. +<br><a class="bold" name="j227">[227]</a> <i>Trepidare</i>, in its proper sense, is, ‘to run about with fear and + trembling.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j228">[228]</a> <i>Anceps</i>, ‘twofold,’ on the part of the enemy and of that of + nature. +<br><a class="bold" name="j229">[229]</a> The author here distinguishes the infantry (<i>cohors</i>) and cavalry + (<i>turma</i>) of the auxiliaries, and the common soldiers from the Roman + legions. +<br><a class="bold" name="j230">[230]</a> The <i>primus pilus</i> in a Roman legion is the first company + (<i>manipulus</i>) of the third class of legionaries, who were called + <i>pilani</i> or <i>triarii</i>, and were employed in battle as a reserve, + while the two other classes of legionaries, the <i>hastati</i> and + <i>principes</i>, began the engagement. A legion thus contained ten + maniples of every class; that is, altogether thirty maniples, each of + which consisted of two <i>centuriae</i>, and each <i>centuria</i> was commanded + by a <i>centurio</i>. Out of these sixty centurions of a legion, the two + commanding the <i>primus pilus</i> (they themselves also were called, like + their companies, <i>primi pili</i>) were the first in rank, and again the + <i>ductor prioris centuriae primi pili</i> was the principal centurion in + a legion. The treachery of such an officer, therefore, is the more + surprising. To the pronoun <i>ea</i> supply <i>via</i>; <i>ea</i>, with this + ellipsis, is used as an adverb in the sense of ‘there.’ See Zumpt, + § 207, 288. +<br><a class="bold" name="j231">[231]</a> In accordance with the rules on the oratio obliqua, Sallust ought + to have written <i>teneat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j232">[232]</a> A <i>jugum</i> was formed by two lances fixed in the ground, and a + third fastened across them so as to form a gate. When an army + confessed itself to be conquered, and after capitulating, was allowed + to depart, the troops had to march under a yoke of this description. +<br><a class="bold" name="j233">[233]</a> Literally: ‘because the disgrace was exchanged for the fear of + death;’ that is, by enduring it, they became free from the fear of + death.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug39">39.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j234">[234]</a> <i>Dolere pro gloria</i>, ‘to be grieved for reputation;’ that is, as + they were interested in the glory of their country, they were grieved + at the disgrace (<i>dedecore</i> or <i>propter dedecus</i>) they had suffered. + <i>Timere libertati</i>, ‘to be afraid of losing one’s freedom,’ it + appearing to be in danger. See Zumpt, § 414. +<br><a class="bold" name="j235">[235]</a> <i>Nomen Latinum</i> is the same as <i>socii Latini</i>, or <i>Latini</i> alone. + The expression properly signifies those who are called Latins; for + this class of people comprised not only those who really belonged to + the nation of the Latins — such as the inhabitants of the ancient + Latin towns of Tibur and Praeneste — but those also whose towns + subsequently received the same privileges. The latter were termed + coloniae Latinae — such as Alba in the country of the Marsians, + Beneventum in Samnium, Cremona and Placentia on the Po. +<br><a class="bold" name="j236">[236]</a> <i>Ex copia rerum</i>, ‘according to his present resources,’ ‘according + to the state of affairs.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug40">40.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j237">[237]</a> In a few manuscripts we read <i>neglegisset</i>, respecting which see + Zumpt, § 195. +<br><a class="bold" name="j238">[238]</a> <i>Quin faterentur</i>, ‘without confessing.’ See Zumpt, § 539. +<br><a class="bold" name="j239">[239]</a> M. Scaurus, who, as Sallust stated before, was himself bribed + by Jugurtha, had availed himself of the time when the people were + rejoicing at his victory, when the city was still under apprehensions + respecting the war, and when many other nobles, from a consciousness + of guilt, kept back; and there can be no doubt that, through the + influence of his friends, he contrived to be himself elected one of + the commissioners who had to institute inquiries about these + briberies, and thus escaped being tried himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j240">[240]</a> <i>Ex</i> here signifies ‘with respect to.’ The people after this + victory were insolent, so that the commissioners yielded to the + wishes of the multitude.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug41">41.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j241">[241]</a> ‘The custom of (forming) parties among the people, and of factions + in the senate;’ the people are divided into <i>partes</i>, the senate + into <i>factiones</i>; the latter evidently implies intriguing + combinations. +<br><a class="bold" name="j242">[242]</a> ‘From the abundance of those things which mortals deem of the + first importance.’ <i>Prima</i> is used substantively, and with it the + relative pronoun (<i>quae</i>) agrees. Sallust might have said + <i>quas — primas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j243">[243]</a> <i>Scilicet</i>, ‘naturally,’ is used here as an adverb. See Zumpt, + § 271. +<br><a class="bold" name="j244">[244]</a> The annexation of small free farms to the adjoining large estates, + is described by all the ancient authors as the cause of the great + misery of the Roman state, and, as Sallust remarks, it was + facilitated by the absence of many of the free citizens who were + serving in the armies; for their fathers or children, who were left + behind, were easily induced to sell their small farm to a wealthy and + powerful neighbour. For force was certainly not always applied, and + <i>pellere</i> here signifies ‘to displace,’ rather than ‘to expel.’ The + large estates thus formed were called <i>latifundia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j245">[245]</a> <i>Permixtio terrae</i> is said figuratively, as is indicated by + <i>quasi</i>, ‘a chaos — a mixture of elements.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug42">42.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j246">[246]</a> Tib. Gracchus was slain in B.C. 133, and his brother, G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 121. Sallust here states that the faction of the optimates + threw obstacles in the way of the two brothers, sometimes by means of + the <i>socii</i> (in Italy), and sometimes by means of the Roman equites, + who had been drawn into the senate by the popular party. This + refers, in the first place, to the opposition made, through the + instrumentality of the Latins, to the scheme of the Gracchi to + settle poor Roman citizens in Latin colonies; and secondly, to the + ingratitude of the equites, to whom G. Gracchus had transferred + the administration of justice, after having taken it from the senate. + Respecting <i>modo — interdum</i>, instead of <i>modo — modo</i>, see Zumpt, + § 723. +<br><a class="bold" name="j247">[247]</a> Sallust admits that the Gracchi went somewhat too far, but blames + the violence with which the faction of the optimates took + vengeance upon them; ‘for,’ says he, ‘a good man prefers being + conquered, to taking revenge for injury done to him in a violent + manner’ — intimating that the optimates ought to have borne the + injury done to them by the Gracchi, rather than avenge it with + murder and assassination. +<br><a class="bold" name="j248">[248]</a> <i>Acerbius</i>; that is, <i>nimis acerbe</i>, or <i>acerbius quam par est</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j249">[249]</a> <i>Omnis civitatis</i> for <i>totius civitatis</i>, in opposition to the + patres. <i>Parem</i>; that is, <i>velim</i>, which is followed in the apodosis + by the same subjunctive present, or the future indicative. See Zumpt, + § 524, note 1. <i>Res</i>, the same as <i>materia</i>, <i>argumentum</i>, ‘subject.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug43">43.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j250">[250]</a> The consuls here mentioned entered upon their office on the 1st + of January, 109 B.C. The preparation for the campaign accordingly + belongs to the latter part of the year 110. +<br><a class="bold" name="j251">[251]</a> ‘An opponent of the popular party;’ <i>adversus</i> being used as a + substantive, in the sense of <i>adversarius</i>; as an adjective, it is + construed with the dative. +<br><a class="bold" name="j252">[252]</a> <i>Cum collega</i>, a short expression for <i>conjuncta cum collega</i>, + ‘everything else he considered as common between himself and his + colleague, but to the Numidian war he alone directed his attention, + as though it were his own exclusive business.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j253">[253]</a> <i>Praesidia</i> is generally ‘resources;’ but here the same as + <i>auxilia</i>, ‘auxiliary troops.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j254">[254]</a> <i>Contusae</i>, from <i>contundere</i>, for <i>imminutae</i>, <i>debilitatae</i>, + <i>fractae</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug44">44.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j255">[255]</a> <i>Praedator</i>, belonging to <i>exercitus</i>, is the same as <i>praedas + agens</i>, ‘carrying off booty.’ See Zumpt, § 102, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j256">[256]</a> <i>Aestivorum tempus</i> is the time suited for the campaign. To + <i>aestivorum</i> supply <i>castrorum</i>, ‘a summer-camp,’ and ‘a campaign + made in summer;’ hence, also, ‘a campaign’ in general, inasmuch as + warlike operations were but rarely carried on in winter. +<br><a class="bold" name="j257">[257]</a> <i>Albinus</i>, during a portion of the summer of the year 109 B. C., + continued to command as proconsul, while the consul Metellus was + detained at Rome by the election of the consuls for the year + B. C. 108. +<br><a class="bold" name="j258">[258]</a> <i>Odos</i> for <i>odor</i>. See Zumpt, § 7. +<br><a class="bold" name="j259">[259]</a> <i>Cum mercatoribus</i>, ‘in intercourse with merchants.’ The + merchandise, in return for which another commodity is given, is + expressed by the ablative. See Zumpt, § 456.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug45">45.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j260">[260]</a> <i>Ambitio</i>, ‘courting favour;’ hence here in the sense of + ‘indulgence,’ ‘connivance,’ these being the ordinary means to obtain + the favour of the multitude. +<br><a class="bold" name="j261">[261]</a> <i>Ceteris arte modum statuisse</i> still depends upon <i>comperior</i>, ‘I + learn (that is, we are informed) that for the rest (of the wants) he + fixed the measure in a close (niggardly) manner;’ for <i>arte</i> is the + adverb of <i>artus</i>, which is frequently, though not correctly, written + <i>arcte</i>. It must not be confounded with <i>arte</i> from <i>ars</i>. Sallust + might have said, <i>ceteris (rebus) artum modum statuisse</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug46">46.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j262">[262]</a> <i>Supplicia</i> here, as elsewhere, are <i>supplices preces</i>, ‘humble + prayers,’ or ‘petitions.’ Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j263">[263]</a> ‘He applies to the ambassadors one by one;’ that is, he tries them + one by one, <i>temptat singulos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j264">[264]</a> <i>Maxime</i>, the same as <i>potissimum</i>. Compare <a href="#jug35">chap. 35</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j265">[265]</a> ‘What would be in accordance with his wish;’ namely, the granting + of his request. +<br><a class="bold" name="j266">[266]</a> The plural <i>equitatus</i> is rare; here it refers to different troops + of cavalry, as in Caesar, <i>Bell. Civ.</i> i. 61. To <i>propulsarent</i> + supply <i>eos</i>. See Zumpt, § 766.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug47">47.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j267">[267]</a> ‘Most frequented;’ for <i>celeber</i>, <i>bris</i>, <i>bre</i>, is commonly used + of densely peopled or much frequented places. +<br><a class="bold" name="j268">[268]</a> Metellus placed a garrison in the city, partly to test the + sentiments of the inhabitants, and partly on account of the + advantages offered to him by the nature of the place, in case the + inhabitants should not object to a garrison of the Romans. The common + reading, <i>si paterentur opportunitates loci</i>, must be rejected, for + the words <i>si paterentur</i> must refer to the inhabitants of the place, + and explain the preceding <i>temptandi gratia</i>. Another reading, + <i>opportunitatis</i>, to which <i>gratia</i> must be supplied by the mind, has + the same meaning as <i>opportunitate</i>, the ablative of cause. +<br><a class="bold" name="j269">[269]</a> ‘He believed that the great number of merchants (in the town) + and the corn would be of use to the army, and protect the provisions + (of the Roman army) already accumulated,’ so that the Roman stores + might be saved. +<br><a class="bold" name="j270">[270]</a> <i>Impensius modo</i>; that is, <i>praeter modum</i>, ‘beyond measure,’ + ‘immoderately;’ literally, ‘stronger than the measure observed in + such matters.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug48">48.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j271">[271]</a> <i>Exercitum antevenit</i>. See Zumpt, § 386, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j272">[272]</a> ‘In an equal direction;’ that is, likewise extending from south + to north. +<br><a class="bold" name="j273">[273]</a> In the midst of this range there arose another group, extending + far and wide; and, as will be seen hereafter (<a href="#jug49">chapter 49</a>), in a + transverse direction (<i>transverso itinere</i>) from the range to the + river running parallel with it. <i>In immensum</i>, however, must be + understood relatively of a very great extent, and not absolutely of + an infinite extent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j274">[274]</a> ‘On dry and sandy ground’ is a very singular expression, and + has been noticed as such by the Roman grammarians themselves; + for <i>humi</i> (on the ground) is otherwise used without an adjective as + an adverb. The adjective is here put in the ablative, to denote the + place where, and in the neuter gender, <i>humi</i> being regarded as + indeclinable. In ordinary language, it would be <i>in humo arida</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug49">49.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j275">[275]</a> ‘The battle-line being long, but not deep.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j276">[276]</a> <i>Montem</i>, the same as <i>monti</i>. See Zumpt, § 411. +<br><a class="bold" name="j277">[277]</a> <i>Decuerint</i>. Sallust might have written <i>decuerit</i> in the singular. + Compare Zumpt, § 226. +<br><a class="bold" name="j278">[278]</a> <i>Quum interim Metellus — conspicitur</i>, is the apodosis. ‘Then, + in the meantime, Metellus appears.’ Respecting this use of <i>quum</i> + with the present indicative, see Zumpt, § 580, 2; for the + circumstance of <i>interim</i> being used here, where we might expect + <i>subito</i>, does not alter the case, and only expresses that Jugurtha + was yet engaged in encouraging his army when Metellus became visible. +<br><a class="bold" name="j279">[279]</a> <i>Incerti</i> is here used passively and personally, ‘uncertain what it + might be,’ for <i>de quibus incertum erat, quidnam esset</i>; and the + neuter <i>quidnam</i> is used in the sense of the masculine plural, ‘it + was uncertain whether they were men, and what sort of men.’ In like + manner we have seen (<a href="#jug18">chapter 18</a>) <i>ignarus</i> used passively. +<br><a class="bold" name="j280">[280]</a> ‘With an alteration in the ranks,’ those soldiers who had before + marched by the side of one another now being placed behind one + another, as the man who had till then been on the right wing of his + detachment suddenly turned to the right, with his face towards the + hill. On the right of the whole marching army, he now formed the + front towards the enemy (<i>aciem</i>), and strengthened by a threefold + reserve. +<br><a class="bold" name="j281">[281]</a> ‘The <i>principia</i> standing transversely’ (to the direction in which + till then the column had been). The march of the Roman army + was from east to west; the enemy appeared on the right flank, and + the Roman vanguard (<i>principia</i>) therefore turned round to face them + (that is, turning its face to the north), and it is this direction + which is expressed by <i>transversus</i>. <i>Principia</i> is the vanguard, + because in a Roman legion the ten companies of <i>principes</i> formed the + front line, while the <i>hastati</i> constituted the second, and the + <i>triarii</i> the third. In this manner the <i>principes</i> here faced the + enemy, while the other divisions of the army drew up behind them as + a reserve.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug50">50.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j282">[282]</a> <i>Transversis proeliis</i>, ‘by attacks on the flanks’ — namely, if the + Roman army should resume its march westward. +<br><a class="bold" name="j283">[283]</a> <i>Temptare lassitudinem militum</i>, the same as <i>lassos milites + aggredi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j284">[284]</a> The army was drawn up in battle array facing the north, so that, + if it resumed its march westward, the part which formed the left + wing became the head of the column (<i>agmen</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="j285">[285]</a> <i>Priores</i>; that is, <i>superiores</i>, ‘superior.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j286">[286]</a> <i>Ea</i>, ‘on this road,’ or ‘there.’ <i>Evadere</i>, ‘to ascend.’ <i>Vero</i> in + the apodosis renders it strong and emphatic. See Zumpt, § 716.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug51">51.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j287">[287]</a> Respecting the omission of <i>et</i>, see Zumpt, § 782. <i>Arma</i> and + <i>tela</i> are the two kinds of arms, the one being used in a close + contest, and the other at a distance; the use of either of them + depended on chance (<i>fors regebat</i>). <i>Itaque</i> in the next clause is + the same as et <i>ita</i>, and not the conjunction <i>itaque = igitur</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j288">[288]</a> They had no camp, no fortifications into which they could retreat. + <i>Illis</i> refers to the Romans addressed, and is rendered by the + emphatic they; instead of <i>illis</i>, the speaker might have used + <i>ipsis</i> whereby he would have included himself, whereas now he is + speaking only of the soldiers. Compare Zumpt, § 702.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug52">52.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j289">[289]</a> <i>Diei</i>; other editions have <i>die</i>, an obsolete form of the fifth + declension. <i>Adverso colle evadunt</i>, ‘they worked their way up the + opposite hill.’ The author might have said <i>in adversum collem,</i> + ‘they ascended it.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j290">[290]</a> The neuter predicate <i>tutata sunt</i> here refers to two feminine + nouns, instead of <i>tutatae sunt</i>; but it is quite in accordance with + the custom of Sallust. See Zumpt, § 377. +<br><a class="bold" name="j291">[291]</a> ‘What the enemy were doing in every place;’ for <i>ubique</i> signifies + ‘in every place;’ not absolutely, but in every one of the places + where anything was done by the enemy. <i>Ubique</i> stands to <i>ubivis</i> + in the same relation as <i>quisque</i> to <i>quivis</i>. Compare Zumpt, § 710. +<br><a class="bold" name="j292">[292]</a> ‘He had drawn up his corps close together.’ About <i>arte</i>, see + <a href="#cat59"><i>Cat.</i>, chap. 59</a>, and p. 110, note 4 [<a href="#j261">note 261</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug53">53.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j293">[293]</a> ‘They held out only so long as they believed that they had an + assistance in their elephants.’ When they were disappointed in this + hope, they took to flight; for <i>fugam facere</i> is here the same as + <i>fugere</i>, though generally it is equivalent to <i>fugare</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j294">[294]</a> ‘Tired and worn out.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j295">[295]</a> The two detachments of the Roman army approaching each other, threw + each other into fear and confusion by the noise of their march, as + they imagined lhat the enemy was approaching. We have retained + <i>adventarent</i>, the reading of the early editions; the one now + generally received, <i>adventare</i>, must be rendered, ‘when they were + not far from one another, they approached in a noisy manner, like + enemies, (and) filled each other mutually with fear.’ But here + the verb <i>adventare</i> is offensive, it having already been said that + they were not far from one another; so also is the mere ablative + <i>strepitu adventare</i> and the omission of <i>et</i>, for which we cannot + see any reason. +<br><a class="bold" name="j296">[296]</a> Supply <i>esset</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j297">[297]</a> ‘Misfortunes lower even good men;’ that is, diminish their + reputation.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug54">54.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j298">[298]</a> Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the + ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, § 396. +<br><a class="bold" name="j299">[299]</a> <i>Sunt</i> here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta; + according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be <i>sint</i> or <i>essent</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j300">[300]</a> <i>Gentium</i> is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See + Zumpt, § 434. +<br><a class="bold" name="j301">[301]</a> A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of + being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war. + Respecting the substantive <i>cultor</i>, instead of the participle + <i>colens</i>, see p. 109, note 5 [<a href="#j255">note 255</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j302">[302]</a> <i>Ea gratia</i>, a concise expression for <i>ejus (rei) gratia</i>, ‘on this + account.’ In like manner we find <i>hac, ea causa</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j303">[303]</a> ‘Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his + pleasure;’ because, considering the number and condition of his + irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to + retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither. +<br><a class="bold" name="j304">[304]</a> <i>Temere</i> signifies that which is done without any lasting effect, + without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident + or chance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j305">[305]</a> <i>Sua loca</i> are ‘convenient’ or ‘favourable places;’ <i>aliena</i>, + ‘inconvenient ;’ that is, such as he would not have chosen himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j306">[306]</a> ‘According to circumstances,’ as in <a href="#jug39">chap. 39</a>: <i>ex copia rerum</i>, + ‘according to the state of circumstances.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug55">55.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j307">[307]</a> <i>Magnificus</i>, ‘boasting,’ ‘insolent,’ as in <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>: <i>incedunt per + ora, vestra magnifci</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j308">[308]</a> Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called + <i>supplicatio</i>, and was a sign that the general was likely to be + honoured with a triumph. +<br><a class="bold" name="j309">[309]</a> <i>Necubi</i> for <i>ne alicubi</i>, ‘in order that not somewhere.’ See + Zumpt, § 136. +<br><a class="bold" name="j310">[310]</a> <i>Post insidias Jugurthae</i>, ‘after he had once experienced attacks + made from an ambuscade.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug56">56.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j311">[311]</a> <i>Zama</i>, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred + years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according + to Polybius, five days’ march south of Carthage. +<br><a class="bold" name="j312">[312]</a> <i>In tempore</i>, ‘in due time,’ ‘in proper time.’ Zumpt, § 475, note.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug57">57.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j313">[313]</a> <i>Proelium facere in manibus</i>, the same as <i>pugnare cominus, manus + conserere</i>, ‘to be engaged in close combat.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j314">[314]</a> ‘Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;’ that is, burning + torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular <i>taedam</i> is used in a + collective sense for the plural <i>taedas</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug58">58.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j315">[315]</a> ‘Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss’ + (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of <i>remissus</i>, taken from a + bow when it is not stretched. +<br><a class="bold" name="j316">[316]</a> ‘As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among + the many.’ The deponent <i>frustari</i> here has a reflective meaning, + ‘to exert one’s self in vain,’ ‘to deceive one’s self,’ and must be + conceived to come from the active <i>frustrare</i>, ‘to frustrate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j317">[317]</a> ‘Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,’ &c. Respecting <i>vero</i> in + the apodosis, see note on <a href="#jug50">chap. 50</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug59">59.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j318">[318]</a> ‘The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not + their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage’ + (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though + the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, § 525. The Numidian + horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making + a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in + such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood + head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by + procuring a respite for their struggling infantry.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug60">60.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j319">[319]</a> ‘There they exerted themselves most actively,’ <i>eo</i> having the + meaning of <i>eo loco</i>, or <i>ibi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j320">[320]</a> ‘More upon themselves than upon others.’ See Zumpt, § 725. +<br><a class="bold" name="j321">[321]</a> ‘One might observe them.’ Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j322">[322]</a> <i>Sicuti — possent</i>, ‘just as if,’ as <i>sicut</i>, like <i>quasi</i>, is used + for <i>velut</i>. See <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>. For it is not possible that the two places + of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the + Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one + another, or even distinctly see the separate charges. +<br><a class="bold" name="j323">[323]</a> <i>Niti corporibus</i>, ‘to exert one’s self bodily,’ inasmuch as the + body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes + backward. The plural <i>corpora</i> is as common in Latin as <i>animi</i>, when + several persons are spoken of. +<br><a class="bold" name="j324">[324]</a> <i>Sine tumultu</i>, ‘without disturbance’ or ‘hindrance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j325">[325]</a> <i>Astrictus</i>, ‘fixed intent,’ whose attention was entirely directed + to the contest at a distance. <i>Occupatis</i> also might have been used.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug61">61.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j326">[326]</a> <i>Ad eum</i>, or <i>ad illum</i>, would have been strictly grammatical; and + as Sallust uses <i>ad se</i>, it would have been more consistent to use + the subjunctive <i>defecissent</i>; but the indicative is necessary, + because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed + by <i>ad ipsum</i>, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from + the secondary subject, <i>urbes</i>, and direct it to the leading subject, + Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun + where <i>is</i> or <i>sui</i>, <i>sibi</i>, <i>se</i>, can be employed. Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>, + and Zumpt, § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j327">[327]</a> That is, <i>Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug62">62.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j328">[328]</a> <i>Ne illo</i>, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, ‘if he hesitated still longer.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j329">[329]</a> <i>More majorum</i> refers to the custom according to which Roman + generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace + according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a + council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior + officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the + praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also + took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a + purely military nature. +<br><a class="bold" name="j330">[330]</a> <i>Pondo</i>, ‘pound,’ properly <i>librarum pondo</i> (depending upon + <i>milia</i>). See Zumpt, § 87. As in the time of the Roman republic + eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and + twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus, + the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi + aurei. +<br><a class="bold" name="j331">[331]</a> ‘When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.’ There + is an ancient military expression, <i>Ad imperium vocari</i>, or <i>adesse</i>, + by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry + into effect. See Zumpt, § 658. +<br><a class="bold" name="j332">[332]</a> <i>Digna</i>, ‘what is due to him;’ here of course bodily suffering or + punishment. +<br><a class="bold" name="j333">[333]</a> We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in + which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged + his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year + as proconsul.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug63">63.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j334">[334]</a> <i>Agitabat</i> does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if + so, the verb would be in the subjunctive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j335">[335]</a> Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a + candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not + a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium + of Arpinum. The term ‘ancient family’ means one which had <i>imagines</i>, + or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices + of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country + gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property + enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of + rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render + to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank, + which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might + be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member + of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as + he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his + praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus. +<br><a class="bold" name="j336">[336]</a> <i>Belli</i>; that is, <i>in bello</i>, on account of the following <i>domi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j337">[337]</a> <i>Altus</i>; that is, <i>alitus</i>. See Zumpt, § 198. +<br><a class="bold" name="j338">[338]</a> That is, <i>quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen + notus factus</i>, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished + services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was + communicated by one person to another. +<br><a class="bold" name="j339">[339]</a> <i>Ad id locorum</i>, ‘until then,’ ‘until that time,’ as in <a href="#jug72">chap. 72</a>: + <i>post id locorum</i>. See Zumpt, § 434. Marius did not venture to aspire + to the consulship; for <i>appetere</i> is not the same as <i>petere</i>, the + latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not + yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious + superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him. +<br><a class="bold" name="j340">[340]</a> The <i>nobiles</i> transmitted the consulship to one another <i>per + manus</i>; that is, after one <i>nobilis</i> had been invested with it, it + was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that + no <i>homo novus</i> should come forward as a candidate.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug64">64.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j341">[341]</a> His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return + to the service, he would have asked <i>commeatum</i>, ‘leave of absence.’ + He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be + successful. +<br><a class="bold" name="j342">[342]</a> <i>Superabant</i>; that is, <i>supererant, abunde erant</i>. + Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at + the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly + born. +<br><a class="bold" name="j343">[343]</a> ‘He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so + consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j344">[344]</a> <i>Contubernio patris</i> for <i>in contubernio patris</i>, as + <i>contubernalis</i> of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for + young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites + in the suite, and as attachés (adjutants) to a general, whereas other + less favoured Romans served <i>in ordine</i>; that is, enlisted in some + detachment of cavalry or infantry. +<br><a class="bold" name="j345">[345]</a> <i>Pro</i>, ‘in regard to,’ ‘in consideration of.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j346">[346]</a> <i>Grassari</i>, ‘to go on,’ ‘proceed;’ but at the same time contains + the idea of excitement or vehemence. +<br><a class="bold" name="j347">[347]</a> <i>Ambitio</i>, ‘courting favour;’ <i>ambitiosum</i>, something the object + or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence ‘winning,’ + ‘captivating.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j348">[348]</a> <i>Inanis</i>, ‘empty.’ Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance, + one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with + it; hence ‘vain,’ ‘superficial.’ <i>Vanus</i> also is used in the same + sense. <i>Regia superbia</i>. See <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug65">65.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j349">[349]</a> <i>Secundus heres</i> is the person who is pointed out in a will to + supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable + or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his + death without leaving any issue. +<br><a class="bold" name="j350">[350]</a> <i>In eos</i>; that is, <i>in equites Romanos</i>, referring to what follows. +<br><a class="bold" name="j351">[351]</a> <i>Imperatori</i>, a dativus incommodi, <i>cui poena imponantur</i>, ‘that + with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the + general in return for the insults offered to him.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j352">[352]</a> ‘This might happen even very soon.’ <i>Adeo</i> points out that which is + essential in a thing. See Zumpt, § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="j353">[353]</a> The words <i>milites et negotiatiores</i> are in apposition to <i>equites + Romanos</i>, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in + the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on + business (<i>negotiabantur</i>) in the towns. If the sentence were to be + understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been + omitted before <i>milites</i>. See Zumpt, § 783. The <i>milites gregarii</i> + and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons + had little or no communication with their friends at Rome. +<br><a class="bold" name="j354">[354]</a> <i>Suffragatio</i>, the inclination to give one’s vote in favour of a + person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence ‘the + support given to a person’s election.’ A vote is <i>suffragium</i>, and + <i>suffragari</i>, to vote for a person. +<br><a class="bold" name="j355">[355]</a> This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation + into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in + <a href="#jug40">chap. 40</a>, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was + terrified by it.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug66">66.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j356">[356]</a> <i>Affectare</i>, ‘to try to obtain a thing,’ ‘to exert one’s self for a + thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j357">[357]</a> <i>Voluntate alienati</i>; that is, <i>sua sponte alienati</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j358">[358]</a> <i>Discordiosus</i>, ‘quarrelsome;’ a very rare word, but formed with + perfect correctness. Zumpt, § 252. +<br><a class="bold" name="j359">[359]</a> ‘The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather + than apprehension and terror;’ namely, to the Romans or the Roman + garrison. +<br><a class="bold" name="j360">[360]</a> <i>In tali die</i>. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by + the addition <i>tali</i>, indicating the particular circumstances of that + day of joy. See Zumpt, § 475, note. <i>Inermos</i> is much more rare than + <i>inermes</i>. See Zumpt, § 101, note.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug67">67.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j361">[361]</a> <i>Pro tectis</i>, ‘on the edge of the roofs.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j362">[362]</a> <i>Anceps malum</i>, ‘the double attack;’ namely, the one made on even + ground, and that from the roofs. +<br><a class="bold" name="j363">[363]</a> Respecting the connection of <i>nisi</i> — <i>videtur</i>, instead of the + complete expression <i>nisi hoc constat</i> — <i>eum videri</i>, see p. 92, + note 2 [<a href="#j153">note 153</a>]. <i>Intestabilis</i>, properly, ‘a person unfit to give + his evidence, and incapable of making a will;’ hence, according to + Roman usage, equivalent to ‘infamous;’ <i>detestabilis</i>, which also + properly signifies ‘one deserving to be excluded in the will,’ or ‘to + be disinherited.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug68">68.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j364">[364]</a> ‘Declining everything;’ that is, refusing to obey any order that + was given them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j365">[365]</a> <i>Passuum</i> might also be <i>passus</i>. See Zumpt, § 116, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j366">[366]</a> <i>In primo</i>, ‘at the head,’ or ‘in front,’ the line being spread out + (<i>late</i>), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug69">69.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j367">[367]</a> ‘The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.’ We cannot say + <i>urbs poenae fuit</i> alone; but the dative <i>poenae</i> is explained + by the common expression <i>praedae fuit</i>, with which it is connected. +<br><a class="bold" name="j368">[368]</a> ‘Ordered to defend himself’ against the charge of treachery + which was brought against him. For a <i>reus</i> (a person standing + accused of a crime) <i>causam dicit</i>; that is, conducts his case, or + defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid + the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged. + This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound + to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been + abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5 + [<a href="#c260">note 260</a>]. + For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that Turpilius was a citizen + from Latium; that is, he did not possess the full Roman franchise, + but only that part of it which was not incompatible with his + retaining the franchise in some Latin town. Such half-citizens or + Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given in this manner, + that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the territory of + Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they renounced + their Latin franchise, were at that time still very numerous; + but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called + the Latin towns received the Roman franchise.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug70">70.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j369">[369]</a> ‘He tormented himself day and night with the thought.’ Respecting + this paraphrase of one’s own person by the word <i>animus</i>, see Zumpt, + § 678. +<br><a class="bold" name="j370">[370]</a> <i>Quae Jugurthae</i> — <i>superaverant</i>, ‘which had been left for + Jugurtha;’ that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish. +<br><a class="bold" name="j371">[371]</a> ‘That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy + in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished’ (<i>inultis</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="j372">[372]</a> <i>Metusque</i> — <i>impediebat</i>. The imperfect describes the lasting + condition of the matter, while the perfect, <i>venit</i>, expresses the + momentary act, and the clause <i>metus impediebat</i> represents an + inserted clause denoting cause: <i>metus enim rem impediebat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j373">[373]</a> Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown + by Nabdalsa. +<br><a class="bold" name="j374">[374]</a> <i>In quîs</i> — <i>accusare</i>. The historical infinitive in a relative + clause is very rare, but <i>in quîs</i> here supplies the place of <i>et in + his</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j375">[375]</a> ‘The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their + (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa’s) valour, or by that of Metellus,’ + since his doom was fixed at all events. <i>Id agitari</i> for <i>id agi</i>, + which in this sense is far more frequent.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug71">71.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j376">[376]</a> <i>Allatae</i>; supply <i>essent</i>, an ellipsis, which is not very common + after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j377">[377]</a> <i>Solet</i>, supply <i>capere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j378">[378]</a> <i>Repperit</i>; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, § 22. +<br><a class="bold" name="j379">[379]</a> <i>Res praevenitur</i>, ‘a thing is anticipated,’ or ‘something is done + previously,’ is found very rarely instead of <i>occupatur</i>. <i>Homo + praevenitur</i>, ‘a person is anticipated in a thing,’ is more common. +<br><a class="bold" name="j380">[380]</a> <i>Super</i>, the same as <i>de</i>. See Zumpt, § 320.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug72">72.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j381">[381]</a> ‘Differently from what he carried in his mind;’ that is, from what + he intended in his mind. +<br><a class="bold" name="j382">[382]</a> A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of + his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have + paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug73">73.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j383">[383]</a> <i>Indicio patefacto</i> is a kind of pleonasm, as <i>indicio facto</i> would + be sufficient; for <i>indicium fit, res ipsa</i> (that is, <i>conjuratio</i>) + <i>patefit</i> — ‘the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j384">[384]</a> <i>Plebs — acceperant</i> for <i>acceperat</i>, <i>plebs</i> being a collective + noun. Zumpt, § 366. +<br><a class="bold" name="j385">[385]</a> ‘However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than + either their virtues or their faults.’ <i>Moderata sunt</i>, from the + deponent <i>moderor</i>, ‘I determine,’ ‘I guide;’ as in Cicero, <i>mens + moderatur omnia</i>, ‘the mind determines everything.’ <i>Sua bona aut + mala</i>, ‘their own virtues or vices,’ in apposition to the party-zeal + of others. <i>Suus</i> here is not reflective, but only designates + something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, + § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j386">[386]</a> <i>Arcessere</i>, ‘to summon before a court of justice,’ with the + genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms <i>arcessere</i> and + <i>accersere</i> have the same meaning, but <i>arcessere</i> is more frequent + in the sense of ‘to summon,’ or ‘to accuse.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j387">[387]</a> <i>Res fidesque</i>, ‘property and credit.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j388">[388]</a> ‘Crowded around Marius,’ whenever he appeared in public, to show + him their attachment. <i>Post honorem Marii ducerent</i>, the same, as + <i>postponerent honori Marii</i>, the preposition in this sense being + commonly joined to the verb. Compare <a href="#cat23"><i>Cat</i>. chap. 23</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j389">[389]</a> From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign + in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon + to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was + customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current + administration of foreign affairs.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug74">74.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j390">[390]</a> <i>Bocchus</i>, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as + far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the + modern empire of Fez and Morocco. +<br><a class="bold" name="j391">[391]</a> ‘The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of + standards.’ The adjective <i>aliquantus</i>, with the exception of the + neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe + the varying construction of <i>potior</i>. See Zumpt, §§ 465, 466. Sallust + often prefers variety to uniformity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j392">[392]</a> <i>Tuta sunt</i> might also be <i>tuentur</i>; for the perfect is here used + of things which usually happened, and still happen. <i>Tuta</i> is less + common than <i>tuita</i> or <i>tutata</i>, which in this passage is found in + some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug75">75.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j393">[393]</a> <i>Impensius modo</i> may be ‘still more strongly,’ his despondency + having already been mentioned; or <i>modo</i> is the ablative, and + <i>impensius modo</i> is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, + beyond measure, <i>ultra modum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j394">[394]</a> <i>Cultus</i> is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart + from eating and drinking; so that <i>pueritiae cultus</i> comprises the + regulations for a youth’s residence, his education, and the things + and persons by whom he is surrounded. +<br><a class="bold" name="j395">[395]</a> ‘And other things fit to contain water;’ probably vessels to keep + water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with + vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. +<br><a class="bold" name="j396">[396]</a> ‘Where they should be assembled.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j397">[397]</a> <i>Modo</i> is commonly used only to denote that something is less + than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of ‘that alone,’ + or ‘even that alone.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug76">76.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j398">[398]</a> ‘That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,’ the perfect + participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility — as + <i>invictus</i>, invincible; <i>incorruptus</i>, incorruptible; <i>inaccessus</i>, + inaccessible. See Zumpt, § 328. +<br><a class="bold" name="j399">[399]</a> <i>Ex copia</i>, ‘according to circumstances,’ here referring especially + to the different nature of the locality. <i>Vinea</i>, properly ‘a bower + formed of vines;’ hence ‘a protecting roof,’ under which the soldiers + attacked the fortifications of the enemy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j400">[400]</a> ‘After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:’ + <i>ante</i> here is superfluous. +<br><a class="bold" name="j401">[401]</a> <i>Poenas pendere</i>, the same as <i>poenas solvere</i>, ‘to pay a penalty.’ + In <i>corrumpunt</i> we may notice a zeugma, as out of <i>corrumpunt</i> we + have to take <i>interficiunt</i>. See Zumpt, § 775.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug77">77.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j402">[402]</a> <i>Illorum</i>; that is, <i>Romanorum</i>. Respecting the situation of Leptis + magna, see <a href="#jug19">chap. 19</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j403">[403]</a> <i>Nave</i> or <i>naviter</i> (‘actively’) is the correct orthography, for + which other editions have <i>gnave</i>. See Zumpt, § 12. Its case is the + same as that of <i>natus</i>, which in composition takes the <i>g</i> — as + <i>cognatus</i>, <i>agnatus</i>; and also <i>narus</i>, <i>ignarus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug78">78.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j404">[404]</a> <i>Alta</i>; supply <i>in alia tempestate</i>, ‘sometimes deep, and sometimes + shallow.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j405">[405]</a> ‘They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws + other things along with it;’ for the Greek <i>συρειν</i> signifies + ‘to draw,’ or ‘drag along.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j406">[406]</a> It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had + experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections + with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved + their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated + from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was + also the reason of the Numidian king’s seldom residing at Leptis, + although the town belonged to his kingdom.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug79">79.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j407">[407]</a> <i>Admonere</i> is here construed in an unusual manner with two + accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the + latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun + in the accusative is not uncommon — as <i>hoc, id, illud te admoneo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j408">[408]</a> <i>Imperare</i> and <i>imperitare</i> are construed with the dative of that + over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative + or ablative. +<br><a class="bold" name="j409">[409]</a> <i>Sponsionem facere</i> here has the general sense, ‘to make a + contract,’ otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is + given, which is lost by him who is condemned. +<br><a class="bold" name="j410">[410]</a> ‘They hastened to get through their journey.’ The intransitive + <i>pergere</i> (like <i>ire</i>) containing the notion of an uninterrupted + continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same + derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive + meaning. See Zumpt, § 384. +<br><a class="bold" name="j411">[411]</a> <i>Retinere</i>; supply <i>proficiscentes</i> or <i>iter facientes</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j412">[412]</a> ‘Devoid of,’ or ‘without products;’ for <i>gignere</i> is used of those + things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like + themselves. +<br><a class="bold" name="j413">[413]</a> ‘Because they had spoiled the affair;’ as by quick travelling they + might have traversed a considerable extent of country. +<br><a class="bold" name="j414">[414]</a> <i>Conturbare</i>, ‘to disturb,’ or ‘to try to throw into confusion;’ + namely, the agreement. +<br><a class="bold" name="j415">[415]</a> ‘The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,’ for <i>dant optionem + Carthaginiensibus</i>. The genitive <i>Carthaginiensium</i> occurs in most, + and in the best manuscripts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j416">[416]</a> <i>Ibi</i>; that is, <i>in illis finibus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug80">80.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j417">[417]</a> The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, + in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern + countries inhabited by real negroes. +<br><a class="bold" name="j418">[418]</a> <i>Pronum</i>, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without + obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an + inclined plane. +<br><a class="bold" name="j419">[419]</a> The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before + they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the + Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of + friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j420">[420]</a> ‘But kings so much the more;’ namely, surpass others in the + numbers of their wives. +<br><a class="bold" name="j421">[421]</a> ‘None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;’ that is, none + is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life + and rank.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug81">81.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j422">[422]</a> <i>In locum placitum</i>, ‘at a fixed place,’ at a place where it had + been agreed to meet. The participle <i>placitus</i> is formed irregularly + from the neuter verb <i>placeo</i>, as such verbs generally have no + passive voice. But <i>placeo</i> is used also as an impersonal verb, + <i>placet</i>, and, as such, its perfect is either <i>placuit</i> or <i>placitum + est</i>, ‘it pleased,’ or ‘was decreed.’ The same is the case with other + impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form + gradually ceased to be offensive, <i>placitus, a, um</i>, came to be used + in the sense of <i>is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit</i>. Compare Zumpt, + §§ 142, 225. +<br><a class="bold" name="j423">[423]</a> ‘Of an insatiable avarice;’ for <i>profundus</i> is often used + figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. +<br><a class="bold" name="j424">[424]</a> <i>Quis</i> (<i>quibus</i>) refers to the preceding <i>illos</i>; that is, + <i>Romanos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j425">[425]</a> <i>Tum, sese</i>; supply <i>hostem Romanis esse</i>, which infinitive must be + taken from the following <i>fore</i>. The <i>tum</i> must be rendered in + English by ‘now,’ as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, § 732; and + regarding <i>Persen</i> for <i>Perseum</i>, § 52. +<br><a class="bold" name="j426">[426]</a> <i>Capta urbe</i>, ‘if the town were taken,’ it would be worth while. +<br><a class="bold" name="j427">[427]</a> <i>Pacem imminuere</i>, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus + intended to conclude with the Romans.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug82">82.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j428">[428]</a> ‘According to his advantage;’ that is, if a favourable opportunity + should offer. +<br><a class="bold" name="j429">[429]</a> ‘More than is just and fair.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j430">[430]</a> According to the language of Cicero, the dative <i>linguae</i> would + have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, § 414. +<br><a class="bold" name="j431">[431]</a> <i>Alii</i>; supply from what precedes <i>interpretabantur</i>, ‘they + accounted for his sensibility by,’ &c. +<br><a class="bold" name="j432">[432]</a> <i>Injuria sua</i> has a passive sense; ‘by the injustice done to him.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug83">83.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j433">[433]</a> <i>Stultitiae</i> might have been <i>stultilia</i> for the genitive. See + Zumpt, § 448, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j434">[434]</a> <i>Tum</i>. See page 137, note 3 + [<a href="#j425">note 425</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j435">[435]</a> <i>Incerta mutare</i>, ‘to obtain uncertain things in exchange for + others, or for certain things;’ but it might also mean, ‘to give + uncertain things for certain ones.’ See Zumpt, § 456, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j436">[436]</a> <i>Desinere</i> is used here for the sake of variety, instead of + <i>finire</i>, <i>deponi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j437">[437]</a> ‘If the same power were granted to him’ (Jugurtha), namely, to + conclude peace, ‘an agreement might easily be come to.’ <i>Res convenit + inter nos</i> is the same as <i>convenimus de re</i>, ‘we agree upon the + matter.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug84">84.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j438">[438]</a> ‘The plebs being most desirous.’ The participle <i>cupiens</i>, with + its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not + contrary to grammar. +<br><a class="bold" name="j439">[439]</a> <i>Multus instare</i> is rather a poetical phrase for <i>multum</i>, + ‘greatly,’ or ‘repeatedly.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j440">[440]</a> <i>Ambiundo cogere</i>, ‘to oblige a person by flattering words;’ a very + expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is + effected by flattery and intreaties. +<br><a class="bold" name="j441">[441]</a> For the expression <i>aliquid mihi volenti est</i>, ‘a thing accords + with my wishes,’ see Zumpt, § 420, note. <i>Neque</i> corresponds with + <i>et</i>: on the one hand, it was <i>not</i> believed that the service in the + army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it <i>was</i> + believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military + service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would + lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. +<br><a class="bold" name="j442">[442]</a> <i>Traho animo</i>, or <i>cum animo meo</i>, ‘I am incessantly occupied in my + mind with something.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug85">85.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j443">[443]</a> From what precedes, supply <i>mihi videtur</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j444">[444]</a> Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, + calls his appointment to the consulship a <i>beneficium</i>, ‘a favour,’ + of the Roman people. +<br><a class="bold" name="j445">[445]</a> ‘Is more difficult;’ namely, than is commonly believed, quam + <i>opinio</i> est. +<br><a class="bold" name="j446">[446]</a> <i>Procedunt</i>, ‘benefit the state,’ ‘promote the general good.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j447">[447]</a> <i>Vertit</i>, intransitively, ‘has become changed;’ the same as <i>vertit + se</i>, or <i>versum est</i>. See Zumpt, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="j448">[448]</a> <i>Prosapia</i> for <i>familia</i>, an ancient and obsolete word, and + intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the + pretensions of the nobility. +<br><a class="bold" name="j449">[449]</a> Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted + with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, + <i>praeposteri homines</i>; that is, ‘men who do afterwards that which + they ought to do before;’ for, he adds, it is true one must first be + appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active + preparation ought to precede. +<br><a class="bold" name="j450">[450]</a> ‘I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make + this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.’ By <i>quamquam</i>, + Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, + § 341); <i>sed</i> introduces a new distinction between men; namely that + of merit. +<br><a class="bold" name="j451">[451]</a> <i>Faciant idem</i>, ‘let them despise their own ancestors likewise.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j452">[452]</a> <i>Hujusce rei</i>; that is, <i>commemorationis majorum meorum</i>, ‘I cannot + speak of my ancestors.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j453">[453]</a> <i>Meamet</i>, commonly with the addition of <i>ipse</i>. Zumpt, § 139, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j454">[454]</a> ‘That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious + of my own weakness and want of ability.’ Modesty often shows + itself mainly in silence. <i>Conscientia</i> is the consciousness of a + person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. + <i>Ducere in aliquid</i>, ‘to consider a thing as;’ ‘to interpret a thing + as:’ compare <a href="#jug82">chap. 82</a>: <i>vertere in superbiam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j455">[455]</a> <i>Militaria dona</i> are presents which a general gives publicly to + brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable + distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such + presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. + Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn + round the neck (<i>torques</i>), bracelets (<i>armillae</i>), pins or brooches + (<i>fibulae</i>) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (<i>coronae</i>). It was less + common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (<i>vexillum</i>) attached + to a pole. +<br><a class="bold" name="j456">[456]</a> ‘I consider this as something too unimportant.’ <i>Parum</i> is used + substantively. +<br><a class="bold" name="j457">[457]</a> ‘Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the + Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:’ inasmuch as the Greek + states had been unable to protect their political liberty either + against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. <i>Virtus</i> signifies + especially ‘bravery,’ ‘valour;’ but it has also a more general + meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one’s + own advantages. +<br><a class="bold" name="j458">[458]</a> <i>Praesidia agitare</i>, ‘to keep watch,’ to maintain the posts + intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of + enemies. +<br><a class="bold" name="j459">[459]</a> <i>Arte colere</i>, ‘to keep close;’ <i>opulenter colere</i>, ‘to treat + liberally.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j460">[460]</a> ‘To compel by bodily punishment.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j461">[461]</a> <i>Celebravere</i>; that is, <i>extulerunt</i>, <i>auxerunt</i>. <i>Celebrare</i> + properly signifies ‘to make or render frequent;’ that is, to bring + into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other + objects. +<br><a class="bold" name="j462">[462]</a> ‘I have no cook worth more than a steward.’ Marius here assails + the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more + than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the + <i>villicus</i> was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged + in agriculture on the estate (<i>villa</i>) of a Roman noble. <i>Coquus</i> is + also spelled <i>cocus</i>. See Zumpt, § 5. +<br><a class="bold" name="j463">[463]</a> <i>Quin ergo — faciant</i>, ‘why, then, will they not do?’ This form + of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The + subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon <i>quin</i>, but upon the + optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, § 542. +<br><a class="bold" name="j464">[464]</a> <i>Ereptum eunt</i>, ‘they endeavour to snatch away,’ or ‘they snatch + away.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j465">[465]</a> <i>Cladi sunt</i>, ‘they are a destruction;’ the same as <i>calamitosae, + perniciosae sunt</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j466">[466]</a> That is, ‘you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, + and haughty commanders.’ Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, + Albinus, and Metellus. +<br><a class="bold" name="j467">[467]</a> <i>Attrito</i>, ‘worn away,’ ‘annihilated,’ ‘sacrificed.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j468">[468]</a> ‘Serve the republic,’ ‘devote yourselves to the public good.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j469">[469]</a> ‘Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.’ <i>Idem</i> indicates the + union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, § 697. +<br><a class="bold" name="j470">[470]</a> ‘I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j471">[471]</a> <i>Decebat</i>, a peculiarity of the Latin language for <i>deceret</i>. See + Zumpt, § 518.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug86">86.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j472">[472]</a> In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military + affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first + five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those + persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of + the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the + legions. They were <i>capite censi</i>, because, when the censors made + out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal + existence or name for registration. Their being called ‘the sixth + class’ is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, + <i>classis</i> signifies only ‘a property class.’ As the number of persons + of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, + and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in + the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive + privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered + themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and + accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to + this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the + service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the + time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from + the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, + those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen’s life, + and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of + ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="j473">[473]</a> <i>Sua curae</i>; another reading is <i>cura sunt</i>, the sense of which is + nearly the same. <i>Sua</i>, ‘a person’s own property,’ or ‘all that + belongs to him,’ including the state itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j474">[474]</a> ‘With a considerably larger army.’ About this meaning of + <i>aliquanto</i> with a comparative, see Zumpt, §§ 108, 488. +<br><a class="bold" name="j475">[475]</a> <i>Utica</i>, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was + a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second + Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded + by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is + Biserta, north-west of Tunis.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug87">87.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j476">[476]</a> ‘Laden with booty;’ that is, filled with things which can be taken + as booty. +<br><a class="bold" name="j477">[477]</a> <i>Pugnae adesse</i> belong together, ‘to take part in the battle.’ + Marius’s plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with + courage before leading them to labour and hardship. +<br><a class="bold" name="j478">[478]</a> <i>Futuros</i>; supply <i>esse</i>, ‘they would behave;’ hence the adverbs. + See Zumpt, § 365.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug88">88.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j479">[479]</a> ‘Contrary to his expectation;’ for <i>spes</i> is often used in the + general sense of ‘expecting,’ or ‘looking forward to’ anything, + whether good or bad. +<br><a class="bold" name="j480">[480]</a> <i>Armis exuere,</i> ‘to disarm;’ here the same as ‘conquer’ or + ‘defeat;’ intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their + arms behind. +<br><a class="bold" name="j481">[481]</a> ‘Not calculated to bring the war to a close.’ See Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="j482">[482]</a> <i>Adversum se erant</i> is a combination of two constructions + — <i>adversum se essent</i> and <i>adversum eum erant</i> — of which we have + already observed several instances. Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>, and p. 122, + note 1 [<a href="#j326">note 326</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j483">[483]</a> To <i>nudatum</i> supply <i>fore</i>, which is to be taken out of the + following <i>esse</i>; ‘he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of + his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j484">[484]</a> <i>Ne quid — timeret</i>, ‘(requesting him) not to fear anything;’ the + imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by + the subjunctive. See Zumpt, § 603.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug89">89.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j485">[485]</a> <i>In manus venire</i>, ‘to come within reach,’ ‘engage in close + combat;’ for <i>manus conserere</i>, which is much more frequent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j486">[486]</a> ‘It seemed to be time;’ that is, it seemed to be a favourable + moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive <i>aggredi</i>. + Zumpt, § 659, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j487">[487]</a> <i>Capsa</i>, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river + Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, + and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of + Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, + by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a + Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal + scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. +<br><a class="bold" name="j488">[488]</a> <i>Immunis</i>, ‘exempt from taxes.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j489">[489]</a> Other editions have <i>quarum</i> instead of <i>quorum</i>. See Zumpt, § 78, + note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j490">[490]</a> <i>Jugis aqua</i>, ‘running water,’ or ‘a well perpetually flowing.’ + The other water which they used was rain water, and to <i>pluvia</i> we + must supply <i>aqua</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j491">[491]</a> <i>Africa — incultius agebat</i>, ‘Africa, which was in a state of + greater want of cultivation;’ an unusual transfer of the verb <i>agere</i> + (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the + country itself.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug90">90.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j492">[492]</a> ‘He was brought into danger’ or ‘difficulty.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j493">[493]</a> ‘They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j494">[494]</a> <i>Exornat</i>; supply <i>rem, expeditionem</i>, ‘the undertaking or + campaign.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug91">91.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j495">[495]</a> <i>Per</i> implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. +<br><a class="bold" name="j496">[496]</a> <i>Duum</i> for <i>duorum</i> occurs most frequently in connection with + <i>milium</i>. See Zumpt, § 115, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j497">[497]</a> <i>Res trepidae</i>, ‘a dangerous situation.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j498">[498]</a> Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a + town which had surrendered at discretion.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug92">92.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j499">[499]</a> ‘All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted + as good services,’ so that to <i>non</i> we have to supply <i>modo</i>. For the + phrase <i>in virtutem trahere</i>, see <a href="#jug85">chap. 85</a>: <i>ducere in conscientiam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j500">[500]</a> ‘He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything + was revealed to him by divine inspiration.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j501">[501]</a> <i>Capsensium</i>; supply <i>res</i>, ‘the undertaking against Capsa;’ for + the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the + town itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j502">[502]</a> ‘For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, + and purposely.’ The accusative <i>omnia</i> is to be taken adverbially, + ‘on all sides,’ just as we frequently find <i>cetera</i> and <i>reliqua</i>. + See Zumpt, § 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have <i>per + omnia</i>, <i>omni parte</i>, <i>omnis</i>, all of which are only attempts to + explain the true reading. +<br><a class="bold" name="j503">[503]</a> ‘For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and + provisions.’ This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern + editions <i>et</i> is omitted, and the passage is given with the following + punctuation: <i>nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis + frumenti</i>, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but + violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction + must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. +<br><a class="bold" name="j504">[504]</a> ‘The road of the inhabitants of the castle;’ that is, the only + road which led up to the castle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j505">[505]</a> ‘Do their work ;’ namely, break through the wall.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug93">93.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j506">[506]</a> <i>Aestuans</i> is here used figuratively of one who is in care and + anxiety. +<br><a class="bold" name="j507">[507]</a> <i>Ligus</i>, ‘a Ligurian,’ belonging to the country of Liguria, which + was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital + of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman + army were mentioned in <a href="#jug77">chap. 77</a>, and those auxiliaries were no doubt + of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were + accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from + their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, + perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in + which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j508">[508]</a> <i>Egressus est</i>, the same as <i>escendit</i> or <i>evasit</i>, ‘he got up.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j509">[509]</a> ‘The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,’ + inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack + upon the castle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j510">[510]</a> ‘He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,’ as from his + high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose + that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; + but <i>perscribit</i> may possibly mean only to mark such points as + would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality + after his return to the camp. +<br><a class="bold" name="j511">[511]</a> ‘The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being + with them.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j512">[512]</a> ‘Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of + the Ligurian.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j513">[513]</a> ‘Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.’ + <i>Numero</i> is almost superfluous.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug94">94.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j514">[514]</a> <i>Pergit</i>; namely, <i>Ligus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j515">[515]</a> ‘That it might proceed more easily.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j516">[516]</a> ‘In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make + less noise.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j517">[517]</a> ‘And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;’ + for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such + knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. +<br><a class="bold" name="j518">[518]</a> ‘He himself foremost (<i>potissimus</i>) tried those places which it + was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j519">[519]</a> ‘And then immediately withdrawing;’ namely, in order to make room + for those who followed. +<br><a class="bold" name="j520">[520]</a> ‘The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable + fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, <i>correcta</i>) by + chance, found praise instead of blame.’ The sudden terror of the + Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in + their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the + Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had + despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few + Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions + for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly + small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these + centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug95">95.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j521">[521]</a> <i>Quos</i> refers to the <i>equites</i> implied in the word <i>equitatus</i>. + This is a construction <i>ad sensum</i>, of which many examples occur in + Sallust (compare <a href="#cat7"><i>Cat.</i> 7</a>), though the present case is rather + unusual. +<br><a class="bold" name="j522">[522]</a> <i>Res</i>, ‘the subject,’ ‘the present discussion,’ or ‘the context of + the narrative.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j523">[523]</a> <i>Persecutus</i>; supply <i>Sullae naturam cultumque</i>. L. Sisenna, an + early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war + between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and + therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. +<br><a class="bold" name="j524">[524]</a> The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. + The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in + consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, + applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a + physical decay of the family. +<br><a class="bold" name="j525">[525]</a> <i>Atque doctissime</i>, ‘and that very profoundly;’ the same as <i>et + doctissime quidem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j526">[526]</a> <i>Nisi quod</i> adds a limitation or exception to something stated + before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the + remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved + better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the + spur of a momentary passion. <i>Potuit consuli</i>; supply <i>ab eo</i>; that + is, <i>potuisset consulere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j527">[527]</a> <i>Amicitia facilis</i>, ‘pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or + friendly intercourse.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j528">[528]</a> <i>Altitudo animi</i>, the unfathomableness of a man’s character and + designs — a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going + on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become + hypocritical, <i>ad simulationem et dissimulationem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j529">[529]</a> ‘His good fortune was never greater than his activity;’ that is, + his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved + all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are + utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither + good-luck nor activity.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug96">96.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j530">[530]</a> For <i>intra breves tempestates</i>, see note 3, page 59 + [<a href="#c304">note 304 in Cat.</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j531">[531]</a> <i>Id laboro</i>. See Zumpt, § 385. <i>Ut illi deberent</i> should properly + be <i>sibi</i> or <i>ipsi</i>; but see Zumpt, § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j532">[532]</a> <i>Multus adesse</i>, ‘he was present in many places,’ multiplying, as + it were, his own person. Compare <a href="#jug84">chap. 84</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug97">97.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j533">[533]</a> <i>Rationes trahere</i> implies slow and careful deliberation, as in + chaps. <a href="#jug34">34</a> and <a href="#jug93">93</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j534">[534]</a> <i>Die</i> for <i>diei</i>. See page 115, note 3 [<a href="#j289">note 289</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j535">[535]</a> ‘The night would not he an obstacle to them’ (in their pursuit). + <i>Nullo</i> obsolete for <i>nulli</i>. See Zumpt, § 140. +<br><a class="bold" name="j536">[536]</a> <i>Simul cognovit</i> — <i>et hostes aderant</i>, ‘he at once learned — and the + enemy was there;’ that is, between the receiving of the information + and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. <i>Sarcinas + colligere</i>; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put + together in a heap, as in Caes. <i>Bell</i>. <i>Gall</i>. vii. 18. +<br><a class="bold" name="j537">[537]</a> <i>Signum</i> here is ‘the watchword,’ which is given out by the + general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling + another. Sometimes <i>signum</i> is the signal given by a <i>cornu</i> or + <i>tuba</i>. To make the former known throughout an army required some + time, but not so the latter. <i>Signa</i> afterwards are the standards of + the maniples, cohorts, and legions. +<br><a class="bold" name="j538">[538]</a> <i>Latrocinium</i>, ‘a predatory attack,’ as opposed to a regular + battle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j539">[539]</a> <i>Obtruncare</i> in opposition to <i>caedere</i> (cut down) signifies ‘to + mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.’ The word <i>multos</i> is chosen + here only for variety’s sake, instead of <i>alios</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j540">[540]</a> The words <i>veteres novique</i> express a whole sentence: ‘as old + and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and + cohorts) of the army;’ and it is to this meaning that <i>ob ea</i> (for + this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers + were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the + old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say <i>squares</i>), which + was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a + superior enemy.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug98">98.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j541">[541]</a> <i>Quam tamen</i> — <i>nihil remittere</i>, ‘while the barbarians nevertheless + did not leave off.’ For <i>quum</i> with the historical infinitive, see + Zumpt, § 582. <i>Pro se</i>, ‘favourable to them.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j542">[542]</a> Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to + have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as + it required only to be slightly fortified. <i>Quaerebat</i> for + <i>requirebat</i>, which is more common in this sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j543">[543]</a> ‘As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;’ so that + <i>neque</i>, being properly used for <i>et non</i>, must here be taken for + <i>etiam non</i> or <i>ne</i> — <i>quidem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j544">[544]</a> <i>Pleno gradu</i>, ‘at a quick pace,’ which, however, is not running. + This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had + been worsted in the attack. +<br><a class="bold" name="j545">[545]</a> <i>Fugere, ut pro</i>, is the reading of the manuscripts, ‘as they did + not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.’ <i>Ut pro</i> + signifies ‘both as victors and as if they were,’ the <i>ut</i> and <i>pro</i> + signifying nearly the same thing.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug99">99.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j546">[546]</a> ‘Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually + heard at the different night watches.’ The night was divided by + the Romans into four watches (<i>vigiliae</i>), the beginning of which was + announced by a horn (<i>buccina</i>). <i>Canere</i> is here used + intransitively, ‘to sound,’ as in <a href="#cat59"><i>Cat</i>. chap. 59</a> Below, it is used + transitively, in the sense of ‘to blow,’ or ‘give a signal.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j547">[547]</a> The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in + some parts very minute. <i>Formido</i> is the highest degree of fear + (<i>timor</i>), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition <i>quasi + vecordia</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug100">100.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j548">[548]</a> The superlative <i>dextimus</i> does not differ in meaning from the + positive <i>dexter</i>. See Zumpt, § 114, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j549">[549]</a> <i>Minime cari</i>; that is, <i>maxime viles</i>, ‘who were most + indifferent,’ or ‘valueless to him,’ whose lives he was least + inclined to spare. +<br><a class="bold" name="j550">[550]</a> ‘As if he had not placed (there) any commander.’ <i>Imponere</i>, used + absolutely, ‘to appoint;’ namely, in the place spoken of. <i>Nullo</i> for + <i>nemine</i>, the ablative as well as the genitive of <i>nemo</i> not being in + use. +<br><a class="bold" name="j551">[551]</a> <i>Cogebat</i>; supply <i>armatos intentosque esse</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j552">[552]</a> Construe <i>neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere</i>; that is, + his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed + in marching. +<br><a class="bold" name="j553">[553]</a> The singular <i>in porta</i> is here used because the author is speaking + especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the <i>porta praetoria</i> + opposite the <i>porta decumana</i>). At this gate a strong body of + outposts (<i>excubitores</i>) was stationed, consisting of the most + trustworthy soldiers. +<br><a class="bold" name="j554">[554]</a> <i>Futurum, quae imperavisset</i>, an old-fashioned mode of speaking + for <i>futura esse, quae</i>. Besides this passage, there is no other + certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of + Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that + in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. +<br><a class="bold" name="j555">[555]</a> ‘Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) + by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.’ <i>Aliquid + mihi est volenti</i>. See p. 139, note 1 [<a href="#j441">note 441</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j556">[556]</a> <i>Malum</i> is here the same as ‘punishment,’ or <i>poena</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j557">[557]</a> <i>Nisi tamen</i> introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt + expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius’s indulgence. + Compare p. 92, note 2 [<a href="#j153">note 153</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug101">101.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j558">[558]</a> <i>Hostes adesse intellegitur</i> is a nominative with the infinitive, + for <i>intellegunt hostem adesse</i>. See Zumpt, § 607. It is, however, + not impossible that <i>hostis</i> may be the accusative plural for + <i>hostes</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j559">[559]</a> <i>Aeque</i>, ‘equally;’ for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his + detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not + know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his + detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j560">[560]</a> The meaning is — Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the + right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual + enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders + alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, + and attacked the enemy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j561">[561]</a> <i>Neque — affuerant</i>, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, + being the subject, should be in the nominative, for <i>sed — qui non + affuerant</i>, or <i>neque ii — affuerant</i>. The omission is singular, but + not without other examples. See Zumpt, § 806. The <i>prior pugna</i> is + the one described in chaps. <a href="#jug97">97</a>-<a href="#jug99">99</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j562">[562]</a> ‘He rode secretly, with few companions,’ to another place, where + the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. + <i>Convertit</i> for <i>convertit se</i>. See Zumpt, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="j563">[563]</a> Respecting the position of <i>quos adversum</i>, instead of <i>adversum + quos</i>, see Zumpt, § 324. +<br><a class="bold" name="j564">[564]</a> That is, <i>ipsius comitibus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j565">[565]</a> ‘By making a skilful movement with his body,’ <i>dum corpore evitat + tela</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j566">[566]</a> A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting + is over. <i>Afflicti</i>, ‘thrust down to the ground,’ implying the notion + of persons being severely wounded. <i>Niti</i>, ‘to attempt to rise.’ + <i>Qua visus erat</i>, ‘as far as one could see.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug102">102.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j567">[567]</a> <i>Post ea loci</i>, ‘afterwards.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j568">[568]</a> ‘Whither he had at first directed his march. ‘<i>Profectus</i> might + have been omitted, but its meaning is, ‘having once set out on his + march.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j569">[569]</a> ‘About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j570">[570]</a> <i>Placuit</i>; supply <i>eos</i>, which might also have been expressed by + the relative pronoun, <i>quos placuit</i>. See Zumpt, § 804. The + ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his + proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they + probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not + favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him + over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his + designs. +<br><a class="bold" name="j571">[571]</a> <i>Rati</i>; namely, <i>Romani</i>, which must be taken out of <i>populo + Romano</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j572">[572]</a> The manuscripts have <i>esses</i>, which can be explained only by an + amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form + of politeness which is not contained in <i>perpessus es</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j573">[573]</a> The infinitive <i>placuisse</i> depends on <i>scilicet</i>, which is here + quite the same as <i>scire licet</i>, as in chaps. <a href="#jug4">4</a> and <a href="#jug113">113</a>. In ordinary + language, <i>scilicet</i> is a mere adverb, ‘evidently,’ ‘forsooth.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j574">[574]</a> ‘You have many opportunities;’ consequently the same as <i>magnam + opportunitatem</i>. See Zumpt, § 756. +<br><a class="bold" name="j575">[575]</a> <i>Demittere in pectus</i>, ‘to impress upon one’s mind,’ <i>sibi + persuadere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j576">[576]</a> This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed + no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of + Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised + to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in + recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part + of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, <a href="#jug111">chap. 111</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j577">[577]</a> <i>Tum</i>, ‘now.’ See Zumpt, § 732. +<br><a class="bold" name="j578">[578]</a> Namely, <i>legates mittendi</i>, ‘after he had obtained permission to + despatch an embassy to Rome.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug103">103.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j579">[579]</a> <i>Hibernacula</i>, ‘a winter-camp;’ the same as <i>hiberna</i>, + ‘winter-quarters;’ for in <a href="#jug100">chap. 100</a> it was stated that Marius ordered + quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful + whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he + ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents + made for the purpose. If the latter — <i>in hibernaculis</i> is used in its + proper sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j580">[580]</a> <i>Turrim</i> is here the same as <i>castellum</i>. <i>Perfugae omnes</i> are not + ‘all the deserters,’ but ‘nothing but deserters,’ or ‘all deserters;’ + for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters. +<br><a class="bold" name="j581">[581]</a> <i>Venerant</i> has the meaning of <i>evenerant</i>. Respecting <i>sibi</i> for + <i>ipsi</i>, see p. 121, note 2 [<a href="#j320">note 320</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j582">[582]</a> <i>Reliquerat</i>, not ‘he had left them behind,’ which is the usual + meaning of <i>relinquo</i>, but ‘he had left them unbribed:’ that is, he + had neglected to bribe them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j583">[583]</a> That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his + absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander. +<br><a class="bold" name="j584">[584]</a> ‘He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;’ for they + were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace + having yet been concluded. The epithet <i>vani</i> belongs to them, + because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes + suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. <i>Accurate</i>, ‘with + care,’ ‘with respect.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j585">[585]</a> <i>Volens</i> expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does. +<br><a class="bold" name="j586">[586]</a> ‘Were considered as acts of kindness,’ as parts or proofs of a + kindly disposition. +<br><a class="bold" name="j587">[587]</a> <i>Benevolentiae sunt</i>, ‘are calculated to produce good-will’ towards + the king.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug104">104.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j588">[588]</a> Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier; + that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to + him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also + summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt + propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to + undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time + placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had + the <i>jus praetorem</i> in his province, he was sometimes simply called + praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other + military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of + senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give + weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its + real conclusion rested with the senate. +<br><a class="bold" name="j589">[589]</a> <i>Ea</i>, the neuter plural, though referring to <i>induciae</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j590">[590]</a> Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto + been the case with the Roman war. +<br><a class="bold" name="j591">[591]</a> The manuscripts have <i>Rufone</i>, which unusual name must be + corrected either into <i>Rufo</i> or <i>Rusone</i>. We prefer <i>Rufo</i>, because + Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the <i>Octavii Rufi</i> as + a senatorial family of the time here spoken of. +<br><a class="bold" name="j592">[592]</a> <i>Deprecati sunt</i>; that is, <i>deprecantes dixerunt</i>; for <i>deprecari</i> + properly signifies ‘to avert something by prayers.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j593">[593]</a> <i>Gratiam facere</i>, ‘to grant pardon for something.’ To <i>quoniam + poenitet</i> we must supply <i>eum</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug105">105.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j594">[594]</a> ‘By whose decision a final determination might be come to + respecting the common affairs.’ Respecting the ablative <i>arbitratu</i>, + see Zumpt, § 190. +<br><a class="bold" name="j595">[595]</a> The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was + sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were + prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight + with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with + the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca, + Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and + as <i>socii</i> of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman + armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls + were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500 + paces. The <i>Pelignians</i> are a people of central Italy, not far from + the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All + the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman + franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men + to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore <i>arma + velitaria</i> (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or + whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems + that this was their proper armour. +<br><a class="bold" name="j596">[596]</a> <i>Non amplius</i>. See Zumpt, § 485. +<br><a class="bold" name="j597">[597]</a> ‘They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them + against the supposed enemy,’ but without making actual use of them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j598">[598]</a> ‘As was in reality the case;’ namely, that the approaching cavalry + had no hostile intentions.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug106">106.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j599">[599]</a> To this and the following infinitive we must supply <i>dicit</i>, which + is to be taken out of the preceding <i>negat</i>. See Zumpt, § 774. +<br><a class="bold" name="j600">[600]</a> <i>Mansurum potius, quam — vitae parceret</i> is correctly said, though + it might also be <i>quam vitae parsurum</i>. See Zumpt, § 603, 2. The + indicative <i>quos ducebat</i> is a remark of the historian; <i>quos + duceret</i> would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been + the regular form. <i>Coenatos esse</i>, ‘they were to have finished + dining.’ See Zumpt, § 148. +<br><a class="bold" name="j601">[601]</a> <i>Ante eos</i>, ‘before them;’ that is, on the road along which they + had to march.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug107">107.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j602">[602]</a> ‘He protects the Mauretanian against violence.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j603">[603]</a> A dative. See Zumpt, § 419. +<br><a class="bold" name="j604">[604]</a> The same as <i>inermibus</i>. See Zumpt, § 101. <i>Nudum et caecum + corpus</i>, ‘the undefended part of the body, and not provided with + eyes;’ that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards + the enemy, if he wants to be safe. +<br><a class="bold" name="j605">[605]</a> ‘It seemed to him to be the most advisable.’ Instead of <i>factu</i>, + other editions have <i>factum</i>, ‘it seemed to him to be the best + thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j606">[606]</a> ‘As the matter stood,’ a limitation suggesting that, under other + circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen. +<br><a class="bold" name="j607">[607]</a> ‘As they had come upon him unexpectedly;’ for Jugurtha had + not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass + through his lines.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug108">108.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j608">[608]</a> ‘As ambassador with a public commission,’ though at the same time + he privately acted the part of a spy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j609">[609]</a> ‘That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been + previously determined upon with Sulla.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j610">[610]</a> ‘In order that the common business might be conducted the more + carelessly.’ The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha’s + ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace + more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of + fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. <i>Non pertimescere</i> + are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of + <i>contemnere</i>, ‘he should disregard’ the ambassador, and accordingly + act with Bocchus more confidentially. +<br><a class="bold" name="j611">[611]</a> The infinitive of the impersonal passive <i>cavetur ab insidiis</i>, + ‘precaution is taken against snares.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j612">[612]</a> <i>Punica fides</i> is proverbially the same as <i>mala fides</i>, the + Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious + double-dealers. <i>Attinere</i> is the same as <i>morari</i>, ‘to detain.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j613">[613]</a> ‘His inclination.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug109">109.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j614">[614]</a> ‘And <i>says</i> (which must be taken from the preceding <i>jubet</i>) that + as yet he had determined upon nothing.’ As past time is here + spoken of, it should properly not be <i>etiamnunc</i>, but <i>etiamtunc</i>; + and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts <i>tum + etiam</i> ought not to be received into the text. If <i>etiamnunc</i> is + correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons + the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to + the present. +<br><a class="bold" name="j615">[615]</a> ‘A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both’ (Sulla + and Bocchus).</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug110">110.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j616">[616]</a> The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being + unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not, + like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor + Sulla was by no means a private person. +<br><a class="bold" name="j617">[617]</a> ‘I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord + (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man’s assistance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j618">[618]</a> <i>Fuerit mihi eguisse</i>, the concessive mood: ‘granting that it was + the case that I needed,’ might also have been expressed simly by + <i>eguerim</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j619">[619]</a> ‘This you may try at once.’ For this meaning of <i>adeo</i>, whereby + that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="j620">[620]</a> ‘Unimpaired,’ ‘in the same condition.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j621">[621]</a> We should express the same idea rather thus: <i>regem munificentia + vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j622">[622]</a> About <i>factum volui</i>, see Zumpt, § 611. +<br><a class="bold" name="j623">[623]</a> ‘Your wish will not be refused by me.’ Bocchus no doubt here + alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to + whether it is worthy of himself.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug111">111.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j624">[624]</a> ‘What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a + thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something + beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than + his.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j625">[625]</a> ‘Would then come to him,’ implying an advantage gained without + exertion. +<br><a class="bold" name="j626">[626]</a> <i>Negitare</i>, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple + <i>negare</i>, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion + that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The <i>affinitas</i> + (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned <a href="#jug80">chap. 80</a>, a + daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their + <i>cognatio</i> (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have + been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings. + <i>Intervenisse</i> — that is, <i>factum esse</i> — referring especially to + <i>foedus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug112">112.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j627">[627]</a> ‘That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j628">[628]</a> <i>Pax conventa</i>, ‘the peace which is agreed upon.’ Observe the + rare use of the passive participle; for <i>convenire</i> is commonly + intransitive — as <i>pax convenit</i>, a ‘peace is concluded.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j629">[629]</a> <i>In potestatem habere</i> is ungrammatical for <i>in potestate habere</i>, + but is found now and then. See Zumpt, § 316. +<br><a class="bold" name="j630">[630]</a> The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause + <i>non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam</i> should have a verb of its own, + which, however, would be a part of the leading verb — namely, <i>qui + in hostium potestate esset</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug113">113.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j631">[631]</a> ‘In contradiction with themselves,’ ‘contradictory.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j632">[632]</a> ‘The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them + immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.’ <i>Ceteris</i> + refers to the preceding <i>amicis</i>, but is used instead of <i>iis</i>, to + form antithesis to himself: ‘after the removal of all the rest, he + deliberated by himself.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j633">[633]</a> <i>Vultus</i>, chiefly ‘the look of the eyes,’ but also ‘the features of + the countenance,’ by which the inward emotions are manifested; + hence Sallust here, by the addition of <i>corporis</i>, opposes the + outward expression to the emotions of the mind: ‘He changed (varied) + in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his + sentiments.’ <i>Quae scilicet patefecisse</i>, ‘which, as could be seen, + revealed his mental emotions.’ <i>Quae</i> is the neuter plural, and + <i>scilicet</i> contains the leading verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j634">[634]</a> That is, <i>ut praeceptum erat</i>, and not <i>dictum</i> in the sense of + <i>edictum</i>; for according to the deceitful agreement, the <i>condiciones + pacis</i> were to be determined peaceably. +<br><a class="bold" name="j635">[635]</a> Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who + had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six + years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no + longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla + considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and + to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug114">114.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j636">[636]</a> ‘During the same time;’ that is, the time during which Marius, + as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the + regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen + into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as + the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal + and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and + other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105, + in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul + Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the + river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in + B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (<i>Galli</i>) are + the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries + about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general + difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes, + and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been + wandering about in Gaul. +<br><a class="bold" name="j637">[637]</a> <i>Illique</i>; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in + the time of Sallust. <i>Sic habuere</i>, ‘entertained this opinion.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j638">[638]</a> <i>Certare</i>; supply <i>se</i>; unless we read <i>certari</i>, to which it is + easier to supply a <i>se</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j639">[639]</a> On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that + Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome, + was put to death in the public prison near the Forum — which is + described by Sallust, <a href="#cat55"><i>Cat.</i> 55</a> — at the same hour in which Marius + offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the + Capitol.</P> +<hr> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino, by +Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + +***** This file should be named 7402-h.htm or 7402-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/7/4/0/7402/ + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino + +Author: Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +Posting Date: November 7, 2012 [EBook #7402] +Release Date: February, 2005 +First Posted: April 24, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + + + + + + + +Classical Series. +Edited By Drs. Schmitz And Zumpt. + + * * * * * + +C SALLUSTII CRISPI + +DE BELLO CATILINARIO et JUGURTHINO. + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + +The text of Sallust, notwithstanding the many and excellent editions +which have been published, has not yet acquired a form that can be +regarded as generally adopted and established; for the number of +manuscripts is great, and their differences have led critical editors to +form different opinions as to which, in each case, is the correct +reading, or at least the one most worthy of acceptation. This difference +of opinion manifested itself especially after the edition of Gottleib +Corte (Leipzig, 1724, 4to.), who in many passages abandoned the vulgate +as constituted by Gruter and Wasse, and on the authority of a few +manuscripts, altered the text of Sallust, on the mere supposition that +his style was abrupt. Corte's recension was adopted by many, and often +reprinted; while others, especially Haverkamp, in his valuable and very +complete edition (Hague, 1742, 2 vols. 4to.), returned to the vulgate. +The latest critical editors of Sallust--Gerlach (Basel, 1823, &c. 3 vols. +4to., and a revised text, Basel, 1832, 8vo.) and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828, +&c. 2 vols. 8vo.)--though declaring against the arbitrary proceedings of +Corte, yet very often differ in their texts from each other. Between +these two stands the edition of the learned critic, J. C. Orelli (Zurich, +1840), whose text forms the basis of the present edition. But besides +abandoning his artificial and antiquated orthography, and restoring that +which is adopted in most editions of Latin classics, we have felt obliged +in many instances to give up Orelli's reading, and to follow the +authority of the best manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked +L in Haverkamp's edition). For our explanatory notes we are much indebted +to the edition of Kritz, though we have often been under the necessity of +differing from him. + +C. G. Zumpt. + +Berlin, _May_, 1848. + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION. + +Caius Sallustius Crispus, according to the statement of the ancient +chronologer Hieronymus, was born in B. C. 86, at Amiternum, in the +country of the Sabines (to the north-east of Rome), and died four years +before the battle of Actium--that is, in B.C. 34 or 35. After having no +doubt gone through a complete course of law and the art of oratory, he +devoted himself to the service of the Roman republic at a time when Rome +was internally divided by the struggle of the opposite factions of +the _optimates_, or the aristocracy, and the _populares_, or the +democratical party. The optimates supported the power of the senate, and +of the nobility who prevailed in the senate; while the populares were +exerting themselves to bring all public questions of importance before +the popular assembly for decision, and resisted the influence of +illustrious and powerful families, whose privileges, arising from birth +and wealth, they attempted to destroy. Sallust belonged to the latter of +these parties. In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an +active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by +the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was +canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain +the praetorship. Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by +the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could +not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned, +and sentenced him to exile. Pompey alone, who was then consul for the +third time, was capable of restoring order and tranquillity. The position +of a tribune of the people was a difficult one for Sallust: he was to +some extent opposed to Milo, and consequently also to Cicero, who pleaded +for Milo; but there exists a statement that he gave up his opposition; +and he himself, in the introduction to his 'Catiline,' intimates that his +honest endeavours for the good of the state drew upon him only ill-will +and hatred. Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by +the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates. +The other censor, L. Piso, did not protect either Sallust, or any of the +others who shared the same fate with him, against this act of partiality. +Rome was at that time governed by the most oppressive oligarchy, which +was then mainly directed against Julius Caesar, who, as a reward for +his brilliant achievements in extending the Roman dominion in Gaul, +desired to be allowed to offer himself in his absence as a candidate for +his second consulship--a desire which the people were willing to comply +with, as it was based upon a law which had been passed some years before +in favour of Caesar; but the optimates endeavoured in every way to oppose +him, and drawing Pompey over to their side, they brought about a rupture +between him and Caesar. Sallust was looked upon in the senate as a +partisan of the latter, and this was the principal reason why he was +deprived of his seat in the great council of the republic; and L. Piso, +the father-in-law of Caesar, is said not to have opposed the partiality +of his colleague in the censorship, in order to increase the number of +Caesar's partisans. When, in B. C. 49, Caesar established his right by +force of arms, Sallust went over to him, and was restored not only to his +seat in the senate, but was advanced to the praetorship in the year B. C. +47. Sallust served, both before and during his year of office, in the +capacity of a lieutenant in Caesar's armies. He also accompanied him +to Africa in the war against the Pompeian party there, and after its +successful termination, was left behind as proconsul of Numidia, which +was made a Roman province. In the discharge of his duties, he is said to +have indulged in extorting money from the new subjects of Rome. He was +accused, but acquitted. This is the historical statement of Dion Cassius; +but a hostile writer of doubtful authority mentions that, by paying +12,000 pieces of gold to Caesar (perhaps as damages for the injury done), +he purchased his acquittal. + +Hereupon Sallust withdrew from public life, to devote his leisure to +literature, and the composition of works on the history of his native +country; for, as after the murder of Caesar, in B. C. 44, the republic +was again delivered over to a state of military despotism, peaceful +advice was deprived of its influence. It need hardly be mentioned that +Sallust, as he had qualified himself for the highest political career, +and the great offices of the republic, must have been possessed of an +independent property; but the statement, that he afterwards gave himself +up to a life of luxury--that he purchased a villa at Tibur, which had +formerly belonged to Caesar--and that he possessed a splendid mansion, +with a garden laid out with elegant plantations and appropriate +buildings, at Rome, near the Colline gate--is founded on the equivocal +authority of a writer of a late period, who was hostile to him. It is +indeed certain that there existed at Rome _horti Sallustiani_, in +which Augustus frequently resided, and which were afterwards in the +possession of the Roman emperors; but it is doubtful as to whether they +had been acquired and laid out by our historian, or by his nephew, a +Roman eques, and particular favourite of Augustus. The statement that +Sallust married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, is still more +doubtful, and probably altogether fictitious.[1] There is, however, a +statement of a contemporary, the learned friend of Cicero, M. Varro, +which cannot be doubted--that in his earlier years Sallust, in the midst +of the party-strife at Rome, kept up an illicit intercourse with the +wife of Milo; but how much the hostility of party may have had to do with +such a report, cannot be decided. In his writings, Sallust expresses +a strong disgust of the luxurious mode of life, and the avarice and +prodigality, of his contemporaries; and there can be no doubt that these +repeated expressions of a stern morality excited both his contemporaries +and subsequent writers to hunt up and divulge any moral foibles in his +life and character, especially as in his compositions he struck into a +new path, by abandoning the ordinary style, and artificially reviving the +ancient style of composition. + +[1] This strange account is found in Hieronymus's first work against + Jovinianus, towards the end; and it becomes still more strange by the + addition, that Terentia was married a third time to the orator + Messalla Corvinus (who was consul with Augustus, B. C. 91):--_Illa_ + (Terentia) _interim conjunx egregia, et quae de fontibus Tullianis + hauserat sapientiam, nupsit Sallustio, inimico ejus, et tertio + Messallae Corvino: et quasi per quosdam gradus eloquentiae devoluta + est._ It almost appears as if in this tradition it had been + intended to mark three phases in the style of Roman oratory, for + Sallust was twenty years younger than Cicero, and Messalla nearly + as many years younger than Sallust. + +The historical works of Sallust are, _De Bello Catilinae_, _De Bello +Jugurthino_ (or the two _Bella_, as the ancients call them), and +five books of _Historiae_--that is, a history of the Roman republic +during the period of twelve years, from the death of Sulla in B. C. 78, +down to the appointment of Pompey to the supreme command in the war +against Mithridates in B. C. 66. This history was regarded by the +ancients as the principal work of our author; but is now lost, with the +exception of four speeches and two political letters, which some admirer +of oratory copied separately from the context of the history, and which +have thus been preserved to our times. The two _Bella_, which are +preserved entire, form the contents of the present volume. + +The work _De Bella Catilinae_ formed the beginning of his historical +compositions, as is clear from the author's own introduction; but it +was not written till after the murder of Caesar in B. C. 44. In it he +describes the conspiracy of L. Sergius Catilina, a man of noble birth and +high rank, but ruined circumstances; its discovery, and the punishment +of the conspirators at Rome in B. C. 63; and its final and complete +suppression in a pitched battle at the beginning of the year B. C. 62. + +The _Bellum Jugurthinum_ treats of the life of Jugurtha, who in +B. C. 118, together with his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal, governed +Numidia. Having crushed his two cousins by fraud and violence, Jugurtha +afterwards maintained himself in his usurped kingdom for several years +against the Roman armies and generals that were sent out against him, +until in the end, after several defeats sustained at the hands of the +Roman consuls, L. Metullus and C. Marius, his own ally, Bocchus, king of +Mauretania, delivered him up into the hands of the Roman quaestor, +L. Sulla. + +In the work on the war of Catiline, Sallust reveals especially the +corruption of what was called the Roman nobility, by tracing the criminal +designs of the conspirators to their sources--avarice, and the love of +pleasure. In the history of the Jugurthine war, he particularly exposes +and condemns the system of bribery in which the leading men of that +age indulged; but on the other hand, he draws a pleasing contrast in +describing the restoration of military discipline by Metullus and Marius. +The difficult campaigns in the extensive and desert country of Numidia, +and the wonderful events of this war, also deserve the attention of the +reader; the more so, as the author has bestowed the greatest care on +giving vivid descriptions of them. + +Among the writings of Sallust, which have been transmitted to us in +manuscripts, and are printed in the larger editions of his works, there +are two epistles addressed to Caesar, containing the author's opinions +and advice regarding the new constitution to be given to the republic, +after the defeat of the optimates and their faction by the dictator. They +are written in his own peculiar style: the first contains excellent ideas +and energetic exposures of the general defects and evils in the state, +as well as plans for remedying them; the second adds some proposals +regarding the courts of justice, and the composition of the senate, +the utility and practicability of which appear somewhat doubtful. +The authenticity of these epistles, therefore, is still a matter of +uncertainty. Lastly, there are two Declamations (_declamationes_), the +one purporting to be by M. Cicero against Sallust, and the other by +Sallust against Cicero; but both are evidently unworthy of the character +and style of the men whose names they bear, and are justly considered to +be the production of some wretched rhetorician of the third or fourth +century of the Christian era.[2] Such declaimers made use of all possible +reports that were current respecting the moral weaknesses of the two men, +and respecting an enmity between them, of which history knows nothing, +and which is contradicted by our author himself, by the praise he +bestows, in his 'Catilinarian War,' upon Cicero. + +[2] It has indeed been said that Quinctilian, who wrote about the year 95 + after Christ, cites passages from these Declamations; but critical + investigation has shown that these passages are interpolations, and + are found only in the worst manuscripts. + +Sallust's character as an historian, and his grammatical style, have +been the subjects of contradictory opinions even among the ancients +themselves--both his own contemporaries, and the men of succeeding ages. +Some condemned his introductions, as having nothing to do with the +works themselves; found fault with the minute details of the speeches +introduced in the narrative; and called him a senseless imitator, in +words and expressions, of the earlier Roman historians, especially of +Cato. Others praised him for his vivid delineations of character, the +precision and vigour of his diction, and for the dignity which he had +given to his style by the use of ancient words and phrases which were no +longer employed in the ordinary language of his own day. But however +different these opinions may appear, there is truth both in the censure +and in the praise, though the praise no doubt outweighs the censure; +and the general opinion among the later Romans justly declared _primus +Romana Crispus in historia_. It is obvious that it is altogether unjust +to say that his introductions are unsuitable, and that the speeches he +introduces are inappropriate: for an author must be allowed to write a +preface to make an avowal of his own sentiments; and the speeches are +inseparably connected with the forms of public life in antiquity: they +are certainly not too long, and express most accurately, both in +sentiment and style, the characters of the great men to whom the author +assigns them. We have no hesitation in declaring that the speeches in the +Catiline and Jugurtha, as well as those extracted from the _Historiae_, +are the most precious specimens of the kind that have come down to us +from antiquity. + +As regards the grammatical style and the imitation of earlier authors, +for which Sallust has been blamed by some, and praised by others, it must +be observed that he is the first among the classical authors extant in +whose works we perceive a difference between the refined language of +public life, such as we have it in Cicero and Caesar, and a new and +artificially-formed language of literature. Cicero and Caesar wrote just +as a well-educated orator of taste spoke: after the death of Caesar, +oratory began to withdraw from the active scenes of public life; and +there remained few authors who, following the practical vocation of an +orator, though at an unfavourable epoch, yet observed the principle +which is generally correct--that a man ought to write in the same manner +in which well-bred people speak. But most men of talent who devoted +themselves to written composition for the satisfaction of their own +minds, or for the instruction of their contemporaries, created for +themselves a new style, such as was naturally developed in them by +reading the earlier authors, and through their own relations to their +readers and not hearers. Livy clung to the language, style, and the +full-sounding period of the oratorical style, though even he in many +points deviated from the natural refinement of a Caesar and a Cicero; +but Sallust gave up the oratorical period, divided the long-spun, +full-sounding, and well-finished oratorical sentence into several short +sentences; and in this manner he seemed to go back to the ancients, who +had not yet invented the period: but still there was a great difference +between his style, in which the ancient simplicity was artificially +restored, and the genuine ancient sentence formed without any rhetorical +art. He wrote without periods, because he would not write otherwise, and +not because he could not; he divided the rhetorical period into separate +sentences, because it appeared to him advantageous in his animated +description of minute details; and he wrote concisely, because he did +not want the things to fill up his sentences which the orator requires +to give roundness and fulness to his periods. He states in isolated +independent sentences those ideas and thoughts which the orator +distributes among leading and subordinate sentences; but he did all this +consciously, as an artist, and with the conviction that it was conducive +to historical animation. Tacitus was his imitator in this artificial +historical style; and notwithstanding all his well-deserved praise, it +must he admitted that the blame cast upon Sallust attaches in a still +higher degree to Tacitus. It is a fact beyond all doubt, that Sallust +introduced into the language of literature antiquated forms, words, and +expressions; and this arose from a desire to recall with the ancient +language also the ancient vigour and simplicity. But even this revival of +what was ancient is visible only here and there, and all such words and +phrases might be exchanged for others and more customary ones, without +depriving Sallust of his essential characteristics; for these consist in +a vivid perception of the important moments of an action, in placing them +in strong contrasts, to excite his readers, and in the effect produced by +isolated sentences simply put in juxtaposition without the artifice of a +polished and intricate period. + +To give our young readers some preparatory information about certain +frequently-recurring peculiarities of Sallust's style, we may remark that +the omission of the personal pronoun in the construction of the +accusative with the infinitive, as well as the omission of the auxiliary +verb _est_, and the frequent use of the infinitive instead of a +dependent clause--for example, _hortatur dicere, res postulat exponere, +conjuravere patriam incendere_, and many similar expressions--arise +from his desire to be brief and concise. Among his antiquated forms of +words, we may mention _die_ for _diei_, the singular _plerusque_, _quis_ +for _quibus_, _senati_ for _senatus_; _dicundi, legundi_, &c. for +_dicendi, legendi_; _intellego_ for _intelligo_, _forem_ for _essem_, +_fuere_ for _fuerunt_; the use of the past participles of deponent verbs +in a passive sense--as _adeptus, interpretatus_. Antiquated words, or +words used in an antiquated sense, are--_supplicium_ for _preces_, +_scilicet_ for _scire licet_; antiquated expressions are--_fugam facere_ +for _fugere_, _habere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, and other phrases with +_habere_. The frequent use of _mortales_ for _homines_, _aevum_ for +_aetas_, and _subigere_ for _cogere_, gives to his style somewhat of a +poetical colouring. As far as grammatical construction is concerned, +there is a tendency to archaisms in the use of _quippe qui_ with the +indicative; in the frequent application of the indicative in subordinate +sentences in the oratio obliqua; and in some other points which we shall +explain in short notes to the passages where they occur. An intentional +disturbance of rhetorical symmetry is perceptible in the change of +corresponding particles;--for example, instead of _alii_ in the +expression _alii-alii_, we find _pars_ or _partim_; instead of _modo_ in +the expression _modo-modo_, we find _interdum_, and similar variations. +But all these differences from the ordinary language contain in +themselves sufficient grounds of explanation and excuse, and are by no +means so frequent as to render the language of Sallust unworthy of the +merited reputation of being classical. + + * * * * * + +C. SALLUSTII CRISPI + +BELLUM CATILINARIUM. + + * * * * * + +1. Omnes[1] homines, qui sese student[2] praestare ceteris animalibus, +summa ope[3] niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae +natura prona[4] atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in +animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur; +alterum nobis cum dis,[5] alterum cum beluis[6] commune est. Quo mihi +rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam +vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri[7] quam maxime +longam[8] efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis +est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales +certamen fuit,[9] vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis +procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris +mature facto opus est.[10] Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius +auxilio eget. + +[1] _Omnes_. Other editions have _omnis_ or _omneis_. The accusative + plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural + in _ium_, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in _is_, and + sometimes in _eis_ or _es_. This fluctuation, however, afterwards + ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became + generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative + in _es_. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as + _volt_ for _vult_, _divorsus_ for _diversus_, _quoique_ for _cuique_, + _maxumus_ for _maximus_, _quom_ for _quum_, or _cum_, which are + retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in + accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best + period of the Latin language. +[2] _Studeo_, when the verb following has the same subject, may be + construed in three ways--with the infinitive alone, as _studeo + praestare_; with the accusative and infinitive, _studeo me + praestare_, as in the present case; or with _ut_, as _studeo ut + praestem_. +[3] _Summa ope_, 'with the greatest exertion,' equivalent to _summa + opere, summopere_; as _magno opere_, or _magnopere_, signifies 'with + great exertion,' or 'greatly.' The nominative _ops_ is not in use, + and the plural _opes_ generally signifies 'the means' or 'power of + doing something.' +[4] _Prona_, 'bent forward,' 'bent down to the ground,' in opposition to + the erect gait of man. +[5] _Dis_ for _diis_. See Zumpt, S 51, n. 5. +[6] _Beluis_; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is _bellua, + belluis_. +[7] Instead of _memoriam nostri_, Sallust might have said _memoriam + nostram_; but the genitive _nostri_ sets forth the object of + remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, S 423. +[8] _Quam maxime longam_; that is, _quam longissimam_, 'lasting as long + as possible.' Zumpt, S 108. +[9] The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in + war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority. + He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but + maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become + rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. _Vine + corporis an_; that is, _utrum vi corporis an_. See Zumpt, S 554. +[10] That is, 'before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when + you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without + delay.' The past participles _consulta_ and _facto_ here supply the + place of verbal substantives. + +2. Igitur[11] initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit), +diversi pars[12] ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum +sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero +quam[13] in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere +urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, +maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque +negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi[14] regum +atque imperatorum animi virtus[15] in pace ita ut in bello valeret, +aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud +alio[16] ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium +facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro +labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia +invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad +optimum quemque[17] a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, +navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti +ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes +transiere;[18] quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima +oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,[19] quoniam de +utraque siletur. Verum enimvero[20] is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima +videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus[21] praeclari facinoris aut artis +bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter +ostendit. + +[11] Respecting the frequent position of _igitur_ at the beginning of a + sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, S 357. +[12] _Pars_, instead of _alii_, probably to avoid the repetition of + _alii_, and to produce variety. +[13] _Postea vero quam_, for _postquam vero_. The author means to say, + that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the + truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere + bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the + Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the + Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history. +[14] Sallust here introduces, by _quodsi_ (and if, or yes, if), an + illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this + connecting power of _quodsi_, as distinguished from the simple _si_, + see Zumpt, S 807. This illustration, which ends with the word + _transfertur_, was suggested to Sallust especially by the + consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under + Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace, + saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away. +[15] _Animi virtus_; these two words are here united to express a single + idea, 'mental greatness.' +[16] _Aliud alio ferri_, 'that one thing is drawn in one direction, and + the other in another.' For _aliud alio_, see Zumpt, S 714; and for + _cerneres_, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive + answers to the English 'you' when not referring to any definite + person, S 381. +[17] _Optimum quemque_, 'to every one in proportion as he is better than + others.' Respecting this relative meaning of _quisque_, see Zumpt, + S 710. 'Every one,' absolutely, is _unusqisque_, and adjectively + _omnis_. +[18] 'They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;' that + is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is + clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of + themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers, + and apply them to practical purposes. +[19] 'I set an equal value upon their life and their death;' that is, + an equally low value, _juxta_ being equivalent to _aeque_ or + _pariter_. +[20] _Verum enimvero;_ these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw + the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding + argument. +[21] 'Intent upon some occupation.' _Intentus_ is commonly construed + with the dative, or the preposition _in_ or _ad_ with the accusative; + but as a person may be intent _upon_ something, so he also may be + intent _by_, or _in consequence of_, something, so that the ablative + is perfectly consistent. + +3. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum +est;[22] vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui +facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,[23] tametsi +haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in +primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis +exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, +malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;[24] ubi de magna virtute atque +gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo +animo accipit, supra ea[25] veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. + +Sed ego[26] adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam +latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro +abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae +tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,[27] tamen inter +tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur[28]: ac me, quum +ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido +eadem qua ceteros fama atque invidia vexabat.[29] + +[22] _Haud absurdum est_, 'is not unbecoming;' that is, 'is worthy + of man.' +[23] _Quidem_ here, like the Greek [Greek: men] in [Greek: emoi men], + without a [Greek: de] following, introduces one opinion in + contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned, + but merely suggested by _quidem_. 'I for my part think so, but what + others think I do not know, or care.' +[24] 'If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure + is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will.' +[25] _Supra ea_, 'whatever is beyond: that;' that is, whatever is beyond + the capacity of the reader. +[26] The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that + after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man, + and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his + opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a + literary life. +[27] _Insolens malarum artium_, 'unacquainted with base artifices or + intrigues;' for _artes_ may be _malae_ as well as _bonae_, + according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things. +[28] _Imbecilla aetas_, 'my weak age;' that is, my mind, which had + not yet arrived at mature independence,'was corrupted by ambition, + and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances.' Sallust + means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he + would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of + public life. +[29] My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and + thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally + harassed and persecuted as they were. + +4. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit et mihi +reliquam aetatem a re publica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium +socordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere;[30] neque vero agrum +colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis,[31] intentum aetatem agere; sed +a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus +statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,[32] ut quaeque memoria digna +videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei +publicae animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione quam +verissime potero paucis absolvam:[33] nam id facinus in primis ego +memorabile existimo sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis +moribus pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. + +[30] _Conterere_--that is, _consumere_, 'to waste my fair leisure.' +[31] Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a + servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered + the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free + citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important + business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the + chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time + taken an active part in political affairs. +[32] _Carptim_, 'in detached parts.' +[33] _Paucis absolvam_, 'I shall treat briefly,' or _paucis pertractabo + conjurationem Catilinae_. + +5. Lucius Catilina,[34] nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et +corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic abadolescentia bella +intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique +juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens[35] inediae, algoris, vigiliae, +supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus +rei libet[36] simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, +ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus +animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post +dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei publicae +capiundae,[37] neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum +pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus +ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his +artibus auxerat,[38] quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti +civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque +avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus +civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere[39] ac paucis instituta majorum +domi militiaeque,[40] quomodo rem publicam habuerint quantamque +reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex pulcherrima pessima ac +flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. + +[34] Sallust begins with a general description of the character of + Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition, + belonged to the patrician _gens Sergia_, which traced its descent to + one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at + any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned + among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of + bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic + wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the + sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for + the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law + before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume + that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war. + Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger + than Catiline. +[35] _Patiens inediae_. Respecting the genitive governed by this and + similar participles--as soon after _alieni appetens_--see Zumpt, + S 438. +[36] _Cujus rei libet;_ it is more common to say _cujuslibet rei_. + Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with _cunque_ and _libet_ + are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between + them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis--as _quod enim + cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi + dederit, lucre appone,_ 'whatever day chance may give thee, consider + it as a gain.' +[37] _Capiundae_. Respecting the _e_ or _u_ in such gerunds and + gerandives, see Zumpt, S 167. +[38] _Auxerat_. He had increased both by the above-mentioned + qualities--namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness + of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural _quae_, + referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is + not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, S 377. +[39] Respecting the infinitive after _hortari_, instead of the more + common use of the conjunction _ut_, see Zumpt, S 615. +[40] _Domi militiaeque_, 'in times of peace and in war.' + +6. Urbem Romam,[41] sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio +Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his +Aborigines,[42] genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, +liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una[43] moenia convenere, dispari +genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu +est quam facile coaluerint.[44] Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, +agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque +mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique +finitimi bello temptare,[45] pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri +metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti +festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, +patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, +sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,[46] magisque dandis quam +accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen +imperii regium habebant;[47] delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, +ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;[48] hi vel +aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium +imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei +publicae[49] fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit[50] immutato +more annua imperia binosque imperatores[51] sibi fecere; eo modo minime +posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. + +[41] In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the + transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic + peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time + of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice, + oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking + picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their + subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his + time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had + acquired the dominion over the world--that is, after the destruction + of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as + the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain + supreme power for himself. +[42] According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had + been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native + Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about + Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate + townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city + of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin + territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded. + Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like + others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do + only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about + historical developments. +[43] _Una_ is the plural. See Zumpt, S 115, note. +[44] It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although + consisting of a mixture of different tribes--whether, as Sallust + briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more + minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans--united into + one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however, + was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin, + which, in conformity with Sallust's notion, appears to be a + combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom. +[45] _Temptare_, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and + construction of which see Zumpt, S 599, note. +[46] _Auxilia portare_ is a less common expression than _auxilium ferre_; + for _portare_ is generally used only to denote the actual physical + carrying of something, while _ferre_ has a wider meaning. The plural + _auxilia_, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to + friends. +[47] 'Their government was a legitimate one'--that is, the powers of the + government were limited by law; 'and bore the name of a kingly + government'--that is, a king stood at the head of it. +[48] Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the + good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a + _consilium publicum_, and were addressed by the term _patres_. +[49] Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also + might have been used, see Zumpt, S 662. +[50] _Ubi--convertit_, 'when it had changed (itself).' For _ubi_ with the + perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 506; and for the + use of _vertere_ in an intransitive or reflective sense, S 145. +[51] In the earliest times they were called _praetores_ or leaders, _qui + praeeunt exercitui_; afterwards _consules_. As two were elected every + year, Sallust uses _bini_, and not _duo_. + +7. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium +in promptu habere.[52] Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, +semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile +memoratu est adepta[53] libertate quantum brevi[54] creverit; tanta +cupido gloriae incesserat.[55] Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli +patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in +decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis +libidinem habebant.[56] Igitur talibus viris non labos[57] insolitus, non +locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus; +virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic +se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus +faceret, properabat; eas[58] divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque +nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam +ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis +maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes +natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto +traheret. + +[52] _In promptu habere_, 'to have in readiness,' and also 'to bring + into action,' or 'to make use of.' Sallust means to say, that in + consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one + increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents + shine. +[53] _Adepta_ is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of + the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said + _adepta libertatem_. +[54] _Brevi_, 'in a short time.' +[55] _Incesserat_; supply _in eos_ or _iis_, referring to _cives_, + implied in the preceding _civitas_. +[56] _Habebant_ should have been _habebat_, since _discebat_ precedes. + But see Zumpt, S 366. +[57] _Labos_, a rarer form for _labor_, as _honos_ and _lepos_, which are + even more frequently found than _honor_ and _lepor_. +[58] _Eas_ agrees with _divitias_, though in English we say, in such + cases, 'This,' or 'these things they considered as riches.' See + Zumpt, S 372. + +8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex libidine +magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti +ego aestimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto[59] +minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna +ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis[60] +celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea +verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea +copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime negotiosus erat;[61] +ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, +sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. + +[59] _Aliquanto_, 'by a considerable amount,' or simply 'considerably,' + is the ablative, expressing the amount of difference between two + things compared. Sallust here considers it to be a mere matter + of chance that the wars of the early Romans, as those against the + Volscians, Aequians, Etruscans, and Samnites, do not stand forth + in history as glorious as the wars of the Greek nations among + themselves, and against the Persians. To us it appears that this was + not a matter of chance; but it undoubtedly arose from the fact, + that the Greeks even then had already attained a higher degree of + civilisation. The interest which history takes in wars does not + depend upon the vastness of the armies or the extent of countries, + but upon the lower or higher degree of civilisation of those engaged + in the wars. +[60] _Pro maximis_, 'they are celebrated _as if they were_ the greatest.' + Respecting this meaning of _pro_, see Zumpt, S 394, note 3. +[61] 'The more intelligent any one was, the more business was intrusted + to him,' so that he had no leisure (_otium_) to devote to literary + composition. This at least is Sallust's opinion; but when a man feels + it to be his vocation to write history, he can find time for it, + however much he may be otherwise engaged--witness J. Caesar and + Frederick II. of Prussia. For the construction, see Zumpt, S 710. C. + +9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur, concordia maxima, +minima avaritia erat, jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam +natura[62] valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus +exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis[63] +deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant. Duabus his +artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque[64] remque +publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in +bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa +relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod +beneficiis quam[65] metu imperium agitabant, et accepta injuria[66] +ignoscere quam persequi malebant. + +[62] 'Not more by law than by nature;' that is, 'by nature as well as by + law.' +[63] _In suppliciis_, 'in the worship of the gods;' for as it was + customary, in worshipping, to fall down, the word _supplicium_ has + this religious meaning, which also appears in _supplicatio_. The + other and more common meaning of 'execution,' 'capital punishment,' + or 'severe chastisement,' likewise originates in the prostration of + the person so punished. +[64] _Seque remque_ is an unusual expression for _et se et rem_. +[65] _Quam_; before this word we must supply _magis_, 'they carried on + the government more with acts of kindness than with fear.' This + ellipsis before _quam_ is not uncommon. +[66] When they had suffered a wrong, they would rather pardon it than + take revenge.' To _persequi_ we must supply _eam_ from the preceding + ablative. + +10. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello +domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula +imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, +saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias +atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis +oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido +crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, +probitatem ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam, +crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio +multos mortales falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in +lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex +commodo aestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo +paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi +pestilentia invasit, civitas immutata, imperium ex justissimo atque +optimo crudele intolerandumque factum. + +11. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod +tamen vitium propius virtutem[67] erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium +bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic +quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia +pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit;[68] ea quasi +venenis malis imbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita, +insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam +L. Sulla, armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos eventus +habuit,[69] rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque +modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civibus[70] +facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia +ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret,[71] contra morem majorum luxuriose +nimisque liberaliter habuerat; loca amoena, voluptaria[72] facile in otio +feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi +Romani amare,[73] potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata[74] mirari, +ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra[75] spoliare, sacra profanaque +omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil +reliqui victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant; +ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.[76] + +[67] _Propius virtutem_, also _propius virtuti_. See Zumpt, S 411. +[68] _Concupivit_, 'No man in his senses _has_ ever coveted money for + its own sake;' that is, and even now no one does so, nor will any + one ever do so. But a _homo avarus_ covets money only that he may + _have_ it, and not for any ulterior objects. +[69] _Bonis initiis_ is the ablative absolute, 'though his beginnings + were good.' Although Sulla's government began well, it became + arbitrary and bad, especially by the unlimited partiality with which + he treated the men of his own party. +[70] _In civibus_. It would have been more in accordance with the common + usage to write _in cives_; but the ablative signifies 'in the case of + citizens.' +[71] 'In order thereby to render him faithful or attached to himself,' + _quo_ being equivalent to _ut eo_ or _ut ea re_. +[72] Namely, the charming and delightful places in Asia Minor, near + the sea-coast, under a mild climate, abounding in all the means + calculated to afford pleasure and delight. +[73] _Amare_, 'to indulge in illicit intercourse with the other sex:' + _amare_ is often used to denote an immoral intercourse between the + sexes. +[74] _Vasa caelata_, vessels adorned with figures, and wrought with the + _caelum_, the chisel. _Caelare_ and _caelatura_ denote the art of + making raised figures in metal, _alto relievo_. +[75] _Delubra_, 'temples of the gods.' Sallust has chosen this word + in preference to the common _templa_ or _aedes_, because it conveys + the idea of antiquity, sanctity, and mysterious seclusion, which is + also contained in the word _fanum_. +[76] _Ne illi--temperament_ 'not to speak of their using their victory + with moderation;' that is, they were far from using their victory + with moderation. _Ne_ is here used in the sense of _nedum_. + +12. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium, +potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, +innocentia pro malivolentia[77] duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis +juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere; rapere, +consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina +atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. Operae pretium +est,[78] quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum +exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi +mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria +decorabant, neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam +eripiebant.[79] At hi contra ignavissimi homines per summum scelus omnia +ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reliquerant; proinde +quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti. + +[77] 'Honest conduct was regarded as malevolence or envy,' inasmuch as an + honest and incorruptible man was not praised for these virtues, but + rather drew upon himself the suspicion of envying others for their + increasing their possessions, and of wishing to prevent them from + becoming rich by the base means which in their greediness they + considered to be fair. +[78] _Operae pretium est_, 'it is worth while (properly "the labour has + its reward") to compare the extensive country-houses of our present + aristocracy with the small temples of the gods erected by our + ancestors, notwithstanding their intense piety.' +[79] This is the same precept as that advanced by Cicero, that in + punishing an enemy, we should be satisfied if we have placed him + in a position in which he can no longer injure us. + +13. Nam quid ea memorem, quae nisi his qui videre nemini credibilia sunt, +a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa[80] esse. +Quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe quas honeste habere +licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido stupri, ganeae +ceterique cultus[81] non minor incesserat; viri muliebria pati, mulieres +pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia +exquirere, dormire prius quam somni cupido esset, non famem aut sitim +neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. +Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. +Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat; eo +profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui[82] deditus erat. + +[80] 'Mountains are levelled, and seas are produced artificially.' In + the latter expression, Sallust, as in chap. 20 (_maria extruuntur_), + alludes to the formation of immense basins in the interior of the + country, into which the water was conducted from the sea, for the + purpose of keeping in them sea-fish and oysters. In this kind of + luxury and extravagance all the earlier Roman grandees were eclipsed + by L. Lucullus, who had amassed immense wealth in the war against + Mithridates. He possessed a very extensive _piscina_ of this kind + near the coast of Campania, in the neighbourhood of Baiae. +[81] _Cultus_ comprises the whole domestic arrangement, and especially + includes costly furniture and dresses. +[82] 'To the acquisition and to the squandering of money;' for, as we + stated before, it was peculiar to the corruption prevalent among + the Romans that they squandered their own property, and appropriated + to themselves, by violent means, that which belonged to others. + +14. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum +erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum +catervas habebat.[83] Nam quicunque impudicus, adulter, ganeo manu,[84] +ventre, pene bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande +conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique +parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis aut pro factis judicium +timentes, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili +alebat, postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus +exagitabat: hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quodsi quis etiam a +culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, cotidiano usu atque illecebris +facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium +familiaritates appetebat; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud +difficulter[85] capiebantur. Nam ut cujusque studium ex aetate[86] +flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari, +postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum[87] illos +obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos qui ita +existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum +honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quam quod cuiquam +id compertum foret, haec fama valebat. + +[83] The author, after having given a description of the state of + morality in the time of Sulla, now proceeds to the life of Catiline + himself, and in the following two chapters, describes the associates + in whom that criminal placed his confidence, and with whose help he + hoped to overturn the constitution. _Flagitia_ and _facinora_ in this + passage have the meaning of _homines flagitiosi_, and _facinorosi_. +[84] _Manu_, 'by playing at dice' (_alea_), because that game was played + with the hand, either with or without the cup containing the dice + (_fritillus_). +[85] _Difficulter_. See Zumpt, S 267, note 2. +[86] 'In accordance with his (still) youthful age.' Zumpt, S 309. +[87] _Dum_ for _dummodo_, 'if but.' + +15. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum +virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. +Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae cujus praeter formam nihil +unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum +adulta aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis +nuptiis fecisse.[88] Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse +facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, +neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem +excitam vastabat.[89] Igitur color exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo, +modo tardus incessus; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. + +[88] Catiline then had a son from a previous marriage, whom he got rid of + because Orestilla would not become his wife, from fear of the young + man, who was already grown up, and who would have become her stepson + (_privignus_). +[89] 'The consciousness of his guilt disturbed his thinking powers,' for + this is the meaning of _mens_ as distinct from _animus_, which has + reference to the feelings. + +16. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala +facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, +fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem +attriverat, majora alia imperabat; si causa peccandi in praesens minus +suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare; +scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito[90] potius +malus atque crudelis erat. + +His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes +terras ingens erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites,[91] largius suo +usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, +opprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus; +Gn.[92] Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum +petenti magna spes; senatus nihil sane intentus;[93] tutae tranquillaeque +res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae. + +[90] _Gratuito_, 'gratuitously,' 'without any advantage.' Respecting the + form of this adverb, see Zumpt, S 266. +[91] Sulla had given settlements to the legions with which he had + gained the victory over the Marian party in the territory of those + towns which had longest remained faithful to his adversaries; and + it was more especially in Etruria that this measure had brought + about a complete change of the owners of the soil. But the new + landowners had acted very recklessly on their new estates, and + therefore were inclined to favour any fresh revolutionary attempt + which seemed to promise an equally favourable result. +[92] Gn. Pompeius. Respecting the orthography of the prenomen _Gneius_, + see Zumpt, S 4. Pompey was then engaged in the war against + Mithridates, king of Pontus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia; and in + consequence of this war, the extensive country of Syria, which had + before been an independent kingdom, became a Roman province. +[93] _Nihil sane intentus_, 'in no way attentive.' For the difference + between nihil and non, see Zumpt, S 677. + +17. Igitur, circiter Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et G. Figulo +consulibus,[94] primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare; +opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, magna praemia conjurationis docere. +Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus +maxima necessitudo[95] et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere +senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, +G. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, +Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praeterea ex equestri +ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, +G. Cornelius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant +praeterea complures[96] paulo occultius concilii hujusce participes +nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut aliqua +necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque,[97] sed maxime nobilium, +Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter +vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere +item ea tempestate[98] qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum[99] non ignarum +ejus consilii fuisse; quia Gn. Pompeius invisus ipsi magnum exercitum +ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul +confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore. + +[94] That is, in the year B.C. 64, or 690 after the building of the city. +[95] _Necessitudo_, 'a close connection' or 'friendship' is commonly + distinguished from _necessitas_, 'necessity,' or 'a compulsory + circumstance;' but the two words are often confounded with each + other, as here, and subsequently in this chapter, _necessitudo_ is + used in the sense of _necessitas_. +[96] For the difference between _plures_ and _complures_, see + Zumpt, S 65. +[97] _Juventus pleraque_, 'most young men.' Commonly the plural + _plerique_ only is used; but see Zumpt, S 103. +[98] _Ea tempestate_, an old-fashioned expression, such as Sallust is + fond of, for _eo tempore_; for in ordinary Latinity, _tempestas_ + is used only in the sense of 'storm' or 'tempest.' +[99] M. Licinius Crassus had been consul several years before (B.C. + 70), together with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity + both on account of his former practical usefulness in the state, and + on account of his colossal wealth, which he used with proper + discretion. + +18. Sed antea[100] item conjuravere pauci contra rem publicam, in quibus +Catilina fuit; de qua[101] quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo et +M. Lepido consulibus,[102] P. Autronius et P. Sulla designati consules, +legibus ambitus interrogati[103] poenas dederant. Post paulo[104] +Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,[105] prohibitus erat consulatum +petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri[106] nequiverat. Erat eodem +tempore Gn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus, +quem ad perturbandam rem publicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. +Cum hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter Nonas Decembres consilio +communicato parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. +Torquatum consules[107] interficere, ipsi fascibus correptis Pisonem cum +exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias[108] mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus +in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam tum non +consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. +Quodni[109] Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post +conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum +frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit. + +[100] _Antea_. Sallust, who has commenced speaking of the conspiracy + entered into in the year B. C. 64, considers it necessary, before + relating its progress, to go back to an earlier conspiracy, which + failed, and in which Catiline had likewise taken an active part. This + earlier conspiracy the author relates in chaps. 19 and 20. +[101] _Qua_; supply _conjuratione_, which is to be taken from the verb + _conjuravere_. This is an irregularity arising from the desire to be + brief and concise. +[102] That is, in the year B. C. 66, or 688 after the building of the + city. +[103] _Interrogati_--that is, _accusati_, 'taken to account by accusers,' + because the beginning of all such accusations consisted in the + accused being asked whether they owned having done this or that thing + forbidden by law. +[104] _Post paulo_ is less common than _paulo post_. +[105] _Repetundarum reus_, 'accused of extortion.' _Res repetundae_, in + legal phraseology, signifies the things or money which had been + illegally taken by public officers from those subject to their + authority; for such citizens or subjects had a right, after the + expiration of the official year of their ruler, to reclaim + (_repetere_) their property in a court of law. Those officers who + were found guilty had, in addition, to pay a fine, or were otherwise + punished. A person who stood accused of extortion was not allowed to + come forward as a candidate for any other office before he was tried + and acquitted. +[106] _Profiteri_, 'to announce one's self' as a candidate for an + office. +[107] These are the consuls of the year B. C. 65, who had obtained + their office after the condemnation of the above-mentioned P. Sulla + (a nephew of the dictator) and P. Autronius. +[108] _Hispanias_. Ancient Spain was, for administrative purposes, + divided into two provinces--_Hispania Tarraconensis_, or _provincia + citerior_, with Tarraco (the modern Tarragona) for its capital; and + _Hispania Baetica_, or _ulterior_, deriving its name from the river + Baitis (the modern Guadalquiver). Its chief towns were Corduba and + Hispalis (now Seville). +[109] About the force of _quod_, when joined to conjunctions, see + Zumpt, S 807. Compare p.14, note 6 [note 14]. + +19. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore[110] missus +est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Gn. Pompeio cognoverat. +Neque tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum hominem a +re publica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni complures praesidium in +eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in +provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens +occisus est. Sunt qui ita dicunt,[111] imperia ejus injusta, superba, +crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; alii autem equites illos Gn. Pompeii +veteres fidosque clientes voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos; numquam +Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante +perpessos. Nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione +satis dictum. + +[110] That is, he was only quaestor, but had the powers of a praetor, + being commissioned to supply the place of a praetor. +[111] Respecting the indicative _dicunt_, see Zumpt, S 563. + +20. Catilina,[112] ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, convenisse videt, +tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen in rem fore credens +universos appellare et cohortari, in abditam partem aedium secedit, atque +ibi, omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit. 'Ni +virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res +cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent. Neque ego +per ignaviam[113] aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia +multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, eo +animus ausus est maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere, simul quia +vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque +idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente agitavi omnes +jam antea diversi[114] audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus +accenditur, quum considero, quae condicio vitae futura sit, nisi +nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam res publica in +paucorum potentium jus atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges, +tetrarchae[115] vectigales esse, populi, nationes stipendia pendere; +ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles vulgus fuimus sine +gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica valeret, +formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud +illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere pericula repulsas, +judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque tandem patiemini fortissimi viri? Nonne +emori per virtutem praestat quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam, +ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum +enimvero pro deum atque hominum fidem[116] victoria in manu nobis est, +viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia +consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est; cetera res expediet. Etenim +quis mortalium cui virile ingenium est, tolerare potest, illis divitias +superare,[117] quas profundant in extruendo mari et montibus coaequandis, +nobis rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas aut amplius +domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem[118] nusquam ullum esse? Quum +tabulas, signa, toreumata[119] emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, +postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen summa libidine +divitias vincere[120] nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes +alienum, mala res, spes multo asperior; denique quid reliqui habemus +praeter miseram animam? Quin[121] igitur expergiscimini? En[122] illa, +illa, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria +in oculis sita sunt. Fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. Res, +tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis quam oratio mea +vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini; neque animus neque +corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam, +nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati +estis.' + +[112] The author now continues his account of the conspiracy entered + into in B.C. 64. +[113] _Per ignaviam_, 'by means of cowardice,' here means, 'with the + assistance of cowardly men,' 'such as you are not, since I have + evidence of your valour and trustworthiness.' _Vana ingenia_ are + men of untrustworthy character. In both cases the abstract quality is + mentioned instead of the person possessing it. +[114] _Diversi_, 'separately;' that is, at different times, and in + different places. +[115] _Tetrarcha_ is a title which properly belonged only to such princes + as ruled over the fourth part of a whole nation. Such a division took + place in Galatia, and afterwards also in Judaea. A similar title, + _ethnarcha_, but that of king also, was sometimes granted to powerful + princes; or, when they had had it before, the Roman senate sometimes + allowed them to keep it. +[116] _Pro fidem_, or _proh fidem_, is an exclamation, and _pro_ an + interjection. The accus. _fidem_ is governed by some such verb as + _testor_ or _invoco_. See Zumpt, S 361. +[117] _Superare_ here has an intransitive meaning, 'to exist in + abundance.' +[118] _Lar familiaris_, a domestic or family divinity, whose image stood + in the interior of the house, by the domestic altar; hence _lar_, or + the plural _lares_, is sometimes used in the sense of 'a house,' or + 'home.' +[119] _Toreumata_ are the _vasa caelata_ mentioned in chap. 11; works + in metal, especially silver, with raised figures. The instrument + called by the Latins _caelum_, was called by the Greeks [Greek: + toros], whence [Greek: toreuein, toreuma]. +[120] 'They cannot master their wealth;' that is, they are not able to + spend it. +[121] _Quin_--that is, _qui non_ or _quo non_? 'why not?' +[122] _En_, as well as _ecce_, are most commonly construed with the + accusative. + +21. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed +neque res neque spes bona ulla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces +videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, uti proponeret, quae condicio +belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei +haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas,[123] proscriptionem +locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum +atque libido victorum fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, +in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes; +petere consulatum G. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem +et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum; cum eo se +consulem[124] initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpat omnes +bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, +alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae,[125] multos +victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos +alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum +dimisit. + +[123] _Tabulae novae_ are literally 'new registers of debts;' that is, a + change or reduction of debts, when, for example, the interest + already paid was deducted from the principal, or when the amount of + debts was reduced by one-half, or even by three-fourths. Such + regulations of debts in favour of debtors were often resorted to in + the revolutions of the ancient republics. +[124] 'If he should be consul with him, he would begin to carry the + matter into effect.' +[125] _Ignominia_, 'disgrace' which a person incurs, either because + he has been condemned in a court of law, or with which he has been + branded by the censors. + +22. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, quum ad +jusjurandum populares[126] sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis +sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde quum post +execrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri +consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare[127] fecisse, quo +inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli +ficta et haec et multa praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis +invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris +eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta +est. + +[126] _Popularis_, properly 'a fellow-countryman,' or 'belonging to the + same people;' but Sallust here, and in chapter 24, uses it in the + more general sense of _particeps, socius_, 'associate.' +[127] _Dictitare_, a contraction for _dictitavere_: 'it was frequently + said that Catiline had done it for this reason.' This contraction has + nothing that is offensive here, though in form it is the same as the + present infinitive; for such an ambiguity of form is not always + avoided, provided the context clearly shows what the meaning is. + _Dictitare_ contains a repetition of what is implied in _fuere qui + dicerent_. + +23. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus haud obscuro loco, +flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quera censores senatu probri +gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia; neque +reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet[128] ipse scelera occultare, +prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum +Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri[129] vetus consuetudo; cui quum minus +gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria +montesque polliceri coepit et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia +foret, postremo ferocius agitare[130] quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, +insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei publicae haud +occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore[131] de Catilinae conjuratione quae +quoque modo audierat compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia +hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque +antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat,[132] et quasi pollui +consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo novus[133] adeptus +foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere.[134] + +[128] _Met_ is a suffix which may be appended to all the cases of + _suus_, and answers to our 'own.' It is usually followed by _ipse_. + See Zumpt, S 139, note. +[129] _Stuprum_ is the name for every unchaste connexion with unmarried + as well as with married women; but _adulterium_ is the illicit + intercourse with married women. +[130] 'To behave more ferociously;' for _agere_ and _agitare_, even + without an accusative, signify 'to behave,' 'conduct one's self,' + 'lead a life.' +[131] _Sublato auctore_, 'without mentioning the one of whom she had + learned it.' +[132] 'The nobility was boiling with envy;' a figurative expression, + taken from the boiling of water over the fire, which is frequently + used to describe violent passions. So also _incendi, ardere, + flagrare cupiditate_. +[133] A _homo novus_ was at Rome the name for any person, none of + whose ancestors had been invested with a curule office; that is, + with the consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, or curule aedileship. +[134] _Post fuere_; that is, _postposita sunt_, 'were put on one side.' + +24. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et +G. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat.[135] +Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma +per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide +sumptam mutuam Faesulas[136] ad Manlium quendam portare,[137] qui postea +princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis +homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo +ingentes sumptus[138] stupro corporis toleraverant, post ubi aetas +tantummodo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande +conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana +sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi vel +interficere. + +[135] 'Which fact _had_ at first intimidated the associates of the + conspiracy.' The pluperfect here seems to be used for the perfect, + but is necessary from the idea, which properly should have been + expressed by some such sentence as this: 'which fact, although it + had at first intimidated the conspirators, yet did not stop the + progress of the conspiracy.' +[136] _Faesulae_, now Fiesole, a town in the northern part of Etruria, + not far from Florentia (Florence), which is now the largest town in + that district, though it was not so in ancient times. +[137] _Portare_, 'he caused money to be taken.' See Zumpt, S 713. +[138] _Sumptus tolerare_, 'to bear the expenses,' implying the difficulty + of defraying them. + +25. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae +facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro, +liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta, +psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa alia, quae +instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque +pudicitia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile +discerneres;[139] libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam +peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, +caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps[140] abierat. Verum +ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone +uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque +lepos inerat. + +[139] _Haud facile discerneres_, 'it was not easy to determine whether + she was less concerned about her money or her reputation,' since she + was reckless in regard to both. Respecting the imperfect subjunctive, + see Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[140] _Praeceps_ is used of steep and precipitous places, and of persons + who fall or throw themselves headlong down from or into anything. + Hence _Sempronia praeceps abierat_ is, 'she had thrown herself + headlong into ruin,' which might also be expressed by _in praeceps + iverat_. + +26. His rebus comparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proximum annum[141] +consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate +Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias +parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae +deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa pollicendo per +Fulviam effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia +Catilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc[142] collegam suum Antonium pactione +provinciae[143] perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret; circum se +praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies +comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consuli +in Campo[144] fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et +extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat aspera +foedaque[145] evenerant. + +[141] Namely, for the year beginning with the first of January, B. C. 62. + The elections took place about the middle of the preceding year, + consequently, in the present instance, about the middle of the + year B. C. 63. +[142] _Ad hoc_ is a common expression in Sallust for _praeterea_. +[143] _Pactione provinciae_, by coming to an understanding with him + about the provinces which were assigned to the consuls after the + expiration of their year of office at Rome. Cicero had obtained by + lot the lucrative province of Macedonia and exchanged it for Gallia + Cisalpina, which had fallen to the lot of Antonius; but afterwards + he declined the latter also, in order to be able to remain at Rome, + which at that time was considered to be a sign that a man did not + care for money--_continentia abstinentia_. +[144] The _Campus Martius_, an extensive open plain between the city and + the Tiber, was the place for the large assemblies of the people; that + is, for the Comitia Centuriate, in which the consuls and praetors + were elected. +[145] _Aspera foedaque_ might also have been expressed by the adverbs + _aspere foedeque_, 'his attempts turned out unfavourably and + disgracefully.' Compare Zumpt, S 682. + +27. Igitur G. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam partem Etruriae, Septimium +quendam Camertem[146] in agrum Picenum, G. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; +praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea +Romae multa simul moliri, consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, +opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios +jubere, hortari; uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies noctesque +festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi +multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis +principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum +questus, docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multitudinem, quam ad +capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium +belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem +oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multum officere. + +[146] _Camers_, 'a native of Camerium,' (the capital of the Umbrians), + for the inhabitants of that place were called Camertes. _Picenum_ + or _ager Picenus_, was the Roman territory on the Adriatic between + the mouths of the rivers Aesis and Aternus with the capitals of + Ancona and Asculum. + +28. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, G. Cornelius eques +Romanus operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator +constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus sicuti +salutatum[147] introire ad Ciceronem ac de improviso domi suae imparatum +confodere. Curius ubi intellegit,[148] quantum periculum consuli +impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. +Ita illi janua prohibiti tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea +Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuriae +novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia +amiserat, praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna +copia erat, nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex +magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant. + +[147] _Sicuti salutatum,_ 'as if to offer him his morning salutation,' + for such a morning call before sunrise was a common politeness among + the Romans. +[148] Or according to the common orthography, _intelligit_. + +29. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque +urbem ab insidiis privato consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus +Manlii quantus aut quo consilio foret satis compertum habebat, rem ad +senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam.[149] Itaque, quod +plerumque in atroci negotio solet; senatus decrevit,[150] darent operam +consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum +more Romano magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,[151] bellum +gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeque +imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli +earum rerum consuli jus est. + +[149] _Exagitatam_ for _agitatam_; but the preposition _ex_ gives to the + word the idea of something brought out of its obscurity to light. The + matter had already been discussed on the ground of certain rumours. +[150] About _decrevit_, with the mere subjunctive, without _ut_, see + Zumpt, S 624. +[151] _Parare_ should properly be _parandi_; but see Zumpt, S 598. + +30. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras recitavit, +quas Faesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat, G. Manlium +arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres.[152] +Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque prodigia[153] +nuntiabant, alii conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia +servile bellum moveri. Igitur senati[154] decreto Q. Marcius Rex +Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi; hi +utrique[155] ad urbem imperatores erant,[156] impediti ne triumpharent +calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos +erat.[157] Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in +agrum Picenum,[158] hisque permissum, uti pro tempore atque periculo +exercitum compararent. Ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae +contra rem publicam facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia +centum, [159] libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta; itemque +decrevere, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia +distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus,[160] Romae per totam urbem vigiliae +haberentur, iisque minores magistratus[161] praeessent. + +[152] That is, 'on the 6th day before the 1st of November,' or on the + 27th of October. In such computations with _ante_ and _post_, the + point of time from which the calculation begins is included. See + Zumpt, S 867. But we here reckon according to the calendar such as it + was subsequently reformed and rectified by J. Caesar. +[153] _Portenta_ are chiefly human beings or animals presenting at their + birth anything abnormal or monstrous; _prodigia_, on the other hand, + are strange phenomena in the heavens; and the superstition of the + ancients regarded both as signs sent by the gods to warn men. +[154] _Senati_ for _senatus_. See Zumpt, S 81. +[155] _Hi utrique_ for _horum uterque_. Zumpt, S 141, note 2. +[156] Both had received the military command (_imperium_) from the + senate and people: Marcius Rex as proconsul of Cilicia, and Metellus + for the purpose of subduing Crete. After their return from their + provinces, they tarried for a time outside the walls of Rome (_ad + urbem_), because, by entering the city, they would have lost their + imperium, which they were anxious to retain until their solemn + entrance in a military procession (the triumph), to which the senate + had not yet given its sanction. Accordingly, as they were still + generals in active service, they could legally be intrusted with the + military command in the disturbed districts of Italy. +[157] The intrigues of some influential members of the senate, who had + either received bribes from the opponents of the two commanders, or + expected some from the commanders themselves, prevented the + resolution of the senate here alluded to. Respecting _mos erat + vendere_, see Zumpt, S 598. +[158] Supply to the two names of places _missus est_, which is implied + in the preceding sentence. +[159] _Sestertia centum_; that is, _centum millia sestertiorum_, or the + ancient census of the citizens of the first class; for the neuter + sestertia was used in calculations as an imaginary coin of _mille + sestertii_ or ten nummi aurei. +[160] 'According to the means of every town.' As the Roman gladiators + might easily be tempted to join in conspiracies, they were quartered + at a distance from Rome, in the towns of a certain class of Roman + citizens (_municipia_); and the citizens of such places were + ordered to watch over those bands of gladiators, that they might not + make their escape. _Familiae_, in its proper sense, signifies the + whole body of slaves belonging to one master. +[161] _Minores magistratus_ are those officers who did not, by virtue + of their office, become members of the senate. The quaestors, + accordingly, did not belong to them, but they comprised the masters + of the mint, the superintendents of the paving of the roads, and + especially the superintendents of all matters connected with prisons, + and the _decemviri litibus judicandis_. + +31. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex +summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente +omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare, neque loco neque homini +cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere, suo +quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus[162] rei publicae +magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare sese,[163] manus +supplices ad coelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia +pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. At +Catilinae crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, tametsi praesidia +parabantur et ipse lege Plautia[164] interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo. +Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti[165] jurgio +lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive +praesentiam ejus timens sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam +atque utilem rei publicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.[166] Sed ubi ille +assedit,[167] Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso +vultu, voce supplici postulare, 'Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere +crederent; ea familia ortum, ita se ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut +omnia bona in spe haberet; ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus +ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita +re publica opus esse, quum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis +urbis Romae.'[168] Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere omnes, +hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: 'Quoniam quidem +circumventus, inquit, ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina +restinguam.' + +[162] _Quibus_. Sallust more frequently uses the accusative in such + expressions. See chapter 8. +[163] _Afflictare sese_, 'they worried themselves.' The expression is + properly used of that kind of grief which manifests itself in + inflicting pain on the body, by pulling the hair, striking the breast + or loins, or by throwing one's self on the ground. So also + _plangere_ denotes the physical expression of pain. +[164] A law _de vi_ enacted in the year B.C. 89, and aimed at those who + might attempt by violence to subvert the existing constitution of the + state. On the ground of this law Catiline had already been summoned + before a court of law, though no formal charge had yet been brought + against him. +[165] _Sicuti_ is here used for _quasi_, _velut_, or _perinde ac si_, + 'as if.' +[166] This is the first of Cicero's speeches against Catiline, which + was delivered A.D. 6, Id. Novemb.; that is, on the 8th of November. +[167] 'When he had sat down;' that is, when he had finished his speech, + for those who spoke in the senate did so standing. +[168] The imprudence of this speech, independent of the audacious denial + of facts, consists in his boasting of his patrician descent, and in + the insinuation that Cicero, who was born in the municipium of + Arpinum, was only an alien at Rome, although in regard to political + rights there no longer was any difference between patricians and + plebeians, nor between the citizens of Rome and those of a + municipium. Respecting the construction of _opus est_, with the + ablative of a participle, see Zumpt, S 464, note 1. + +32. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit; ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod +neque insidiae consuli procedebant et ab incendio intellegebat urbem +vigiliis munitam, optimum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam +legiones scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent, nocte +intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque +Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus +rebus possent opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, +caedem, incendia aliaque belli facinora parent; sese propediem cum magno +exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, G. Manlius ex suo +numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis hujuscemodi: + +33. 'Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam +cepisse, neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab +injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate +feneratorum plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis[169] expertes +sumus; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti,[170] neque +amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere, tanta saevitia feneratorum atque +praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum[171] miseriti plebis Romanae, +decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt; ac novissime memoria nostra, +propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum +aere solutum est.[172] Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, +aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non +imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina +omnia inter mortales sunt, sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima +simul amittit.[173] Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris +civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; +neve nobis eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime +ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus.' + +[169] The adjective _expers_ here is joined in the same sentence with two + different cases; this is an unusual construction, though _expers_ may + be joined with the genit. as well as with the ablat. See Zumpt, + S 437, note 1. +[170] From what he quotes as the substance of the law, we see that he + means the lex Papiria Poetelia, which had been passed in B.C. 326, + and according to which the property of a debtor served as a security + to the creditor, while his person or his personal liberty could not + be touched. +[171] _Vestrum_; it would be more in accordance with the common usage to + say _vestri_, but the genitive of the personal pronoun also may be + used. See Zumpt, SS 424 and 431. +[172] Literally, 'the borrowed silver was repaid in copper;' that is, + instead of the ordinary silver coin, the sestertius, the value of + four copper ases, only one copper as was paid. By this means debtors + gained three-fourths of the capital they had borrowed. This reduction + of debts took place in B.C. 86, during the ascendancy of the Marian + party. +[173] _Amittit_; that is, _missam facit_, _dimittit_ or _omittit_, 'he + gives up.' + +34. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit: 'Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab +armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur; ea mansuetudine atque +misericordia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam +ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At Catilina ex itinere plerisque +consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras mittit: 'Se falsis +criminibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere +nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam[174] in exilium proficisci: non +quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti res publica quieta foret, +neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas litteras +Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas +dicebat; earum exemplum infra scriptum est: + +[174] _Massilia_ (the modern Marseilles) was a free and independent city, + leagued with the Roman people by treaty. It had been founded about + the year B.C. 600, by Greek emigrants from Phocaea in Asia Minor. As + Massilia thus was not subject to the civil law of Rome, the Romans + who withdraw from the laws of their own country--that is, who went + into exile--might choose that city as a safe place of residence, + without fear of being delivered up to their own country. + +35. 'L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides re cognita, grata mihi, in +magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem +defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare, satisfactionem ex nulla +conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi,[175] quam mediusfidius[176] veram +licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris +industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam,[177] +publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non quin aes +alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et alienis +nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret;[178] +sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa +suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam.[179] Hoc nomine[180] satis honestas +pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura +quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari.[181] Nunc Orestillam +commendo tuaeque fidei trado: eam ab injuria defendas per liberos tuos +rogatus. Haveto.'[182] + +[175] Catiline writes that he will not undertake a detailed defence of + his new design of taking up arms, but he says that he wishes to + justify himself in regard to one point, and that merely because he + is not conscious of any criminal act. _Satisfactio_ is nearly the + same as _defensio_, but less formal. A man defends himself against + opponents, but before friends he merely gives an explanation, whereby + they may be gained over to his side. _Ex nulla conscientia_, 'in + consequence of his not being conscious of guilt.' The expression is + rather harsh and artificial, and seemingly in Catiline's own style + of writing. +[176] _Medius fidius_, the same as _mehercules_. See Zumpt, S 361. +[177] 'I could not maintain the position of my dignity;' that is, I could + not maintain my position in society after my enemies had deprived me + of the consulship. +[178] 'Not as if I could not pay my own debts out of my property, since + Orestilla has paid even other persons' debts out of her own purse;' + she would accordingly have done the same much more for me, her + husband. _Aes alienum meis nominibus_ is the same as _meum ipsius + aes alienum_, 'debts on my own account.' _Nomen_, in money + transactions, is something put down to a person's account. Hence + _aes alienum alienis nominibus_ is the same as _aliorum debita_, + 'other persons' debts,' _aes alienum_ being understood from the + preceding clause. +[179] 'I felt that I had become estranged by false suspicions,' namely, + 'from the Roman people,' who confer the honours which have been + obtained by unworthy persons. +[180] _Hoc nomine_, the same as _ideo_, 'accordingly,' 'for this reason.' +[181] This is said in allusion to the consul Cicero, as if he had + intended to arrest Catiline, and imprison him. Catiline evidently has + recourse to this expedient for the purpose of avoiding his awkward + explanation. They are hollow phrases about honour, the republic, + and persecution, and well suited to the ruined circumstances of that + nobleman. +[182] _Haveto_. It is much more common to use this word in meeting a + person, while _vale_ is the ordinary expression in parting from a + friend. + +36. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud G. Flaminium in agro +Arretino,[183] dum vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum +fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. +Haec ubi Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes +judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude[184] +liceret ab armis discedere praeter[185] rerum capitalium condemnatis. +Praeterea decernit, uti consules delectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu +Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi +imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile visum est, cui quum ad +occasum ab ortu solis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque +divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui +seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent.[186] Namque +duobus senati decretis ex tanta multitudine neque praemio inductus +conjurationem patefecerat neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium +discesserat; tanta vis morbi uti tabes plerosque civium animos invaserat. + +[183] _In agro Arretino_, 'in the territory of Arretium,' in the heart + of Etruria, near the lake Trasimenus. +[184] _Sine fraude_, 'without injury'--that is, without the fact that + hitherto they had been with Manlius, drawing any punishment upon + them. +[185] _Praeter_, adverbially for _praeterquam_; but he might also have + used _praeter_ as a preposition: _praeter--condemnatas_. +[186] _Perditum irent_. See Zumpt, S 669. + +37. Neque solum illis aliena[187] mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis +fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta +probabat. Id adeo[188] more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, +quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis[189] invident, malos extollunt, vetera +odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student, turba +atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur; quoniam egestas facile habetur[190] +sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero[191] praeceps ierat multis de +causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime +praestabant, item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremo +omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in +sentinam[192] confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod +ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, ut +regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis foret, +ex victoria talia sperabat. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum +mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus +excita[193] urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerat; eos atque alios +omnes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, +malis moribus, maxima spe, rei publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.[194] +Praeterea quorum,[195] victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, bona erepta, +jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo belli eventum +expectabant. Ad hoc quicunque aliarum atque senatus partium erant, +conturbari rem publicam quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo malum +multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. + +[187] _Aliena_; supply _a republica_. +[188] _Adeo_ renders the sentence emphatic, 'nay, the common people + seemed to do this even according to their custom.' _Adeo_ in this + sense is always preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. See Zumpt, + S 281. +[189] _Boni_. In the political signification of this word, the ideas of + quiet conduct, aversion to innovations, and acquiescence in the + actual state of things, are combined with solid wealth. The reason + of this is easily perceptible; for he who possesses property, dreads + every change, and supports the existing state of things. A still + more decided political meaning is implied in the term _optimates_, + which denotes the party in the state which we now call Conservative, + but at Rome it implied at the same time the idea of 'faction,' and of + a tendency to occasional violence. +[190] 'Poverty (that is, poor people) maintains itself, or continues in + all disturbances without suffering any loss;' for he who has nothing, + cannot sustain any loss. +[191] _Ea vero_, 'this in particular. _Vero_ indicates the transition to + that circumstance, which in the present case is of the greatest + importance. Compare Zumpt, S 348, note. +[192] _Sentina_ properly signifies the sediment which, in a vessel filled + with water, sinks to the bottom. Hence 'the residue,' or the place + where all that is bad or impure is collected. +[193] The largesses in money and provisions with which the state + supported the needy population of the capital, and by which private + persons, anxious to gain partisans, catered numbers of clients, + attracted to Rome many people from the country: the city plebs was + thus constantly increasing. +[194] 'They were as much concerned about the good of the state as about + their own good'--that is, just as little. +[195] Connect _quorum_ with _parentes_ and the following words, _bona_ + and _jus_. Sulla had excluded the sons of those whom he proscribed + from all public offices, and thus curtailed their rights of free + citizens. + +38. Nam postquam Gn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus[196] tribunicia +potestas restituta est, homines adolescentes summam potestatem nacti, +quibus aetas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem +exagitare, dein largiundo atque pollicitando magis incendere; ita ipsi +clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque +nobilitas senatus specie[197] pro sua magnitudine. Namque uti paucis +verum absolvam, post illa tempora quicunque rem publicam agitavere, +honestis nominibus, alii sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars quo[198] +senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua +quisque potentia certabant; neque illis modestia neque modus contentionis +erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant. + +[196] In B. C. 70, these consuls restored the power of the tribunes in + its full extent, after it had been greatly reduced by Sulla in + B. C. 81. The Roman people received this restoration of the tribunian + power with the greatest joy; but Sallust does not seem to approve of + it. +[197] _Senatus specie_; under the pretence of supporting the senate, the + _nobiles_ formed opposition to the tribunes, but in reality it was + for their own aggrandisement. +[198] _Quo_ for _ut eo_, 'that the authority of the senate might be the + highest in the state.' + +39. Sed postquam Gn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum +missus est, plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi +magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere, ipsi innoxii,[199] +florentes, sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem +in magistratu placidius tractarent.[200] Sed ubi primum dubiis rebus[201] +novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quodsi +primo proelio Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto +magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset; neque illis, qui +victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et +exsanguibus qui plus posset imperium atque libertatem extorqueret.[202] +Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio +profecti sunt; in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quem retractum +ex itinere parens necari jussit. Iisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti +Catilina praeceperat, quoscunque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos +credebat, aut per se aut per alios sollicitabat, neque solum cives, sed +cujusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret. + +[199] _Innoxius_ has a twofold meaning, one active, 'one who does no + harm' (_noxa_), and a passive, 'one who is not injured,' 'one to + whom no harm is done,' _qui non afficitur noxa_, and in this latter + sense it is used in this passage. +[200] 'In order that, when in office, they themselves might guide the + populace more gently,' since those who excited the multitude would + be kept in awe by the terror of the law. _Placidius_, 'without + harshness,' 'without severity,' harshness and severity being applied + only against the popular leaders. +[201] _Dubiis rebus_, the ablative absolute; _cum res dubiae essent_, + 'the state of affairs being dangerous.' +[202] 'A more powerful man would even have wrested their freedom from + them.' About _quin_, see Zumpt, S 542; and about the imperfect in the + sense of a pluperfect, S 525. + +40. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Allobrogum[203] +requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem belli, existimans +publice privatimque aere alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens +Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. +Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus +civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat; itaque sine mora, ubi primum +legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi +dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis sperarent. +Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, +quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem expectare: +'At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua +tanta ista mala effugiatis.' Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem +adducti Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur; nihil tam asperum neque tam +difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem +aere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum, D. Bruti perducit, quod foro +propinqua erat neque aliena consilii[204] propter Semproniam; nam tum +Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium accersit,[205] quo major +auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesente conjurationem aperit, nominat +socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus +amplior[206] esset; deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit. + +[203] The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lacus Lemannus and the + Rhone as far south as the Isara. They were subject to Rome, but, with + a certain degree of independence, they governed themselves within + their own country. Their chief towns were Vienna and Geneva. +[204] _Aliena consilii_. See Zumpt, S 470. +[205] Respecting the orthography of _accersit_, see Zumpt, S 202. +[206] _Magnus animus_ is the usual Latin expression for 'courage,' and + _amplior_ is the same as _major_. + +41. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In +altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe +victoriae, at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe +certa praemia. Haec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicae. +Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem +omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, +legatis praecepit, ut studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros +adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos +habeant.[207] + +[207] Manifestum habeo aliquem, 'I catch a person in the act,' so that he + can be convicted of his crime by unexceptionable evidence. + +42. Iisdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore,[208] item +in agro Piceno, Bruttio,[209] Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante +Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul +agebant; nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, +festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo +numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consulto, causa +cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia G. Murena, qui +ei provinciae legatus[210] praeerat. + +[208] _Gallia citerior_ is Gaul south of the Alps, or the province of + Cisalpine Gaul. _Gallia ulterior_ is Gaul north of the Alps, as + far as the Cebenna mountains. The part of modern France beyond those + mountains was not yet subject to Rome, but became a Roman province by + the conquests of Caesar. +[209] _Bruttium_ is the peninsula of Italy, which extends towards Sicily. + It was a mountainous country with many forests. +[210] He was legate to his brother L. Murena, who had then already left + the province of Gaul, being a candidate for the consulship for the + year B.C. 62, which he obtained. + +43. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes conjurationis erant, +paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, constituerant, uti quum Catilina in +agrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset. L. Bestia tribunus plebis +contione habita quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi +invidiam optimo consuli imponeret; eo signo[211] proxima nocte cetera +multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed[212] ea +divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu +duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior +aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret; +Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem +alium; sed filii[213] familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, +parentes interficerent, simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus, ad +Catilinam erumperent. Inter haec parata atque decreta[214] Cethegus +semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum; illos dubitando et dies prolatando +magnas opportunitates corrumpere, facto, non consulto, in tali periculo +opus esse, seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in +curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum +bonum in celeritate putabat. + +[211] _Signum,_ in military phraseology, is the visible or audible signal + for a movement which the army is to execute. The attack of the + tribune of the people on Cicero during his address to the people was + to be the signal. 'After this signal had been given' (_eo signo_), + _dato_ being understood. _Conjurationis_ for _conjuratorum_. +[212] _Sed_. According to ordinary Latinity, the sentence ought to have + been introduced by _autem_; see Zumpt, S 348, note. But it must be + observed that in the historical style of Sallust _sed_ very + frequently expresses not only opposition, but also mere transition + from one thing to another, which seems to be an affectation of + simplicity. +[213] The idea expressed by _filius familias_ is 'a son who is not yet + independent, who has not yet a household of his own.' +[214] _Inter haec_, &c.; that is, _dum haec parantur atque decernuntur_. + +44. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros +conveniunt;[215] ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant +jusjurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant; aliter haud facile eos ad +tantum negotium impelli posse. Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; Cassius +semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe +proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem +mittit, ut Allobroges prins quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina data atque +accepta fide societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad +Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: 'Qui[216] sim ex eo, +quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et +memineris te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent; +auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.'[217] Ad hoc mandata verbis +dat: 'Quum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia +repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse propius +accedere.' + +[215] _Conveniunt_, with the accusative. See Zumpt, S 387. +[216] _Qui_ for _quis_. See Zumpt, S 134, note. +[217] He means to say, 'even from the slaves, who, as is now seen, have + not been received by Catiline into his army.' + +45. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero +per legates cuncta edoctus,[218] L. Valerio Flacco et G. Pomptinio +praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio[219] per insidias Allobrogum +comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur, +cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines +militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, +occulte pontem obsidunt.[220] Postquam ad id loci[221] legati cum +Volturcio venerunt et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito +cognito consilio, sine mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, +cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde ubi a +legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinium obtestatus, +quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut +hostibus[222] sese praetoribus dedit. + +[218] _Cuncta_. Respecting this accusative, see Zumpt, S 391, note 1. +[219] _Pons Mulvius_, a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from + the city, outside the porta Flaminia. It still exists under the name + of ponte Molle, and is passed by all travellers who go from Rome to + the north. +[220] _Obsidunt_. For this verb, see Zumpt, S 189, under _sido_. +[221] _Ad id loci_; that is, _ad eum locum_. +[222] He betrayed his treasonable designs even by surrendering to the + public authorities, as if they were a foreign and hostile power, and + by praying them to spare his life. + +46. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuntios consuli +declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere; nam +laetabatur intellegens conjuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam +esse, porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civibus +deprehensis, quid facto opus esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, +impunitatem perdundae rei publicae[223] fore credebat. Igitur confirmato +animo vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, item +quendam Caeparium Tarracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia +proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Caeparius paulo ante domo +egressus cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod +praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum[224] perducit; reliquos cum +custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque +frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit, Flaccum +praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre +jubet. + +[223] See Zumpt, S 662. +[224] The meeting of the senate was held in the Temple of Concord, + close by the Forum. Temples were often used instead of the Curia + Hostilia, which was the regular place for the senate to assemble in. + Lentulus was taken to the senate by the consul himself; the others + were conducted thither by guards, to be brought before the assembly + after the business had been opened. + +47. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut +qua de causa consilii habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de +conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est,[225] omnia, uti +gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Caepario +socium ascitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; tantummodo audire +solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Ser. Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos +praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum +dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere +solitus erat; ex libris Sibyllinis[226] regnum Romae tribus Corneliis +portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret +urbis potiri;[227] praeterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum +annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices[228] respondissent bello civili +cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua +cognovissent, senatus decernit, uti abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque +ceteri in liberis custodiis[229] habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo +Spintheri, qui tum aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius G. +Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga +retractus erat) Gn. Terentio senatori traduntur. + +[225] 'He was ordered to make his statement on the ground of the promise + made to him, on behalf of the state, that he should not be punished.' + Sallust might have used the more complete expression, _fide publica + data_ or _accepta_; but such expressions are to be completed by the + sense rather than by any grammatical ellipsis. +[226] _Sibylla_ is the ancient Greek name for a prophetic woman; and at + Rome prophecies and counsels (_libri Sibyllini_) were kept in the + Capitol which were believed to have been given as early as the time + of the kings by a Sibyl of Cumae. They contained information about + festivals, sacrifices, and other religious observances, and the + means by which calamities which threatened the state might be + averted. They were under the superintendence of a special college + of priests, by whom alone they were consulted, on the command of + the senate, in cases of public distress or apprehension. This college + was called at different times, according to the number of its + members, _duoviri_, _decemviri_, or _quindecemviri sacrorum_. +[227] The _gens_ Cornelia comprised a large number of families, such + as the Scipios, Dolabellas, Merulas, Sullas, Cinnas, Cethegi, and + Lentuli. L. Cinna, by repeated consulships, and as the leader of + the Marian party, obtained the highest power at Rome after the + death of C. Marius, but was slain in B.C. 84 by his own soldiers, + whom he intended to lead against L. Sulla. Sulla, after having + been consul as early as the year B.C. 88, became dictator in B.C. 82. + Respecting the expression _urbis potiri_, see Zumpt, S 466. +[228] _Haruspices_ were the interpreters of the signs which were + believed to be contained in the entrails of victims sacrificed to the + gods, as well as of the phenomena in the atmosphere (_monstra_), and + other occurrences in nature, which seemed to be contrary to the + ordinary course of things. The system of this kind of superstition + had been principally developed by the ancient Etruscans, and the + haruspices engaged in the state religion of the Romans were generally + natives of Etruria; and the Romans, owing to the uncertainty of their + knowledge of things divine, dreaded this kind of superstition rather + than practised it. +[229] _Libera custodia_ is opposed to the _carcer publicus_, in which + the prisoners were treated like slaves, and kept in chains. There + were at Rome no prisons for those persons whose guilt was not yet + established, or whose punishment consisted merely in confinement; but + private persons, or the relatives of the accused, were obliged to + keep the person of a criminal in their own houses, until the final + decision upon his offence was given by the ordinary courts of + justice. + +48. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum +novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari, +Ciceronem ad coelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque +laetitiam agitabat.[230] Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis quam +detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, immoderatum ac sibi maxime +calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu +corporis erant.[231] Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum +adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum +ajebant. Is, quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides +publica data esset, jussus a consule quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae +Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium +senatum docet; praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, +ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi[232] +terrerent, eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum +animos reficeret et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur. Sed ubi +Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa +potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars tametsi verum existimabant, +tamen quia in tali tempore[233] tanta vis hominis magis leniunda quam +exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii +conclamant indicem falsum esse, deque ea re postulant uti referatur.[234] +Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium +falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius +potestatem[235] faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam +rem esset mentitus. Erant eo tempore, qui aestimarent, indicium illud a +P. Autronio machinatum, quo facilius appellato Crasso per societatem +periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone +immissum ajebant, ne Crassus more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio rem +publicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem [236] audivi, +tantam illam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impositam. + +[230] Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the present or + imperfect, and _vice versa_, are not uncommon in Sallust. See + chapters 18, 23, 56, 58. +[231] _Erant_; according to the style of Cicero, it would be _essent_. + See Zumpt, S 565. +[232] For _deprehensio Lentuli et aliorum_, which would be more in + accordance with the usage of modern languages. +[233] _In tali tempore_. See Zumpt, S 475, note. +[234] They demanded that the consul should bring forward the matter, as + to whether the statement of Tarquinius was to be believed, in order + that the votes might be taken upon it. For without a special + _relatio_ by the magistrate authorised to make it (commonly the + presiding consul, but sometimes also a tribune of the people), no + senatus consultum could be made. +[235] _Potestatem_; supply from the context _indicandi_. +[236] _Praedicantem_. See Zumpt, S 636. + +49. Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso[237] neque precibus neque +gratia neque pretio Ciceronem impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut +alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves +inimicitias exercebat: Piso oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum +propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione +pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis honoribus usus, +ab adolescentulo Caesare victus[238] discesserat. Res autem opportuna +videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, publice maximis +muneribus[239] grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum +facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo atque ementiundo, +quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent,[240] magnam illi +invidiam conflaverant, usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui +praesidii causa eum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi +magnitudine seu animi mobilitate[241] impulsi, quo studium suum in rem +publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. + +[237] These two leaders of the party of the optimates had been consuls, + Catulus in the year B.C. 78, and C. Piso in B.C. 67; and Catulus had + also been censor in B.C. 65. Both were enemies of Caesar, who had + defeated Catulus in his canvas for the office of pontifex maximus, + and had caused a judicial inquiry to be instituted against Piso, + about the manner in which he had conducted the proconsular + administration of Gaul. Caesar was even then considered as the leader + of the popular party, and as an opponent of the senate and its + influence in the constitution. +[238] It was at that time that Caesar, on going from home to the + elective assembly, said to his mother, 'To-day you shall see your + son either as pontifex, or you shall never see him again.' Caesar, + however, is here called an _adolescentulus_ only in comparison + with the aged Catulus, for he was at that time thirty-six years old. +[239] 'In public life by the greatest exhibitions;' for _munera_ are + exhibitions by means of which a private person, and still oftener a + magistrate, endeavoured to win the favour of the people. As regards + Caesar, that which is said here refers to the brilliant exhibitions + in his aedileship, and the games which he gave while invested with + that office. But he had thereby got so deeply into debt, that when, + after his praetorship--with which he was invested in B. C. 62, the + year after the Catilinarian conspiracy--he wanted to leave Rome to go + to his province of Spain, he was kept back by his creditors; and + he was not allowed to depart until M. Crassus had given security + for him. +[240] _Dicerent_. Respecting this subjunctive, see Zumpt, S 551. +[241] _Mobilitas animi_, 'irritability,' or that state of mind which is + easily excited, or upon which it is easy to make an impression. + _Clarius esset_ is an explanation of _gladio minitarentur_. + +50. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatis Allobrogum et T. Volturcio, +comprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex +clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in +vicis ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim exquirebant duces +multitudinum,[242] qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus +autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in +audaciam, orabat, ut grege facto cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, +ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus +monebat, convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui in +custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat +contra rem publicam fecisse.[243] Tum D. Junius Silanus, primus +sententiam rogatus,[244] quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de +his, qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, +P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum +decreverat; isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in +sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum[245] se dixerat, quod de ea re praesidiis +additis referundum censuerat.[246] Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, +rogatus sententiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est: + +[242] _Multitudines_; that is, _catervae, factiones_, crowds or bands of + men united for the purpose of creating disturbances among the people. +[243] This is the customary form of condemnation in a decree of the + senate, whereby it is declared that a wrong has actually been done + to the state, or that an attempt has been made upon the constitution. + The verdict of 'guilty,' therefore, had been pronounced by the + senate itself. +[244] _Sententiam rogatus_. See Zumpt, S 393, note 1. +[245] He had declared that at the voting, which took place after the + members of the senate had expressed their opinions, he would vote + for the opinion of Tib. Nero; for the voting took place by a division + (_discessio_), only one proposal being voted upon at a time, so + that those who supported it separated from those who did not support + it, but intended to vote for any other opinion (_alia omnia_). +[246] This opinion then aimed only at an adjournment of the matter. + Its issue was to be waited for; but in the meantime, the posts of + guards were to be strengthened, and a fresh proposal was to be made + respecting the punishment of the prisoners. The Tib. Nero here + mentioned is the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, who was raised + to the imperial throne in A. D. 14, in the fifty-sixth year of his + age. + +51. 'Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab +odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile +animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini +simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si libido possidet, +ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi, +P. C., quae reges atque populi ira aut misericordia impulsi male +consuluerint;[247] sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra +libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum +rege Perse[248] gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quae +populi Romani opibus creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit; sed +postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis +divitiarum magis quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos +eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Karthaginienses et +in pace et per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi +per occasionem talia fecere; magis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in +illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est, +P. C., ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra +dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna +poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitude +sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus +comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententiam dixerunt, +composite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt; quae belli +saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; rapi virgines, +pueros, divelli liberos a parentum complexu, matres familiarum pati, quae +victoribus collibuissent, fana atque domos spoliari, caedem, incendia +fieri, postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri. +Sed, per deos immortales, quo illa oratio pertinuit? an[249] uti vos +infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet[250] quem res tanta et tam, +atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. Non ita est; neque cuiquam +mortalium injuriae suae[251] parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo +habuere.[252] Sed alia aliis licentia est, P. C. Qui demissi in obscuro +vitam habent,[253] si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque +fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem +agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima +licentia est; neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime irasci decet; quae +apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas +appellatur. Equidem ego[254] sic existimo, P. C., omnes cruciatus minores +quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et +in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo +severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, quae +dixerit, studio rei publicae dixisse, neque illum in tanta re gratiam aut +inimicitias[255] exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi.[256] +Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis,--quid enim in tales homines +crudele fieri potest?--sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam +profecto aut metus aut injuria te subegit,[257] Silane, consulem +designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore supervacaneum est +disserere, quum praesertim diligentia clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta +praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus equidem dicere id quod res +habet;[258] in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non +cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque +curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quamobrem +in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos +animadverteretur?[259] An quia lex Porcia[260] vetat? At aliae leges item +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed exilium permitti jubent.[261] +An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis +grave est in homines tanti facinoris convictos? Sin, quia levius est; qui +convenit[262] in minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore +neglexeris? At enim[263] quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei +publicae decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus +moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, P. C., +quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta +sunt; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum +illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos +transfertur.[264] Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros[265] +imposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum +quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare; ea[266] populus laetari et +merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et +malos libidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute +oppressa stultae laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor +Sulla quum Damasippum[267] et alios hujusmodi, qui malo rei publicae +creverant, jugulare jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat? Homines +scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant, +merito necatos ajebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam uti +quisque domum aut villam, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus +concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum[268] numero esset. Ita +illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi +trahebantur; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit quam Sulla omnes suos +divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus +vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio +tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro +vero credi; ubi hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit, +quis illi finem statuet aut quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, P. C., +neque consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere, neque illis superbia +obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. +Arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis +pleraque[269] sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes +idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exequebantur, imitari quam +invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem imitati, +verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium +sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones +valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, tum lex +Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus[270] exilium damnatis +permissum est. Ego hanc causam, P. C., quominus[271] novum consilium +capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia major in +illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere quam in nobis, +qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere +exercitum Catilinae? Minime, sed ita censeo; publicandas eorum pecunias, +ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,[272] quae maxime opibus valent; +neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat; qui +aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salutem +omnium facturum.' + +[247] _Male consulere_, 'to form bad' or 'injurious resolutions.' +[248] _Perse_. Respecting the forms of this name, see Zumpt, SS 52, 54. +[249] _An_ must be explained by supplying another interrogation before + it, such as _alione?_ 'had that speech any other object, or had it + this one?' for _an_ is used only in the second part of a double + question. +[250] 'To be sure words will fire him on, whom the thing itself did not + move'--that is, words are sure not to rouse him whom the thing + itself did not move; for _scilicet_ has an ironical force. +[251] _Injuriae suae_, 'the injuries done to him.' +[252] 'Many have taken them more seriously to heart than was necessary.' + It is more common to say _gravius tulerunt_. The perfect, _habuere_, + in expressing a general truth, has the sense of a present, or rather + of a Greek aorist, denoting that which once happened, and still + continues to happen. Compare p.22, note 2 [note 68]. +[253] _Vitam habent_ for _vitam agunt_, which is more common. Sallust is + very fond of the verb _habere_ in certain phrases. See _Jug_. 10. +[254] _Equidem ego_ for _ego quidem_. See Zumpt, S 278. +[255] _Inimicitiae_. About this plural, see Zumpt, S 94. The singular + _inimicitia_ is not used at all. +[256] 'Such I know to be the character of the man.' +[257] _Subigere_ here, as in many other passages of Sallust, has the + meaning of _cogere, invitum impellere_ ('to force a person to + something'), followed by an infinitive instead of a clause with _ut_. +[258] _Id quod res habet_, 'that which is in the nature of the thing.' + Caesar hereby means to represent his opinion as philosophically + correct, and in accordance with nature. _Id quod_ belong together. +[259] Such had indeed been the custom in former times. The condemned + person, previous to being beheaded with the axe, was bound to a post + and scourged. This barbarous punishment continued to be inflicted + sometimes even at a later period, when it was expressly mentioned in + the verdict that the criminal should be punished _more majorum_. + _Animadvertere_ is the proper expression for the infliction of + bodily punishment by a lictor, who _has to pay attention to his + orders_; but it is also used of the person who gives the order, + and causes it to be carried into effect, just as _interficere_ + is said both of the executioner and the person who orders a man to be + put to death. +[260] This law, proposed by one Porcius, and passed by the people, + forbade the scourging of Roman citizens on the naked body; so that, + after the passing of that law, an execution consisted simply in + beheading a criminal with the sword; and if he was a soldier, + flogging took the place of scourging. The celebrated M. Porcius Cato, + about B. C. 160, recommended this bill to the people; but it was not + he who proposed it, but an unknown person of the name of Porcius, + probably a tribune of the people. +[261] There were no Roman laws forbidding capital punishment, or + substituting exile in its place, and for this reason Caesar does not + refer to any such law. He supports his view only by the circumstance + that, in all the more recent laws, especially in the criminal law of + Sulla, exile (_interdictio aquae et ignis_) was fixed upon as the + extreme penalty; and that according to the usual indulgence (not + sanctioned by any law), accused persons, if they denied being guilty, + and were defended by some one, remained in the enjoyment of their + freedom until the sentence was passed. Thus it happened that a + person, foreseeing his condemnation, might quit the Roman territory, + and take up his abode within the territory of some town or city where + the Roman law was not in force, and where the Roman state placed no + obstacles in his way. +[262] 'How is it consistent?' Respecting _qui_ for _quomodo_ or _quo + pacto_, see Zumpt, S 133, note. The _minus negotium_ is the + scourging, and the _majus negotium_ the execution. +[263] _At enim_ introduces an objection raised by the orator himself. + _At_ represents the objection, and _enim_ introduces an explanation + of it. See Zumpt, S 349. +[264] Caesar means to say that the present senate, which, as he + flatteringly says, consists of worthy men, will not abuse the power + of putting Roman citizens to death; but that a subsequent senate, + taking such an example as a precedent, might abuse its power. It + must be observed that the Roman senate possessed the power over the + life and death of citizens, not by virtue of legal enactments, but + only by ancient custom. This power legally belonged only to the + people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata, or to those to whom the + people expressly intrusted it--namely, the ordinary and extraordinary + courts of justice. It may seem surprising that Caesar does not + express himself more energetically against the right claimed by the + senate; but he would certainly have spoken in vain, for it was + every senator's interest that the power of the senate should be + recognised in its greatest extent, even though it should not be + exercised in every particular case. +[265] That is, the so-called thirty tyrants in the year B. C. 404. +[266] _Ea_; for this accusative, see Zumpt, S 385. +[267] _Damasippus_ was only a surname of the praetor M. Junius Brutus, + who in the year B. C. 82 put to death a great many Roman nobles of + the party of Sulla. +[268] Namely, by Sulla, after he had been made dictator. +[269] _Pleraque_; most of the ensigns and distinctions by which the + magistrates were distinguished from private persons, especially the + _toga praetexta_, _sella curulis_, _fasces_ (which were carried + by the lictors), and, above all, the splendid procession of the + _triumphatores_. +[270] _Legibus_ is here a pleonasm, and might have been omitted. We + must here repeat that Caesar makes an artful application of the + circumstance that, in all the late criminal laws, the _interdictio + aquae et ignis_ was fixed as the severest punishment, as if + thereby a person had been simply permitted to withdraw from the + republic. The _interdictio_ was a much more severe punishment, + inasmuch as the person on whom it was inflicted lost all his rights + as a citizen, and as every one was forbidden to receive him into his + house, so that he was a complete outcast. Wherever these regulations + were not carried into effect, and even in case a criminal made his + escape before the sentence was pronounced, we can see nothing but an + abuse of clemency. +[271] _Quominus_ is here used because the leading clause conveys the + idea of a hindrance; but _ne_ also might have been written. +[272] _Per municipia_, 'among the municipia.' See Zumpt, S 301. + +52. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie +assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi +orationem habuit: 'Longe mihi alia mens est, P. C., quum res atque +pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnullorum mecum ipse +reputo.[273] Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, +parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere; res autem monet cavere +ab illis magis quam, quid in illos statuamus, consultare. Nam cetera +maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt; hoc nisi provideris ne accidat, +ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores; capta urbe nihil fit reliqui +victis. Sed, per deos immortales, vos ego appello, qui semper domos, +villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rem publicam fecistis,[274] si +ista, cujuscunque modi sunt quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus +vestris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando et capessite rem +publicam.[275] Non agitur de vectigalibus neque de sociorum injuriis: +libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenumero, P. C., multa verba in +hoc ordine feci,[276] saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium +questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo; qui mihi atque +animo meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecissem,[277] haud facile +alterius libidini male facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi +pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat; opulentia neglegentiam +tolerabat.[278] Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus +vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum imperium, populi Romani sit, +sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra an nobiscum una hostium futura +sint. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat.[279] +Jampridem equidem[280] nos vera vocabula rerum amisimus, quia bona aliena +largiri liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur, eo[281] res +publica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent, +liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii; ne +illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et[282] dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, +bonos omnes perditum eant. Bene et composite G. Caesar paulo ante in hoc +ordine de vita et morte disseruit, credo falsa existimans ea, quae de +inferis memorantur, diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra, inculta, +foeda atque formidolosa habere. Itaque censuit pecunias eorum +publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos; videlicet timens, +ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis aut a multitudine +conducta per vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in +urbe et non[283] per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, +ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium +est, si periculum ex illis metuit; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non +timet, eo magis refert[284] me mihi atque vobis timere. Quare quum de P. +Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro certo habetote,[285] vos simul de +exercitu Catilinae et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos +attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit; si paululum modo +vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.[286] Nolite existimare, +majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse.[287] Si ita +res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque +civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. +Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi +industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque +delicto neque libidini obnoxius.[288] Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque +avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudamus divitias, +sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia +virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi +quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic[289] pecuniae aut +gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam[290] rem publicam. +Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam +incendere,[291] Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum +accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini +etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis?[292] +Misereamini censeo[293],--deliquere homines adolescentuli per +ambitionem,--atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et +misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in miseriam onvertet.[294] Scilicet +res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.[295] Immo vero[296] maxime; +sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini, +videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rem publicam saepe in +maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus +auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera +omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos +implores;[297] irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius +Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverat, necare jussit,[298] atque ille egregius adolescens +immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis +parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic +sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si +famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi +adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de +Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam[299] unquam pensi +fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si +mehercule peccato locus esset,[300] facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, +quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum +exercitu faucibus urguet:[301] alii intra moenia atque in sinu urbis sunt +hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis +properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum +civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii +et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia +aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, +de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum +supplicium sumendum.' + +[273] Cato says, '_When I consider the danger of our situation, I form + quite a different view_ from what I do when I reflect upon the + opinions expressed by some about the punishment of the criminals; for + the present danger demands energetic measures of defence, while some + of you are speaking only about the punishment of a crime already + committed. But such a view is incorrect, for we are still surrounded + by the greatest dangers.' +[274] _Pluris facere_, 'to esteem higher.' +[275] _Capessere rem publicam_, 'to take part in the administration of + the state,' or 'to devote one's self to its service.' +[276] _Verba facere_, 'to speak,' or 'to make a speech.' +[277] 'I who had never connived at any of my bad acts'--that is, I who + had never given way to my own weaknesses. About this subjunctive + expressing the reason why the orator does not allow the faults of + others to pass unnoticed, see Zumpt, SS 555, 558. +[278] 'The strength of the state bore the negligence' in restraining the + arbitrary proceedings in which individuals indulged. +[279] 'And here any one will speak to me of clemency and mercy!' alluding + to Caesar. The negative pronoun _quisquam_ is used because the + meaning implied is, that no one ought to have done so. See + Zumpt, S 709. +[280] _Equidem_ for _quidem_, as often in Sallust, but never in + Cicero. The meaning is: 'We have indeed (_quidem_) long since lost + the habit of calling things by their true names, but this erroneous + application of the word _mercy_ is not to be borne.' +[281] _Eo_; Cicero would have said _ea re_. +[282] Instead of _et_, the author might have used _neve_ (_neu_), since + from the preceding clause we have to supply _ne_ to _et_. This is not + a very common mode of speaking; but it occurs most frequently when, + after a negative clause, _et_ introduces a kind of antithesis, and + thus acquires the power of _sed_. +[283] _Et non_ corrects the untrue supposition, that there were no rebels + except at Rome. In such a case we can neither use _non_ without _et_, + nor _neque_. See Zumpt, S 334. +[284] 'If Caesar alone is unconcerned, it is more requisite (necessary + or important) that I should be concerned for me and for you.' About + _refert_, see Zumpt, SS 23, 449, note. +[285] _Habetote_; this future imperative denotes that something is to be + done when something else shall take place. Zumpt, S 583. +[286] The meaning is: 'All will be there immediately'--that is, they will + rise to make the attack. +[287] Cato means to say, 'It is a wrong opinion that our state has + become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the + most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater + than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the + activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and + it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.' +[288] _Obnoxius_, 'subject to a punishment,' or 'to be injured (_noxa_);' + hence, figuratively, 'bound,' 'dependent.' Our ancestors, says Cato, + could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not + crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate + desires and passions--a hint intimating that those who were in favour + of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free + from bad intentions. +[289] _Hic_--that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public + importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to + gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who + may be in your way. +[290] _Vacuam_--namely, _a defensoribus_, 'defenceless,' 'helpless.' +[291] _Incendere_, a free use of the infinitive for _ad patriam + incendendam_. +[292] A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative + particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, S 351, note. +[293] Ironically: 'I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and + dismiss the criminals.' The subjunctive without _ut_ depends upon the + verb _censeo_; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative. +[294] 'Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.' Respecting + _nae_, see Zumpt, S 360; and on the transitive sense of _vertere_, + S 145. +[295] The sentence beginning with _scilicet_ is again ironical. The + sense, without the irony, is: 'Nor can it be supposed that you + consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear. + You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.' +[296] _Immo vero_, 'oh no; on the contrary.' See Zumpt, S 277. +[297] Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, S 524, + note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be _implorabis_, without + altering the meaning. +[298] This statement differs in two points from the current tradition + of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly _Titus_, + and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts + have _Aulus_. Secondly, he did not show his severe military + discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin + war, which ended, in B.C. 340, with the subjugation of Latium. + Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and + to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word + _necare_ instead of _interficere_ or _occidere_. +[299] _Quidquam_ is stronger than _siquid_--that is, the expression of + the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis. +[300] 'If there were room for a mistake'--namely, in the resolution to be + come to. The meaning is: 'No time is to be lost, since, if you come + to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to + correct your decision.' +[301] 'Is upon our necks,' a figurative expression, properly applied to + a wrestler who seizes another by the throat. + +53. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars +sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios +increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati +decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa +audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra +praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta +negotia sustinuisset.[302] Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis +legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum +opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia +Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti +constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,[303] +eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. +Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica +magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac, +sicuti effeta parentum,[304] multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam +Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis +moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat, +silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin[305] utriusque naturam et +mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem. + +[302] 'What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.' + _Negotium sustinere_, 'to be able to carry out a business,' + representing the _negotium_ as a burden. +[303] Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the + circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of + individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world, + but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling + others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone + made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment + of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the + unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not + very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid + progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other + hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and + a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while + all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities. +[304] _Effeta parentum_, the same as _effeta parens_, 'a mother who has + had children, but can have no more.' Respecting the partitive + genitive (as in _aliqui militum_ for _aliqui milites_), see + Zumpt, S 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the + construction with which he began, and which ought to have been + continued thus: _Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit_, + for which he says, _Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit_. + This deviation from the construction may be explained still more + easily, if in our mind we add _facit_ to the words _sicuti effeta + parentum_, 'as is the case with an aged mother.' _Multis + tempestatibus_, 'during a long time.' The singular _tempestas_ in the + sense of 'time' is not uncommon, but the plural _tempestates_ in the + sense of 'periods of time' occurs only in Sallust in this passage, + and _Jug_. 73, 96, and 108. +[305] _Quin_ is used regularly for _ut non_ after a negative clause: + 'I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their + characters.' + +54. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere; magnitudo +animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.[306] Caesar beneficiis ac +munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine +et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. +Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam +adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies; +illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum +induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, +nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, +bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium +modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, +neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, +cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita +quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilium sequebatur.[307] + +[306] 'But the one a different one from the other.' The Latin custom of + repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said _alia_, + to use _alii_, which, strictly speaking, should be _alteri_, as he is + speaking of only two persons. +[307] 'The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of + itself,' so that _gloria_ must be supplied. + +55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit,[308] +consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo +spatio novaretur, III. viros[309] quae supplicium postulabat parare +jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit;[310] +idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod[311] Tullianum +appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes +humi depressus.[312] Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera +lapideis fornicibus vineta,[313] sed incultu,[314] tenebris, odore foeda +atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est +Lentulus, viridices rerum capitalium,[315] quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo +gulam fregere. Ila ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui +consulare imperium Romae habuerat,[316] dignum moribus factisque suis +exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo +supplicium sumptum est.[317] + +[308] _Dicessit_; that is, after the senate, a division having taken + place, had decided in favour of Cato's opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2 + [note 245]. +[309] Read _tresviros_; each one by himself was called _triumvir_ 'one of + the college of the three.' These officers belonging to the + magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison, + and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their + complete title was _tresviri capitales_. The singular, _triumvir_, + does not justify the plural _triumviri_, since the ordinary + grammatical laws require _tres viri_. In manuscripts, we usually had + _III. viri_. Compare Zumpt, S 124. +[310] The preposition _de_ in this compound adds to the idea of the + simple verb _ducere_, that of the place to which a person is led, + and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the + expression _domum deducere_, 'to take' or 'lead a person home.' +[311] _Locus, quod_. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun, + see Zumpt, S 372. +[312] The whole structure was called _carcer Mamertinus_, and its main + parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, _San Pietro + in carcere_. It is situated not far from the ancient _forum Romanum_, + to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to + Sallust's description, persons on entering had to go down a few + steps leading to the entrance of the _Tullianum_, a subterraneous + apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this + was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were + afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining _Scalae Gemoniae_. + The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullius + Hostilius. +[313] 'The roof is bound together by arches of stone,' to make it strong, + for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes. +[314] _Incultus_, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting 'want of + cleanliness,' 'the absence of care.' +[315] 'Punishers of capital offences' is only a paraphrase for + _carnifices_, 'executioners.' +[316] _Cornelius Lentulus_ had been consul as early as B.C. 71, but the + year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on + account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the + senate, he caused himself to become praetor a second time in this + year, B.C. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is + mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the + baseness of his character is attested also by other authors. +[317] The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was + Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian + rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina. + +56. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni copia,[318] quam et ipse +adduxerat et Manlius habuerat, duas legiones instituit, cohortes pro +numero militum complet,[319] deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis +in castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones +numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milibus[320] +habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis +instructa; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas,[321] +alii praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius[322] cum exercitu +adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in +Galliam versus castra movere, hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare; +sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii incepta +patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus[323] initio ad eum +magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum +suis rationibus existimans, videri[324] causam civium cum servis +fugitivis communicavisse. + +[318] A regular military force is more commonly called _copiae_, but + the singular, _copia_, also occurs in the sense of 'army,' especially + when it consists of an irregular mass of troops. +[319] _Cohortes complet_ cannot mean in this passage, 'he makes the + cohorts complete,' for such a completeness (consisting of at least + 420 men) is incompatible with the addition _pro numero militum_, + 'according to the number of his soldiers' in each cohort was not the + usual number of a complete cohort. _Complet_ refers to the number + of cohorts, ten of which made a legion. Translate therefore, 'he + makes the full number of cohorts.' +[320] _Duobus milibus_, Sallust might have said _duo milia_, with the + ellipsis of _quam_ so customary with _plus_, _amplius_, and _minus_. + See Zumpt, S 485. +[321] _Sparus_ is said to be a wooden kind of weapon, resembling a + shepherd's staff, turned at the top; and _lancea_ a spear with + a handle in the middle. Both these weapons were not used by Roman + soldiers, for the latter, besides the short and broad _gladius_, + used the _pilum_, as long as a man is high, and as thick as a + fist, the upper end of which was strongly provided with iron, and + sometimes the _hasta_, which was still longer, and had an + iron point. +[322] _L. Antonius_, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, B.C. 63. +[323] _Servitia, cujus magnae copiae_; a singular construction, which + cannot be explained otherwise than by taking _cujus_ as a neuter, + 'slaves, _of which_ large numbers flocked to him.' This explanation, + however, is supported by the consideration that slaves were regarded + as things, and were designated by names of the neuter gender, as + _servitia_, _mancipia_. In ordinary language, we should say _cujus + generis_, 'of which class of men.' +[324] _Videri_ for _se videri_, 'he thought it contrary to his interest + to appear to have maintained the cause of citizens with the aid of + runaway slaves.' Respecting the omission of the subject of the + infinitive when it is a personal pronoun, see Zumpt, S 605. + +57. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae conjurationem +patefactam, de Lentulo et Cethego ceterisque, quos supra memoravi, +supplicium sumptum; plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum +rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur; reliquos Catilina per montes asperos +magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem[325] abducit, eo consilio, uti +per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Transalpinam. At Q. Metellus +Celer cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate +rerum eadem illa existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. +Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movet ac sub +ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam +properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu +locis aequioribus expeditos in fuga sequeretur.[326] Sed Catilina +postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res +adversas, neque fugae neque praesidii ullam spem, optimum factu ratus, in +tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum +confligere. Itaque contione advocata hujuscemodi orationem habuit: + +[325] The territory of Pistoria, in the north of Etruria, not far from + Faesulae, and to the north of Florentia, is in the Apennines. The + regular road from Pisae to Genoa, and thence across the Alps into + Transalpine Gaul, ran along the sea-coast. Cisalpine Gaul was + likewise protected against Catiline by Metellus, so that he could + reach his goal (Transalpine Gaul) only by mountain passes. +[326] Antonius followed the bands of Catiline, which were not + inconvenienced by baggage, as they were fleeing (_in fuga_; that is, + _fugientes_). Antonius's army marched on smoother roads, but had + to carry heavier baggage. From all this, we see why Antonius, though + not far from the enemy, yet could not reach him. Respecting the + adverb _utpote_, see Zumpt, S 271. _Utpote qui_, 'the which,' is + used as a conjunction for _quippe qui_, generally with the + subjunctive, and indicates the cause of the preceding statement. + +58. 'Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non addere, neque ex +ignavo strenuum neque fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris +fieri. Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in +bello patere solet. Quem neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam +hortere; timor animi auribus officit.[327] Sed ego vos, quo pauca +monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis +equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque +cladem attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam +proficisci nequiverim.[328] Nunc vero quo in loco[329] res nostrae sint, +juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab urbe, +alter a Gallia obstant; diutius in his locis esse, si maxime animus +ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum egestas[330] prohibet. Quocunque ire +placet, ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo; uti forti atque +parato animo sitis et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis vos divitias, +decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque patriam in dexteris vestris +portare. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, municipia +atque coloniae patebunt; sin metu cesserimus, eadem illa adversa fient: +neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint. +Praeterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet; nos +pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum est pro +potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristinae +virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem agere; +potuistis nonnulli Romae amissis bonis alienas opes expectare: quia illa +foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec[331] sequi decrevistis. Si +haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus est; nemo nisi victor pace bellum +mutavit.[332] Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quis[333] corpus +tegitur, ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in proelio +iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent; audacia pro muro habetur. +Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes +victoriae tenet. Animus, aetas, virtus vestra me hortantur;[334] +praeterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes facit. Nam multitudo +hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustiae loci. Quodsi virtuti +vestrae fortuna inviderit, cavete,[335] inulti animam amittatis, neu +capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes +cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis.' + +[327] _Officere_ is properly 'to oppose,' 'obstruct,' _aliquid alicui + rei_; then omitting the object (_aliquid_) with the dative alone, 'to + be an obstacle to,' or 'to hinder,' therefore, _officia famae tuae_, + 'I oppose something to your fame.' 'Internal fear is a hindrance to + the ear,' so that admonitions are either not heard at all, or do not + penetrate into the mind. +[328] Catiline assigns the circumstance that he had expected aid and + succours from Rome itself, as the cause of his not having set out for + Gaul earlier, when he might have accomplished his end. _Opperior_, + 'I wait for,' or _expecto dum aliquis veniat_. +[329] _Quo in loco_, 'in which situation.' The preposition _in_ might + have been omitted. See Zumpt, S 481. +[330] _Egestas_, 'want,' with the genitive of the thing wanted, is of + rare occurrence for _inopia_ or _penuria_. _Egestas_ is commonly used + absolutely in the sense of 'poverty,' 'neediness.' +[331] _Haec_ is here used in the general sense of 'these circumstances;' + that is, this honourable but difficult war. This we must infer from + the _haec_ following. +[332] For the construction of _mutare_, see Zumpt, S 456. +[333] _Quis_ for _quibus_. _Ea_, not _id_. Zumpt, S 372. +[334] 'Give me courage,' or 'give me hope,' for _hortari_ is applied to + persons doing good things, and _admonere_ to persons doing bad ones: + _hortamur properantem, admonemus cunctantem_. +[335] _Cavete--amittatis, neu trucidemeni_ for _cavete, ne amittatis, + neve (neu) trucidemini_. See Zumpt, S 586. + +59. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa canere jubet,[336] atque +instructos ordines in locum aequum deducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis, +quo militibus exaequato periculo animus amplior esset, ipse pedes +exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter +sinistros montes et ab dextera rupe aspera,[337] octo cohortes in fronte +constituit, reliquarum signa[338] in subsidio artius collocat. Ab his +centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus +optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit.[339] G. Manlium in +dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare[340] jubet; ipse cum +libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit,[341] quam bello Cimbrico G. +Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius, +pedibus aeger,[342] quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato[343] +exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti[344] causa +conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. +Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut +meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris +atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta +tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in +exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea +commemorando militum animos accendebat. + +[336] _Canere_ is used in different ways: _tubicen canit signum_, 'the + trumpeter blows the signal;' _tubicen canit_, 'the trumpeter blows + (his instrument);' _signa canuntur_, 'signals are blown' or 'given;' + and lastly, _signa canunt_, 'the signals sound.' The last expression + is the one used in our passage. +[337] _Rupe aspera_, &c. 'For in accordance with the nature of the plain + between hills on the left-hand side, and on the right a rugged rock, + he drew up (only) eight cohorts in front.' A simpler construction + would have been _et rupem asperam a dextra_, but the manuscripts are + decidedly in favour of the ablative, which must be considered as an + ablative absolute, and as forming a distinct clause. Other editions + have the correction _rupis aspera_, 'the rough part of a rock' + (_aspera_ being the neut. plur.), but this is a poetical expression. + See Zumpt, S 435. +[338] Literally, 'The signals (_vexilla_) of the other cohorts he places + in the rear as a reserve, more closely together.' _Signa_ here + denotes the separate divisions of the troops; that is, the cohorts + and the three maniples in each cohort, which are distinguished from + one another by their flags or banners (_vexilla_). When an army was + drawn up in a spacious plain, a space was left between the several + divisions, but in this case, the plain being too narrow, there were + no such spaces. +[339] 'From among these who were drawn up as a reserve, he draws, for the + purpose of strengthening the van, all centurions, picked men (in + apposition), and the volunteers who had not been enlisted, as well as + the ablest of the common soldiers who were provided with arms.' The + word _lectos_ belonging to _centuriones_, shows that Catiline had + appointed to the office of centurions only chosen men who were + personally known to him as able soldiers. _Evocati_ were those + soldiers in a Roman army who did not serve in the ranks of the other + common soldiers, but as a separate corps, and were exempt from + the ordinary military duties of standing as sentinels, making + fortifications, foraging, and the like. They derived their name from + the fact that they were invited (_evocare_) by the general to serve + in the army as volunteers; they, moreover, were generally more + advanced in years than the regular troops. +[340] _Curare_, 'to command.' +[341] Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most + faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is, + the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates. + The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their + estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their + freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters. +[342] _Pedibus aeger_. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian + of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to + be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline. +[343] A _legatus_, in this sense (for it also means 'ambassador'), + supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the + _imperium_. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with + the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the + number of legions which they had under their command. The office of + legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy, + generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the + senate appointed them on the proposal of the commander-in-chief. + When there were several legates, the commander-in-chief might + intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the + commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate. +[344] _Tumulti_ for _tumultus_, as _senati_ for _senatus_. + +60. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes +paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum +est, unde a ferentariis[345] proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum +infestis signis[346] concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. +Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud +timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in +prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis +accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire; +strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius, +ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem +praetoriam[347] in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios +alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros +aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam +fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis +atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique +pugnans confoditur. + +[345] _Ferentarii_ are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with + javelins. +[346] The banners being turned hostilely against one another. Respecting + _cum_, see Zumpt, S 473; for we also find _infestis signis + concurrere_, without _cum_, as an ablative of the instrument. +[347] The _cohors praetoria_ was a battalion which, in forming an army, + was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the bodyguard + of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in + contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it + to be. Under the emperors, the _cohortes praetoriae_, nine or + ten in number--the emperors having several armies under their + command--formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of + Rome. + +61. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres,[348] quanta audacia +quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque +vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci +autem, quos medios[349] cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed +omnes tamen adversis vulneribus[350] conciderant. Catilina vero longe a +suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans +ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex +omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam[351] civis ingenuus +captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta[352] pepercerant. +Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam +adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut +graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut +spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, +pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos +cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus +atque gaudia[353] agitabantur. + +[348] 'There you might indeed have seen.' See Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[349] In the centre of the army where they were drawn up. +[350] _Adversa vulnera_, 'wounds in the breast,' or 'in the front part + of the body' generally. _Aversa vulnera_, on the other hand, are + 'wounds in the back,' such as are inflicted on cowards that run away. +[351] _Quisquam_ for ullus_. See Zumpt, S 676. +[352] _Juxta_, 'equally little.' They had spared the life of their + enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3 [note 194]. +[353] These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not + in the regular way, for _gaudium_ and _moeror_ denote a joyous and + sad state of mind, 'joy' and 'sadness;' _laetitia_ and _luctus_ at + the same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief. + Accordingly, _laetitia_ contrasts with _luctus_, and _gaudia_ with + _moeror_. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing + contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, S 783. + + * * * * * + +C. SALLUSTII CRISPI + +BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. + + * * * * * + +1. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi +brevis[1] forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque +majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,[2] magisque naturae industriam +hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae +mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,[3] +abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe +probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere +cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates +corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper[4] usus, ubi per +socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas +accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.[5] +Quodsi[6] hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio +aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa[7] petunt; neque +regerentur[8] magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis[9] +procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent. + +[1] _Aevi brevis_, 'of short duration.' _Aevum_, in the sense of _aetas_, + is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period; + whence the common expression _medium aevum_, 'the middle ages,' is + not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity. +[2] _Invenias_; supply _quam naturam humanam_. +[3] _Grassatur_, the same as _ingreditur_, 'advances towards;' but + _grassari_ has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence + it is often used to mark the progress of something bad. +[4] _Paulisper_, 'for a short time.' +[5] _Auctores_ contains a whole clause--'every one transfers his own + fault, _though he himself is the author of it_, to circumstances;' + that is, to the things which he himself has done. +[6] _Quodsi_, 'if, however.' Zumpt, S 807. +[7] 'And at the same time very dangerous.' In many cases one feels + inclined to assign to the adverb _multum_ the meaning of 'often,' + but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning. +[8] _Regerentur_; supply _casibus_. +[9] _Eo magnitudinis_; that is, _ad eam magnitudinem_, 'to that + greatness.' See Zumpt, S 434. + +2. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res +cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi[10] naturam +sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis +et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora +sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut +initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus +incorruptus[11] aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta +neque ipse habetur.[12] Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,[13] +qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt, +ceterum[14] ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura +mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim +tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur. + +[10] According to the common arrangement of words, it would be _alia + corporis, alia animi_; but Sallust abandons this order just because + it is common. For the same reason he prefers _alii--pars_ to + _alii--alii_. _Naturam corporis_ (or _animi_) _sequuntur_, 'they + follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and + mind.' Regarding the change of _anima_ into _animus_, it must be + observed that _anima_ is 'the soul,' the seat and basis of _animus_ + (mind), which is the activity of the _anima_. +[11] 'But the mind is not subject to corruption' (that is, to dissolution + and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix + in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually + expressed by adjectives ending in _ilis_ or _bilis_; as _invictus + miles_, an invincible soldier. +[12] 'The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;' that + is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase, + [Greek: echo, ouk echomai]. +[13] _Admirari_ signifies not only 'to admire,' but also 'to wonder,' at + anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense + it is the same as _mirari_. +[14] Respecting _ceterum _ as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt, + S 349. + +3. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum +publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate[15] cupiunda videntur; quoniam +neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,[16] +tuti aut eo magis honesti[17] sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut +parentes,[18] quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,[19] tamen +importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam, +aliaque hostilia portendant,[20] frustra autem niti,[21] neque aliud se +fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte[22] +quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido[23] tenet, potentiae paucorum decus +atque libertatem suam gratificari. + +[15] _Hac tempestate_, the same as _hoc tempore_. Sallust frequently uses + _tempestas_ in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints + in such dark colours--namely, the period after the murder of Caesar, + in B.C. 44--was an agitated and stormy one. +[16] 'Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,' + _quibus honos contigit_. +[17] _Honestus_, 'honoured,' or 'honourable;' for _honestus_ (from + _honor_) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office, + and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken + of were _honesti_ in the first, but not in the second sense. +[18] It might seem doubtful as to whether _parentes_ here means 'obeying + persons'--that is, subjects of the Roman state--or 'kinsmen,' + 'relatives.' We believe the latter to be the case, because to control + subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust + elsewhere also combines _patria et parentes_ (_Catil._ 6, _Jug._ 87), + thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal _civitas_, which is + to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen + by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word _importunus_ + properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or + tyrant. +[19] 'Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes + in the state'--whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government + may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been + the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with _quamquam_, + because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an + indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare + Zumpt, S 831, 3. +[20] _Portendere_ is here the same as 'to bring with one's self,' or 'to + be followed by.' It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes + in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at + the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of + injustice and crime. +[21] _Frustra niti_, 'to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements), + if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme + folly.' +[22] _Nisi forte_, 'unless perhaps'--which surely cannot be the case + with any sensible man. Respecting this use of _nisi forte_, + expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, S 526. +[23] _Libido--gratificari_, 'the inclination to gratify;' for _libido + tenet_ is only a paraphrase for _libet_. This statement is striking, + and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to + sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of + pleasing persons in power. + +4. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno +usui est memoria rerum gestarum:[24] cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, +praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam[25] quis existimet memet +studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi +procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen +inertiae imponant: certe, quibus[26] maxima industria videtur salutare +plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego +temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi +nequiverint,[27] et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint, +profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei +mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei +publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,[28] P. Scipionem, +praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum +majorum imagines[29] intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem +accendi. Scilicet[30] non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese +habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore +crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam +adaequaverit.[31] At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,[32] quin +divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque[33] industria cum majoribus +suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,[34] qui antea per virtutem soliti +erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis +artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi[35] praetura et +consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica +sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. +Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget +taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo. + +[24] _Memoria rerum gestarum_, 'the recording of events ;' that is, the + writing of history, the usefulness (_virtus_) of which is + acknowledged. +[25] The words _per insolentiam_ belong to _laudando extollere_, + and the meaning is, 'that no one may believe me to extol my own + occupation with excessive praise.' _Per insolentiam_ is the same as + _insolenter_, _per_ expressing manner. +[26] 'At least _those_ to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,' &c. + Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the + relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, S 765. +[27] 'And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a + distinction.' Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the + senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of + difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain + either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many + undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to + co-operate with whom was no honour. _Quae genera hominum_ refers to + the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and + even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious + upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in + the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J. + Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In + consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he + was justified in withdrawing from public life. +[28] That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who + distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War. + P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. + We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus + the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must + lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio. +[29] The images (_imagines_) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but + from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we + have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest + ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts + (portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule + office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax + portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the + illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices + with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at + public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep + alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits + of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily + appearance. +[30] _Scilicet_, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as + in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for _scire + licet_, 'one may perceive,' or 'it is self-evident,' and is + accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive. +[31] 'The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until + their merit had obtained the fame and glory' (namely, of those + ancestors). +[32] _His moribus_, 'in the present state of morality;' an ablative + absolute. +[33] Instead of _neque_, the author might have used _aut_, for both + particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt, + S 337. +[34] _Homines novi_, 'new men,' so called by the Romans, were those + persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices, + as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times, + Sallust says, such _homines novi_ distinguished themselves by their + ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party + strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls + _latrocinium_. +[35] _Proinde quasi_, 'just as if,' and afterwards _perinde habentur ut_, + 'they are considered as of equal value.' Compare Zumpt, SS 282 and + 340. + +5. Bellum scripturus sum,[36] quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege +Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit, +dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae +contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit, +uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed +priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad +cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.[37] Bello +Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem +nominis Romani[38] Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex +Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano[39] +cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara[40] rei militaris facinora +fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in +Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,[41] populus Romanus quascunque +urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae +bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem +fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa +fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit, +Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex +concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,[42] eodem cultu quo liberos suos +domi habuit. + +[36] Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation, + see Zumpt, S 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this + war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at + Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which + was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only + the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (_studiis + civilibus_), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and + afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of + the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the + greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome + at that time. +[37] The same meaning might have been expressed by _ut omnia ad + cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint_. See Zumpt, S 106. +[38] That is, 'after the Roman name had become great;' for in earlier + times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses, + especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself. + But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods. +[39] _Africano_. See Zumpt, S 421. +[40] About _et_ after _multa_, see Zumpt, S 756. +[41] _Magnum atque late_, the connection of an adjective and adverb is + somewhat singular--'the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one, + and had a wide extent;' for he possessed the whole of western + Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli, + while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe + of the Massyli. +[42] 'He had left him behind in a private station;' that is, he had not + appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But + his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa + had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the + royal family. + +6. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo +maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu[43] neque inertiae corrumpendum +dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum +aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus +esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras +primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui. +Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem +Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem +exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit, +vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat +eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi +cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,[44] quae +etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;[45] ad hoc studia +Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis +interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat. + +[43] _Luxu_ for _luxui_. See Zumpt, S 81. +[44] 'The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender + age of his children.' +[45] Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with + great mental powers) away from the right path. _Transversus_, 'that + which turns away to one side.' + +7. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque +insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat +Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum +objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello +Numantino[46] Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia +mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum +occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res +longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque +acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator +erat,[47] et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura, +praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam +claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis +maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis[48] est, et +proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum[49] ex +providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque +solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in +amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque +consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.[50] Huc accedebat +munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex +Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat. + +[46] 'In the war against Numantia.' Numantia was the capital of the + Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated + on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence + the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward, + into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This + city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own + independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken + and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of + Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the + modern Soria. +[47] _Qui tum erat_--that is, _quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant_. +[48] _Difficillimum in primis_, like _difficillimum omnium_; that is, the + most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in + difficulty. +[49] The one--namely, to be good in council--usually produces + timidity; the other--namely, to be bold in battle--rashness. + _Alterum--alterum_, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an + inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, S 700, note. +[50] _Erat_ for the usual subjunctive _esset_. + +8. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles, +quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,[51] factiosi domi, +potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non +mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, +fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem, +Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio +dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum +magnifice pro contione[52] Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto +monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret +neu quibus[53] largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod +multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,[54] ultro illi et +gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum +pecunia praecipitem casurum. + +[51] 'To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and + noble.' +[52] For the meaning of _pro_ in this and similar expressions, see + Zumpt, S 311. +[53] Not to make presents to individuals, _quibus_ being used for + _aliquibus_. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy + between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal + character. +[54] 'In his own mode of acting,' must be understood here of his + honourable mode of acting; though there are also _malae artes_, such + as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like. + +9. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum +sententia haec erat: 'Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus +fuit, qnam rem tibi certo[55] scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus +est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem +pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo +Masinissa.' Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris +imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus +flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est, +statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem +instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum +sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque +Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha +habuisse:[56] + +[55] _Certo scio_; we also find _certe scio_. See Zumpt, S 266, note. +[56] _Verba habere_ is sometimes used in the sense of _orationem habere_. + +10. 'Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in +meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob +beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.[57] Nam, ut alia +magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque +meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis +amicissimos[58] fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est, +postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. +Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni +fidem[59] moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, +beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere[60] +quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia +regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas; +officio et fide pariuntur.[61] Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut +quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis +regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia +parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos[62] +te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, +providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi +accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, +Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate[63] talem hunc virum, imitamini +virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam +genuisse.' + +[57] _Me falsum habuit_ for _me fefellit_. We remarked before (Cat. 51) + [note 253 above] that Sallust is fond of using _habere_ in certain + phrases. +[58] _Amicissimos._ See Zumpt, S 410. +[59] _Per regni fidem_, 'by the conscientiousness which is observed in + governing, and must be observed;' so that it is almost the same as + _per regiam fidem_, or _per fidem regum_, which kings owe to one + another. +[60] _Adjungere_; supply _tibi_, 'connect yourself with strangers,' as + opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his + friends and kinsmen. +[61] Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said _parantur_, + but _parere_ also occurs in other authors in the sense of _parare_, + or 'to acquire.' +[62] _Ante hos_, 'in preference to these.' +[63] _Observare_ has a sense similar to that of _colere_, 'to honour' and + refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially + in the external relations of social life. + +11. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse +longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa +paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice +fecerant, reguli[64] in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis +disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et +jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat, +despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,[65] ne medius ex tribus, quod +apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati +concederet fatigatus[66] a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est. +Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias +res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam +per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem +Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis +annis[67] adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus +Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo +tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo +habere,[68] quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius +procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum +perficere. + +[64] _Reguli_ may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young + kings--that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning. +[65] _Adherbalem assedit_, or _Adherbali assedit_, 'he sat himself down + at the right-hand side of Adherbal.' See Zumpt, S 386, note. There + accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of + Adherbal--that is, the least honourable of the three places. +[66] _Fatigatus_ is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to + be supplied (_precibus_); but without such an addition, _fatigare_ + signifies 'to importune a person with prayers and requests.' +[67] 'Within the last three years;' but as the author is here speaking + of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of + _ante triennium_, or _triennio ante_. +[68] _Cum animo habere_, the same as _cum_, or _in animo agitare_, + _volvere_, _reputare_. Here, again, we must attend to the use of + _habere_. + +12. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter +dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis +constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad +pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius +alio[69] concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo +utebatur, qui proximus lictor[70] Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper +fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque, +uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas[71] paret +(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se +ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti +doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes +irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes +interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu +omnia miscere; quum[72] interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio +mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae +caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt. + +[69] _Alius alio_, 'one in one direction, and the other in another.' See + Zumpt, S 289. +[70] _Proximus lictor_ is the one of the lictors who, when they precede + the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his + commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the + highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were + imitated at the courts of allied princes. +[71] _Claves adulterinae_, 'imitation keys.' +[72] Respecting the _quum_ in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded + by _interea_, or _interim_, see Zumpt, S 580. + +13. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur; +Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in +duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum +alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat, +urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae +imperare parat.[73] Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum +docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine +militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus +ex proelio profugit in provinciam[74] ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum +Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio +facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus +iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. +Itaque paucis diebus[75] cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit, +quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde +novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne +cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus +aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna +munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in +gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii +praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo[76] nitebantur, ne gravius +in eum consuleretur.[77] Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die +constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum +accepimus: + +[73] _Parat_, in the sense of _se parat_, 'he prepares himself,' or 'sets + about;' and thus _parare_ is not unfrequently used by Sallust + absolutely in the sense of _statuere_ and _instituere_. +[74] _Provincia_ here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the + territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the + towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was + gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs + to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia, + in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the + kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is + possessed by the French. +[75] _Paucis diebus_, 'within a few days;' that is, a few days after. + See Zumpt, S 480. +[76] _Singulos ambire_, 'to go about addressing individual persons,' has + at the same time the meaning of 'attempting to gain them over by + intreaties or promises.' +[77] 'That no severe decree might be passed against him,' _ne gravius + consilium in eum caperetur_. + +14. 'Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti +regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem[78] existimarem meam, ceterum jus +et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam +maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium[79] +loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, +munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, +Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,[80] sceleratissimus contempto +imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque +amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres +conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,[81] vellem potius ob mea +quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime +deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si +desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.[82] Sed quoniam parum tuta per se +ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,[83] Jugurtha qualis foret, ad +vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor +prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a +vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram +appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi +amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda +erat.[84] Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem +Masinissae[85] frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil +causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, +fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes +expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi[86] prohibere injuriam neque +pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus +sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus +una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi +erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu +me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,[87] ut, quem tu +parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis +tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit![88] semperne +in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, +jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes +omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti +pacem agitabamus, quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos +jussissetis.[89] Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia, +scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo +suo[90] interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post, +ubi me iisdem dolis non quit[91] capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum +expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,[92] domo, +inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius[93] quam in meo +regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem +audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos +multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos[94] esse. Quod +in familia nostra fuit,[95] praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset +vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres +conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham, +beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, +alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum +infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti +necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,[96] +propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros +alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars +bestiis objecti sunt;[97] pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in +tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.[98] Si +omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,[99] +incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos +implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et +injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque +omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?[100] +nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam +infesti sunt?[101] An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum +hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui +aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres +conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne +foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia +fore; si huic imperio[102] fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse. +Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda[103] et +obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum +illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita +transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare[104] +vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me +verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam[105] +illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec +simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales +rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox +atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem +nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas +reddat.[106] Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo +et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,[107] tamen laetandum magis quam +dolendum puto casum tuum;[108] non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium, +egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul +amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, +rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias +persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque +potestas ex opibus alienis[109] pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis +honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis +injuriae concessissem.[110] Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet +sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos[111] atque parentes +vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam +injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et +sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.'[112] + +[78] Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to + him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome--the + language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself + to the protection of the senate. +[79] _Affines_ are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas + _cognati_ are relations by blood. +[80] _Sustinere_ is here the same as _ferre_. +[81] 'As I was to come to such misery;' that is, as it had been ordained + by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, S 498. +[82] Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in + consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors; + he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable + that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in + want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he + requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter + sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out--namely, his + wish to have done good services (_beneficia_) to the Romans. _Vellem_ + in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the + infinitive (_posse_, to which _me_ is to be supplied, and _beneficia + deberi_), and then by a clause with _ut_ (_uti;_ that is, + _ut--uterer_). _Secundum ea_, 'next to,' or 'next after this,' + according to the etymology of _secundum_ from _sequor_. +[83] _In manu fuit_, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; _in + manu alicujus est_, 'it is in a person's power.' +[84] 'At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so + desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and + trustworthiness.' +[85] 'Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.' _Me_ in this + sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first + _progeniem_, and then _nepotem Masinissae_. +[86] Observe the unusual combination _Romani populi_ for _populi Romani_, + which is to be explained by the fact, that here _Romani_ is the more + emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other + nations. +[87] 'O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good + services led!' For the accusative _me miserum_, see Zumpt, S 402; and + for the double suffix in _hucine_, S 132. +[88] 'Never, then, will our family be at peace!' an exclamation to which + afterwards an interrogative sentence with _ne_ is appended. The + former also might have been expressed by _numquamne ergo_, &c. +[89] The subjunctive _jussissetis_ indicates a repeated action. See + Zumpt, S 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war + and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the + allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom + the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not + long since, the Numantines. +[90] 'Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.' Respecting + this use of the pronoun _idem_, when the two predicates are added to + one subject, see Zumpt, S 697. +[91] _Non queo_; that is, _nequeo_, or _non possum_. +[92] _Extorris_ (from _terra_), as _exsul_ from _solum_, 'homeless.' + Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt, + S 468. +[93] _Tutius_; the adjective _tutior_ also might have been used. + Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, S 365. +[94] _Maxime tutos_; that is, _omnium tutissimos_. +[95] 'Whatever was in the power of our family;' _quod per familiam + nostram stetit_. +[96] This inserted clause belongs to the following _propinquus_. The + demonstrative _id_ (or _is_) is omitted, and the relative clause + precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, SS 765, 813. +[97] _Pars--pars_; that is, _alii--alii_; whence the verb is in the + plural. +[98] _Exigere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, but implying a long and sorrowful + life. +[99] 'Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.' + The neuter _necessaria_ also comprises the persons who are termed + _necessarii_, 'persons connected by ties of relationship or + friendship;' such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of + the speaker. +[100] 'Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?' + Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes + from Sallust _quo accidam?_ 'whither shall I turn myself for + assistance?' but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this + passage. +[101] He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and + had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially + the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of + Mauritania. +[102] Sallust might have said _hujus imperii_, but he prefers the dative, + which is a dativus incommodi. +[103] _Secundus_, 'favourable,' according to its derivation from + _sequor_, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the + general sense of 'assisting,' or 'devoted to.' +[104] _Fatigare_, 'to importune a person with prayers.' See note chap. 3. +[105] _Quodutinam_ connects this sentence in an animated manner with the + preceding, otherwise _utinam_ alone might be used. 'Yes, would that I + could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.' +[106] _Nae ille--reddat_; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence + forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: 'would that I could see + him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened + their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for + his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.' + The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same + tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future + indicative. See Zumpt, S 524, note. +[107] 'Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity, + and by a person who should have done it least of all.' _Unde_, + the more general relative, is here used for _a quo homine_. In like + manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant + _unde petitur_; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded. +[108] _Doleo_, 'I grieve at,' is construed with _de_, as _de casu tuo_, + with the ablative alone, _casu tuo_, and also as a transitive verb + with the accusative, _doleo casum tuum_. _Laetari_ here follows the + construction of _doleo_, for it is generally followed by _de_, or the + ablative alone. See Zumpt, S 383. +[109] Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends + upon the power of Jugurtha. +[110] Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may + terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in + contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these + things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares + for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must + live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts + of the senators, expressed as they are by a king. +[111] _Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros_. The words _per liberos_ + belong together; to _vos_ supply _oro_. See Zumpt, S 794. Adherbal + intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha + has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others + read _per vos per liberos vestros_; but this is wrong, and the + repetition of _per_ is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves, + but by something that is dear to them. +[112] _Tabescere_, 'to waste away,' 'perish;' the proper meaning is, 'to + be consumed by some disease.' + +15. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis +quam causa freti, paucis respondent: 'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab +Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara +superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab +senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu +verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.'[113] Deinde utrique curia +egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea +magna pars gratia depravata,[114] Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae +virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro +alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra +pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum +Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex +omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus +potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is +postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in +tali re solet, ne polluta licentia[115] invidiam accenderet, animum a +consueta libidine continuit. + +[113] _Ante facta_, &c. It would have been more common to say _factis + suis anteponerent_. In Cicero, _ante_ is not used to denote + preference as in Sallust, _Cat._ 53: _Graeci ante Romanos fuere_ for + _Graeci Romanis praestabant_. +[114] According to Sallust's mode of speaking, we should have expected + _depravati_, _pars_ being only another form for _alii_. But nothing + can be said against the grammatical agreement _pars depravata_, it + being that form which, according to grammar, should be used. +[115] Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes + from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to + stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. _Licentia_ is the + conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and + accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen + disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men + (_pollutus_) is here transferred to _licentia_. Sallust describes + Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was + twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious + to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much + as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means + to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related + hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by + Jugurtha, and Adherbal's flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116, + a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes + on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military + undertaking. + +16. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam +anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa +obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis +princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia +consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam +nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.[116] Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in +inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando +multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,[117] postremo omnibus suis rebus +commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus, +plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione, +quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, +Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae +portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.[118] + +[116] Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had, + with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of + G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory, + several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy + to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility. + Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from + the narrative of Sallust. +[117] _Fide_ for _fidei_. See Zumpt, S 85, note 3. +[118] _Possedit_, 'he took possession of.' The present _possideo_ only + means 'to possess;' but the past tenses, _possedi_, _possessum_, at + the same time have the meaning of 'taking possession,' as if they + were formed from a present _possido_, _possidere_. Compare the + similarly-formed compounds of _sido_, _sidere_, in Zumpt, S 189. + +17. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes, +quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca +et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus +frequentata[119] sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera +quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte +tertia[120] Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed +Africam in Europa.[121]Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et +Oceani,[122] ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,[123] quem locum +Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum +fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria +aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque +senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud +saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui +mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo +inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, +diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis +dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus +terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.[124] Ceterum fides ejus rei penes +auctores erit. + +[119] _Frequentata sunt_, 'they have been frequented.' The participle is + in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate. + _Asperitas_ refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous + districts. +[120] Other editions have _in partem tertiam_, and this deviation from + the common mode of speaking (which is to use _pono_ with _in_ and the + ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was + not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no + such distinction. +[121] In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three + parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt + and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect + Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided + the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the + vast extent of Africa to the south. +[122] _Fretum_, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of + Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern + frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the + east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to + him to speak about it. +[123] 'The inclined plain,' or, as the geographer Mela says, 'the valley + which inclines towards Egypt.' The length of this valley extends from + south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it + separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east, + which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in + Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite + clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa. +[124] Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants + of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it + was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This + Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been + murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled + after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about + B. C. 60. _Interpretatum est_, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, S 632. + +18. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quis +cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque +moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua +nox coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti +Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, +amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,[125] brevi +dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam +transvecti, proximos nostro mari[126] locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra +Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia +neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat; +mare magnum et ignara[127] lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per +connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros[128] +alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. +Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant, +oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem +et Armenii accessere Libyes[129] (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant, +Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida +habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant. +Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro +Medis[130] appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine +Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, +quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique[131] alteris +freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, nomen +gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, +quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior +pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque +imperantium concessere. + +[125] Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute + (_multis--petentibus_) there is inserted another stating that each + did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because _multis + petentibus_ is, after all, only a different form for _quum multi + peterent_. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be _sibi quoque_; but + no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken + _quoque_ as an adverb. See Zumpt, S 710. _Passim_, 'in different + places,' 'scattered everywhere,' but not 'here and there.' The + tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western + extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules + (Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs + through the whole of ancient history. +[126] _Nostrum mare_ is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which + was occupied by the parts of Hercules' army here mentioned; and + the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more + within (that is, 'on this side,' as a person writing at Rome would + say) the ocean. +[127] _Gnarus_ and _ignarus_ have most commonly an active meaning, + denoting 'one who does know,' or 'one does not know;' but sometimes, + and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning, + 'he who is known,' and 'he who is not known.' So here _ignara lingua_ + is the same as _ignota lingua_. +[128] 'They tried the fields;' that is, 'the soil,' as to whether it was + fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place, + and sometimes another. _Alia, deinde alia_, is the same as _alia + atque alia_, as in chap. 26. Hence they were called in Greek [Greek: + Nomades], and the Greek accusative of this word, _Nomadas_ for + _Nomades_, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, S 74. +[129] The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the + Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. _Libyes_ is the + accusative, for _accedere_ is joined with the accusative as well as + the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, S 386, note. +[130] This derivation of the name _Mauri_ is very improbable. The Mauri + are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the + Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river + Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga + and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as + far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of + Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri. +[131] _Utrique_ refers to _parentes_ and their descendants, the Numidae. + One part of the nation trusted to the other (_alteris freti_), and + was supported by it. + +19. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars +imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,[132] +Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim[133] aliasque urbes in ora maritima +condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis[134] +praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam[135] de Carthagine silere melius puto +quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad +Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari[136] +prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,[137] +interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,[138] quem locum Aegyptum +versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes. +Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri +sunt. Super Numidiam[139] Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios +incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis +ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines +Carthaginiensium, quos novissime[140] habuerant, populus Romanus +permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad +flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus +imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus[141] populi Romani, itemque +nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad +necessitudinem rei satis dictum. + +[132] To _aliis--avidis_ supply _sollicitatis_. +[133] All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards + became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus, + (there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is + said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and + Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more + to the east), are now in ruins. +[134] 'To their origin;' that is, to their mother country Phoenicia, + whence the settlers had come. +[135] The transition to Carthage by the conjunction _nam_ presupposes + the ellipsis of some such sentiment as--'I only meant to mention + these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, _for_ it is well + known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.' +[136] _Secundo mari_, 'along the sea,' is said according to the analogy + of _secundo flumine_ (see Caes. _Bell. Gall._ vii. 58) _secundo + flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit_. The sea has indeed no + current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person + travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from + east to west. _Theraei_ are the inhabitants of the island of Thera, + in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first + Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership + of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive _on_, instead of _orum_, see + Zumpt, S 52, 1. +[137] _Syrtis major_ and _Syrtis minor_ are two large sandbanks near the + coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very + dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis + magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare chap. 78, where + Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them. +[138] The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, chap. + 79. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis, + it is clear that _deinde_ is used somewhat vaguely, since only the + great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis, + precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession. +[139] 'Above Numidia;' that is, southward, towards the inland, the + coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower + than the inland districts. +[140] _Novissime_, 'latterly;' that is, at the beginning of the third + Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory + became a Roman province. +[141] _Cetera ignarus_, 'otherwise unknown.' Compare p. 87, note 4 [note + 127]; and on _cetera_, Zumpt, S 459. + +20. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra +timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex +amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et +illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, +in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem +petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens +magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu +invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia +incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni +multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum +Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore. +At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani +magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis +questum[142] misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius +tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea +secus[143] cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe +qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum +praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et +aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros +vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere. + +[142] _Questum_, the supine, 'in order to complain' +[143] 'The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.' + About _secus_, see Zumpt, S 283. + +21. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum +esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius +procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum[144] utriusque +exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. +Sed ubi plerumque[145] noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites +Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,[146] +alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus +Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum[147] fuisset, quae Numidas +insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque +patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis +turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime +festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab +Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum +accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, +senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: 'Velle et censere eos ab armis +discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita +seque illisque[148] dignum esse.' + +[144] _Cirta_, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the + country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be + 'not far from the sea,' only in consideration of the vast extent of + Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it + received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a + distance of four days' march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius. +[145] _Plerumque_ for the more common _plurimum_, 'the greater part.' + See Zumpt, S 103. +[146] As Sallust in other passages connects _pars_ and _alii_, so here + _partim_ and _alios_, _partim_ being the same as _partem_. +[147] _Togati_ are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and + privileged dress called _toga_. But it may be that other Italians + also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in + great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for + the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct _conventus_. + _Moenibus prohibere_. See Zumpt, S 468. +[148] It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say, + _et se et illis_. See Zumpt, S 338. + +22. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum +proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur; +sed is rumor clemens erat.[149] Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione +respondit: 'Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus +esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur; +virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes +ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo +plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus +tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset, +sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono +facturum,[150] si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus +rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.' Ita utrique[151] digrediuntur. +Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit. + +[149] Literally, 'but this report was mild;' that is, it spoke of the + battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not + the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy. +[150] _Pro bono facere_; literally, 'to act in accordance with what is + good,' and hence 'to act well,' _bene agere_. +[151] _Utrique_ refers to both parties--the Roman ambassadors on the one + hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to + speak with Adherbal. + +23. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci +naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia +circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies +noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia +modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,[152] +prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas +fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria +rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam +profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac +miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad +proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa +efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec +fuit: + +[152] _Arrigere_, the same as _excitare_; hence frequently _animum + arrigere_, 'to rouse courage.' + +24. 'Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis +Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos +neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit. +Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus +teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta +auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha +scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei +miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego[153] illum supra quam ego sum petere, +neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius +existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem +meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae, +nihil ad vos.[154] Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos +imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti +fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo +moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae +antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem +verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui +essem,[155] non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et +crutiatus corporis deprecor.[156] Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti +libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per +amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.' + +[153] _Nisi tamen intellego_ refers to the preceding _plura scribere + nolo_, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with _nisi_ + after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the + remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of + Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans + themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of + Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. _Plura non + scribam nisi hoc intellego_ is an elliptical expression, equivalent + to _plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere_. +[154] 'Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no + concern of yours;' that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider + only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your + ally. +[155] Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate, + represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the + crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative _ostentui_, see Zumpt, + SS 90 and 422. +[156] Adherbal prays the senate to _prevent (deprecor)_ his enemy from + acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures. + +25. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum +censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti +consuleretur,[157] quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis +regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,[158] ne tale decretum fieret. Ita +bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. +Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in +quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in +senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis +obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad +Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime[159] ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum +ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem +Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, +metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni +paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus +rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita +circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere[160] nititur, maxime sperans, +diducta manu hostium[161] aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae +inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere +potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne +amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis +equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae +nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione +consumpta legati frustra discessere. + +[157] _Consuleretur_; supply _senatus_; 'that the subject of the + disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before + the senate.' +[158] _Enisum est_, 'it was carried.' Observe the passive meaning of the + deponent verb. +[159] _Quam ocissime_, 'as speedily as possible.' The positive of + _ocissime_ is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, S 293, note. +[160] _Cirtam irrumpere_ is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the + common expression being, _in urbem irrumpere_. See Zumpt, S 386, + note. +[161] By engaging the enemy's troops in different places, and thus + dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle _dis_ + or _di_. + +26. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia +defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani +inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae +tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At +ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,[162] tamen quia penes +eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant +Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum +necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti +quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit. + +[162] 'Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than + the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.' The conquest of Cirta, and + the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112. + +27. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta, +iidem illi ministri regis interpellando[163] ac saepe gratia, interdum +jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius, +tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, +populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae +scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus +dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi +senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia[164] provinciae +futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P. +Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia +obvenit;[165] deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur; +stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur. + +[163] _Interpellando_, 'by interrupting the speakers, and introducing + other topics.' +[164] By this law of the tribune G. Sempronius Gracchus, in the year + B. C. 122, it had been ordained that every year previous to the + election of the consuls for the next year, the senate should + determine those provinces which should be assigned to the consuls + about to be elected, after the expiration of the year of their + office. As two provinces were thus fixed upon, the consuls afterwards + determined by lot which should have the one, and which the other. The + object of this law was to prevent intrigues in the senate, which + would be carried on by the ruling consuls if they had to choose their + own provinces. +[165] _Obvenit_, 'fell to the lot.' Whenever Italy is called a province, + it is implied that the consul undertaking its administration was to + remain at Rome, and was to be ready for any other war which might + break out. For in the first place, there were now no wars in Italy, + and in the second place, Italy was not a province in the ordinary + sense of the term. The consuls here mentioned entered upon their + office on the 1st January, B. C. 111. + +28. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum +ire[166] in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum +legatos mittit, hisque ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, +praecipit, omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Romam +adventabant,[167] senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legatos +Jugurthae recipi moenibus; iique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque deditum +venissent, uti in diebus proximis decem[168] Italia decederent. Consul +Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet; ita infectis rebus illi domum +discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, legat[169] sibi homines +nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore +sperabat; in quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra[170] +memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et +corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepediebat; patiens laborum, acri +ingenio, satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula +et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,[171] +porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio, +paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales +et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit. + +[166] _Venum eo_, or contracted _veneo_, infinitive _venire_, 'to go to + be sold,' or 'to be sold;' the passive of _vendo_ (I sell) is not in + use. Zumpt, S 187. +[167] _Adventabant_, with the accusative, see Zumpt, S 489. +[168] _In diebus_, &c.; for _in_, with words denoting time, see Zumpt, + S 479. _Deditum_ is a supine. +[169] _Legare_ properly signifies 'to despatch,' and 'to add to;' whence + the word _legatus_ means both 'an ambassador,' and 'a person added + to an officer,' who, when necessary, supplies his place. See _Catil._ + chap. 59. It was the business of the senate to supply such legates + to a magistrate (_senatus legat aliquem alicui_), but as this was + commonly done on the proposal or recommendation of the magistrate + himself, we also read _legat sibi_, 'he chooses some one to be his + legate.' +[170] _Supra_. See chap. 15. +[171] Respecting the omission of _in_ before _Siciliam_, see Zumpt, + S 398, note 1. + +29. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia temptare bellique quod +administrabat asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger avaritia[172] +facile conversus est. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum +assumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a principio,[173] plerisque ex factione +ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a +bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo +belli moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romae pretio aut +gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum accepit, +in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus +pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa mittitur a +consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam,[174] cujus rei +species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpurnius palam legatis +imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora induciae agitabantur.[175] Igitur +rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit, ac pauca praesenti consilio +locutus de invidia facti sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua +cum Bestia et Scauro secreta[176] transigit, dein postero die, quasi per +saturam sententiis exquisitis,[177] in deditionem accipitur. Sed uti pro +consilio[178] imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi +cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad +magistratus rogandos[179] proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro +pax agitabatur. + +[172] _Aeger avaritia_, 'sick with avarice;' a very appropriate + expression, describing moral defects as a disease. +[173] _A principio_; that is, _in principio_. See Zumpt, S 304. The + faction of Scaurus is that of the nobility or aristocracy. +[174] _Vaga_, a considerable town in Numidia, to the south-east of Cirta. +[175] 'A truce was observed on account of (or during) the delay of the + surrender,' which Jugurtha had promised, but which could not yet be + carried into effect. +[176] _Secreta_ refers to _reliqua_, so that the other negotiations were + secret, whereas the proposal to surrender had been made in presence + of the war council. It would have been more in accordance with + ordinary usage to employ the adverb _secreto_ belonging to the verb. +[177] The opinions of the persons invited to the war council were asked + only _en masse (per saturam)_. The Latin expression is taken from + _lanx satura_, a dish offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and + containing different kinds of fruit. Its figurative application to + other mixtures is here indicated by _quasi_. +[178] _Pro consilio_; that is, _in consilio_. See Zumpt, S 311. +[179] To cause the magistrates for the year B.C. 110 to be elected. + The president in the elective assembly _rogat populum_ (requests the + people) to appoint new officers; hence _rogare_, the usual term. + +30. Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent fama +divulgavit, Romae per omnes locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. +Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum +flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat.[180] Ac +maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a +vero bonoque impediebat. At G. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et +odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras +senatus contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem +publicam, ne libertatem suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia +facinora nobilitatis ostendere; prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum +accendebat. Sed quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia clara +pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus +perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in contione post reditum +Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis disseruit. + +[180] _Parum constabat_, 'was not firmly determined upon;' namely, _iis, + patribus_--that is, they had not yet made up their minds. + +31. 'Multa me dehortantur a vobis,[181] Quirites, ni studium rei publicae +omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, +quod innocentiae plus periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget +dicere, his annis XV.[182] quam ludibrio fueritis superbiae paucorum, +quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri defensores, ut vobis animus ab +ignavia[183] atque socordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis +inimicis,[184] exsurgitis, atque etiamnunc timetis eos, quibus decet +terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis +potentiae animus subigit.[185] Certe ego libertatem, quae mihi a parente +meo tradita est, experiar; verum id frustra an ob rem[186] faciam, in +vestra manu situm est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saepe majores +vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil +secessione opus est: necesse est suomet ipsi more praecipites eant.[187] +Occisso Ti. Graccho, quem regnum parare ajebant, in plebem Romanam +quaestiones habitae sunt. Post G. Gracchi et M. Fulvi caedem item vestri +ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt; utriusque cladis non lex, +verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua +restituere; quicquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum +sit.[188] Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, +reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, penes eosdem +et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse; tamen haec talia facinora +impune suscepisse parum habuere.[189] Itaque postremo leges, majestas +vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui ea +fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per ora vestra[190] magnifici, +sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi +ea honori non praedae habeant. Servi aera parati injusta imperia +dominorum non perferunt; vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo animo +servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi qui rem publicam oocupavere? Homines +sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque +superbissimi, quibus fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque +inhonesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis, alii +quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro munimento +habent.[191] Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime[192] tutus est: +metum a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere;[193] quos omnes +eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit.[194] Sed haec +inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quodsi tam vos libertatis +curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque +res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra[195] penes +optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et +majestatis constituendae gratia bis per secessionem armati Aventinum +occupavere,[196] vos pro libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa +ope nitemini?[197] atque eo vehementius, quo majus dedecus est parta +amittere quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: Quid igitur censes? +Vindicandum in eos,[198] qui hosti prodidere rem publicam? Non manu neque +vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum est, verum +quaestionibus[199] et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, qut si dediticius est, +profecto jussis vestris obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet +existimabitis, qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham +scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rem publicam +damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte[200] nondum etiam vos +dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et illa quam haec tempora magis +placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces, +postremo divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem, hoc est, +populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gentium, satis +habebatis animam retinere; nam servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare +audebat? Atque ego, tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune +injuriam accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, +quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, ni misericordia in perniciem +casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent,[201] parum est +impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, et vobis +aeterna sollicitudo remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse aut +permanus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut concordiae quae spes +est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse, facere illi injurias, vos +prohibere; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis +utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? Quare +moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus +aerarii factus est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae, quae quamquam +gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo +prodita senatus auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum, domi militiaeque +res publica venalis fuit. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in +noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes +vivamus? Nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem[202] esse. Neque ego +vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam recte +fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum eatis.[203] Ad hoc in re +publica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii immemorem esse;[204] +bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si +injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas.' + +[181] _Dehortantur a vobis_--that is, _ad causam vestram suscipiendam_, + 'many things dissuade me to undertake your cause.' According to + the context, the expression might, or rather should be, _multa me + dehortantur, ni superaret_; but the present represents the act of + _superare_ as an actual fact, and is at the same time more + impressive. +[182] The number XV., which is found in all good manuscripts, points + to the year B. C. 125, in which the aristocracy gained a decisive + victory through the praetor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of + Fregellae, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian + allies (_socii_) to obtain the Roman franchise. It may be supposed + that this attempt of the allies was even then supported by the Roman + plebs, as was the case afterwards in the time of Marius. +[183] _Ab ignavia_ is to be taken in the sense of 'in consequence of,' or + 'on account of your cowardice.' See Zumpt, S 305. +[184] 'When your political enemies (in consequence of the crime which + they have committed) are deserving of punishment, and in your hands.' +[185] _Animus subigit_. 'My feelings compel me to stand out against + the faction (of the optimates), in spite of your lukewarmness.' +[186] _Ob rem_, 'effectually,' 'with success.' +[187] 'They must ruin themselves.' +[188] 'I will grant that everything has been done with justice, which + cannot be punished without again shedding the blood of citizens;' + that is, the cruelties then committed by the optimates in crushing + Tib. and G. Gracchus may be considered as legitimate, since the + perpetrators cannot be punished without fresh executions. _Ulciscor_, + usually a deponent, is here used in a passive sense, just as the + participle _ultus_ is sometimes used in the sense of _vindicatus_. + For the same reason, the passive form _nequitur_ has been chosen; + respecting which, see Zumpt, S 216. +[189] _Parum habuere_, 'they considered it too little' (this is the + meaning of _parum_): it was not enough for them that they had + committed such disgraceful acts. +[190] _Incedere per ora hominum_, 'to walk in the eyes' or 'in the sight + of men.' +[191] 'The cruelties committed against the defenders of the plebs, serve + them as a bulwark;' that is, make them only the more audacious. +[192] About _quam maxime--tam maxime_, expressing a proportionate + increase, see Zumpt, S 725. +[193] A complicated expression--'they have transferred their fear, which + they ought to have on account of their crime, to your cowardice;' + that is, to you who are cowards, or whom they consider as cowards. +[194] _In unum coegit_; that is, _conjunxit, copulavit_. The infinitives + here are the subjects of the sentence: the same fear and the same + greediness have united all your opponents into one league. Compare + _Cat._ 20: _idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia + est_. +[195] _Benejicia vestra_; that is, _honores, magistratus, imperia_. +[196] The speaker refers to the two most important secessions of the + Roman plebs--the one in which they obtained their tribunes in B.C. + 510, and the other, which was undertaken in B.C. 449. to restore + the consulate and the tribuneship after the overthrow of the + tyrannical rule of the decemvirs. Both led to the establishment of a + legitimate state of things (_jus_), and the latter, in particular, to + the establishment of the decisive authority of the people against the + magistrates and the patricians. This sovereignty of the Roman + people was termed _majestas_. These secessions, according to the + statements of the ancients, were made to the Mons Sacer, and not + to the Aventine; but Sallust here follows other ancient authorities; + and it is probable enough that the plebs may have occupied both + hills. +[197] Respecting the form of this sentence, see Zumpt, S 781. The answer + to this question is contained in the clause _atque eo vehementius_, + to which we must supply _nitendum vobis est_. _Atque_ introduces the + answer with emphasis. +[198] _Vindicare_ is construed with _in_ and the accusative, as well as + _vindicare scelus in aliquo_ and _vindicare aliquam rem_. _Vindicare + in aliquem_, 'to use force against a person for the purpose of taking + revenge.' _Vindicare sibi rem_, 'to claim a thing for one's self,' or + 'to appropriate a thing.' +[199] _Quaestio_, 'a judicial inquiry into a crime,' 'a criminal trial.' +[200] _Nisi forte_ supposes, with a strong irony, a case which cannot be + conceived. See Zumpt, S 526. +[201] _Quantum importunitatis habent_, 'according to the high degree of + impudence and arrogance which they possess.' Sallust might have said, + _quae eorum importunitas est_, or _pro eorum importunitate_. See + Zumpt, S 705. +[202] _Rex_, according to Roman notions, always contains the idea of an + absolute ruler, and is therefore frequently used in the sense of 'a + tyrant.' The idea of a constitutional or limited monarchy was not + known in antiquity, except perhaps at Sparta. +[203] _Perditum eatis_; that is, _perdatis_. See Zumpt, S 669. +[204] Practically, it is quite correct, that in the administration of a + state it is more necessary to punish criminals than to reward good + services; for it is impossible that all good citizens should be + rewarded with external distinctions; but if a criminal remains + unpunished, he does harm by his example, and undermines the organism + of the state. + +32. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicundo Memmius populo persuadet, +uti L. Cassius, qui tum praetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur eumque +interposita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri +et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant,[205] delicta +patefierent. Dum haec Romae geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia +exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui plurima et +flagitiosissima facinora fecere. Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos +Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas +agebant; tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At +Cassius, perlata rogatione[206] a G. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate, +ad Jugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia diffidenti +rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam +misericordiam ejus experiri mallet. Privatim praeterea fidem suam +interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat; talis ea +tempestate fama de Cassio erat. + +[205] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' governs the + genitive of the thing for which a person is summoned. +[206] _Rogatio_, 'a proposal to the people,' because, in making a + proposal, as well as at elections of magistrates, the people were + requested (_rogabatur_) to pass a resolution. + +33. Igitur Jugurtha contra decus regium cultu quam maxime miserabili cum +Cassio Romam venit. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus +ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra +diximus, G. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impudentia +contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At G. Memmius, advocata +contione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars in vincula duci +jubebat, pars, ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste +supplicium sumi; dignitati quam irae magis consulens, sedare motus et +animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare, fidem publicam per sese[207] +inviolatam fore. Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba +facit; Romae Numidiaeque[208] facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem +fratresque ostendit. Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit, +quamquam intellegat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo +habere. Si verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem +illi sitam; sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore,[209] sed se suasque +spes corrupturum. + +[207] _Per sese_, 'as far as lay in him,' 'as much as he could,' as in + the phrase _per me licet_. +[208] Respecting _Romae Numidiaeque_, where _Numidiae_ by a kind of + attraction takes the same case as _Romae_, instead of _in Numidia_, + see Zumpt, S 398, note 1. +[209] 'He (Jugurtha) would not, indeed, thereby be a safety to his + accomplices, but destroy his own hope (of obtaining pardon).' + +34. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicundi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus +est, G. Baebius, tribunus plebis, quem pecunia corruptum supra diximus, +regem tacere jubet, ac tametsi multitudo, quae in contione aderat, +vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis +omnibus, quae ira fieri amat,[210] vicit tamen impudentia. Ita populus +ludibrio habitus ex contione discedit: Jugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris, +quos illa quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt.[211] + +[210] The words _quae ira fieri amat_ are very surprising, but were + regarded by the ancients themselves as a Graecism of Sallust, from + whom Quinctilian quotes the words _quae vulgus amat fieri_, which + occurred in a work of Sallust that is lost. In both cases, we must + construe _ira (vulgus) amat_ with an accusative with the infinitive + after it: 'anger likes that this or that should happen.' +[211] _Animus augescit_, 'courage grows' or 'increases.' For the plural + _animi_, see Zumpt, S 92. + +35. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae +filius, Masinissae nepos; qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae +adversus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa +abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio +Rufo consulatum gerebat,[212] persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae +sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat,[213] regnum +Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi moveri quam +senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia +evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis +satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et +timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat, +pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac +maxime[214] occulte, sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam +interficiat. Bomilcar mature regis mandata exequitur, et per homines +talis negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca atque +tempora cuncta explorat, deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. +Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius +Massivam aggreditur; illum obtruncat, sed ipse deprehensus, multis +hortantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.[215] Fit +reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium Bomilcar, comes ejus, +qui Romam fide publica venerat. At Jugurtha manifestus[216] tanti +sceleris non prius omisit contra verum niti, quam animum advertit,[217] +supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam +in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dederat,[218] regno magis +quam vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne +reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium +sumptum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus[219] eodem profectus est, jussus a +senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur saepe eo +tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse: 'urbem venalem et mature perituram, +si emptorem invenerit.' + +[212] We here enter the year B.C. 110. +[213] _Urgueat_, 'presses Jugurtha;' that is, he is hindered by the + indignation on account of his past crimes, and at the same time by + the apprehension with which the Roman people regard him. +[214] He would like best that it should be done in secret; but if this + should not succeed, he would like it to be done in any way, whatever + it might be. Instead of _maxime_, the author might have said + _potissimum_. See the same expression chap. 46. +[215] _Profiteri indicium_, 'to declare that you will state everything.' + We must understand that in the defective administration of justice + at Rome, the _index_ (informer) received a promise of impunity. +[216] _Manifestus_, with the genitive of the crime, is a person _qui mani + festo tenetur_, or against whom there is most decisive evidence. +[217] _Animum adverto_, the same as the compound _animadverto_, like + _venum eo_ for _veneo_. +[218] Jugurtha had given fifty sureties in the name of Bomilcar, in order + that he might remain at liberty. These sureties were of course fifty + Roman citizens. As Bomilcar fled, those sureties had to pay the money + with which each guaranteed his appearance, and there can be no doubt + but that Jugurtha secretly paid the money. +[219] _Paucis diebus._ See Zumpt, S 480. + +36. Interim Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium aliaque, quae +militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare; ac statim ipse +profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus[220] haud longe aberat, armis +aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra Jugurtha +trahere omnia et alias deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri +deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne +sui diffiderent, instare; ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem +ludificare.[221] Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis +existimarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum +socordia magis quam dolo crederent.[222] Sed postquam dilapso tempore +comitiorum dies adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore +relicto Romam decessit. + +[220] This season was usually the middle of the year, but was frequently + delayed until the autumn. The consul Albinus seems to have been + commissioned to preside at the elections, because his colleague, who + had obtained Macedonia, was at a still greater distance. +[221] Jugurtha protracted the war, delayed the negotiations for peace, + and in this manner thwarted the consul. We have here restored the + active form _ludificare_, because it exists in all the manuscripts. + It is found also in Cicero, though the deponent _ludificari_ is more + frequent. +[222] Some were convinced that after the hurry which the consul had + shown at the beginning, the war was protracted, not so much by his + carelessness, as by his cunning designs. _Non magis quam_ is + expressed in modern languages as if the Latin were _dolo magis quam + socordia_: 'they believed that the war was protracted by his cunning + designs rather than by his carelessness.' See Zumpt, S 725. + +37. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res publica +agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus +collegis, continuare magistratum[223] nitebantur, quae dissensio totius +anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro +praetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut +terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capiundae, milites mense Januario ex +hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, +pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quamquam et +saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque obsideri poterat +(nam circum murum situm in praerupti montis extremo planities limosa +hiemalibus aquis paludem fecerat[224]), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo +regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi +potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui +forent, properare. + +[223] _Continuare magistratum_, 'to continue for another year in a + magistracy which has been given for only one year.' In the case of + some magistracies this was forbidden by law; in that of tribunes of + the people, it occurs rather frequently in the early times, that they + were re-elected twice or oftener in successive years. The last in + stance of a tribuneship lasting for two years is that of G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 123 and 122; and even then this re-election was the cause of + violent commotions, and it was impossible to carry it for the third + year. +[224] Around the wall, which had been built on the extreme edge of a + precipitous rock, the clayey soil had formed a marsh. Respecting + _extremum_ used substantively, see Zumpt, S 435. + +38. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus +augere amentiam, missitare[225] supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi +vitabundus per saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum +spe pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones sese +veluti cedentem insequeretur; 'ita delicta occultiora fore.' Interea per +homines callidos die noctuque exercitum temptabat; centuriones ducesque +turmarum partim uti transfugerent corrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti +desererent.[226] Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de +improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani, +perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars +territos confirmare, trepidare[227] omnibus locis; vis magna hostium, +coelum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps,[228] postremo +fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos +paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum duabus turmis +Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transiere ad regem,[229] et +centurio primi pili[230] tertiae legionis per munitionem, quam uti +defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae +cuncti irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proximum +collem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum hostes, quo minus victoria +uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in +colloquio verba facit: 'tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clausum +tenet,[231] tamen se memorem humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret, +incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum,[232] praeterea uti diebus decem +Numidia decederet.' Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, +quia mortis metu mutabantur,[233] sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit. + +[225] Respecting the frequentatives _ductare_ and _missitare_, which last + is a secondary derivative from _mittere_ (as _currere, cursare, + cursitare_), see Zumpt, S 231; and about _vitabundus_, S 248. +[226] The usual arrangement of the words would be: _corrumpere, ut alii + (partim) transfugerent, alii--desererent_. The _ut_ is here repeated + in the second clause, which is rather unusual. +[227] _Trepidare_, in its proper sense, is, 'to run about with fear and + trembling.' +[228] _Anceps_, 'twofold,' on the part of the enemy and of that of + nature. +[229] The author here distinguishes the infantry (_cohors_) and cavalry + (_turma_) of the auxiliaries, and the common soldiers from the Roman + legions. +[230] The _primus pilus_ in a Roman legion is the first company + (_manipulus_) of the third class of legionaries, who were called + _pilani_ or _triarii_, and were employed in battle as a reserve, + while the two other classes of legionaries, the _hastati_ and + _principes_, began the engagement. A legion thus contained ten + maniples of every class; that is, altogether thirty maniples, each of + which consisted of two _centuriae_, and each _centuria_ was commanded + by a _centurio_. Out of these sixty centurions of a legion, the two + commanding the _primus pilus_ (they themselves also were called, like + their companies, _primi pili_) were the first in rank, and again the + _ductor prioris centuriae primi pili_ was the principal centurion in + a legion. The treachery of such an officer, therefore, is the more + surprising. To the pronoun _ea_ supply _via_; _ea_, with this + ellipsis, is used as an adverb in the sense of 'there.' See Zumpt, + S 207, 288. +[231] In accordance with the rules on the oratio obliqua, Sallust ought + to have written _teneat_. +[232] A _jugum_ was formed by two lances fixed in the ground, and a + third fastened across them so as to form a gate. When an army + confessed itself to be conquered, and after capitulating, was allowed + to depart, the troops had to march under a yoke of this description. +[233] Literally: 'because the disgrace was exchanged for the fear of + death;' that is, by enduring it, they became free from the fear of + death. + +39. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus atque maeror civitatem +invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum +timere libertati,[234] Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe +praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem +quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde +periculum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim +exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino[235] auxilia +accersere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat, +decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri. Consul +impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret, +paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur; nam omnis exercitus, uti +convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, +quamquam persequi Jugurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animo ardebat, +cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia atque +lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum[236] statuit sibi nihil agitandum. + +[234] _Dolere pro gloria_, 'to be grieved for reputation;' that is, as + they were interested in the glory of their country, they were grieved + at the disgrace (_dedecore_ or _propter dedecus_) they had suffered. + _Timere libertati_, 'to be afraid of losing one's freedom,' it + appearing to be in danger. See Zumpt, S 414. +[235] _Nomen Latinum_ is the same as _socii Latini_, or _Latini_ alone. + The expression properly signifies those who are called Latins; for + this class of people comprised not only those who really belonged to + the nation of the Latins--such as the inhabitants of the ancient + Latin towns of Tibur and Praeneste--but those also whose towns + subsequently received the same privileges. The latter were termed + coloniae Latinae--such as Alba in the country of the Marsians, + Beneventum in Samnium, Cremona and Placentia on the Po. +[236] _Ex copia rerum_, 'according to his present resources,' 'according + to the state of affairs.' + +40. Interim Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis rogationem ad +populum promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha +senati decreta neglexisset,[237] quique ab eo in legationibus aut +imperiis pecunias accepissent, qui elephantos quique perfugas +tradidissent, item qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones +fecissent. Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia +pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, quin illa et +alia talia placere sibi faterentur,[238] occulte per amicos ac maxime per +homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed +plebes incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit quantaque vi +rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit: magis odio nobilitatis, cui +mala illa parabantur, quam cura rei publicae; tanta libido in partibus +erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestiae +fuisse supra docuimus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida +etiamtum civitate quum ex Mamili regatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, +effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.[239] Sed quaestio exercita +aspere violenterque ex[240] rumore et libidine plebis; ut saepe +nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia +ceperat. + +[237] In a few manuscripts we read _neglegisset_, respecting which see + Zumpt, S 195. +[238] _Quin faterentur_, 'without confessing.' See Zumpt, S 539. +[239] M. Scaurus, who, as Sallust stated before, was himself bribed + by Jugurtha, had availed himself of the time when the people were + rejoicing at his victory, when the city was still under apprehensions + respecting the war, and when many other nobles, from a consciousness + of guilt, kept back; and there can be no doubt that, through the + influence of his friends, he contrived to be himself elected one of + the commissioners who had to institute inquiries about these + briberies, and thus escaped being tried himself. +[240] _Ex_ here signifies 'with respect to.' The people after this + victory were insolent, so that the commissioners yielded to the + wishes of the multitude. + +41. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus factionum,[241] ac deinde +omnium malarum artium paucis ante annis Romae ortus est otio atque +abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt.[242] Nam ante +Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter +se rem publicam tractabant, neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen +inter cives erat; metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. +Sed ubi illa formido mentibus decessit, scilicet[243] ea, quae res +secundae amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis +rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit. +Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, populus libertatem in libidinem +vertere, sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes +abstracta sunt, res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum +nobilitas factione magis pollebat, plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in +multitudine minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, +penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique +erant; populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; praedas bellicas +imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes aut parvi liberi +militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.[244] +Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et +vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa +praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram +gloriam injustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio +civilis quasi permixtio terrae[245] oriri coepit. + +[241] 'The custom of (forming) parties among the people, and of factions + in the senate;' the people are divided into _partes_, the senate + into _factiones_; the latter evidently implies intriguing + combinations. +[242] 'From the abundance of those things which mortals deem of the + first importance.' _Prima_ is used substantively, and with it the + relative pronoun (_quae_) agrees. Sallust might have said + _quas--primas_. +[243] _Scilicet_, 'naturally,' is used here as an adverb. See Zumpt, + S 271. +[244] The annexation of small free farms to the adjoining large estates, + is described by all the ancient authors as the cause of the great + misery of the Roman state, and, as Sallust remarks, it was + facilitated by the absence of many of the free citizens who were + serving in the armies; for their fathers or children, who were left + behind, were easily induced to sell their small farm to a wealthy and + powerful neighbour. For force was certainly not always applied, and + _pellere_ here signifies 'to displace,' rather than 'to expel.' The + large estates thus formed were called _latifundia_. +[245] _Permixtio terrae_ is said figuratively, as is indicated by + _quasi_, 'a chaos--a mixture of elements.' + +42. Nam postquam Tiberius et G. Gracchus, quorum majores Punico atque +aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in +libertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque +eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites +Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus +obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem +ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis +deducendis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.[246] Et sane Gracchis +cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit: sed bono vinci +satius est quam malo more injuriam vincere.[247] Igitur ea victoria +nobilitas ex libidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga extinxit, +plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res +plerumque magnas civitates pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis +modo et victos acerbius[248] ulcisci volunt. Sed de studiis partium et +omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem +disserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret.[249] Quamobrem ad +inceptum redeo. + +[246] Tib. Gracchus was slain in B.C. 133, and his brother, G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 121. Sallust here states that the faction of the optimates + threw obstacles in the way of the two brothers, sometimes by means of + the _socii_ (in Italy), and sometimes by means of the Roman equites, + who had been drawn into the senate by the popular party. This + refers, in the first place, to the opposition made, through the + instrumentality of the Latins, to the scheme of the Gracchi to + settle poor Roman citizens in Latin colonies; and secondly, to the + ingratitude of the equites, to whom G. Gracchus had transferred + the administration of justice, after having taken it from the senate. + Respecting _modo--interdum_, instead of _modo--modo_, see Zumpt, + S 723. +[247] Sallust admits that the Gracchi went somewhat too far, but blames + the violence with which the faction of the optimates took + vengeance upon them; 'for,' says he, 'a good man prefers being + conquered, to taking revenge for injury done to him in a violent + manner'--intimating that the optimates ought to have borne the + injury done to them by the Gracchi, rather than avenge it with + murder and assassination. +[248] _Acerbius_; that is, _nimis acerbe_, or _acerbius quam par est_. +[249] _Omnis civitatis_ for _totius civitatis_, in opposition to the + patres. _Parem_; that is, _velim_, which is followed in the apodosis + by the same subjunctive present, or the future indicative. See Zumpt, + S 524, note 1. _Res_, the same as _materia_, _argumentum_, 'subject.' + +43. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam, Metellus et +Silanus consules designati,[250] provincias inter se partiverant, +Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et quamquam adverso populi +partium,[251] fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum +magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, +quod gesturus erat, animum intendit.[252] Igitur diffidens veteri +exercitui, milites scribere, praesidia[253] undique accersere, arma, +tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc commeatum +affatim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui +esse solent. Ceteram ad ea patranda senatus auctoritate, socii nomenque +Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo +studio adnitebatur. Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis +compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum propter +artes bonas, tum maxime, quod adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat, +et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes +contusae[254] hostiumque auctae erant. + +[250] The consuls here mentioned entered upon their office on the 1st + of January, 109 B.C. The preparation for the campaign accordingly + belongs to the latter part of the year 110. +[251] 'An opponent of the popular party;' _adversus_ being used as a + substantive, in the sense of _adversarius_; as an adjective, it is + construed with the dative. +[252] _Cum collega_, a short expression for _conjuncta cum collega_, + 'everything else he considered as common between himself and his + colleague, but to the Numidian war he alone directed his attention, + as though it were his own exclusive business.' +[253] _Praesidia_ is generally 'resources;' but here the same as + _auxilia_, 'auxiliary troops.' +[254] _Contusae_, from _contundere_, for _imminutae_, _debilitatae_, + _fractae_. + +44. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino pro +consule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua +quam manu promptior, praedator[255] ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium, +sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis +moribus sollicitudinis quam ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae +accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus[256] +comitiorum mora imminuerat, et expectatione eventus civium animos +intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere quam majorum disciplina +milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade +perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, quantum temporis +aestivorum in imperio fuit,[257] plerumque milites stativis castris +habebat, nisi quum odos[258] aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. +Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari vigiliae deducebantur; uti +cuique libebat, ab signis aberat: lixae permixti cum militibus die +noctuque vagabantur; palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et +mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus[259] +vino advectitio et aliis talibus; praeterea frumentum publice datum +vendere, panem in dies mercari; postremo, quaecunque dici aut fingi +queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, ea in illo exercitu cuncta fuere et +alia amplius. + +[255] _Praedator_, belonging to _exercitus_, is the same as _praedas + agens_, 'carrying off booty.' See Zumpt, S 102, note 2. +[256] _Aestivorum tempus_ is the time suited for the campaign. To + _aestivorum_ supply _castrorum_, 'a summer-camp,' and 'a campaign + made in summer;' hence, also, 'a campaign' in general, inasmuch as + warlike operations were but rarely carried on in winter. +[257] _Albinus_, during a portion of the summer of the year 109 B. C., + continued to command as proconsul, while the consul Metellus was + detained at Rome by the election of the consuls for the year + B. C. 108. +[258] _Odos_ for _odor_. See Zumpt, S 7. +[259] _Cum mercatoribus_, 'in intercourse with merchants.' The + merchandise, in return for which another commodity is given, is + expressed by the ablative. See Zumpt, S 456. + +45. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus hostilibus +magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior; tanta temperantia inter +ambitionem[260] saevitiamque moderatum: namque edicto primum adjumenta +ignaviae sustulisse, ne quisquam in castris panem aut quem alium coctum +cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in +castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet; ceteris arte modum +statuisse.[261] Praeterea transversis itineribus cotidie castra movere, +juxta ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras +ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine in primis modo, +modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, +uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita +prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit. + +[260] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' hence here in the sense of + 'indulgence,' 'connivance,' these being the ordinary means to obtain + the favour of the multitude. +[261] _Ceteris arte modum statuisse_ still depends upon _comperior_, 'I + learn (that is, we are informed) that for the rest (of the wants) he + fixed the measure in a close (niggardly) manner;' for _arte_ is the + adverb of _artus_, which is frequently, though not correctly, written + _arcte_. It must not be confounded with _arte_ from _ars_. Sallust + might have said, _ceteris (rebus) artum modum statuisse_. + +46. Interea Jugurtha, ubi quae Metellus agebat ex nuntiis accepit, simul +de innocentia ejus certior Romae factus, diffidere suis rebus ac tum +demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum +suppliciis[262] mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, +alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis +cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum +avidum esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur,[263] ac +paulatim temptando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo +persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime[264] vivum, sin id parum procedat, +necatum sibi traderent; ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent,[265] +regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus intento atque infesto +exercitu in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena +hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis et mapalibus +praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum +portare, postremo omnia, quae imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus +idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, +late explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere et insidiis +locum temptari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et +sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat, in postremo G. Marius +legatus cum equitibus curabat, in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites +tribunis legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his +permixti velites, quocunque accederent equitatus[266] hostium, +propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et +militiae erat, ut absens an praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior +esset, in incerto haberetur. + +[262] _Supplicia_ here, as elsewhere, are _supplices preces_, 'humble + prayers,' or 'petitions.' Compare chap. 66. +[263] 'He applies to the ambassadors one by one;' that is, he tries them + one by one, _temptat singulos_. +[264] _Maxime_, the same as _potissimum_. Compare chap. 35. +[265] 'What would be in accordance with his wish;' namely, the granting + of his request. +[266] The plural _equitatus_ is rare; here it refers to different troops + of cavalry, as in Caesar, _Bell. Civ._ i. 61. To _propulsarent_ + supply _eos_. See Zumpt, S 766. + +47. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum +Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime +celebratum,[267] ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis +multi mortales. Huc consul simul temptandi gratia, et si paterentur, +opportunitate loci, praesidium imposuit;[268] praeterea imperavit +frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare,[269] ratus id quod +res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum et +jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius +modo[270] legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam +liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul +illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat, regi pacem quam postulabat +neque abnuere neque polliceri et inter eas moras promissa legatorum +exspectare. + +[267] 'Most frequented;' for _celeber_, _bris_, _bre_, is commonly used + of densely peopled or much frequented places. +[268] Metellus placed a garrison in the city, partly to test the + sentiments of the inhabitants, and partly on account of the + advantages offered to him by the nature of the place, in case the + inhabitants should not object to a garrison of the Romans. The common + reading, _si paterentur opportunitates loci_, must be rejected, for + the words _si paterentur_ must refer to the inhabitants of the place, + and explain the preceding _temptandi gratia_. Another reading, + _opportunitatis_, to which _gratia_ must be supplied by the mind, has + the same meaning as _opportunitate_, the ablative of cause. +[269] 'He believed that the great number of merchants (in the town) + and the corn would be of use to the army, and protect the provisions + (of the Roman army) already accumulated,' so that the Roman stores + might be saved. +[270] _Impensius modo_; that is, _praeter modum_, 'beyond measure,' + 'immoderately;' literally, 'stronger than the measure observed in + such matters.' + +48. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit ac se suis artibus +temptari animadvertit, quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re +bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, +animi popularium temptati, coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis +certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex +opportunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium generum parat ac +per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit.[271] Erat in ea parte +Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie, +nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme milia passuum viginti tractu +pari,[272] vastus ab natura et humano cultu. Sed ex eo medio quasi collis +oriebatur, in immensum pertingens,[273] vestitus oleastro ac murtetis +aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso[274] gignuntur. +Media autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua +loca; ea consita arbustis, pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. + +[271] _Exercitum antevenit_. See Zumpt, S 386, note. +[272] 'In an equal direction;' that is, likewise extending from south + to north. +[273] In the midst of this range there arose another group, extending + far and wide; and, as will be seen hereafter (chapter 49), in a + transverse direction (_transverso itinere_) from the range to the + river running parallel with it. _In immensum_, however, must be + understood relatively of a very great extent, and not absolutely of + an infinite extent. +[274] 'On dry and sandy ground' is a very singular expression, and + has been noticed as such by the Roman grammarians themselves; + for _humi_ (on the ground) is otherwise used without an adjective as + an adverb. The adjective is here put in the ablative, to denote the + place where, and in the neuter gender, _humi_ being regarded as + indeclinable. In ordinary language, it would be _in humo arida_. + +49. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere porrectum docuimus, +Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,[275] consedit, elephantis et parti +copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet, quae ageret; ipse +propior montem[276] cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos +collocat. Dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque +obtestatur, uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque +suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant; cum iis certamen fore, quos antea +victos sub jugum miserint; ducem illis, non animum mutatum; quae ab +imperatore decuerint,[277] omnia suis provisa, locum superiorem, ut +prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus aut rudes cum bello +melioribus manum consererent; proinde parati intentique essent signo +dato Romanos invadere; illum diem aut omnes labores et victorias +confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum initium fore. Ad hoc viritim, uti +quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere +beneficii sui et eum ipsum aliis ostentare; postremo pro cujusque ingenio +pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium alio modo excitare; quum +interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu +conspicitur,[278] primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet (nam +inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant, neque plane occultati +humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,[279] quidnam esset, cum natura loci +tum dolo ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis +insidiis paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus,[280] in +dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem +instruxit, inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum +omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus aciem, +sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis[281] in planum deducit. + +[275] 'The battle-line being long, but not deep.' +[276] _Montem_, the same as _monti_. See Zumpt, S 411. +[277] _Decuerint_. Sallust might have written _decuerit_ in the singular. + Compare Zumpt, S 226. +[278] _Quum interim Metellus--conspicitur_, is the apodosis. 'Then, + in the meantime, Metellus appears.' Respecting this use of _quum_ + with the present indicative, see Zumpt, S 580, 2; for the + circumstance of _interim_ being used here, where we might expect + _subito_, does not alter the case, and only expresses that Jugurtha + was yet engaged in encouraging his army when Metellus became visible. +[279] _Incerti_ is here used passively and personally, 'uncertain what it + might be,' for _de quibus incertum erat, quidnam esset_; and the + neuter _quidnam_ is used in the sense of the masculine plural, 'it + was uncertain whether they were men, and what sort of men.' In like + manner we have seen (chapter 18) _ignarus_ used passively. +[280] 'With an alteration in the ranks,' those soldiers who had before + marched by the side of one another now being placed behind one + another, as the man who had till then been on the right wing of his + detachment suddenly turned to the right, with his face towards the + hill. On the right of the whole marching army, he now formed the + front towards the enemy (_aciem_), and strengthened by a threefold + reserve. +[281] 'The _principia_ standing transversely' (to the direction in which + till then the column had been). The march of the Roman army + was from east to west; the enemy appeared on the right flank, and + the Roman vanguard (_principia_) therefore turned round to face them + (that is, turning its face to the north), and it is this direction + which is expressed by _transversus_. _Principia_ is the vanguard, + because in a Roman legion the ten companies of _principes_ formed the + front line, while the _hastati_ constituted the second, and the + _triarii_ the third. In this manner the _principes_ here faced the + enemy, while the other divisions of the army drew up behind them as + a reserve. + +50. Sed ubi Numidas quietos neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex +anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium +legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen, +uti locum castris antecaperet, existimans hostes crebro impetu et +transversis proeliis[282] iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis +diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum temptaturos.[283] Deinde ipse +pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere, Marium +post principia habere, ipse cum sinistrae alae equitibus esse, qui in +agmine principes facti erant.[284] At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen +Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum milium +peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus +adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dein repente signo dato +hostes invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere, pars a sinistra ac +dextera temptare, infensi adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Romanorum +ordines conturbare, quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus +fuerant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur, neque +contra feriundi aut conserendi manum copia erat; ante jam docti ab +Jugurtha equites, ubicunque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non +confertim neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime +diversi. Ita numero priores,[285] si ab persequendo hostes deterrere +nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant; sin +opportunior fugae collis quam campi fuerat, ea[286] vero consueti +Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et +insolentia loci retinebat. + +[282] _Transversis proeliis_, 'by attacks on the flanks'--namely, if the + Roman army should resume its march westward. +[283] _Temptare lassitudinem militum_, the same as _lassos milites + aggredi_. +[284] The army was drawn up in battle array facing the north, so that, + if it resumed its march westward, the part which formed the left + wing became the head of the column (_agmen_). +[285] _Priores_; that is, _superiores_, 'superior.' +[286] _Ea_, 'on this road,' or 'there.' _Evadere_, 'to ascend.' _Vero_ in + the apodosis renders it strong and emphatic. See Zumpt, S 716. + +51. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda atque +miserabilis; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi, neque signa neque +ordines observare, ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac +propulsare, arma tela,[287] equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti, nihil +consilio neque imperio agi, fors omnia regere: itaque multum diei +processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique omnibus +labore et aestu languidis, Metellus ubi videt Numidas minus instare, +paulatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit et cohortes +legionarias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars +superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari milites, ne +deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes vincere; neque illis[288] +castra esse neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent, in armis +omnia sita. Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire, +hortari, renovare proelium et ipse cum delectis temptare omnia, subvenire +suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando +retinere. + +[287] Respecting the omission of _et_, see Zumpt, S 782. _Arma_ and + _tela_ are the two kinds of arms, the one being used in a close + contest, and the other at a distance; the use of either of them + depended on chance (_fors regebat_). _Itaque_ in the next clause is + the same as et _ita_, and not the conjunction _itaque = igitur_. +[288] They had no camp, no fortifications into which they could retreat. + _Illis_ refers to the Romans addressed, and is rendered by the + emphatic they; instead of _illis_, the speaker might have used + _ipsis_ whereby he would have included himself, whereas now he is + speaking only of the soldiers. Compare Zumpt, S 702. + +52. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri certabant, ipsi pares, +ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus +adversus, Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani, +ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi +fieri (et jam diei[289] vesper erat) adverse colle, sicuti praeceptum +fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere, +plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt.[290] Interea +Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab +Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi cum Rutilius praetergressus est, paulatim +suos in aequum locum deducit ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus +erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat, neque +remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret,[291] explorare. Postquam Rutilium +consedisse jam et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio +clamorem augeri, veritus, ne legatus cognita re laborantibus suis auxilio +foret, aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat,[292] quo +hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra +procedit. + +[289] _Diei_; other editions have _die_, an obsolete form of the fifth + declension. _Adverso colle evadunt_, 'they worked their way up the + opposite hill.' The author might have said _in adversum collem,_ + 'they ascended it.' +[290] The neuter predicate _tutata sunt_ here refers to two feminine + nouns, instead of _tutatae sunt_; but it is quite in accordance with + the custom of Sallust. See Zumpt, S 377. +[291] 'What the enemy were doing in every place;' for _ubique_ signifies + 'in every place;' not absolutely, but in every one of the places + where anything was done by the enemy. _Ubique_ stands to _ubivis_ + in the same relation as _quisque_ to _quivis_. Compare Zumpt, S 710. +[292] 'He had drawn up his corps close together.' About _arte_, see + _Cat._, chap. 59, and p. 110, note 4 [note 261]. + +53. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt; nam prospectum +ager arbustis consitus prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento +agitari, post ubi aequabilem manere et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis +magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re properantes arma capiunt ac pro +castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, +utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in +elephantis auxilium putant,[293] postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum +atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt ac plerique +abjectis armis collis aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio integri abeunt. +Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes numero quadraginta interfecti. At +Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi +lassique[294] erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, +instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languidi +neque remissi patiebatur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul +inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent,[295] alteri apud +alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, et paene imprudentia +admissum[296] facinus miserabile, ni utrimque praemissi equites rem +exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum, milites alius +alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt, sua quisque fortia +facta ad coelum fert. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel +ignavis gloriari licet, adversae res etiam bonos detractant.[297] + +[293] 'They held out only so long as they believed that they had an + assistance in their elephants.' When they were disappointed in this + hope, they took to flight; for _fugam facere_ is here the same as + _fugere_, though generally it is equivalent to _fugare_. +[294] 'Tired and worn out.' +[295] The two detachments of the Roman army approaching each other, threw + each other into fear and confusion by the noise of their march, as + they imagined lhat the enemy was approaching. We have retained + _adventarent_, the reading of the early editions; the one now + generally received, _adventare_, must be rendered, 'when they were + not far from one another, they approached in a noisy manner, like + enemies, (and) filled each other mutually with fear.' But here + the verb _adventare_ is offensive, it having already been said that + they were not far from one another; so also is the mere ablative + _strepitu adventare_ and the omission of _et_, for which we cannot + see any reason. +[296] Supply _esset_. +[297] 'Misfortunes lower even good men;' that is, diminish their + reputation. + +54. Metellus in iisdem castris quatriduo[298] moratus, saucios cum cura +reficit, meritos in proeliis more militiae donat, universos in contione +laudat atque agit gratias; hortatur ad cetera, quae levia sunt,[299] +parem animum gerant; pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores +pro praeda fore. Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha +ubi gentium[300] aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an exercitum +haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca +saltuosa et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum numero +hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam +belli cultorem.[301] Id ea gratia[302] eveniebat, quod praeter regios +equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus +fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae ducitur; ita se mores +habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, +bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset,[303] +praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento illos +vinci quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio +more bellum gerundum. Itaque in Numidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros +vastat, multa castella et oppida temere[304] munita aut sine praesidio +capit incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum praedam +esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et +alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita, ubicunque res postulabat, +praesidium impositum. Quae negotia multo magis quam proelium male +pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant; quippe cui spes omnis in fuga sita +erat, sequi cogebatur, et qui sua loca[305] defendere nequiverat, in +alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex copia[306] quod optimum videbatur +consilium capit, exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet, ipse +cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus +ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique inermes +cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus profugit, et Numidae, +priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles +discedunt. + +[298] Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the + ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, S 396. +[299] _Sunt_ here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta; + according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be _sint_ or _essent_. +[300] _Gentium_ is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See + Zumpt, S 434. +[301] A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of + being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war. + Respecting the substantive _cultor_, instead of the participle + _colens_, see p. 109, note 5 [note 255]. +[302] _Ea gratia_, a concise expression for _ejus (rei) gratia_, 'on this + account.' In like manner we find _hac, ea causa_. +[303] 'Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his + pleasure;' because, considering the number and condition of his + irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to + retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither. +[304] _Temere_ signifies that which is done without any lasting effect, + without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident + or chance. +[305] _Sua loca_ are 'convenient' or 'favourable places;' _aliena_, + 'inconvenient ;' that is, such as he would not have chosen himself. +[306] 'According to circumstances,' as in chap. 39: _ex copia rerum_, + 'according to the state of circumstances.' + +55. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque +et exercitum more majorum gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute +fuisset hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum[307] ex Auli +socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset habere. Itaque +senatus ob ea felicitur acta dis immortalibus supplicia[308] decernere, +civitas trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu laeta agere, fama de +Metello praeclara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus +modis festinare, cavere tamen, necubi[309] hosti opportunus fieret, +meminisse post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo clarior, eo magis anxius +erat, neque post insidias Jugurthae[310] effuso exercitu praedari; ubi +frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium +agitabant; exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis +quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra +faciebant; ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterum, quo fuga atque +formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles +sequi, tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere; qua venturum hostem audierat, +pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere; modo se +Metello, interdum Mario ostendere, postremo in agmine temptare ac statim +in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, neque proelium +facere neque otium pati, tantummodo hostem ab incepto retinere. + +[307] _Magnificus_, 'boasting,' 'insolent,' as in chap. 31: _incedunt per + ora, vestra magnifci_. +[308] Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called + _supplicatio_, and was a sign that the general was likely to be + honoured with a triumph. +[309] _Necubi_ for _ne alicubi_, 'in order that not somewhere.' See + Zumpt, S 136. +[310] _Post insidias Jugurthae_, 'after he had once experienced attacks + made from an ambuscade.' + +56. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt neque ab hoste copiam +pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam et in ea parte qua sita erat arcem regni, +nomine Zamam,[311] statuit oppugnare, ratus id quod negotium poscebat +Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum ibique proelium fore. At +ille, quae parabantur a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum +antevenit, oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant, additis auxilio +perfugis, quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum +erat. Praeterea pollicetur in tempore[312] semet cum exercitu affore. Ita +compositis rebus in loca quam maxime occulta discedit ac post paulo +cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam +missum, quod oppidum primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat. +Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit et jam egredientibus Romanis in +porta pugnam facit; simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, uti cohortes ab +tergo circumveniant; fortunam illis praeclari facinoris casum dare; si id +fecerint, postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem +acturos. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavisset, +profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent; tanta +mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege +sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes urguent, paucis amissis profugi +discedunt. + +[311] _Zama_, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred + years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according + to Polybius, five days' march south of Carthage. +[312] _In tempore_, 'in due time,' 'in proper time.' Zumpt, S 475, note. + +57. Marius ad Zamam pervenit; id oppidum in campo situm, magis opere quam +natura munitum erat, nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. +Igitur Metellus pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus cuncta moenia +exercitu circumvenit, legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret. Deinde signo +dato undique simul clamor ingens oritur; neque ea res Numidas terret, +infensi intentique sine tumultu manent; proelium incipitur. Romani, pro +ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare; alii succedere +ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium in manibus +facere.[313] Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pila, +praeterea pice et sulfure taedam mixtam ardenti[314] mittere. Sed ne +illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat; nam +plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant, parique periculo, +sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant. + +[313] _Proelium facere in manibus_, the same as _pugnare cominus, manus + conserere_, 'to be engaged in close combat.' +[314] 'Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;' that is, burning + torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular _taedam_ is used in a + collective sense for the plural _taedas_. + +58. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum +magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,[315] et omnia magis +quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu +perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma +capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non +amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo +quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela +eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;[316] sin +Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero[317] virtutem ostendere et eos +maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime +rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo +animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse. +Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium +cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem +publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve +hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha +munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, +alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in +loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, +in castra cum exercitu revertitur. + +[315] 'Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss' + (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of _remissus_, taken from a + bow when it is not stretched. +[316] 'As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among + the many.' The deponent _frustari_ here has a reflective meaning, + 'to exert one's self in vain,' 'to deceive one's self,' and must be + conceived to come from the active _frustrare_, 'to frustrate.' +[317] 'Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,' &c. Respecting _vero_ in + the apodosis, see note on chap. 50. + +59. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum +omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet, +portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum +atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto +repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi +perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere +quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu +facerent;[318] quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi, +dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare +aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare. + +[318] 'The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not + their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage' + (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though + the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 525. The Numidian + horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making + a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in + such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood + head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by + procuring a respite for their struggling infantry. + +60. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut +tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,[319] neque alius in alio magis quam +in sese[320] spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare +omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor +permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum +ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes +paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant, +eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos +animadverteres,[321] ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,[322] +monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,[323] +et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi +Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac +diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu[324] regis proelium +visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,[325] repente magna vi murum +aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum +oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri +primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui +supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci +integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium +nox diremit. + +[319] 'There they exerted themselves most actively,' _eo_ having the + meaning of _eo loco_, or _ibi_. +[320] 'More upon themselves than upon others.' See Zumpt, S 725. +[321] 'One might observe them.' Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[322] _Sicuti--possent_, 'just as if,' as _sicut_, like _quasi_, is used + for _velut_. See chap. 31. For it is not possible that the two places + of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the + Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one + another, or even distinctly see the separate charges. +[323] _Niti corporibus_, 'to exert one's self bodily,' inasmuch as the + body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes + backward. The plural _corpora_ is as common in Latin as _animi_, when + several persons are spoken of. +[324] _Sine tumultu_, 'without disturbance' or 'hindrance.' +[325] _Astrictus_, 'fixed intent,' whose attention was entirely directed + to the contest at a distance. _Occupatis_ also might have been used. + +61. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque +Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem +exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se[326] +defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit; +ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi +gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae +concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per +amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem, +qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece +judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi +erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se +colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum +aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua +omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,[327] tum +metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad +supplicium traderetur. + +[326] _Ad eum_, or _ad illum_, would have been strictly grammatical; and + as Sallust uses _ad se_, it would have been more consistent to use + the subjunctive _defecissent_; but the indicative is necessary, + because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed + by _ad ipsum_, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from + the secondary subject, _urbes_, and direct it to the leading subject, + Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun + where _is_ or _sui_, _sibi_, _se_, can be employed. Compare chap. 66, + and Zumpt, S 550. +[327] That is, _Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat_. + +62. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem +fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando +sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus +proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos, +regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et +fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo[328] cunctante Numidae sibi +consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. +Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent +ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere. +Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet, +eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more +majorum[329] ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti +pondo[330] ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum +aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas +vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum +primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur +Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad +imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,[331] rursus coepit flectere animum suum et +ex mala conscientia digna[332] timere. Denique multis diebus per +dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello +potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in +servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam +perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis +consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.[333] + +[328] _Ne illo_, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, 'if he hesitated still longer.' +[329] _More majorum_ refers to the custom according to which Roman + generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace + according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a + council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior + officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the + praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also + took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a + purely military nature. +[330] _Pondo_, 'pound,' properly _librarum pondo_ (depending upon + _milia_). See Zumpt, S 87. As in the time of the Roman republic + eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and + twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus, + the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi + aurei. +[331] 'When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.' There + is an ancient military expression, _Ad imperium vocari_, or _adesse_, + by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry + into effect. See Zumpt, S 658. +[332] _Digna_, 'what is due to him;' here of course bodily suffering or + punishment. +[333] We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in + which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged + his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year + as proconsul. + +63. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti, +magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo +agitabat,[334] fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, +cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido +exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia +abunde erant,[335] industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus +belli[336] ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, +tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini +altus,[337] ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, +non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter +artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum +militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,[338] facile +notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post +alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut +ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum[339] talis +vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non +audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se +per manus tradebat.[340] Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis +erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur. + +[334] _Agitabat_ does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if + so, the verb would be in the subjunctive. +[335] Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a + candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not + a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium + of Arpinum. The term 'ancient family' means one which had _imagines_, + or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices + of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country + gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property + enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of + rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render + to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank, + which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might + be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member + of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as + he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his + praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus. +[336] _Belli_; that is, _in bello_, on account of the following _domi_. +[337] _Altus_; that is, _alitus_. See Zumpt, S 198. +[338] That is, _quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen + notus factus_, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished + services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was + communicated by one person to another. +[339] _Ad id locorum_, 'until then,' 'until that time,' as in chap. 72: + _post id locorum_. See Zumpt, S 434. Marius did not venture to aspire + to the consulship; for _appetere_ is not the same as _petere_, the + latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not + yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious + superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him. +[340] The _nobiles_ transmitted the consulship to one another _per + manus_; that is, after one _nobilis_ had been invested with it, it + was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that + no _homo novus_ should come forward as a candidate. + +64. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido +animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem[341] rogat. Cui +quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,[342] tamen +inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque +primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam +monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non +omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo +caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam +haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi +primum potuisset per negotia publica,[343] facturum sese, quae peteret. +Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire; +satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore +contubernio patris[344] ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti; +quae res Marium cum pro[345] honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum +vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, +grassari,[346] neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo +ambitiosum[347] foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore +imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo +Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars +exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis +habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis[348] et regiae +superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora +videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo +cupienti nihil satis festinatur. + +[341] His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return + to the service, he would have asked _commeatum_, 'leave of absence.' + He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be + successful. +[342] _Superabant_; that is, _supererant, abunde erant_. + Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at + the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly + born. +[343] 'He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so + consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.' +[344] _Contubernio patris_ for _in contubernio patris_, as + _contubernalis_ of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for + young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites + in the suite, and as attaches (adjutants) to a general, whereas other + less favoured Romans served _in ordine_; that is, enlisted in some + detachment of cavalry or infantry. +[345] _Pro_, 'in regard to,' 'in consideration of.' +[346] _Grassari_, 'to go on,' 'proceed;' but at the same time contains + the idea of excitement or vehemence. +[347] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' _ambitiosum_, something the object + or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence 'winning,' + 'captivating.' +[348] _Inanis_, 'empty.' Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance, + one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with + it; hence 'vain,' 'superficial.' _Vanus_ also is used in the same + sense. _Regia superbia_. See chap. 31. + +65. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda, +Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum +heredem[349] scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum +imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item +postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat, +honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset, +praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos[350] foret, si equites Romani +satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque +hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori[351] cum suo auxilio poenas petat; +hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum +regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut +occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo[352] mature +posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum +et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores[353] alios ipse, plerosque +pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de +bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus +honestissima suffragatione[354] consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate +plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,[355] novos extollebat. Ita +Mario cuncta procedere. + +[349] _Secundus heres_ is the person who is pointed out in a will to + supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable + or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his + death without leaving any issue. +[350] _In eos_; that is, _in equites Romanos_, referring to what follows. +[351] _Imperatori_, a dativus incommodi, _cui poena imponantur_, 'that + with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the + general in return for the insults offered to him.' +[352] 'This might happen even very soon.' _Adeo_ points out that which is + essential in a thing. See Zumpt, S 281. +[353] The words _milites et negotiatiores_ are in apposition to _equites + Romanos_, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in + the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on + business (_negotiabantur_) in the towns. If the sentence were to be + understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been + omitted before _milites_. See Zumpt, S 783. The _milites gregarii_ + and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons + had little or no communication with their friends at Rome. +[354] _Suffragatio_, the inclination to give one's vote in favour of a + person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence 'the + support given to a person's election.' A vote is _suffragium_, and + _suffragari_, to vote for a person. +[355] This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation + into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in + chap. 40, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was + terrified by it. + +66. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna +cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se +defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,[356] communire +suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut +commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis +erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta +agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, +praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate +alienati,[357] principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti +plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque +discordiosum[358] erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. +Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is +festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam +formidinem ostentabat.[359] Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque +militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium +domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant; +postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die[360] ac sine +imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii +studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus +tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant. + +[356] _Affectare_, 'to try to obtain a thing,' 'to exert one's self for a + thing.' +[357] _Voluntate alienati_; that is, _sua sponte alienati_. +[358] _Discordiosus_, 'quarrelsome;' a very rare word, but formed with + perfect correctness. Zumpt, S 252. +[359] 'The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather + than apprehension and terror;' namely, to the Romans or the Roman + garrison. +[360] _In tali die_. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by + the addition _tali_, indicating the particular circumstances of that + day of joy. See Zumpt, S 475, note. _Inermos_ is much more rare than + _inermes_. See Zumpt, S 101, note. + +67. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum +facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, +praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc +mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum[361] saxa et alia, quae locus +praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,[362] neque a +fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique, +strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate, +saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus +ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an +pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in +tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque +videtur.[363] + +[361] _Pro tectis_, 'on the edge of the roofs.' +[362] _Anceps malum_, 'the double attack;' namely, the one made on even + ground, and that from the roofs. +[363] Respecting the connection of _nisi_--_videtur_, instead of the + complete expression _nisi hoc constat_--_eum videri_, see p. 92, + note 2 [note 153]. _Intestabilis_, properly, 'a person unfit to give + his evidence, and incapable of making a will;' hence, according to + Roman usage, equivalent to 'infamous;' _detestabilis_, which also + properly signifies 'one deserving to be excluded in the will,' or 'to + be disinherited.' + +68. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e +conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima +cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam +plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos +educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam +planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos +itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia[364] docet oppidum Vagam non +amplius mille passuum[365] abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo +animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, +poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum +arrectis, equites in primo[366] late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa +occultare jubet. + +[364] 'Declining everything;' that is, refusing to obey any order that + was given them. +[365] _Passuum_ might also be _passus_. See Zumpt, S 116, note. +[366] _In primo_, 'at the head,' or 'in front,' the line being spread out + (_late_), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry. + +69. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, +uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros +vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum +Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque +repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas +festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam +lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas +magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.[367] Turpilius, quem +praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a +Metello causam dicere,[368] postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus +verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat. + +[367] 'The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.' We cannot say + _urbs poenae fuit_ alone; but the dative _poenae_ is explained + by the common expression _praedae fuit_, with which it is connected. +[368] 'Ordered to defend himself' against the charge of treachery + which was brought against him. For a _reus_ (a person standing + accused of a crime) _causam dicit_; that is, conducts his case, or + defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid + the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged. + This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound + to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been + abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5. + [note 260 in Cat.] For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that + Turpilius was a citizen from Latium; that is, he did not possess the + full Roman franchise, but only that part of it which was not + incompatible with his retaining the franchise in some Latin town. + Such half-citizens or Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given + in this manner, that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the + territory of Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they + renounced their Latin franchise, were at that time still very + numerous; but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called + the Latin towns received the Roman franchise. + +70. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam +metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas +res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare +animum;[369] denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, +hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui +plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus +erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant;[370] ex +quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis +statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa +ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne +ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.[371] Is postquam magnitudine facinoris +perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,[372] Bomilcar +simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere +consilio novum quaereret,[373] litteras ad eum per homines fideles +mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare,[374] testari deos, +per quos juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret; +Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id +modo agitari;[375] proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum +mallet. + +[369] 'He tormented himself day and night with the thought.' Respecting + this paraphrase of one's own person by the word _animus_, see Zumpt, + S 678. +[370] _Quae Jugurthae_--_superaverant_, 'which had been left for + Jugurtha;' that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish. +[371] 'That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy + in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished' (_inultis_). +[372] _Metusque_--_impediebat_. The imperfect describes the lasting + condition of the matter, while the perfect, _venit_, expresses the + momentary act, and the clause _metus impediebat_ represents an + inserted clause denoting cause: _metus enim rem impediebat_. +[373] Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown + by Nabdalsa. +[374] _In quis_--_accusare_. The historical infinitive in a relative + clause is very rare, but _in quis_ here supplies the place of _et in + his_. +[375] 'The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their + (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa's) valour, or by that of Metellus,' + since his doom was fixed at all events. _Id agitari_ for _id agi_, + which in this sense is far more frequent. + +71. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,[376] forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore +fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, +deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,[377] somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam +negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi +novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex +consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum +introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere +positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem +pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit[378] +et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, +postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae +ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;[379] lacrimans +obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super[380] +tali scelere suspectum sese haberet. + +[376] _Allatae_; supply _essent_, an ellipsis, which is not very common + after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. +[377] _Solet_, supply _capere_. +[378] _Repperit_; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, S 22. +[379] _Res praevenitur_, 'a thing is anticipated,' or 'something is done + previously,' is found very rarely instead of _occupatur_. _Homo + praevenitur_, 'a person is anticipated in a thing,' is more common. +[380] _Super_, the same as _de_. See Zumpt, S 320. + +72. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,[381] placide respondit. +Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis +iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id +locorum Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali +cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, +circumspectare omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco +saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus +arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia +exagitari.[382] + +[381] 'Differently from what he carried in his mind;' that is, from what + he intended in his mind. +[382] A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of + his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have + paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian. + +73. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto[383] ex +perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat +festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et +offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, +litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo +de ambobus acceperant.[384] Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, +invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; +ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua +moderata.[385] Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum +omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,[386] Marii virtutem in majus +celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, +quorum res fidesque[387] in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus +frequentarent Marium[388] et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. +Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus +mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem +vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus +paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.[389] + +[383] _Indicio patefacto_ is a kind of pleonasm, as _indicio facto_ would + be sufficient; for _indicium fit, res ipsa_ (that is, _conjuratio_) + _patefit_--'the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.' +[384] _Plebs--acceperant_ for _acceperat_, _plebs_ being a collective + noun. Zumpt, S 366. +[385] 'However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than + either their virtues or their faults.' _Moderata sunt_, from the + deponent _moderor_, 'I determine,' 'I guide;' as in Cicero, _mens + moderatur omnia_, 'the mind determines everything.' _Sua bona aut + mala_, 'their own virtues or vices,' in apposition to the party-zeal + of others. _Suus_ here is not reflective, but only designates + something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, + S 550. +[386] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' with the + genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms _arcessere_ and + _accersere_ have the same meaning, but _arcessere_ is more frequent + in the sense of 'to summon,' or 'to accuse.' +[387] _Res fidesque_, 'property and credit.' +[388] 'Crowded around Marius,' whenever he appeared in public, to show + him their attachment. _Post honorem Marii ducerent_, the same, as + _postponerent honori Marii_, the preposition in this sense being + commonly joined to the verb. Compare _Cat_. chap. 23. +[389] From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign + in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon + to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was + customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current + administration of foreign affairs. + +74. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse +necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum[390] +profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum +fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius +incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum +satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum +hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in +armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; +ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente +sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore +parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae +affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo +congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto +numero;[391] hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus +proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.[392] + +[390] _Bocchus_, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as + far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the + modern empire of Fez and Morocco. +[391] 'The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of + standards.' The adjective _aliquantus_, with the exception of the + neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe + the varying construction of _potior_. See Zumpt, SS 465, 466. Sallust + often prefers variety to uniformity. +[392] _Tuta sunt_ might also be _tuentur_; for the perfect is here used + of things which usually happened, and still happen. _Tuta_ is less + common than _tuita_ or _tutata_, which in this passage is found in + some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text. + +75. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo[393] rebus suis diffidens cum +perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in +oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus +multus pueritiae cultus[394] erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, +quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta, +loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus +oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam +vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi +frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea[395] +portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti +pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta +ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam +Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque, +ubi praesto fuerint,[396] praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam +oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad +Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis +praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa +vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo[397] exercitui satis superque foret. +Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova +deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis +usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis +immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad +Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos +crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum +parare; idem nostri facere. + +[393] _Impensius modo_ may be 'still more strongly,' his despondency + having already been mentioned; or _modo_ is the ablative, and + _impensius modo_ is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, + beyond measure, _ultra modum_. +[394] _Cultus_ is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart + from eating and drinking; so that _pueritiae cultus_ comprises the + regulations for a youth's residence, his education, and the things + and persons by whom he is surrounded. +[395] 'And other things fit to contain water;' probably vessels to keep + water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with + vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. +[396] 'Where they should be assembled.' +[397] _Modo_ is commonly used only to denote that something is less + than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of 'that alone,' + or 'even that alone.' + +76. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,[398] quippe qui omnia, +arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem +industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu +profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus +simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, +quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex +opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul +oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia +circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia[399] maxime idoneis vineas agere, +aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros +tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil +reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque +fatigati,[400] post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo +potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus +feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae +prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati, +illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus +poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.[401] + +[398] 'That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,' the perfect + participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility--as + _invictus_, invincible; _incorruptus_, incorruptible; _inaccessus_, + inaccessible. See Zumpt, S 328. +[399] _Ex copia_, 'according to circumstances,' here referring especially + to the different nature of the locality. _Vinea_, properly 'a bower + formed of vines;' hence 'a protecting roof,' under which the soldiers + attacked the fortifications of the enemy. +[400] 'After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:' + _ante_ here is superfluous. +[401] _Poenas pendere_, the same as _poenas solvere_, 'to pay a penalty.' + In _corrumpunt_ we may notice a zeugma, as out of _corrumpunt_ we + have to take _interficiunt_. See Zumpt, S 775. + +77. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum +venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem +quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem +neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in +summo periculo suam salutem, illorum[402] socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam +inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam +miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata, +semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque +imperata nave[403] fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, +adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus. + +[402] _Illorum_; that is, _Romanorum_. Respecting the situation of Leptis + magna, see chap. 19. +[403] _Nave_ or _naviter_ ('actively') is the correct orthography, for + which other editions have _gnave_. See Zumpt, S 12. Its case is the + same as that of _natus_, which in composition takes the _g_--as + _cognatus_, _agnatus_; and also _narus_, _ignarus_. + +78. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob +discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter +duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in +extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae +praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,[404] alia in tempestate +vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum +arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis +simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.[405] Ejus civitatis lingua +modo[406] conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica, +quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem +agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. + +[404] _Alta_; supply _in alia tempestate_, 'sometimes deep, and sometimes + shallow.' +[405] 'They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws + other things along with it;' for the Greek [Greek: surein] signifies + 'to draw,' or 'drag along.' +[406] It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had + experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections + with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved + their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated + from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was + also the reason of the Numidian king's seldom residing at Leptis, + although the town belonged to his kingdom. + +79. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non +indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium +memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.[407] Qua tempestate Carthaginienses +pleraeque Africae imperitabant,[408] Cyrenenses quoque magni atque +opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque +mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque +bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe +fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne +mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias +sponsionem faciunt,[409] uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo +in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis +haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis +erat, maturavere iter pergere,[410] Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id +socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis +tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.[411] Nam ubi per loca +aequalia et nuda gignentium[412] ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea +magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito +morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob +rem corruptam[413] domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante +tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,[414] denique omnia malle quam +victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam, +peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,[415] ut vel illi, +quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi[416] vivi obruerentur, vel eadem +condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione +probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti. +Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique +illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo. + +[407] _Admonere_ is here construed in an unusual manner with two + accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the + latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun + in the accusative is not uncommon--as _hoc, id, illud te admoneo_. +[408] _Imperare_ and _imperitare_ are construed with the dative of that + over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative + or ablative. +[409] _Sponsionem facere_ here has the general sense, 'to make a + contract,' otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is + given, which is lost by him who is condemned. +[410] 'They hastened to get through their journey.' The intransitive + _pergere_ (like _ire_) containing the notion of an uninterrupted + continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same + derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive + meaning. See Zumpt, S 384. +[411] _Retinere_; supply _proficiscentes_ or _iter facientes_. +[412] 'Devoid of,' or 'without products;' for _gignere_ is used of those + things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like + themselves. +[413] 'Because they had spoiled the affair;' as by quick travelling they + might have traversed a considerable extent of country. +[414] _Conturbare_, 'to disturb,' or 'to try to throw into confusion;' + namely, the agreement. +[415] 'The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,' for _dant optionem + Carthaginiensibus_. The genitive _Carthaginiensium_ occurs in most, + and in the best manuscripts. +[416] _Ibi_; that is, _in illis finibus_. + +80. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum +putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad +Gaetulos,[417] genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum +nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit +ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria +facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus +promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus +impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius +proniusque[418] fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam +miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto +bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quis omnia honesta atque +inhonesta vendere mos erat.[419] Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi +nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia +singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures +habent, sed reges eo amplius.[420] Ita animus multitudine distrahitur, +nulla pro socia obtinet,[421] pariter omnes viles sunt. + +[417] The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, + in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern + countries inhabited by real negroes. +[418] _Pronum_, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without + obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an + inclined plane. +[419] The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before + they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the + Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of + friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. +[420] 'But kings so much the more;' namely, surpass others in the + numbers of their wives. +[421] 'None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;' that is, none + is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life + and rank. + +81. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum[422] exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide +data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes +injustos, profunda avaritia,[423] communes omnium hostes esse; eandem +illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus, +libidinem imperitandi, quis[424] omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,[425] +paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque +opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus +dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam +captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta +urbe[426] operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, +proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem +imminuere,[427] ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet. + +[422] _In locum placitum_, 'at a fixed place,' at a place where it had + been agreed to meet. The participle _placitus_ is formed irregularly + from the neuter verb _placeo_, as such verbs generally have no + passive voice. But _placeo_ is used also as an impersonal verb, + _placet_, and, as such, its perfect is either _placuit_ or _placitum + est_, 'it pleased,' or 'was decreed.' The same is the case with other + impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form + gradually ceased to be offensive, _placitus, a, um_, came to be used + in the sense of _is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit_. Compare Zumpt, + SS 142, 225. +[423] 'Of an insatiable avarice;' for _profundus_ is often used + figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. +[424] _Quis_ (_quibus_) refers to the preceding _illos_; that is, + _Romanos_. +[425] _Tum, sese_; supply _hostem Romanis esse_, which infinitive must be + taken from the following _fore_. The _tum_ must be rendered in + English by 'now,' as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, S 732; and + regarding _Persen_ for _Perseum_, S 52. +[426] _Capta urbe_, 'if the town were taken,' it would be worth while. +[427] _Pacem imminuere_, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus + intended to conclude with the Romans. + +82. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti +saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam +facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur, +melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, +excommodo[428] pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit +provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quis +rebus supra bonum atque honestum[429] perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere +neque moderari linguam;[430] vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter +aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii[431] bonum +ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex +manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii +quam injuria sua[432] excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si +adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur. + +[428] 'According to his advantage;' that is, if a favourable opportunity + should offer. +[429] 'More than is just and fair.' +[430] According to the language of Cicero, the dative _linguae_ would + have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, S 414. +[431] _Alii_; supply from what precedes _interpretabantur_, 'they + accounted for his sensibility by,' &c. +[432] _Injuria sua_ has a passive sense; 'by the injustice done to him.' + +83. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae[433] videbatur alienam +rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine +causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum[434] magnam copiam +societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam +opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;[435] +omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;[436] non in ejusdem +potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, +licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo +consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea +rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae +fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,[437] omnia conventura. +Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare +partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis +tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi. + +[433] _Stultitiae_ might have been _stultilia_ for the genitive. See + Zumpt, S 448, note 1. +[434] _Tum_. See page 137, note 3 [note 425]. +[435] _Incerta mutare_, 'to obtain uncertain things in exchange for + others, or for certain things;' but it might also mean, 'to give + uncertain things for certain ones.' See Zumpt, S 456, note. +[436] _Desinere_ is used here for the sake of variety, instead of + _finire_, _deponi_. +[437] 'If the same power were granted to him' (Jugurtha), namely, to + conclude peace, 'an agreement might easily be come to.' _Res convenit + inter nos_ is the same as _convenimus de re_, 'we agree upon the + matter.' + +84. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe[438] consul factus, +postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus +nobilitati, tum vero multus[439] atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo +universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia +cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, +quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum, +auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio +fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et +ambiundo cogere[440] homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque +illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; +ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia +volenti[441] putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi +amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi +plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum +rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,[442] et eos non paulum +oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, +decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti +consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo +disseruit: + +[438] 'The plebs being most desirous.' The participle _cupiens_, with + its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not + contrary to grammar. +[439] _Multus instare_ is rather a poetical phrase for _multum_, + 'greatly,' or 'repeatedly.' +[440] _Ambiundo cogere_, 'to oblige a person by flattering words;' a very + expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is + effected by flattery and intreaties. +[441] For the expression _aliquid mihi volenti est_, 'a thing accords + with my wishes,' see Zumpt, S 420, note. _Neque_ corresponds with + _et_: on the one hand, it was _not_ believed that the service in the + army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it _was_ + believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military + service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would + lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. +[442] _Traho animo_, or _cum animo meo_, 'I am incessantly occupied in my + mind with something.' + +85. 'Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis +petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, +modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi +contra ea videtur; nam[443] quo pluris est universa res publica quam +consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti +debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio[444] negotii +sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam +eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter +invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.[445] +Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, +cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio +adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et +innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, +omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene +facta rei publicae procedunt,[446] nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. +Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra +sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula +consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti +accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est +in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; +mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex +consuetudine in naturam vertit.[447] Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha +jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum +animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo +nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris +prosapiae[448] ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in +tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo +monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem +jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, +qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria +praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri +tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.[449] Comparate nunc, Quirites, +cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, +eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego +militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. +Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis +probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium +existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.[450] Ac si jam ex +patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni +maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos +voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant[451] idem majoribus suis, +quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo +invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec +illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi +vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae +illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae +voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu +verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia +facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita +illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita +se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque +mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei[452] ego inopiam fateor. +Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet[453] facta mihi +dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi +arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo +et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam +acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere +velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo +vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non +placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.[454] Nam me +quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera +necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed +quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum +negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum +sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus +majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, +phaleras, alia militaria dona,[455] praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. +Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa +illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt +composita mea verba; parum id facio;[456] ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; +illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras +Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem +doctoribus nihil profuerunt.[457] At illa multo optima rei publicae +doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,[458] nihil metuere nisi +turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem +tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, +neque illos arte colam,[459] me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem +illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per +mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,[460] id est dominum, non +imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque +publicam celebravere.[461] Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, +nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi +debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. +Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, +memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola +neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, +quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris +pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.[462] Quae mihi libet confiteri, +Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, +munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere +plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. +Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;[463] +ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in +conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem +et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum +noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum +praemia ereptum eunt.[464] Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae +artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae +cladi sunt.[465] Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum +flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium +de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus +Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,[466] avaritiam, imperitiam atque +superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis +strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum +attrita est.[467] Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini +mecum et capessite rem publicam,[468] neque quemquam ex calamitate +aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in +proelio consultor idem[469] et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque +vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.[470] Et profecto dis juvantibus +omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul +essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.[471] Etenim +nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti +aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. +Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis +abunde dictum puto.' + +[443] From what precedes, supply _mihi videtur_. +[444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, + calls his appointment to the consulship a _beneficium_, 'a favour,' + of the Roman people. +[445] 'Is more difficult;' namely, than is commonly believed, quam + _opinio_ est. +[446] _Procedunt_, 'benefit the state,' 'promote the general good.' +[447] _Vertit_, intransitively, 'has become changed;' the same as _vertit + se_, or _versum est_. See Zumpt, S 145. +[448] _Prosapia_ for _familia_, an ancient and obsolete word, and + intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the + pretensions of the nobility. +[449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted + with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, + _praeposteri homines_; that is, 'men who do afterwards that which + they ought to do before;' for, he adds, it is true one must first be + appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active + preparation ought to precede. +[450] 'I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make + this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.' By _quamquam_, + Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, + S 341); _sed_ introduces a new distinction between men; namely that + of merit. +[451] _Faciant idem_, 'let them despise their own ancestors likewise.' +[452] _Hujusce rei_; that is, _commemorationis majorum meorum_, 'I cannot + speak of my ancestors.' +[453] _Meamet_, commonly with the addition of _ipse_. Zumpt, S 139, note. +[454] 'That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious + of my own weakness and want of ability.' Modesty often shows + itself mainly in silence. _Conscientia_ is the consciousness of a + person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. + _Ducere in aliquid_, 'to consider a thing as;' 'to interpret a thing + as:' compare chap. 82: _vertere in superbiam_. +[455] _Militaria dona_ are presents which a general gives publicly to + brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable + distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such + presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. + Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn + round the neck (_torques_), bracelets (_armillae_), pins or brooches + (_fibulae_) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (_coronae_). It was less + common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (_vexillum_) attached + to a pole. +[456] 'I consider this as something too unimportant.' _Parum_ is used + substantively. +[457] 'Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the + Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:' inasmuch as the Greek + states had been unable to protect their political liberty either + against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. _Virtus_ signifies + especially 'bravery,' 'valour;' but it has also a more general + meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's + own advantages. +[458] _Praesidia agitare_, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts + intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of + enemies. +[459] _Arte colere_, 'to keep close;' _opulenter colere_, 'to treat + liberally.' +[460] 'To compel by bodily punishment.' +[461] _Celebravere_; that is, _extulerunt_, _auxerunt_. _Celebrare_ + properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring + into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other + objects. +[462] 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails + the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more + than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the + _villicus_ was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged + in agriculture on the estate (_villa_) of a Roman noble. _Coquus_ is + also spelled _cocus_. See Zumpt, S 5. +[463] _Quin ergo--faciant_, 'why, then, will they not do?' This form + of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The + subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon _quin_, but upon the + optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, S 542. +[464] _Ereptum eunt_, 'they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch + away.' +[465] _Cladi sunt_, 'they are a destruction;' the same as _calamitosae, + perniciosae sunt_. +[466] That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, + and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, + Albinus, and Metellus. +[467] _Attrito_, 'worn away,' 'annihilated,' 'sacrificed.' +[468] 'Serve the republic,' 'devote yourselves to the public good.' +[469] 'Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' _Idem_ indicates the + union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, S 697. +[470] 'I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.' +[471] _Decebat_, a peculiarity of the Latin language for _deceret_. See + Zumpt, S 518. + +86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos +videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; +cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites +scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido +erat, capite censos plerosque.[472] Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii +per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus +auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque +opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,[473] quippe quae nulla sunt, et +omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto[474] +majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus +Uticam[475] advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam +Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus +tolerare nequiverat. + +[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military + affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first + five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those + persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of + the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the + legions. They were _capite censi_, because, when the censors made + out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal + existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth + class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, + _classis_ signifies only 'a property class.' As the number of persons + of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, + and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in + the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive + privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered + themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and + accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to + this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the + service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the + time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from + the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, + those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life, + and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of + ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. +[473] _Sua curae_; another reading is _cura sunt_, the sense of which is + nearly the same. _Sua_, 'a person's own property,' or 'all that + belongs to him,' including the state itself. +[474] 'With a considerably larger army.' About this meaning of + _aliquanto_ with a comparative, see Zumpt, SS 108, 488. +[475] _Utica_, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was + a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second + Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded + by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is + Biserta, north-west of Tunis. + +87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum +fertilem et praeda onustum[476] proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus +donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; +proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi +milites sine metu pugnae adesse,[477] videre fugientes capi aut occidi, +fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et +alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi +veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de +adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita +Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos +sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.[478] + +[476] 'Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken + as booty. +[477] _Pugnae adesse_ belong together, 'to take part in the battle.' + Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with + courage before leading them to labour and hardship. +[478] _Futuros_; supply _esse_, 'they would behave;' hence the adverbs. + See Zumpt, S 365. + +88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem[479] suam laetissimis +animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta +carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter +attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare +itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se +remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex +sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, +ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.[480] Quae +postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi[481] cognovit, statuit urbes, +quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae +erant,[482] singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis +nudatum,[483] si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus +nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab +se hostile timeret. [484] Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior +accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum +exploratum est. + +[479] 'Contrary to his expectation;' for _spes_ is often used in the + general sense of 'expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything, + whether good or bad. +[480] _Armis exuere,_ 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or + 'defeat;' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their + arms behind. +[481] 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, S 662. +[482] _Adversum se erant_ is a combination of two constructions + --_adversum se essent_ and _adversum eum erant_--of which we have + already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122, + note 1 [note 326]. +[483] To _nudatum_ supply _fore_, which is to be taken out of the + following _esse_; 'he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of + his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.' +[484] _Ne quid--timeret_, '(requesting him) not to fear anything;' the + imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by + the subjunctive. See Zumpt, S 603. + +89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim +vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo +mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus +venturum.[485] Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum +accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.[486] Erat inter +ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,[487] +cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham +immunes,[488] levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti +adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo +magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, +inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum[489] vis sicuti +omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa +perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium +maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera +videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud +dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus +aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi +aqua;[490] cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae +procul a mari incultius agebat,[491] eo facilius tolerabatur, quia +Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque +alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque +sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat. + +[485] _In manus venire_, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close + combat;' for _manus conserere_, which is much more frequent. +[486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable + moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive _aggredi_. + Zumpt, S 659, note. +[487] _Capsa_, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river + Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, + and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of + Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, + by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a + Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal + scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. +[488] _Immunis_, 'exempt from taxes.' +[489] Other editions have _quarum_ instead of _quorum_. See Zumpt, S 78, + note. +[490] _Jugis aqua_, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.' + The other water which they used was rain water, and to _pluvia_ we + must supply _aqua_. +[491] _Africa--incultius agebat_, 'Africa, which was in a state of + greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb _agere_ + (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the + country itself. + +90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas +difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti +inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo +student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita +contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam +aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter +exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, +equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum +cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum +locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem +venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam. + +[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.' +[493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.' +[494] _Exornat_; supply _rem, expeditionem_, 'the undertaking or + campaign.' + +91. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas +[495] aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat; +simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui +forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium +effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque, +uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus +sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam +tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit; +idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in +locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum[496] milium intervallo; ibique +quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies +coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente +omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam +et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque +milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res +trepidae,[497] metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra +moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum +oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati, +praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque +scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis +aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio +neque metu coercitum.[498] + +[495] _Per_ implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. +[496] _Duum_ for _duorum_ occurs most frequently in connection with + _milium_. See Zumpt, S 115, note 2. +[497] _Res trepidae_, 'a dangerous situation.' +[498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a + town which had surrendered at discretion. + +92. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit, +magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene +consulta in virtutem trahebantur,[499] milites modesto imperio habiti +simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere, +postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse +aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.[500] Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, +ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta +propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia +complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento, +aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,[501] ceterum +haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod +Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons +saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno +perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia[502] natura velut opere atque +consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, +summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta. +Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,[503] et +fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus +importunus, iter castellanorum[504] angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum. +Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo +processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere +consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo +administrare;[505] optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus +augeri. + +[499] 'All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted + as good services,' so that to _non_ we have to supply _modo_. For the + phrase _in virtutem trahere_, see chap. 85: _ducere in conscientiam_. +[500] 'He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything + was revealed to him by divine inspiration.' +[501] _Capsensium_; supply _res_, 'the undertaking against Capsa;' for + the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the + town itself. +[502] 'For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, + and purposely.' The accusative _omnia_ is to be taken adverbially, + 'on all sides,' just as we frequently find _cetera_ and _reliqua_. + See Zumpt, S 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have _per + omnia_, _omni parte_, _omnis_, all of which are only attempts to + explain the true reading. +[503] 'For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and + provisions.' This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern + editions _et_ is omitted, and the passage is given with the following + punctuation: _nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis + frumenti_, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but + violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction + must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. +[504] 'The road of the inhabitants of the castle;' that is, the only + road which led up to the castle. +[505] 'Do their work ;' namely, break through the wall. + +93. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum +animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam +opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies +noctesque aestuans[506] agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,[507] ex cohortibus +auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab +latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter +saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures +peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus +est.[508] Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido +difficilia faciundi animum vertit.[509] Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex +coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in +altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo +eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,[510] quod +cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.[511] Exploratis omnibus, +quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, +sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta +edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet; +pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa +ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;[512] quorum uti cujusque ingenium +erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen +paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque +quam velocissimos delegit,[513] et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor +centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem +constituit. + +[506] _Aestuans_ is here used figuratively of one who is in care and + anxiety. +[507] _Ligus_, 'a Ligurian,' belonging to the country of Liguria, which + was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital + of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman + army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt + of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were + accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from + their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, + perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in + which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. +[508] _Egressus est_, the same as _escendit_ or _evasit_, 'he got up.' +[509] 'The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,' + inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack + upon the castle. +[510] 'He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,' as from his + high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose + that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; + but _perscribit_ may possibly mean only to mark such points as + would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality + after his return to the camp. +[511] 'The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being + with them.' +[512] 'Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of + the Ligurian.' +[513] 'Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.' + _Numero_ is almost superfluous. + +94. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad +locum pergit.[514] Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce, +arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus +nisusque per saxa facilius foret;[515] super terga gladii et scuta, verum +ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius +streperent.[516] Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate +radices eminebant,[517] laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites +facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu, +ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, +deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur, +potissimus temptare,[518] ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein +statim digrediens,[519] ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque +fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes +sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae +Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas +habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus, +testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et +funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum +subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro +muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam +objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus +feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, +magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute +certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri, +qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat, +postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani +instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum +corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam +omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa +invenit.[520] + +[514] _Pergit_; namely, _Ligus_. +[515] 'That it might proceed more easily.' +[516] 'In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make + less noise.' +[517] 'And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;' + for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such + knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. +[518] 'He himself foremost (_potissimus_) tried those places which it + was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.' +[519] 'And then immediately withdrawing;' namely, in order to make room + for those who followed. +[520] 'The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable + fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, _correcta_) by + chance, found praise instead of blame.' The sudden terror of the + Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in + their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the + Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had + despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few + Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions + for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly + small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these + centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance. + +95. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in +castra venit, quos[521] uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus +erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,[522] idoneum visum est de +natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus +dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res +dixere, persecutus,[523] parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur +Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum +ignavia,[524] litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque +doctissime,[525] eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae +cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas +remorata, nisi quod[526] de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus, +callidus et amicitia facilis;[527] ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii +incredibilis;[528] multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque +illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam +fortuna fuit,[529] multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam +postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere. + +[521] _Quos_ refers to the _equites_ implied in the word _equitatus_. + This is a construction _ad sensum_, of which many examples occur in + Sallust (compare _Cat._ 7), though the present case is rather + unusual. +[522] _Res_, 'the subject,' 'the present discussion,' or 'the context of + the narrative.' +[523] _Persecutus_; supply _Sullae naturam cultumque_. L. Sisenna, an + early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war + between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and + therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. +[524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. + The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in + consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, + applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a + physical decay of the family. +[525] _Atque doctissime_, 'and that very profoundly;' the same as _et + doctissime quidem_. +[526] _Nisi quod_ adds a limitation or exception to something stated + before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the + remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved + better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the + spur of a momentary passion. _Potuit consuli_; supply _ab eo_; that + is, _potuisset consulere_. +[527] _Amicitia facilis_, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or + friendly intercourse.' +[528] _Altitudo animi_, the unfathomableness of a man's character and + designs--a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going + on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become + hypocritical, _ad simulationem et dissimulationem_. +[529] 'His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is, + his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved + all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are + utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither + good-luck nor activity. + +96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in +castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, +sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus[530] factus est. Ad hoc +milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare +beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, +ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,[531] ut illi quam plurimi +deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine +atque ad vigilias multus adesse,[532] neque interim, quod prava ambitio +solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque +consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus +et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus. + +[530] For _intra breves tempestates_, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in + Cat.]. +[531] _Id laboro_. See Zumpt, S 385. _Ut illi deberent_ should properly + be _sibi_ or _ipsi_; but see Zumpt, S 550. +[532] _Multus adesse_, 'he was present in many places,' multiplying, as + it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84. + +97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi +utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, +quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. +Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes +trahere,[533] rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique +Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, +aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus +Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu +conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte +die[534] reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi +munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,[535] quia locorum +scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem +fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi +hostes aderant[536] et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas +colligere, denique antequam signum[537] aut imperium ullum accipere +quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, +sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; +qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma +capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos +ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio[538] magis quam proelio +similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; +caedere alios, alios obtruncare;[539] multos, contra adversos acerrime +pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, +quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani +veteres novique et ob ea[540] scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus +conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et +instructi hostium vim sustentabant. + +[533] _Rationes trahere_ implies slow and careful deliberation, as in + chaps. 34 and 93. +[534] _Die_ for _diei_. See page 115, note 3 [note 289]. +[535] 'The night would not he an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit). + _Nullo_ obsolete for _nulli_. See Zumpt, S 140. +[536] _Simul cognovit_--_et hostes aderant_, 'he at once learned--and the + enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information + and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. _Sarcinas + colligere_; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put + together in a heap, as in Caes. _Bell_. _Gall_. vii. 18. +[537] _Signum_ here is 'the watchword,' which is given out by the + general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling + another. Sometimes _signum_ is the signal given by a _cornu_ or + _tuba_. To make the former known throughout an army required some + time, but not so the latter. _Signa_ afterwards are the standards of + the maniples, cohorts, and legions. +[538] _Latrocinium_, 'a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular + battle. +[539] _Obtruncare_ in opposition to _caedere_ (cut down) signifies 'to + mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word _multos_ is chosen + here only for variety's sake, instead of _alios_. +[540] The words _veteres novique_ express a whole sentence: 'as old + and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and + cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that _ob ea_ (for + this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers + were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the + old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say _squares_), which + was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a + superior enemy. + +98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea +demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam +familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis +succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu +consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. +Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,[541] +atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum +Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus +esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris +parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna +parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.[542] Ceterum apud +aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos +milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,[543] in unum contrahit, dein +cunctos pleno gradu[544] in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate +coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, +utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris +ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, +strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro[545] +victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis +facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant. + +[541] _Quam tamen_--_nihil remittere_, 'while the barbarians nevertheless + did not leave off.' For _quum_ with the historical infinitive, see + Zumpt, S 582. _Pro se_, 'favourable to them.' +[542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to + have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as + it required only to be slightly fortified. _Quaerebat_ for + _requirebat_, which is more common in this sense. +[543] 'As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that + _neque_, being properly used for _et non_, must here be taken for + _etiam non_ or _ne_--_quidem_. +[544] _Pleno gradu_, 'at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running. + This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had + been worsted in the attack. +[545] _Fugere, ut pro_, is the reading of the manuscripts, 'as they did + not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' _Ut pro_ + signifies 'both as victors and as if they were,' the _ut_ and _pro_ + signifying nearly the same thing. + +99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum +silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, +canere,[546] deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo +ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, +legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere +atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu +repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut +providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo +subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi +vecordia ceperat.[547] Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa +militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus +interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. + +[546] 'Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually + heard at the different night watches.' The night was divided by + the Romans into four watches (_vigiliae_), the beginning of which was + announced by a horn (_buccina_). _Canere_ is here used + intransitively, 'to sound,' as in _Cat_. chap. 59 Below, it is used + transitively, in the sense of 'to blow,' or 'give a signal.' +[547] The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in + some parts very minute. _Formido_ is the highest degree of fear + (_timor_), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition _quasi + vecordia_. + +100. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter +commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria +socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium +quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,[548] in +sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea +cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis +tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari[549] et regionum scientissimi, +hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,[550] omnia +providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus +intentusque, item milites cogebat;[551] neque secus, atque iter facere, +castra munire,[552] excubitum in porta[553] cohortes ex legionibus, pro +castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in +munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, +quae[554] imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore +labos volentibus esset.[555] Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus +Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo[556] exercitum coercebat; quod +multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam +duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi +tamen[557] res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore +gesta. + +[548] The superlative _dextimus_ does not differ in meaning from the + positive _dexter_. See Zumpt, S 114, note 1. +[549] _Minime cari_; that is, _maxime viles_, 'who were most + indifferent,' or 'valueless to him,' whose lives he was least + inclined to spare. +[550] 'As if he had not placed (there) any commander.' _Imponere_, used + absolutely, 'to appoint;' namely, in the place spoken of. _Nullo_ for + _nemine_, the ablative as well as the genitive of _nemo_ not being in + use. +[551] _Cogebat_; supply _armatos intentosque esse_. +[552] Construe _neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere_; that is, + his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed + in marching. +[553] The singular _in porta_ is here used because the author is speaking + especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the _porta praetoria_ + opposite the _porta decumana_). At this gate a strong body of + outposts (_excubitores_) was stationed, consisting of the most + trustworthy soldiers. +[554] _Futurum, quae imperavisset_, an old-fashioned mode of speaking + for _futura esse, quae_. Besides this passage, there is no other + certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of + Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that + in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. +[555] 'Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) + by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.' _Aliquid + mihi est volenti_. See p. 139, note 1 [note 441]. +[556] _Malum_ is here the same as 'punishment,' or _poena_. +[557] _Nisi tamen_ introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt + expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius's indulgence. + Compare p. 92, note 2 [note 153]. + +101. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul +speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.[558] +Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem +significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo +ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham +spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex +omnibus aeque[559] aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, +quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime +confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,[560] ceteri in loco +manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus +venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum +peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in +itinere morati, affuerant,[561] postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum +Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. +Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites +convertit;[562] ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat: +'nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;' simul +gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso +pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate +rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in +perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum +Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum[563] ierat, rediens ab latere +Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare +suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab +equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus[564] occisis, solus inter tela hostium +vitabundus[565] erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit +auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. +Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi +capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere +posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia, +qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus +infecta sanguine.[566] + +[558] _Hostes adesse intellegitur_ is a nominative with the infinitive, + for _intellegunt hostem adesse_. See Zumpt, S 607. It is, however, + not impossible that _hostis_ may be the accusative plural for + _hostes_. +[559] _Aeque_, 'equally;' for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his + detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not + know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his + detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. +[560] The meaning is--Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the + right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual + enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders + alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, + and attacked the enemy. +[561] _Neque--affuerant_, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, + being the subject, should be in the nominative, for _sed--qui non + affuerant_, or _neque ii--affuerant_. The omission is singular, but + not without other examples. See Zumpt, S 806. The _prior pugna_ is + the one described in chaps. 97-99. +[562] 'He rode secretly, with few companions,' to another place, where + the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. + _Convertit_ for _convertit se_. See Zumpt, S 145. +[563] Respecting the position of _quos adversum_, instead of _adversum + quos_, see Zumpt, S 324. +[564] That is, _ipsius comitibus_. +[565] 'By making a skilful movement with his body,' _dum corpore evitat + tela_. +[566] A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting + is over. _Afflicti_, 'thrust down to the ground,' implying the notion + of persons being severely wounded. _Niti_, 'to attempt to rise.' + _Qua visus erat_, 'as far as one could see.' + +102. Post ea loci[567] consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum +Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.[568] Eo post diem quintum quam +iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis +verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de +suo et de populi Romani commodo[569] cum iis disserere. Ille statim L. +Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen +placuit[570] verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent +aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae, +non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus: + +'Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere, +uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium +Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam +necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi. +Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos +quaerere; tutiusque rati[571] volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi +vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in +quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod +parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis +fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo +Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus +es.[572] Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet +placuisse[573] et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per +illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna +habes,[574] quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus +tuum demitte,[575] nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam +bello quid valeat, tute scis.' + +Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba +facit: 'Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam +Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,[576] jure belli suam +factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam +legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,[577] si +per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta,[578] +animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae +et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat. + +[567] _Post ea loci_, 'afterwards.' +[568] 'Whither he had at first directed his march. '_Profectus_ might + have been omitted, but its meaning is, 'having once set out on his + march.' +[569] 'About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.' +[570] _Placuit_; supply _eos_, which might also have been expressed by + the relative pronoun, _quos placuit_. See Zumpt, S 804. The + ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his + proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they + probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not + favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him + over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his + designs. +[571] _Rati_; namely, _Romani_, which must be taken out of _populo + Romano_. +[572] The manuscripts have _esses_, which can be explained only by an + amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form + of politeness which is not contained in _perpessus es_. +[573] The infinitive _placuisse_ depends on _scilicet_, which is here + quite the same as _scire licet_, as in chaps. 4 and 113. In ordinary + language, _scilicet_ is a mere adverb, 'evidently,' 'forsooth.' +[574] 'You have many opportunities;' consequently the same as _magnam + opportunitatem_. See Zumpt, S 756. +[575] _Demittere in pectus_, 'to impress uponone's mind,' _sibi + persuadere_. +[576] This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed + no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of + Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised + to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in + recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part + of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, chap. 111. +[577] _Tum_, 'now.' See Zumpt, S 732. +[578] Namely, _legates mittendi_, 'after he had obtained permission to + despatch an embassy to Rome.' + +103. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis[579] composito, cum +expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola, +obsessum turrim[580] regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium +imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis +venerant,[581] seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha +reliquerat,[582] ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et +fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si +placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli +componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum +proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi +spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in +expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.[583] Eos ille non pro +vanis hostibus,[584] uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter +habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob +munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota +erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,[585] dona omnia in +benignitate habebantur.[586] Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt; +simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem, +magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae[587] +esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, +quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies +quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. + +[579] _Hibernacula_, 'a winter-camp;' the same as _hiberna_, + 'winter-quarters;' for in chap. 100 it was stated that Marius ordered + quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful + whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he + ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents + made for the purpose. If the latter--_in hibernaculis_ is used in its + proper sense. +[580] _Turrim_ is here the same as _castellum_. _Perfugae omnes_ are not + 'all the deserters,' but 'nothing but deserters,' or 'all deserters;' + for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters. +[581] _Venerant_ has the meaning of _evenerant_. Respecting _sibi_ for + _ipsi_, see p. 121, note 2 [note 320]. +[582] _Reliquerat_, not 'he had left them behind,' which is the usual + meaning of _relinquo_, but 'he had left them unbribed:' that is, he + had neglected to bribe them. +[583] That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his + absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander. +[584] 'He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;' for they + were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace + having yet been concluded. The epithet _vani_ belongs to them, + because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes + suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. _Accurate_, 'with + care,' 'with respect.' +[585] _Volens_ expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does. +[586] 'Were considered as acts of kindness,' as parts or proofs of a + kindly disposition. +[587] _Benevolentiae sunt_, 'are calculated to produce good-will' towards + the king. + +104. Marius postquam confecto negotio, quo intenderat, Cirtam redit, de +adventu legatorum certior factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet,[588] +item L. Bellienum praetorum Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii +ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi Romam +fit ab consule; interea induciae postulabantur. Ea[589] Sullae et +plerisque placuere; pauci ferocius decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum +rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur.[590] Ceterum +Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti cum Gn. Octavio Rufo,[591] +qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat; duo ad regem redeunt. Ex +his Bocchus quum cetera, tum maxime benignitatem et studium Sullae libens +accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam errasse regem et Jugurthae scelere +lapsura deprecati sunt,[592] amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo +respondetur: + +'Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esse solet. +Ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam facit;[593] foedus et +amicitia dabantur, quum meruerit.' + +[588] Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier; + that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to + him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also + summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt + propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to + undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time + placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had + the _jus praetorem_ in his province, he was sometimes simply called + praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other + military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of + senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give + weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its + real conclusion rested with the senate. +[589] _Ea_, the neuter plural, though referring to _induciae_. +[590] Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto + been the case with the Roman war. +[591] The manuscripts have _Rufone_, which unusual name must be + corrected either into _Rufo_ or _Rusone_. We prefer _Rufo_, because + Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the _Octavii Rufi_ as + a senatorial family of the time here spoken of. +[592] _Deprecati sunt_; that is, _deprecantes dixerunt_; for _deprecari_ + properly signifies 'to avert something by prayers.' +[593] _Gratiam facere_, 'to grant pardon for something.' To _quoniam + poenitet_ we must supply _eum_. + +105. Quis rebus cognitis Bocchus per litteras a Mario petivit, uti Sullam +ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.[594] +Is missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium;[595] +praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, +itineris properandi causa, neque his secus atque aliis armis adversum +tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. Sed in itinere quinto denique +die Volux filius Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non +amplius[596] equitibus sese ostendit, qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae +aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero et hostilem metum efficiebant. +Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela temptare, intendere,[597] +timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, +quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praemissi rem uti +erat[598] quietam nuntiant. + +[594] 'By whose decision a final determination might be come to + respecting the common affairs.' Respecting the ablative _arbitratu_, + see Zumpt, S 190. +[595] The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was + sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were + prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight + with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with + the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca, + Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and + as _socii_ of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman + armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls + were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500 + paces. The _Pelignians_ are a people of central Italy, not far from + the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All + the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman + franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men + to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore _arma + velitaria_ (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or + whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems + that this was their proper armour. +[596] _Non amplius_. See Zumpt, S 485. +[597] 'They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them + against the supposed enemy,' but without making actual use of them. +[598] 'As was in reality the case;' namely, that the approaching cavalry + had no hostile intentions. + +106. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque se a patre Boccho +obviam illis simul et praesidio missum. Deinde eum et proximum diem sine +metu conjuncti eunt. Post ubi castra locata et diei vesper erat; repente +Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit dicitque sibi ex +speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse; simul, uti noctu +clam secum profugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat se +toties fusum Numidam pertimescere; virtuti suorum satis credere;[599] +etiamsi certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius quam proditis, quos +ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae +vitae parceret.[600] Ceterum ab eodem monitus, uti noctu +proficiscerentur, consilium approbat, ac statim milites coenatos esse, in +castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi +jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus Sulla pariter cum ortu +solis castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter +duum milium intervallo ante eos[601] consedisse. Quod postquam auditum +est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit; credere se proditos a Voluce +et insidiis circumventos. Ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum neque +apud illum tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. + +[599] To this and the following infinitive we must supply _dicit_, which + is to be taken out of the preceding _negat_. See Zumpt, S 774. +[600] _Mansurum potius, quam--vitae parceret_ is correctly said, though + it might also be _quam vitae parsurum_. See Zumpt, S 603, 2. The + indicative _quos ducebat_ is a remark of the historian; _quos + duceret_ would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been + the regular form. _Coenatos esse_, 'they were to have finished + dining.' See Zumpt, S 148. +[601] _Ante eos_, 'before them;' that is, on the road along which they + had to march. + +107. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen ab injuria Maurum +prohibet;[602] suos hortatur, uti fortem animum gererent; saepe ante +paucis strenuis[603] adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in +proelio minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore, nec quemquam decere, qui +manus armaverit, ab inermis[604] pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu +nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere. Deinde Volucem, quoniam +hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidiae +Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille lacrimans orare, ne +ea crederet; nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui +videlicet speculanti iter suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque +ingentem multitudinem haberet et spes opesque ejus ex patre suo +penderent, credere illum nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse filius testis +adesset; quare optimum factu[605] videri per media ejus castra palam +transire; sese vel praemissis vet ibidem relictis Mauris solum cum Sulla +iturum. Ea res ut in tali negotio[606] probata; ac statim profecti, quia +de improviso acciderant,[607] dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, incolumes +transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est. + +[602] 'He protects the Mauretanian against violence.' +[603] A dative. See Zumpt, S 419. +[604] The same as _inermibus_. See Zumpt, S 101. _Nudum et caecum + corpus_, 'the undefended part of the body, and not provided with + eyes;' that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards + the enemy, if he wants to be safe. +[605] 'It seemed to him to be the most advisable.' Instead of _factu_, + other editions have _factum_, 'it seemed to him to be the best + thing.' +[606] 'As the matter stood,' a limitation suggesting that, under other + circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen. +[607] 'As they had come upon him unexpectedly;' for Jugurtha had + not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass + through his lines. + +108. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, multum et familiariter +agebat, praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, +orator[608] et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia; praeterea Dabar, +Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno genere impar +(nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingenii multa bona +carus acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante +tempestatibus expertus illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit paratum sese +facere, quae populus Romanus vellet; colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse +delegeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;[609] neu +Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius +gereretur;[610] nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri[611] nequivisse. Sed +ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide[612] quam ob ea, quae +praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque cum +animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis an illi Sullam traderet; +libidinem[613] adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse. + +[608] 'As ambassador with a public commission,' though at the same time + he privately acted the part of a spy. +[609] 'That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been + previously determined upon with Sulla.' +[610] 'In order that the common business might be conducted the more + carelessly.' The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha's + ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace + more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of + fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. _Non pertimescere_ + are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of + _contemnere_, 'he should disregard' the ambassador, and accordingly + act with Bocchus more confidentially. +[611] The infinitive of the impersonal passive _cavetur ab insidiis_, + 'precaution is taken against snares.' +[612] _Punica fides_ is proverbially the same as _mala fides_, the + Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious + double-dealers. _Attinere_ is the same as _morari_, 'to detain.' +[613] 'His inclination.' + +109. Igitur Sulla respondit, pauca coram Aspare locuturum, cetera occulte +aut nullo aut quam paucissimis praesentibus; simul edocet, quae sibi +responderentur. Postquam sicuti voluerat congressi, dicit se missum a +consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. Tum +rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decimum redire jubet, ac nihil +etiamnunc[614] decrevisse, sed illo die responsurum. Dein ambo in sua +castra digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho +occulte accersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur, +praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus.[615] +Ac statim sic rex incipit: + +[614] 'And _says_ (which must be taken from the preceding _jubet_) that + as yet he had determined upon nothing.' As past time is here + spoken of, it should properly not be _etiamnunc_, but _etiamtunc_; + and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts _tum + etiam_ ought not to be received into the text. If _etiamnunc_ is + correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons + the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to + the present. +[615] 'A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both' (Sulla + and Bocchus). + +110. 'Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus in hac terra et omnium, +quos novi, privato homini[616] gratiam deberem. Et mehercule, Sulla, ante +te cognitum multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius +indigui.[617] Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor; fuerit +mihi eguisse[618] aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud animum meum nihil +carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet:[619] arma, viros, pecuniam, +postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere; et quoad vives, nunquam tibi +redditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra[620] erit; denique +nihil me sciente frustra voles. Nam, ut ego aestimo, regem armis quam +munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum est.[621] Ceterum de re publica +vestra, cujus curator huc missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo +Romano neque feci neque factum umquam volui:[622] fines meos adversum +armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet; gerite +quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me et +Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque id intrare Jugurtham sinam. Praeterea +si quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis.[623] + +[616] The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being + unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not, + like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor + Sulla was by no means a private person. +[617] 'I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord + (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man's assistance.' +[618] _Fuerit mihi eguisse_, the concessive mood: 'granting that it was + the case that I needed,' might also have been expressed simly by + _eguerim_. +[619] 'This you may try at once.' For this meaning of _adeo_, whereby + that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, S 281. +[620] 'Unimpaired,' 'in the same condition.' +[621] We should express the same idea rather thus: _regem munificentia + vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis_. +[622] About _factum volui_, see Zumpt, S 611. +[623] 'Your wish will not be refused by me.' Bocchus no doubt here + alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to + whether it is worthy of himself. + +111. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et de communibus +rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, 'quod polliceatur, +senatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in +gratiam habituros;[624] faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua +rettulisse videretur; id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam +haberet; quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, ut illi plurimum deberetur; +amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro +adventuram.'[625] Rex primo negitare;[626] affinitatem, cognationem, +praeterea foedus intervenisse; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus +popularium animos averteret, quis et Jugurtha carus et Romani invisi +erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate Sullae omnia se +facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus Numida defessus +bello avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita composito dolo +digrediuntur. + +[624] 'What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a + thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something + beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than + his.' +[625] 'Would then come to him,' implying an advantage gained without + exertion. +[626] _Negitare_, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple + _negare_, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion + that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The _affinitas_ + (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned chap. 80, a + daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their + cognatio_ (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have + been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings. + _Intervenisse_--that is, _factum esse_--referring especially to + _foedus_. + +112. At rex postero die Asparem Jugurthae legatum appellat dicitque sibi +per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse condicionibus bellum poni;[627] +quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret. Ille laetus in castra +Jugurthae venit; dein ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere post diem +octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei denuntiat, 'Jugurtham cupere omnia, quae +imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere; saepe antea cum +imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam[628] frustra fuisse. Ceterum +Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una +ab omnibus quasi de pace in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam +traderet; quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,[629] tum fore, uti +jussu senatus populique Romani foedus fieret, neque hominem nobilem non +sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam[630] in hostium potestate relictum iri.' + +[627] 'That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.' +[628] _Pax conventa_, 'the peace which is agreed upon.' Observe the + rare use of the passive participle; for _convenire_ is commonly + intransitive--as _pax convenit_, a 'peace is concluded.' +[629] _In potestatem habere_ is ungrammatical for _in potestate habere_, + but is found now and then. See Zumpt, S 316. +[630] The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause + _non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam_ should have a verb of its own, + which, however, would be a part of the leading verb--namely, _qui + in hostium potestate esset_. + +113. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo an +vere cunctatus, parum comperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut +vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae.[631] Postea tempore +et loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam +modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem ambobus +polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, +quae proxima fuit ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis +ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris,[632] dicitur secum ipse +multa agitavisse, vultu [633] corporis pariter atque animo varius, quae +scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam +accersi jubet et ex ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi +dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul abesse, cum paucis +amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum +facillimum visu insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis +suis inermis, uti dictum erat,[634] accedit ac statim, signo dato, +undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullae +vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.[635] + +[631] 'In contradiction with themselves,' 'contradictory.' +[632] 'The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them + immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.' _Ceteris_ + refers to the preceding _amicis_, but is used instead of _iis_, to + form antithesis to himself: 'after the removal of all the rest, he + deliberated by himself.' +[633] _Vultus_, chiefly 'the look of the eyes,' but also 'the features of + the countenance,' by which the inward emotions are manifested; + hence Sallust here, by the addition of _corporis_, opposes the + outward expression to the emotions of the mind: 'He changed (varied) + in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his + sentiments.' _Quae scilicet patefecisse_, 'which, as could be seen, + revealed his mental emotions.' _Quae_ is the neuter plural, and + _scilicet_ contains the leading verb. +[634] That is, _ut praeceptum erat_, and not _dictum_ in the sense of + _edictum_; for according to the deceitful agreement, the _condiciones + pacis_ were to be determined peaceably. +[635] Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who + had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six + years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no + longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla + considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and + to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring. + +114. Per idem tempus[636] adversura Gallos ab ducibus nostris Q. Caepione +et Gn. Manlio male pugnatum; quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. +Illique[637] et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere, alia +omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria, +certare.[638] Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum et Jugurtham +Romam vinctum adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus et ei +decreta provincia Gallia; isque Kalendis Januariis[639] magna gloria +consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo +sitae. + +[636] 'During the same time;' that is, the time during which Marius, + as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the + regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen + into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as + the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal + and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and + other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105, + in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul + Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the + river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in + B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (_Galli_) are + the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries + about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general + difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes, + and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been + wandering about in Gaul. +[637] _Illique_; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in + the time of Sallust. _Sic habuere_, 'entertained this opinion.' +[638] _Certare_; supply _se_; unless we read _certari_, to which it is + easier to supply a _se_. +[639] On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that + Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome, + was put to death in the public prison near the Forum--which is + described by Sallust, _Cat._ 55--at the same hour in which Marius + offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the + Capitol. + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino, by +Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + +***** This file should be named 7402.txt or 7402.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/7/4/0/7402/ + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino + +Author: Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +Release Date: February, 2005 [EBook #7402] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 24, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English and Latin + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + +Classical Series. +Edited By Drs. Schmitz And Zumpt. + + * * * * * + +C SALLUSTII CRISPI + +DE BELLO CATILINARIO et JUGURTHINO. + + * * * * * + +PREFACE. + +The text of Sallust, notwithstanding the many and excellent editions +which have been published, has not yet acquired a form that can be +regarded as generally adopted and established; for the number of +manuscripts is great, and their differences have led critical editors to +form different opinions as to which, in each case, is the correct +reading, or at least the one most worthy of acceptation. This difference +of opinion manifested itself especially after the edition of Gottleib +Corte (Leipzig, 1724, 4to.), who in many passages abandoned the vulgate +as constituted by Gruter and Wasse, and on the authority of a few +manuscripts, altered the text of Sallust, on the mere supposition that +his style was abrupt. Corte's recension was adopted by many, and often +reprinted; while others, especially Haverkamp, in his valuable and very +complete edition (Hague, 1742, 2 vols. 4to.), returned to the vulgate. +The latest critical editors of Sallust--Gerlach (Basel, 1823, &c. 3 vols. +4to., and a revised text, Basel, 1832, 8vo.) and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828, +&c. 2 vols. 8vo.)--though declaring against the arbitrary proceedings of +Corte, yet very often differ in their texts from each other. Between +these two stands the edition of the learned critic, J. C. Orelli (Zurich, +1840), whose text forms the basis of the present edition. But besides +abandoning his artificial and antiquated orthography, and restoring that +which is adopted in most editions of Latin classics, we have felt obliged +in many instances to give up Orelli's reading, and to follow the +authority of the best manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked +L in Haverkamp's edition). For our explanatory notes we are much indebted +to the edition of Kritz, though we have often been under the necessity of +differing from him. + +C. G. Zumpt. + +Berlin, _May_, 1848. + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION. + +Caius Sallustius Crispus, according to the statement of the ancient +chronologer Hieronymus, was born in B. C. 86, at Amiternum, in the +country of the Sabines (to the north-east of Rome), and died four years +before the battle of Actium--that is, in B.C. 34 or 35. After having no +doubt gone through a complete course of law and the art of oratory, he +devoted himself to the service of the Roman republic at a time when Rome +was internally divided by the struggle of the opposite factions of +the _optimates_, or the aristocracy, and the _populares_, or the +democratical party. The optimates supported the power of the senate, and +of the nobility who prevailed in the senate; while the populares were +exerting themselves to bring all public questions of importance before +the popular assembly for decision, and resisted the influence of +illustrious and powerful families, whose privileges, arising from birth +and wealth, they attempted to destroy. Sallust belonged to the latter of +these parties. In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an +active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by +the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was +canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain +the praetorship. Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by +the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could +not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned, +and sentenced him to exile. Pompey alone, who was then consul for the +third time, was capable of restoring order and tranquillity. The position +of a tribune of the people was a difficult one for Sallust: he was to +some extent opposed to Milo, and consequently also to Cicero, who pleaded +for Milo; but there exists a statement that he gave up his opposition; +and he himself, in the introduction to his 'Catiline,' intimates that his +honest endeavours for the good of the state drew upon him only ill-will +and hatred. Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by +the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates. +The other censor, L. Piso, did not protect either Sallust, or any of the +others who shared the same fate with him, against this act of partiality. +Rome was at that time governed by the most oppressive oligarchy, which +was then mainly directed against Julius Caesar, who, as a reward for +his brilliant achievements in extending the Roman dominion in Gaul, +desired to be allowed to offer himself in his absence as a candidate for +his second consulship--a desire which the people were willing to comply +with, as it was based upon a law which had been passed some years before +in favour of Caesar; but the optimates endeavoured in every way to oppose +him, and drawing Pompey over to their side, they brought about a rupture +between him and Caesar. Sallust was looked upon in the senate as a +partisan of the latter, and this was the principal reason why he was +deprived of his seat in the great council of the republic; and L. Piso, +the father-in-law of Caesar, is said not to have opposed the partiality +of his colleague in the censorship, in order to increase the number of +Caesar's partisans. When, in B. C. 49, Caesar established his right by +force of arms, Sallust went over to him, and was restored not only to his +seat in the senate, but was advanced to the praetorship in the year B. C. +47. Sallust served, both before and during his year of office, in the +capacity of a lieutenant in Caesar's armies. He also accompanied him +to Africa in the war against the Pompeian party there, and after its +successful termination, was left behind as proconsul of Numidia, which +was made a Roman province. In the discharge of his duties, he is said to +have indulged in extorting money from the new subjects of Rome. He was +accused, but acquitted. This is the historical statement of Dion Cassius; +but a hostile writer of doubtful authority mentions that, by paying +12,000 pieces of gold to Caesar (perhaps as damages for the injury done), +he purchased his acquittal. + +Hereupon Sallust withdrew from public life, to devote his leisure to +literature, and the composition of works on the history of his native +country; for, as after the murder of Caesar, in B. C. 44, the republic +was again delivered over to a state of military despotism, peaceful +advice was deprived of its influence. It need hardly be mentioned that +Sallust, as he had qualified himself for the highest political career, +and the great offices of the republic, must have been possessed of an +independent property; but the statement, that he afterwards gave himself +up to a life of luxury--that he purchased a villa at Tibur, which had +formerly belonged to Caesar--and that he possessed a splendid mansion, +with a garden laid out with elegant plantations and appropriate +buildings, at Rome, near the Colline gate--is founded on the equivocal +authority of a writer of a late period, who was hostile to him. It is +indeed certain that there existed at Rome _horti Sallustiani_, in +which Augustus frequently resided, and which were afterwards in the +possession of the Roman emperors; but it is doubtful as to whether they +had been acquired and laid out by our historian, or by his nephew, a +Roman eques, and particular favourite of Augustus. The statement that +Sallust married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, is still more +doubtful, and probably altogether fictitious.[1] There is, however, a +statement of a contemporary, the learned friend of Cicero, M. Varro, +which cannot be doubted--that in his earlier years Sallust, in the midst +of the party-strife at Rome, kept up an illicit intercourse with the +wife of Milo; but how much the hostility of party may have had to do with +such a report, cannot be decided. In his writings, Sallust expresses +a strong disgust of the luxurious mode of life, and the avarice and +prodigality, of his contemporaries; and there can be no doubt that these +repeated expressions of a stern morality excited both his contemporaries +and subsequent writers to hunt up and divulge any moral foibles in his +life and character, especially as in his compositions he struck into a +new path, by abandoning the ordinary style, and artificially reviving the +ancient style of composition. + +[1] This strange account is found in Hieronymus's first work against + Jovinianus, towards the end; and it becomes still more strange by the + addition, that Terentia was married a third time to the orator + Messalla Corvinus (who was consul with Augustus, B. C. 91):--_Illa_ + (Terentia) _interim conjunx egregia, et quae de fontibus Tullianis + hauserat sapientiam, nupsit Sallustio, inimico ejus, et tertio + Messallae Corvino: et quasi per quosdam gradus eloquentiae devoluta + est._ It almost appears as if in this tradition it had been + intended to mark three phases in the style of Roman oratory, for + Sallust was twenty years younger than Cicero, and Messalla nearly + as many years younger than Sallust. + +The historical works of Sallust are, _De Bello Catilinae_, _De Bello +Jugurthino_ (or the two _Bella_, as the ancients call them), and +five books of _Historiae_--that is, a history of the Roman republic +during the period of twelve years, from the death of Sulla in B. C. 78, +down to the appointment of Pompey to the supreme command in the war +against Mithridates in B. C. 66. This history was regarded by the +ancients as the principal work of our author; but is now lost, with the +exception of four speeches and two political letters, which some admirer +of oratory copied separately from the context of the history, and which +have thus been preserved to our times. The two _Bella_, which are +preserved entire, form the contents of the present volume. + +The work _De Bella Catilinae_ formed the beginning of his historical +compositions, as is clear from the author's own introduction; but it +was not written till after the murder of Caesar in B. C. 44. In it he +describes the conspiracy of L. Sergius Catilina, a man of noble birth and +high rank, but ruined circumstances; its discovery, and the punishment +of the conspirators at Rome in B. C. 63; and its final and complete +suppression in a pitched battle at the beginning of the year B. C. 62. + +The _Bellum Jugurthinum_ treats of the life of Jugurtha, who in +B. C. 118, together with his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal, governed +Numidia. Having crushed his two cousins by fraud and violence, Jugurtha +afterwards maintained himself in his usurped kingdom for several years +against the Roman armies and generals that were sent out against him, +until in the end, after several defeats sustained at the hands of the +Roman consuls, L. Metullus and C. Marius, his own ally, Bocchus, king of +Mauretania, delivered him up into the hands of the Roman quaestor, +L. Sulla. + +In the work on the war of Catiline, Sallust reveals especially the +corruption of what was called the Roman nobility, by tracing the criminal +designs of the conspirators to their sources--avarice, and the love of +pleasure. In the history of the Jugurthine war, he particularly exposes +and condemns the system of bribery in which the leading men of that +age indulged; but on the other hand, he draws a pleasing contrast in +describing the restoration of military discipline by Metullus and Marius. +The difficult campaigns in the extensive and desert country of Numidia, +and the wonderful events of this war, also deserve the attention of the +reader; the more so, as the author has bestowed the greatest care on +giving vivid descriptions of them. + +Among the writings of Sallust, which have been transmitted to us in +manuscripts, and are printed in the larger editions of his works, there +are two epistles addressed to Caesar, containing the author's opinions +and advice regarding the new constitution to be given to the republic, +after the defeat of the optimates and their faction by the dictator. They +are written in his own peculiar style: the first contains excellent ideas +and energetic exposures of the general defects and evils in the state, +as well as plans for remedying them; the second adds some proposals +regarding the courts of justice, and the composition of the senate, +the utility and practicability of which appear somewhat doubtful. +The authenticity of these epistles, therefore, is still a matter of +uncertainty. Lastly, there are two Declamations (_declamationes_), the +one purporting to be by M. Cicero against Sallust, and the other by +Sallust against Cicero; but both are evidently unworthy of the character +and style of the men whose names they bear, and are justly considered to +be the production of some wretched rhetorician of the third or fourth +century of the Christian era.[2] Such declaimers made use of all possible +reports that were current respecting the moral weaknesses of the two men, +and respecting an enmity between them, of which history knows nothing, +and which is contradicted by our author himself, by the praise he +bestows, in his 'Catilinarian War,' upon Cicero. + +[2] It has indeed been said that Quinctilian, who wrote about the year 95 + after Christ, cites passages from these Declamations; but critical + investigation has shown that these passages are interpolations, and + are found only in the worst manuscripts. + +Sallust's character as an historian, and his grammatical style, have +been the subjects of contradictory opinions even among the ancients +themselves--both his own contemporaries, and the men of succeeding ages. +Some condemned his introductions, as having nothing to do with the +works themselves; found fault with the minute details of the speeches +introduced in the narrative; and called him a senseless imitator, in +words and expressions, of the earlier Roman historians, especially of +Cato. Others praised him for his vivid delineations of character, the +precision and vigour of his diction, and for the dignity which he had +given to his style by the use of ancient words and phrases which were no +longer employed in the ordinary language of his own day. But however +different these opinions may appear, there is truth both in the censure +and in the praise, though the praise no doubt outweighs the censure; +and the general opinion among the later Romans justly declared _primus +Romana Crispus in historia_. It is obvious that it is altogether unjust +to say that his introductions are unsuitable, and that the speeches he +introduces are inappropriate: for an author must be allowed to write a +preface to make an avowal of his own sentiments; and the speeches are +inseparably connected with the forms of public life in antiquity: they +are certainly not too long, and express most accurately, both in +sentiment and style, the characters of the great men to whom the author +assigns them. We have no hesitation in declaring that the speeches in the +Catiline and Jugurtha, as well as those extracted from the _Historiae_, +are the most precious specimens of the kind that have come down to us +from antiquity. + +As regards the grammatical style and the imitation of earlier authors, +for which Sallust has been blamed by some, and praised by others, it must +be observed that he is the first among the classical authors extant in +whose works we perceive a difference between the refined language of +public life, such as we have it in Cicero and Caesar, and a new and +artificially-formed language of literature. Cicero and Caesar wrote just +as a well-educated orator of taste spoke: after the death of Caesar, +oratory began to withdraw from the active scenes of public life; and +there remained few authors who, following the practical vocation of an +orator, though at an unfavourable epoch, yet observed the principle +which is generally correct--that a man ought to write in the same manner +in which well-bred people speak. But most men of talent who devoted +themselves to written composition for the satisfaction of their own +minds, or for the instruction of their contemporaries, created for +themselves a new style, such as was naturally developed in them by +reading the earlier authors, and through their own relations to their +readers and not hearers. Livy clung to the language, style, and the +full-sounding period of the oratorical style, though even he in many +points deviated from the natural refinement of a Caesar and a Cicero; +but Sallust gave up the oratorical period, divided the long-spun, +full-sounding, and well-finished oratorical sentence into several short +sentences; and in this manner he seemed to go back to the ancients, who +had not yet invented the period: but still there was a great difference +between his style, in which the ancient simplicity was artificially +restored, and the genuine ancient sentence formed without any rhetorical +art. He wrote without periods, because he would not write otherwise, and +not because he could not; he divided the rhetorical period into separate +sentences, because it appeared to him advantageous in his animated +description of minute details; and he wrote concisely, because he did +not want the things to fill up his sentences which the orator requires +to give roundness and fulness to his periods. He states in isolated +independent sentences those ideas and thoughts which the orator +distributes among leading and subordinate sentences; but he did all this +consciously, as an artist, and with the conviction that it was conducive +to historical animation. Tacitus was his imitator in this artificial +historical style; and notwithstanding all his well-deserved praise, it +must he admitted that the blame cast upon Sallust attaches in a still +higher degree to Tacitus. It is a fact beyond all doubt, that Sallust +introduced into the language of literature antiquated forms, words, and +expressions; and this arose from a desire to recall with the ancient +language also the ancient vigour and simplicity. But even this revival of +what was ancient is visible only here and there, and all such words and +phrases might be exchanged for others and more customary ones, without +depriving Sallust of his essential characteristics; for these consist in +a vivid perception of the important moments of an action, in placing them +in strong contrasts, to excite his readers, and in the effect produced by +isolated sentences simply put in juxtaposition without the artifice of a +polished and intricate period. + +To give our young readers some preparatory information about certain +frequently-recurring peculiarities of Sallust's style, we may remark that +the omission of the personal pronoun in the construction of the +accusative with the infinitive, as well as the omission of the auxiliary +verb _est_, and the frequent use of the infinitive instead of a +dependent clause--for example, _hortatur dicere, res postulat exponere, +conjuravere patriam incendere_, and many similar expressions--arise +from his desire to be brief and concise. Among his antiquated forms of +words, we may mention _die_ for _diei_, the singular _plerusque_, _quis_ +for _quibus_, _senati_ for _senatus_; _dicundi, legundi_, &c. for +_dicendi, legendi_; _intellego_ for _intelligo_, _forem_ for _essem_, +_fuere_ for _fuerunt_; the use of the past participles of deponent verbs +in a passive sense--as _adeptus, interpretatus_. Antiquated words, or +words used in an antiquated sense, are--_supplicium_ for _preces_, +_scilicet_ for _scire licet_; antiquated expressions are--_fugam facere_ +for _fugere_, _habere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, and other phrases with +_habere_. The frequent use of _mortales_ for _homines_, _aevum_ for +_aetas_, and _subigere_ for _cogere_, gives to his style somewhat of a +poetical colouring. As far as grammatical construction is concerned, +there is a tendency to archaisms in the use of _quippe qui_ with the +indicative; in the frequent application of the indicative in subordinate +sentences in the oratio obliqua; and in some other points which we shall +explain in short notes to the passages where they occur. An intentional +disturbance of rhetorical symmetry is perceptible in the change of +corresponding particles;--for example, instead of _alii_ in the +expression _alii-alii_, we find _pars_ or _partim_; instead of _modo_ in +the expression _modo-modo_, we find _interdum_, and similar variations. +But all these differences from the ordinary language contain in +themselves sufficient grounds of explanation and excuse, and are by no +means so frequent as to render the language of Sallust unworthy of the +merited reputation of being classical. + + * * * * * + +C. SALLUSTII CRISPI + +BELLUM CATILINARIUM. + + * * * * * + +1. Omnes[1] homines, qui sese student[2] praestare ceteris animalibus, +summa ope[3] niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae +natura prona[4] atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in +animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur; +alterum nobis cum dis,[5] alterum cum beluis[6] commune est. Quo mihi +rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam +vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri[7] quam maxime +longam[8] efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis +est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales +certamen fuit,[9] vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis +procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris +mature facto opus est.[10] Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius +auxilio eget. + +[1] _Omnes_. Other editions have _omnis_ or _omneis_. The accusative + plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural + in _ium_, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in _is_, and + sometimes in _eis_ or _es_. This fluctuation, however, afterwards + ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became + generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative + in _es_. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as + _volt_ for _vult_, _divorsus_ for _diversus_, _quoique_ for _cuique_, + _maxumus_ for _maximus_, _quom_ for _quum_, or _cum_, which are + retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in + accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best + period of the Latin language. +[2] _Studeo_, when the verb following has the same subject, may be + construed in three ways--with the infinitive alone, as _studeo + praestare_; with the accusative and infinitive, _studeo me + praestare_, as in the present case; or with _ut_, as _studeo ut + praestem_. +[3] _Summa ope_, 'with the greatest exertion,' equivalent to _summa + opere, summopere_; as _magno opere_, or _magnopere_, signifies 'with + great exertion,' or 'greatly.' The nominative _ops_ is not in use, + and the plural _opes_ generally signifies 'the means' or 'power of + doing something.' +[4] _Prona_, 'bent forward,' 'bent down to the ground,' in opposition to + the erect gait of man. +[5] _Dis_ for _diis_. See Zumpt, S 51, n. 5. +[6] _Beluis_; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is _bellua, + belluis_. +[7] Instead of _memoriam nostri_, Sallust might have said _memoriam + nostram_; but the genitive _nostri_ sets forth the object of + remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, S 423. +[8] _Quam maxime longam_; that is, _quam longissimam_, 'lasting as long + as possible.' Zumpt, S 108. +[9] The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in + war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority. + He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but + maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become + rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. _Vine + corporis an_; that is, _utrum vi corporis an_. See Zumpt, S 554. +[10] That is, 'before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when + you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without + delay.' The past participles _consulta_ and _facto_ here supply the + place of verbal substantives. + +2. Igitur[11] initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit), +diversi pars[12] ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum +sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero +quam[13] in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere +urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, +maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque +negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi[14] regum +atque imperatorum animi virtus[15] in pace ita ut in bello valeret, +aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud +alio[16] ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium +facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro +labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia +invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad +optimum quemque[17] a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, +navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti +ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes +transiere;[18] quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima +oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,[19] quoniam de +utraque siletur. Verum enimvero[20] is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima +videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus[21] praeclari facinoris aut artis +bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter +ostendit. + +[11] Respecting the frequent position of _igitur_ at the beginning of a + sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, S 357. +[12] _Pars_, instead of _alii_, probably to avoid the repetition of + _alii_, and to produce variety. +[13] _Postea vero quam_, for _postquam vero_. The author means to say, + that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the + truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere + bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the + Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the + Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history. +[14] Sallust here introduces, by _quodsi_ (and if, or yes, if), an + illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this + connecting power of _quodsi_, as distinguished from the simple _si_, + see Zumpt, S 807. This illustration, which ends with the word + _transfertur_, was suggested to Sallust especially by the + consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under + Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace, + saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away. +[15] _Animi virtus_; these two words are here united to express a single + idea, 'mental greatness.' +[16] _Aliud alio ferri_, 'that one thing is drawn in one direction, and + the other in another.' For _aliud alio_, see Zumpt, S 714; and for + _cerneres_, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive + answers to the English 'you' when not referring to any definite + person, S 381. +[17] _Optimum quemque_, 'to every one in proportion as he is better than + others.' Respecting this relative meaning of _quisque_, see Zumpt, + S 710. 'Every one,' absolutely, is _unusqisque_, and adjectively + _omnis_. +[18] 'They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;' that + is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is + clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of + themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers, + and apply them to practical purposes. +[19] 'I set an equal value upon their life and their death;' that is, + an equally low value, _juxta_ being equivalent to _aeque_ or + _pariter_. +[20] _Verum enimvero;_ these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw + the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding + argument. +[21] 'Intent upon some occupation.' _Intentus_ is commonly construed + with the dative, or the preposition _in_ or _ad_ with the accusative; + but as a person may be intent _upon_ something, so he also may be + intent _by_, or _in consequence of_, something, so that the ablative + is perfectly consistent. + +3. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum +est;[22] vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui +facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,[23] tametsi +haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in +primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis +exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, +malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;[24] ubi de magna virtute atque +gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo +animo accipit, supra ea[25] veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. + +Sed ego[26] adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam +latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro +abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae +tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,[27] tamen inter +tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur[28]: ac me, quum +ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido +eadem qua ceteros fama atque invidia vexabat.[29] + +[22] _Haud absurdum est_, 'is not unbecoming;' that is, 'is worthy + of man.' +[23] _Quidem_ here, like the Greek [Greek: men] in [Greek: emoi men], + without a [Greek: de] following, introduces one opinion in + contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned, + but merely suggested by _quidem_. 'I for my part think so, but what + others think I do not know, or care.' +[24] 'If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure + is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will.' +[25] _Supra ea_, 'whatever is beyond: that;' that is, whatever is beyond + the capacity of the reader. +[26] The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that + after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man, + and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his + opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a + literary life. +[27] _Insolens malarum artium_, 'unacquainted with base artifices or + intrigues;' for _artes_ may be _malae_ as well as _bonae_, + according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things. +[28] _Imbecilla aetas_, 'my weak age;' that is, my mind, which had + not yet arrived at mature independence,'was corrupted by ambition, + and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances.' Sallust + means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he + would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of + public life. +[29] My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and + thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally + harassed and persecuted as they were. + +4. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit et mihi +reliquam aetatem a re publica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium +socordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere;[30] neque vero agrum +colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis,[31] intentum aetatem agere; sed +a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus +statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,[32] ut quaeque memoria digna +videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei +publicae animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione quam +verissime potero paucis absolvam:[33] nam id facinus in primis ego +memorabile existimo sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis +moribus pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. + +[30] _Conterere_--that is, _consumere_, 'to waste my fair leisure.' +[31] Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a + servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered + the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free + citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important + business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the + chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time + taken an active part in political affairs. +[32] _Carptim_, 'in detached parts.' +[33] _Paucis absolvam_, 'I shall treat briefly,' or _paucis pertractabo + conjurationem Catilinae_. + +5. Lucius Catilina,[34] nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et +corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic abadolescentia bella +intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique +juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens[35] inediae, algoris, vigiliae, +supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus +rei libet[36] simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, +ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus +animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post +dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei publicae +capiundae,[37] neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum +pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus +ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his +artibus auxerat,[38] quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti +civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque +avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus +civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere[39] ac paucis instituta majorum +domi militiaeque,[40] quomodo rem publicam habuerint quantamque +reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex pulcherrima pessima ac +flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. + +[34] Sallust begins with a general description of the character of + Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition, + belonged to the patrician _gens Sergia_, which traced its descent to + one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at + any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned + among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of + bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic + wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the + sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for + the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law + before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume + that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war. + Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger + than Catiline. +[35] _Patiens inediae_. Respecting the genitive governed by this and + similar participles--as soon after _alieni appetens_--see Zumpt, + S 438. +[36] _Cujus rei libet;_ it is more common to say _cujuslibet rei_. + Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with _cunque_ and _libet_ + are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between + them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis--as _quod enim + cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi + dederit, lucre appone,_ 'whatever day chance may give thee, consider + it as a gain.' +[37] _Capiundae_. Respecting the _e_ or _u_ in such gerunds and + gerandives, see Zumpt, S 167. +[38] _Auxerat_. He had increased both by the above-mentioned + qualities--namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness + of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural _quae_, + referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is + not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, S 377. +[39] Respecting the infinitive after _hortari_, instead of the more + common use of the conjunction _ut_, see Zumpt, S 615. +[40] _Domi militiaeque_, 'in times of peace and in war.' + +6. Urbem Romam,[41] sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio +Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his +Aborigines,[42] genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, +liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una[43] moenia convenere, dispari +genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu +est quam facile coaluerint.[44] Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, +agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque +mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique +finitimi bello temptare,[45] pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri +metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti +festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, +patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, +sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,[46] magisque dandis quam +accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen +imperii regium habebant;[47] delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, +ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;[48] hi vel +aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium +imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei +publicae[49] fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit[50] immutato +more annua imperia binosque imperatores[51] sibi fecere; eo modo minime +posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. + +[41] In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the + transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic + peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time + of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice, + oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking + picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their + subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his + time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had + acquired the dominion over the world--that is, after the destruction + of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as + the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain + supreme power for himself. +[42] According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had + been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native + Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about + Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate + townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city + of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin + territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded. + Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like + others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do + only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about + historical developments. +[43] _Una_ is the plural. See Zumpt, S 115, note. +[44] It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although + consisting of a mixture of different tribes--whether, as Sallust + briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more + minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans--united into + one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however, + was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin, + which, in conformity with Sallust's notion, appears to be a + combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom. +[45] _Temptare_, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and + construction of which see Zumpt, S 599, note. +[46] _Auxilia portare_ is a less common expression than _auxilium ferre_; + for _portare_ is generally used only to denote the actual physical + carrying of something, while _ferre_ has a wider meaning. The plural + _auxilia_, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to + friends. +[47] 'Their government was a legitimate one'--that is, the powers of the + government were limited by law; 'and bore the name of a kingly + government'--that is, a king stood at the head of it. +[48] Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the + good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a + _consilium publicum_, and were addressed by the term _patres_. +[49] Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also + might have been used, see Zumpt, S 662. +[50] _Ubi--convertit_, 'when it had changed (itself).' For _ubi_ with the + perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 506; and for the + use of _vertere_ in an intransitive or reflective sense, S 145. +[51] In the earliest times they were called _praetores_ or leaders, _qui + praeeunt exercitui_; afterwards _consules_. As two were elected every + year, Sallust uses _bini_, and not _duo_. + +7. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium +in promptu habere.[52] Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, +semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile +memoratu est adepta[53] libertate quantum brevi[54] creverit; tanta +cupido gloriae incesserat.[55] Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli +patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in +decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis +libidinem habebant.[56] Igitur talibus viris non labos[57] insolitus, non +locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus; +virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic +se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus +faceret, properabat; eas[58] divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque +nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam +ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis +maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes +natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto +traheret. + +[52] _In promptu habere_, 'to have in readiness,' and also 'to bring + into action,' or 'to make use of.' Sallust means to say, that in + consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one + increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents + shine. +[53] _Adepta_ is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of + the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said + _adepta libertatem_. +[54] _Brevi_, 'in a short time.' +[55] _Incesserat_; supply _in eos_ or _iis_, referring to _cives_, + implied in the preceding _civitas_. +[56] _Habebant_ should have been _habebat_, since _discebat_ precedes. + But see Zumpt, S 366. +[57] _Labos_, a rarer form for _labor_, as _honos_ and _lepos_, which are + even more frequently found than _honor_ and _lepor_. +[58] _Eas_ agrees with _divitias_, though in English we say, in such + cases, 'This,' or 'these things they considered as riches.' See + Zumpt, S 372. + +8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex libidine +magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti +ego aestimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto[59] +minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna +ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis[60] +celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea +verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea +copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime negotiosus erat;[61] +ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, +sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. + +[59] _Aliquanto_, 'by a considerable amount,' or simply 'considerably,' + is the ablative, expressing the amount of difference between two + things compared. Sallust here considers it to be a mere matter + of chance that the wars of the early Romans, as those against the + Volscians, Aequians, Etruscans, and Samnites, do not stand forth + in history as glorious as the wars of the Greek nations among + themselves, and against the Persians. To us it appears that this was + not a matter of chance; but it undoubtedly arose from the fact, + that the Greeks even then had already attained a higher degree of + civilisation. The interest which history takes in wars does not + depend upon the vastness of the armies or the extent of countries, + but upon the lower or higher degree of civilisation of those engaged + in the wars. +[60] _Pro maximis_, 'they are celebrated _as if they were_ the greatest.' + Respecting this meaning of _pro_, see Zumpt, S 394, note 3. +[61] 'The more intelligent any one was, the more business was intrusted + to him,' so that he had no leisure (_otium_) to devote to literary + composition. This at least is Sallust's opinion; but when a man feels + it to be his vocation to write history, he can find time for it, + however much he may be otherwise engaged--witness J. Caesar and + Frederick II. of Prussia. For the construction, see Zumpt, S 710. C. + +9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur, concordia maxima, +minima avaritia erat, jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam +natura[62] valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus +exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis[63] +deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant. Duabus his +artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque[64] remque +publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in +bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa +relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod +beneficiis quam[65] metu imperium agitabant, et accepta injuria[66] +ignoscere quam persequi malebant. + +[62] 'Not more by law than by nature;' that is, 'by nature as well as by + law.' +[63] _In suppliciis_, 'in the worship of the gods;' for as it was + customary, in worshipping, to fall down, the word _supplicium_ has + this religious meaning, which also appears in _supplicatio_. The + other and more common meaning of 'execution,' 'capital punishment,' + or 'severe chastisement,' likewise originates in the prostration of + the person so punished. +[64] _Seque remque_ is an unusual expression for _et se et rem_. +[65] _Quam_; before this word we must supply _magis_, 'they carried on + the government more with acts of kindness than with fear.' This + ellipsis before _quam_ is not uncommon. +[66] When they had suffered a wrong, they would rather pardon it than + take revenge.' To _persequi_ we must supply _eam_ from the preceding + ablative. + +10. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello +domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula +imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, +saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias +atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis +oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido +crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, +probitatem ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam, +crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio +multos mortales falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in +lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex +commodo aestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo +paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi +pestilentia invasit, civitas immutata, imperium ex justissimo atque +optimo crudele intolerandumque factum. + +11. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod +tamen vitium propius virtutem[67] erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium +bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic +quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia +pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit;[68] ea quasi +venenis malis imbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita, +insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam +L. Sulla, armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos eventus +habuit,[69] rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque +modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civibus[70] +facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia +ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret,[71] contra morem majorum luxuriose +nimisque liberaliter habuerat; loca amoena, voluptaria[72] facile in otio +feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi +Romani amare,[73] potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata[74] mirari, +ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra[75] spoliare, sacra profanaque +omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil +reliqui victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant; +ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.[76] + +[67] _Propius virtutem_, also _propius virtuti_. See Zumpt, S 411. +[68] _Concupivit_, 'No man in his senses _has_ ever coveted money for + its own sake;' that is, and even now no one does so, nor will any + one ever do so. But a _homo avarus_ covets money only that he may + _have_ it, and not for any ulterior objects. +[69] _Bonis initiis_ is the ablative absolute, 'though his beginnings + were good.' Although Sulla's government began well, it became + arbitrary and bad, especially by the unlimited partiality with which + he treated the men of his own party. +[70] _In civibus_. It would have been more in accordance with the common + usage to write _in cives_; but the ablative signifies 'in the case of + citizens.' +[71] 'In order thereby to render him faithful or attached to himself,' + _quo_ being equivalent to _ut eo_ or _ut ea re_. +[72] Namely, the charming and delightful places in Asia Minor, near + the sea-coast, under a mild climate, abounding in all the means + calculated to afford pleasure and delight. +[73] _Amare_, 'to indulge in illicit intercourse with the other sex:' + _amare_ is often used to denote an immoral intercourse between the + sexes. +[74] _Vasa caelata_, vessels adorned with figures, and wrought with the + _caelum_, the chisel. _Caelare_ and _caelatura_ denote the art of + making raised figures in metal, _alto relievo_. +[75] _Delubra_, 'temples of the gods.' Sallust has chosen this word + in preference to the common _templa_ or _aedes_, because it conveys + the idea of antiquity, sanctity, and mysterious seclusion, which is + also contained in the word _fanum_. +[76] _Ne illi--temperament_ 'not to speak of their using their victory + with moderation;' that is, they were far from using their victory + with moderation. _Ne_ is here used in the sense of _nedum_. + +12. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium, +potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, +innocentia pro malivolentia[77] duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis +juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere; rapere, +consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina +atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. Operae pretium +est,[78] quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum +exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi +mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria +decorabant, neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam +eripiebant.[79] At hi contra ignavissimi homines per summum scelus omnia +ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reliquerant; proinde +quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti. + +[77] 'Honest conduct was regarded as malevolence or envy,' inasmuch as an + honest and incorruptible man was not praised for these virtues, but + rather drew upon himself the suspicion of envying others for their + increasing their possessions, and of wishing to prevent them from + becoming rich by the base means which in their greediness they + considered to be fair. +[78] _Operae pretium est_, 'it is worth while (properly "the labour has + its reward") to compare the extensive country-houses of our present + aristocracy with the small temples of the gods erected by our + ancestors, notwithstanding their intense piety.' +[79] This is the same precept as that advanced by Cicero, that in + punishing an enemy, we should be satisfied if we have placed him + in a position in which he can no longer injure us. + +13. Nam quid ea memorem, quae nisi his qui videre nemini credibilia sunt, +a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa[80] esse. +Quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe quas honeste habere +licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido stupri, ganeae +ceterique cultus[81] non minor incesserat; viri muliebria pati, mulieres +pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia +exquirere, dormire prius quam somni cupido esset, non famem aut sitim +neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. +Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. +Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat; eo +profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui[82] deditus erat. + +[80] 'Mountains are levelled, and seas are produced artificially.' In + the latter expression, Sallust, as in chap. 20 (_maria extruuntur_), + alludes to the formation of immense basins in the interior of the + country, into which the water was conducted from the sea, for the + purpose of keeping in them sea-fish and oysters. In this kind of + luxury and extravagance all the earlier Roman grandees were eclipsed + by L. Lucullus, who had amassed immense wealth in the war against + Mithridates. He possessed a very extensive _piscina_ of this kind + near the coast of Campania, in the neighbourhood of Baiae. +[81] _Cultus_ comprises the whole domestic arrangement, and especially + includes costly furniture and dresses. +[82] 'To the acquisition and to the squandering of money;' for, as we + stated before, it was peculiar to the corruption prevalent among + the Romans that they squandered their own property, and appropriated + to themselves, by violent means, that which belonged to others. + +14. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum +erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum +catervas habebat.[83] Nam quicunque impudicus, adulter, ganeo manu,[84] +ventre, pene bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande +conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique +parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis aut pro factis judicium +timentes, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili +alebat, postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus +exagitabat: hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quodsi quis etiam a +culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, cotidiano usu atque illecebris +facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium +familiaritates appetebat; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud +difficulter[85] capiebantur. Nam ut cujusque studium ex aetate[86] +flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari, +postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum[87] illos +obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos qui ita +existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum +honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quam quod cuiquam +id compertum foret, haec fama valebat. + +[83] The author, after having given a description of the state of + morality in the time of Sulla, now proceeds to the life of Catiline + himself, and in the following two chapters, describes the associates + in whom that criminal placed his confidence, and with whose help he + hoped to overturn the constitution. _Flagitia_ and _facinora_ in this + passage have the meaning of _homines flagitiosi_, and _facinorosi_. +[84] _Manu_, 'by playing at dice' (_alea_), because that game was played + with the hand, either with or without the cup containing the dice + (_fritillus_). +[85] _Difficulter_. See Zumpt, S 267, note 2. +[86] 'In accordance with his (still) youthful age.' Zumpt, S 309. +[87] _Dum_ for _dummodo_, 'if but.' + +15. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum +virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. +Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae cujus praeter formam nihil +unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum +adulta aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis +nuptiis fecisse.[88] Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse +facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, +neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem +excitam vastabat.[89] Igitur color exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo, +modo tardus incessus; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. + +[88] Catiline then had a son from a previous marriage, whom he got rid of + because Orestilla would not become his wife, from fear of the young + man, who was already grown up, and who would have become her stepson + (_privignus_). +[89] 'The consciousness of his guilt disturbed his thinking powers,' for + this is the meaning of _mens_ as distinct from _animus_, which has + reference to the feelings. + +16. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala +facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, +fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem +attriverat, majora alia imperabat; si causa peccandi in praesens minus +suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare; +scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito[90] potius +malus atque crudelis erat. + +His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes +terras ingens erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites,[91] largius suo +usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, +opprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus; +Gn.[92] Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum +petenti magna spes; senatus nihil sane intentus;[93] tutae tranquillaeque +res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae. + +[90] _Gratuito_, 'gratuitously,' 'without any advantage.' Respecting the + form of this adverb, see Zumpt, S 266. +[91] Sulla had given settlements to the legions with which he had + gained the victory over the Marian party in the territory of those + towns which had longest remained faithful to his adversaries; and + it was more especially in Etruria that this measure had brought + about a complete change of the owners of the soil. But the new + landowners had acted very recklessly on their new estates, and + therefore were inclined to favour any fresh revolutionary attempt + which seemed to promise an equally favourable result. +[92] Gn. Pompeius. Respecting the orthography of the prenomen _Gneius_, + see Zumpt, S 4. Pompey was then engaged in the war against + Mithridates, king of Pontus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia; and in + consequence of this war, the extensive country of Syria, which had + before been an independent kingdom, became a Roman province. +[93] _Nihil sane intentus_, 'in no way attentive.' For the difference + between nihil and non, see Zumpt, S 677. + +17. Igitur, circiter Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et G. Figulo +consulibus,[94] primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare; +opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, magna praemia conjurationis docere. +Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus +maxima necessitudo[95] et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere +senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, +G. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, +Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praeterea ex equestri +ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, +G. Cornelius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant +praeterea complures[96] paulo occultius concilii hujusce participes +nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut aliqua +necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque,[97] sed maxime nobilium, +Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter +vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere +item ea tempestate[98] qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum[99] non ignarum +ejus consilii fuisse; quia Gn. Pompeius invisus ipsi magnum exercitum +ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul +confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore. + +[94] That is, in the year B.C. 64, or 690 after the building of the city. +[95] _Necessitudo_, 'a close connection' or 'friendship' is commonly + distinguished from _necessitas_, 'necessity,' or 'a compulsory + circumstance;' but the two words are often confounded with each + other, as here, and subsequently in this chapter, _necessitudo_ is + used in the sense of _necessitas_. +[96] For the difference between _plures_ and _complures_, see + Zumpt, S 65. +[97] _Juventus pleraque_, 'most young men.' Commonly the plural + _plerique_ only is used; but see Zumpt, S 103. +[98] _Ea tempestate_, an old-fashioned expression, such as Sallust is + fond of, for _eo tempore_; for in ordinary Latinity, _tempestas_ + is used only in the sense of 'storm' or 'tempest.' +[99] M. Licinius Crassus had been consul several years before (B.C. + 70), together with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity + both on account of his former practical usefulness in the state, and + on account of his colossal wealth, which he used with proper + discretion. + +18. Sed antea[100] item conjuravere pauci contra rem publicam, in quibus +Catilina fuit; de qua[101] quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo et +M. Lepido consulibus,[102] P. Autronius et P. Sulla designati consules, +legibus ambitus interrogati[103] poenas dederant. Post paulo[104] +Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,[105] prohibitus erat consulatum +petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri[106] nequiverat. Erat eodem +tempore Gn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus, +quem ad perturbandam rem publicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. +Cum hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter Nonas Decembres consilio +communicato parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. +Torquatum consules[107] interficere, ipsi fascibus correptis Pisonem cum +exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias[108] mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus +in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam tum non +consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. +Quodni[109] Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post +conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum +frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit. + +[100] _Antea_. Sallust, who has commenced speaking of the conspiracy + entered into in the year B. C. 64, considers it necessary, before + relating its progress, to go back to an earlier conspiracy, which + failed, and in which Catiline had likewise taken an active part. This + earlier conspiracy the author relates in chaps. 19 and 20. +[101] _Qua_; supply _conjuratione_, which is to be taken from the verb + _conjuravere_. This is an irregularity arising from the desire to be + brief and concise. +[102] That is, in the year B. C. 66, or 688 after the building of the + city. +[103] _Interrogati_--that is, _accusati_, 'taken to account by accusers,' + because the beginning of all such accusations consisted in the + accused being asked whether they owned having done this or that thing + forbidden by law. +[104] _Post paulo_ is less common than _paulo post_. +[105] _Repetundarum reus_, 'accused of extortion.' _Res repetundae_, in + legal phraseology, signifies the things or money which had been + illegally taken by public officers from those subject to their + authority; for such citizens or subjects had a right, after the + expiration of the official year of their ruler, to reclaim + (_repetere_) their property in a court of law. Those officers who + were found guilty had, in addition, to pay a fine, or were otherwise + punished. A person who stood accused of extortion was not allowed to + come forward as a candidate for any other office before he was tried + and acquitted. +[106] _Profiteri_, 'to announce one's self' as a candidate for an + office. +[107] These are the consuls of the year B. C. 65, who had obtained + their office after the condemnation of the above-mentioned P. Sulla + (a nephew of the dictator) and P. Autronius. +[108] _Hispanias_. Ancient Spain was, for administrative purposes, + divided into two provinces--_Hispania Tarraconensis_, or _provincia + citerior_, with Tarraco (the modern Tarragona) for its capital; and + _Hispania Baetica_, or _ulterior_, deriving its name from the river + Baitis (the modern Guadalquiver). Its chief towns were Corduba and + Hispalis (now Seville). +[109] About the force of _quod_, when joined to conjunctions, see + Zumpt, S 807. Compare p.14, note 6 [note 14]. + +19. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore[110] missus +est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Gn. Pompeio cognoverat. +Neque tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum hominem a +re publica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni complures praesidium in +eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in +provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens +occisus est. Sunt qui ita dicunt,[111] imperia ejus injusta, superba, +crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; alii autem equites illos Gn. Pompeii +veteres fidosque clientes voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos; numquam +Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante +perpessos. Nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione +satis dictum. + +[110] That is, he was only quaestor, but had the powers of a praetor, + being commissioned to supply the place of a praetor. +[111] Respecting the indicative _dicunt_, see Zumpt, S 563. + +20. Catilina,[112] ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, convenisse videt, +tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen in rem fore credens +universos appellare et cohortari, in abditam partem aedium secedit, atque +ibi, omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit. 'Ni +virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res +cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent. Neque ego +per ignaviam[113] aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia +multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, eo +animus ausus est maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere, simul quia +vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque +idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente agitavi omnes +jam antea diversi[114] audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus +accenditur, quum considero, quae condicio vitae futura sit, nisi +nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam res publica in +paucorum potentium jus atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges, +tetrarchae[115] vectigales esse, populi, nationes stipendia pendere; +ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles vulgus fuimus sine +gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica valeret, +formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud +illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere pericula repulsas, +judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque tandem patiemini fortissimi viri? Nonne +emori per virtutem praestat quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam, +ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum +enimvero pro deum atque hominum fidem[116] victoria in manu nobis est, +viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia +consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est; cetera res expediet. Etenim +quis mortalium cui virile ingenium est, tolerare potest, illis divitias +superare,[117] quas profundant in extruendo mari et montibus coaequandis, +nobis rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas aut amplius +domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem[118] nusquam ullum esse? Quum +tabulas, signa, toreumata[119] emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, +postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen summa libidine +divitias vincere[120] nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes +alienum, mala res, spes multo asperior; denique quid reliqui habemus +praeter miseram animam? Quin[121] igitur expergiscimini? En[122] illa, +illa, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria +in oculis sita sunt. Fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. Res, +tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis quam oratio mea +vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini; neque animus neque +corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam, +nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati +estis.' + +[112] The author now continues his account of the conspiracy entered + into in B.C. 64. +[113] _Per ignaviam_, 'by means of cowardice,' here means, 'with the + assistance of cowardly men,' 'such as you are not, since I have + evidence of your valour and trustworthiness.' _Vana ingenia_ are + men of untrustworthy character. In both cases the abstract quality is + mentioned instead of the person possessing it. +[114] _Diversi_, 'separately;' that is, at different times, and in + different places. +[115] _Tetrarcha_ is a title which properly belonged only to such princes + as ruled over the fourth part of a whole nation. Such a division took + place in Galatia, and afterwards also in Judaea. A similar title, + _ethnarcha_, but that of king also, was sometimes granted to powerful + princes; or, when they had had it before, the Roman senate sometimes + allowed them to keep it. +[116] _Pro fidem_, or _proh fidem_, is an exclamation, and _pro_ an + interjection. The accus. _fidem_ is governed by some such verb as + _testor_ or _invoco_. See Zumpt, S 361. +[117] _Superare_ here has an intransitive meaning, 'to exist in + abundance.' +[118] _Lar familiaris_, a domestic or family divinity, whose image stood + in the interior of the house, by the domestic altar; hence _lar_, or + the plural _lares_, is sometimes used in the sense of 'a house,' or + 'home.' +[119] _Toreumata_ are the _vasa caelata_ mentioned in chap. 11; works + in metal, especially silver, with raised figures. The instrument + called by the Latins _caelum_, was called by the Greeks [Greek: + toros], whence [Greek: toreuein, toreuma]. +[120] 'They cannot master their wealth;' that is, they are not able to + spend it. +[121] _Quin_--that is, _qui non_ or _quo non_? 'why not?' +[122] _En_, as well as _ecce_, are most commonly construed with the + accusative. + +21. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed +neque res neque spes bona ulla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces +videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, uti proponeret, quae condicio +belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei +haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas,[123] proscriptionem +locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum +atque libido victorum fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, +in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes; +petere consulatum G. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem +et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum; cum eo se +consulem[124] initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpat omnes +bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, +alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae,[125] multos +victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos +alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum +dimisit. + +[123] _Tabulae novae_ are literally 'new registers of debts;' that is, a + change or reduction of debts, when, for example, the interest + already paid was deducted from the principal, or when the amount of + debts was reduced by one-half, or even by three-fourths. Such + regulations of debts in favour of debtors were often resorted to in + the revolutions of the ancient republics. +[124] 'If he should be consul with him, he would begin to carry the + matter into effect.' +[125] _Ignominia_, 'disgrace' which a person incurs, either because + he has been condemned in a court of law, or with which he has been + branded by the censors. + +22. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, quum ad +jusjurandum populares[126] sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis +sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde quum post +execrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri +consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare[127] fecisse, quo +inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli +ficta et haec et multa praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis +invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris +eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta +est. + +[126] _Popularis_, properly 'a fellow-countryman,' or 'belonging to the + same people;' but Sallust here, and in chapter 24, uses it in the + more general sense of _particeps, socius_, 'associate.' +[127] _Dictitare_, a contraction for _dictitavere_: 'it was frequently + said that Catiline had done it for this reason.' This contraction has + nothing that is offensive here, though in form it is the same as the + present infinitive; for such an ambiguity of form is not always + avoided, provided the context clearly shows what the meaning is. + _Dictitare_ contains a repetition of what is implied in _fuere qui + dicerent_. + +23. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus haud obscuro loco, +flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quera censores senatu probri +gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia; neque +reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet[128] ipse scelera occultare, +prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum +Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri[129] vetus consuetudo; cui quum minus +gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria +montesque polliceri coepit et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia +foret, postremo ferocius agitare[130] quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, +insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei publicae haud +occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore[131] de Catilinae conjuratione quae +quoque modo audierat compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia +hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque +antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat,[132] et quasi pollui +consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo novus[133] adeptus +foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere.[134] + +[128] _Met_ is a suffix which may be appended to all the cases of + _suus_, and answers to our 'own.' It is usually followed by _ipse_. + See Zumpt, S 139, note. +[129] _Stuprum_ is the name for every unchaste connexion with unmarried + as well as with married women; but _adulterium_ is the illicit + intercourse with married women. +[130] 'To behave more ferociously;' for _agere_ and _agitare_, even + without an accusative, signify 'to behave,' 'conduct one's self,' + 'lead a life.' +[131] _Sublato auctore_, 'without mentioning the one of whom she had + learned it.' +[132] 'The nobility was boiling with envy;' a figurative expression, + taken from the boiling of water over the fire, which is frequently + used to describe violent passions. So also _incendi, ardere, + flagrare cupiditate_. +[133] A _homo novus_ was at Rome the name for any person, none of + whose ancestors had been invested with a curule office; that is, + with the consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, or curule aedileship. +[134] _Post fuere_; that is, _postposita sunt_, 'were put on one side.' + +24. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et +G. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat.[135] +Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma +per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide +sumptam mutuam Faesulas[136] ad Manlium quendam portare,[137] qui postea +princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis +homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo +ingentes sumptus[138] stupro corporis toleraverant, post ubi aetas +tantummodo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande +conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana +sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi vel +interficere. + +[135] 'Which fact _had_ at first intimidated the associates of the + conspiracy.' The pluperfect here seems to be used for the perfect, + but is necessary from the idea, which properly should have been + expressed by some such sentence as this: 'which fact, although it + had at first intimidated the conspirators, yet did not stop the + progress of the conspiracy.' +[136] _Faesulae_, now Fiesole, a town in the northern part of Etruria, + not far from Florentia (Florence), which is now the largest town in + that district, though it was not so in ancient times. +[137] _Portare_, 'he caused money to be taken.' See Zumpt, S 713. +[138] _Sumptus tolerare_, 'to bear the expenses,' implying the difficulty + of defraying them. + +25. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae +facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro, +liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta, +psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa alia, quae +instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque +pudicitia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile +discerneres;[139] libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam +peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, +caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps[140] abierat. Verum +ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone +uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque +lepos inerat. + +[139] _Haud facile discerneres_, 'it was not easy to determine whether + she was less concerned about her money or her reputation,' since she + was reckless in regard to both. Respecting the imperfect subjunctive, + see Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[140] _Praeceps_ is used of steep and precipitous places, and of persons + who fall or throw themselves headlong down from or into anything. + Hence _Sempronia praeceps abierat_ is, 'she had thrown herself + headlong into ruin,' which might also be expressed by _in praeceps + iverat_. + +26. His rebus comparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proximum annum[141] +consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate +Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias +parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae +deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa pollicendo per +Fulviam effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia +Catilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc[142] collegam suum Antonium pactione +provinciae[143] perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret; circum se +praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies +comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consuli +in Campo[144] fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et +extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat aspera +foedaque[145] evenerant. + +[141] Namely, for the year beginning with the first of January, B. C. 62. + The elections took place about the middle of the preceding year, + consequently, in the present instance, about the middle of the + year B. C. 63. +[142] _Ad hoc_ is a common expression in Sallust for _praeterea_. +[143] _Pactione provinciae_, by coming to an understanding with him + about the provinces which were assigned to the consuls after the + expiration of their year of office at Rome. Cicero had obtained by + lot the lucrative province of Macedonia and exchanged it for Gallia + Cisalpina, which had fallen to the lot of Antonius; but afterwards + he declined the latter also, in order to be able to remain at Rome, + which at that time was considered to be a sign that a man did not + care for money--_continentia abstinentia_. +[144] The _Campus Martius_, an extensive open plain between the city and + the Tiber, was the place for the large assemblies of the people; that + is, for the Comitia Centuriate, in which the consuls and praetors + were elected. +[145] _Aspera foedaque_ might also have been expressed by the adverbs + _aspere foedeque_, 'his attempts turned out unfavourably and + disgracefully.' Compare Zumpt, S 682. + +27. Igitur G. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam partem Etruriae, Septimium +quendam Camertem[146] in agrum Picenum, G. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; +praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea +Romae multa simul moliri, consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, +opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios +jubere, hortari; uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies noctesque +festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi +multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis +principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum +questus, docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multitudinem, quam ad +capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium +belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem +oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multum officere. + +[146] _Camers_, 'a native of Camerium,' (the capital of the Umbrians), + for the inhabitants of that place were called Camertes. _Picenum_ + or _ager Picenus_, was the Roman territory on the Adriatic between + the mouths of the rivers Aesis and Aternus with the capitals of + Ancona and Asculum. + +28. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, G. Cornelius eques +Romanus operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator +constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus sicuti +salutatum[147] introire ad Ciceronem ac de improviso domi suae imparatum +confodere. Curius ubi intellegit,[148] quantum periculum consuli +impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. +Ita illi janua prohibiti tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea +Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuriae +novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia +amiserat, praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna +copia erat, nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex +magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant. + +[147] _Sicuti salutatum,_ 'as if to offer him his morning salutation,' + for such a morning call before sunrise was a common politeness among + the Romans. +[148] Or according to the common orthography, _intelligit_. + +29. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque +urbem ab insidiis privato consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus +Manlii quantus aut quo consilio foret satis compertum habebat, rem ad +senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam.[149] Itaque, quod +plerumque in atroci negotio solet; senatus decrevit,[150] darent operam +consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum +more Romano magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,[151] bellum +gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeque +imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli +earum rerum consuli jus est. + +[149] _Exagitatam_ for _agitatam_; but the preposition _ex_ gives to the + word the idea of something brought out of its obscurity to light. The + matter had already been discussed on the ground of certain rumours. +[150] About _decrevit_, with the mere subjunctive, without _ut_, see + Zumpt, S 624. +[151] _Parare_ should properly be _parandi_; but see Zumpt, S 598. + +30. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras recitavit, +quas Faesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat, G. Manlium +arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres.[152] +Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque prodigia[153] +nuntiabant, alii conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia +servile bellum moveri. Igitur senati[154] decreto Q. Marcius Rex +Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi; hi +utrique[155] ad urbem imperatores erant,[156] impediti ne triumpharent +calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos +erat.[157] Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in +agrum Picenum,[158] hisque permissum, uti pro tempore atque periculo +exercitum compararent. Ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae +contra rem publicam facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia +centum, [159] libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta; itemque +decrevere, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia +distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus,[160] Romae per totam urbem vigiliae +haberentur, iisque minores magistratus[161] praeessent. + +[152] That is, 'on the 6th day before the 1st of November,' or on the + 27th of October. In such computations with _ante_ and _post_, the + point of time from which the calculation begins is included. See + Zumpt, S 867. But we here reckon according to the calendar such as it + was subsequently reformed and rectified by J. Caesar. +[153] _Portenta_ are chiefly human beings or animals presenting at their + birth anything abnormal or monstrous; _prodigia_, on the other hand, + are strange phenomena in the heavens; and the superstition of the + ancients regarded both as signs sent by the gods to warn men. +[154] _Senati_ for _senatus_. See Zumpt, S 81. +[155] _Hi utrique_ for _horum uterque_. Zumpt, S 141, note 2. +[156] Both had received the military command (_imperium_) from the + senate and people: Marcius Rex as proconsul of Cilicia, and Metellus + for the purpose of subduing Crete. After their return from their + provinces, they tarried for a time outside the walls of Rome (_ad + urbem_), because, by entering the city, they would have lost their + imperium, which they were anxious to retain until their solemn + entrance in a military procession (the triumph), to which the senate + had not yet given its sanction. Accordingly, as they were still + generals in active service, they could legally be intrusted with the + military command in the disturbed districts of Italy. +[157] The intrigues of some influential members of the senate, who had + either received bribes from the opponents of the two commanders, or + expected some from the commanders themselves, prevented the + resolution of the senate here alluded to. Respecting _mos erat + vendere_, see Zumpt, S 598. +[158] Supply to the two names of places _missus est_, which is implied + in the preceding sentence. +[159] _Sestertia centum_; that is, _centum millia sestertiorum_, or the + ancient census of the citizens of the first class; for the neuter + sestertia was used in calculations as an imaginary coin of _mille + sestertii_ or ten nummi aurei. +[160] 'According to the means of every town.' As the Roman gladiators + might easily be tempted to join in conspiracies, they were quartered + at a distance from Rome, in the towns of a certain class of Roman + citizens (_municipia_); and the citizens of such places were + ordered to watch over those bands of gladiators, that they might not + make their escape. _Familiae_, in its proper sense, signifies the + whole body of slaves belonging to one master. +[161] _Minores magistratus_ are those officers who did not, by virtue + of their office, become members of the senate. The quaestors, + accordingly, did not belong to them, but they comprised the masters + of the mint, the superintendents of the paving of the roads, and + especially the superintendents of all matters connected with prisons, + and the _decemviri litibus judicandis_. + +31. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex +summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente +omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare, neque loco neque homini +cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere, suo +quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus[162] rei publicae +magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare sese,[163] manus +supplices ad coelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia +pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. At +Catilinae crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, tametsi praesidia +parabantur et ipse lege Plautia[164] interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo. +Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti[165] jurgio +lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive +praesentiam ejus timens sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam +atque utilem rei publicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.[166] Sed ubi ille +assedit,[167] Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso +vultu, voce supplici postulare, 'Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere +crederent; ea familia ortum, ita se ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut +omnia bona in spe haberet; ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus +ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita +re publica opus esse, quum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis +urbis Romae.'[168] Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere omnes, +hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: 'Quoniam quidem +circumventus, inquit, ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina +restinguam.' + +[162] _Quibus_. Sallust more frequently uses the accusative in such + expressions. See chapter 8. +[163] _Afflictare sese_, 'they worried themselves.' The expression is + properly used of that kind of grief which manifests itself in + inflicting pain on the body, by pulling the hair, striking the breast + or loins, or by throwing one's self on the ground. So also + _plangere_ denotes the physical expression of pain. +[164] A law _de vi_ enacted in the year B.C. 89, and aimed at those who + might attempt by violence to subvert the existing constitution of the + state. On the ground of this law Catiline had already been summoned + before a court of law, though no formal charge had yet been brought + against him. +[165] _Sicuti_ is here used for _quasi_, _velut_, or _perinde ac si_, + 'as if.' +[166] This is the first of Cicero's speeches against Catiline, which + was delivered A.D. 6, Id. Novemb.; that is, on the 8th of November. +[167] 'When he had sat down;' that is, when he had finished his speech, + for those who spoke in the senate did so standing. +[168] The imprudence of this speech, independent of the audacious denial + of facts, consists in his boasting of his patrician descent, and in + the insinuation that Cicero, who was born in the municipium of + Arpinum, was only an alien at Rome, although in regard to political + rights there no longer was any difference between patricians and + plebeians, nor between the citizens of Rome and those of a + municipium. Respecting the construction of _opus est_, with the + ablative of a participle, see Zumpt, S 464, note 1. + +32. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit; ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod +neque insidiae consuli procedebant et ab incendio intellegebat urbem +vigiliis munitam, optimum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam +legiones scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent, nocte +intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque +Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus +rebus possent opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, +caedem, incendia aliaque belli facinora parent; sese propediem cum magno +exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, G. Manlius ex suo +numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis hujuscemodi: + +33. 'Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam +cepisse, neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab +injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate +feneratorum plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis[169] expertes +sumus; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti,[170] neque +amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere, tanta saevitia feneratorum atque +praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum[171] miseriti plebis Romanae, +decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt; ac novissime memoria nostra, +propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum +aere solutum est.[172] Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, +aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non +imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina +omnia inter mortales sunt, sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima +simul amittit.[173] Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris +civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; +neve nobis eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime +ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus.' + +[169] The adjective _expers_ here is joined in the same sentence with two + different cases; this is an unusual construction, though _expers_ may + be joined with the genit. as well as with the ablat. See Zumpt, + S 437, note 1. +[170] From what he quotes as the substance of the law, we see that he + means the lex Papiria Poetelia, which had been passed in B.C. 326, + and according to which the property of a debtor served as a security + to the creditor, while his person or his personal liberty could not + be touched. +[171] _Vestrum_; it would be more in accordance with the common usage to + say _vestri_, but the genitive of the personal pronoun also may be + used. See Zumpt, SS 424 and 431. +[172] Literally, 'the borrowed silver was repaid in copper;' that is, + instead of the ordinary silver coin, the sestertius, the value of + four copper ases, only one copper as was paid. By this means debtors + gained three-fourths of the capital they had borrowed. This reduction + of debts took place in B.C. 86, during the ascendancy of the Marian + party. +[173] _Amittit_; that is, _missam facit_, _dimittit_ or _omittit_, 'he + gives up.' + +34. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit: 'Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab +armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur; ea mansuetudine atque +misericordia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam +ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At Catilina ex itinere plerisque +consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras mittit: 'Se falsis +criminibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere +nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam[174] in exilium proficisci: non +quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti res publica quieta foret, +neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas litteras +Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas +dicebat; earum exemplum infra scriptum est: + +[174] _Massilia_ (the modern Marseilles) was a free and independent city, + leagued with the Roman people by treaty. It had been founded about + the year B.C. 600, by Greek emigrants from Phocaea in Asia Minor. As + Massilia thus was not subject to the civil law of Rome, the Romans + who withdraw from the laws of their own country--that is, who went + into exile--might choose that city as a safe place of residence, + without fear of being delivered up to their own country. + +35. 'L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides re cognita, grata mihi, in +magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem +defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare, satisfactionem ex nulla +conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi,[175] quam mediusfidius[176] veram +licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris +industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam,[177] +publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non quin aes +alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et alienis +nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret;[178] +sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa +suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam.[179] Hoc nomine[180] satis honestas +pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura +quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari.[181] Nunc Orestillam +commendo tuaeque fidei trado: eam ab injuria defendas per liberos tuos +rogatus. Haveto.'[182] + +[175] Catiline writes that he will not undertake a detailed defence of + his new design of taking up arms, but he says that he wishes to + justify himself in regard to one point, and that merely because he + is not conscious of any criminal act. _Satisfactio_ is nearly the + same as _defensio_, but less formal. A man defends himself against + opponents, but before friends he merely gives an explanation, whereby + they may be gained over to his side. _Ex nulla conscientia_, 'in + consequence of his not being conscious of guilt.' The expression is + rather harsh and artificial, and seemingly in Catiline's own style + of writing. +[176] _Medius fidius_, the same as _mehercules_. See Zumpt, S 361. +[177] 'I could not maintain the position of my dignity;' that is, I could + not maintain my position in society after my enemies had deprived me + of the consulship. +[178] 'Not as if I could not pay my own debts out of my property, since + Orestilla has paid even other persons' debts out of her own purse;' + she would accordingly have done the same much more for me, her + husband. _Aes alienum meis nominibus_ is the same as _meum ipsius + aes alienum_, 'debts on my own account.' _Nomen_, in money + transactions, is something put down to a person's account. Hence + _aes alienum alienis nominibus_ is the same as _aliorum debita_, + 'other persons' debts,' _aes alienum_ being understood from the + preceding clause. +[179] 'I felt that I had become estranged by false suspicions,' namely, + 'from the Roman people,' who confer the honours which have been + obtained by unworthy persons. +[180] _Hoc nomine_, the same as _ideo_, 'accordingly,' 'for this reason.' +[181] This is said in allusion to the consul Cicero, as if he had + intended to arrest Catiline, and imprison him. Catiline evidently has + recourse to this expedient for the purpose of avoiding his awkward + explanation. They are hollow phrases about honour, the republic, + and persecution, and well suited to the ruined circumstances of that + nobleman. +[182] _Haveto_. It is much more common to use this word in meeting a + person, while _vale_ is the ordinary expression in parting from a + friend. + +36. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud G. Flaminium in agro +Arretino,[183] dum vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum +fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. +Haec ubi Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes +judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude[184] +liceret ab armis discedere praeter[185] rerum capitalium condemnatis. +Praeterea decernit, uti consules delectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu +Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi +imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile visum est, cui quum ad +occasum ab ortu solis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque +divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui +seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent.[186] Namque +duobus senati decretis ex tanta multitudine neque praemio inductus +conjurationem patefecerat neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium +discesserat; tanta vis morbi uti tabes plerosque civium animos invaserat. + +[183] _In agro Arretino_, 'in the territory of Arretium,' in the heart + of Etruria, near the lake Trasimenus. +[184] _Sine fraude_, 'without injury'--that is, without the fact that + hitherto they had been with Manlius, drawing any punishment upon + them. +[185] _Praeter_, adverbially for _praeterquam_; but he might also have + used _praeter_ as a preposition: _praeter--condemnatas_. +[186] _Perditum irent_. See Zumpt, S 669. + +37. Neque solum illis aliena[187] mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis +fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta +probabat. Id adeo[188] more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, +quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis[189] invident, malos extollunt, vetera +odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student, turba +atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur; quoniam egestas facile habetur[190] +sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero[191] praeceps ierat multis de +causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime +praestabant, item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremo +omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in +sentinam[192] confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod +ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, ut +regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis foret, +ex victoria talia sperabat. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum +mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus +excita[193] urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerat; eos atque alios +omnes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, +malis moribus, maxima spe, rei publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.[194] +Praeterea quorum,[195] victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, bona erepta, +jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo belli eventum +expectabant. Ad hoc quicunque aliarum atque senatus partium erant, +conturbari rem publicam quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo malum +multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. + +[187] _Aliena_; supply _a republica_. +[188] _Adeo_ renders the sentence emphatic, 'nay, the common people + seemed to do this even according to their custom.' _Adeo_ in this + sense is always preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. See Zumpt, + S 281. +[189] _Boni_. In the political signification of this word, the ideas of + quiet conduct, aversion to innovations, and acquiescence in the + actual state of things, are combined with solid wealth. The reason + of this is easily perceptible; for he who possesses property, dreads + every change, and supports the existing state of things. A still + more decided political meaning is implied in the term _optimates_, + which denotes the party in the state which we now call Conservative, + but at Rome it implied at the same time the idea of 'faction,' and of + a tendency to occasional violence. +[190] 'Poverty (that is, poor people) maintains itself, or continues in + all disturbances without suffering any loss;' for he who has nothing, + cannot sustain any loss. +[191] _Ea vero_, 'this in particular. _Vero_ indicates the transition to + that circumstance, which in the present case is of the greatest + importance. Compare Zumpt, S 348, note. +[192] _Sentina_ properly signifies the sediment which, in a vessel filled + with water, sinks to the bottom. Hence 'the residue,' or the place + where all that is bad or impure is collected. +[193] The largesses in money and provisions with which the state + supported the needy population of the capital, and by which private + persons, anxious to gain partisans, catered numbers of clients, + attracted to Rome many people from the country: the city plebs was + thus constantly increasing. +[194] 'They were as much concerned about the good of the state as about + their own good'--that is, just as little. +[195] Connect _quorum_ with _parentes_ and the following words, _bona_ + and _jus_. Sulla had excluded the sons of those whom he proscribed + from all public offices, and thus curtailed their rights of free + citizens. + +38. Nam postquam Gn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus[196] tribunicia +potestas restituta est, homines adolescentes summam potestatem nacti, +quibus aetas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem +exagitare, dein largiundo atque pollicitando magis incendere; ita ipsi +clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque +nobilitas senatus specie[197] pro sua magnitudine. Namque uti paucis +verum absolvam, post illa tempora quicunque rem publicam agitavere, +honestis nominibus, alii sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars quo[198] +senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua +quisque potentia certabant; neque illis modestia neque modus contentionis +erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant. + +[196] In B. C. 70, these consuls restored the power of the tribunes in + its full extent, after it had been greatly reduced by Sulla in + B. C. 81. The Roman people received this restoration of the tribunian + power with the greatest joy; but Sallust does not seem to approve of + it. +[197] _Senatus specie_; under the pretence of supporting the senate, the + _nobiles_ formed opposition to the tribunes, but in reality it was + for their own aggrandisement. +[198] _Quo_ for _ut eo_, 'that the authority of the senate might be the + highest in the state.' + +39. Sed postquam Gn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum +missus est, plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi +magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere, ipsi innoxii,[199] +florentes, sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem +in magistratu placidius tractarent.[200] Sed ubi primum dubiis rebus[201] +novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quodsi +primo proelio Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto +magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset; neque illis, qui +victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et +exsanguibus qui plus posset imperium atque libertatem extorqueret.[202] +Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio +profecti sunt; in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quem retractum +ex itinere parens necari jussit. Iisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti +Catilina praeceperat, quoscunque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos +credebat, aut per se aut per alios sollicitabat, neque solum cives, sed +cujusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret. + +[199] _Innoxius_ has a twofold meaning, one active, 'one who does no + harm' (_noxa_), and a passive, 'one who is not injured,' 'one to + whom no harm is done,' _qui non afficitur noxa_, and in this latter + sense it is used in this passage. +[200] 'In order that, when in office, they themselves might guide the + populace more gently,' since those who excited the multitude would + be kept in awe by the terror of the law. _Placidius_, 'without + harshness,' 'without severity,' harshness and severity being applied + only against the popular leaders. +[201] _Dubiis rebus_, the ablative absolute; _cum res dubiae essent_, + 'the state of affairs being dangerous.' +[202] 'A more powerful man would even have wrested their freedom from + them.' About _quin_, see Zumpt, S 542; and about the imperfect in the + sense of a pluperfect, S 525. + +40. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Allobrogum[203] +requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem belli, existimans +publice privatimque aere alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens +Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. +Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus +civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat; itaque sine mora, ubi primum +legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi +dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis sperarent. +Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, +quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem expectare: +'At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua +tanta ista mala effugiatis.' Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem +adducti Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur; nihil tam asperum neque tam +difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem +aere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum, D. Bruti perducit, quod foro +propinqua erat neque aliena consilii[204] propter Semproniam; nam tum +Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium accersit,[205] quo major +auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesente conjurationem aperit, nominat +socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus +amplior[206] esset; deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit. + +[203] The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lacus Lemannus and the + Rhone as far south as the Isara. They were subject to Rome, but, with + a certain degree of independence, they governed themselves within + their own country. Their chief towns were Vienna and Geneva. +[204] _Aliena consilii_. See Zumpt, S 470. +[205] Respecting the orthography of _accersit_, see Zumpt, S 202. +[206] _Magnus animus_ is the usual Latin expression for 'courage,' and + _amplior_ is the same as _major_. + +41. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In +altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe +victoriae, at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe +certa praemia. Haec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicae. +Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem +omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, +legatis praecepit, ut studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros +adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos +habeant.[207] + +[207] Manifestum habeo aliquem, 'I catch a person in the act,' so that he + can be convicted of his crime by unexceptionable evidence. + +42. Iisdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore,[208] item +in agro Piceno, Bruttio,[209] Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante +Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul +agebant; nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, +festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo +numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consulto, causa +cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia G. Murena, qui +ei provinciae legatus[210] praeerat. + +[208] _Gallia citerior_ is Gaul south of the Alps, or the province of + Cisalpine Gaul. _Gallia ulterior_ is Gaul north of the Alps, as + far as the Cebenna mountains. The part of modern France beyond those + mountains was not yet subject to Rome, but became a Roman province by + the conquests of Caesar. +[209] _Bruttium_ is the peninsula of Italy, which extends towards Sicily. + It was a mountainous country with many forests. +[210] He was legate to his brother L. Murena, who had then already left + the province of Gaul, being a candidate for the consulship for the + year B.C. 62, which he obtained. + +43. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes conjurationis erant, +paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, constituerant, uti quum Catilina in +agrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset. L. Bestia tribunus plebis +contione habita quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi +invidiam optimo consuli imponeret; eo signo[211] proxima nocte cetera +multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed[212] ea +divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu +duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior +aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret; +Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem +alium; sed filii[213] familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, +parentes interficerent, simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus, ad +Catilinam erumperent. Inter haec parata atque decreta[214] Cethegus +semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum; illos dubitando et dies prolatando +magnas opportunitates corrumpere, facto, non consulto, in tali periculo +opus esse, seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in +curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum +bonum in celeritate putabat. + +[211] _Signum,_ in military phraseology, is the visible or audible signal + for a movement which the army is to execute. The attack of the + tribune of the people on Cicero during his address to the people was + to be the signal. 'After this signal had been given' (_eo signo_), + _dato_ being understood. _Conjurationis_ for _conjuratorum_. +[212] _Sed_. According to ordinary Latinity, the sentence ought to have + been introduced by _autem_; see Zumpt, S 348, note. But it must be + observed that in the historical style of Sallust _sed_ very + frequently expresses not only opposition, but also mere transition + from one thing to another, which seems to be an affectation of + simplicity. +[213] The idea expressed by _filius familias_ is 'a son who is not yet + independent, who has not yet a household of his own.' +[214] _Inter haec_, &c.; that is, _dum haec parantur atque decernuntur_. + +44. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros +conveniunt;[215] ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant +jusjurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant; aliter haud facile eos ad +tantum negotium impelli posse. Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; Cassius +semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe +proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem +mittit, ut Allobroges prins quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina data atque +accepta fide societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad +Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: 'Qui[216] sim ex eo, +quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et +memineris te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent; +auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.'[217] Ad hoc mandata verbis +dat: 'Quum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia +repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse propius +accedere.' + +[215] _Conveniunt_, with the accusative. See Zumpt, S 387. +[216] _Qui_ for _quis_. See Zumpt, S 134, note. +[217] He means to say, 'even from the slaves, who, as is now seen, have + not been received by Catiline into his army.' + +45. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero +per legates cuncta edoctus,[218] L. Valerio Flacco et G. Pomptinio +praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio[219] per insidias Allobrogum +comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur, +cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines +militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, +occulte pontem obsidunt.[220] Postquam ad id loci[221] legati cum +Volturcio venerunt et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito +cognito consilio, sine mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, +cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde ubi a +legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinium obtestatus, +quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut +hostibus[222] sese praetoribus dedit. + +[218] _Cuncta_. Respecting this accusative, see Zumpt, S 391, note 1. +[219] _Pons Mulvius_, a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from + the city, outside the porta Flaminia. It still exists under the name + of ponte Molle, and is passed by all travellers who go from Rome to + the north. +[220] _Obsidunt_. For this verb, see Zumpt, S 189, under _sido_. +[221] _Ad id loci_; that is, _ad eum locum_. +[222] He betrayed his treasonable designs even by surrendering to the + public authorities, as if they were a foreign and hostile power, and + by praying them to spare his life. + +46. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuntios consuli +declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere; nam +laetabatur intellegens conjuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam +esse, porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civibus +deprehensis, quid facto opus esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, +impunitatem perdundae rei publicae[223] fore credebat. Igitur confirmato +animo vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, item +quendam Caeparium Tarracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia +proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Caeparius paulo ante domo +egressus cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod +praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum[224] perducit; reliquos cum +custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque +frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit, Flaccum +praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre +jubet. + +[223] See Zumpt, S 662. +[224] The meeting of the senate was held in the Temple of Concord, + close by the Forum. Temples were often used instead of the Curia + Hostilia, which was the regular place for the senate to assemble in. + Lentulus was taken to the senate by the consul himself; the others + were conducted thither by guards, to be brought before the assembly + after the business had been opened. + +47. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut +qua de causa consilii habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de +conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est,[225] omnia, uti +gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Caepario +socium ascitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; tantummodo audire +solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Ser. Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos +praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum +dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere +solitus erat; ex libris Sibyllinis[226] regnum Romae tribus Corneliis +portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret +urbis potiri;[227] praeterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum +annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices[228] respondissent bello civili +cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua +cognovissent, senatus decernit, uti abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque +ceteri in liberis custodiis[229] habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo +Spintheri, qui tum aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius G. +Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga +retractus erat) Gn. Terentio senatori traduntur. + +[225] 'He was ordered to make his statement on the ground of the promise + made to him, on behalf of the state, that he should not be punished.' + Sallust might have used the more complete expression, _fide publica + data_ or _accepta_; but such expressions are to be completed by the + sense rather than by any grammatical ellipsis. +[226] _Sibylla_ is the ancient Greek name for a prophetic woman; and at + Rome prophecies and counsels (_libri Sibyllini_) were kept in the + Capitol which were believed to have been given as early as the time + of the kings by a Sibyl of Cumae. They contained information about + festivals, sacrifices, and other religious observances, and the + means by which calamities which threatened the state might be + averted. They were under the superintendence of a special college + of priests, by whom alone they were consulted, on the command of + the senate, in cases of public distress or apprehension. This college + was called at different times, according to the number of its + members, _duoviri_, _decemviri_, or _quindecemviri sacrorum_. +[227] The _gens_ Cornelia comprised a large number of families, such + as the Scipios, Dolabellas, Merulas, Sullas, Cinnas, Cethegi, and + Lentuli. L. Cinna, by repeated consulships, and as the leader of + the Marian party, obtained the highest power at Rome after the + death of C. Marius, but was slain in B.C. 84 by his own soldiers, + whom he intended to lead against L. Sulla. Sulla, after having + been consul as early as the year B.C. 88, became dictator in B.C. 82. + Respecting the expression _urbis potiri_, see Zumpt, S 466. +[228] _Haruspices_ were the interpreters of the signs which were + believed to be contained in the entrails of victims sacrificed to the + gods, as well as of the phenomena in the atmosphere (_monstra_), and + other occurrences in nature, which seemed to be contrary to the + ordinary course of things. The system of this kind of superstition + had been principally developed by the ancient Etruscans, and the + haruspices engaged in the state religion of the Romans were generally + natives of Etruria; and the Romans, owing to the uncertainty of their + knowledge of things divine, dreaded this kind of superstition rather + than practised it. +[229] _Libera custodia_ is opposed to the _carcer publicus_, in which + the prisoners were treated like slaves, and kept in chains. There + were at Rome no prisons for those persons whose guilt was not yet + established, or whose punishment consisted merely in confinement; but + private persons, or the relatives of the accused, were obliged to + keep the person of a criminal in their own houses, until the final + decision upon his offence was given by the ordinary courts of + justice. + +48. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum +novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari, +Ciceronem ad coelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque +laetitiam agitabat.[230] Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis quam +detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, immoderatum ac sibi maxime +calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu +corporis erant.[231] Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum +adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum +ajebant. Is, quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides +publica data esset, jussus a consule quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae +Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium +senatum docet; praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, +ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi[232] +terrerent, eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum +animos reficeret et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur. Sed ubi +Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa +potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars tametsi verum existimabant, +tamen quia in tali tempore[233] tanta vis hominis magis leniunda quam +exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii +conclamant indicem falsum esse, deque ea re postulant uti referatur.[234] +Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium +falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius +potestatem[235] faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam +rem esset mentitus. Erant eo tempore, qui aestimarent, indicium illud a +P. Autronio machinatum, quo facilius appellato Crasso per societatem +periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone +immissum ajebant, ne Crassus more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio rem +publicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem [236] audivi, +tantam illam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impositam. + +[230] Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the present or + imperfect, and _vice versa_, are not uncommon in Sallust. See + chapters 18, 23, 56, 58. +[231] _Erant_; according to the style of Cicero, it would be _essent_. + See Zumpt, S 565. +[232] For _deprehensio Lentuli et aliorum_, which would be more in + accordance with the usage of modern languages. +[233] _In tali tempore_. See Zumpt, S 475, note. +[234] They demanded that the consul should bring forward the matter, as + to whether the statement of Tarquinius was to be believed, in order + that the votes might be taken upon it. For without a special + _relatio_ by the magistrate authorised to make it (commonly the + presiding consul, but sometimes also a tribune of the people), no + senatus consultum could be made. +[235] _Potestatem_; supply from the context _indicandi_. +[236] _Praedicantem_. See Zumpt, S 636. + +49. Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso[237] neque precibus neque +gratia neque pretio Ciceronem impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut +alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves +inimicitias exercebat: Piso oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum +propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione +pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis honoribus usus, +ab adolescentulo Caesare victus[238] discesserat. Res autem opportuna +videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, publice maximis +muneribus[239] grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum +facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo atque ementiundo, +quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent,[240] magnam illi +invidiam conflaverant, usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui +praesidii causa eum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi +magnitudine seu animi mobilitate[241] impulsi, quo studium suum in rem +publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. + +[237] These two leaders of the party of the optimates had been consuls, + Catulus in the year B.C. 78, and C. Piso in B.C. 67; and Catulus had + also been censor in B.C. 65. Both were enemies of Caesar, who had + defeated Catulus in his canvas for the office of pontifex maximus, + and had caused a judicial inquiry to be instituted against Piso, + about the manner in which he had conducted the proconsular + administration of Gaul. Caesar was even then considered as the leader + of the popular party, and as an opponent of the senate and its + influence in the constitution. +[238] It was at that time that Caesar, on going from home to the + elective assembly, said to his mother, 'To-day you shall see your + son either as pontifex, or you shall never see him again.' Caesar, + however, is here called an _adolescentulus_ only in comparison + with the aged Catulus, for he was at that time thirty-six years old. +[239] 'In public life by the greatest exhibitions;' for _munera_ are + exhibitions by means of which a private person, and still oftener a + magistrate, endeavoured to win the favour of the people. As regards + Caesar, that which is said here refers to the brilliant exhibitions + in his aedileship, and the games which he gave while invested with + that office. But he had thereby got so deeply into debt, that when, + after his praetorship--with which he was invested in B. C. 62, the + year after the Catilinarian conspiracy--he wanted to leave Rome to go + to his province of Spain, he was kept back by his creditors; and + he was not allowed to depart until M. Crassus had given security + for him. +[240] _Dicerent_. Respecting this subjunctive, see Zumpt, S 551. +[241] _Mobilitas animi_, 'irritability,' or that state of mind which is + easily excited, or upon which it is easy to make an impression. + _Clarius esset_ is an explanation of _gladio minitarentur_. + +50. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatis Allobrogum et T. Volturcio, +comprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex +clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in +vicis ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim exquirebant duces +multitudinum,[242] qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus +autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in +audaciam, orabat, ut grege facto cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, +ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus +monebat, convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui in +custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat +contra rem publicam fecisse.[243] Tum D. Junius Silanus, primus +sententiam rogatus,[244] quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de +his, qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, +P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum +decreverat; isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in +sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum[245] se dixerat, quod de ea re praesidiis +additis referundum censuerat.[246] Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, +rogatus sententiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est: + +[242] _Multitudines_; that is, _catervae, factiones_, crowds or bands of + men united for the purpose of creating disturbances among the people. +[243] This is the customary form of condemnation in a decree of the + senate, whereby it is declared that a wrong has actually been done + to the state, or that an attempt has been made upon the constitution. + The verdict of 'guilty,' therefore, had been pronounced by the + senate itself. +[244] _Sententiam rogatus_. See Zumpt, S 393, note 1. +[245] He had declared that at the voting, which took place after the + members of the senate had expressed their opinions, he would vote + for the opinion of Tib. Nero; for the voting took place by a division + (_discessio_), only one proposal being voted upon at a time, so + that those who supported it separated from those who did not support + it, but intended to vote for any other opinion (_alia omnia_). +[246] This opinion then aimed only at an adjournment of the matter. + Its issue was to be waited for; but in the meantime, the posts of + guards were to be strengthened, and a fresh proposal was to be made + respecting the punishment of the prisoners. The Tib. Nero here + mentioned is the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, who was raised + to the imperial throne in A. D. 14, in the fifty-sixth year of his + age. + +51. 'Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab +odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile +animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini +simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si libido possidet, +ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi, +P. C., quae reges atque populi ira aut misericordia impulsi male +consuluerint;[247] sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra +libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum +rege Perse[248] gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quae +populi Romani opibus creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit; sed +postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis +divitiarum magis quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos +eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Karthaginienses et +in pace et per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi +per occasionem talia fecere; magis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in +illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est, +P. C., ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra +dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna +poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitude +sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus +comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententiam dixerunt, +composite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt; quae belli +saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; rapi virgines, +pueros, divelli liberos a parentum complexu, matres familiarum pati, quae +victoribus collibuissent, fana atque domos spoliari, caedem, incendia +fieri, postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri. +Sed, per deos immortales, quo illa oratio pertinuit? an[249] uti vos +infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet[250] quem res tanta et tam, +atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. Non ita est; neque cuiquam +mortalium injuriae suae[251] parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo +habuere.[252] Sed alia aliis licentia est, P. C. Qui demissi in obscuro +vitam habent,[253] si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque +fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem +agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima +licentia est; neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime irasci decet; quae +apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas +appellatur. Equidem ego[254] sic existimo, P. C., omnes cruciatus minores +quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et +in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo +severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, quae +dixerit, studio rei publicae dixisse, neque illum in tanta re gratiam aut +inimicitias[255] exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi.[256] +Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis,--quid enim in tales homines +crudele fieri potest?--sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam +profecto aut metus aut injuria te subegit,[257] Silane, consulem +designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore supervacaneum est +disserere, quum praesertim diligentia clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta +praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus equidem dicere id quod res +habet;[258] in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non +cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque +curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quamobrem +in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos +animadverteretur?[259] An quia lex Porcia[260] vetat? At aliae leges item +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed exilium permitti jubent.[261] +An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis +grave est in homines tanti facinoris convictos? Sin, quia levius est; qui +convenit[262] in minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore +neglexeris? At enim[263] quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei +publicae decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus +moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, P. C., +quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta +sunt; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum +illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos +transfertur.[264] Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros[265] +imposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum +quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare; ea[266] populus laetari et +merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et +malos libidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute +oppressa stultae laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor +Sulla quum Damasippum[267] et alios hujusmodi, qui malo rei publicae +creverant, jugulare jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat? Homines +scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant, +merito necatos ajebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam uti +quisque domum aut villam, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus +concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum[268] numero esset. Ita +illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi +trahebantur; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit quam Sulla omnes suos +divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus +vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio +tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro +vero credi; ubi hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit, +quis illi finem statuet aut quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, P. C., +neque consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere, neque illis superbia +obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. +Arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis +pleraque[269] sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes +idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exequebantur, imitari quam +invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem imitati, +verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium +sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones +valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, tum lex +Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus[270] exilium damnatis +permissum est. Ego hanc causam, P. C., quominus[271] novum consilium +capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia major in +illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere quam in nobis, +qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere +exercitum Catilinae? Minime, sed ita censeo; publicandas eorum pecunias, +ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,[272] quae maxime opibus valent; +neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat; qui +aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salutem +omnium facturum.' + +[247] _Male consulere_, 'to form bad' or 'injurious resolutions.' +[248] _Perse_. Respecting the forms of this name, see Zumpt, SS 52, 54. +[249] _An_ must be explained by supplying another interrogation before + it, such as _alione?_ 'had that speech any other object, or had it + this one?' for _an_ is used only in the second part of a double + question. +[250] 'To be sure words will fire him on, whom the thing itself did not + move'--that is, words are sure not to rouse him whom the thing + itself did not move; for _scilicet_ has an ironical force. +[251] _Injuriae suae_, 'the injuries done to him.' +[252] 'Many have taken them more seriously to heart than was necessary.' + It is more common to say _gravius tulerunt_. The perfect, _habuere_, + in expressing a general truth, has the sense of a present, or rather + of a Greek aorist, denoting that which once happened, and still + continues to happen. Compare p.22, note 2 [note 68]. +[253] _Vitam habent_ for _vitam agunt_, which is more common. Sallust is + very fond of the verb _habere_ in certain phrases. See _Jug_. 10. +[254] _Equidem ego_ for _ego quidem_. See Zumpt, S 278. +[255] _Inimicitiae_. About this plural, see Zumpt, S 94. The singular + _inimicitia_ is not used at all. +[256] 'Such I know to be the character of the man.' +[257] _Subigere_ here, as in many other passages of Sallust, has the + meaning of _cogere, invitum impellere_ ('to force a person to + something'), followed by an infinitive instead of a clause with _ut_. +[258] _Id quod res habet_, 'that which is in the nature of the thing.' + Caesar hereby means to represent his opinion as philosophically + correct, and in accordance with nature. _Id quod_ belong together. +[259] Such had indeed been the custom in former times. The condemned + person, previous to being beheaded with the axe, was bound to a post + and scourged. This barbarous punishment continued to be inflicted + sometimes even at a later period, when it was expressly mentioned in + the verdict that the criminal should be punished _more majorum_. + _Animadvertere_ is the proper expression for the infliction of + bodily punishment by a lictor, who _has to pay attention to his + orders_; but it is also used of the person who gives the order, + and causes it to be carried into effect, just as _interficere_ + is said both of the executioner and the person who orders a man to be + put to death. +[260] This law, proposed by one Porcius, and passed by the people, + forbade the scourging of Roman citizens on the naked body; so that, + after the passing of that law, an execution consisted simply in + beheading a criminal with the sword; and if he was a soldier, + flogging took the place of scourging. The celebrated M. Porcius Cato, + about B. C. 160, recommended this bill to the people; but it was not + he who proposed it, but an unknown person of the name of Porcius, + probably a tribune of the people. +[261] There were no Roman laws forbidding capital punishment, or + substituting exile in its place, and for this reason Caesar does not + refer to any such law. He supports his view only by the circumstance + that, in all the more recent laws, especially in the criminal law of + Sulla, exile (_interdictio aquae et ignis_) was fixed upon as the + extreme penalty; and that according to the usual indulgence (not + sanctioned by any law), accused persons, if they denied being guilty, + and were defended by some one, remained in the enjoyment of their + freedom until the sentence was passed. Thus it happened that a + person, foreseeing his condemnation, might quit the Roman territory, + and take up his abode within the territory of some town or city where + the Roman law was not in force, and where the Roman state placed no + obstacles in his way. +[262] 'How is it consistent?' Respecting _qui_ for _quomodo_ or _quo + pacto_, see Zumpt, S 133, note. The _minus negotium_ is the + scourging, and the _majus negotium_ the execution. +[263] _At enim_ introduces an objection raised by the orator himself. + _At_ represents the objection, and _enim_ introduces an explanation + of it. See Zumpt, S 349. +[264] Caesar means to say that the present senate, which, as he + flatteringly says, consists of worthy men, will not abuse the power + of putting Roman citizens to death; but that a subsequent senate, + taking such an example as a precedent, might abuse its power. It + must be observed that the Roman senate possessed the power over the + life and death of citizens, not by virtue of legal enactments, but + only by ancient custom. This power legally belonged only to the + people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata, or to those to whom the + people expressly intrusted it--namely, the ordinary and extraordinary + courts of justice. It may seem surprising that Caesar does not + express himself more energetically against the right claimed by the + senate; but he would certainly have spoken in vain, for it was + every senator's interest that the power of the senate should be + recognised in its greatest extent, even though it should not be + exercised in every particular case. +[265] That is, the so-called thirty tyrants in the year B. C. 404. +[266] _Ea_; for this accusative, see Zumpt, S 385. +[267] _Damasippus_ was only a surname of the praetor M. Junius Brutus, + who in the year B. C. 82 put to death a great many Roman nobles of + the party of Sulla. +[268] Namely, by Sulla, after he had been made dictator. +[269] _Pleraque_; most of the ensigns and distinctions by which the + magistrates were distinguished from private persons, especially the + _toga praetexta_, _sella curulis_, _fasces_ (which were carried + by the lictors), and, above all, the splendid procession of the + _triumphatores_. +[270] _Legibus_ is here a pleonasm, and might have been omitted. We + must here repeat that Caesar makes an artful application of the + circumstance that, in all the late criminal laws, the _interdictio + aquae et ignis_ was fixed as the severest punishment, as if + thereby a person had been simply permitted to withdraw from the + republic. The _interdictio_ was a much more severe punishment, + inasmuch as the person on whom it was inflicted lost all his rights + as a citizen, and as every one was forbidden to receive him into his + house, so that he was a complete outcast. Wherever these regulations + were not carried into effect, and even in case a criminal made his + escape before the sentence was pronounced, we can see nothing but an + abuse of clemency. +[271] _Quominus_ is here used because the leading clause conveys the + idea of a hindrance; but _ne_ also might have been written. +[272] _Per municipia_, 'among the municipia.' See Zumpt, S 301. + +52. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie +assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi +orationem habuit: 'Longe mihi alia mens est, P. C., quum res atque +pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnullorum mecum ipse +reputo.[273] Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, +parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere; res autem monet cavere +ab illis magis quam, quid in illos statuamus, consultare. Nam cetera +maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt; hoc nisi provideris ne accidat, +ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores; capta urbe nihil fit reliqui +victis. Sed, per deos immortales, vos ego appello, qui semper domos, +villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rem publicam fecistis,[274] si +ista, cujuscunque modi sunt quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus +vestris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando et capessite rem +publicam.[275] Non agitur de vectigalibus neque de sociorum injuriis: +libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenumero, P. C., multa verba in +hoc ordine feci,[276] saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium +questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo; qui mihi atque +animo meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecissem,[277] haud facile +alterius libidini male facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi +pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat; opulentia neglegentiam +tolerabat.[278] Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus +vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum imperium, populi Romani sit, +sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra an nobiscum una hostium futura +sint. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat.[279] +Jampridem equidem[280] nos vera vocabula rerum amisimus, quia bona aliena +largiri liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur, eo[281] res +publica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent, +liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii; ne +illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et[282] dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, +bonos omnes perditum eant. Bene et composite G. Caesar paulo ante in hoc +ordine de vita et morte disseruit, credo falsa existimans ea, quae de +inferis memorantur, diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra, inculta, +foeda atque formidolosa habere. Itaque censuit pecunias eorum +publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos; videlicet timens, +ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis aut a multitudine +conducta per vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in +urbe et non[283] per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, +ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium +est, si periculum ex illis metuit; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non +timet, eo magis refert[284] me mihi atque vobis timere. Quare quum de P. +Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro certo habetote,[285] vos simul de +exercitu Catilinae et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos +attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit; si paululum modo +vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.[286] Nolite existimare, +majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse.[287] Si ita +res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque +civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. +Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi +industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque +delicto neque libidini obnoxius.[288] Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque +avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudamus divitias, +sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia +virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi +quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic[289] pecuniae aut +gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam[290] rem publicam. +Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam +incendere,[291] Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum +accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini +etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis?[292] +Misereamini censeo[293],--deliquere homines adolescentuli per +ambitionem,--atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et +misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in miseriam onvertet.[294] Scilicet +res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.[295] Immo vero[296] maxime; +sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini, +videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rem publicam saepe in +maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus +auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera +omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos +implores;[297] irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius +Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverat, necare jussit,[298] atque ille egregius adolescens +immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis +parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic +sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si +famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi +adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de +Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam[299] unquam pensi +fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si +mehercule peccato locus esset,[300] facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, +quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum +exercitu faucibus urguet:[301] alii intra moenia atque in sinu urbis sunt +hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis +properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum +civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii +et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia +aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, +de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum +supplicium sumendum.' + +[273] Cato says, '_When I consider the danger of our situation, I form + quite a different view_ from what I do when I reflect upon the + opinions expressed by some about the punishment of the criminals; for + the present danger demands energetic measures of defence, while some + of you are speaking only about the punishment of a crime already + committed. But such a view is incorrect, for we are still surrounded + by the greatest dangers.' +[274] _Pluris facere_, 'to esteem higher.' +[275] _Capessere rem publicam_, 'to take part in the administration of + the state,' or 'to devote one's self to its service.' +[276] _Verba facere_, 'to speak,' or 'to make a speech.' +[277] 'I who had never connived at any of my bad acts'--that is, I who + had never given way to my own weaknesses. About this subjunctive + expressing the reason why the orator does not allow the faults of + others to pass unnoticed, see Zumpt, SS 555, 558. +[278] 'The strength of the state bore the negligence' in restraining the + arbitrary proceedings in which individuals indulged. +[279] 'And here any one will speak to me of clemency and mercy!' alluding + to Caesar. The negative pronoun _quisquam_ is used because the + meaning implied is, that no one ought to have done so. See + Zumpt, S 709. +[280] _Equidem_ for _quidem_, as often in Sallust, but never in + Cicero. The meaning is: 'We have indeed (_quidem_) long since lost + the habit of calling things by their true names, but this erroneous + application of the word _mercy_ is not to be borne.' +[281] _Eo_; Cicero would have said _ea re_. +[282] Instead of _et_, the author might have used _neve_ (_neu_), since + from the preceding clause we have to supply _ne_ to _et_. This is not + a very common mode of speaking; but it occurs most frequently when, + after a negative clause, _et_ introduces a kind of antithesis, and + thus acquires the power of _sed_. +[283] _Et non_ corrects the untrue supposition, that there were no rebels + except at Rome. In such a case we can neither use _non_ without _et_, + nor _neque_. See Zumpt, S 334. +[284] 'If Caesar alone is unconcerned, it is more requisite (necessary + or important) that I should be concerned for me and for you.' About + _refert_, see Zumpt, SS 23, 449, note. +[285] _Habetote_; this future imperative denotes that something is to be + done when something else shall take place. Zumpt, S 583. +[286] The meaning is: 'All will be there immediately'--that is, they will + rise to make the attack. +[287] Cato means to say, 'It is a wrong opinion that our state has + become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the + most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater + than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the + activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and + it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.' +[288] _Obnoxius_, 'subject to a punishment,' or 'to be injured (_noxa_);' + hence, figuratively, 'bound,' 'dependent.' Our ancestors, says Cato, + could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not + crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate + desires and passions--a hint intimating that those who were in favour + of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free + from bad intentions. +[289] _Hic_--that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public + importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to + gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who + may be in your way. +[290] _Vacuam_--namely, _a defensoribus_, 'defenceless,' 'helpless.' +[291] _Incendere_, a free use of the infinitive for _ad patriam + incendendam_. +[292] A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative + particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, S 351, note. +[293] Ironically: 'I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and + dismiss the criminals.' The subjunctive without _ut_ depends upon the + verb _censeo_; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative. +[294] 'Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.' Respecting + _nae_, see Zumpt, S 360; and on the transitive sense of _vertere_, + S 145. +[295] The sentence beginning with _scilicet_ is again ironical. The + sense, without the irony, is: 'Nor can it be supposed that you + consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear. + You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.' +[296] _Immo vero_, 'oh no; on the contrary.' See Zumpt, S 277. +[297] Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, S 524, + note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be _implorabis_, without + altering the meaning. +[298] This statement differs in two points from the current tradition + of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly _Titus_, + and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts + have _Aulus_. Secondly, he did not show his severe military + discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin + war, which ended, in B.C. 340, with the subjugation of Latium. + Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and + to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word + _necare_ instead of _interficere_ or _occidere_. +[299] _Quidquam_ is stronger than _siquid_--that is, the expression of + the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis. +[300] 'If there were room for a mistake'--namely, in the resolution to be + come to. The meaning is: 'No time is to be lost, since, if you come + to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to + correct your decision.' +[301] 'Is upon our necks,' a figurative expression, properly applied to + a wrestler who seizes another by the throat. + +53. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars +sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios +increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati +decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa +audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra +praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta +negotia sustinuisset.[302] Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis +legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum +opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia +Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti +constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,[303] +eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. +Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica +magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac, +sicuti effeta parentum,[304] multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam +Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis +moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat, +silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin[305] utriusque naturam et +mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem. + +[302] 'What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.' + _Negotium sustinere_, 'to be able to carry out a business,' + representing the _negotium_ as a burden. +[303] Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the + circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of + individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world, + but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling + others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone + made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment + of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the + unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not + very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid + progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other + hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and + a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while + all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities. +[304] _Effeta parentum_, the same as _effeta parens_, 'a mother who has + had children, but can have no more.' Respecting the partitive + genitive (as in _aliqui militum_ for _aliqui milites_), see + Zumpt, S 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the + construction with which he began, and which ought to have been + continued thus: _Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit_, + for which he says, _Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit_. + This deviation from the construction may be explained still more + easily, if in our mind we add _facit_ to the words _sicuti effeta + parentum_, 'as is the case with an aged mother.' _Multis + tempestatibus_, 'during a long time.' The singular _tempestas_ in the + sense of 'time' is not uncommon, but the plural _tempestates_ in the + sense of 'periods of time' occurs only in Sallust in this passage, + and _Jug_. 73, 96, and 108. +[305] _Quin_ is used regularly for _ut non_ after a negative clause: + 'I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their + characters.' + +54. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere; magnitudo +animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.[306] Caesar beneficiis ac +munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine +et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. +Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam +adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies; +illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum +induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, +nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, +bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium +modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, +neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, +cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita +quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilium sequebatur.[307] + +[306] 'But the one a different one from the other.' The Latin custom of + repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said _alia_, + to use _alii_, which, strictly speaking, should be _alteri_, as he is + speaking of only two persons. +[307] 'The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of + itself,' so that _gloria_ must be supplied. + +55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit,[308] +consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo +spatio novaretur, III. viros[309] quae supplicium postulabat parare +jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit;[310] +idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod[311] Tullianum +appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes +humi depressus.[312] Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera +lapideis fornicibus vineta,[313] sed incultu,[314] tenebris, odore foeda +atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est +Lentulus, viridices rerum capitalium,[315] quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo +gulam fregere. Ila ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui +consulare imperium Romae habuerat,[316] dignum moribus factisque suis +exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo +supplicium sumptum est.[317] + +[308] _Dicessit_; that is, after the senate, a division having taken + place, had decided in favour of Cato's opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2 + [note 245]. +[309] Read _tresviros_; each one by himself was called _triumvir_ 'one of + the college of the three.' These officers belonging to the + magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison, + and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their + complete title was _tresviri capitales_. The singular, _triumvir_, + does not justify the plural _triumviri_, since the ordinary + grammatical laws require _tres viri_. In manuscripts, we usually had + _III. viri_. Compare Zumpt, S 124. +[310] The preposition _de_ in this compound adds to the idea of the + simple verb _ducere_, that of the place to which a person is led, + and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the + expression _domum deducere_, 'to take' or 'lead a person home.' +[311] _Locus, quod_. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun, + see Zumpt, S 372. +[312] The whole structure was called _carcer Mamertinus_, and its main + parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, _San Pietro + in carcere_. It is situated not far from the ancient _forum Romanum_, + to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to + Sallust's description, persons on entering had to go down a few + steps leading to the entrance of the _Tullianum_, a subterraneous + apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this + was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were + afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining _Scalae Gemoniae_. + The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullius + Hostilius. +[313] 'The roof is bound together by arches of stone,' to make it strong, + for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes. +[314] _Incultus_, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting 'want of + cleanliness,' 'the absence of care.' +[315] 'Punishers of capital offences' is only a paraphrase for + _carnifices_, 'executioners.' +[316] _Cornelius Lentulus_ had been consul as early as B.C. 71, but the + year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on + account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the + senate, he caused himself to become praetor a second time in this + year, B.C. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is + mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the + baseness of his character is attested also by other authors. +[317] The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was + Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian + rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina. + +56. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni copia,[318] quam et ipse +adduxerat et Manlius habuerat, duas legiones instituit, cohortes pro +numero militum complet,[319] deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis +in castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones +numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milibus[320] +habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis +instructa; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas,[321] +alii praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius[322] cum exercitu +adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in +Galliam versus castra movere, hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare; +sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii incepta +patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus[323] initio ad eum +magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum +suis rationibus existimans, videri[324] causam civium cum servis +fugitivis communicavisse. + +[318] A regular military force is more commonly called _copiae_, but + the singular, _copia_, also occurs in the sense of 'army,' especially + when it consists of an irregular mass of troops. +[319] _Cohortes complet_ cannot mean in this passage, 'he makes the + cohorts complete,' for such a completeness (consisting of at least + 420 men) is incompatible with the addition _pro numero militum_, + 'according to the number of his soldiers' in each cohort was not the + usual number of a complete cohort. _Complet_ refers to the number + of cohorts, ten of which made a legion. Translate therefore, 'he + makes the full number of cohorts.' +[320] _Duobus milibus_, Sallust might have said _duo milia_, with the + ellipsis of _quam_ so customary with _plus_, _amplius_, and _minus_. + See Zumpt, S 485. +[321] _Sparus_ is said to be a wooden kind of weapon, resembling a + shepherd's staff, turned at the top; and _lancea_ a spear with + a handle in the middle. Both these weapons were not used by Roman + soldiers, for the latter, besides the short and broad _gladius_, + used the _pilum_, as long as a man is high, and as thick as a + fist, the upper end of which was strongly provided with iron, and + sometimes the _hasta_, which was still longer, and had an + iron point. +[322] _L. Antonius_, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, B.C. 63. +[323] _Servitia, cujus magnae copiae_; a singular construction, which + cannot be explained otherwise than by taking _cujus_ as a neuter, + 'slaves, _of which_ large numbers flocked to him.' This explanation, + however, is supported by the consideration that slaves were regarded + as things, and were designated by names of the neuter gender, as + _servitia_, _mancipia_. In ordinary language, we should say _cujus + generis_, 'of which class of men.' +[324] _Videri_ for _se videri_, 'he thought it contrary to his interest + to appear to have maintained the cause of citizens with the aid of + runaway slaves.' Respecting the omission of the subject of the + infinitive when it is a personal pronoun, see Zumpt, S 605. + +57. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae conjurationem +patefactam, de Lentulo et Cethego ceterisque, quos supra memoravi, +supplicium sumptum; plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum +rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur; reliquos Catilina per montes asperos +magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem[325] abducit, eo consilio, uti +per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Transalpinam. At Q. Metellus +Celer cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate +rerum eadem illa existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. +Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movet ac sub +ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam +properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu +locis aequioribus expeditos in fuga sequeretur.[326] Sed Catilina +postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res +adversas, neque fugae neque praesidii ullam spem, optimum factu ratus, in +tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum +confligere. Itaque contione advocata hujuscemodi orationem habuit: + +[325] The territory of Pistoria, in the north of Etruria, not far from + Faesulae, and to the north of Florentia, is in the Apennines. The + regular road from Pisae to Genoa, and thence across the Alps into + Transalpine Gaul, ran along the sea-coast. Cisalpine Gaul was + likewise protected against Catiline by Metellus, so that he could + reach his goal (Transalpine Gaul) only by mountain passes. +[326] Antonius followed the bands of Catiline, which were not + inconvenienced by baggage, as they were fleeing (_in fuga_; that is, + _fugientes_). Antonius's army marched on smoother roads, but had + to carry heavier baggage. From all this, we see why Antonius, though + not far from the enemy, yet could not reach him. Respecting the + adverb _utpote_, see Zumpt, S 271. _Utpote qui_, 'the which,' is + used as a conjunction for _quippe qui_, generally with the + subjunctive, and indicates the cause of the preceding statement. + +58. 'Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non addere, neque ex +ignavo strenuum neque fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris +fieri. Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in +bello patere solet. Quem neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam +hortere; timor animi auribus officit.[327] Sed ego vos, quo pauca +monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis +equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque +cladem attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam +proficisci nequiverim.[328] Nunc vero quo in loco[329] res nostrae sint, +juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab urbe, +alter a Gallia obstant; diutius in his locis esse, si maxime animus +ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum egestas[330] prohibet. Quocunque ire +placet, ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo; uti forti atque +parato animo sitis et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis vos divitias, +decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque patriam in dexteris vestris +portare. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, municipia +atque coloniae patebunt; sin metu cesserimus, eadem illa adversa fient: +neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint. +Praeterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet; nos +pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum est pro +potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristinae +virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem agere; +potuistis nonnulli Romae amissis bonis alienas opes expectare: quia illa +foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec[331] sequi decrevistis. Si +haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus est; nemo nisi victor pace bellum +mutavit.[332] Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quis[333] corpus +tegitur, ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in proelio +iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent; audacia pro muro habetur. +Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes +victoriae tenet. Animus, aetas, virtus vestra me hortantur;[334] +praeterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes facit. Nam multitudo +hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustiae loci. Quodsi virtuti +vestrae fortuna inviderit, cavete,[335] inulti animam amittatis, neu +capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes +cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis.' + +[327] _Officere_ is properly 'to oppose,' 'obstruct,' _aliquid alicui + rei_; then omitting the object (_aliquid_) with the dative alone, 'to + be an obstacle to,' or 'to hinder,' therefore, _officia famae tuae_, + 'I oppose something to your fame.' 'Internal fear is a hindrance to + the ear,' so that admonitions are either not heard at all, or do not + penetrate into the mind. +[328] Catiline assigns the circumstance that he had expected aid and + succours from Rome itself, as the cause of his not having set out for + Gaul earlier, when he might have accomplished his end. _Opperior_, + 'I wait for,' or _expecto dum aliquis veniat_. +[329] _Quo in loco_, 'in which situation.' The preposition _in_ might + have been omitted. See Zumpt, S 481. +[330] _Egestas_, 'want,' with the genitive of the thing wanted, is of + rare occurrence for _inopia_ or _penuria_. _Egestas_ is commonly used + absolutely in the sense of 'poverty,' 'neediness.' +[331] _Haec_ is here used in the general sense of 'these circumstances;' + that is, this honourable but difficult war. This we must infer from + the _haec_ following. +[332] For the construction of _mutare_, see Zumpt, S 456. +[333] _Quis_ for _quibus_. _Ea_, not _id_. Zumpt, S 372. +[334] 'Give me courage,' or 'give me hope,' for _hortari_ is applied to + persons doing good things, and _admonere_ to persons doing bad ones: + _hortamur properantem, admonemus cunctantem_. +[335] _Cavete--amittatis, neu trucidemeni_ for _cavete, ne amittatis, + neve (neu) trucidemini_. See Zumpt, S 586. + +59. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa canere jubet,[336] atque +instructos ordines in locum aequum deducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis, +quo militibus exaequato periculo animus amplior esset, ipse pedes +exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter +sinistros montes et ab dextera rupe aspera,[337] octo cohortes in fronte +constituit, reliquarum signa[338] in subsidio artius collocat. Ab his +centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus +optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit.[339] G. Manlium in +dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare[340] jubet; ipse cum +libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit,[341] quam bello Cimbrico G. +Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius, +pedibus aeger,[342] quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato[343] +exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti[344] causa +conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. +Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut +meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris +atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta +tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in +exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea +commemorando militum animos accendebat. + +[336] _Canere_ is used in different ways: _tubicen canit signum_, 'the + trumpeter blows the signal;' _tubicen canit_, 'the trumpeter blows + (his instrument);' _signa canuntur_, 'signals are blown' or 'given;' + and lastly, _signa canunt_, 'the signals sound.' The last expression + is the one used in our passage. +[337] _Rupe aspera_, &c. 'For in accordance with the nature of the plain + between hills on the left-hand side, and on the right a rugged rock, + he drew up (only) eight cohorts in front.' A simpler construction + would have been _et rupem asperam a dextra_, but the manuscripts are + decidedly in favour of the ablative, which must be considered as an + ablative absolute, and as forming a distinct clause. Other editions + have the correction _rupis aspera_, 'the rough part of a rock' + (_aspera_ being the neut. plur.), but this is a poetical expression. + See Zumpt, S 435. +[338] Literally, 'The signals (_vexilla_) of the other cohorts he places + in the rear as a reserve, more closely together.' _Signa_ here + denotes the separate divisions of the troops; that is, the cohorts + and the three maniples in each cohort, which are distinguished from + one another by their flags or banners (_vexilla_). When an army was + drawn up in a spacious plain, a space was left between the several + divisions, but in this case, the plain being too narrow, there were + no such spaces. +[339] 'From among these who were drawn up as a reserve, he draws, for the + purpose of strengthening the van, all centurions, picked men (in + apposition), and the volunteers who had not been enlisted, as well as + the ablest of the common soldiers who were provided with arms.' The + word _lectos_ belonging to _centuriones_, shows that Catiline had + appointed to the office of centurions only chosen men who were + personally known to him as able soldiers. _Evocati_ were those + soldiers in a Roman army who did not serve in the ranks of the other + common soldiers, but as a separate corps, and were exempt from + the ordinary military duties of standing as sentinels, making + fortifications, foraging, and the like. They derived their name from + the fact that they were invited (_evocare_) by the general to serve + in the army as volunteers; they, moreover, were generally more + advanced in years than the regular troops. +[340] _Curare_, 'to command.' +[341] Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most + faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is, + the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates. + The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their + estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their + freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters. +[342] _Pedibus aeger_. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian + of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to + be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline. +[343] A _legatus_, in this sense (for it also means 'ambassador'), + supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the + _imperium_. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with + the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the + number of legions which they had under their command. The office of + legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy, + generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the + senate appointed them on the proposal of the commander-in-chief. + When there were several legates, the commander-in-chief might + intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the + commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate. +[344] _Tumulti_ for _tumultus_, as _senati_ for _senatus_. + +60. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes +paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum +est, unde a ferentariis[345] proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum +infestis signis[346] concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. +Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud +timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in +prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis +accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire; +strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius, +ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem +praetoriam[347] in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios +alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros +aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam +fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis +atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique +pugnans confoditur. + +[345] _Ferentarii_ are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with + javelins. +[346] The banners being turned hostilely against one another. Respecting + _cum_, see Zumpt, S 473; for we also find _infestis signis + concurrere_, without _cum_, as an ablative of the instrument. +[347] The _cohors praetoria_ was a battalion which, in forming an army, + was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the bodyguard + of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in + contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it + to be. Under the emperors, the _cohortes praetoriae_, nine or + ten in number--the emperors having several armies under their + command--formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of + Rome. + +61. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres,[348] quanta audacia +quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque +vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci +autem, quos medios[349] cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed +omnes tamen adversis vulneribus[350] conciderant. Catilina vero longe a +suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans +ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex +omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam[351] civis ingenuus +captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta[352] pepercerant. +Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam +adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut +graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut +spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, +pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos +cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus +atque gaudia[353] agitabantur. + +[348] 'There you might indeed have seen.' See Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[349] In the centre of the army where they were drawn up. +[350] _Adversa vulnera_, 'wounds in the breast,' or 'in the front part + of the body' generally. _Aversa vulnera_, on the other hand, are + 'wounds in the back,' such as are inflicted on cowards that run away. +[351] _Quisquam_ for ullus_. See Zumpt, S 676. +[352] _Juxta_, 'equally little.' They had spared the life of their + enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3 [note 194]. +[353] These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not + in the regular way, for _gaudium_ and _moeror_ denote a joyous and + sad state of mind, 'joy' and 'sadness;' _laetitia_ and _luctus_ at + the same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief. + Accordingly, _laetitia_ contrasts with _luctus_, and _gaudia_ with + _moeror_. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing + contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, S 783. + + * * * * * + +C. SALLUSTII CRISPI + +BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. + + * * * * * + +1. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi +brevis[1] forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque +majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,[2] magisque naturae industriam +hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae +mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,[3] +abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe +probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere +cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates +corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper[4] usus, ubi per +socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas +accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.[5] +Quodsi[6] hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio +aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa[7] petunt; neque +regerentur[8] magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis[9] +procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent. + +[1] _Aevi brevis_, 'of short duration.' _Aevum_, in the sense of _aetas_, + is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period; + whence the common expression _medium aevum_, 'the middle ages,' is + not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity. +[2] _Invenias_; supply _quam naturam humanam_. +[3] _Grassatur_, the same as _ingreditur_, 'advances towards;' but + _grassari_ has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence + it is often used to mark the progress of something bad. +[4] _Paulisper_, 'for a short time.' +[5] _Auctores_ contains a whole clause--'every one transfers his own + fault, _though he himself is the author of it_, to circumstances;' + that is, to the things which he himself has done. +[6] _Quodsi_, 'if, however.' Zumpt, S 807. +[7] 'And at the same time very dangerous.' In many cases one feels + inclined to assign to the adverb _multum_ the meaning of 'often,' + but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning. +[8] _Regerentur_; supply _casibus_. +[9] _Eo magnitudinis_; that is, _ad eam magnitudinem_, 'to that + greatness.' See Zumpt, S 434. + +2. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res +cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi[10] naturam +sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis +et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora +sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut +initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus +incorruptus[11] aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta +neque ipse habetur.[12] Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,[13] +qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt, +ceterum[14] ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura +mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim +tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur. + +[10] According to the common arrangement of words, it would be _alia + corporis, alia animi_; but Sallust abandons this order just because + it is common. For the same reason he prefers _alii--pars_ to + _alii--alii_. _Naturam corporis_ (or _animi_) _sequuntur_, 'they + follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and + mind.' Regarding the change of _anima_ into _animus_, it must be + observed that _anima_ is 'the soul,' the seat and basis of _animus_ + (mind), which is the activity of the _anima_. +[11] 'But the mind is not subject to corruption' (that is, to dissolution + and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix + in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually + expressed by adjectives ending in _ilis_ or _bilis_; as _invictus + miles_, an invincible soldier. +[12] 'The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;' that + is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase, + [Greek: echo, ouk echomai]. +[13] _Admirari_ signifies not only 'to admire,' but also 'to wonder,' at + anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense + it is the same as _mirari_. +[14] Respecting _ceterum _ as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt, + S 349. + +3. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum +publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate[15] cupiunda videntur; quoniam +neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,[16] +tuti aut eo magis honesti[17] sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut +parentes,[18] quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,[19] tamen +importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam, +aliaque hostilia portendant,[20] frustra autem niti,[21] neque aliud se +fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte[22] +quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido[23] tenet, potentiae paucorum decus +atque libertatem suam gratificari. + +[15] _Hac tempestate_, the same as _hoc tempore_. Sallust frequently uses + _tempestas_ in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints + in such dark colours--namely, the period after the murder of Caesar, + in B.C. 44--was an agitated and stormy one. +[16] 'Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,' + _quibus honos contigit_. +[17] _Honestus_, 'honoured,' or 'honourable;' for _honestus_ (from + _honor_) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office, + and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken + of were _honesti_ in the first, but not in the second sense. +[18] It might seem doubtful as to whether _parentes_ here means 'obeying + persons'--that is, subjects of the Roman state--or 'kinsmen,' + 'relatives.' We believe the latter to be the case, because to control + subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust + elsewhere also combines _patria et parentes_ (_Catil._ 6, _Jug._ 87), + thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal _civitas_, which is + to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen + by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word _importunus_ + properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or + tyrant. +[19] 'Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes + in the state'--whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government + may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been + the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with _quamquam_, + because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an + indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare + Zumpt, S 831, 3. +[20] _Portendere_ is here the same as 'to bring with one's self,' or 'to + be followed by.' It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes + in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at + the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of + injustice and crime. +[21] _Frustra niti_, 'to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements), + if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme + folly.' +[22] _Nisi forte_, 'unless perhaps'--which surely cannot be the case + with any sensible man. Respecting this use of _nisi forte_, + expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, S 526. +[23] _Libido--gratificari_, 'the inclination to gratify;' for _libido + tenet_ is only a paraphrase for _libet_. This statement is striking, + and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to + sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of + pleasing persons in power. + +4. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno +usui est memoria rerum gestarum:[24] cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, +praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam[25] quis existimet memet +studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi +procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen +inertiae imponant: certe, quibus[26] maxima industria videtur salutare +plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego +temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi +nequiverint,[27] et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint, +profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei +mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei +publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,[28] P. Scipionem, +praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum +majorum imagines[29] intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem +accendi. Scilicet[30] non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese +habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore +crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam +adaequaverit.[31] At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,[32] quin +divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque[33] industria cum majoribus +suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,[34] qui antea per virtutem soliti +erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis +artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi[35] praetura et +consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica +sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. +Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget +taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo. + +[24] _Memoria rerum gestarum_, 'the recording of events ;' that is, the + writing of history, the usefulness (_virtus_) of which is + acknowledged. +[25] The words _per insolentiam_ belong to _laudando extollere_, + and the meaning is, 'that no one may believe me to extol my own + occupation with excessive praise.' _Per insolentiam_ is the same as + _insolenter_, _per_ expressing manner. +[26] 'At least _those_ to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,' &c. + Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the + relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, S 765. +[27] 'And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a + distinction.' Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the + senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of + difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain + either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many + undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to + co-operate with whom was no honour. _Quae genera hominum_ refers to + the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and + even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious + upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in + the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J. + Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In + consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he + was justified in withdrawing from public life. +[28] That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who + distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War. + P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. + We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus + the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must + lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio. +[29] The images (_imagines_) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but + from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we + have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest + ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts + (portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule + office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax + portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the + illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices + with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at + public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep + alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits + of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily + appearance. +[30] _Scilicet_, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as + in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for _scire + licet_, 'one may perceive,' or 'it is self-evident,' and is + accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive. +[31] 'The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until + their merit had obtained the fame and glory' (namely, of those + ancestors). +[32] _His moribus_, 'in the present state of morality;' an ablative + absolute. +[33] Instead of _neque_, the author might have used _aut_, for both + particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt, + S 337. +[34] _Homines novi_, 'new men,' so called by the Romans, were those + persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices, + as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times, + Sallust says, such _homines novi_ distinguished themselves by their + ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party + strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls + _latrocinium_. +[35] _Proinde quasi_, 'just as if,' and afterwards _perinde habentur ut_, + 'they are considered as of equal value.' Compare Zumpt, SS 282 and + 340. + +5. Bellum scripturus sum,[36] quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege +Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit, +dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae +contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit, +uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed +priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad +cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.[37] Bello +Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem +nominis Romani[38] Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex +Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano[39] +cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara[40] rei militaris facinora +fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in +Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,[41] populus Romanus quascunque +urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae +bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem +fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa +fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit, +Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex +concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,[42] eodem cultu quo liberos suos +domi habuit. + +[36] Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation, + see Zumpt, S 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this + war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at + Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which + was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only + the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (_studiis + civilibus_), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and + afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of + the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the + greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome + at that time. +[37] The same meaning might have been expressed by _ut omnia ad + cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint_. See Zumpt, S 106. +[38] That is, 'after the Roman name had become great;' for in earlier + times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses, + especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself. + But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods. +[39] _Africano_. See Zumpt, S 421. +[40] About _et_ after _multa_, see Zumpt, S 756. +[41] _Magnum atque late_, the connection of an adjective and adverb is + somewhat singular--'the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one, + and had a wide extent;' for he possessed the whole of western + Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli, + while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe + of the Massyli. +[42] 'He had left him behind in a private station;' that is, he had not + appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But + his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa + had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the + royal family. + +6. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo +maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu[43] neque inertiae corrumpendum +dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum +aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus +esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras +primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui. +Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem +Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem +exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit, +vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat +eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi +cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,[44] quae +etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;[45] ad hoc studia +Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis +interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat. + +[43] _Luxu_ for _luxui_. See Zumpt, S 81. +[44] 'The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender + age of his children.' +[45] Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with + great mental powers) away from the right path. _Transversus_, 'that + which turns away to one side.' + +7. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque +insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat +Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum +objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello +Numantino[46] Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia +mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum +occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res +longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque +acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator +erat,[47] et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura, +praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam +claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis +maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis[48] est, et +proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum[49] ex +providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque +solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in +amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque +consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.[50] Huc accedebat +munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex +Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat. + +[46] 'In the war against Numantia.' Numantia was the capital of the + Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated + on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence + the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward, + into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This + city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own + independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken + and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of + Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the + modern Soria. +[47] _Qui tum erat_--that is, _quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant_. +[48] _Difficillimum in primis_, like _difficillimum omnium_; that is, the + most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in + difficulty. +[49] The one--namely, to be good in council--usually produces + timidity; the other--namely, to be bold in battle--rashness. + _Alterum--alterum_, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an + inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, S 700, note. +[50] _Erat_ for the usual subjunctive _esset_. + +8. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles, +quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,[51] factiosi domi, +potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non +mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, +fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem, +Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio +dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum +magnifice pro contione[52] Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto +monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret +neu quibus[53] largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod +multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,[54] ultro illi et +gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum +pecunia praecipitem casurum. + +[51] 'To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and + noble.' +[52] For the meaning of _pro_ in this and similar expressions, see + Zumpt, S 311. +[53] Not to make presents to individuals, _quibus_ being used for + _aliquibus_. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy + between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal + character. +[54] 'In his own mode of acting,' must be understood here of his + honourable mode of acting; though there are also _malae artes_, such + as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like. + +9. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum +sententia haec erat: 'Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus +fuit, qnam rem tibi certo[55] scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus +est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem +pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo +Masinissa.' Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris +imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus +flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est, +statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem +instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum +sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque +Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha +habuisse:[56] + +[55] _Certo scio_; we also find _certe scio_. See Zumpt, S 266, note. +[56] _Verba habere_ is sometimes used in the sense of _orationem habere_. + +10. 'Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in +meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob +beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.[57] Nam, ut alia +magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque +meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis +amicissimos[58] fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est, +postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. +Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni +fidem[59] moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, +beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere[60] +quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia +regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas; +officio et fide pariuntur.[61] Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut +quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis +regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia +parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos[62] +te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, +providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi +accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, +Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate[63] talem hunc virum, imitamini +virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam +genuisse.' + +[57] _Me falsum habuit_ for _me fefellit_. We remarked before (Cat. 51) + [note 253 above] that Sallust is fond of using _habere_ in certain + phrases. +[58] _Amicissimos._ See Zumpt, S 410. +[59] _Per regni fidem_, 'by the conscientiousness which is observed in + governing, and must be observed;' so that it is almost the same as + _per regiam fidem_, or _per fidem regum_, which kings owe to one + another. +[60] _Adjungere_; supply _tibi_, 'connect yourself with strangers,' as + opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his + friends and kinsmen. +[61] Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said _parantur_, + but _parere_ also occurs in other authors in the sense of _parare_, + or 'to acquire.' +[62] _Ante hos_, 'in preference to these.' +[63] _Observare_ has a sense similar to that of _colere_, 'to honour' and + refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially + in the external relations of social life. + +11. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse +longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa +paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice +fecerant, reguli[64] in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis +disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et +jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat, +despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,[65] ne medius ex tribus, quod +apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati +concederet fatigatus[66] a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est. +Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias +res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam +per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem +Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis +annis[67] adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus +Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo +tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo +habere,[68] quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius +procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum +perficere. + +[64] _Reguli_ may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young + kings--that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning. +[65] _Adherbalem assedit_, or _Adherbali assedit_, 'he sat himself down + at the right-hand side of Adherbal.' See Zumpt, S 386, note. There + accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of + Adherbal--that is, the least honourable of the three places. +[66] _Fatigatus_ is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to + be supplied (_precibus_); but without such an addition, _fatigare_ + signifies 'to importune a person with prayers and requests.' +[67] 'Within the last three years;' but as the author is here speaking + of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of + _ante triennium_, or _triennio ante_. +[68] _Cum animo habere_, the same as _cum_, or _in animo agitare_, + _volvere_, _reputare_. Here, again, we must attend to the use of + _habere_. + +12. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter +dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis +constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad +pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius +alio[69] concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo +utebatur, qui proximus lictor[70] Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper +fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque, +uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas[71] paret +(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se +ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti +doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes +irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes +interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu +omnia miscere; quum[72] interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio +mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae +caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt. + +[69] _Alius alio_, 'one in one direction, and the other in another.' See + Zumpt, S 289. +[70] _Proximus lictor_ is the one of the lictors who, when they precede + the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his + commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the + highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were + imitated at the courts of allied princes. +[71] _Claves adulterinae_, 'imitation keys.' +[72] Respecting the _quum_ in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded + by _interea_, or _interim_, see Zumpt, S 580. + +13. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur; +Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in +duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum +alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat, +urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae +imperare parat.[73] Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum +docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine +militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus +ex proelio profugit in provinciam[74] ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum +Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio +facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus +iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. +Itaque paucis diebus[75] cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit, +quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde +novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne +cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus +aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna +munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in +gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii +praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo[76] nitebantur, ne gravius +in eum consuleretur.[77] Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die +constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum +accepimus: + +[73] _Parat_, in the sense of _se parat_, 'he prepares himself,' or 'sets + about;' and thus _parare_ is not unfrequently used by Sallust + absolutely in the sense of _statuere_ and _instituere_. +[74] _Provincia_ here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the + territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the + towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was + gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs + to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia, + in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the + kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is + possessed by the French. +[75] _Paucis diebus_, 'within a few days;' that is, a few days after. + See Zumpt, S 480. +[76] _Singulos ambire_, 'to go about addressing individual persons,' has + at the same time the meaning of 'attempting to gain them over by + intreaties or promises.' +[77] 'That no severe decree might be passed against him,' _ne gravius + consilium in eum caperetur_. + +14. 'Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti +regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem[78] existimarem meam, ceterum jus +et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam +maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium[79] +loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, +munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, +Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,[80] sceleratissimus contempto +imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque +amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres +conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,[81] vellem potius ob mea +quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime +deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si +desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.[82] Sed quoniam parum tuta per se +ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,[83] Jugurtha qualis foret, ad +vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor +prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a +vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram +appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi +amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda +erat.[84] Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem +Masinissae[85] frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil +causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, +fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes +expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi[86] prohibere injuriam neque +pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus +sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus +una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi +erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu +me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,[87] ut, quem tu +parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis +tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit![88] semperne +in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, +jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes +omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti +pacem agitabamus, quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos +jussissetis.[89] Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia, +scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo +suo[90] interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post, +ubi me iisdem dolis non quit[91] capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum +expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,[92] domo, +inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius[93] quam in meo +regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem +audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos +multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos[94] esse. Quod +in familia nostra fuit,[95] praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset +vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres +conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham, +beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, +alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum +infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti +necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,[96] +propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros +alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars +bestiis objecti sunt;[97] pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in +tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.[98] Si +omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,[99] +incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos +implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et +injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque +omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?[100] +nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam +infesti sunt?[101] An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum +hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui +aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres +conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne +foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia +fore; si huic imperio[102] fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse. +Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda[103] et +obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum +illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita +transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare[104] +vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me +verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam[105] +illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec +simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales +rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox +atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem +nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas +reddat.[106] Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo +et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,[107] tamen laetandum magis quam +dolendum puto casum tuum;[108] non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium, +egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul +amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, +rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias +persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque +potestas ex opibus alienis[109] pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis +honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis +injuriae concessissem.[110] Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet +sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos[111] atque parentes +vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam +injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et +sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.'[112] + +[78] Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to + him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome--the + language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself + to the protection of the senate. +[79] _Affines_ are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas + _cognati_ are relations by blood. +[80] _Sustinere_ is here the same as _ferre_. +[81] 'As I was to come to such misery;' that is, as it had been ordained + by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, S 498. +[82] Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in + consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors; + he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable + that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in + want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he + requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter + sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out--namely, his + wish to have done good services (_beneficia_) to the Romans. _Vellem_ + in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the + infinitive (_posse_, to which _me_ is to be supplied, and _beneficia + deberi_), and then by a clause with _ut_ (_uti;_ that is, + _ut--uterer_). _Secundum ea_, 'next to,' or 'next after this,' + according to the etymology of _secundum_ from _sequor_. +[83] _In manu fuit_, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; _in + manu alicujus est_, 'it is in a person's power.' +[84] 'At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so + desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and + trustworthiness.' +[85] 'Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.' _Me_ in this + sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first + _progeniem_, and then _nepotem Masinissae_. +[86] Observe the unusual combination _Romani populi_ for _populi Romani_, + which is to be explained by the fact, that here _Romani_ is the more + emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other + nations. +[87] 'O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good + services led!' For the accusative _me miserum_, see Zumpt, S 402; and + for the double suffix in _hucine_, S 132. +[88] 'Never, then, will our family be at peace!' an exclamation to which + afterwards an interrogative sentence with _ne_ is appended. The + former also might have been expressed by _numquamne ergo_, &c. +[89] The subjunctive _jussissetis_ indicates a repeated action. See + Zumpt, S 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war + and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the + allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom + the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not + long since, the Numantines. +[90] 'Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.' Respecting + this use of the pronoun _idem_, when the two predicates are added to + one subject, see Zumpt, S 697. +[91] _Non queo_; that is, _nequeo_, or _non possum_. +[92] _Extorris_ (from _terra_), as _exsul_ from _solum_, 'homeless.' + Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt, + S 468. +[93] _Tutius_; the adjective _tutior_ also might have been used. + Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, S 365. +[94] _Maxime tutos_; that is, _omnium tutissimos_. +[95] 'Whatever was in the power of our family;' _quod per familiam + nostram stetit_. +[96] This inserted clause belongs to the following _propinquus_. The + demonstrative _id_ (or _is_) is omitted, and the relative clause + precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, SS 765, 813. +[97] _Pars--pars_; that is, _alii--alii_; whence the verb is in the + plural. +[98] _Exigere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, but implying a long and sorrowful + life. +[99] 'Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.' + The neuter _necessaria_ also comprises the persons who are termed + _necessarii_, 'persons connected by ties of relationship or + friendship;' such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of + the speaker. +[100] 'Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?' + Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes + from Sallust _quo accidam?_ 'whither shall I turn myself for + assistance?' but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this + passage. +[101] He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and + had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially + the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of + Mauritania. +[102] Sallust might have said _hujus imperii_, but he prefers the dative, + which is a dativus incommodi. +[103] _Secundus_, 'favourable,' according to its derivation from + _sequor_, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the + general sense of 'assisting,' or 'devoted to.' +[104] _Fatigare_, 'to importune a person with prayers.' See note chap. 3. +[105] _Quodutinam_ connects this sentence in an animated manner with the + preceding, otherwise _utinam_ alone might be used. 'Yes, would that I + could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.' +[106] _Nae ille--reddat_; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence + forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: 'would that I could see + him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened + their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for + his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.' + The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same + tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future + indicative. See Zumpt, S 524, note. +[107] 'Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity, + and by a person who should have done it least of all.' _Unde_, + the more general relative, is here used for _a quo homine_. In like + manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant + _unde petitur_; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded. +[108] _Doleo_, 'I grieve at,' is construed with _de_, as _de casu tuo_, + with the ablative alone, _casu tuo_, and also as a transitive verb + with the accusative, _doleo casum tuum_. _Laetari_ here follows the + construction of _doleo_, for it is generally followed by _de_, or the + ablative alone. See Zumpt, S 383. +[109] Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends + upon the power of Jugurtha. +[110] Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may + terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in + contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these + things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares + for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must + live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts + of the senators, expressed as they are by a king. +[111] _Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros_. The words _per liberos_ + belong together; to _vos_ supply _oro_. See Zumpt, S 794. Adherbal + intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha + has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others + read _per vos per liberos vestros_; but this is wrong, and the + repetition of _per_ is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves, + but by something that is dear to them. +[112] _Tabescere_, 'to waste away,' 'perish;' the proper meaning is, 'to + be consumed by some disease.' + +15. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis +quam causa freti, paucis respondent: 'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab +Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara +superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab +senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu +verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.'[113] Deinde utrique curia +egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea +magna pars gratia depravata,[114] Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae +virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro +alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra +pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum +Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex +omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus +potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is +postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in +tali re solet, ne polluta licentia[115] invidiam accenderet, animum a +consueta libidine continuit. + +[113] _Ante facta_, &c. It would have been more common to say _factis + suis anteponerent_. In Cicero, _ante_ is not used to denote + preference as in Sallust, _Cat._ 53: _Graeci ante Romanos fuere_ for + _Graeci Romanis praestabant_. +[114] According to Sallust's mode of speaking, we should have expected + _depravati_, _pars_ being only another form for _alii_. But nothing + can be said against the grammatical agreement _pars depravata_, it + being that form which, according to grammar, should be used. +[115] Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes + from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to + stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. _Licentia_ is the + conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and + accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen + disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men + (_pollutus_) is here transferred to _licentia_. Sallust describes + Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was + twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious + to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much + as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means + to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related + hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by + Jugurtha, and Adherbal's flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116, + a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes + on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military + undertaking. + +16. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam +anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa +obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis +princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia +consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam +nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.[116] Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in +inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando +multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,[117] postremo omnibus suis rebus +commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus, +plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione, +quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, +Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae +portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.[118] + +[116] Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had, + with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of + G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory, + several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy + to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility. + Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from + the narrative of Sallust. +[117] _Fide_ for _fidei_. See Zumpt, S 85, note 3. +[118] _Possedit_, 'he took possession of.' The present _possideo_ only + means 'to possess;' but the past tenses, _possedi_, _possessum_, at + the same time have the meaning of 'taking possession,' as if they + were formed from a present _possido_, _possidere_. Compare the + similarly-formed compounds of _sido_, _sidere_, in Zumpt, S 189. + +17. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes, +quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca +et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus +frequentata[119] sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera +quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte +tertia[120] Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed +Africam in Europa.[121]Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et +Oceani,[122] ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,[123] quem locum +Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum +fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria +aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque +senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud +saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui +mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo +inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, +diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis +dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus +terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.[124] Ceterum fides ejus rei penes +auctores erit. + +[119] _Frequentata sunt_, 'they have been frequented.' The participle is + in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate. + _Asperitas_ refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous + districts. +[120] Other editions have _in partem tertiam_, and this deviation from + the common mode of speaking (which is to use _pono_ with _in_ and the + ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was + not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no + such distinction. +[121] In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three + parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt + and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect + Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided + the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the + vast extent of Africa to the south. +[122] _Fretum_, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of + Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern + frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the + east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to + him to speak about it. +[123] 'The inclined plain,' or, as the geographer Mela says, 'the valley + which inclines towards Egypt.' The length of this valley extends from + south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it + separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east, + which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in + Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite + clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa. +[124] Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants + of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it + was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This + Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been + murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled + after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about + B. C. 60. _Interpretatum est_, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, S 632. + +18. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quis +cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque +moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua +nox coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti +Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, +amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,[125] brevi +dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam +transvecti, proximos nostro mari[126] locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra +Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia +neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat; +mare magnum et ignara[127] lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per +connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros[128] +alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. +Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant, +oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem +et Armenii accessere Libyes[129] (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant, +Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida +habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant. +Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro +Medis[130] appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine +Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, +quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique[131] alteris +freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, nomen +gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, +quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior +pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque +imperantium concessere. + +[125] Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute + (_multis--petentibus_) there is inserted another stating that each + did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because _multis + petentibus_ is, after all, only a different form for _quum multi + peterent_. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be _sibi quoque_; but + no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken + _quoque_ as an adverb. See Zumpt, S 710. _Passim_, 'in different + places,' 'scattered everywhere,' but not 'here and there.' The + tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western + extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules + (Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs + through the whole of ancient history. +[126] _Nostrum mare_ is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which + was occupied by the parts of Hercules' army here mentioned; and + the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more + within (that is, 'on this side,' as a person writing at Rome would + say) the ocean. +[127] _Gnarus_ and _ignarus_ have most commonly an active meaning, + denoting 'one who does know,' or 'one does not know;' but sometimes, + and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning, + 'he who is known,' and 'he who is not known.' So here _ignara lingua_ + is the same as _ignota lingua_. +[128] 'They tried the fields;' that is, 'the soil,' as to whether it was + fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place, + and sometimes another. _Alia, deinde alia_, is the same as _alia + atque alia_, as in chap. 26. Hence they were called in Greek [Greek: + Nomades], and the Greek accusative of this word, _Nomadas_ for + _Nomades_, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, S 74. +[129] The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the + Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. _Libyes_ is the + accusative, for _accedere_ is joined with the accusative as well as + the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, S 386, note. +[130] This derivation of the name _Mauri_ is very improbable. The Mauri + are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the + Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river + Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga + and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as + far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of + Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri. +[131] _Utrique_ refers to _parentes_ and their descendants, the Numidae. + One part of the nation trusted to the other (_alteris freti_), and + was supported by it. + +19. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars +imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,[132] +Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim[133] aliasque urbes in ora maritima +condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis[134] +praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam[135] de Carthagine silere melius puto +quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad +Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari[136] +prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,[137] +interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,[138] quem locum Aegyptum +versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes. +Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri +sunt. Super Numidiam[139] Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios +incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis +ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines +Carthaginiensium, quos novissime[140] habuerant, populus Romanus +permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad +flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus +imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus[141] populi Romani, itemque +nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad +necessitudinem rei satis dictum. + +[132] To _aliis--avidis_ supply _sollicitatis_. +[133] All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards + became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus, + (there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is + said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and + Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more + to the east), are now in ruins. +[134] 'To their origin;' that is, to their mother country Phoenicia, + whence the settlers had come. +[135] The transition to Carthage by the conjunction _nam_ presupposes + the ellipsis of some such sentiment as--'I only meant to mention + these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, _for_ it is well + known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.' +[136] _Secundo mari_, 'along the sea,' is said according to the analogy + of _secundo flumine_ (see Caes. _Bell. Gall._ vii. 58) _secundo + flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit_. The sea has indeed no + current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person + travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from + east to west. _Theraei_ are the inhabitants of the island of Thera, + in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first + Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership + of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive _on_, instead of _orum_, see + Zumpt, S 52, 1. +[137] _Syrtis major_ and _Syrtis minor_ are two large sandbanks near the + coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very + dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis + magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare chap. 78, where + Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them. +[138] The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, chap. + 79. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis, + it is clear that _deinde_ is used somewhat vaguely, since only the + great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis, + precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession. +[139] 'Above Numidia;' that is, southward, towards the inland, the + coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower + than the inland districts. +[140] _Novissime_, 'latterly;' that is, at the beginning of the third + Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory + became a Roman province. +[141] _Cetera ignarus_, 'otherwise unknown.' Compare p. 87, note 4 [note + 127]; and on _cetera_, Zumpt, S 459. + +20. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra +timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex +amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et +illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, +in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem +petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens +magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu +invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia +incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni +multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum +Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore. +At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani +magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis +questum[142] misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius +tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea +secus[143] cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe +qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum +praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et +aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros +vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere. + +[142] _Questum_, the supine, 'in order to complain' +[143] 'The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.' + About _secus_, see Zumpt, S 283. + +21. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum +esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius +procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum[144] utriusque +exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. +Sed ubi plerumque[145] noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites +Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,[146] +alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus +Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum[147] fuisset, quae Numidas +insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque +patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis +turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime +festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab +Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum +accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, +senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: 'Velle et censere eos ab armis +discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita +seque illisque[148] dignum esse.' + +[144] _Cirta_, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the + country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be + 'not far from the sea,' only in consideration of the vast extent of + Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it + received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a + distance of four days' march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius. +[145] _Plerumque_ for the more common _plurimum_, 'the greater part.' + See Zumpt, S 103. +[146] As Sallust in other passages connects _pars_ and _alii_, so here + _partim_ and _alios_, _partim_ being the same as _partem_. +[147] _Togati_ are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and + privileged dress called _toga_. But it may be that other Italians + also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in + great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for + the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct _conventus_. + _Moenibus prohibere_. See Zumpt, S 468. +[148] It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say, + _et se et illis_. See Zumpt, S 338. + +22. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum +proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur; +sed is rumor clemens erat.[149] Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione +respondit: 'Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus +esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur; +virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes +ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo +plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus +tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset, +sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono +facturum,[150] si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus +rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.' Ita utrique[151] digrediuntur. +Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit. + +[149] Literally, 'but this report was mild;' that is, it spoke of the + battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not + the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy. +[150] _Pro bono facere_; literally, 'to act in accordance with what is + good,' and hence 'to act well,' _bene agere_. +[151] _Utrique_ refers to both parties--the Roman ambassadors on the one + hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to + speak with Adherbal. + +23. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci +naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia +circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies +noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia +modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,[152] +prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas +fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria +rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam +profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac +miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad +proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa +efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec +fuit: + +[152] _Arrigere_, the same as _excitare_; hence frequently _animum + arrigere_, 'to rouse courage.' + +24. 'Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis +Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos +neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit. +Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus +teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta +auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha +scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei +miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego[153] illum supra quam ego sum petere, +neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius +existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem +meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae, +nihil ad vos.[154] Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos +imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti +fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo +moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae +antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem +verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui +essem,[155] non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et +crutiatus corporis deprecor.[156] Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti +libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per +amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.' + +[153] _Nisi tamen intellego_ refers to the preceding _plura scribere + nolo_, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with _nisi_ + after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the + remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of + Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans + themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of + Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. _Plura non + scribam nisi hoc intellego_ is an elliptical expression, equivalent + to _plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere_. +[154] 'Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no + concern of yours;' that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider + only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your + ally. +[155] Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate, + represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the + crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative _ostentui_, see Zumpt, + SS 90 and 422. +[156] Adherbal prays the senate to _prevent (deprecor)_ his enemy from + acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures. + +25. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum +censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti +consuleretur,[157] quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis +regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,[158] ne tale decretum fieret. Ita +bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. +Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in +quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in +senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis +obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad +Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime[159] ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum +ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem +Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, +metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni +paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus +rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita +circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere[160] nititur, maxime sperans, +diducta manu hostium[161] aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae +inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere +potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne +amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis +equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae +nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione +consumpta legati frustra discessere. + +[157] _Consuleretur_; supply _senatus_; 'that the subject of the + disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before + the senate.' +[158] _Enisum est_, 'it was carried.' Observe the passive meaning of the + deponent verb. +[159] _Quam ocissime_, 'as speedily as possible.' The positive of + _ocissime_ is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, S 293, note. +[160] _Cirtam irrumpere_ is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the + common expression being, _in urbem irrumpere_. See Zumpt, S 386, + note. +[161] By engaging the enemy's troops in different places, and thus + dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle _dis_ + or _di_. + +26. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia +defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani +inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae +tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At +ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,[162] tamen quia penes +eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant +Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum +necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti +quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit. + +[162] 'Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than + the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.' The conquest of Cirta, and + the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112. + +27. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta, +iidem illi ministri regis interpellando[163] ac saepe gratia, interdum +jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius, +tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, +populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae +scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus +dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi +senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia[164] provinciae +futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P. +Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia +obvenit;[165] deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur; +stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur. + +[163] _Interpellando_, 'by interrupting the speakers, and introducing + other topics.' +[164] By this law of the tribune G. Sempronius Gracchus, in the year + B. C. 122, it had been ordained that every year previous to the + election of the consuls for the next year, the senate should + determine those provinces which should be assigned to the consuls + about to be elected, after the expiration of the year of their + office. As two provinces were thus fixed upon, the consuls afterwards + determined by lot which should have the one, and which the other. The + object of this law was to prevent intrigues in the senate, which + would be carried on by the ruling consuls if they had to choose their + own provinces. +[165] _Obvenit_, 'fell to the lot.' Whenever Italy is called a province, + it is implied that the consul undertaking its administration was to + remain at Rome, and was to be ready for any other war which might + break out. For in the first place, there were now no wars in Italy, + and in the second place, Italy was not a province in the ordinary + sense of the term. The consuls here mentioned entered upon their + office on the 1st January, B. C. 111. + +28. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum +ire[166] in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum +legatos mittit, hisque ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, +praecipit, omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Romam +adventabant,[167] senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legatos +Jugurthae recipi moenibus; iique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque deditum +venissent, uti in diebus proximis decem[168] Italia decederent. Consul +Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet; ita infectis rebus illi domum +discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, legat[169] sibi homines +nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore +sperabat; in quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra[170] +memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et +corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepediebat; patiens laborum, acri +ingenio, satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula +et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,[171] +porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio, +paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales +et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit. + +[166] _Venum eo_, or contracted _veneo_, infinitive _venire_, 'to go to + be sold,' or 'to be sold;' the passive of _vendo_ (I sell) is not in + use. Zumpt, S 187. +[167] _Adventabant_, with the accusative, see Zumpt, S 489. +[168] _In diebus_, &c.; for _in_, with words denoting time, see Zumpt, + S 479. _Deditum_ is a supine. +[169] _Legare_ properly signifies 'to despatch,' and 'to add to;' whence + the word _legatus_ means both 'an ambassador,' and 'a person added + to an officer,' who, when necessary, supplies his place. See _Catil._ + chap. 59. It was the business of the senate to supply such legates + to a magistrate (_senatus legat aliquem alicui_), but as this was + commonly done on the proposal or recommendation of the magistrate + himself, we also read _legat sibi_, 'he chooses some one to be his + legate.' +[170] _Supra_. See chap. 15. +[171] Respecting the omission of _in_ before _Siciliam_, see Zumpt, + S 398, note 1. + +29. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia temptare bellique quod +administrabat asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger avaritia[172] +facile conversus est. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum +assumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a principio,[173] plerisque ex factione +ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a +bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo +belli moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romae pretio aut +gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum accepit, +in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus +pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa mittitur a +consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam,[174] cujus rei +species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpurnius palam legatis +imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora induciae agitabantur.[175] Igitur +rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit, ac pauca praesenti consilio +locutus de invidia facti sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua +cum Bestia et Scauro secreta[176] transigit, dein postero die, quasi per +saturam sententiis exquisitis,[177] in deditionem accipitur. Sed uti pro +consilio[178] imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi +cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad +magistratus rogandos[179] proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro +pax agitabatur. + +[172] _Aeger avaritia_, 'sick with avarice;' a very appropriate + expression, describing moral defects as a disease. +[173] _A principio_; that is, _in principio_. See Zumpt, S 304. The + faction of Scaurus is that of the nobility or aristocracy. +[174] _Vaga_, a considerable town in Numidia, to the south-east of Cirta. +[175] 'A truce was observed on account of (or during) the delay of the + surrender,' which Jugurtha had promised, but which could not yet be + carried into effect. +[176] _Secreta_ refers to _reliqua_, so that the other negotiations were + secret, whereas the proposal to surrender had been made in presence + of the war council. It would have been more in accordance with + ordinary usage to employ the adverb _secreto_ belonging to the verb. +[177] The opinions of the persons invited to the war council were asked + only _en masse (per saturam)_. The Latin expression is taken from + _lanx satura_, a dish offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and + containing different kinds of fruit. Its figurative application to + other mixtures is here indicated by _quasi_. +[178] _Pro consilio_; that is, _in consilio_. See Zumpt, S 311. +[179] To cause the magistrates for the year B.C. 110 to be elected. + The president in the elective assembly _rogat populum_ (requests the + people) to appoint new officers; hence _rogare_, the usual term. + +30. Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent fama +divulgavit, Romae per omnes locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. +Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum +flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat.[180] Ac +maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a +vero bonoque impediebat. At G. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et +odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras +senatus contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem +publicam, ne libertatem suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia +facinora nobilitatis ostendere; prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum +accendebat. Sed quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia clara +pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus +perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in contione post reditum +Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis disseruit. + +[180] _Parum constabat_, 'was not firmly determined upon;' namely, _iis, + patribus_--that is, they had not yet made up their minds. + +31. 'Multa me dehortantur a vobis,[181] Quirites, ni studium rei publicae +omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, +quod innocentiae plus periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget +dicere, his annis XV.[182] quam ludibrio fueritis superbiae paucorum, +quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri defensores, ut vobis animus ab +ignavia[183] atque socordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis +inimicis,[184] exsurgitis, atque etiamnunc timetis eos, quibus decet +terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis +potentiae animus subigit.[185] Certe ego libertatem, quae mihi a parente +meo tradita est, experiar; verum id frustra an ob rem[186] faciam, in +vestra manu situm est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saepe majores +vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil +secessione opus est: necesse est suomet ipsi more praecipites eant.[187] +Occisso Ti. Graccho, quem regnum parare ajebant, in plebem Romanam +quaestiones habitae sunt. Post G. Gracchi et M. Fulvi caedem item vestri +ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt; utriusque cladis non lex, +verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua +restituere; quicquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum +sit.[188] Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, +reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, penes eosdem +et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse; tamen haec talia facinora +impune suscepisse parum habuere.[189] Itaque postremo leges, majestas +vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui ea +fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per ora vestra[190] magnifici, +sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi +ea honori non praedae habeant. Servi aera parati injusta imperia +dominorum non perferunt; vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo animo +servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi qui rem publicam oocupavere? Homines +sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque +superbissimi, quibus fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque +inhonesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis, alii +quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro munimento +habent.[191] Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime[192] tutus est: +metum a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere;[193] quos omnes +eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit.[194] Sed haec +inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quodsi tam vos libertatis +curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque +res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra[195] penes +optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et +majestatis constituendae gratia bis per secessionem armati Aventinum +occupavere,[196] vos pro libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa +ope nitemini?[197] atque eo vehementius, quo majus dedecus est parta +amittere quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: Quid igitur censes? +Vindicandum in eos,[198] qui hosti prodidere rem publicam? Non manu neque +vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum est, verum +quaestionibus[199] et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, qut si dediticius est, +profecto jussis vestris obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet +existimabitis, qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham +scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rem publicam +damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte[200] nondum etiam vos +dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et illa quam haec tempora magis +placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces, +postremo divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem, hoc est, +populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gentium, satis +habebatis animam retinere; nam servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare +audebat? Atque ego, tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune +injuriam accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, +quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, ni misericordia in perniciem +casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent,[201] parum est +impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, et vobis +aeterna sollicitudo remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse aut +permanus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut concordiae quae spes +est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse, facere illi injurias, vos +prohibere; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis +utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? Quare +moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus +aerarii factus est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae, quae quamquam +gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo +prodita senatus auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum, domi militiaeque +res publica venalis fuit. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in +noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes +vivamus? Nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem[202] esse. Neque ego +vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam recte +fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum eatis.[203] Ad hoc in re +publica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii immemorem esse;[204] +bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si +injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas.' + +[181] _Dehortantur a vobis_--that is, _ad causam vestram suscipiendam_, + 'many things dissuade me to undertake your cause.' According to + the context, the expression might, or rather should be, _multa me + dehortantur, ni superaret_; but the present represents the act of + _superare_ as an actual fact, and is at the same time more + impressive. +[182] The number XV., which is found in all good manuscripts, points + to the year B. C. 125, in which the aristocracy gained a decisive + victory through the praetor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of + Fregellae, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian + allies (_socii_) to obtain the Roman franchise. It may be supposed + that this attempt of the allies was even then supported by the Roman + plebs, as was the case afterwards in the time of Marius. +[183] _Ab ignavia_ is to be taken in the sense of 'in consequence of,' or + 'on account of your cowardice.' See Zumpt, S 305. +[184] 'When your political enemies (in consequence of the crime which + they have committed) are deserving of punishment, and in your hands.' +[185] _Animus subigit_. 'My feelings compel me to stand out against + the faction (of the optimates), in spite of your lukewarmness.' +[186] _Ob rem_, 'effectually,' 'with success.' +[187] 'They must ruin themselves.' +[188] 'I will grant that everything has been done with justice, which + cannot be punished without again shedding the blood of citizens;' + that is, the cruelties then committed by the optimates in crushing + Tib. and G. Gracchus may be considered as legitimate, since the + perpetrators cannot be punished without fresh executions. _Ulciscor_, + usually a deponent, is here used in a passive sense, just as the + participle _ultus_ is sometimes used in the sense of _vindicatus_. + For the same reason, the passive form _nequitur_ has been chosen; + respecting which, see Zumpt, S 216. +[189] _Parum habuere_, 'they considered it too little' (this is the + meaning of _parum_): it was not enough for them that they had + committed such disgraceful acts. +[190] _Incedere per ora hominum_, 'to walk in the eyes' or 'in the sight + of men.' +[191] 'The cruelties committed against the defenders of the plebs, serve + them as a bulwark;' that is, make them only the more audacious. +[192] About _quam maxime--tam maxime_, expressing a proportionate + increase, see Zumpt, S 725. +[193] A complicated expression--'they have transferred their fear, which + they ought to have on account of their crime, to your cowardice;' + that is, to you who are cowards, or whom they consider as cowards. +[194] _In unum coegit_; that is, _conjunxit, copulavit_. The infinitives + here are the subjects of the sentence: the same fear and the same + greediness have united all your opponents into one league. Compare + _Cat._ 20: _idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia + est_. +[195] _Benejicia vestra_; that is, _honores, magistratus, imperia_. +[196] The speaker refers to the two most important secessions of the + Roman plebs--the one in which they obtained their tribunes in B.C. + 510, and the other, which was undertaken in B.C. 449. to restore + the consulate and the tribuneship after the overthrow of the + tyrannical rule of the decemvirs. Both led to the establishment of a + legitimate state of things (_jus_), and the latter, in particular, to + the establishment of the decisive authority of the people against the + magistrates and the patricians. This sovereignty of the Roman + people was termed _majestas_. These secessions, according to the + statements of the ancients, were made to the Mons Sacer, and not + to the Aventine; but Sallust here follows other ancient authorities; + and it is probable enough that the plebs may have occupied both + hills. +[197] Respecting the form of this sentence, see Zumpt, S 781. The answer + to this question is contained in the clause _atque eo vehementius_, + to which we must supply _nitendum vobis est_. _Atque_ introduces the + answer with emphasis. +[198] _Vindicare_ is construed with _in_ and the accusative, as well as + _vindicare scelus in aliquo_ and _vindicare aliquam rem_. _Vindicare + in aliquem_, 'to use force against a person for the purpose of taking + revenge.' _Vindicare sibi rem_, 'to claim a thing for one's self,' or + 'to appropriate a thing.' +[199] _Quaestio_, 'a judicial inquiry into a crime,' 'a criminal trial.' +[200] _Nisi forte_ supposes, with a strong irony, a case which cannot be + conceived. See Zumpt, S 526. +[201] _Quantum importunitatis habent_, 'according to the high degree of + impudence and arrogance which they possess.' Sallust might have said, + _quae eorum importunitas est_, or _pro eorum importunitate_. See + Zumpt, S 705. +[202] _Rex_, according to Roman notions, always contains the idea of an + absolute ruler, and is therefore frequently used in the sense of 'a + tyrant.' The idea of a constitutional or limited monarchy was not + known in antiquity, except perhaps at Sparta. +[203] _Perditum eatis_; that is, _perdatis_. See Zumpt, S 669. +[204] Practically, it is quite correct, that in the administration of a + state it is more necessary to punish criminals than to reward good + services; for it is impossible that all good citizens should be + rewarded with external distinctions; but if a criminal remains + unpunished, he does harm by his example, and undermines the organism + of the state. + +32. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicundo Memmius populo persuadet, +uti L. Cassius, qui tum praetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur eumque +interposita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri +et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant,[205] delicta +patefierent. Dum haec Romae geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia +exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui plurima et +flagitiosissima facinora fecere. Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos +Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas +agebant; tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At +Cassius, perlata rogatione[206] a G. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate, +ad Jugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia diffidenti +rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam +misericordiam ejus experiri mallet. Privatim praeterea fidem suam +interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat; talis ea +tempestate fama de Cassio erat. + +[205] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' governs the + genitive of the thing for which a person is summoned. +[206] _Rogatio_, 'a proposal to the people,' because, in making a + proposal, as well as at elections of magistrates, the people were + requested (_rogabatur_) to pass a resolution. + +33. Igitur Jugurtha contra decus regium cultu quam maxime miserabili cum +Cassio Romam venit. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus +ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra +diximus, G. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impudentia +contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At G. Memmius, advocata +contione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars in vincula duci +jubebat, pars, ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste +supplicium sumi; dignitati quam irae magis consulens, sedare motus et +animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare, fidem publicam per sese[207] +inviolatam fore. Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba +facit; Romae Numidiaeque[208] facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem +fratresque ostendit. Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit, +quamquam intellegat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo +habere. Si verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem +illi sitam; sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore,[209] sed se suasque +spes corrupturum. + +[207] _Per sese_, 'as far as lay in him,' 'as much as he could,' as in + the phrase _per me licet_. +[208] Respecting _Romae Numidiaeque_, where _Numidiae_ by a kind of + attraction takes the same case as _Romae_, instead of _in Numidia_, + see Zumpt, S 398, note 1. +[209] 'He (Jugurtha) would not, indeed, thereby be a safety to his + accomplices, but destroy his own hope (of obtaining pardon).' + +34. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicundi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus +est, G. Baebius, tribunus plebis, quem pecunia corruptum supra diximus, +regem tacere jubet, ac tametsi multitudo, quae in contione aderat, +vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis +omnibus, quae ira fieri amat,[210] vicit tamen impudentia. Ita populus +ludibrio habitus ex contione discedit: Jugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris, +quos illa quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt.[211] + +[210] The words _quae ira fieri amat_ are very surprising, but were + regarded by the ancients themselves as a Graecism of Sallust, from + whom Quinctilian quotes the words _quae vulgus amat fieri_, which + occurred in a work of Sallust that is lost. In both cases, we must + construe _ira (vulgus) amat_ with an accusative with the infinitive + after it: 'anger likes that this or that should happen.' +[211] _Animus augescit_, 'courage grows' or 'increases.' For the plural + _animi_, see Zumpt, S 92. + +35. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae +filius, Masinissae nepos; qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae +adversus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa +abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio +Rufo consulatum gerebat,[212] persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae +sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat,[213] regnum +Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi moveri quam +senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia +evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis +satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et +timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat, +pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac +maxime[214] occulte, sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam +interficiat. Bomilcar mature regis mandata exequitur, et per homines +talis negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca atque +tempora cuncta explorat, deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. +Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius +Massivam aggreditur; illum obtruncat, sed ipse deprehensus, multis +hortantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.[215] Fit +reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium Bomilcar, comes ejus, +qui Romam fide publica venerat. At Jugurtha manifestus[216] tanti +sceleris non prius omisit contra verum niti, quam animum advertit,[217] +supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam +in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dederat,[218] regno magis +quam vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne +reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium +sumptum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus[219] eodem profectus est, jussus a +senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur saepe eo +tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse: 'urbem venalem et mature perituram, +si emptorem invenerit.' + +[212] We here enter the year B.C. 110. +[213] _Urgueat_, 'presses Jugurtha;' that is, he is hindered by the + indignation on account of his past crimes, and at the same time by + the apprehension with which the Roman people regard him. +[214] He would like best that it should be done in secret; but if this + should not succeed, he would like it to be done in any way, whatever + it might be. Instead of _maxime_, the author might have said + _potissimum_. See the same expression chap. 46. +[215] _Profiteri indicium_, 'to declare that you will state everything.' + We must understand that in the defective administration of justice + at Rome, the _index_ (informer) received a promise of impunity. +[216] _Manifestus_, with the genitive of the crime, is a person _qui mani + festo tenetur_, or against whom there is most decisive evidence. +[217] _Animum adverto_, the same as the compound _animadverto_, like + _venum eo_ for _veneo_. +[218] Jugurtha had given fifty sureties in the name of Bomilcar, in order + that he might remain at liberty. These sureties were of course fifty + Roman citizens. As Bomilcar fled, those sureties had to pay the money + with which each guaranteed his appearance, and there can be no doubt + but that Jugurtha secretly paid the money. +[219] _Paucis diebus._ See Zumpt, S 480. + +36. Interim Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium aliaque, quae +militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare; ac statim ipse +profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus[220] haud longe aberat, armis +aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra Jugurtha +trahere omnia et alias deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri +deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne +sui diffiderent, instare; ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem +ludificare.[221] Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis +existimarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum +socordia magis quam dolo crederent.[222] Sed postquam dilapso tempore +comitiorum dies adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore +relicto Romam decessit. + +[220] This season was usually the middle of the year, but was frequently + delayed until the autumn. The consul Albinus seems to have been + commissioned to preside at the elections, because his colleague, who + had obtained Macedonia, was at a still greater distance. +[221] Jugurtha protracted the war, delayed the negotiations for peace, + and in this manner thwarted the consul. We have here restored the + active form _ludificare_, because it exists in all the manuscripts. + It is found also in Cicero, though the deponent _ludificari_ is more + frequent. +[222] Some were convinced that after the hurry which the consul had + shown at the beginning, the war was protracted, not so much by his + carelessness, as by his cunning designs. _Non magis quam_ is + expressed in modern languages as if the Latin were _dolo magis quam + socordia_: 'they believed that the war was protracted by his cunning + designs rather than by his carelessness.' See Zumpt, S 725. + +37. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res publica +agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus +collegis, continuare magistratum[223] nitebantur, quae dissensio totius +anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro +praetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut +terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capiundae, milites mense Januario ex +hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, +pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quamquam et +saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque obsideri poterat +(nam circum murum situm in praerupti montis extremo planities limosa +hiemalibus aquis paludem fecerat[224]), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo +regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi +potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui +forent, properare. + +[223] _Continuare magistratum_, 'to continue for another year in a + magistracy which has been given for only one year.' In the case of + some magistracies this was forbidden by law; in that of tribunes of + the people, it occurs rather frequently in the early times, that they + were re-elected twice or oftener in successive years. The last in + stance of a tribuneship lasting for two years is that of G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 123 and 122; and even then this re-election was the cause of + violent commotions, and it was impossible to carry it for the third + year. +[224] Around the wall, which had been built on the extreme edge of a + precipitous rock, the clayey soil had formed a marsh. Respecting + _extremum_ used substantively, see Zumpt, S 435. + +38. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus +augere amentiam, missitare[225] supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi +vitabundus per saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum +spe pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones sese +veluti cedentem insequeretur; 'ita delicta occultiora fore.' Interea per +homines callidos die noctuque exercitum temptabat; centuriones ducesque +turmarum partim uti transfugerent corrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti +desererent.[226] Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de +improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani, +perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars +territos confirmare, trepidare[227] omnibus locis; vis magna hostium, +coelum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps,[228] postremo +fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos +paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum duabus turmis +Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transiere ad regem,[229] et +centurio primi pili[230] tertiae legionis per munitionem, quam uti +defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae +cuncti irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proximum +collem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum hostes, quo minus victoria +uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in +colloquio verba facit: 'tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clausum +tenet,[231] tamen se memorem humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret, +incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum,[232] praeterea uti diebus decem +Numidia decederet.' Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, +quia mortis metu mutabantur,[233] sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit. + +[225] Respecting the frequentatives _ductare_ and _missitare_, which last + is a secondary derivative from _mittere_ (as _currere, cursare, + cursitare_), see Zumpt, S 231; and about _vitabundus_, S 248. +[226] The usual arrangement of the words would be: _corrumpere, ut alii + (partim) transfugerent, alii--desererent_. The _ut_ is here repeated + in the second clause, which is rather unusual. +[227] _Trepidare_, in its proper sense, is, 'to run about with fear and + trembling.' +[228] _Anceps_, 'twofold,' on the part of the enemy and of that of + nature. +[229] The author here distinguishes the infantry (_cohors_) and cavalry + (_turma_) of the auxiliaries, and the common soldiers from the Roman + legions. +[230] The _primus pilus_ in a Roman legion is the first company + (_manipulus_) of the third class of legionaries, who were called + _pilani_ or _triarii_, and were employed in battle as a reserve, + while the two other classes of legionaries, the _hastati_ and + _principes_, began the engagement. A legion thus contained ten + maniples of every class; that is, altogether thirty maniples, each of + which consisted of two _centuriae_, and each _centuria_ was commanded + by a _centurio_. Out of these sixty centurions of a legion, the two + commanding the _primus pilus_ (they themselves also were called, like + their companies, _primi pili_) were the first in rank, and again the + _ductor prioris centuriae primi pili_ was the principal centurion in + a legion. The treachery of such an officer, therefore, is the more + surprising. To the pronoun _ea_ supply _via_; _ea_, with this + ellipsis, is used as an adverb in the sense of 'there.' See Zumpt, + S 207, 288. +[231] In accordance with the rules on the oratio obliqua, Sallust ought + to have written _teneat_. +[232] A _jugum_ was formed by two lances fixed in the ground, and a + third fastened across them so as to form a gate. When an army + confessed itself to be conquered, and after capitulating, was allowed + to depart, the troops had to march under a yoke of this description. +[233] Literally: 'because the disgrace was exchanged for the fear of + death;' that is, by enduring it, they became free from the fear of + death. + +39. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus atque maeror civitatem +invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum +timere libertati,[234] Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe +praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem +quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde +periculum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim +exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino[235] auxilia +accersere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat, +decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri. Consul +impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret, +paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur; nam omnis exercitus, uti +convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, +quamquam persequi Jugurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animo ardebat, +cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia atque +lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum[236] statuit sibi nihil agitandum. + +[234] _Dolere pro gloria_, 'to be grieved for reputation;' that is, as + they were interested in the glory of their country, they were grieved + at the disgrace (_dedecore_ or _propter dedecus_) they had suffered. + _Timere libertati_, 'to be afraid of losing one's freedom,' it + appearing to be in danger. See Zumpt, S 414. +[235] _Nomen Latinum_ is the same as _socii Latini_, or _Latini_ alone. + The expression properly signifies those who are called Latins; for + this class of people comprised not only those who really belonged to + the nation of the Latins--such as the inhabitants of the ancient + Latin towns of Tibur and Praeneste--but those also whose towns + subsequently received the same privileges. The latter were termed + coloniae Latinae--such as Alba in the country of the Marsians, + Beneventum in Samnium, Cremona and Placentia on the Po. +[236] _Ex copia rerum_, 'according to his present resources,' 'according + to the state of affairs.' + +40. Interim Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis rogationem ad +populum promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha +senati decreta neglexisset,[237] quique ab eo in legationibus aut +imperiis pecunias accepissent, qui elephantos quique perfugas +tradidissent, item qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones +fecissent. Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia +pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, quin illa et +alia talia placere sibi faterentur,[238] occulte per amicos ac maxime per +homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed +plebes incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit quantaque vi +rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit: magis odio nobilitatis, cui +mala illa parabantur, quam cura rei publicae; tanta libido in partibus +erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestiae +fuisse supra docuimus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida +etiamtum civitate quum ex Mamili regatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, +effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.[239] Sed quaestio exercita +aspere violenterque ex[240] rumore et libidine plebis; ut saepe +nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia +ceperat. + +[237] In a few manuscripts we read _neglegisset_, respecting which see + Zumpt, S 195. +[238] _Quin faterentur_, 'without confessing.' See Zumpt, S 539. +[239] M. Scaurus, who, as Sallust stated before, was himself bribed + by Jugurtha, had availed himself of the time when the people were + rejoicing at his victory, when the city was still under apprehensions + respecting the war, and when many other nobles, from a consciousness + of guilt, kept back; and there can be no doubt that, through the + influence of his friends, he contrived to be himself elected one of + the commissioners who had to institute inquiries about these + briberies, and thus escaped being tried himself. +[240] _Ex_ here signifies 'with respect to.' The people after this + victory were insolent, so that the commissioners yielded to the + wishes of the multitude. + +41. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus factionum,[241] ac deinde +omnium malarum artium paucis ante annis Romae ortus est otio atque +abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt.[242] Nam ante +Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter +se rem publicam tractabant, neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen +inter cives erat; metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. +Sed ubi illa formido mentibus decessit, scilicet[243] ea, quae res +secundae amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis +rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit. +Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, populus libertatem in libidinem +vertere, sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes +abstracta sunt, res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum +nobilitas factione magis pollebat, plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in +multitudine minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, +penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique +erant; populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; praedas bellicas +imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes aut parvi liberi +militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.[244] +Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et +vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa +praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram +gloriam injustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio +civilis quasi permixtio terrae[245] oriri coepit. + +[241] 'The custom of (forming) parties among the people, and of factions + in the senate;' the people are divided into _partes_, the senate + into _factiones_; the latter evidently implies intriguing + combinations. +[242] 'From the abundance of those things which mortals deem of the + first importance.' _Prima_ is used substantively, and with it the + relative pronoun (_quae_) agrees. Sallust might have said + _quas--primas_. +[243] _Scilicet_, 'naturally,' is used here as an adverb. See Zumpt, + S 271. +[244] The annexation of small free farms to the adjoining large estates, + is described by all the ancient authors as the cause of the great + misery of the Roman state, and, as Sallust remarks, it was + facilitated by the absence of many of the free citizens who were + serving in the armies; for their fathers or children, who were left + behind, were easily induced to sell their small farm to a wealthy and + powerful neighbour. For force was certainly not always applied, and + _pellere_ here signifies 'to displace,' rather than 'to expel.' The + large estates thus formed were called _latifundia_. +[245] _Permixtio terrae_ is said figuratively, as is indicated by + _quasi_, 'a chaos--a mixture of elements.' + +42. Nam postquam Tiberius et G. Gracchus, quorum majores Punico atque +aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in +libertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque +eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites +Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus +obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem +ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis +deducendis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.[246] Et sane Gracchis +cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit: sed bono vinci +satius est quam malo more injuriam vincere.[247] Igitur ea victoria +nobilitas ex libidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga extinxit, +plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res +plerumque magnas civitates pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis +modo et victos acerbius[248] ulcisci volunt. Sed de studiis partium et +omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem +disserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret.[249] Quamobrem ad +inceptum redeo. + +[246] Tib. Gracchus was slain in B.C. 133, and his brother, G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 121. Sallust here states that the faction of the optimates + threw obstacles in the way of the two brothers, sometimes by means of + the _socii_ (in Italy), and sometimes by means of the Roman equites, + who had been drawn into the senate by the popular party. This + refers, in the first place, to the opposition made, through the + instrumentality of the Latins, to the scheme of the Gracchi to + settle poor Roman citizens in Latin colonies; and secondly, to the + ingratitude of the equites, to whom G. Gracchus had transferred + the administration of justice, after having taken it from the senate. + Respecting _modo--interdum_, instead of _modo--modo_, see Zumpt, + S 723. +[247] Sallust admits that the Gracchi went somewhat too far, but blames + the violence with which the faction of the optimates took + vengeance upon them; 'for,' says he, 'a good man prefers being + conquered, to taking revenge for injury done to him in a violent + manner'--intimating that the optimates ought to have borne the + injury done to them by the Gracchi, rather than avenge it with + murder and assassination. +[248] _Acerbius_; that is, _nimis acerbe_, or _acerbius quam par est_. +[249] _Omnis civitatis_ for _totius civitatis_, in opposition to the + patres. _Parem_; that is, _velim_, which is followed in the apodosis + by the same subjunctive present, or the future indicative. See Zumpt, + S 524, note 1. _Res_, the same as _materia_, _argumentum_, 'subject.' + +43. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam, Metellus et +Silanus consules designati,[250] provincias inter se partiverant, +Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et quamquam adverso populi +partium,[251] fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum +magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, +quod gesturus erat, animum intendit.[252] Igitur diffidens veteri +exercitui, milites scribere, praesidia[253] undique accersere, arma, +tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc commeatum +affatim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui +esse solent. Ceteram ad ea patranda senatus auctoritate, socii nomenque +Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo +studio adnitebatur. Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis +compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum propter +artes bonas, tum maxime, quod adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat, +et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes +contusae[254] hostiumque auctae erant. + +[250] The consuls here mentioned entered upon their office on the 1st + of January, 109 B.C. The preparation for the campaign accordingly + belongs to the latter part of the year 110. +[251] 'An opponent of the popular party;' _adversus_ being used as a + substantive, in the sense of _adversarius_; as an adjective, it is + construed with the dative. +[252] _Cum collega_, a short expression for _conjuncta cum collega_, + 'everything else he considered as common between himself and his + colleague, but to the Numidian war he alone directed his attention, + as though it were his own exclusive business.' +[253] _Praesidia_ is generally 'resources;' but here the same as + _auxilia_, 'auxiliary troops.' +[254] _Contusae_, from _contundere_, for _imminutae_, _debilitatae_, + _fractae_. + +44. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino pro +consule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua +quam manu promptior, praedator[255] ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium, +sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis +moribus sollicitudinis quam ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae +accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus[256] +comitiorum mora imminuerat, et expectatione eventus civium animos +intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere quam majorum disciplina +milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade +perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, quantum temporis +aestivorum in imperio fuit,[257] plerumque milites stativis castris +habebat, nisi quum odos[258] aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. +Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari vigiliae deducebantur; uti +cuique libebat, ab signis aberat: lixae permixti cum militibus die +noctuque vagabantur; palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et +mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus[259] +vino advectitio et aliis talibus; praeterea frumentum publice datum +vendere, panem in dies mercari; postremo, quaecunque dici aut fingi +queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, ea in illo exercitu cuncta fuere et +alia amplius. + +[255] _Praedator_, belonging to _exercitus_, is the same as _praedas + agens_, 'carrying off booty.' See Zumpt, S 102, note 2. +[256] _Aestivorum tempus_ is the time suited for the campaign. To + _aestivorum_ supply _castrorum_, 'a summer-camp,' and 'a campaign + made in summer;' hence, also, 'a campaign' in general, inasmuch as + warlike operations were but rarely carried on in winter. +[257] _Albinus_, during a portion of the summer of the year 109 B. C., + continued to command as proconsul, while the consul Metellus was + detained at Rome by the election of the consuls for the year + B. C. 108. +[258] _Odos_ for _odor_. See Zumpt, S 7. +[259] _Cum mercatoribus_, 'in intercourse with merchants.' The + merchandise, in return for which another commodity is given, is + expressed by the ablative. See Zumpt, S 456. + +45. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus hostilibus +magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior; tanta temperantia inter +ambitionem[260] saevitiamque moderatum: namque edicto primum adjumenta +ignaviae sustulisse, ne quisquam in castris panem aut quem alium coctum +cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in +castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet; ceteris arte modum +statuisse.[261] Praeterea transversis itineribus cotidie castra movere, +juxta ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras +ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine in primis modo, +modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, +uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita +prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit. + +[260] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' hence here in the sense of + 'indulgence,' 'connivance,' these being the ordinary means to obtain + the favour of the multitude. +[261] _Ceteris arte modum statuisse_ still depends upon _comperior_, 'I + learn (that is, we are informed) that for the rest (of the wants) he + fixed the measure in a close (niggardly) manner;' for _arte_ is the + adverb of _artus_, which is frequently, though not correctly, written + _arcte_. It must not be confounded with _arte_ from _ars_. Sallust + might have said, _ceteris (rebus) artum modum statuisse_. + +46. Interea Jugurtha, ubi quae Metellus agebat ex nuntiis accepit, simul +de innocentia ejus certior Romae factus, diffidere suis rebus ac tum +demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum +suppliciis[262] mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, +alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis +cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum +avidum esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur,[263] ac +paulatim temptando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo +persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime[264] vivum, sin id parum procedat, +necatum sibi traderent; ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent,[265] +regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus intento atque infesto +exercitu in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena +hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis et mapalibus +praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum +portare, postremo omnia, quae imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus +idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, +late explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere et insidiis +locum temptari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et +sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat, in postremo G. Marius +legatus cum equitibus curabat, in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites +tribunis legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his +permixti velites, quocunque accederent equitatus[266] hostium, +propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et +militiae erat, ut absens an praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior +esset, in incerto haberetur. + +[262] _Supplicia_ here, as elsewhere, are _supplices preces_, 'humble + prayers,' or 'petitions.' Compare chap. 66. +[263] 'He applies to the ambassadors one by one;' that is, he tries them + one by one, _temptat singulos_. +[264] _Maxime_, the same as _potissimum_. Compare chap. 35. +[265] 'What would be in accordance with his wish;' namely, the granting + of his request. +[266] The plural _equitatus_ is rare; here it refers to different troops + of cavalry, as in Caesar, _Bell. Civ._ i. 61. To _propulsarent_ + supply _eos_. See Zumpt, S 766. + +47. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum +Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime +celebratum,[267] ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis +multi mortales. Huc consul simul temptandi gratia, et si paterentur, +opportunitate loci, praesidium imposuit;[268] praeterea imperavit +frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare,[269] ratus id quod +res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum et +jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius +modo[270] legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam +liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul +illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat, regi pacem quam postulabat +neque abnuere neque polliceri et inter eas moras promissa legatorum +exspectare. + +[267] 'Most frequented;' for _celeber_, _bris_, _bre_, is commonly used + of densely peopled or much frequented places. +[268] Metellus placed a garrison in the city, partly to test the + sentiments of the inhabitants, and partly on account of the + advantages offered to him by the nature of the place, in case the + inhabitants should not object to a garrison of the Romans. The common + reading, _si paterentur opportunitates loci_, must be rejected, for + the words _si paterentur_ must refer to the inhabitants of the place, + and explain the preceding _temptandi gratia_. Another reading, + _opportunitatis_, to which _gratia_ must be supplied by the mind, has + the same meaning as _opportunitate_, the ablative of cause. +[269] 'He believed that the great number of merchants (in the town) + and the corn would be of use to the army, and protect the provisions + (of the Roman army) already accumulated,' so that the Roman stores + might be saved. +[270] _Impensius modo_; that is, _praeter modum_, 'beyond measure,' + 'immoderately;' literally, 'stronger than the measure observed in + such matters.' + +48. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit ac se suis artibus +temptari animadvertit, quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re +bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, +animi popularium temptati, coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis +certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex +opportunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium generum parat ac +per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit.[271] Erat in ea parte +Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie, +nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme milia passuum viginti tractu +pari,[272] vastus ab natura et humano cultu. Sed ex eo medio quasi collis +oriebatur, in immensum pertingens,[273] vestitus oleastro ac murtetis +aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso[274] gignuntur. +Media autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua +loca; ea consita arbustis, pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. + +[271] _Exercitum antevenit_. See Zumpt, S 386, note. +[272] 'In an equal direction;' that is, likewise extending from south + to north. +[273] In the midst of this range there arose another group, extending + far and wide; and, as will be seen hereafter (chapter 49), in a + transverse direction (_transverso itinere_) from the range to the + river running parallel with it. _In immensum_, however, must be + understood relatively of a very great extent, and not absolutely of + an infinite extent. +[274] 'On dry and sandy ground' is a very singular expression, and + has been noticed as such by the Roman grammarians themselves; + for _humi_ (on the ground) is otherwise used without an adjective as + an adverb. The adjective is here put in the ablative, to denote the + place where, and in the neuter gender, _humi_ being regarded as + indeclinable. In ordinary language, it would be _in humo arida_. + +49. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere porrectum docuimus, +Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,[275] consedit, elephantis et parti +copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet, quae ageret; ipse +propior montem[276] cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos +collocat. Dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque +obtestatur, uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque +suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant; cum iis certamen fore, quos antea +victos sub jugum miserint; ducem illis, non animum mutatum; quae ab +imperatore decuerint,[277] omnia suis provisa, locum superiorem, ut +prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus aut rudes cum bello +melioribus manum consererent; proinde parati intentique essent signo +dato Romanos invadere; illum diem aut omnes labores et victorias +confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum initium fore. Ad hoc viritim, uti +quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere +beneficii sui et eum ipsum aliis ostentare; postremo pro cujusque ingenio +pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium alio modo excitare; quum +interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu +conspicitur,[278] primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet (nam +inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant, neque plane occultati +humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,[279] quidnam esset, cum natura loci +tum dolo ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis +insidiis paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus,[280] in +dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem +instruxit, inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum +omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus aciem, +sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis[281] in planum deducit. + +[275] 'The battle-line being long, but not deep.' +[276] _Montem_, the same as _monti_. See Zumpt, S 411. +[277] _Decuerint_. Sallust might have written _decuerit_ in the singular. + Compare Zumpt, S 226. +[278] _Quum interim Metellus--conspicitur_, is the apodosis. 'Then, + in the meantime, Metellus appears.' Respecting this use of _quum_ + with the present indicative, see Zumpt, S 580, 2; for the + circumstance of _interim_ being used here, where we might expect + _subito_, does not alter the case, and only expresses that Jugurtha + was yet engaged in encouraging his army when Metellus became visible. +[279] _Incerti_ is here used passively and personally, 'uncertain what it + might be,' for _de quibus incertum erat, quidnam esset_; and the + neuter _quidnam_ is used in the sense of the masculine plural, 'it + was uncertain whether they were men, and what sort of men.' In like + manner we have seen (chapter 18) _ignarus_ used passively. +[280] 'With an alteration in the ranks,' those soldiers who had before + marched by the side of one another now being placed behind one + another, as the man who had till then been on the right wing of his + detachment suddenly turned to the right, with his face towards the + hill. On the right of the whole marching army, he now formed the + front towards the enemy (_aciem_), and strengthened by a threefold + reserve. +[281] 'The _principia_ standing transversely' (to the direction in which + till then the column had been). The march of the Roman army + was from east to west; the enemy appeared on the right flank, and + the Roman vanguard (_principia_) therefore turned round to face them + (that is, turning its face to the north), and it is this direction + which is expressed by _transversus_. _Principia_ is the vanguard, + because in a Roman legion the ten companies of _principes_ formed the + front line, while the _hastati_ constituted the second, and the + _triarii_ the third. In this manner the _principes_ here faced the + enemy, while the other divisions of the army drew up behind them as + a reserve. + +50. Sed ubi Numidas quietos neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex +anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium +legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen, +uti locum castris antecaperet, existimans hostes crebro impetu et +transversis proeliis[282] iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis +diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum temptaturos.[283] Deinde ipse +pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere, Marium +post principia habere, ipse cum sinistrae alae equitibus esse, qui in +agmine principes facti erant.[284] At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen +Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum milium +peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus +adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dein repente signo dato +hostes invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere, pars a sinistra ac +dextera temptare, infensi adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Romanorum +ordines conturbare, quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus +fuerant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur, neque +contra feriundi aut conserendi manum copia erat; ante jam docti ab +Jugurtha equites, ubicunque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non +confertim neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime +diversi. Ita numero priores,[285] si ab persequendo hostes deterrere +nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant; sin +opportunior fugae collis quam campi fuerat, ea[286] vero consueti +Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et +insolentia loci retinebat. + +[282] _Transversis proeliis_, 'by attacks on the flanks'--namely, if the + Roman army should resume its march westward. +[283] _Temptare lassitudinem militum_, the same as _lassos milites + aggredi_. +[284] The army was drawn up in battle array facing the north, so that, + if it resumed its march westward, the part which formed the left + wing became the head of the column (_agmen_). +[285] _Priores_; that is, _superiores_, 'superior.' +[286] _Ea_, 'on this road,' or 'there.' _Evadere_, 'to ascend.' _Vero_ in + the apodosis renders it strong and emphatic. See Zumpt, S 716. + +51. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda atque +miserabilis; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi, neque signa neque +ordines observare, ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac +propulsare, arma tela,[287] equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti, nihil +consilio neque imperio agi, fors omnia regere: itaque multum diei +processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique omnibus +labore et aestu languidis, Metellus ubi videt Numidas minus instare, +paulatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit et cohortes +legionarias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars +superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari milites, ne +deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes vincere; neque illis[288] +castra esse neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent, in armis +omnia sita. Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire, +hortari, renovare proelium et ipse cum delectis temptare omnia, subvenire +suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando +retinere. + +[287] Respecting the omission of _et_, see Zumpt, S 782. _Arma_ and + _tela_ are the two kinds of arms, the one being used in a close + contest, and the other at a distance; the use of either of them + depended on chance (_fors regebat_). _Itaque_ in the next clause is + the same as et _ita_, and not the conjunction _itaque = igitur_. +[288] They had no camp, no fortifications into which they could retreat. + _Illis_ refers to the Romans addressed, and is rendered by the + emphatic they; instead of _illis_, the speaker might have used + _ipsis_ whereby he would have included himself, whereas now he is + speaking only of the soldiers. Compare Zumpt, S 702. + +52. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri certabant, ipsi pares, +ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus +adversus, Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani, +ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi +fieri (et jam diei[289] vesper erat) adverse colle, sicuti praeceptum +fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere, +plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt.[290] Interea +Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab +Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi cum Rutilius praetergressus est, paulatim +suos in aequum locum deducit ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus +erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat, neque +remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret,[291] explorare. Postquam Rutilium +consedisse jam et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio +clamorem augeri, veritus, ne legatus cognita re laborantibus suis auxilio +foret, aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat,[292] quo +hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra +procedit. + +[289] _Diei_; other editions have _die_, an obsolete form of the fifth + declension. _Adverso colle evadunt_, 'they worked their way up the + opposite hill.' The author might have said _in adversum collem,_ + 'they ascended it.' +[290] The neuter predicate _tutata sunt_ here refers to two feminine + nouns, instead of _tutatae sunt_; but it is quite in accordance with + the custom of Sallust. See Zumpt, S 377. +[291] 'What the enemy were doing in every place;' for _ubique_ signifies + 'in every place;' not absolutely, but in every one of the places + where anything was done by the enemy. _Ubique_ stands to _ubivis_ + in the same relation as _quisque_ to _quivis_. Compare Zumpt, S 710. +[292] 'He had drawn up his corps close together.' About _arte_, see + _Cat._, chap. 59, and p. 110, note 4 [note 261]. + +53. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt; nam prospectum +ager arbustis consitus prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento +agitari, post ubi aequabilem manere et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis +magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re properantes arma capiunt ac pro +castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, +utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in +elephantis auxilium putant,[293] postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum +atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt ac plerique +abjectis armis collis aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio integri abeunt. +Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes numero quadraginta interfecti. At +Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi +lassique[294] erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, +instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languidi +neque remissi patiebatur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul +inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent,[295] alteri apud +alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, et paene imprudentia +admissum[296] facinus miserabile, ni utrimque praemissi equites rem +exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum, milites alius +alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt, sua quisque fortia +facta ad coelum fert. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel +ignavis gloriari licet, adversae res etiam bonos detractant.[297] + +[293] 'They held out only so long as they believed that they had an + assistance in their elephants.' When they were disappointed in this + hope, they took to flight; for _fugam facere_ is here the same as + _fugere_, though generally it is equivalent to _fugare_. +[294] 'Tired and worn out.' +[295] The two detachments of the Roman army approaching each other, threw + each other into fear and confusion by the noise of their march, as + they imagined lhat the enemy was approaching. We have retained + _adventarent_, the reading of the early editions; the one now + generally received, _adventare_, must be rendered, 'when they were + not far from one another, they approached in a noisy manner, like + enemies, (and) filled each other mutually with fear.' But here + the verb _adventare_ is offensive, it having already been said that + they were not far from one another; so also is the mere ablative + _strepitu adventare_ and the omission of _et_, for which we cannot + see any reason. +[296] Supply _esset_. +[297] 'Misfortunes lower even good men;' that is, diminish their + reputation. + +54. Metellus in iisdem castris quatriduo[298] moratus, saucios cum cura +reficit, meritos in proeliis more militiae donat, universos in contione +laudat atque agit gratias; hortatur ad cetera, quae levia sunt,[299] +parem animum gerant; pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores +pro praeda fore. Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha +ubi gentium[300] aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an exercitum +haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca +saltuosa et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum numero +hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam +belli cultorem.[301] Id ea gratia[302] eveniebat, quod praeter regios +equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus +fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae ducitur; ita se mores +habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, +bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset,[303] +praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento illos +vinci quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio +more bellum gerundum. Itaque in Numidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros +vastat, multa castella et oppida temere[304] munita aut sine praesidio +capit incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum praedam +esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et +alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita, ubicunque res postulabat, +praesidium impositum. Quae negotia multo magis quam proelium male +pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant; quippe cui spes omnis in fuga sita +erat, sequi cogebatur, et qui sua loca[305] defendere nequiverat, in +alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex copia[306] quod optimum videbatur +consilium capit, exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet, ipse +cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus +ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique inermes +cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus profugit, et Numidae, +priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles +discedunt. + +[298] Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the + ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, S 396. +[299] _Sunt_ here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta; + according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be _sint_ or _essent_. +[300] _Gentium_ is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See + Zumpt, S 434. +[301] A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of + being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war. + Respecting the substantive _cultor_, instead of the participle + _colens_, see p. 109, note 5 [note 255]. +[302] _Ea gratia_, a concise expression for _ejus (rei) gratia_, 'on this + account.' In like manner we find _hac, ea causa_. +[303] 'Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his + pleasure;' because, considering the number and condition of his + irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to + retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither. +[304] _Temere_ signifies that which is done without any lasting effect, + without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident + or chance. +[305] _Sua loca_ are 'convenient' or 'favourable places;' _aliena_, + 'inconvenient ;' that is, such as he would not have chosen himself. +[306] 'According to circumstances,' as in chap. 39: _ex copia rerum_, + 'according to the state of circumstances.' + +55. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque +et exercitum more majorum gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute +fuisset hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum[307] ex Auli +socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset habere. Itaque +senatus ob ea felicitur acta dis immortalibus supplicia[308] decernere, +civitas trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu laeta agere, fama de +Metello praeclara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus +modis festinare, cavere tamen, necubi[309] hosti opportunus fieret, +meminisse post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo clarior, eo magis anxius +erat, neque post insidias Jugurthae[310] effuso exercitu praedari; ubi +frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium +agitabant; exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis +quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra +faciebant; ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterum, quo fuga atque +formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles +sequi, tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere; qua venturum hostem audierat, +pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere; modo se +Metello, interdum Mario ostendere, postremo in agmine temptare ac statim +in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, neque proelium +facere neque otium pati, tantummodo hostem ab incepto retinere. + +[307] _Magnificus_, 'boasting,' 'insolent,' as in chap. 31: _incedunt per + ora, vestra magnifci_. +[308] Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called + _supplicatio_, and was a sign that the general was likely to be + honoured with a triumph. +[309] _Necubi_ for _ne alicubi_, 'in order that not somewhere.' See + Zumpt, S 136. +[310] _Post insidias Jugurthae_, 'after he had once experienced attacks + made from an ambuscade.' + +56. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt neque ab hoste copiam +pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam et in ea parte qua sita erat arcem regni, +nomine Zamam,[311] statuit oppugnare, ratus id quod negotium poscebat +Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum ibique proelium fore. At +ille, quae parabantur a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum +antevenit, oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant, additis auxilio +perfugis, quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum +erat. Praeterea pollicetur in tempore[312] semet cum exercitu affore. Ita +compositis rebus in loca quam maxime occulta discedit ac post paulo +cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam +missum, quod oppidum primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat. +Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit et jam egredientibus Romanis in +porta pugnam facit; simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, uti cohortes ab +tergo circumveniant; fortunam illis praeclari facinoris casum dare; si id +fecerint, postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem +acturos. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavisset, +profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent; tanta +mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege +sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes urguent, paucis amissis profugi +discedunt. + +[311] _Zama_, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred + years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according + to Polybius, five days' march south of Carthage. +[312] _In tempore_, 'in due time,' 'in proper time.' Zumpt, S 475, note. + +57. Marius ad Zamam pervenit; id oppidum in campo situm, magis opere quam +natura munitum erat, nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. +Igitur Metellus pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus cuncta moenia +exercitu circumvenit, legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret. Deinde signo +dato undique simul clamor ingens oritur; neque ea res Numidas terret, +infensi intentique sine tumultu manent; proelium incipitur. Romani, pro +ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare; alii succedere +ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium in manibus +facere.[313] Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pila, +praeterea pice et sulfure taedam mixtam ardenti[314] mittere. Sed ne +illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat; nam +plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant, parique periculo, +sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant. + +[313] _Proelium facere in manibus_, the same as _pugnare cominus, manus + conserere_, 'to be engaged in close combat.' +[314] 'Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;' that is, burning + torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular _taedam_ is used in a + collective sense for the plural _taedas_. + +58. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum +magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,[315] et omnia magis +quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu +perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma +capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non +amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo +quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela +eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;[316] sin +Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero[317] virtutem ostendere et eos +maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime +rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo +animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse. +Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium +cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem +publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve +hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha +munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, +alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in +loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, +in castra cum exercitu revertitur. + +[315] 'Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss' + (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of _remissus_, taken from a + bow when it is not stretched. +[316] 'As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among + the many.' The deponent _frustari_ here has a reflective meaning, + 'to exert one's self in vain,' 'to deceive one's self,' and must be + conceived to come from the active _frustrare_, 'to frustrate.' +[317] 'Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,' &c. Respecting _vero_ in + the apodosis, see note on chap. 50. + +59. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum +omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet, +portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum +atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto +repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi +perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere +quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu +facerent;[318] quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi, +dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare +aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare. + +[318] 'The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not + their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage' + (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though + the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 525. The Numidian + horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making + a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in + such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood + head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by + procuring a respite for their struggling infantry. + +60. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut +tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,[319] neque alius in alio magis quam +in sese[320] spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare +omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor +permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum +ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes +paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant, +eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos +animadverteres,[321] ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,[322] +monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,[323] +et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi +Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac +diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu[324] regis proelium +visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,[325] repente magna vi murum +aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum +oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri +primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui +supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci +integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium +nox diremit. + +[319] 'There they exerted themselves most actively,' _eo_ having the + meaning of _eo loco_, or _ibi_. +[320] 'More upon themselves than upon others.' See Zumpt, S 725. +[321] 'One might observe them.' Zumpt, S 528, note 2. +[322] _Sicuti--possent_, 'just as if,' as _sicut_, like _quasi_, is used + for _velut_. See chap. 31. For it is not possible that the two places + of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the + Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one + another, or even distinctly see the separate charges. +[323] _Niti corporibus_, 'to exert one's self bodily,' inasmuch as the + body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes + backward. The plural _corpora_ is as common in Latin as _animi_, when + several persons are spoken of. +[324] _Sine tumultu_, 'without disturbance' or 'hindrance.' +[325] _Astrictus_, 'fixed intent,' whose attention was entirely directed + to the contest at a distance. _Occupatis_ also might have been used. + +61. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque +Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem +exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se[326] +defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit; +ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi +gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae +concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per +amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem, +qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece +judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi +erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se +colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum +aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua +omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,[327] tum +metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad +supplicium traderetur. + +[326] _Ad eum_, or _ad illum_, would have been strictly grammatical; and + as Sallust uses _ad se_, it would have been more consistent to use + the subjunctive _defecissent_; but the indicative is necessary, + because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed + by _ad ipsum_, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from + the secondary subject, _urbes_, and direct it to the leading subject, + Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun + where _is_ or _sui_, _sibi_, _se_, can be employed. Compare chap. 66, + and Zumpt, S 550. +[327] That is, _Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat_. + +62. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem +fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando +sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus +proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos, +regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et +fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo[328] cunctante Numidae sibi +consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. +Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent +ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere. +Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet, +eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more +majorum[329] ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti +pondo[330] ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum +aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas +vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum +primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur +Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad +imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,[331] rursus coepit flectere animum suum et +ex mala conscientia digna[332] timere. Denique multis diebus per +dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello +potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in +servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam +perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis +consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.[333] + +[328] _Ne illo_, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, 'if he hesitated still longer.' +[329] _More majorum_ refers to the custom according to which Roman + generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace + according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a + council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior + officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the + praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also + took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a + purely military nature. +[330] _Pondo_, 'pound,' properly _librarum pondo_ (depending upon + _milia_). See Zumpt, S 87. As in the time of the Roman republic + eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and + twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus, + the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi + aurei. +[331] 'When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.' There + is an ancient military expression, _Ad imperium vocari_, or _adesse_, + by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry + into effect. See Zumpt, S 658. +[332] _Digna_, 'what is due to him;' here of course bodily suffering or + punishment. +[333] We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in + which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged + his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year + as proconsul. + +63. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti, +magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo +agitabat,[334] fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, +cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido +exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia +abunde erant,[335] industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus +belli[336] ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, +tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini +altus,[337] ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, +non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter +artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum +militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,[338] facile +notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post +alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut +ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum[339] talis +vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non +audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se +per manus tradebat.[340] Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis +erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur. + +[334] _Agitabat_ does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if + so, the verb would be in the subjunctive. +[335] Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a + candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not + a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium + of Arpinum. The term 'ancient family' means one which had _imagines_, + or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices + of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country + gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property + enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of + rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render + to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank, + which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might + be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member + of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as + he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his + praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus. +[336] _Belli_; that is, _in bello_, on account of the following _domi_. +[337] _Altus_; that is, _alitus_. See Zumpt, S 198. +[338] That is, _quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen + notus factus_, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished + services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was + communicated by one person to another. +[339] _Ad id locorum_, 'until then,' 'until that time,' as in chap. 72: + _post id locorum_. See Zumpt, S 434. Marius did not venture to aspire + to the consulship; for _appetere_ is not the same as _petere_, the + latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not + yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious + superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him. +[340] The _nobiles_ transmitted the consulship to one another _per + manus_; that is, after one _nobilis_ had been invested with it, it + was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that + no _homo novus_ should come forward as a candidate. + +64. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido +animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem[341] rogat. Cui +quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,[342] tamen +inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque +primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam +monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non +omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo +caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam +haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi +primum potuisset per negotia publica,[343] facturum sese, quae peteret. +Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire; +satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore +contubernio patris[344] ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti; +quae res Marium cum pro[345] honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum +vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, +grassari,[346] neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo +ambitiosum[347] foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore +imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo +Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars +exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis +habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis[348] et regiae +superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora +videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo +cupienti nihil satis festinatur. + +[341] His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return + to the service, he would have asked _commeatum_, 'leave of absence.' + He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be + successful. +[342] _Superabant_; that is, _supererant, abunde erant_. + Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at + the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly + born. +[343] 'He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so + consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.' +[344] _Contubernio patris_ for _in contubernio patris_, as + _contubernalis_ of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for + young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites + in the suite, and as attaches (adjutants) to a general, whereas other + less favoured Romans served _in ordine_; that is, enlisted in some + detachment of cavalry or infantry. +[345] _Pro_, 'in regard to,' 'in consideration of.' +[346] _Grassari_, 'to go on,' 'proceed;' but at the same time contains + the idea of excitement or vehemence. +[347] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' _ambitiosum_, something the object + or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence 'winning,' + 'captivating.' +[348] _Inanis_, 'empty.' Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance, + one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with + it; hence 'vain,' 'superficial.' _Vanus_ also is used in the same + sense. _Regia superbia_. See chap. 31. + +65. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda, +Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum +heredem[349] scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum +imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item +postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat, +honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset, +praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos[350] foret, si equites Romani +satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque +hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori[351] cum suo auxilio poenas petat; +hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum +regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut +occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo[352] mature +posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum +et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores[353] alios ipse, plerosque +pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de +bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus +honestissima suffragatione[354] consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate +plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,[355] novos extollebat. Ita +Mario cuncta procedere. + +[349] _Secundus heres_ is the person who is pointed out in a will to + supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable + or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his + death without leaving any issue. +[350] _In eos_; that is, _in equites Romanos_, referring to what follows. +[351] _Imperatori_, a dativus incommodi, _cui poena imponantur_, 'that + with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the + general in return for the insults offered to him.' +[352] 'This might happen even very soon.' _Adeo_ points out that which is + essential in a thing. See Zumpt, S 281. +[353] The words _milites et negotiatiores_ are in apposition to _equites + Romanos_, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in + the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on + business (_negotiabantur_) in the towns. If the sentence were to be + understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been + omitted before _milites_. See Zumpt, S 783. The _milites gregarii_ + and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons + had little or no communication with their friends at Rome. +[354] _Suffragatio_, the inclination to give one's vote in favour of a + person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence 'the + support given to a person's election.' A vote is _suffragium_, and + _suffragari_, to vote for a person. +[355] This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation + into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in + chap. 40, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was + terrified by it. + +66. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna +cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se +defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,[356] communire +suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut +commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis +erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta +agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, +praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate +alienati,[357] principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti +plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque +discordiosum[358] erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. +Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is +festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam +formidinem ostentabat.[359] Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque +militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium +domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant; +postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die[360] ac sine +imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii +studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus +tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant. + +[356] _Affectare_, 'to try to obtain a thing,' 'to exert one's self for a + thing.' +[357] _Voluntate alienati_; that is, _sua sponte alienati_. +[358] _Discordiosus_, 'quarrelsome;' a very rare word, but formed with + perfect correctness. Zumpt, S 252. +[359] 'The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather + than apprehension and terror;' namely, to the Romans or the Roman + garrison. +[360] _In tali die_. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by + the addition _tali_, indicating the particular circumstances of that + day of joy. See Zumpt, S 475, note. _Inermos_ is much more rare than + _inermes_. See Zumpt, S 101, note. + +67. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum +facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, +praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc +mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum[361] saxa et alia, quae locus +praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,[362] neque a +fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique, +strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate, +saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus +ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an +pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in +tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque +videtur.[363] + +[361] _Pro tectis_, 'on the edge of the roofs.' +[362] _Anceps malum_, 'the double attack;' namely, the one made on even + ground, and that from the roofs. +[363] Respecting the connection of _nisi_--_videtur_, instead of the + complete expression _nisi hoc constat_--_eum videri_, see p. 92, + note 2 [note 153]. _Intestabilis_, properly, 'a person unfit to give + his evidence, and incapable of making a will;' hence, according to + Roman usage, equivalent to 'infamous;' _detestabilis_, which also + properly signifies 'one deserving to be excluded in the will,' or 'to + be disinherited.' + +68. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e +conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima +cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam +plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos +educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam +planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos +itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia[364] docet oppidum Vagam non +amplius mille passuum[365] abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo +animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, +poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum +arrectis, equites in primo[366] late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa +occultare jubet. + +[364] 'Declining everything;' that is, refusing to obey any order that + was given them. +[365] _Passuum_ might also be _passus_. See Zumpt, S 116, note. +[366] _In primo_, 'at the head,' or 'in front,' the line being spread out + (_late_), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry. + +69. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, +uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros +vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum +Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque +repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas +festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam +lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas +magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.[367] Turpilius, quem +praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a +Metello causam dicere,[368] postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus +verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat. + +[367] 'The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.' We cannot say + _urbs poenae fuit_ alone; but the dative _poenae_ is explained + by the common expression _praedae fuit_, with which it is connected. +[368] 'Ordered to defend himself' against the charge of treachery + which was brought against him. For a _reus_ (a person standing + accused of a crime) _causam dicit_; that is, conducts his case, or + defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid + the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged. + This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound + to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been + abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5. + [note 260 in Cat.] For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that + Turpilius was a citizen from Latium; that is, he did not possess the + full Roman franchise, but only that part of it which was not + incompatible with his retaining the franchise in some Latin town. + Such half-citizens or Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given + in this manner, that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the + territory of Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they + renounced their Latin franchise, were at that time still very + numerous; but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called + the Latin towns received the Roman franchise. + +70. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam +metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas +res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare +animum;[369] denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, +hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui +plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus +erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant;[370] ex +quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis +statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa +ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne +ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.[371] Is postquam magnitudine facinoris +perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,[372] Bomilcar +simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere +consilio novum quaereret,[373] litteras ad eum per homines fideles +mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare,[374] testari deos, +per quos juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret; +Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id +modo agitari;[375] proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum +mallet. + +[369] 'He tormented himself day and night with the thought.' Respecting + this paraphrase of one's own person by the word _animus_, see Zumpt, + S 678. +[370] _Quae Jugurthae_--_superaverant_, 'which had been left for + Jugurtha;' that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish. +[371] 'That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy + in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished' (_inultis_). +[372] _Metusque_--_impediebat_. The imperfect describes the lasting + condition of the matter, while the perfect, _venit_, expresses the + momentary act, and the clause _metus impediebat_ represents an + inserted clause denoting cause: _metus enim rem impediebat_. +[373] Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown + by Nabdalsa. +[374] _In quis_--_accusare_. The historical infinitive in a relative + clause is very rare, but _in quis_ here supplies the place of _et in + his_. +[375] 'The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their + (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa's) valour, or by that of Metellus,' + since his doom was fixed at all events. _Id agitari_ for _id agi_, + which in this sense is far more frequent. + +71. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,[376] forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore +fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, +deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,[377] somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam +negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi +novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex +consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum +introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere +positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem +pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit[378] +et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, +postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae +ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;[379] lacrimans +obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super[380] +tali scelere suspectum sese haberet. + +[376] _Allatae_; supply _essent_, an ellipsis, which is not very common + after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. +[377] _Solet_, supply _capere_. +[378] _Repperit_; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, S 22. +[379] _Res praevenitur_, 'a thing is anticipated,' or 'something is done + previously,' is found very rarely instead of _occupatur_. _Homo + praevenitur_, 'a person is anticipated in a thing,' is more common. +[380] _Super_, the same as _de_. See Zumpt, S 320. + +72. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,[381] placide respondit. +Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis +iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id +locorum Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali +cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, +circumspectare omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco +saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus +arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia +exagitari.[382] + +[381] 'Differently from what he carried in his mind;' that is, from what + he intended in his mind. +[382] A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of + his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have + paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian. + +73. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto[383] ex +perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat +festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et +offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, +litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo +de ambobus acceperant.[384] Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, +invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; +ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua +moderata.[385] Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum +omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,[386] Marii virtutem in majus +celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, +quorum res fidesque[387] in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus +frequentarent Marium[388] et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. +Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus +mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem +vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus +paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.[389] + +[383] _Indicio patefacto_ is a kind of pleonasm, as _indicio facto_ would + be sufficient; for _indicium fit, res ipsa_ (that is, _conjuratio_) + _patefit_--'the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.' +[384] _Plebs--acceperant_ for _acceperat_, _plebs_ being a collective + noun. Zumpt, S 366. +[385] 'However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than + either their virtues or their faults.' _Moderata sunt_, from the + deponent _moderor_, 'I determine,' 'I guide;' as in Cicero, _mens + moderatur omnia_, 'the mind determines everything.' _Sua bona aut + mala_, 'their own virtues or vices,' in apposition to the party-zeal + of others. _Suus_ here is not reflective, but only designates + something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, + S 550. +[386] _Arcessere_, 'to summon before a court of justice,' with the + genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms _arcessere_ and + _accersere_ have the same meaning, but _arcessere_ is more frequent + in the sense of 'to summon,' or 'to accuse.' +[387] _Res fidesque_, 'property and credit.' +[388] 'Crowded around Marius,' whenever he appeared in public, to show + him their attachment. _Post honorem Marii ducerent_, the same, as + _postponerent honori Marii_, the preposition in this sense being + commonly joined to the verb. Compare _Cat_. chap. 23. +[389] From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign + in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon + to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was + customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current + administration of foreign affairs. + +74. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse +necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum[390] +profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum +fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius +incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum +satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum +hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in +armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; +ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente +sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore +parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae +affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo +congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto +numero;[391] hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus +proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.[392] + +[390] _Bocchus_, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as + far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the + modern empire of Fez and Morocco. +[391] 'The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of + standards.' The adjective _aliquantus_, with the exception of the + neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe + the varying construction of _potior_. See Zumpt, SS 465, 466. Sallust + often prefers variety to uniformity. +[392] _Tuta sunt_ might also be _tuentur_; for the perfect is here used + of things which usually happened, and still happen. _Tuta_ is less + common than _tuita_ or _tutata_, which in this passage is found in + some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text. + +75. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo[393] rebus suis diffidens cum +perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in +oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus +multus pueritiae cultus[394] erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, +quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta, +loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus +oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam +vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi +frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea[395] +portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti +pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta +ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam +Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque, +ubi praesto fuerint,[396] praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam +oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad +Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis +praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa +vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo[397] exercitui satis superque foret. +Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova +deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis +usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis +immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad +Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos +crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum +parare; idem nostri facere. + +[393] _Impensius modo_ may be 'still more strongly,' his despondency + having already been mentioned; or _modo_ is the ablative, and + _impensius modo_ is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, + beyond measure, _ultra modum_. +[394] _Cultus_ is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart + from eating and drinking; so that _pueritiae cultus_ comprises the + regulations for a youth's residence, his education, and the things + and persons by whom he is surrounded. +[395] 'And other things fit to contain water;' probably vessels to keep + water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with + vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. +[396] 'Where they should be assembled.' +[397] _Modo_ is commonly used only to denote that something is less + than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of 'that alone,' + or 'even that alone.' + +76. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,[398] quippe qui omnia, +arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem +industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu +profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus +simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, +quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex +opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul +oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia +circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia[399] maxime idoneis vineas agere, +aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros +tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil +reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque +fatigati,[400] post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo +potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus +feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae +prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati, +illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus +poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.[401] + +[398] 'That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,' the perfect + participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility--as + _invictus_, invincible; _incorruptus_, incorruptible; _inaccessus_, + inaccessible. See Zumpt, S 328. +[399] _Ex copia_, 'according to circumstances,' here referring especially + to the different nature of the locality. _Vinea_, properly 'a bower + formed of vines;' hence 'a protecting roof,' under which the soldiers + attacked the fortifications of the enemy. +[400] 'After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:' + _ante_ here is superfluous. +[401] _Poenas pendere_, the same as _poenas solvere_, 'to pay a penalty.' + In _corrumpunt_ we may notice a zeugma, as out of _corrumpunt_ we + have to take _interficiunt_. See Zumpt, S 775. + +77. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum +venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem +quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem +neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in +summo periculo suam salutem, illorum[402] socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam +inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam +miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata, +semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque +imperata nave[403] fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, +adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus. + +[402] _Illorum_; that is, _Romanorum_. Respecting the situation of Leptis + magna, see chap. 19. +[403] _Nave_ or _naviter_ ('actively') is the correct orthography, for + which other editions have _gnave_. See Zumpt, S 12. Its case is the + same as that of _natus_, which in composition takes the _g_--as + _cognatus_, _agnatus_; and also _narus_, _ignarus_. + +78. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob +discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter +duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in +extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae +praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,[404] alia in tempestate +vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum +arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis +simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.[405] Ejus civitatis lingua +modo[406] conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica, +quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem +agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. + +[404] _Alta_; supply _in alia tempestate_, 'sometimes deep, and sometimes + shallow.' +[405] 'They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws + other things along with it;' for the Greek [Greek: surein] signifies + 'to draw,' or 'drag along.' +[406] It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had + experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections + with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved + their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated + from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was + also the reason of the Numidian king's seldom residing at Leptis, + although the town belonged to his kingdom. + +79. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non +indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium +memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.[407] Qua tempestate Carthaginienses +pleraeque Africae imperitabant,[408] Cyrenenses quoque magni atque +opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque +mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque +bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe +fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne +mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias +sponsionem faciunt,[409] uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo +in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis +haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis +erat, maturavere iter pergere,[410] Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id +socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis +tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.[411] Nam ubi per loca +aequalia et nuda gignentium[412] ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea +magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito +morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob +rem corruptam[413] domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante +tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,[414] denique omnia malle quam +victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam, +peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,[415] ut vel illi, +quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi[416] vivi obruerentur, vel eadem +condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione +probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti. +Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique +illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo. + +[407] _Admonere_ is here construed in an unusual manner with two + accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the + latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun + in the accusative is not uncommon--as _hoc, id, illud te admoneo_. +[408] _Imperare_ and _imperitare_ are construed with the dative of that + over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative + or ablative. +[409] _Sponsionem facere_ here has the general sense, 'to make a + contract,' otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is + given, which is lost by him who is condemned. +[410] 'They hastened to get through their journey.' The intransitive + _pergere_ (like _ire_) containing the notion of an uninterrupted + continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same + derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive + meaning. See Zumpt, S 384. +[411] _Retinere_; supply _proficiscentes_ or _iter facientes_. +[412] 'Devoid of,' or 'without products;' for _gignere_ is used of those + things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like + themselves. +[413] 'Because they had spoiled the affair;' as by quick travelling they + might have traversed a considerable extent of country. +[414] _Conturbare_, 'to disturb,' or 'to try to throw into confusion;' + namely, the agreement. +[415] 'The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,' for _dant optionem + Carthaginiensibus_. The genitive _Carthaginiensium_ occurs in most, + and in the best manuscripts. +[416] _Ibi_; that is, _in illis finibus_. + +80. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum +putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad +Gaetulos,[417] genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum +nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit +ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria +facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus +promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus +impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius +proniusque[418] fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam +miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto +bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quis omnia honesta atque +inhonesta vendere mos erat.[419] Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi +nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia +singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures +habent, sed reges eo amplius.[420] Ita animus multitudine distrahitur, +nulla pro socia obtinet,[421] pariter omnes viles sunt. + +[417] The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, + in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern + countries inhabited by real negroes. +[418] _Pronum_, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without + obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an + inclined plane. +[419] The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before + they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the + Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of + friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. +[420] 'But kings so much the more;' namely, surpass others in the + numbers of their wives. +[421] 'None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;' that is, none + is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life + and rank. + +81. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum[422] exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide +data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes +injustos, profunda avaritia,[423] communes omnium hostes esse; eandem +illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus, +libidinem imperitandi, quis[424] omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,[425] +paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque +opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus +dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam +captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta +urbe[426] operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, +proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem +imminuere,[427] ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet. + +[422] _In locum placitum_, 'at a fixed place,' at a place where it had + been agreed to meet. The participle _placitus_ is formed irregularly + from the neuter verb _placeo_, as such verbs generally have no + passive voice. But _placeo_ is used also as an impersonal verb, + _placet_, and, as such, its perfect is either _placuit_ or _placitum + est_, 'it pleased,' or 'was decreed.' The same is the case with other + impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form + gradually ceased to be offensive, _placitus, a, um_, came to be used + in the sense of _is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit_. Compare Zumpt, + SS 142, 225. +[423] 'Of an insatiable avarice;' for _profundus_ is often used + figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. +[424] _Quis_ (_quibus_) refers to the preceding _illos_; that is, + _Romanos_. +[425] _Tum, sese_; supply _hostem Romanis esse_, which infinitive must be + taken from the following _fore_. The _tum_ must be rendered in + English by 'now,' as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, S 732; and + regarding _Persen_ for _Perseum_, S 52. +[426] _Capta urbe_, 'if the town were taken,' it would be worth while. +[427] _Pacem imminuere_, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus + intended to conclude with the Romans. + +82. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti +saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam +facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur, +melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, +excommodo[428] pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit +provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quis +rebus supra bonum atque honestum[429] perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere +neque moderari linguam;[430] vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter +aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii[431] bonum +ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex +manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii +quam injuria sua[432] excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si +adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur. + +[428] 'According to his advantage;' that is, if a favourable opportunity + should offer. +[429] 'More than is just and fair.' +[430] According to the language of Cicero, the dative _linguae_ would + have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, S 414. +[431] _Alii_; supply from what precedes _interpretabantur_, 'they + accounted for his sensibility by,' &c. +[432] _Injuria sua_ has a passive sense; 'by the injustice done to him.' + +83. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae[433] videbatur alienam +rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine +causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum[434] magnam copiam +societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam +opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;[435] +omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;[436] non in ejusdem +potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, +licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo +consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea +rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae +fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,[437] omnia conventura. +Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare +partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis +tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi. + +[433] _Stultitiae_ might have been _stultilia_ for the genitive. See + Zumpt, S 448, note 1. +[434] _Tum_. See page 137, note 3 [note 425]. +[435] _Incerta mutare_, 'to obtain uncertain things in exchange for + others, or for certain things;' but it might also mean, 'to give + uncertain things for certain ones.' See Zumpt, S 456, note. +[436] _Desinere_ is used here for the sake of variety, instead of + _finire_, _deponi_. +[437] 'If the same power were granted to him' (Jugurtha), namely, to + conclude peace, 'an agreement might easily be come to.' _Res convenit + inter nos_ is the same as _convenimus de re_, 'we agree upon the + matter.' + +84. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe[438] consul factus, +postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus +nobilitati, tum vero multus[439] atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo +universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia +cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, +quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum, +auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio +fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et +ambiundo cogere[440] homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque +illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; +ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia +volenti[441] putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi +amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi +plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum +rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,[442] et eos non paulum +oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, +decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti +consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo +disseruit: + +[438] 'The plebs being most desirous.' The participle _cupiens_, with + its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not + contrary to grammar. +[439] _Multus instare_ is rather a poetical phrase for _multum_, + 'greatly,' or 'repeatedly.' +[440] _Ambiundo cogere_, 'to oblige a person by flattering words;' a very + expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is + effected by flattery and intreaties. +[441] For the expression _aliquid mihi volenti est_, 'a thing accords + with my wishes,' see Zumpt, S 420, note. _Neque_ corresponds with + _et_: on the one hand, it was _not_ believed that the service in the + army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it _was_ + believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military + service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would + lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. +[442] _Traho animo_, or _cum animo meo_, 'I am incessantly occupied in my + mind with something.' + +85. 'Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis +petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, +modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi +contra ea videtur; nam[443] quo pluris est universa res publica quam +consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti +debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio[444] negotii +sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam +eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter +invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.[445] +Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, +cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio +adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et +innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, +omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene +facta rei publicae procedunt,[446] nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. +Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra +sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula +consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti +accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est +in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; +mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex +consuetudine in naturam vertit.[447] Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha +jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum +animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo +nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris +prosapiae[448] ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in +tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo +monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem +jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, +qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria +praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri +tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.[449] Comparate nunc, Quirites, +cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, +eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego +militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. +Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis +probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium +existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.[450] Ac si jam ex +patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni +maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos +voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant[451] idem majoribus suis, +quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo +invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec +illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi +vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae +illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae +voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu +verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia +facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita +illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita +se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque +mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei[452] ego inopiam fateor. +Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet[453] facta mihi +dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi +arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo +et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam +acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere +velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo +vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non +placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.[454] Nam me +quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera +necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed +quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum +negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum +sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus +majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, +phaleras, alia militaria dona,[455] praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. +Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa +illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt +composita mea verba; parum id facio;[456] ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; +illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras +Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem +doctoribus nihil profuerunt.[457] At illa multo optima rei publicae +doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,[458] nihil metuere nisi +turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem +tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, +neque illos arte colam,[459] me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem +illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per +mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,[460] id est dominum, non +imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque +publicam celebravere.[461] Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, +nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi +debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. +Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, +memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola +neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, +quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris +pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.[462] Quae mihi libet confiteri, +Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, +munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere +plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. +Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;[463] +ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in +conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem +et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum +noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum +praemia ereptum eunt.[464] Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae +artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae +cladi sunt.[465] Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum +flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium +de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus +Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,[466] avaritiam, imperitiam atque +superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis +strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum +attrita est.[467] Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini +mecum et capessite rem publicam,[468] neque quemquam ex calamitate +aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in +proelio consultor idem[469] et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque +vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.[470] Et profecto dis juvantibus +omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul +essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.[471] Etenim +nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti +aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. +Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis +abunde dictum puto.' + +[443] From what precedes, supply _mihi videtur_. +[444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, + calls his appointment to the consulship a _beneficium_, 'a favour,' + of the Roman people. +[445] 'Is more difficult;' namely, than is commonly believed, quam + _opinio_ est. +[446] _Procedunt_, 'benefit the state,' 'promote the general good.' +[447] _Vertit_, intransitively, 'has become changed;' the same as _vertit + se_, or _versum est_. See Zumpt, S 145. +[448] _Prosapia_ for _familia_, an ancient and obsolete word, and + intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the + pretensions of the nobility. +[449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted + with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, + _praeposteri homines_; that is, 'men who do afterwards that which + they ought to do before;' for, he adds, it is true one must first be + appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active + preparation ought to precede. +[450] 'I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make + this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.' By _quamquam_, + Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, + S 341); _sed_ introduces a new distinction between men; namely that + of merit. +[451] _Faciant idem_, 'let them despise their own ancestors likewise.' +[452] _Hujusce rei_; that is, _commemorationis majorum meorum_, 'I cannot + speak of my ancestors.' +[453] _Meamet_, commonly with the addition of _ipse_. Zumpt, S 139, note. +[454] 'That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious + of my own weakness and want of ability.' Modesty often shows + itself mainly in silence. _Conscientia_ is the consciousness of a + person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. + _Ducere in aliquid_, 'to consider a thing as;' 'to interpret a thing + as:' compare chap. 82: _vertere in superbiam_. +[455] _Militaria dona_ are presents which a general gives publicly to + brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable + distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such + presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. + Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn + round the neck (_torques_), bracelets (_armillae_), pins or brooches + (_fibulae_) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (_coronae_). It was less + common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (_vexillum_) attached + to a pole. +[456] 'I consider this as something too unimportant.' _Parum_ is used + substantively. +[457] 'Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the + Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:' inasmuch as the Greek + states had been unable to protect their political liberty either + against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. _Virtus_ signifies + especially 'bravery,' 'valour;' but it has also a more general + meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's + own advantages. +[458] _Praesidia agitare_, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts + intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of + enemies. +[459] _Arte colere_, 'to keep close;' _opulenter colere_, 'to treat + liberally.' +[460] 'To compel by bodily punishment.' +[461] _Celebravere_; that is, _extulerunt_, _auxerunt_. _Celebrare_ + properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring + into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other + objects. +[462] 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails + the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more + than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the + _villicus_ was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged + in agriculture on the estate (_villa_) of a Roman noble. _Coquus_ is + also spelled _cocus_. See Zumpt, S 5. +[463] _Quin ergo--faciant_, 'why, then, will they not do?' This form + of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The + subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon _quin_, but upon the + optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, S 542. +[464] _Ereptum eunt_, 'they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch + away.' +[465] _Cladi sunt_, 'they are a destruction;' the same as _calamitosae, + perniciosae sunt_. +[466] That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, + and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, + Albinus, and Metellus. +[467] _Attrito_, 'worn away,' 'annihilated,' 'sacrificed.' +[468] 'Serve the republic,' 'devote yourselves to the public good.' +[469] 'Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' _Idem_ indicates the + union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, S 697. +[470] 'I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.' +[471] _Decebat_, a peculiarity of the Latin language for _deceret_. See + Zumpt, S 518. + +86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos +videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; +cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites +scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido +erat, capite censos plerosque.[472] Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii +per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus +auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque +opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,[473] quippe quae nulla sunt, et +omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto[474] +majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus +Uticam[475] advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam +Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus +tolerare nequiverat. + +[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military + affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first + five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those + persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of + the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the + legions. They were _capite censi_, because, when the censors made + out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal + existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth + class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, + _classis_ signifies only 'a property class.' As the number of persons + of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, + and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in + the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive + privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered + themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and + accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to + this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the + service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the + time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from + the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, + those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life, + and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of + ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. +[473] _Sua curae_; another reading is _cura sunt_, the sense of which is + nearly the same. _Sua_, 'a person's own property,' or 'all that + belongs to him,' including the state itself. +[474] 'With a considerably larger army.' About this meaning of + _aliquanto_ with a comparative, see Zumpt, SS 108, 488. +[475] _Utica_, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was + a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second + Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded + by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is + Biserta, north-west of Tunis. + +87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum +fertilem et praeda onustum[476] proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus +donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; +proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi +milites sine metu pugnae adesse,[477] videre fugientes capi aut occidi, +fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et +alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi +veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de +adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita +Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos +sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.[478] + +[476] 'Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken + as booty. +[477] _Pugnae adesse_ belong together, 'to take part in the battle.' + Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with + courage before leading them to labour and hardship. +[478] _Futuros_; supply _esse_, 'they would behave;' hence the adverbs. + See Zumpt, S 365. + +88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem[479] suam laetissimis +animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta +carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter +attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare +itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se +remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex +sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, +ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.[480] Quae +postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi[481] cognovit, statuit urbes, +quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae +erant,[482] singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis +nudatum,[483] si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus +nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab +se hostile timeret. [484] Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior +accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum +exploratum est. + +[479] 'Contrary to his expectation;' for _spes_ is often used in the + general sense of 'expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything, + whether good or bad. +[480] _Armis exuere,_ 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or + 'defeat;' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their + arms behind. +[481] 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, S 662. +[482] _Adversum se erant_ is a combination of two constructions + --_adversum se essent_ and _adversum eum erant_--of which we have + already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122, + note 1 [note 326]. +[483] To _nudatum_ supply _fore_, which is to be taken out of the + following _esse_; 'he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of + his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.' +[484] _Ne quid--timeret_, '(requesting him) not to fear anything;' the + imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by + the subjunctive. See Zumpt, S 603. + +89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim +vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo +mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus +venturum.[485] Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum +accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.[486] Erat inter +ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,[487] +cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham +immunes,[488] levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti +adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo +magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, +inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum[489] vis sicuti +omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa +perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium +maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera +videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud +dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus +aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi +aqua;[490] cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae +procul a mari incultius agebat,[491] eo facilius tolerabatur, quia +Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque +alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque +sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat. + +[485] _In manus venire_, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close + combat;' for _manus conserere_, which is much more frequent. +[486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable + moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive _aggredi_. + Zumpt, S 659, note. +[487] _Capsa_, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river + Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, + and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of + Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, + by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a + Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal + scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. +[488] _Immunis_, 'exempt from taxes.' +[489] Other editions have _quarum_ instead of _quorum_. See Zumpt, S 78, + note. +[490] _Jugis aqua_, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.' + The other water which they used was rain water, and to _pluvia_ we + must supply _aqua_. +[491] _Africa--incultius agebat_, 'Africa, which was in a state of + greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb _agere_ + (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the + country itself. + +90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas +difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti +inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo +student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita +contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam +aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter +exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, +equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum +cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum +locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem +venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam. + +[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.' +[493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.' +[494] _Exornat_; supply _rem, expeditionem_, 'the undertaking or + campaign.' + +91. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas +[495] aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat; +simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui +forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium +effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque, +uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus +sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam +tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit; +idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in +locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum[496] milium intervallo; ibique +quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies +coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente +omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam +et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque +milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res +trepidae,[497] metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra +moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum +oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati, +praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque +scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis +aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio +neque metu coercitum.[498] + +[495] _Per_ implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. +[496] _Duum_ for _duorum_ occurs most frequently in connection with + _milium_. See Zumpt, S 115, note 2. +[497] _Res trepidae_, 'a dangerous situation.' +[498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a + town which had surrendered at discretion. + +92. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit, +magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene +consulta in virtutem trahebantur,[499] milites modesto imperio habiti +simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere, +postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse +aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.[500] Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, +ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta +propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia +complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento, +aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,[501] ceterum +haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod +Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons +saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno +perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia[502] natura velut opere atque +consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, +summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta. +Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,[503] et +fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus +importunus, iter castellanorum[504] angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum. +Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo +processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere +consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo +administrare;[505] optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus +augeri. + +[499] 'All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted + as good services,' so that to _non_ we have to supply _modo_. For the + phrase _in virtutem trahere_, see chap. 85: _ducere in conscientiam_. +[500] 'He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything + was revealed to him by divine inspiration.' +[501] _Capsensium_; supply _res_, 'the undertaking against Capsa;' for + the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the + town itself. +[502] 'For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, + and purposely.' The accusative _omnia_ is to be taken adverbially, + 'on all sides,' just as we frequently find _cetera_ and _reliqua_. + See Zumpt, S 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have _per + omnia_, _omni parte_, _omnis_, all of which are only attempts to + explain the true reading. +[503] 'For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and + provisions.' This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern + editions _et_ is omitted, and the passage is given with the following + punctuation: _nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis + frumenti_, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but + violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction + must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. +[504] 'The road of the inhabitants of the castle;' that is, the only + road which led up to the castle. +[505] 'Do their work ;' namely, break through the wall. + +93. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum +animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam +opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies +noctesque aestuans[506] agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,[507] ex cohortibus +auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab +latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter +saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures +peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus +est.[508] Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido +difficilia faciundi animum vertit.[509] Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex +coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in +altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo +eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,[510] quod +cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.[511] Exploratis omnibus, +quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, +sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta +edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet; +pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa +ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;[512] quorum uti cujusque ingenium +erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen +paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque +quam velocissimos delegit,[513] et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor +centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem +constituit. + +[506] _Aestuans_ is here used figuratively of one who is in care and + anxiety. +[507] _Ligus_, 'a Ligurian,' belonging to the country of Liguria, which + was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital + of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman + army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt + of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were + accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from + their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, + perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in + which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. +[508] _Egressus est_, the same as _escendit_ or _evasit_, 'he got up.' +[509] 'The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,' + inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack + upon the castle. +[510] 'He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,' as from his + high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose + that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; + but _perscribit_ may possibly mean only to mark such points as + would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality + after his return to the camp. +[511] 'The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being + with them.' +[512] 'Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of + the Ligurian.' +[513] 'Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.' + _Numero_ is almost superfluous. + +94. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad +locum pergit.[514] Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce, +arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus +nisusque per saxa facilius foret;[515] super terga gladii et scuta, verum +ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius +streperent.[516] Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate +radices eminebant,[517] laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites +facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu, +ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, +deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur, +potissimus temptare,[518] ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein +statim digrediens,[519] ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque +fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes +sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae +Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas +habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus, +testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et +funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum +subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro +muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam +objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus +feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, +magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute +certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri, +qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat, +postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani +instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum +corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam +omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa +invenit.[520] + +[514] _Pergit_; namely, _Ligus_. +[515] 'That it might proceed more easily.' +[516] 'In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make + less noise.' +[517] 'And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;' + for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such + knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. +[518] 'He himself foremost (_potissimus_) tried those places which it + was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.' +[519] 'And then immediately withdrawing;' namely, in order to make room + for those who followed. +[520] 'The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable + fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, _correcta_) by + chance, found praise instead of blame.' The sudden terror of the + Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in + their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the + Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had + despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few + Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions + for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly + small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these + centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance. + +95. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in +castra venit, quos[521] uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus +erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,[522] idoneum visum est de +natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus +dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res +dixere, persecutus,[523] parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur +Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum +ignavia,[524] litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque +doctissime,[525] eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae +cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas +remorata, nisi quod[526] de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus, +callidus et amicitia facilis;[527] ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii +incredibilis;[528] multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque +illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam +fortuna fuit,[529] multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam +postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere. + +[521] _Quos_ refers to the _equites_ implied in the word _equitatus_. + This is a construction _ad sensum_, of which many examples occur in + Sallust (compare _Cat._ 7), though the present case is rather + unusual. +[522] _Res_, 'the subject,' 'the present discussion,' or 'the context of + the narrative.' +[523] _Persecutus_; supply _Sullae naturam cultumque_. L. Sisenna, an + early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war + between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and + therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. +[524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. + The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in + consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, + applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a + physical decay of the family. +[525] _Atque doctissime_, 'and that very profoundly;' the same as _et + doctissime quidem_. +[526] _Nisi quod_ adds a limitation or exception to something stated + before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the + remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved + better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the + spur of a momentary passion. _Potuit consuli_; supply _ab eo_; that + is, _potuisset consulere_. +[527] _Amicitia facilis_, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or + friendly intercourse.' +[528] _Altitudo animi_, the unfathomableness of a man's character and + designs--a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going + on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become + hypocritical, _ad simulationem et dissimulationem_. +[529] 'His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is, + his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved + all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are + utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither + good-luck nor activity. + +96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in +castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, +sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus[530] factus est. Ad hoc +milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare +beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, +ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,[531] ut illi quam plurimi +deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine +atque ad vigilias multus adesse,[532] neque interim, quod prava ambitio +solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque +consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus +et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus. + +[530] For _intra breves tempestates_, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in + Cat.]. +[531] _Id laboro_. See Zumpt, S 385. _Ut illi deberent_ should properly + be _sibi_ or _ipsi_; but see Zumpt, S 550. +[532] _Multus adesse_, 'he was present in many places,' multiplying, as + it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84. + +97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi +utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, +quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. +Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes +trahere,[533] rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique +Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, +aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus +Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu +conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte +die[534] reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi +munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,[535] quia locorum +scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem +fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi +hostes aderant[536] et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas +colligere, denique antequam signum[537] aut imperium ullum accipere +quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, +sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; +qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma +capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos +ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio[538] magis quam proelio +similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; +caedere alios, alios obtruncare;[539] multos, contra adversos acerrime +pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, +quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani +veteres novique et ob ea[540] scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus +conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et +instructi hostium vim sustentabant. + +[533] _Rationes trahere_ implies slow and careful deliberation, as in + chaps. 34 and 93. +[534] _Die_ for _diei_. See page 115, note 3 [note 289]. +[535] 'The night would not he an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit). + _Nullo_ obsolete for _nulli_. See Zumpt, S 140. +[536] _Simul cognovit_--_et hostes aderant_, 'he at once learned--and the + enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information + and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. _Sarcinas + colligere_; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put + together in a heap, as in Caes. _Bell_. _Gall_. vii. 18. +[537] _Signum_ here is 'the watchword,' which is given out by the + general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling + another. Sometimes _signum_ is the signal given by a _cornu_ or + _tuba_. To make the former known throughout an army required some + time, but not so the latter. _Signa_ afterwards are the standards of + the maniples, cohorts, and legions. +[538] _Latrocinium_, 'a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular + battle. +[539] _Obtruncare_ in opposition to _caedere_ (cut down) signifies 'to + mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word _multos_ is chosen + here only for variety's sake, instead of _alios_. +[540] The words _veteres novique_ express a whole sentence: 'as old + and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and + cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that _ob ea_ (for + this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers + were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the + old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say _squares_), which + was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a + superior enemy. + +98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea +demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam +familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis +succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu +consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. +Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,[541] +atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum +Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus +esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris +parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna +parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.[542] Ceterum apud +aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos +milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,[543] in unum contrahit, dein +cunctos pleno gradu[544] in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate +coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, +utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris +ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, +strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro[545] +victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis +facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant. + +[541] _Quam tamen_--_nihil remittere_, 'while the barbarians nevertheless + did not leave off.' For _quum_ with the historical infinitive, see + Zumpt, S 582. _Pro se_, 'favourable to them.' +[542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to + have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as + it required only to be slightly fortified. _Quaerebat_ for + _requirebat_, which is more common in this sense. +[543] 'As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that + _neque_, being properly used for _et non_, must here be taken for + _etiam non_ or _ne_--_quidem_. +[544] _Pleno gradu_, 'at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running. + This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had + been worsted in the attack. +[545] _Fugere, ut pro_, is the reading of the manuscripts, 'as they did + not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' _Ut pro_ + signifies 'both as victors and as if they were,' the _ut_ and _pro_ + signifying nearly the same thing. + +99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum +silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, +canere,[546] deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo +ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, +legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere +atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu +repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut +providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo +subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi +vecordia ceperat.[547] Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa +militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus +interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. + +[546] 'Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually + heard at the different night watches.' The night was divided by + the Romans into four watches (_vigiliae_), the beginning of which was + announced by a horn (_buccina_). _Canere_ is here used + intransitively, 'to sound,' as in _Cat_. chap. 59 Below, it is used + transitively, in the sense of 'to blow,' or 'give a signal.' +[547] The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in + some parts very minute. _Formido_ is the highest degree of fear + (_timor_), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition _quasi + vecordia_. + +100. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter +commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria +socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium +quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,[548] in +sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea +cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis +tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari[549] et regionum scientissimi, +hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,[550] omnia +providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus +intentusque, item milites cogebat;[551] neque secus, atque iter facere, +castra munire,[552] excubitum in porta[553] cohortes ex legionibus, pro +castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in +munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, +quae[554] imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore +labos volentibus esset.[555] Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus +Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo[556] exercitum coercebat; quod +multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam +duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi +tamen[557] res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore +gesta. + +[548] The superlative _dextimus_ does not differ in meaning from the + positive _dexter_. See Zumpt, S 114, note 1. +[549] _Minime cari_; that is, _maxime viles_, 'who were most + indifferent,' or 'valueless to him,' whose lives he was least + inclined to spare. +[550] 'As if he had not placed (there) any commander.' _Imponere_, used + absolutely, 'to appoint;' namely, in the place spoken of. _Nullo_ for + _nemine_, the ablative as well as the genitive of _nemo_ not being in + use. +[551] _Cogebat_; supply _armatos intentosque esse_. +[552] Construe _neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere_; that is, + his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed + in marching. +[553] The singular _in porta_ is here used because the author is speaking + especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the _porta praetoria_ + opposite the _porta decumana_). At this gate a strong body of + outposts (_excubitores_) was stationed, consisting of the most + trustworthy soldiers. +[554] _Futurum, quae imperavisset_, an old-fashioned mode of speaking + for _futura esse, quae_. Besides this passage, there is no other + certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of + Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that + in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. +[555] 'Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) + by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.' _Aliquid + mihi est volenti_. See p. 139, note 1 [note 441]. +[556] _Malum_ is here the same as 'punishment,' or _poena_. +[557] _Nisi tamen_ introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt + expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius's indulgence. + Compare p. 92, note 2 [note 153]. + +101. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul +speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.[558] +Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem +significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo +ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham +spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex +omnibus aeque[559] aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, +quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime +confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,[560] ceteri in loco +manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus +venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum +peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in +itinere morati, affuerant,[561] postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum +Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. +Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites +convertit;[562] ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat: +'nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;' simul +gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso +pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate +rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in +perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum +Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum[563] ierat, rediens ab latere +Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare +suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab +equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus[564] occisis, solus inter tela hostium +vitabundus[565] erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit +auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. +Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi +capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere +posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia, +qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus +infecta sanguine.[566] + +[558] _Hostes adesse intellegitur_ is a nominative with the infinitive, + for _intellegunt hostem adesse_. See Zumpt, S 607. It is, however, + not impossible that _hostis_ may be the accusative plural for + _hostes_. +[559] _Aeque_, 'equally;' for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his + detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not + know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his + detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. +[560] The meaning is--Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the + right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual + enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders + alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, + and attacked the enemy. +[561] _Neque--affuerant_, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, + being the subject, should be in the nominative, for _sed--qui non + affuerant_, or _neque ii--affuerant_. The omission is singular, but + not without other examples. See Zumpt, S 806. The _prior pugna_ is + the one described in chaps. 97-99. +[562] 'He rode secretly, with few companions,' to another place, where + the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. + _Convertit_ for _convertit se_. See Zumpt, S 145. +[563] Respecting the position of _quos adversum_, instead of _adversum + quos_, see Zumpt, S 324. +[564] That is, _ipsius comitibus_. +[565] 'By making a skilful movement with his body,' _dum corpore evitat + tela_. +[566] A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting + is over. _Afflicti_, 'thrust down to the ground,' implying the notion + of persons being severely wounded. _Niti_, 'to attempt to rise.' + _Qua visus erat_, 'as far as one could see.' + +102. Post ea loci[567] consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum +Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.[568] Eo post diem quintum quam +iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis +verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de +suo et de populi Romani commodo[569] cum iis disserere. Ille statim L. +Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen +placuit[570] verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent +aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae, +non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus: + +'Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere, +uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium +Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam +necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi. +Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos +quaerere; tutiusque rati[571] volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi +vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in +quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod +parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis +fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo +Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus +es.[572] Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet +placuisse[573] et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per +illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna +habes,[574] quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus +tuum demitte,[575] nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam +bello quid valeat, tute scis.' + +Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba +facit: 'Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam +Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,[576] jure belli suam +factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam +legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,[577] si +per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta,[578] +animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae +et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat. + +[567] _Post ea loci_, 'afterwards.' +[568] 'Whither he had at first directed his march. '_Profectus_ might + have been omitted, but its meaning is, 'having once set out on his + march.' +[569] 'About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.' +[570] _Placuit_; supply _eos_, which might also have been expressed by + the relative pronoun, _quos placuit_. See Zumpt, S 804. The + ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his + proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they + probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not + favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him + over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his + designs. +[571] _Rati_; namely, _Romani_, which must be taken out of _populo + Romano_. +[572] The manuscripts have _esses_, which can be explained only by an + amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form + of politeness which is not contained in _perpessus es_. +[573] The infinitive _placuisse_ depends on _scilicet_, which is here + quite the same as _scire licet_, as in chaps. 4 and 113. In ordinary + language, _scilicet_ is a mere adverb, 'evidently,' 'forsooth.' +[574] 'You have many opportunities;' consequently the same as _magnam + opportunitatem_. See Zumpt, S 756. +[575] _Demittere in pectus_, 'to impress uponone's mind,' _sibi + persuadere_. +[576] This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed + no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of + Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised + to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in + recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part + of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, chap. 111. +[577] _Tum_, 'now.' See Zumpt, S 732. +[578] Namely, _legates mittendi_, 'after he had obtained permission to + despatch an embassy to Rome.' + +103. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis[579] composito, cum +expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola, +obsessum turrim[580] regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium +imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis +venerant,[581] seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha +reliquerat,[582] ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et +fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si +placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli +componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum +proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi +spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in +expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.[583] Eos ille non pro +vanis hostibus,[584] uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter +habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob +munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota +erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,[585] dona omnia in +benignitate habebantur.[586] Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt; +simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem, +magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae[587] +esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, +quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies +quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. + +[579] _Hibernacula_, 'a winter-camp;' the same as _hiberna_, + 'winter-quarters;' for in chap. 100 it was stated that Marius ordered + quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful + whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he + ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents + made for the purpose. If the latter--_in hibernaculis_ is used in its + proper sense. +[580] _Turrim_ is here the same as _castellum_. _Perfugae omnes_ are not + 'all the deserters,' but 'nothing but deserters,' or 'all deserters;' + for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters. +[581] _Venerant_ has the meaning of _evenerant_. Respecting _sibi_ for + _ipsi_, see p. 121, note 2 [note 320]. +[582] _Reliquerat_, not 'he had left them behind,' which is the usual + meaning of _relinquo_, but 'he had left them unbribed:' that is, he + had neglected to bribe them. +[583] That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his + absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander. +[584] 'He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;' for they + were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace + having yet been concluded. The epithet _vani_ belongs to them, + because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes + suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. _Accurate_, 'with + care,' 'with respect.' +[585] _Volens_ expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does. +[586] 'Were considered as acts of kindness,' as parts or proofs of a + kindly disposition. +[587] _Benevolentiae sunt_, 'are calculated to produce good-will' towards + the king. + +104. Marius postquam confecto negotio, quo intenderat, Cirtam redit, de +adventu legatorum certior factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet,[588] +item L. Bellienum praetorum Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii +ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi Romam +fit ab consule; interea induciae postulabantur. Ea[589] Sullae et +plerisque placuere; pauci ferocius decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum +rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur.[590] Ceterum +Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti cum Gn. Octavio Rufo,[591] +qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat; duo ad regem redeunt. Ex +his Bocchus quum cetera, tum maxime benignitatem et studium Sullae libens +accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam errasse regem et Jugurthae scelere +lapsura deprecati sunt,[592] amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo +respondetur: + +'Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esse solet. +Ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam facit;[593] foedus et +amicitia dabantur, quum meruerit.' + +[588] Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier; + that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to + him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also + summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt + propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to + undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time + placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had + the _jus praetorem_ in his province, he was sometimes simply called + praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other + military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of + senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give + weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its + real conclusion rested with the senate. +[589] _Ea_, the neuter plural, though referring to _induciae_. +[590] Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto + been the case with the Roman war. +[591] The manuscripts have _Rufone_, which unusual name must be + corrected either into _Rufo_ or _Rusone_. We prefer _Rufo_, because + Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the _Octavii Rufi_ as + a senatorial family of the time here spoken of. +[592] _Deprecati sunt_; that is, _deprecantes dixerunt_; for _deprecari_ + properly signifies 'to avert something by prayers.' +[593] _Gratiam facere_, 'to grant pardon for something.' To _quoniam + poenitet_ we must supply _eum_. + +105. Quis rebus cognitis Bocchus per litteras a Mario petivit, uti Sullam +ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.[594] +Is missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium;[595] +praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, +itineris properandi causa, neque his secus atque aliis armis adversum +tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. Sed in itinere quinto denique +die Volux filius Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non +amplius[596] equitibus sese ostendit, qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae +aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero et hostilem metum efficiebant. +Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela temptare, intendere,[597] +timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, +quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praemissi rem uti +erat[598] quietam nuntiant. + +[594] 'By whose decision a final determination might be come to + respecting the common affairs.' Respecting the ablative _arbitratu_, + see Zumpt, S 190. +[595] The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was + sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were + prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight + with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with + the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca, + Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and + as _socii_ of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman + armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls + were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500 + paces. The _Pelignians_ are a people of central Italy, not far from + the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All + the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman + franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men + to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore _arma + velitaria_ (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or + whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems + that this was their proper armour. +[596] _Non amplius_. See Zumpt, S 485. +[597] 'They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them + against the supposed enemy,' but without making actual use of them. +[598] 'As was in reality the case;' namely, that the approaching cavalry + had no hostile intentions. + +106. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque se a patre Boccho +obviam illis simul et praesidio missum. Deinde eum et proximum diem sine +metu conjuncti eunt. Post ubi castra locata et diei vesper erat; repente +Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit dicitque sibi ex +speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse; simul, uti noctu +clam secum profugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat se +toties fusum Numidam pertimescere; virtuti suorum satis credere;[599] +etiamsi certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius quam proditis, quos +ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae +vitae parceret.[600] Ceterum ab eodem monitus, uti noctu +proficiscerentur, consilium approbat, ac statim milites coenatos esse, in +castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi +jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus Sulla pariter cum ortu +solis castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter +duum milium intervallo ante eos[601] consedisse. Quod postquam auditum +est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit; credere se proditos a Voluce +et insidiis circumventos. Ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum neque +apud illum tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. + +[599] To this and the following infinitive we must supply _dicit_, which + is to be taken out of the preceding _negat_. See Zumpt, S 774. +[600] _Mansurum potius, quam--vitae parceret_ is correctly said, though + it might also be _quam vitae parsurum_. See Zumpt, S 603, 2. The + indicative _quos ducebat_ is a remark of the historian; _quos + duceret_ would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been + the regular form. _Coenatos esse_, 'they were to have finished + dining.' See Zumpt, S 148. +[601] _Ante eos_, 'before them;' that is, on the road along which they + had to march. + +107. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen ab injuria Maurum +prohibet;[602] suos hortatur, uti fortem animum gererent; saepe ante +paucis strenuis[603] adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in +proelio minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore, nec quemquam decere, qui +manus armaverit, ab inermis[604] pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu +nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere. Deinde Volucem, quoniam +hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidiae +Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille lacrimans orare, ne +ea crederet; nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui +videlicet speculanti iter suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque +ingentem multitudinem haberet et spes opesque ejus ex patre suo +penderent, credere illum nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse filius testis +adesset; quare optimum factu[605] videri per media ejus castra palam +transire; sese vel praemissis vet ibidem relictis Mauris solum cum Sulla +iturum. Ea res ut in tali negotio[606] probata; ac statim profecti, quia +de improviso acciderant,[607] dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, incolumes +transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est. + +[602] 'He protects the Mauretanian against violence.' +[603] A dative. See Zumpt, S 419. +[604] The same as _inermibus_. See Zumpt, S 101. _Nudum et caecum + corpus_, 'the undefended part of the body, and not provided with + eyes;' that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards + the enemy, if he wants to be safe. +[605] 'It seemed to him to be the most advisable.' Instead of _factu_, + other editions have _factum_, 'it seemed to him to be the best + thing.' +[606] 'As the matter stood,' a limitation suggesting that, under other + circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen. +[607] 'As they had come upon him unexpectedly;' for Jugurtha had + not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass + through his lines. + +108. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, multum et familiariter +agebat, praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, +orator[608] et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia; praeterea Dabar, +Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno genere impar +(nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingenii multa bona +carus acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante +tempestatibus expertus illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit paratum sese +facere, quae populus Romanus vellet; colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse +delegeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;[609] neu +Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius +gereretur;[610] nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri[611] nequivisse. Sed +ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide[612] quam ob ea, quae +praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque cum +animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis an illi Sullam traderet; +libidinem[613] adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse. + +[608] 'As ambassador with a public commission,' though at the same time + he privately acted the part of a spy. +[609] 'That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been + previously determined upon with Sulla.' +[610] 'In order that the common business might be conducted the more + carelessly.' The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha's + ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace + more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of + fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. _Non pertimescere_ + are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of + _contemnere_, 'he should disregard' the ambassador, and accordingly + act with Bocchus more confidentially. +[611] The infinitive of the impersonal passive _cavetur ab insidiis_, + 'precaution is taken against snares.' +[612] _Punica fides_ is proverbially the same as _mala fides_, the + Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious + double-dealers. _Attinere_ is the same as _morari_, 'to detain.' +[613] 'His inclination.' + +109. Igitur Sulla respondit, pauca coram Aspare locuturum, cetera occulte +aut nullo aut quam paucissimis praesentibus; simul edocet, quae sibi +responderentur. Postquam sicuti voluerat congressi, dicit se missum a +consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. Tum +rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decimum redire jubet, ac nihil +etiamnunc[614] decrevisse, sed illo die responsurum. Dein ambo in sua +castra digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho +occulte accersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur, +praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus.[615] +Ac statim sic rex incipit: + +[614] 'And _says_ (which must be taken from the preceding _jubet_) that + as yet he had determined upon nothing.' As past time is here + spoken of, it should properly not be _etiamnunc_, but _etiamtunc_; + and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts _tum + etiam_ ought not to be received into the text. If _etiamnunc_ is + correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons + the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to + the present. +[615] 'A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both' (Sulla + and Bocchus). + +110. 'Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus in hac terra et omnium, +quos novi, privato homini[616] gratiam deberem. Et mehercule, Sulla, ante +te cognitum multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius +indigui.[617] Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor; fuerit +mihi eguisse[618] aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud animum meum nihil +carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet:[619] arma, viros, pecuniam, +postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere; et quoad vives, nunquam tibi +redditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra[620] erit; denique +nihil me sciente frustra voles. Nam, ut ego aestimo, regem armis quam +munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum est.[621] Ceterum de re publica +vestra, cujus curator huc missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo +Romano neque feci neque factum umquam volui:[622] fines meos adversum +armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet; gerite +quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me et +Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque id intrare Jugurtham sinam. Praeterea +si quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis.[623] + +[616] The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being + unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not, + like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor + Sulla was by no means a private person. +[617] 'I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord + (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man's assistance.' +[618] _Fuerit mihi eguisse_, the concessive mood: 'granting that it was + the case that I needed,' might also have been expressed simly by + _eguerim_. +[619] 'This you may try at once.' For this meaning of _adeo_, whereby + that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, S 281. +[620] 'Unimpaired,' 'in the same condition.' +[621] We should express the same idea rather thus: _regem munificentia + vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis_. +[622] About _factum volui_, see Zumpt, S 611. +[623] 'Your wish will not be refused by me.' Bocchus no doubt here + alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to + whether it is worthy of himself. + +111. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et de communibus +rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, 'quod polliceatur, +senatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in +gratiam habituros;[624] faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua +rettulisse videretur; id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam +haberet; quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, ut illi plurimum deberetur; +amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro +adventuram.'[625] Rex primo negitare;[626] affinitatem, cognationem, +praeterea foedus intervenisse; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus +popularium animos averteret, quis et Jugurtha carus et Romani invisi +erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate Sullae omnia se +facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus Numida defessus +bello avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita composito dolo +digrediuntur. + +[624] 'What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a + thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something + beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than + his.' +[625] 'Would then come to him,' implying an advantage gained without + exertion. +[626] _Negitare_, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple + _negare_, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion + that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The _affinitas_ + (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned chap. 80, a + daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their + cognatio_ (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have + been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings. + _Intervenisse_--that is, _factum esse_--referring especially to + _foedus_. + +112. At rex postero die Asparem Jugurthae legatum appellat dicitque sibi +per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse condicionibus bellum poni;[627] +quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret. Ille laetus in castra +Jugurthae venit; dein ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere post diem +octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei denuntiat, 'Jugurtham cupere omnia, quae +imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere; saepe antea cum +imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam[628] frustra fuisse. Ceterum +Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una +ab omnibus quasi de pace in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam +traderet; quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,[629] tum fore, uti +jussu senatus populique Romani foedus fieret, neque hominem nobilem non +sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam[630] in hostium potestate relictum iri.' + +[627] 'That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.' +[628] _Pax conventa_, 'the peace which is agreed upon.' Observe the + rare use of the passive participle; for _convenire_ is commonly + intransitive--as _pax convenit_, a 'peace is concluded.' +[629] _In potestatem habere_ is ungrammatical for _in potestate habere_, + but is found now and then. See Zumpt, S 316. +[630] The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause + _non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam_ should have a verb of its own, + which, however, would be a part of the leading verb--namely, _qui + in hostium potestate esset_. + +113. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo an +vere cunctatus, parum comperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut +vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae.[631] Postea tempore +et loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam +modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem ambobus +polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, +quae proxima fuit ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis +ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris,[632] dicitur secum ipse +multa agitavisse, vultu [633] corporis pariter atque animo varius, quae +scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam +accersi jubet et ex ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi +dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul abesse, cum paucis +amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum +facillimum visu insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis +suis inermis, uti dictum erat,[634] accedit ac statim, signo dato, +undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullae +vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.[635] + +[631] 'In contradiction with themselves,' 'contradictory.' +[632] 'The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them + immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.' _Ceteris_ + refers to the preceding _amicis_, but is used instead of _iis_, to + form antithesis to himself: 'after the removal of all the rest, he + deliberated by himself.' +[633] _Vultus_, chiefly 'the look of the eyes,' but also 'the features of + the countenance,' by which the inward emotions are manifested; + hence Sallust here, by the addition of _corporis_, opposes the + outward expression to the emotions of the mind: 'He changed (varied) + in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his + sentiments.' _Quae scilicet patefecisse_, 'which, as could be seen, + revealed his mental emotions.' _Quae_ is the neuter plural, and + _scilicet_ contains the leading verb. +[634] That is, _ut praeceptum erat_, and not _dictum_ in the sense of + _edictum_; for according to the deceitful agreement, the _condiciones + pacis_ were to be determined peaceably. +[635] Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who + had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six + years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no + longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla + considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and + to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring. + +114. Per idem tempus[636] adversura Gallos ab ducibus nostris Q. Caepione +et Gn. Manlio male pugnatum; quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. +Illique[637] et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere, alia +omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria, +certare.[638] Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum et Jugurtham +Romam vinctum adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus et ei +decreta provincia Gallia; isque Kalendis Januariis[639] magna gloria +consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo +sitae. + +[636] 'During the same time;' that is, the time during which Marius, + as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the + regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen + into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as + the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal + and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and + other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105, + in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul + Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the + river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in + B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (_Galli_) are + the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries + about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general + difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes, + and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been + wandering about in Gaul. +[637] _Illique_; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in + the time of Sallust. _Sic habuere_, 'entertained this opinion.' +[638] _Certare_; supply _se_; unless we read _certari_, to which it is + easier to supply a _se_. +[639] On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that + Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome, + was put to death in the public prison near the Forum--which is + described by Sallust, _Cat._ 55--at the same hour in which Marius + offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the + Capitol. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino +by Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + +This file should be named debcj10.txt or debcj10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, debcj11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, debcj10a.txt + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger, +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Sallustii Crispi, De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino</TITLE> +<style type="text/css"> +<! — +body { + margin-left:5%; + margin-right:10%; + } +hr { + text-align:center; + width:50%; + } +.fbig { + font-size:120%; + } +.fsmall { + font-size:90%; + } +.note { + text-align:justify; + margin-left:4%; + font-size:90%; + } +.sup { + vertical-align:super; + font-size:60%; + } +.bold { + font-weight:bold; + } +.center { + text-align:center; + } +h1, h2, h3 { + text-align:center; + font-family: "trebuchet ms", tahoma, sans-serif; + } +p { + text-align:justify; + line-height: 1.5em; + font-family: verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; + font-size: 95%; + } + — > +</style> +</HEAD> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino, +by Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino + +Author: Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +Release Date: February, 2005 [EBook #7402] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 25, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<P>[Illustration: Numidia (Map)]</P> + +<hr> + +<P class="center">Classical Series. +Edited By Drs. Schmitz And Zumpt.</P> + +<hr> + +<h1>C. Sallustii Crispi</h1> + +<h1>De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino.</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2>Preface.</h2> + +<P>The text of Sallust, notwithstanding the many and excellent editions +which have been published, has not yet acquired a form that can be +regarded as generally adopted and established; for the number of +manuscripts is great, and their differences have led critical editors to +form different opinions as to which, in each case, is the correct +reading, or at least the one most worthy of acceptation. This difference +of opinion manifested itself especially after the edition of Gottleib +Corte (Leipzig, 1724, 4to.), who in many passages abandoned the vulgate +as constituted by Gruter and Wasse, and on the authority of a few +manuscripts, altered the text of Sallust, on the mere supposition that +his style was abrupt. Corte’s recension was adopted by many, and often +reprinted; while others, especially Haverkamp, in his valuable and very +complete edition (Hague, 1742, 2 vols. 4to.), returned to the vulgate. +The latest critical editors of Sallust — Gerlach (Basel, 1823, &c. 3 vols. +4to., and a revised text, Basel, 1832, 8vo.) and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828, +&c. 2 vols. 8vo.) — though declaring against the arbitrary proceedings of +Corte, yet very often differ in their texts from each other. Between +these two stands the edition of the learned critic, J. C. Orelli (Zürich, +1840), whose text forms the basis of the present edition. But besides +abandoning his artificial and antiquated orthography, and restoring that +which is adopted in most editions of Latin classics, we have felt obliged +in many instances to give up Orelli’s reading, and to follow the +authority of the best manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked +L in Haverkamp’s edition). For our explanatory notes we are much indebted +to the edition of Kritz, though we have often been under the necessity of +differing from him.</P> + +<P>C. G. Zumpt.</P> + +<P>Berlin, <i>May</i>, 1848.</P> + +<hr> + +<h2>Introduction.</h2> + +<P>Caius Sallustius Crispus, according to the statement of the ancient +chronologer Hieronymus, was born in B. C. 86, at Amiternum, in the +country of the Sabines (to the north-east of Rome), and died four years +before the battle of Actium — that is, in B.C. 34 or 35. After having no +doubt gone through a complete course of law and the art of oratory, he +devoted himself to the service of the Roman republic at a time when Rome +was internally divided by the struggle of the opposite factions of +the <i>optimates</i>, or the aristocracy, and the <i>populares</i>, or the +democratical party. The optimates supported the power of the senate, and +of the nobility who prevailed in the senate; while the populares were +exerting themselves to bring all public questions of importance before +the popular assembly for decision, and resisted the influence of +illustrious and powerful families, whose privileges, arising from birth +and wealth, they attempted to destroy. Sallust belonged to the latter of +these parties. In B.C. 52 he was tribune of the people, and took an +active part in the disturbances which were caused at Rome in that year by +the open struggles between Annius Milo, one of the optimates, who was +canvassing for the consulship, and P. Clodius, who was trying to obtain +the praetorship. Milo slew Clodius on a public road: he was accused by +the populares, and defended by the optimates; but the judges, who could +not allow such an act of open violence to escape unpunished, condemned, +and sentenced him to exile. Pompey alone, who was then consul for the +third time, was capable of restoring order and tranquillity. The position +of a tribune of the people was a difficult one for Sallust: he was to +some extent opposed to Milo, and consequently also to Cicero, who pleaded +for Milo; but there exists a statement that he gave up his opposition; +and he himself, in the introduction to his ‘Catiline,’ intimates that his +honest endeavours for the good of the state drew upon him only ill-will +and hatred. Two years later (B.C. 50), he was ejected from the senate by +the censor Appius Claudius, one of the most zealous among the optimates. +The other censor, L. Piso, did not protect either Sallust, or any of the +others who shared the same fate with him, against this act of partiality. +Rome was at that time governed by the most oppressive oligarchy, which +was then mainly directed against Julius Caesar, who, as a reward for +his brilliant achievements in extending the Roman dominion in Gaul, +desired to be allowed to offer himself in his absence as a candidate for +his second consulship — a desire which the people were willing to comply +with, as it was based upon a law which had been passed some years before +in favour of Caesar; but the optimates endeavoured in every way to oppose +him, and drawing Pompey over to their side, they brought about a rupture +between him and Caesar. Sallust was looked upon in the senate as a +partisan of the latter, and this was the principal reason why he was +deprived of his seat in the great council of the republic; and L. Piso, +the father-in-law of Caesar, is said not to have opposed the partiality +of his colleague in the censorship, in order to increase the number of +Caesar’s partisans. When, in B. C. 49, Caesar established his right by +force of arms, Sallust went over to him, and was restored not only to his +seat in the senate, but was advanced to the praetorship in the year B. C. +47. Sallust served, both before and during his year of office, in the +capacity of a lieutenant in Caesar’s armies. He also accompanied him +to Africa in the war against the Pompeian party there, and after its +successful termination, was left behind as proconsul of Numidia, which +was made a Roman province. In the discharge of his duties, he is said to +have indulged in extorting money from the new subjects of Rome. He was +accused, but acquitted. This is the historical statement of Dion Cassius; +but a hostile writer of doubtful authority mentions that, by paying +12,000 pieces of gold to Caesar (perhaps as damages for the injury done), +he purchased his acquittal.</P> + +<P>Hereupon Sallust withdrew from public life, to devote his leisure to +literature, and the composition of works on the history of his native +country; for, as after the murder of Caesar, in B. C. 44, the republic +was again delivered over to a state of military despotism, peaceful +advice was deprived of its influence. It need hardly be mentioned that +Sallust, as he had qualified himself for the highest political career, +and the great offices of the republic, must have been possessed of an +independent property; but the statement, that he afterwards gave himself +up to a life of luxury — that he purchased a villa at Tibur, which had +formerly belonged to Caesar — and that he possessed a splendid mansion, +with a garden laid out with elegant plantations and appropriate +buildings, at Rome, near the Colline gate — is founded on the equivocal +authority of a writer of a late period, who was hostile to him. It is +indeed certain that there existed at Rome <i>horti Sallustiani</i>, in +which Augustus frequently resided, and which were afterwards in the +possession of the Roman emperors; but it is doubtful as to whether they +had been acquired and laid out by our historian, or by his nephew, a +Roman eques, and particular favourite of Augustus. The statement that +Sallust married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, is still more +doubtful, and probably altogether fictitious.<a class="sup" href="#1">[1]</a> There is, however, a +statement of a contemporary, the learned friend of Cicero, M. Varro, +which cannot be doubted — that in his earlier years Sallust, in the midst +of the party-strife at Rome, kept up an illicit intercourse with the +wife of Milo; but how much the hostility of party may have had to do with +such a report, cannot be decided. In his writings, Sallust expresses +a strong disgust of the luxurious mode of life, and the avarice and +prodigality, of his contemporaries; and there can be no doubt that these +repeated expressions of a stern morality excited both his contemporaries +and subsequent writers to hunt up and divulge any moral foibles in his +life and character, especially as in his compositions he struck into a +new path, by abandoning the ordinary style, and artificially reviving the +ancient style of composition.</P> + + + +<P>The historical works of Sallust are, <i>De Bello Catilinae</i>, <i>De Bello +Jugurthino</i> (or the two <i>Bella</i>, as the ancients call them), and +five books of <i>Historiae</i> — that is, a history of the Roman republic +during the period of twelve years, from the death of Sulla in B. C. 78, +down to the appointment of Pompey to the supreme command in the war +against Mithridates in B. C. 66. This history was regarded by the +ancients as the principal work of our author; but is now lost, with the +exception of four speeches and two political letters, which some admirer +of oratory copied separately from the context of the history, and which +have thus been preserved to our times. The two <i>Bella</i>, which are +preserved entire, form the contents of the present volume.</P> + +<P>The work <i>De Bella Catilinae</i> formed the beginning of his historical +compositions, as is clear from the author’s own introduction; but it +was not written till after the murder of Caesar in B. C. 44. In it he +describes the conspiracy of L. Sergius Catilina, a man of noble birth and +high rank, but ruined circumstances; its discovery, and the punishment +of the conspirators at Rome in B. C. 63; and its final and complete +suppression in a pitched battle at the beginning of the year B. C. 62.</P> + +<P>The <i>Bellum Jugurthinum</i> treats of the life of Jugurtha, who in +B. C. 118, together with his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal, governed +Numidia. Having crushed his two cousins by fraud and violence, Jugurtha +afterwards maintained himself in his usurped kingdom for several years +against the Roman armies and generals that were sent out against him, +until in the end, after several defeats sustained at the hands of the +Roman consuls, L. Metullus and C. Marius, his own ally, Bocchus, king of +Mauretania, delivered him up into the hands of the Roman quaestor, +L. Sulla.</P> + +<P>In the work on the war of Catiline, Sallust reveals especially the +corruption of what was called the Roman nobility, by tracing the criminal +designs of the conspirators to their sources — avarice, and the love of +pleasure. In the history of the Jugurthine war, he particularly exposes +and condemns the system of bribery in which the leading men of that +age indulged; but on the other hand, he draws a pleasing contrast in +describing the restoration of military discipline by Metullus and Marius. +The difficult campaigns in the extensive and desert country of Numidia, +and the wonderful events of this war, also deserve the attention of the +reader; the more so, as the author has bestowed the greatest care on +giving vivid descriptions of them.</P> + +<P>Among the writings of Sallust, which have been transmitted to us in +manuscripts, and are printed in the larger editions of his works, there +are two epistles addressed to Caesar, containing the author’s opinions +and advice regarding the new constitution to be given to the republic, +after the defeat of the optimates and their faction by the dictator. They +are written in his own peculiar style: the first contains excellent ideas +and energetic exposures of the general defects and evils in the state, +as well as plans for remedying them; the second adds some proposals +regarding the courts of justice, and the composition of the senate, +the utility and practicability of which appear somewhat doubtful. +The authenticity of these epistles, therefore, is still a matter of +uncertainty. Lastly, there are two Declamations (<i>declamationes</i>), the +one purporting to be by M. Cicero against Sallust, and the other by +Sallust against Cicero; but both are evidently unworthy of the character +and style of the men whose names they bear, and are justly considered to +be the production of some wretched rhetorician of the third or fourth +century of the Christian era.<a class="sup" href="#2">[2]</a> Such declaimers made use of all possible +reports that were current respecting the moral weaknesses of the two men, +and respecting an enmity between them, of which history knows nothing, +and which is contradicted by our author himself, by the praise he +bestows, in his ‘Catilinarian War,’ upon Cicero.</P> + + +<P>Sallust’s character as an historian, and his grammatical style, have +been the subjects of contradictory opinions even among the ancients +themselves — both his own contemporaries, and the men of succeeding ages. +Some condemned his introductions, as having nothing to do with the +works themselves; found fault with the minute details of the speeches +introduced in the narrative; and called him a senseless imitator, in +words and expressions, of the earlier Roman historians, especially of +Cato. Others praised him for his vivid delineations of character, the +precision and vigour of his diction, and for the dignity which he had +given to his style by the use of ancient words and phrases which were no +longer employed in the ordinary language of his own day. But however +different these opinions may appear, there is truth both in the censure +and in the praise, though the praise no doubt outweighs the censure; +and the general opinion among the later Romans justly declared <i>primus +Romana Crispus in historia</i>. It is obvious that it is altogether unjust +to say that his introductions are unsuitable, and that the speeches he +introduces are inappropriate: for an author must be allowed to write a +preface to make an avowal of his own sentiments; and the speeches are +inseparably connected with the forms of public life in antiquity: they +are certainly not too long, and express most accurately, both in +sentiment and style, the characters of the great men to whom the author +assigns them. We have no hesitation in declaring that the speeches in the +Catiline and Jugurtha, as well as those extracted from the <i>Historiae</i>, +are the most precious specimens of the kind that have come down to us +from antiquity.</P> + +<P>As regards the grammatical style and the imitation of earlier authors, +for which Sallust has been blamed by some, and praised by others, it must +be observed that he is the first among the classical authors extant in +whose works we perceive a difference between the refined language of +public life, such as we have it in Cicero and Caesar, and a new and +artificially-formed language of literature. Cicero and Caesar wrote just +as a well-educated orator of taste spoke: after the death of Caesar, +oratory began to withdraw from the active scenes of public life; and +there remained few authors who, following the practical vocation of an +orator, though at an unfavourable epoch, yet observed the principle +which is generally correct — that a man ought to write in the same manner +in which well-bred people speak. But most men of talent who devoted +themselves to written composition for the satisfaction of their own +minds, or for the instruction of their contemporaries, created for +themselves a new style, such as was naturally developed in them by +reading the earlier authors, and through their own relations to their +readers and not hearers. Livy clung to the language, style, and the +full-sounding period of the oratorical style, though even he in many +points deviated from the natural refinement of a Caesar and a Cicero; +but Sallust gave up the oratorical period, divided the long-spun, +full-sounding, and well-finished oratorical sentence into several short +sentences; and in this manner he seemed to go back to the ancients, who +had not yet invented the period: but still there was a great difference +between his style, in which the ancient simplicity was artificially +restored, and the genuine ancient sentence formed without any rhetorical +art. He wrote without periods, because he would not write otherwise, and +not because he could not; he divided the rhetorical period into separate +sentences, because it appeared to him advantageous in his animated +description of minute details; and he wrote concisely, because he did +not want the things to fill up his sentences which the orator requires +to give roundness and fulness to his periods. He states in isolated +independent sentences those ideas and thoughts which the orator +distributes among leading and subordinate sentences; but he did all this +consciously, as an artist, and with the conviction that it was conducive +to historical animation. Tacitus was his imitator in this artificial +historical style; and notwithstanding all his well-deserved praise, it +must he admitted that the blame cast upon Sallust attaches in a still +higher degree to Tacitus. It is a fact beyond all doubt, that Sallust +introduced into the language of literature antiquated forms, words, and +expressions; and this arose from a desire to recall with the ancient +language also the ancient vigour and simplicity. But even this revival of +what was ancient is visible only here and there, and all such words and +phrases might be exchanged for others and more customary ones, without +depriving Sallust of his essential characteristics; for these consist in +a vivid perception of the important moments of an action, in placing them +in strong contrasts, to excite his readers, and in the effect produced by +isolated sentences simply put in juxtaposition without the artifice of a +polished and intricate period.</P> + +<P>To give our young readers some preparatory information about certain +frequently-recurring peculiarities of Sallust’s style, we may remark that +the omission of the personal pronoun in the construction of the +accusative with the infinitive, as well as the omission of the auxiliary +verb <i>est</i>, and the frequent use of the infinitive instead of a +dependent clause — for example, <i>hortatur dicere, res postulat exponere, +conjuravere patriam incendere</i>, and many similar expressions — arise +from his desire to be brief and concise. Among his antiquated forms of +words, we may mention <i>die</i> for <i>diei</i>, the singular <i>plerusque</i>, <i>quis</i> +for <i>quibus</i>, <i>senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>; <i>dicundi, legundi</i>, &c. for +<i>dicendi, legendi</i>; <i>intellego</i> for <i>intelligo</i>, <i>forem</i> for <i>essem</i>, +<i>fuere</i> for <i>fuerunt</i>; the use of the past participles of deponent verbs +in a passive sense — as <i>adeptus, interpretatus</i>. Antiquated words, or +words used in an antiquated sense, are — <i>supplicium</i> for <i>preces</i>, +<i>scilicet</i> for <i>scire licet</i>; antiquated expressions are — <i>fugam facere</i> +for <i>fugere</i>, <i>habere vitam</i> for <i>agere vitam</i>, and other phrases with +<i>habere</i>. The frequent use of <i>mortales</i> for <i>homines</i>, <i>aevum</i> for +<i>aetas</i>, and <i>subigere</i> for <i>cogere</i>, gives to his style somewhat of a +poetical colouring. As far as grammatical construction is concerned, +there is a tendency to archaisms in the use of <i>quippe qui</i> with the +indicative; in the frequent application of the indicative in subordinate +sentences in the oratio obliqua; and in some other points which we shall +explain in short notes to the passages where they occur. An intentional +disturbance of rhetorical symmetry is perceptible in the change of +corresponding particles; — for example, instead of <i>alii</i> in the +expression <i>alii-alii</i>, we find <i>pars</i> or <i>partim</i>; instead of <i>modo</i> in +the expression <i>modo-modo</i>, we find <i>interdum</i>, and similar variations. +But all these differences from the ordinary language contain in +themselves sufficient grounds of explanation and excuse, and are by no +means so frequent as to render the language of Sallust unworthy of the +merited reputation of being classical.</P> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Introduction</i></h3> + +<P class="note"> +<a class="bold" name="1">[1]</a> This strange account is found in Hieronymus’s first work against + Jovinianus, towards the end; and it becomes still more strange by the + addition, that Terentia was married a third time to the orator + Messalla Corvinus (who was consul with Augustus, B. C. 91): — <i>Illa</i> + (Terentia) <i>interim conjunx egregia, et quae de fontibus Tullianis + hauserat sapientiam, nupsit Sallustio, inimico ejus, et tertio + Messallae Corvino: et quasi per quosdam gradus eloquentiae devoluta + est.</i> It almost appears as if in this tradition it had been + intended to mark three phases in the style of Roman oratory, for + Sallust was twenty years younger than Cicero, and Messalla nearly + as many years younger than Sallust.</P> +<P class="note"> +<a class="bold" name="2">[2]</a> It has indeed been said that Quinctilian, who wrote about the year 95 + after Christ, cites passages from these Declamations; but critical + investigation has shown that these passages are interpolations, and + are found only in the worst manuscripts.</P> + +<hr> + +<h2>C. Sallustii Crispi</h2> + +<h2>Bellum Catilinarium.</h2> + +<hr> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat1">1</a>. Omnes<a class="sup" href="#c1">[1]</a> homines, qui sese student<a class="sup" href="#c2">[2]</a> praestare ceteris animalibus, +summa ope<a class="sup" href="#c3">[3]</a> niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae +natura prona<a class="sup" href="#c4">[4]</a> atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in +animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur; +alterum nobis cum dis,<a class="sup" href="#c5">[5]</a> alterum cum beluis<a class="sup" href="#c6">[6]</a> commune est. Quo mihi +rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam +vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri<a class="sup" href="#c7">[7]</a> quam maxime +longam<a class="sup" href="#c8">[8]</a> efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis +est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales +certamen fuit,<a class="sup" href="#c9">[9]</a> vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis +procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris +mature facto opus est.<a class="sup" href="#c10">[10]</a> Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius +auxilio eget.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat2">2</a>. Igitur<a class="sup" href="#c11">[11]</a> initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit), +diversi pars<a class="sup" href="#c12">[12]</a> ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum +sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero +quam<a class="sup" href="#c13">[13]</a> in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere +urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, +maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque +negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi<a class="sup" href="#c14">[14]</a> regum +atque imperatorum animi virtus<a class="sup" href="#c15">[15]</a> in pace ita ut in bello valeret, +aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud +alio<a class="sup" href="#c16">[16]</a> ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium +facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro +labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia +invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad +optimum quemque<a class="sup" href="#c17">[17]</a> a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, +navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti +ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes +transiere;<a class="sup" href="#c18">[18]</a> quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima +oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,<a class="sup" href="#c19">[19]</a> quoniam de +utraque siletur. Verum enimvero<a class="sup" href="#c20">[20]</a> is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima +videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus<a class="sup" href="#c21">[21]</a> praeclari facinoris aut artis +bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter +ostendit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat3">3</a>. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum +est;<a class="sup" href="#c22">[22]</a> vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui +facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,<a class="sup" href="#c23">[23]</a> tametsi +haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in +primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis +exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, +malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;<a class="sup" href="#c24">[24]</a> ubi de magna virtute atque +gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo +animo accipit, supra ea<a class="sup" href="#c25">[25]</a> veluti ficta pro falsis ducit.</P> + +<P>Sed ego<a class="sup" href="#c26">[26]</a> adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam +latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro +abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae +tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,<a class="sup" href="#c27">[27]</a> tamen inter +tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur<a class="sup" href="#c28">[28]</a>: ac me, quum +ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido +eâdem qua ceteros famâ atque invidiâ vexabat.<a class="sup" href="#c29">[29]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat4">4</a>. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis +requievit et mihi reliquam aetatem a re publica procul +habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium socordia atque desidia +bonum otium conterere;<a class="sup" href="#c30">[30]</a> neque vero agrum colendo aut +venando, servilibus officiis,<a class="sup" href="#c31">[31]</a> intentum aetatem agere; sed a +quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem +regressus statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,<a class="sup" href="#c32">[32]</a> ut quaeque +memoria digna videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod +mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei publicae animus liber erat. Igitur +de Catilinae conjuratione quam verissime potero paucis absolvam:<a class="sup" href="#c33">[33]</a> +nam id facinus in primis ego memorabile existimo +sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis moribus +pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat5">5</a>. Lucius Catilina,<a class="sup" href="#c34">[34]</a> nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et +animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab +adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis +grata fuere, ibique juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus +patiens<a class="sup" href="#c35">[35]</a> inediae, algoris, vigiliae, supra quam cuiquam credibile +est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus rei libet<a class="sup" href="#c36">[36]</a> +simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, ardens +in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus +animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. +Hunc post dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat +rei publicae capiundae,<a class="sup" href="#c37">[37]</a> neque id quibus modis assequeretur, +dum sibi regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur +magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et +conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his artibus auxerat,<a class="sup" href="#c38">[38]</a> quas +supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti civitatis +mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque +avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de +moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere<a class="sup" href="#c39">[39]</a> ac paucis +instituta majorum domi militiaeque,<a class="sup" href="#c40">[40]</a> quomodo rem publicam +habuerint quantamque reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex +pulcherrima pessima ac flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat6">6</a>. Urbem Romam,<a class="sup" href="#c41">[41]</a> sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio +Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his +Aborigines,<a class="sup" href="#c42">[42]</a> genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, +liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una<a class="sup" href="#c43">[43]</a> moenia convenere, dispari +genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu +est quam facile coaluerint.<a class="sup" href="#c44">[44]</a> Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, +agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque +mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique +finitimi bello temptare,<a class="sup" href="#c45">[45]</a> pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri +metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti +festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, +patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, +sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,<a class="sup" href="#c46">[46]</a> magisque dandis quam +accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen +imperii regium habebant;<a class="sup" href="#c47">[47]</a> delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, +ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;<a class="sup" href="#c48">[48]</a> hi vel +aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium +imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei +publicae<a class="sup" href="#c49">[49]</a> fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit<a class="sup" href="#c50">[50]</a> immutato +more annua imperia binosque imperatores<a class="sup" href="#c51">[51]</a> sibi fecere; eo modo minime +posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat7">7</a>. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium +in promptu habere.<a class="sup" href="#c52">[52]</a> Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, +semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile +memoratu est adepta<a class="sup" href="#c53">[53]</a> libertate quantum brevi<a class="sup" href="#c54">[54]</a> creverit; tanta +cupido gloriae incesserat.<a class="sup" href="#c55">[55]</a> Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli +patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in +decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis +libidinem habebant.<a class="sup" href="#c56">[56]</a> Igitur talibus viris non labos<a class="sup" href="#c57">[57]</a> insolitus, non +locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus; +virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic +se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus +faceret, properabat; eas<a class="sup" href="#c58">[58]</a> divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque +nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam +ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis +maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes +natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto +traheret.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat8">8</a>. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex libidine +magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti +ego aestimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto<a class="sup" href="#c59">[59]</a> +minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna +ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis<a class="sup" href="#c60">[60]</a> +celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea +verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea +copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime negotiosus erat;<a class="sup" href="#c61">[61]</a> +ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, +sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat9">9</a>. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur, concordia maxima, +minima avaritia erat, jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam +natura<a class="sup" href="#c62">[62]</a> valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus +exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis<a class="sup" href="#c63">[63]</a> +deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant. Duabus his +artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque<a class="sup" href="#c64">[64]</a> remque +publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in +bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa +relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod +beneficiis quam<a class="sup" href="#c65">[65]</a> metu imperium agitabant, et acceptâ injuriâ<a class="sup" href="#c66">[66]</a> +ignoscere quam persequi malebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat10">10</a>. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello +domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula +imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, +saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias +atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis +oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido +crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, +probitatem ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam, +crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio +multos mortales falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in +lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex +commodo aestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo +paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi +pestilentia invasit, civitas immutata, imperium ex justissimo atque +optimo crudele intolerandumque factum.</P> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat11">11</a>. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod +tamen vitium propius virtutem<a class="sup" href="#c67">[67]</a> erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium +bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic +quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia +pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit;<a class="sup" href="#c68">[68]</a> ea quasi +venenis malis imbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita, +insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam +L. Sulla, armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos eventus +habuit,<a class="sup" href="#c69">[69]</a> rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque +modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civibus<a class="sup" href="#c70">[70]</a> +facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia +ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret,<a class="sup" href="#c71">[71]</a> contra morem majorum luxuriose +nimisque liberaliter habuerat; loca amoena, voluptaria<a class="sup" href="#c72">[72]</a> facile in otio +feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi +Romani amare,<a class="sup" href="#c73">[73]</a> potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata<a class="sup" href="#c74">[74]</a> mirari, +ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra<a class="sup" href="#c75">[75]</a> spoliare, sacra profanaque +omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil +reliqui victis fecere. Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant; +ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.<a class="sup" href="#c76">[76]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat12">12</a>. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium, +potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, +innocentia pro malivolentia<a class="sup" href="#c77">[77]</a> duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis +juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere; rapere, +consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina +atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. Operae pretium +est,<a class="sup" href="#c78">[78]</a> quum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum +exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi +mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria +decorabant, neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam +eripiebant.<a class="sup" href="#c79">[79]</a> At hi contra ignavissimi homines per summum scelus omnia +ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reliquerant; proinde +quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat13">13</a>. Nam quid ea memorem, quae nisi his qui videre nemini credibilia sunt, +a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa<a class="sup" href="#c80">[80]</a> esse. +Quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe quas honeste habere +licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido stupri, ganeae +ceterique cultus<a class="sup" href="#c81">[81]</a> non minor incesserat; viri muliebria pati, mulieres +pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia +exquirere, dormire prius quam somni cupido esset, non famem aut sitim +neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. +Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. +Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus carebat; eo +profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui<a class="sup" href="#c82">[82]</a> deditus erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat14">14</a>. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum +erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum +catervas habebat.<a class="sup" href="#c83">[83]</a> Nam quicunque impudicus, adulter, ganeo manu,<a class="sup" href="#c84">[84]</a> +ventre, pene bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande +conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique +parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis aut pro factis judicium +timentes, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili +alebat, postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus +exagitabat: hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quodsi quis etiam a +culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, cotidiano usu atque illecebris +facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium +familiaritates appetebat; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud +difficulter<a class="sup" href="#c85">[85]</a> capiebantur. Nam ut cujusque studium ex aetate<a class="sup" href="#c86">[86]</a> +flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari, +postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum<a class="sup" href="#c87">[87]</a> illos +obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos qui ita +existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum +honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quam quod cuiquam +id compertum foret, haec fama valebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat15">15</a>. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum +virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. +Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae cujus praeter formam nihil +unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum +adulta aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis +nuptiis fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c88">[88]</a> Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse +facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, +neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem +excitam vastabat.<a class="sup" href="#c89">[89]</a> Igitur color exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo, +modo tardus incessus; prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat16">16</a>. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala +facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, +fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem +attriverat, majora alia imperabat; si causa peccandi in praesens minus +suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare; +scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito<a class="sup" href="#c90">[90]</a> potius +malus atque crudelis erat.</P> + +<P>His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes +terras ingens erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites,<a class="sup" href="#c91">[91]</a> largius suo +usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, +opprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus; +Gn.<a class="sup" href="#c92">[92]</a> Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum +petenti magna spes; senatus nihil sane intentus;<a class="sup" href="#c93">[93]</a> tutae tranquillaeque +res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat17">17</a>. Igitur, circiter Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et G. Figulo +consulibus,<a class="sup" href="#c94">[94]</a> primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare; +opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, magna praemia conjurationis docere. +Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus +maxima necessitudo<a class="sup" href="#c95">[95]</a> et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere +senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, +G. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, +Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praeterea ex equestri +ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, +G. Cornelius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant +praeterea complures<a class="sup" href="#c96">[96]</a> paulo occultius concilii hujusce participes +nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut aliqua +necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque,<a class="sup" href="#c97">[97]</a> sed maxime nobilium, +Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter +vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere +item ea tempestate<a class="sup" href="#c98">[98]</a> qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum<a class="sup" href="#c99">[99]</a> non ignarum +ejus consilii fuisse; quia Gn. Pompeius invisus ipsi magnum exercitum +ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul +confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat18">18</a>. Sed antea<a class="sup" href="#c100">[100]</a> item conjuravere pauci contra rem publicam, in quibus +Catilina fuit; de qua<a class="sup" href="#c101">[101]</a> quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo et +M. Lepido consulibus,<a class="sup" href="#c102">[102]</a> P. Autronius et P. Sulla designati consules, +legibus ambitus interrogati<a class="sup" href="#c103">[103]</a> poenas dederant. Post paulo<a class="sup" href="#c104">[104]</a> +Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,<a class="sup" href="#c105">[105]</a> prohibitus erat consulatum +petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri<a class="sup" href="#c106">[106]</a> nequiverat. Erat eodem +tempore Gn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus, +quem ad perturbandam rem publicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. +Cum hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter Nonas Decembres consilio +communicato parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. +Torquatum consules<a class="sup" href="#c107">[107]</a> interficere, ipsi fascibus correptis Pisonem cum +exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias<a class="sup" href="#c108">[108]</a> mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus +in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam tum non +consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. +Quodni<a class="sup" href="#c109">[109]</a> Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post +conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum +frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat19">19</a>. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore<a class="sup" href="#c110">[110]</a> missus +est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Gn. Pompeio cognoverat. +Neque tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum hominem a +re publica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni complures praesidium in +eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in +provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens +occisus est. Sunt qui ita dicunt,<a class="sup" href="#c111">[111]</a> imperia ejus injusta, superba, +crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; alii autem equites illos Gn. Pompeii +veteres fidosque clientes voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos; numquam +Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante +perpessos. Nos eam rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione +satis dictum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat20">20</a>. Catilina,<a class="sup" href="#c112">[112]</a> ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, convenisse +videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen +in rem fore credens universos appellare et cohortari, in abditam +partem aedium secedit, atque ibi, omnibus arbitris procul +amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit. ‘Ni virtus fidesque +vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset; +spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent. +Neque ego per ignaviam<a class="sup" href="#c113">[113]</a> aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis +captarem. Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi +fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maximum +atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere, simul quia vobis eadem +quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque +idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente +agitavi omnes jam antea diversi<a class="sup" href="#c114">[114]</a> audistis. Ceterum mihi +in dies magis animus accenditur, quum considero, quae condicio +vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. +Nam postquam res publica in paucorum potentium +jus atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae<a class="sup" href="#c115">[115]</a> +vectigales esse, populi, nationes stipendia pendere; ceteri +omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles vulgus fuimus +sine gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica +valeret, formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, +honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere +pericula repulsas, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque +tandem patiemini fortissimi viri? Nonne emori per virtutem +praestat quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae +superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum enimvero +pro deum atque hominum fidem<a class="sup" href="#c116">[116]</a> victoria in manu nobis +est, viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis +omnia consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est; cetera +res expediet. Etenim quis mortalium cui virile ingenium est, +tolerare potest, illis divitias superare,<a class="sup" href="#c117">[117]</a> quas profundant in +extruendo mari et montibus coaequandis, nobis rem familiarem +etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas aut amplius domos +continuare, nobis larem familiarem<a class="sup" href="#c118">[118]</a> nusquam ullum esse? +Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata<a class="sup" href="#c119">[119]</a> emunt, nova diruunt, alia +aedificant, postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, +tamen summa libidine divitias vincere<a class="sup" href="#c120">[120]</a> nequeunt. At nobis +est domi inopia, foris aes alienum, mala res, spes multo +asperior; denique quid reliqui habemus praeter miseram +animam? Quin<a class="sup" href="#c121">[121]</a> igitur expergiscimini? En<a class="sup" href="#c122">[122]</a> illa, illa, quam +saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria in +oculis sita sunt. Fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. +Res, tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis +quam oratio mea vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me +utimini; neque animus neque corpus a vobis aberit. Haec +ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam, nisi forte me +animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati estis.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat21">21</a>. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed +neque res neque spes bona ulla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces +videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, uti proponeret, quae condicio +belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei +haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas,<a class="sup" href="#c123">[123]</a> proscriptionem +locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum +atque libido victorum fert. Praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, +in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes; +petere consulatum G. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem +et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum; cum eo se +consulem<a class="sup" href="#c124">[124]</a> initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpat omnes +bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, +alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae,<a class="sup" href="#c125">[125]</a> multos +victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos +alacres videt, cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum +dimisit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat22">22</a>. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, quum ad +jusjurandum populares<a class="sup" href="#c126">[126]</a> sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis +sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde quum post +execrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri +consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare<a class="sup" href="#c127">[127]</a> fecisse, quo +inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli +ficta et haec et multa praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis +invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris +eorum, qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta +est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat23">23</a>. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus haud obscuro loco, +flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quera censores senatu probri +gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia; neque +reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet<a class="sup" href="#c128">[128]</a> ipse scelera occultare, +prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum +Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri<a class="sup" href="#c129">[129]</a> vetus consuetudo; cui quum minus +gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria +montesque polliceri coepit et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia +foret, postremo ferocius agitare<a class="sup" href="#c130">[130]</a> quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, +insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei publicae haud +occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore<a class="sup" href="#c131">[131]</a> de Catilinae conjuratione quae +quoque modo audierat compluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia +hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque +antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat,<a class="sup" href="#c132">[132]</a> et quasi pollui +consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo novus<a class="sup" href="#c133">[133]</a> adeptus +foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere.<a class="sup" href="#c134">[134]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat24">24</a>. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et +G. Antonius, quod factum primo populares conjurationis concusserat.<a class="sup" href="#c135">[135]</a> +Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma +per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide +sumptam mutuam Faesulas<a class="sup" href="#c136">[136]</a> ad Manlium quendam portare,<a class="sup" href="#c137">[137]</a> qui postea +princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis +homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo +ingentes sumptus<a class="sup" href="#c138">[138]</a> stupro corporis toleraverant, post ubi aetas +tantummodo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande +conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana +sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi vel +interficere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat25">25</a>. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae +facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro, +liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta, +psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa alia, quae +instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque +pudicitia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile +discerneres;<a class="sup" href="#c139">[139]</a> libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam +peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, +caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps<a class="sup" href="#c140">[140]</a> abierat. Verum +ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone +uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque +lepos inerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat26">26</a>. His rebus comparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proximum annum<a class="sup" href="#c141">[141]</a> +consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate +Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias +parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae +deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa pollicendo per Fulviam +effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae +sibi proderet. Ad hoc<a class="sup" href="#c142">[142]</a> collegam suum Antonium pactione +provinciae<a class="sup" href="#c143">[143]</a> perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret; circum se +praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies +comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consuli +in Campo<a class="sup" href="#c144">[144]</a> fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et +extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat aspera +foedaque<a class="sup" href="#c145">[145]</a> evenerant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat27">27</a>. Igitur G. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam partem Etruriae, Septimium +quendam Camertem<a class="sup" href="#c146">[146]</a> in agrum Picenum, G. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; +praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea +Romae multa simul moliri, consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, +opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios +jubere, hortari; uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies noctesque +festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi +multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis +principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum +questus, docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multitudinem, quam ad +capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium +belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem +oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multum officere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat28">28</a>. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, G. Cornelius eques +Romanus operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator +constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus sicuti +salutatum<a class="sup" href="#c147">[147]</a> introire ad Ciceronem ac de improviso domi suae imparatum +confodere. Curius ubi intellegit,<a class="sup" href="#c148">[148]</a> quantum periculum consuli +impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. +Ita illi janua prohibiti tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea +Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuriae +novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia +amiserat, praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna +copia erat, nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex +magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat29">29</a>. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque +urbem ab insidiis privato consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus +Manlii quantus aut quo consilio foret satis compertum habebat, rem ad +senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam.<a class="sup" href="#c149">[149]</a> Itaque, quod +plerumque in atroci negotio solet; senatus decrevit,<a class="sup" href="#c150">[150]</a> darent operam +consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum +more Romano magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,<a class="sup" href="#c151">[151]</a> bellum +gerere, coërcere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeque +imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli +earum rerum consuli jus est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat30">30</a>. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras +recitavit, quas Faesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum +erat, G. Manlium arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante +diem VI. Kalendas Novembres.<a class="sup" href="#c152">[152]</a> Simul, id quod in tali re solet, +alii portenta atque prodigia<a class="sup" href="#c153">[153]</a> nuntiabant, alii conventus fieri, +arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri. +Igitur senati<a class="sup" href="#c154">[154]</a> decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus +Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi; hi utrique<a class="sup" href="#c155">[155]</a> ad +urbem imperatores erant,<a class="sup" href="#c156">[156]</a> impediti ne triumpharent calumnia +paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos +erat.<a class="sup" href="#c157">[157]</a> Sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus +Celer in agrum Picenum,<a class="sup" href="#c158">[158]</a> hisque permissum, uti pro +tempore atque periculo exercitum compararent. Ad hoc, si +quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae contra rem publicam +facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia centum,<a class="sup" href="#c159">[159]</a> +libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta; itemque +decrevere, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia +distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus,<a class="sup" href="#c160">[160]</a> Romae per totam +urbem vigiliae haberentur, iisque minores magistratus<a class="sup" href="#c161">[161]</a> praeessent.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat31">31</a>. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex +summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente +omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare, neque loco neque homini +cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere, suo +quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus<a class="sup" href="#c162">[162]</a> rei publicae +magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare sese,<a class="sup" href="#c163">[163]</a> manus +supplices ad coelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia +pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. At +Catilinae crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, tametsi praesidia +parabantur et ipse lege Plautia<a class="sup" href="#c164">[164]</a> interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo. +Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi, sicuti<a class="sup" href="#c165">[165]</a> jurgio +lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive +praesentiam ejus timens sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam +atque utilem rei publicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.<a class="sup" href="#c166">[166]</a> Sed ubi ille +assedit,<a class="sup" href="#c167">[167]</a> Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso +vultu, voce supplici postulare, ‘Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere +crederent; ea familia ortum, ita se ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut +omnia bona in spe haberet; ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus +ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita +re publica opus esse, quum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis +urbis Romae.’<a class="sup" href="#c168">[168]</a> Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere omnes, +hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: ‘Quoniam quidem +circumventus, inquit, ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina +restinguam.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat32">32</a>. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit; ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod +neque insidiae consuli procedebant et ab incendio intellegebat urbem +vigiliis munitam, optimum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam +legiones scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent, nocte +intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque +Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus +rebus possent opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, +caedem, incendia aliaque belli facinora parent; sese propediem cum magno +exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, G. Manlius ex suo +numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis hujuscemodi:</P> + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat33">33</a>. ‘Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam +cepisse, neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab +injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate +feneratorum plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis<a class="sup" href="#c169">[169]</a> expertes +sumus; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti,<a class="sup" href="#c170">[170]</a> neque +amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere, tanta saevitia feneratorum atque +praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum<a class="sup" href="#c171">[171]</a> miseriti plebis Romanae, +decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt; ac novissime memoria nostra, +propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum +aere solutum est.<a class="sup" href="#c172">[172]</a> Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, +aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non +imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina +omnia inter mortales sunt, sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima +simul amittit.<a class="sup" href="#c173">[173]</a> Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris +civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; +neve nobis eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime +ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat34">34</a>. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit: ‘Si quid ab senatu +petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur; +ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum populumque +Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam ab eo +frustra auxilium petiverit.’ At Catilina ex itinere plerisque +consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras mittit: ‘Se +falsis criminibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum +resistere nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam<a class="sup" href="#c174">[174]</a> in exilium +proficisci: non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti +res publica quieta foret, neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.’ +Ab his longe diversas litteras Q. Catulus in senatu +recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas dicebat; earum +exemplum infra scriptum est:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat35">35</a>. ‘L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides re cognita, grata mihi, in +magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem +defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare, satisfactionem ex nulla +conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi,<a class="sup" href="#c175">[175]</a> quam mediusfidius<a class="sup" href="#c176">[176]</a> veram +licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris +industriaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non obtinebam,<a class="sup" href="#c177">[177]</a> +publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non quin aes +alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et alienis +nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret;<a class="sup" href="#c178">[178]</a> +sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa +suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam.<a class="sup" href="#c179">[179]</a> Hoc nomine<a class="sup" href="#c180">[180]</a> satis honestas +pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura +quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari.<a class="sup" href="#c181">[181]</a> Nunc Orestillam +commendo tuaeque fidei trado: eam ab injuria defendas per liberos tuos +rogatus. Haveto.’<a class="sup" href="#c182">[182]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat36">36</a>. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud G. Flaminium in agro +Arretino,<a class="sup" href="#c183">[183]</a> dum vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum +fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. +Haec ubi Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes +judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude<a class="sup" href="#c184">[184]</a> +liceret ab armis discedere praeter<a class="sup" href="#c185">[185]</a> rerum capitalium condemnatis. +Praeterea decernit, uti consules delectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu +Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi +imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile visum est, cui quum ad +occasum ab ortu solis omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque +divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui +seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent.<a class="sup" href="#c186">[186]</a> Namque +duobus senati decretis ex tanta multitudine neque praemio inductus +conjurationem patefecerat neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium +discesserat; tanta vis morbi uti tabes plerosque civium animos invaserat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat37">37</a>. Neque solum illis aliena<a class="sup" href="#c187">[187]</a> mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis +fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta +probabat. Id adeo<a class="sup" href="#c188">[188]</a> more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, +quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis<a class="sup" href="#c189">[189]</a> invident, malos extollunt, vetera +odere, nova exoptant, odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student, turba +atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur; quoniam egestas facile habetur<a class="sup" href="#c190">[190]</a> +sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero<a class="sup" href="#c191">[191]</a> praeceps ierat multis de +causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime +praestabant, item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremo +omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in +sentinam<a class="sup" href="#c192">[192]</a> confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod +ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, ut +regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis foret, +ex victoria talia sperabat. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum +mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus +excita<a class="sup" href="#c193">[193]</a> urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerat; eos atque alios +omnes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, +malis moribus, maxima spe, rei publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.<a class="sup" href="#c194">[194]</a> +Praeterea quorum,<a class="sup" href="#c195">[195]</a> victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, bona erepta, +jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo belli eventum +expectabant. Ad hoc quicunque aliarum atque senatus partium erant, +conturbari rem publicam quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo malum +multos post annos in civitatem reverterat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat38">38</a>. Nam postquam Gn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus<a class="sup" href="#c196">[196]</a> tribunicia +potestas restituta est, homines adolescentes summam potestatem nacti, +quibus aetas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem +exagitare, dein largiundo atque pollicitando magis incendere; ita ipsi +clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque +nobilitas senatus specie<a class="sup" href="#c197">[197]</a> pro sua magnitudine. Namque uti paucis +verum absolvam, post illa tempora quicunque rem publicam agitavere, +honestis nominibus, alii sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars quo<a class="sup" href="#c198">[198]</a> +senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua +quisque potentia certabant; neque illis modestia neque modus contentionis +erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat39">39</a>. Sed postquam Gn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum +missus est, plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi +magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere, ipsi innoxii,<a class="sup" href="#c199">[199]</a> +florentes, sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem +in magistratu placidius tractarent.<a class="sup" href="#c200">[200]</a> Sed ubi primum dubiis rebus<a class="sup" href="#c201">[201]</a> +novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quodsi +primo proelio Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto +magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset; neque illis, qui +victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et +exsanguibus qui plus posset imperium atque libertatem extorqueret.<a class="sup" href="#c202">[202]</a> +Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio +profecti sunt; in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quem retractum +ex itinere parens necari jussit. Iisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti +Catilina praeceperat, quoscunque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos +credebat, aut per se aut per alios sollicitabat, neque solum cives, sed +cujusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat40">40</a>. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Allobrogum<a class="sup" href="#c203">[203]</a> +requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem belli, existimans +publice privatimque aere alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens +Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. +Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus +civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat; itaque sine mora, ubi primum +legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi +dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis sperarent. +Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, +quod in eo auxilii nihil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem expectare: +‘At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua +tanta ista mala effugiatis.’ Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem +adducti Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur; nihil tam asperum neque tam +difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem +aere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum, D. Bruti perducit, quod foro +propinqua erat neque aliena consilii<a class="sup" href="#c204">[204]</a> propter Semproniam; nam tum +Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium accersit,<a class="sup" href="#c205">[205]</a> quo major +auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesente conjurationem aperit, nominat +socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus +amplior<a class="sup" href="#c206">[206]</a> esset; deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat41">41</a>. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In +altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe +victoriae, at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe +certa praemia. Haec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicae. +Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem +omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, +legatis praecepit, ut studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros +adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos +habeant.<a class="sup" href="#c207">[207]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat42">42</a>. Iisdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore,<a class="sup" href="#c208">[208]</a> item +in agro Piceno, Bruttio,<a class="sup" href="#c209">[209]</a> Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante +Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul +agebant; nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, +festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo +numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consulto, causa +cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia G. Murena, qui +ei provinciae legatus<a class="sup" href="#c210">[210]</a> praeerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat43">43</a>. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes conjurationis erant, +paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, constituerant, uti quum Catilina in +agrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset. L. Bestia tribunus plebis +contione habita quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi +invidiam optimo consuli imponeret; eo signo<a class="sup" href="#c211">[211]</a> proxima nocte cetera +multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed<a class="sup" href="#c212">[212]</a> ea +divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu +duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior +aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret; +Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem +alium; sed filii<a class="sup" href="#c213">[213]</a> familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, +parentes interficerent, simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus, ad +Catilinam erumperent. Inter haec parata atque decreta<a class="sup" href="#c214">[214]</a> Cethegus +semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum; illos dubitando et dies prolatando +magnas opportunitates corrumpere, facto, non consulto, in tali periculo +opus esse, seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in +curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum +bonum in celeritate putabat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat44">44</a>. Sed Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros +conveniunt;<a class="sup" href="#c215">[215]</a> ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant +jusjurandum, quod signatum ad cives perferant; aliter haud facile eos ad +tantum negotium impelli posse. Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; Cassius +semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe +proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem +mittit, ut Allobroges prins quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina data atque +accepta fide societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad +Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: ‘Qui<a class="sup" href="#c216">[216]</a> sim ex eo, +quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et +memineris te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent; +auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.’<a class="sup" href="#c217">[217]</a> Ad hoc mandata verbis +dat: ‘Quum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia +repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse propius +accedere.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat45">45</a>. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero +per legates cuncta edoctus,<a class="sup" href="#c218">[218]</a> L. Valerio Flacco et G. Pomptinio +praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio<a class="sup" href="#c219">[219]</a> per insidias Allobrogum +comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur, +cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines +militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, +occulte pontem obsidunt.<a class="sup" href="#c220">[220]</a> Postquam ad id loci<a class="sup" href="#c221">[221]</a> legati cum +Volturcio venerunt et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito +cognito consilio, sine mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, +cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde ubi a +legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinium obtestatus, +quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut +hostibus<a class="sup" href="#c222">[222]</a> sese praetoribus dedit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat46">46</a>. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuntios consuli +declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere; nam +laetabatur intellegens conjuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam +esse, porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civibus +deprehensis, quid facto opus esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, +impunitatem perdundae rei publicae<a class="sup" href="#c223">[223]</a> fore credebat. Igitur confirmato +animo vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, item +quendam Caeparium Tarracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia +proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Caeparius paulo ante domo +egressus cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod +praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum<a class="sup" href="#c224">[224]</a> perducit; reliquos cum +custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque +frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit, Flaccum +praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre +jubet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat47">47</a>. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut +qua de causa consilii habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de +conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est,<a class="sup" href="#c225">[225]</a> omnia, uti +gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Caepario +socium ascitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; tantummodo audire +solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Ser. Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos +praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum +dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere +solitus erat; ex libris Sibyllinis<a class="sup" href="#c226">[226]</a> regnum Romae tribus Corneliis +portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret +urbis potiri;<a class="sup" href="#c227">[227]</a> praeterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum +annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices<a class="sup" href="#c228">[228]</a> respondissent bello civili +cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua +cognovissent, senatus decernit, uti abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque +ceteri in liberis custodiis<a class="sup" href="#c229">[229]</a> habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo +Spintheri, qui tum aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius G. +Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga +retractus erat) Gn. Terentio senatori traduntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat48">48</a>. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum +novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari, +Ciceronem ad coelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque +laetitiam agitabat.<a class="sup" href="#c230">[230]</a> Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis quam +detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, immoderatum ac sibi maxime +calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu +corporis erant.<a class="sup" href="#c231">[231]</a> Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum +adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum +ajebant. Is, quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides +publica data esset, jussus a consule quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae +Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium +senatum docet; praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, +ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi<a class="sup" href="#c232">[232]</a> +terrerent, eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum +animos reficeret et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur. Sed ubi +Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa +potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars tametsi verum existimabant, +tamen quia in tali tempore<a class="sup" href="#c233">[233]</a> tanta vis hominis magis leniunda quam +exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii +conclamant indicem falsum esse, deque ea re postulant uti referatur.<a class="sup" href="#c234">[234]</a> +Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium +falsum videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius +potestatem<a class="sup" href="#c235">[235]</a> faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam +rem esset mentitus. Erant eo tempore, qui aestimarent, indicium illud a +P. Autronio machinatum, quo facilius appellato Crasso per societatem +periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone +immissum ajebant, ne Crassus more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio rem +publicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem <a class="sup" href="#c236">[236]</a> audivi, +tantam illam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impositam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat49">49</a>. Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso<a class="sup" href="#c237">[237]</a> neque precibus neque +gratia neque pretio Ciceronem impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut +alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves +inimicitias exercebat: Piso oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum +propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione +pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis honoribus usus, +ab adolescentulo Caesare victus<a class="sup" href="#c238">[238]</a> discesserat. Res autem opportuna +videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, publice maximis +muneribus<a class="sup" href="#c239">[239]</a> grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum +facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo atque ementiundo, +quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent,<a class="sup" href="#c240">[240]</a> magnam illi +invidiam conflaverant, usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui +praesidii causa eum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi +magnitudine seu animi mobilitate<a class="sup" href="#c241">[241]</a> impulsi, quo studium suum in rem +publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat50">50</a>. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatis Allobrogum et T. Volturcio, +comprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex +clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in vicis +ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim exquirebant duces +multitudinum,<a class="sup" href="#c242">[242]</a> qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus +autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in +audaciam, orabat, ut grege facto cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, +ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus +monebat, convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui in +custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat +contra rem publicam fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c243">[243]</a> Tum D. Junius Silanus, primus +sententiam rogatus,<a class="sup" href="#c244">[244]</a> quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, +qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, +P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum +decreverat; isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in +sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum<a class="sup" href="#c245">[245]</a> se dixerat, quod de ea re praesidiis +additis referundum censuerat.<a class="sup" href="#c246">[246]</a> Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, +rogatus sententiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat51">51</a>. ‘Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab +odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile +animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini +simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si libido possidet, +ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi, +P. C., quae reges atque populi ira aut misericordia impulsi male +consuluerint;<a class="sup" href="#c247">[247]</a> sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra +libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum +rege Perse<a class="sup" href="#c248">[248]</a> gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quae +populi Romani opibus creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit; sed +postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis +divitiarum magis quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos +eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Karthaginienses et +in pace et per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi +per occasionem talia fecere; magis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in +illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est, +P. C., ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra +dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna +poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitude +sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus +comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententiam dixerunt, +composite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt; quae belli +saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; rapi virgines, +pueros, divelli liberos a parentum complexu, matres familiarum pati, quae +victoribus collibuissent, fana atque domos spoliari, caedem, incendia +fieri, postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri. +Sed, per deos immortales, quo illa oratio pertinuit? an<a class="sup" href="#c249">[249]</a> uti vos +infestos conjurationi faceret? Scilicet<a class="sup" href="#c250">[250]</a> quem res tanta et tam, +atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. Non ita est; neque cuiquam +mortalium injuriae suae<a class="sup" href="#c251">[251]</a> parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo +habuere.<a class="sup" href="#c252">[252]</a> Sed alia aliis licentia est, P. C. Qui demissi in obscuro +vitam habent,<a class="sup" href="#c253">[253]</a> si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque +fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem +agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima +licentia est; neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime irasci decet; quae +apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas +appellatur. Equidem ego<a class="sup" href="#c254">[254]</a> sic existimo, P. C., omnes cruciatus minores +quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et +in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo +severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, quae +dixerit, studio rei publicae dixisse, neque illum in tanta re gratiam aut +inimicitias<a class="sup" href="#c255">[255]</a> exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi.<a class="sup" href="#c256">[256]</a> +Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis, — quid enim in tales homines +crudele fieri potest? — sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam +profecto aut metus aut injuria te subegit,<a class="sup" href="#c257">[257]</a> Silane, consulem +designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore supervacaneum est +disserere, quum praesertim diligentia clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta +praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus equidem dicere id quod res +habet;<a class="sup" href="#c258">[258]</a> in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non +cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque curae +neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quamobrem +in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos +animadverteretur?<a class="sup" href="#c259">[259]</a> An quia lex Porcia<a class="sup" href="#c260">[260]</a> vetat? At aliae leges item +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed exilium permitti jubent.<a class="sup" href="#c261">[261]</a> +An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis +grave est in homines tanti facinoris convictos? Sin, quia levius est; quî +convenit<a class="sup" href="#c262">[262]</a> in minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore +neglexeris? At enim<a class="sup" href="#c263">[263]</a> quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei +publicae decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus +moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, P. C., +quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta +sunt; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum +illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos +transfertur.<a class="sup" href="#c264">[264]</a> Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros<a class="sup" href="#c265">[265]</a> +imposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum +quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare; ea<a class="sup" href="#c266">[266]</a> populus laetari et +merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et +malos libidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute +oppressa stultae laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor +Sulla quum Damasippum<a class="sup" href="#c267">[267]</a> et alios hujusmodi, qui malo rei publicae +creverant, jugulare jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat? Homines +scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant, +merito necatos ajebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam uti +quisque domum aut villam, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus +concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum<a class="sup" href="#c268">[268]</a> numero esset. Ita +illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi +trahebantur; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit quam Sulla omnes suos +divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus +vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio +tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro +vero credi; ubi hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit, +quis illi finem statuet aut quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, P. C., +neque consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere, neque illis superbia +obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. +Arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis +pleraque<a class="sup" href="#c269">[269]</a> sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes +idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exequebantur, imitari quam +invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeciae morem imitati, +verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium +sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones +valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, tum lex +Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus<a class="sup" href="#c270">[270]</a> exilium damnatis +permissum est. Ego hanc causam, P. C., quominus<a class="sup" href="#c271">[271]</a> novum consilium +capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia major in +illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere quam in nobis, +qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere +exercitum Catilinae? Minime, sed ita censeo; publicandas eorum pecunias, +ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,<a class="sup" href="#c272">[272]</a> quae maxime opibus valent; +neu quis de his postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat; qui +aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salutem +omnium facturum.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat52">52</a>. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie +assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi +orationem habuit: ‘Longe mihi alia mens est, P. C., quum res atque +pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnullorum mecum ipse +reputo.<a class="sup" href="#c273">[273]</a> Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, +parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere; res autem monet cavere +ab illis magis quam, quid in illos statuamus, consultare. Nam cetera +maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt; hoc nisi provideris ne accidat, +ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores; capta urbe nihil fit reliqui +victis. Sed, per deos immortales, vos ego appello, qui semper domos, +villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rem publicam fecistis,<a class="sup" href="#c274">[274]</a> si +ista, cujuscunque modi sunt quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus +vestris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando et capessite rem +publicam.<a class="sup" href="#c275">[275]</a> Non agitur de vectigalibus neque de sociorum injuriis: +libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenumero, P. C., multa verba in +hoc ordine feci,<a class="sup" href="#c276">[276]</a> saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium +questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo; qui mihi atque +animo meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecissem,<a class="sup" href="#c277">[277]</a> haud facile +alterius libidini male facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi +pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat; opulentia neglegentiam +tolerabat.<a class="sup" href="#c278">[278]</a> Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus +vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum imperium, populi Romani sit, +sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra an nobiscum una hostium futura +sint. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat.<a class="sup" href="#c279">[279]</a> +Jampridem equidem<a class="sup" href="#c280">[280]</a> nos vera vocabula rerum amisimus, quia bona aliena +largiri liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur, eo<a class="sup" href="#c281">[281]</a> res +publica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent, +liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii; ne +illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et<a class="sup" href="#c282">[282]</a> dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, +bonos omnes perditum eant. Bene et composite G. Caesar paulo ante in hoc +ordine de vita et morte disseruit, credo falsa existimans ea, quae de +inferis memorantur, diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra, inculta, +foeda atque formidolosa habere. Itaque censuit pecunias eorum +publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos; videlicet timens, +ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis aut a multitudine +conducta per vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in +urbe et non<a class="sup" href="#c283">[283]</a> per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, +ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium +est, si periculum ex illis metuit; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non +timet, eo magis refert<a class="sup" href="#c284">[284]</a> me mihi atque vobis timere. Quare quum de P. +Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro certo habetote,<a class="sup" href="#c285">[285]</a> vos simul de +exercitu Catilinae et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. Quanto vos +attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit; si paululum modo +vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.<a class="sup" href="#c286">[286]</a> Nolite existimare, +majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse.<a class="sup" href="#c287">[287]</a> Si ita +res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque +civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. +Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi +industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque +delicto neque libidini obnoxius.<a class="sup" href="#c288">[288]</a> Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque +avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudamus divitias, +sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia +virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi +quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic<a class="sup" href="#c289">[289]</a> pecuniae aut +gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam<a class="sup" href="#c290">[290]</a> rem publicam. +Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam +incendere,<a class="sup" href="#c291">[291]</a> Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum +accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini +etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis?<a class="sup" href="#c292">[292]</a> +Misereamini censeo<a class="sup" href="#c293">[293]</a>, — deliquere homines adolescentuli per +ambitionem, — atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et +misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in miseriam onvertet.<a class="sup" href="#c294">[294]</a> Scilicet +res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.<a class="sup" href="#c295">[295]</a> Immo vero<a class="sup" href="#c296">[296]</a> maxime; +sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini, +videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rem publicam saepe in +maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus +auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera +omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos +implores;<a class="sup" href="#c297">[297]</a> irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius +Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem +pugnaverat, necare jussit,<a class="sup" href="#c298">[298]</a> atque ille egregius adolescens +immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis +parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic +sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si +famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi +adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de +Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam<a class="sup" href="#c299">[299]</a> unquam pensi +fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si +mehercule peccato locus esset,<a class="sup" href="#c300">[300]</a> facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, +quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum +exercitu faucibus urguet:<a class="sup" href="#c301">[301]</a> alii intra moenia atque in sinu urbis sunt +hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis +properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum +civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii +et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia +aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, +de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum +supplicium sumendum.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat53">53</a>. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars +sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios +increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati +decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa +audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra +praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta +negotia sustinuisset.<a class="sup" href="#c302">[302]</a> Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis +legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum +opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia +Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti +constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse,<a class="sup" href="#c303">[303]</a> +eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. +Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica +magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac, +sicuti effeta parentum,<a class="sup" href="#c304">[304]</a> multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam +Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis +moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat, +silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin<a class="sup" href="#c305">[305]</a> utriusque naturam et +mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat54">54</a>. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere; magnitudo +animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.<a class="sup" href="#c306">[306]</a> Caesar beneficiis ac +munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine +et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. +Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam +adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies; +illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum +induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, +nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, +bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium +modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, +neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, +cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita +quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilium sequebatur.<a class="sup" href="#c307">[307]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat55">55</a>. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit,<a class="sup" href="#c308">[308]</a> +consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo +spatio novaretur, III. viros<a class="sup" href="#c309">[309]</a> quae supplicium postulabat parare +jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit;<a class="sup" href="#c310">[310]</a> +idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod<a class="sup" href="#c311">[311]</a> Tullianum +appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes +humi depressus.<a class="sup" href="#c312">[312]</a> Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera +lapideis fornicibus vineta,<a class="sup" href="#c313">[313]</a> sed incultu,<a class="sup" href="#c314">[314]</a> tenebris, odore foeda +atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est +Lentulus, viridices rerum capitalium,<a class="sup" href="#c315">[315]</a> quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo +gulam fregere. Ila ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui +consulare imperium Romae habuerat,<a class="sup" href="#c316">[316]</a> dignum moribus factisque suis +exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo +supplicium sumptum est.<a class="sup" href="#c317">[317]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat56">56</a>. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni copia,<a class="sup" href="#c318">[318]</a> quam et ipse +adduxerat et Manlius habuerat, duas legiones instituit, cohortes pro +numero militum complet,<a class="sup" href="#c319">[319]</a> deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis +in castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones +numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milibus<a class="sup" href="#c320">[320]</a> +habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis +instructa; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas,<a class="sup" href="#c321">[321]</a> +alii praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius<a class="sup" href="#c322">[322]</a> cum exercitu +adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in +Galliam versus castra movere, hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare; +sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii incepta +patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus<a class="sup" href="#c323">[323]</a> initio ad eum +magnae copiae concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum +suis rationibus existimans, videri<a class="sup" href="#c324">[324]</a> causam civium cum servis +fugitivis communicavisse.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat57">57</a>. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romae conjurationem +patefactam, de Lentulo et Cethego ceterisque, quos supra memoravi, +supplicium sumptum; plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum +rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur; reliquos Catilina per montes asperos +magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem<a class="sup" href="#c325">[325]</a> abducit, eo consilio, uti +per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Transalpinam. At Q. Metellus +Celer cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate +rerum eadem illa existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. +Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movet ac sub +ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam +properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu +locis aequioribus expeditos in fuga sequeretur.<a class="sup" href="#c326">[326]</a> Sed Catilina +postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res +adversas, neque fugae neque praesidii ullam spem, optimum factu ratus, in +tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum +confligere. Itaque contione advocata hujuscemodi orationem habuit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat58">58</a>. ‘Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non addere, neque ex +ignavo strenuum neque fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris +fieri. Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in +bello patere solet. Quem neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam +hortere; timor animi auribus officit.<a class="sup" href="#c327">[327]</a> Sed ego vos, quo pauca +monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis +equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque +cladem attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam +proficisci nequiverim.<a class="sup" href="#c328">[328]</a> Nunc vero quo in loco<a class="sup" href="#c329">[329]</a> res nostrae sint, +juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab urbe, +alter a Gallia obstant; diutius in his locis esse, si maxime animus +ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum egestas<a class="sup" href="#c330">[330]</a> prohibet. Quocunque ire +placet, ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo; uti forti atque +parato animo sitis et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis vos divitias, +decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem atque patriam in dexteris vestris +portare. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, municipia +atque coloniae patebunt; sin metu cesserimus, eadem illa adversa fient: +neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint. +Praeterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet; nos +pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum est pro +potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristinae +virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem agere; +potuistis nonnulli Romae amissis bonis alienas opes expectare: quia illa +foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec<a class="sup" href="#c331">[331]</a> sequi decrevistis. Si +haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus est; nemo nisi victor pace bellum +mutavit.<a class="sup" href="#c332">[332]</a> Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum arma, quîs<a class="sup" href="#c333">[333]</a> corpus +tegitur, ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in proelio +iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent; audacia pro muro habetur. +Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aestimo, magna me spes +victoriae tenet. Animus, aetas, virtus vestra me hortantur;<a class="sup" href="#c334">[334]</a> +praeterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes facit. Nam multitudo +hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustiae loci. Quodsi virtuti +vestrae fortuna inviderit, cavete,<a class="sup" href="#c335">[335]</a> inulti animam amittatis, neu +capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes +cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat59">59</a>. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa canere jubet,<a class="sup" href="#c336">[336]</a> atque +instructos ordines in locum aequum deducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis, +quo militibus exaequato periculo animus amplior esset, ipse pedes +exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter +sinistros montes et ab dextera rupe aspera,<a class="sup" href="#c337">[337]</a> octo cohortes in fronte +constituit, reliquarum signa<a class="sup" href="#c338">[338]</a> in subsidio artius collocat. Ab his +centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militibus +optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit.<a class="sup" href="#c339">[339]</a> G. Manlium in +dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare<a class="sup" href="#c340">[340]</a> jubet; ipse cum +libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit,<a class="sup" href="#c341">[341]</a> quam bello Cimbrico G. +Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius, +pedibus aeger,<a class="sup" href="#c342">[342]</a> quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato<a class="sup" href="#c343">[343]</a> +exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti<a class="sup" href="#c344">[344]</a> causa +conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. +Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut +meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris +atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta +tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in +exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea +commemorando militum animos accendebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat60">60</a>. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes +paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum +est, unde a ferentariis<a class="sup" href="#c345">[345]</a> proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum +infestis signis<a class="sup" href="#c346">[346]</a> concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. +Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi haud +timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in +prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis +accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire; +strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius, +ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem +praetoriam<a class="sup" href="#c347">[347]</a> in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios +alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros +aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam +fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis +atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique +pugnans confoditur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="cat61">61</a>. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres,<a class="sup" href="#c348">[348]</a> quanta audacia +quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque +vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci +autem, quos medios<a class="sup" href="#c349">[349]</a> cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed +omnes tamen adversis vulneribus<a class="sup" href="#c350">[350]</a> conciderant. Catilina vero longe a +suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans +ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex +omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam<a class="sup" href="#c351">[351]</a> civis ingenuus +captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta<a class="sup" href="#c352">[352]</a> pepercerant. +Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam +adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut +graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut +spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, +pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos +cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus +atque gaudia<a class="sup" href="#c353">[353]</a> agitabantur.</P> + +<hr> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Bellum Catilinarium</i></h3> +<p>(<a class="fsmall" href="#bj">Skip footnotes</a>)</p> +<h4><a href="#cat1">1.</a></h4> +<p class="note"> +[<a class="bold" name="c1">1</a>] <i>Omnes</i>. Other editions have <i>omnis</i> or <i>omneis</i>. The accusative + plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural + in <i>ium</i>, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in <i>is</i>, and + sometimes in <i>eis</i> or <i>es</i>. This fluctuation, however, afterwards + ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became + generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative + in <i>es</i>. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as + <i>volt</i> for <i>vult</i>, <i>divorsus</i> for <i>diversus</i>, <i>quoique</i> for <i>cuique</i>, + <i>maxumus</i> for <i>maximus</i>, <i>quom</i> for <i>quum</i>, or <i>cum</i>, which are + retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in + accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best + period of the Latin language.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c2">[2]</a> <i>Studeo</i>, when the verb following has the same subject, may be + construed in three ways — with the infinitive alone, as <i>studeo + praestare</i>; with the accusative and infinitive, <i>studeo me + praestare</i>, as in the present case; or with <i>ut</i>, as <i>studeo ut + praestem</i>.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c3">[3]</a> <i>Summa ope</i>, ‘with the greatest exertion,’ equivalent to <i>summa + opere, summopere</i>; as <i>magno opere</i>, or <i>magnopere</i>, signifies ‘with + great exertion,’ or ‘greatly.’ The nominative <i>ops</i> is not in use, + and the plural <i>opes</i> generally signifies ‘the means’ or ‘power of + doing something.’<br> +<a class="bold" name="c4">[4]</a> <i>Prona</i>, ‘bent forward,’ ‘bent down to the ground,’ in opposition to + the erect gait of man.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c5">[5]</a> <i>Dis</i> for <i>diis</i>. See Zumpt, § 51, n. 5.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c6">[6]</a> <i>Beluis</i>; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is <i>bellua, + belluis</i>.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c7">[7]</a> Instead of <i>memoriam nostri</i>, Sallust might have said <i>memoriam + nostram</i>; but the genitive <i>nostri</i> sets forth the object of + remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, § 423.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c8">[8]</a> <i>Quam maxime longam</i>; that is, <i>quam longissimam</i>, ‘lasting as long + as possible.’ Zumpt, § 108.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c9">[9]</a> The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in + war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority. + He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but + maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become + rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. <i>Vine + corporis an</i>; that is, <i>utrum vi corporis an</i>. See Zumpt, § 554.<br> +<a class="bold" name="c10">[10]</a> That is, ‘before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when + you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without + delay.’ The past participles <i>consulta</i> and <i>facto</i> here supply the + place of verbal substantives.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat2">2.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c11">[11]</a> Respecting the frequent position of <i>igitur</i> at the beginning of a + sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, § 357. +<br><a class="bold" name="c12">[12]</a> <i>Pars</i>, instead of <i>alii</i>, probably to avoid the repetition of + <i>alii</i>, and to produce variety. +<br><a class="bold" name="c13">[13]</a> <i>Postea vero quam</i>, for <i>postquam vero</i>. The author means to say, + that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the + truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere + bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the + Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the + Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history. +<br><a class="bold" name="c14">[14]</a> Sallust here introduces, by <i>quodsi</i> (and if, or yes, if), an + illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this + connecting power of <i>quodsi</i>, as distinguished from the simple <i>si</i>, + see Zumpt, § 807. This illustration, which ends with the word + <i>transfertur</i>, was suggested to Sallust especially by the + consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under + Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace, + saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away. +<br><a class="bold" name="c15">[15]</a> <i>Animi virtus</i>; these two words are here united to express a single + idea, ‘mental greatness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c16">[16]</a> <i>Aliud alio ferri</i>, ‘that one thing is drawn in one direction, and + the other in another.’ For <i>aliud alio</i>, see Zumpt, § 714; and for + <i>cerneres</i>, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive + answers to the English ‘you’ when not referring to any definite + person, § 381. +<br><a class="bold" name="c17">[17]</a> <i>Optimum quemque</i>, ‘to every one in proportion as he is better than + others.’ Respecting this relative meaning of <i>quisque</i>, see Zumpt, + § 710. ‘Every one,’ absolutely, is <i>unusqisque</i>, and adjectively + <i>omnis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c18">[18]</a> ‘They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;’ that + is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is + clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of + themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers, + and apply them to practical purposes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c19">[19]</a> ‘I set an equal value upon their life and their death;’ that is, + an equally low value, <i>juxta</i> being equivalent to <i>aeque</i> or + <i>pariter</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c20">[20]</a> <i>Verum enimvero;</i> these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw + the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding + argument. +<br><a class="bold" name="c21">[21]</a> ‘Intent upon some occupation.’ <i>Intentus</i> is commonly construed + with the dative, or the preposition <i>in</i> or <i>ad</i> with the accusative; + but as a person may be intent <i>upon</i> something, so he also may be + intent <i>by</i>, or <i>in consequence of</i>, something, so that the ablative + is perfectly consistent.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat3">3.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c22">[22]</a> <i>Haud absurdum est</i>, ‘is not unbecoming;’ that is, ‘is worthy + of man.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c23">[23]</a> <i>Quidem</i> here, like the Greek + <i>μεν</i> in <i>εμοι μεν</i>, + without a <i>δε</i> following, introduces one opinion in + contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned, + but merely suggested by <i>quidem</i>. ‘I for my part think so, but what + others think I do not know, or care.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c24">[24]</a> ‘If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure + is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c25">[25]</a> <i>Supra ea</i>, ‘whatever is beyond: that;’ that is, whatever is beyond + the capacity of the reader. +<br><a class="bold" name="c26">[26]</a> The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that + after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man, + and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his + opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a + literary life. +<br><a class="bold" name="c27">[27]</a> <i>Insolens malarum artium</i>, ‘unacquainted with base artifices or + intrigues;’ for <i>artes</i> may be <i>malae</i> as well as <i>bonae</i>, + according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things. +<br><a class="bold" name="c28">[28]</a> <i>Imbecilla aetas</i>, ‘my weak age;’ that is, my mind, which had + not yet arrived at mature independence, ‘was corrupted by ambition, + and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances.’ Sallust + means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he + would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of + public life. +<br><a class="bold" name="c29">[29]</a> My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and + thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally + harassed and persecuted as they were.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat4">4.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c30">[30]</a> <i>Conterere</i> — that is, <i>consumere</i>, ‘to waste my fair leisure.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c31">[31]</a> Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a + servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered + the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free + citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important + business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the + chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time + taken an active part in political affairs. +<br><a class="bold" name="c32">[32]</a> <i>Carptim</i>, ‘in detached parts.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c33">[33]</a> <i>Paucis absolvam</i>, ‘I shall treat briefly,’ or <i>paucis pertractabo + conjurationem Catilinae</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat5">5.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c34">[34]</a> Sallust begins with a general description of the character of + Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition, + belonged to the patrician <i>gens Sergia</i>, which traced its descent to + one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at + any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned + among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of + bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic + wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the + sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for + the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law + before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume + that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war. + Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger + than Catiline. +<br><a class="bold" name="c35">[35]</a> <i>Patiens inediae</i>. Respecting the genitive governed by this and + similar participles — as soon after <i>alieni appetens</i> — see Zumpt, + § 438. +<br><a class="bold" name="c36">[36]</a> <i>Cujus rei libet;</i> it is more common to say <i>cujuslibet rei</i>. + Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with <i>cunque</i> and <i>libet</i> + are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between + them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis — as <i>quod enim + cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi + dederit, lucre appone,</i> ‘whatever day chance may give thee, consider + it as a gain.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c37">[37]</a> <i>Capiundae</i>. Respecting the <i>e</i> or <i>u</i> in such gerunds and + gerandives, see Zumpt, § 167. +<br><a class="bold" name="c38">[38]</a> <i>Auxerat</i>. He had increased both by the above-mentioned + qualities — namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness + of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural <i>quae</i>, + referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is + not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, § 377. +<br><a class="bold" name="c39">[39]</a> Respecting the infinitive after <i>hortari</i>, instead of the more + common use of the conjunction <i>ut</i>, see Zumpt, § 615. +<br><a class="bold" name="c40">[40]</a> <i>Domi militiaeque</i>, ‘in times of peace and in war.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat6">6.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c41">[41]</a> In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the + transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic + peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time + of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice, + oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking + picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their + subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his + time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had + acquired the dominion over the world — that is, after the destruction + of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as + the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain + supreme power for himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="c42">[42]</a> According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had + been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native + Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about + Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate + townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city + of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin + territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded. + Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like + others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do + only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about + historical developments. +<br><a class="bold" name="c43">[43]</a> <i>Una</i> is the plural. See Zumpt, § 115, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c44">[44]</a> It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although + consisting of a mixture of different tribes — whether, as Sallust + briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more + minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans — united into + one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however, + was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin, + which, in conformity with Sallust’s notion, appears to be a + combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom. +<br><a class="bold" name="c45">[45]</a> <i>Temptare</i>, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and + construction of which see Zumpt, § 599, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c46">[46]</a> <i>Auxilia portare</i> is a less common expression than <i>auxilium ferre</i>; + for <i>portare</i> is generally used only to denote the actual physical + carrying of something, while <i>ferre</i> has a wider meaning. The plural + <i>auxilia</i>, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to + friends. +<br><a class="bold" name="c47">[47]</a> ‘Their government was a legitimate one’ — that is, the powers of the + government were limited by law; ‘and bore the name of a kingly + government’ — that is, a king stood at the head of it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c48">[48]</a> Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the + good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a + <i>consilium publicum</i>, and were addressed by the term <i>patres</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c49">[49]</a> Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also + might have been used, see Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="c50">[50]</a> <i>Ubi — convertit</i>, ‘when it had changed (itself).’ For <i>ubi</i> with the + perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, § 506; and for the + use of <i>vertere</i> in an intransitive or reflective sense, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="c51">[51]</a> In the earliest times they were called <i>praetores</i> or leaders, <i>qui + praeeunt exercitui</i>; afterwards <i>consules</i>. As two were elected every + year, Sallust uses <i>bini</i>, and not <i>duo</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat7">7.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c52">[52]</a> <i>In promptu habere</i>, ‘to have in readiness,’ and also ‘to bring + into action,’ or ‘to make use of.’ Sallust means to say, that in + consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one + increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents + shine. +<br><a class="bold" name="c53">[53]</a> <i>Adepta</i> is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of + the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said + <i>adepta libertatem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c54">[54]</a> <i>Brevi</i>, ‘in a short time.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c55">[55]</a> <i>Incesserat</i>; supply <i>in eos</i> or <i>iis</i>, referring to <i>cives</i>, + implied in the preceding <i>civitas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c56">[56]</a> <i>Habebant</i> should have been <i>habebat</i>, since <i>discebat</i> precedes. + But see Zumpt, § 366. +<br><a class="bold" name="c57">[57]</a> <i>Labos</i>, a rarer form for <i>labor</i>, as <i>honos</i> and <i>lepos</i>, which are + even more frequently found than <i>honor</i> and <i>lepor</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c58">[58]</a> <i>Eas</i> agrees with <i>divitias</i>, though in English we say, in such + cases, ‘This,’ or ‘these things they considered as riches.’ See + Zumpt, § 372.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat8">8.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c59">[59]</a> <i>Aliquanto</i>, ‘by a considerable amount,’ or simply ‘considerably,’ + is the ablative, expressing the amount of difference between two + things compared. Sallust here considers it to be a mere matter + of chance that the wars of the early Romans, as those against the + Volscians, Aequians, Etruscans, and Samnites, do not stand forth + in history as glorious as the wars of the Greek nations among + themselves, and against the Persians. To us it appears that this was + not a matter of chance; but it undoubtedly arose from the fact, + that the Greeks even then had already attained a higher degree of + civilisation. The interest which history takes in wars does not + depend upon the vastness of the armies or the extent of countries, + but upon the lower or higher degree of civilisation of those engaged + in the wars. +<br><a class="bold" name="c60">[60]</a> <i>Pro maximis</i>, ‘they are celebrated <i>as if they were</i> the greatest.’ + Respecting this meaning of <i>pro</i>, see Zumpt, § 394, note 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="c61">[61]</a> ‘The more intelligent any one was, the more business was intrusted + to him,’ so that he had no leisure (<i>otium</i>) to devote to literary + composition. This at least is Sallust’s opinion; but when a man feels + it to be his vocation to write history, he can find time for it, + however much he may be otherwise engaged — witness J. Caesar and + Frederick II. of Prussia. For the construction, see Zumpt, § 710. C.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat9">9.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c62">[62]</a> ‘Not more by law than by nature;’ that is, ‘by nature as well as by + law.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c63">[63]</a> <i>In suppliciis</i>, ‘in the worship of the gods;’ for as it was + customary, in worshipping, to fall down, the word <i>supplicium</i> has + this religious meaning, which also appears in <i>supplicatio</i>. The + other and more common meaning of ‘execution,’ ‘capital punishment,’ + or ‘severe chastisement,’ likewise originates in the prostration of + the person so punished. +<br><a class="bold" name="c64">[64]</a> <i>Seque remque</i> is an unusual expression for <i>et se et rem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c65">[65]</a> <i>Quam</i>; before this word we must supply <i>magis</i>, ‘they carried on + the government more with acts of kindness than with fear.’ This + ellipsis before <i>quam</i> is not uncommon. +<br><a class="bold" name="c66">[66]</a> When they had suffered a wrong, they would rather pardon it than + take revenge.’ To <i>persequi</i> we must supply <i>eam</i> from the preceding + ablative.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat11">11.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c67">[67]</a> <i>Propius virtutem</i>, also <i>propius virtuti</i>. See Zumpt, § 411. +<br><a class="bold" name="c68">[68]</a> <i>Concupivit</i>, ‘No man in his senses <i>has</i> ever coveted money for + its own sake;’ that is, and even now no one does so, nor will any + one ever do so. But a <i>homo avarus</i> covets money only that he may + <i>have</i> it, and not for any ulterior objects. +<br><a class="bold" name="c69">[69]</a> <i>Bonis initiis</i> is the ablative absolute, ‘though his beginnings + were good.’ Although Sulla’s government began well, it became + arbitrary and bad, especially by the unlimited partiality with which + he treated the men of his own party. +<br><a class="bold" name="c70">[70]</a> <i>In civibus</i>. It would have been more in accordance with the common + usage to write <i>in cives</i>; but the ablative signifies ‘in the case of + citizens.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c71">[71]</a> ‘In order thereby to render him faithful or attached to himself,’ + <i>quo</i> being equivalent to <i>ut eo</i> or <i>ut ea re</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c72">[72]</a> Namely, the charming and delightful places in Asia Minor, near + the sea-coast, under a mild climate, abounding in all the means + calculated to afford pleasure and delight. +<br><a class="bold" name="c73">[73]</a> <i>Amare</i>, ‘to indulge in illicit intercourse with the other sex:’ + <i>amare</i> is often used to denote an immoral intercourse between the + sexes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c74">[74]</a> <i>Vasa caelata</i>, vessels adorned with figures, and wrought with the + <i>caelum</i>, the chisel. <i>Caelare</i> and <i>caelatura</i> denote the art of + making raised figures in metal, <i>alto relievo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c75">[75]</a> <i>Delubra</i>, ‘temples of the gods.’ Sallust has chosen this word + in preference to the common <i>templa</i> or <i>aedes</i>, because it conveys + the idea of antiquity, sanctity, and mysterious seclusion, which is + also contained in the word <i>fanum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c76">[76]</a> <i>Ne illi — temperament</i> ‘not to speak of their using their victory + with moderation;’ that is, they were far from using their victory + with moderation. <i>Ne</i> is here used in the sense of <i>nedum</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat12">12.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c77">[77]</a> ‘Honest conduct was regarded as malevolence or envy,’ inasmuch as an + honest and incorruptible man was not praised for these virtues, but + rather drew upon himself the suspicion of envying others for their + increasing their possessions, and of wishing to prevent them from + becoming rich by the base means which in their greediness they + considered to be fair. +<br><a class="bold" name="c78">[78]</a> <i>Operae pretium est</i>, ‘it is worth while (properly “the labour has + its reward”) to compare the extensive country-houses of our present + aristocracy with the small temples of the gods erected by our + ancestors, notwithstanding their intense piety.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c79">[79]</a> This is the same precept as that advanced by Cicero, that in + punishing an enemy, we should be satisfied if we have placed him + in a position in which he can no longer injure us.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat13">13.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c80">[80]</a> ‘Mountains are levelled, and seas are produced artificially.’ In + the latter expression, Sallust, as in <a href="#cat20">chap. 20</a> (<i>maria extruuntur</i>), + alludes to the formation of immense basins in the interior of the + country, into which the water was conducted from the sea, for the + purpose of keeping in them sea-fish and oysters. In this kind of + luxury and extravagance all the earlier Roman grandees were eclipsed + by L. Lucullus, who had amassed immense wealth in the war against + Mithridates. He possessed a very extensive <i>piscina</i> of this kind + near the coast of Campania, in the neighbourhood of Baiae. +<br><a class="bold" name="c81">[81]</a> <i>Cultus</i> comprises the whole domestic arrangement, and especially + includes costly furniture and dresses. +<br><a class="bold" name="c82">[82]</a> ‘To the acquisition and to the squandering of money;’ for, as we + stated before, it was peculiar to the corruption prevalent among + the Romans that they squandered their own property, and appropriated + to themselves, by violent means, that which belonged to others.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat14">14.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c83">[83]</a> The author, after having given a description of the state of + morality in the time of Sulla, now proceeds to the life of Catiline + himself, and in the following two chapters, describes the associates + in whom that criminal placed his confidence, and with whose help he + hoped to overturn the constitution. <i>Flagitia</i> and <i>facinora</i> in this + passage have the meaning of <i>homines flagitiosi</i>, and <i>facinorosi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c84">[84]</a> <i>Manu</i>, ‘by playing at dice’ (<i>alea</i>), because that game was played + with the hand, either with or without the cup containing the dice + (<i>fritillus</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c85">[85]</a> <i>Difficulter</i>. See Zumpt, § 267, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c86">[86]</a> ‘In accordance with his (still) youthful age.’ Zumpt, § 309. +<br><a class="bold" name="c87">[87]</a> <i>Dum</i> for <i>dummodo</i>, ‘if but.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat15">15.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c88">[88]</a> Catiline then had a son from a previous marriage, whom he got rid of + because Orestilla would not become his wife, from fear of the young + man, who was already grown up, and who would have become her stepson + (<i>privignus</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c89">[89]</a> ‘The consciousness of his guilt disturbed his thinking powers,’ for + this is the meaning of <i>mens</i> as distinct from <i>animus</i>, which has + reference to the feelings.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat16">16.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c90">[90]</a> <i>Gratuito</i>, ‘gratuitously,’ ‘without any advantage.’ Respecting the + form of this adverb, see Zumpt, § 266. +<br><a class="bold" name="c91">[91]</a> Sulla had given settlements to the legions with which he had + gained the victory over the Marian party in the territory of those + towns which had longest remained faithful to his adversaries; and + it was more especially in Etruria that this measure had brought + about a complete change of the owners of the soil. But the new + landowners had acted very recklessly on their new estates, and + therefore were inclined to favour any fresh revolutionary attempt + which seemed to promise an equally favourable result. +<br><a class="bold" name="c92">[92]</a> Gn. Pompeius. Respecting the orthography of the prenomen <i>Gneius</i>, + see Zumpt, § 4. Pompey was then engaged in the war against + Mithridates, king of Pontus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia; and in + consequence of this war, the extensive country of Syria, which had + before been an independent kingdom, became a Roman province. +<br><a class="bold" name="c93">[93]</a> <i>Nihil sane intentus</i>, ‘in no way attentive.’ For the difference + between nihil and non, see Zumpt, § 677.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat17">17.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c94">[94]</a> That is, in the year B.C. 64, or 690 after the building of the city. +<br><a class="bold" name="c95">[95]</a> <i>Necessitudo</i>, ‘a close connection’ or ‘friendship’ is commonly + distinguished from <i>necessitas</i>, ‘necessity,’ or ‘a compulsory + circumstance;’ but the two words are often confounded with each + other, as here, and subsequently in this chapter, <i>necessitudo</i> is + used in the sense of <i>necessitas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c96">[96]</a> For the difference between <i>plures</i> and <i>complures</i>, see + Zumpt, § 65. +<br><a class="bold" name="c97">[97]</a> <i>Juventus pleraque</i>, ‘most young men.’ Commonly the plural + <i>plerique</i> only is used; but see Zumpt, § 103. +<br><a class="bold" name="c98">[98]</a> <i>Ea tempestate</i>, an old-fashioned expression, such as Sallust is + fond of, for <i>eo tempore</i>; for in ordinary Latinity, <i>tempestas</i> + is used only in the sense of ‘storm’ or ‘tempest.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c99">[99]</a> M. Licinius Crassus had been consul several years before (B.C. + 70), together with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity + both on account of his former practical usefulness in the state, and + on account of his colossal wealth, which he used with proper + discretion.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat18">18.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c100">[100]</a> <i>Antea</i>. Sallust, who has commenced speaking of the conspiracy + entered into in the year B. C. 64, considers it necessary, before + relating its progress, to go back to an earlier conspiracy, which + failed, and in which Catiline had likewise taken an active part. This + earlier conspiracy the author relates in chaps. <a href="#cat19">19</a> and <a href="#cat20">20</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c101">[101]</a> <i>Qua</i>; supply <i>conjuratione</i>, which is to be taken from the verb + <i>conjuravere</i>. This is an irregularity arising from the desire to be + brief and concise. +<br><a class="bold" name="c102">[102]</a> That is, in the year B. C. 66, or 688 after the building of the + city. +<br><a class="bold" name="c103">[103]</a> <i>Interrogati</i> — that is, <i>accusati</i>, ‘taken to account by accusers,’ + because the beginning of all such accusations consisted in the + accused being asked whether they owned having done this or that thing + forbidden by law. +<br><a class="bold" name="c104">[104]</a> <i>Post paulo</i> is less common than <i>paulo post</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c105">[105]</a> <i>Repetundarum reus</i>, ‘accused of extortion.’ <i>Res repetundae</i>, in + legal phraseology, signifies the things or money which had been + illegally taken by public officers from those subject to their + authority; for such citizens or subjects had a right, after the + expiration of the official year of their ruler, to reclaim + (<i>repetere</i>) their property in a court of law. Those officers who + were found guilty had, in addition, to pay a fine, or were otherwise + punished. A person who stood accused of extortion was not allowed to + come forward as a candidate for any other office before he was tried + and acquitted. +<br><a class="bold" name="c106">[106]</a> <i>Profiteri</i>, ‘to announce one’s self’ as a candidate for an + office. +<br><a class="bold" name="c107">[107]</a> These are the consuls of the year B. C. 65, who had obtained + their office after the condemnation of the above-mentioned P. Sulla + (a nephew of the dictator) and P. Autronius. +<br><a class="bold" name="c108">[108]</a> <i>Hispanias</i>. Ancient Spain was, for administrative purposes, + divided into two provinces — <i>Hispania Tarraconensis</i>, or <i>provincia + citerior</i>, with Tarraco (the modern Tarragona) for its capital; and + <i>Hispania Baetica</i>, or <i>ulterior</i>, deriving its name from the river + Baitis (the modern Guadalquiver). Its chief towns were Corduba and + Hispalis (now Seville). +<br><a class="bold" name="c109">[109]</a> About the force of <i>quod</i>, when joined to conjunctions, see + Zumpt, § 807. Compare p.14, note 6 [<a href="#c14">note 14</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat19">19.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c110">[110]</a> That is, he was only quaestor, but had the powers of a praetor, + being commissioned to supply the place of a praetor. +<br><a class="bold" name="c111">[111]</a> Respecting the indicative <i>dicunt</i>, see Zumpt, § 563.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat20">20.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c112">[112]</a> The author now continues his account of the conspiracy entered + into in B.C. 64. +<br><a class="bold" name="c113">[113]</a> <i>Per ignaviam</i>, ‘by means of cowardice,’ here means, ‘with the + assistance of cowardly men,’ ‘such as you are not, since I have + evidence of your valour and trustworthiness.’ <i>Vana ingenia</i> are + men of untrustworthy character. In both cases the abstract quality is + mentioned instead of the person possessing it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c114">[114]</a> <i>Diversi</i>, ‘separately;’ that is, at different times, and in + different places. +<br><a class="bold" name="c115">[115]</a> <i>Tetrarcha</i> is a title which properly belonged only to such princes + as ruled over the fourth part of a whole nation. Such a division took + place in Galatia, and afterwards also in Judaea. A similar title, + <i>ethnarcha</i>, but that of king also, was sometimes granted to powerful + princes; or, when they had had it before, the Roman senate sometimes + allowed them to keep it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c116">[116]</a> <i>Pro fidem</i>, or <i>proh fidem</i>, is an exclamation, and <i>pro</i> an + interjection. The accus. <i>fidem</i> is governed by some such verb as + <i>testor</i> or <i>invoco</i>. See Zumpt, § 361. +<br><a class="bold" name="c117">[117]</a> <i>Superare</i> here has an intransitive meaning, ‘to exist in + abundance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c118">[118]</a> <i>Lar familiaris</i>, a domestic or family divinity, whose image stood + in the interior of the house, by the domestic altar; hence <i>lar</i>, or + the plural <i>lares</i>, is sometimes used in the sense of ‘a house,’ or + ‘home.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c119">[119]</a> <i>Toreumata</i> are the <i>vasa caelata</i> mentioned in <a href="#cat11">chap. 11</a>; works + in metal, especially silver, with raised figures. The instrument + called by the Latins <i>caelum</i>, was called by the Greeks + <i>τορος</i>,whence + <i>τορευειν, τορευμα</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c120">[120]</a> ‘They cannot master their wealth;’ that is, they are not able to + spend it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c121">[121]</a> <i>Quin</i> — that is, <i>qui non</i> or <i>quo non</i>? ‘why not?’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c122">[122]</a> <i>En</i>, as well as <i>ecce</i>, are most commonly construed with the + accusative.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat21">21.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c123">[123]</a> <i>Tabulae novae</i> are literally ‘new registers of debts;’ that is, a + change or reduction of debts, when, for example, the interest + already paid was deducted from the principal, or when the amount of + debts was reduced by one-half, or even by three-fourths. Such + regulations of debts in favour of debtors were often resorted to in + the revolutions of the ancient republics. +<br><a class="bold" name="c124">[124]</a> ‘If he should be consul with him, he would begin to carry the + matter into effect.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c125">[125]</a> <i>Ignominia</i>, ‘disgrace’ which a person incurs, either because + he has been condemned in a court of law, or with which he has been + branded by the censors.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat22">22.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c126">[126]</a> <i>Popularis</i>, properly ‘a fellow-countryman,’ or ‘belonging to the + same people;’ but Sallust here, and in <a href="#cat24">chapter 24</a>, uses it in the + more general sense of <i>particeps, socius</i>, ‘associate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c127">[127]</a> <i>Dictitare</i>, a contraction for <i>dictitavere</i>: ‘it was frequently + said that Catiline had done it for this reason.’ This contraction has + nothing that is offensive here, though in form it is the same as the + present infinitive; for such an ambiguity of form is not always + avoided, provided the context clearly shows what the meaning is. + <i>Dictitare</i> contains a repetition of what is implied in <i>fuere qui + dicerent</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat23">23.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c128">[128]</a> <i>Met</i> is a suffix which may be appended to all the cases of + <i>suus</i>, and answers to our ‘own.’ It is usually followed by <i>ipse</i>. + See Zumpt, § 139, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c129">[129]</a> <i>Stuprum</i> is the name for every unchaste connexion with unmarried + as well as with married women; but <i>adulterium</i> is the illicit + intercourse with married women. +<br><a class="bold" name="c130">[130]</a> ‘To behave more ferociously;’ for <i>agere</i> and <i>agitare</i>, even + without an accusative, signify ‘to behave,’ ‘conduct one’s self,’ + ‘lead a life.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c131">[131]</a> <i>Sublato auctore</i>, ‘without mentioning the one of whom she had + learned it.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c132">[132]</a> ‘The nobility was boiling with envy;’ a figurative expression, + taken from the boiling of water over the fire, which is frequently + used to describe violent passions. So also <i>incendi, ardere, + flagrare cupiditate</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c133">[133]</a> A <i>homo novus</i> was at Rome the name for any person, none of + whose ancestors had been invested with a curule office; that is, + with the consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, or curule aedileship. +<br><a class="bold" name="c134">[134]</a> <i>Post fuere</i>; that is, <i>postposita sunt</i>, ‘were put on one side.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat24">24.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c135">[135]</a> ‘Which fact <i>had</i> at first intimidated the associates of the + conspiracy.’ The pluperfect here seems to be used for the perfect, + but is necessary from the idea, which properly should have been + expressed by some such sentence as this: ‘which fact, although it + had at first intimidated the conspirators, yet did not stop the + progress of the conspiracy.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c136">[136]</a> <i>Faesulae</i>, now Fiesole, a town in the northern part of Etruria, + not far from Florentia (Florence), which is now the largest town in + that district, though it was not so in ancient times. +<br><a class="bold" name="c137">[137]</a> <i>Portare</i>, ‘he caused money to be taken.’ See Zumpt, § 713. +<br><a class="bold" name="c138">[138]</a> <i>Sumptus tolerare</i>, ‘to bear the expenses,’ implying the difficulty + of defraying them.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat25">25.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c139">[139]</a> <i>Haud facile discerneres</i>, ‘it was not easy to determine whether + she was less concerned about her money or her reputation,’ since she + was reckless in regard to both. Respecting the imperfect subjunctive, + see Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c140">[140]</a> <i>Praeceps</i> is used of steep and precipitous places, and of persons + who fall or throw themselves headlong down from or into anything. + Hence <i>Sempronia praeceps abierat</i> is, ‘she had thrown herself + headlong into ruin,’ which might also be expressed by <i>in praeceps + iverat</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat26">26.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c141">[141]</a> Namely, for the year beginning with the first of January, B. C. 62. + The elections took place about the middle of the preceding year, + consequently, in the present instance, about the middle of the + year B. C. 63. +<br><a class="bold" name="c142">[142]</a> <i>Ad hoc</i> is a common expression in Sallust for <i>praeterea</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c143">[143]</a> <i>Pactione provinciae</i>, by coming to an understanding with him + about the provinces which were assigned to the consuls after the + expiration of their year of office at Rome. Cicero had obtained by + lot the lucrative province of Macedonia and exchanged it for Gallia + Cisalpina, which had fallen to the lot of Antonius; but afterwards + he declined the latter also, in order to be able to remain at Rome, + which at that time was considered to be a sign that a man did not + care for money — <i>continentia abstinentia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c144">[144]</a> The <i>Campus Martius</i>, an extensive open plain between the city and + the Tiber, was the place for the large assemblies of the people; that + is, for the Comitia Centuriate, in which the consuls and praetors + were elected. +<br><a class="bold" name="c145">[145]</a> <i>Aspera foedaque</i> might also have been expressed by the adverbs + <i>aspere foedeque</i>, ‘his attempts turned out unfavourably and + disgracefully.’ Compare Zumpt, § 682.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat27">27.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c146">[146]</a> <i>Camers</i>, ‘a native of Camerium,’ (the capital of the Umbrians), + for the inhabitants of that place were called Camertes. <i>Picenum</i> + or <i>ager Picenus</i>, was the Roman territory on the Adriatic between + the mouths of the rivers Aesis and Aternus with the capitals of + Ancona and Asculum.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat28">28.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c147">[147]</a> <i>Sicuti salutatum,</i> ‘as if to offer him his morning salutation,’ + for such a morning call before sunrise was a common politeness among + the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="c148">[148]</a> Or according to the common orthography, <i>intelligit</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat29">29.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c149">[149]</a> <i>Exagitatam</i> for <i>agitatam</i>; but the preposition <i>ex</i> gives to the + word the idea of something brought out of its obscurity to light. The + matter had already been discussed on the ground of certain rumours. +<br><a class="bold" name="c150">[150]</a> About <i>decrevit</i>, with the mere subjunctive, without <i>ut</i>, see + Zumpt, § 624. +<br><a class="bold" name="c151">[151]</a> <i>Parare</i> should properly be <i>parandi</i>; but see Zumpt, § 598.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat30">30.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c152">[152]</a> That is, ‘on the 6th day before the 1st of November,’ or on the + 27th of October. In such computations with <i>ante</i> and <i>post</i>, the + point of time from which the calculation begins is included. See + Zumpt, § 867. But we here reckon according to the calendar such as it + was subsequently reformed and rectified by J. Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="c153">[153]</a> <i>Portenta</i> are chiefly human beings or animals presenting at their + birth anything abnormal or monstrous; <i>prodigia</i>, on the other hand, + are strange phenomena in the heavens; and the superstition of the + ancients regarded both as signs sent by the gods to warn men. +<br><a class="bold" name="c154">[154]</a> <i>Senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>. See Zumpt, § 81. +<br><a class="bold" name="c155">[155]</a> <i>Hi utrique</i> for <i>horum uterque</i>. Zumpt, § 141, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c156">[156]</a> Both had received the military command (<i>imperium</i>) from the + senate and people: Marcius Rex as proconsul of Cilicia, and Metellus + for the purpose of subduing Crete. After their return from their + provinces, they tarried for a time outside the walls of Rome (<i>ad + urbem</i>), because, by entering the city, they would have lost their + imperium, which they were anxious to retain until their solemn + entrance in a military procession (the triumph), to which the senate + had not yet given its sanction. Accordingly, as they were still + generals in active service, they could legally be intrusted with the + military command in the disturbed districts of Italy. +<br><a class="bold" name="c157">[157]</a> The intrigues of some influential members of the senate, who had + either received bribes from the opponents of the two commanders, or + expected some from the commanders themselves, prevented the + resolution of the senate here alluded to. Respecting <i>mos erat + vendere</i>, see Zumpt, § 598. +<br><a class="bold" name="c158">[158]</a> Supply to the two names of places <i>missus est</i>, which is implied + in the preceding sentence. +<br><a class="bold" name="c159">[159]</a> <i>Sestertia centum</i>; that is, <i>centum millia sestertiorum</i>, or the + ancient census of the citizens of the first class; for the neuter + sestertia was used in calculations as an imaginary coin of <i>mille + sestertii</i> or ten nummi aurei. +<br><a class="bold" name="c160">[160]</a> ‘According to the means of every town.’ As the Roman gladiators + might easily be tempted to join in conspiracies, they were quartered + at a distance from Rome, in the towns of a certain class of Roman + citizens (<i>municipia</i>); and the citizens of such places were + ordered to watch over those bands of gladiators, that they might not + make their escape. <i>Familiae</i>, in its proper sense, signifies the + whole body of slaves belonging to one master. +<br><a class="bold" name="c161">[161]</a> <i>Minores magistratus</i> are those officers who did not, by virtue + of their office, become members of the senate. The quaestors, + accordingly, did not belong to them, but they comprised the masters + of the mint, the superintendents of the paving of the roads, and + especially the superintendents of all matters connected with prisons, + and the <i>decemviri litibus judicandis</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat31">31.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c162">[162]</a> <i>Quibus</i>. Sallust more frequently uses the accusative in such + expressions. See <a href="#cat8">chapter 8</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c163">[163]</a> <i>Afflictare sese</i>, ‘they worried themselves.’ The expression is + properly used of that kind of grief which manifests itself in + inflicting pain on the body, by pulling the hair, striking the breast + or loins, or by throwing one’s self on the ground. So also + <i>plangere</i> denotes the physical expression of pain. +<br><a class="bold" name="c164">[164]</a> A law <i>de vi</i> enacted in the year B.C. 89, and aimed at those who + might attempt by violence to subvert the existing constitution of the + state. On the ground of this law Catiline had already been summoned + before a court of law, though no formal charge had yet been brought + against him. +<br><a class="bold" name="c165">[165]</a> <i>Sicuti</i> is here used for <i>quasi</i>, <i>velut</i>, or <i>perinde ac si</i>, + ‘as if.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c166">[166]</a> This is the first of Cicero’s speeches against Catiline, which + was delivered A.D. 6, Id. Novemb.; that is, on the 8th of November. +<br><a class="bold" name="c167">[167]</a> ‘When he had sat down;’ that is, when he had finished his speech, + for those who spoke in the senate did so standing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c168">[168]</a> The imprudence of this speech, independent of the audacious denial + of facts, consists in his boasting of his patrician descent, and in + the insinuation that Cicero, who was born in the municipium of + Arpinum, was only an alien at Rome, although in regard to political + rights there no longer was any difference between patricians and + plebeians, nor between the citizens of Rome and those of a + municipium. Respecting the construction of <i>opus est</i>, with the + ablative of a participle, see Zumpt, § 464, note 1.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat33">33.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c169">[169]</a> The adjective <i>expers</i> here is joined in the same sentence with two + different cases; this is an unusual construction, though <i>expers</i> may + be joined with the genit. as well as with the ablat. See Zumpt, + § 437, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c170">[170]</a> From what he quotes as the substance of the law, we see that he + means the lex Papiria Poetelia, which had been passed in B.C. 326, + and according to which the property of a debtor served as a security + to the creditor, while his person or his personal liberty could not + be touched. +<br><a class="bold" name="c171">[171]</a> <i>Vestrum</i>; it would be more in accordance with the common usage to + say <i>vestri</i>, but the genitive of the personal pronoun also may be + used. See Zumpt, §§ 424 and 431. +<br><a class="bold" name="c172">[172]</a> Literally, ‘the borrowed silver was repaid in copper;’ that is, + instead of the ordinary silver coin, the sestertius, the value of + four copper ases, only one copper as was paid. By this means debtors + gained three-fourths of the capital they had borrowed. This reduction + of debts took place in B.C. 86, during the ascendancy of the Marian + party. +<br><a class="bold" name="c173">[173]</a> <i>Amittit</i>; that is, <i>missam facit</i>, <i>dimittit</i> or <i>omittit</i>, ‘he + gives up.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat34">34.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c174">[174]</a> <i>Massilia</i> (the modern Marseilles) was a free and independent city, + leagued with the Roman people by treaty. It had been founded about + the year B.C. 600, by Greek emigrants from Phocaea in Asia Minor. As + Massilia thus was not subject to the civil law of Rome, the Romans + who withdraw from the laws of their own country — that is, who went + into exile — might choose that city as a safe place of residence, + without fear of being delivered up to their own country.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat35">35.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c175">[175]</a> Catiline writes that he will not undertake a detailed defence of + his new design of taking up arms, but he says that he wishes to + justify himself in regard to one point, and that merely because he + is not conscious of any criminal act. <i>Satisfactio</i> is nearly the + same as <i>defensio</i>, but less formal. A man defends himself against + opponents, but before friends he merely gives an explanation, whereby + they may be gained over to his side. <i>Ex nulla conscientia</i>, ‘in + consequence of his not being conscious of guilt.’ The expression is + rather harsh and artificial, and seemingly in Catiline’s own style + of writing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c176">[176]</a> <i>Medius fidius</i>, the same as <i>mehercules</i>. See Zumpt, § 361. +<br><a class="bold" name="c177">[177]</a> ‘I could not maintain the position of my dignity;’ that is, I could + not maintain my position in society after my enemies had deprived me + of the consulship. +<br><a class="bold" name="c178">[178]</a> ‘Not as if I could not pay my own debts out of my property, since + Orestilla has paid even other persons’ debts out of her own purse;’ + she would accordingly have done the same much more for me, her + husband. <i>Aes alienum meis nominibus</i> is the same as <i>meum ipsius + aes alienum</i>, ‘debts on my own account.’ <i>Nomen</i>, in money + transactions, is something put down to a person’s account. Hence + <i>aes alienum alienis nominibus</i> is the same as <i>aliorum debita</i>, + ‘other persons’ debts,’ <i>aes alienum</i> being understood from the + preceding clause. +<br><a class="bold" name="c179">[179]</a> ‘I felt that I had become estranged by false suspicions,’ namely, + ‘from the Roman people,’ who confer the honours which have been + obtained by unworthy persons. +<br><a class="bold" name="c180">[180]</a> <i>Hoc nomine</i>, the same as <i>ideo</i>, ‘accordingly,’ ‘for this reason.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c181">[181]</a> This is said in allusion to the consul Cicero, as if he had + intended to arrest Catiline, and imprison him. Catiline evidently has + recourse to this expedient for the purpose of avoiding his awkward + explanation. They are hollow phrases about honour, the republic, + and persecution, and well suited to the ruined circumstances of that + nobleman. +<br><a class="bold" name="c182">[182]</a> <i>Haveto</i>. It is much more common to use this word in meeting a + person, while <i>vale</i> is the ordinary expression in parting from a + friend.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat36">36.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c183">[183]</a> <i>In agro Arretino</i>, ‘in the territory of Arretium,’ in the heart + of Etruria, near the lake Trasimenus. +<br><a class="bold" name="c184">[184]</a> <i>Sine fraude</i>, ‘without injury’ — that is, without the fact that + hitherto they had been with Manlius, drawing any punishment upon + them. +<br><a class="bold" name="c185">[185]</a> <i>Praeter</i>, adverbially for <i>praeterquam</i>; but he might also have + used <i>praeter</i> as a preposition: <i>praeter — condemnatas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c186">[186]</a> <i>Perditum irent</i>. See Zumpt, § 669.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat37">37.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c187">[187]</a> <i>Aliena</i>; supply <i>a republica</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c188">[188]</a> <i>Adeo</i> renders the sentence emphatic, ‘nay, the common people + seemed to do this even according to their custom.’ <i>Adeo</i> in this + sense is always preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. See Zumpt, + § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="c189">[189]</a> <i>Boni</i>. In the political signification of this word, the ideas of + quiet conduct, aversion to innovations, and acquiescence in the + actual state of things, are combined with solid wealth. The reason + of this is easily perceptible; for he who possesses property, dreads + every change, and supports the existing state of things. A still + more decided political meaning is implied in the term <i>optimates</i>, + which denotes the party in the state which we now call Conservative, + but at Rome it implied at the same time the idea of ‘faction,’ and of + a tendency to occasional violence. +<br><a class="bold" name="c190">[190]</a> ‘Poverty (that is, poor people) maintains itself, or continues in + all disturbances without suffering any loss;’ for he who has nothing, + cannot sustain any loss. +<br><a class="bold" name="c191">[191]</a> <i>Ea vero</i>, ‘this in particular. <i>Vero</i> indicates the transition to + that circumstance, which in the present case is of the greatest + importance. Compare Zumpt, § 348, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c192">[192]</a> <i>Sentina</i> properly signifies the sediment which, in a vessel filled + with water, sinks to the bottom. Hence ‘the residue,’ or the place + where all that is bad or impure is collected. +<br><a class="bold" name="c193">[193]</a> The largesses in money and provisions with which the state + supported the needy population of the capital, and by which private + persons, anxious to gain partisans, catered numbers of clients, + attracted to Rome many people from the country: the city plebs was + thus constantly increasing. +<br><a class="bold" name="c194">[194]</a> ‘They were as much concerned about the good of the state as about + their own good’ — that is, just as little. +<br><a class="bold" name="c195">[195]</a> Connect <i>quorum</i> with <i>parentes</i> and the following words, <i>bona</i> + and <i>jus</i>. Sulla had excluded the sons of those whom he proscribed + from all public offices, and thus curtailed their rights of free + citizens.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat38">38.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c196">[196]</a> In B. C. 70, these consuls restored the power of the tribunes in + its full extent, after it had been greatly reduced by Sulla in + B. C. 81. The Roman people received this restoration of the tribunian + power with the greatest joy; but Sallust does not seem to approve of + it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c197">[197]</a> <i>Senatus specie</i>; under the pretence of supporting the senate, the + <i>nobiles</i> formed opposition to the tribunes, but in reality it was + for their own aggrandisement. +<br><a class="bold" name="c198">[198]</a> <i>Quo</i> for <i>ut eo</i>, ‘that the authority of the senate might be the + highest in the state.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat39">39.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c199">[199]</a> <i>Innoxius</i> has a twofold meaning, one active, ‘one who does no + harm’ (<i>noxa</i>), and a passive, ‘one who is not injured,’ ‘one to + whom no harm is done,’ <i>qui non afficitur noxa</i>, and in this latter + sense it is used in this passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="c200">[200]</a> ‘In order that, when in office, they themselves might guide the + populace more gently,’ since those who excited the multitude would + be kept in awe by the terror of the law. <i>Placidius</i>, ‘without + harshness,’ ‘without severity,’ harshness and severity being applied + only against the popular leaders. +<br><a class="bold" name="c201">[201]</a> <i>Dubiis rebus</i>, the ablative absolute; <i>cum res dubiae essent</i>, + ‘the state of affairs being dangerous.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c202">[202]</a> ‘A more powerful man would even have wrested their freedom from + them.’ About <i>quin</i>, see Zumpt, § 542; and about the imperfect in the + sense of a pluperfect, § 525.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat40">40.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c203">[203]</a> The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lacus Lemannus and the + Rhone as far south as the Isara. They were subject to Rome, but, with + a certain degree of independence, they governed themselves within + their own country. Their chief towns were Vienna and Geneva. +<br><a class="bold" name="c204">[204]</a> <i>Aliena consilii</i>. See Zumpt, § 470. +<br><a class="bold" name="c205">[205]</a> Respecting the orthography of <i>accersit</i>, see Zumpt, § 202. +<br><a class="bold" name="c206">[206]</a> <i>Magnus animus</i> is the usual Latin expression for ‘courage,’ and + <i>amplior</i> is the same as <i>major</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat41">41.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c207">[207]</a> Manifestum habeo aliquem, ‘I catch a person in the act,’ so that he + can be convicted of his crime by unexceptionable evidence.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat42">42.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c208">[208]</a> <i>Gallia citerior</i> is Gaul south of the Alps, or the province of + Cisalpine Gaul. <i>Gallia ulterior</i> is Gaul north of the Alps, as + far as the Cebenna mountains. The part of modern France beyond those + mountains was not yet subject to Rome, but became a Roman province by + the conquests of Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="c209">[209]</a> <i>Bruttium</i> is the peninsula of Italy, which extends towards Sicily. + It was a mountainous country with many forests. +<br><a class="bold" name="c210">[210]</a> He was legate to his brother L. Murena, who had then already left + the province of Gaul, being a candidate for the consulship for the + year B.C. 62, which he obtained.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat43">43.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c211">[211]</a> <i>Signum,</i> in military phraseology, is the visible or audible signal + for a movement which the army is to execute. The attack of the + tribune of the people on Cicero during his address to the people was + to be the signal. ‘After this signal had been given’ (<i>eo signo</i>), + <i>dato</i> being understood. <i>Conjurationis</i> for <i>conjuratorum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c212">[212]</a> <i>Sed</i>. According to ordinary Latinity, the sentence ought to have + been introduced by <i>autem</i>; see Zumpt, § 348, note. But it must be + observed that in the historical style of Sallust <i>sed</i> very + frequently expresses not only opposition, but also mere transition + from one thing to another, which seems to be an affectation of + simplicity. +<br><a class="bold" name="c213">[213]</a> The idea expressed by <i>filius familias</i> is ‘a son who is not yet + independent, who has not yet a household of his own.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c214">[214]</a> <i>Inter haec</i>, &c.; that is, <i>dum haec parantur atque decernuntur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat44">44.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c215">[215]</a> <i>Conveniunt</i>, with the accusative. See Zumpt, § 387. +<br><a class="bold" name="c216">[216]</a> <i>Qui</i> for <i>quis</i>. See Zumpt, § 134, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c217">[217]</a> He means to say, ‘even from the slaves, who, as is now seen, have + not been received by Catiline into his army.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat45">45.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c218">[218]</a> <i>Cuncta</i>. Respecting this accusative, see Zumpt, § 391, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c219">[219]</a> <i>Pons Mulvius</i>, a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from + the city, outside the porta Flaminia. It still exists under the name + of ponte Molle, and is passed by all travellers who go from Rome to + the north. +<br><a class="bold" name="c220">[220]</a> <i>Obsidunt</i>. For this verb, see Zumpt, § 189, under <i>sido</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c221">[221]</a> <i>Ad id loci</i>; that is, <i>ad eum locum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c222">[222]</a> He betrayed his treasonable designs even by surrendering to the + public authorities, as if they were a foreign and hostile power, and + by praying them to spare his life.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat46">46.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c223">[223]</a> See Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="c224">[224]</a> The meeting of the senate was held in the Temple of Concord, + close by the Forum. Temples were often used instead of the Curia + Hostilia, which was the regular place for the senate to assemble in. + Lentulus was taken to the senate by the consul himself; the others + were conducted thither by guards, to be brought before the assembly + after the business had been opened.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat47">47.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c225">[225]</a> ‘He was ordered to make his statement on the ground of the promise + made to him, on behalf of the state, that he should not be punished.’ + Sallust might have used the more complete expression, <i>fide publica + data</i> or <i>accepta</i>; but such expressions are to be completed by the + sense rather than by any grammatical ellipsis. +<br><a class="bold" name="c226">[226]</a> <i>Sibylla</i> is the ancient Greek name for a prophetic woman; and at + Rome prophecies and counsels (<i>libri Sibyllini</i>) were kept in the + Capitol which were believed to have been given as early as the time + of the kings by a Sibyl of Cumae. They contained information about + festivals, sacrifices, and other religious observances, and the + means by which calamities which threatened the state might be + averted. They were under the superintendence of a special college + of priests, by whom alone they were consulted, on the command of + the senate, in cases of public distress or apprehension. This college + was called at different times, according to the number of its + members, <i>duoviri</i>, <i>decemviri</i>, or <i>quindecemviri sacrorum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c227">[227]</a> The <i>gens</i> Cornelia comprised a large number of families, such + as the Scipios, Dolabellas, Merulas, Sullas, Cinnas, Cethegi, and + Lentuli. L. Cinna, by repeated consulships, and as the leader of + the Marian party, obtained the highest power at Rome after the + death of C. Marius, but was slain in B.C. 84 by his own soldiers, + whom he intended to lead against L. Sulla. Sulla, after having + been consul as early as the year B.C. 88, became dictator in B.C. 82. + Respecting the expression <i>urbis potiri</i>, see Zumpt, § 466. +<br><a class="bold" name="c228">[228]</a> <i>Haruspices</i> were the interpreters of the signs which were + believed to be contained in the entrails of victims sacrificed to the + gods, as well as of the phenomena in the atmosphere (<i>monstra</i>), and + other occurrences in nature, which seemed to be contrary to the + ordinary course of things. The system of this kind of superstition + had been principally developed by the ancient Etruscans, and the + haruspices engaged in the state religion of the Romans were generally + natives of Etruria; and the Romans, owing to the uncertainty of their + knowledge of things divine, dreaded this kind of superstition rather + than practised it. +<br><a class="bold" name="c229">[229]</a> <i>Libera custodia</i> is opposed to the <i>carcer publicus</i>, in which + the prisoners were treated like slaves, and kept in chains. There + were at Rome no prisons for those persons whose guilt was not yet + established, or whose punishment consisted merely in confinement; but + private persons, or the relatives of the accused, were obliged to + keep the person of a criminal in their own houses, until the final + decision upon his offence was given by the ordinary courts of + justice.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat48">48.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c230">[230]</a> Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the present or + imperfect, and <i>vice versa</i>, are not uncommon in Sallust. See + chapters <a href="#cat18">18</a>, <a href="#cat23">23</a>, <a href="#cat56">56</a>, <a href="#cat58">58</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c231">[231]</a> <i>Erant</i>; according to the style of Cicero, it would be <i>essent</i>. + See Zumpt, § 565. +<br><a class="bold" name="c232">[232]</a> For <i>deprehensio Lentuli et aliorum</i>, which would be more in + accordance with the usage of modern languages. +<br><a class="bold" name="c233">[233]</a> <i>In tali tempore</i>. See Zumpt, § 475, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c234">[234]</a> They demanded that the consul should bring forward the matter, as + to whether the statement of Tarquinius was to be believed, in order + that the votes might be taken upon it. For without a special + <i>relatio</i> by the magistrate authorised to make it (commonly the + presiding consul, but sometimes also a tribune of the people), no + senatus consultum could be made. +<br><a class="bold" name="c235">[235]</a> <i>Potestatem</i>; supply from the context <i>indicandi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c236">[236]</a> <i>Praedicantem</i>. See Zumpt, § 636.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat49">49.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c237">[237]</a> These two leaders of the party of the optimates had been consuls, + Catulus in the year B.C. 78, and C. Piso in B.C. 67; and Catulus had + also been censor in B.C. 65. Both were enemies of Caesar, who had + defeated Catulus in his canvas for the office of pontifex maximus, + and had caused a judicial inquiry to be instituted against Piso, + about the manner in which he had conducted the proconsular + administration of Gaul. Caesar was even then considered as the leader + of the popular party, and as an opponent of the senate and its + influence in the constitution. +<br><a class="bold" name="c238">[238]</a> It was at that time that Caesar, on going from home to the + elective assembly, said to his mother, ‘To-day you shall see your + son either as pontifex, or you shall never see him again.’ Caesar, + however, is here called an <i>adolescentulus</i> only in comparison + with the aged Catulus, for he was at that time thirty-six years old. +<br><a class="bold" name="c239">[239]</a> ‘In public life by the greatest exhibitions;’ for <i>munera</i> are + exhibitions by means of which a private person, and still oftener a + magistrate, endeavoured to win the favour of the people. As regards + Caesar, that which is said here refers to the brilliant exhibitions + in his aedileship, and the games which he gave while invested with + that office. But he had thereby got so deeply into debt, that when, + after his praetorship — with which he was invested in B. C. 62, the + year after the Catilinarian conspiracy — he wanted to leave Rome to go + to his province of Spain, he was kept back by his creditors; and + he was not allowed to depart until M. Crassus had given security + for him. +<br><a class="bold" name="c240">[240]</a> <i>Dicerent</i>. Respecting this subjunctive, see Zumpt, § 551. +<br><a class="bold" name="c241">[241]</a> <i>Mobilitas animi</i>, ‘irritability,’ or that state of mind which is + easily excited, or upon which it is easy to make an impression. + <i>Clarius esset</i> is an explanation of <i>gladio minitarentur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat50">50.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c242">[242]</a> <i>Multitudines</i>; that is, <i>catervae, factiones</i>, crowds or bands of + men united for the purpose of creating disturbances among the people. +<br><a class="bold" name="c243">[243]</a> This is the customary form of condemnation in a decree of the + senate, whereby it is declared that a wrong has actually been done + to the state, or that an attempt has been made upon the constitution. + The verdict of ‘guilty,’ therefore, had been pronounced by the + senate itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="c244">[244]</a> <i>Sententiam rogatus</i>. See Zumpt, § 393, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="c245">[245]</a> He had declared that at the voting, which took place after the + members of the senate had expressed their opinions, he would vote + for the opinion of Tib. Nero; for the voting took place by a division + (<i>discessio</i>), only one proposal being voted upon at a time, so + that those who supported it separated from those who did not support + it, but intended to vote for any other opinion (<i>alia omnia</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="c246">[246]</a> This opinion then aimed only at an adjournment of the matter. + Its issue was to be waited for; but in the meantime, the posts of + guards were to be strengthened, and a fresh proposal was to be made + respecting the punishment of the prisoners. The Tib. Nero here + mentioned is the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, who was raised + to the imperial throne in A. D. 14, in the fifty-sixth year of his + age.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat51">51.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c247">[247]</a> <i>Male consulere</i>, ‘to form bad’ or ‘injurious resolutions.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c248">[248]</a> <i>Perse</i>. Respecting the forms of this name, see Zumpt, §§ 52, 54. +<br><a class="bold" name="c249">[249]</a> <i>An</i> must be explained by supplying another interrogation before + it, such as <i>alione?</i> ‘had that speech any other object, or had it + this one?’ for <i>an</i> is used only in the second part of a double + question. +<br><a class="bold" name="c250">[250]</a> ‘To be sure words will fire him on, whom the thing itself did not + move’ — that is, words are sure not to rouse him whom the thing + itself did not move; for <i>scilicet</i> has an ironical force. +<br><a class="bold" name="c251">[251]</a> <i>Injuriae suae</i>, ‘the injuries done to him.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c252">[252]</a> ‘Many have taken them more seriously to heart than was necessary.’ + It is more common to say <i>gravius tulerunt</i>. The perfect, <i>habuere</i>, + in expressing a general truth, has the sense of a present, or rather + of a Greek aorist, denoting that which once happened, and still + continues to happen. Compare p.22, note 2 [<a href="#c68">note 68</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c253">[253]</a> <i>Vitam habent</i> for <i>vitam agunt</i>, which is more common. Sallust is + very fond of the verb <i>habere</i> in certain phrases. See <a href="#jug10"><i>Jug</i>. 10</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c254">[254]</a> <i>Equidem ego</i> for <i>ego quidem</i>. See Zumpt, § 278. +<br><a class="bold" name="c255">[255]</a> <i>Inimicitiae</i>. About this plural, see Zumpt, § 94. The singular + <i>inimicitia</i> is not used at all. +<br><a class="bold" name="c256">[256]</a> ‘Such I know to be the character of the man.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c257">[257]</a> <i>Subigere</i> here, as in many other passages of Sallust, has the + meaning of <i>cogere, invitum impellere</i> (‘to force a person to + something’), followed by an infinitive instead of a clause with <i>ut</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c258">[258]</a> <i>Id quod res habet</i>, ‘that which is in the nature of the thing.’ + Caesar hereby means to represent his opinion as philosophically + correct, and in accordance with nature. <i>Id quod</i> belong together. +<br><a class="bold" name="c259">[259]</a> Such had indeed been the custom in former times. The condemned + person, previous to being beheaded with the axe, was bound to a post + and scourged. This barbarous punishment continued to be inflicted + sometimes even at a later period, when it was expressly mentioned in + the verdict that the criminal should be punished <i>more majorum</i>. + <i>Animadvertere</i> is the proper expression for the infliction of + bodily punishment by a lictor, who <i>has to pay attention to his + orders</i>; but it is also used of the person who gives the order, + and causes it to be carried into effect, just as <i>interficere</i> + is said both of the executioner and the person who orders a man to be + put to death. +<br><a class="bold" name="c260">[260]</a> This law, proposed by one Porcius, and passed by the people, + forbade the scourging of Roman citizens on the naked body; so that, + after the passing of that law, an execution consisted simply in + beheading a criminal with the sword; and if he was a soldier, + flogging took the place of scourging. The celebrated M. Porcius Cato, + about B. C. 160, recommended this bill to the people; but it was not + he who proposed it, but an unknown person of the name of Porcius, + probably a tribune of the people. +<br><a class="bold" name="c261">[261]</a> There were no Roman laws forbidding capital punishment, or + substituting exile in its place, and for this reason Caesar does not + refer to any such law. He supports his view only by the circumstance + that, in all the more recent laws, especially in the criminal law of + Sulla, exile (<i>interdictio aquae et ignis</i>) was fixed upon as the + extreme penalty; and that according to the usual indulgence (not + sanctioned by any law), accused persons, if they denied being guilty, + and were defended by some one, remained in the enjoyment of their + freedom until the sentence was passed. Thus it happened that a + person, foreseeing his condemnation, might quit the Roman territory, + and take up his abode within the territory of some town or city where + the Roman law was not in force, and where the Roman state placed no + obstacles in his way. +<br><a class="bold" name="c262">[262]</a> ‘How is it consistent?’ Respecting <i>qui</i> for <i>quomodo</i> or <i>quo + pacto</i>, see Zumpt, § 133, note. The <i>minus negotium</i> is the + scourging, and the <i>majus negotium</i> the execution. +<br><a class="bold" name="c263">[263]</a> <i>At enim</i> introduces an objection raised by the orator himself. + <i>At</i> represents the objection, and <i>enim</i> introduces an explanation + of it. See Zumpt, § 349. +<br><a class="bold" name="c264">[264]</a> Caesar means to say that the present senate, which, as he + flatteringly says, consists of worthy men, will not abuse the power + of putting Roman citizens to death; but that a subsequent senate, + taking such an example as a precedent, might abuse its power. It + must be observed that the Roman senate possessed the power over the + life and death of citizens, not by virtue of legal enactments, but + only by ancient custom. This power legally belonged only to the + people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata, or to those to whom the + people expressly intrusted it — namely, the ordinary and extraordinary + courts of justice. It may seem surprising that Caesar does not + express himself more energetically against the right claimed by the + senate; but he would certainly have spoken in vain, for it was + every senator’s interest that the power of the senate should be + recognised in its greatest extent, even though it should not be + exercised in every particular case. +<br><a class="bold" name="c265">[265]</a> That is, the so-called thirty tyrants in the year B. C. 404. +<br><a class="bold" name="c266">[266]</a> <i>Ea</i>; for this accusative, see Zumpt, § 385. +<br><a class="bold" name="c267">[267]</a> <i>Damasippus</i> was only a surname of the praetor M. Junius Brutus, + who in the year B. C. 82 put to death a great many Roman nobles of + the party of Sulla. +<br><a class="bold" name="c268">[268]</a> Namely, by Sulla, after he had been made dictator. +<br><a class="bold" name="c269">[269]</a> <i>Pleraque</i>; most of the ensigns and distinctions by which the + magistrates were distinguished from private persons, especially the + <i>toga praetexta</i>, <i>sella curulis</i>, <i>fasces</i> (which were carried + by the lictors), and, above all, the splendid procession of the + <i>triumphatores</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c270">[270]</a> <i>Legibus</i> is here a pleonasm, and might have been omitted. We + must here repeat that Caesar makes an artful application of the + circumstance that, in all the late criminal laws, the <i>interdictio + aquae et ignis</i> was fixed as the severest punishment, as if + thereby a person had been simply permitted to withdraw from the + republic. The <i>interdictio</i> was a much more severe punishment, + inasmuch as the person on whom it was inflicted lost all his rights + as a citizen, and as every one was forbidden to receive him into his + house, so that he was a complete outcast. Wherever these regulations + were not carried into effect, and even in case a criminal made his + escape before the sentence was pronounced, we can see nothing but an + abuse of clemency. +<br><a class="bold" name="c271">[271]</a> <i>Quominus</i> is here used because the leading clause conveys the + idea of a hindrance; but <i>ne</i> also might have been written. +<br><a class="bold" name="c272">[272]</a> <i>Per municipia</i>, ‘among the municipia.’ See Zumpt, § 301.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat52">52.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c273">[273]</a> Cato says, ‘<i>When I consider the danger of our situation, I form + quite a different view</i> from what I do when I reflect upon the + opinions expressed by some about the punishment of the criminals; for + the present danger demands energetic measures of defence, while some + of you are speaking only about the punishment of a crime already + committed. But such a view is incorrect, for we are still surrounded + by the greatest dangers.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c274">[274]</a> <i>Pluris facere</i>, ‘to esteem higher.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c275">[275]</a> <i>Capessere rem publicam</i>, ‘to take part in the administration of + the state,’ or ‘to devote one’s self to its service.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c276">[276]</a> <i>Verba facere</i>, ‘to speak,’ or ‘to make a speech.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c277">[277]</a> ‘I who had never connived at any of my bad acts’ — that is, I who + had never given way to my own weaknesses. About this subjunctive + expressing the reason why the orator does not allow the faults of + others to pass unnoticed, see Zumpt, §§ 555, 558. +<br><a class="bold" name="c278">[278]</a> ‘The strength of the state bore the negligence’ in restraining the + arbitrary proceedings in which individuals indulged. +<br><a class="bold" name="c279">[279]</a> ‘And here any one will speak to me of clemency and mercy!’ alluding + to Caesar. The negative pronoun <i>quisquam</i> is used because the + meaning implied is, that no one ought to have done so. See + Zumpt, § 709. +<br><a class="bold" name="c280">[280]</a> <i>Equidem</i> for <i>quidem</i>, as often in Sallust, but never in + Cicero. The meaning is: ‘We have indeed (<i>quidem</i>) long since lost + the habit of calling things by their true names, but this erroneous + application of the word <i>mercy</i> is not to be borne.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c281">[281]</a> <i>Eo</i>; Cicero would have said <i>ea re</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c282">[282]</a> Instead of <i>et</i>, the author might have used <i>neve</i> (<i>neu</i>), since + from the preceding clause we have to supply <i>ne</i> to <i>et</i>. This is not + a very common mode of speaking; but it occurs most frequently when, + after a negative clause, <i>et</i> introduces a kind of antithesis, and + thus acquires the power of <i>sed</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c283">[283]</a> <i>Et non</i> corrects the untrue supposition, that there were no rebels + except at Rome. In such a case we can neither use <i>non</i> without <i>et</i>, + nor <i>neque</i>. See Zumpt, § 334. +<br><a class="bold" name="c284">[284]</a> ‘If Caesar alone is unconcerned, it is more requisite (necessary + or important) that I should be concerned for me and for you.’ About + <i>refert</i>, see Zumpt, §§ 23, 449, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c285">[285]</a> <i>Habetote</i>; this future imperative denotes that something is to be + done when something else shall take place. Zumpt, § 583. +<br><a class="bold" name="c286">[286]</a> The meaning is: ‘All will be there immediately’ — that is, they will + rise to make the attack. +<br><a class="bold" name="c287">[287]</a> Cato means to say, ‘It is a wrong opinion that our state has + become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the + most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater + than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the + activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and + it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c288">[288]</a> <i>Obnoxius</i>, ‘subject to a punishment,’ or ‘to be injured (<i>noxa</i>);’ + hence, figuratively, ‘bound,’ ‘dependent.’ Our ancestors, says Cato, + could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not + crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate + desires and passions — a hint intimating that those who were in favour + of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free + from bad intentions. +<br><a class="bold" name="c289">[289]</a> <i>Hic</i> — that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public + importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to + gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who + may be in your way. +<br><a class="bold" name="c290">[290]</a> <i>Vacuam</i> — namely, <i>a defensoribus</i>, ‘defenceless,’ ‘helpless.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c291">[291]</a> <i>Incendere</i>, a free use of the infinitive for <i>ad patriam + incendendam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c292">[292]</a> A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative + particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, § 351, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="c293">[293]</a> Ironically: ‘I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and + dismiss the criminals.’ The subjunctive without <i>ut</i> depends upon the + verb <i>censeo</i>; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative. +<br><a class="bold" name="c294">[294]</a> ‘Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.’ Respecting + <i>nae</i>, see Zumpt, § 360; and on the transitive sense of <i>vertere</i>, + § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="c295">[295]</a> The sentence beginning with <i>scilicet</i> is again ironical. The + sense, without the irony, is: ‘Nor can it be supposed that you + consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear. + You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c296">[296]</a> <i>Immo vero</i>, ‘oh no; on the contrary.’ See Zumpt, § 277. +<br><a class="bold" name="c297">[297]</a> Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, § 524, + note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be <i>implorabis</i>, without + altering the meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="c298">[298]</a> This statement differs in two points from the current tradition + of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly <i>Titus</i>, + and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts + have <i>Aulus</i>. Secondly, he did not show his severe military + discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin + war, which ended, in B.C. 340, with the subjugation of Latium. + Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and + to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word + <i>necare</i> instead of <i>interficere</i> or <i>occidere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c299">[299]</a> <i>Quidquam</i> is stronger than <i>siquid</i> — that is, the expression of + the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis. +<br><a class="bold" name="c300">[300]</a> ‘If there were room for a mistake’ — namely, in the resolution to be + come to. The meaning is: ‘No time is to be lost, since, if you come + to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to + correct your decision.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c301">[301]</a> ‘Is upon our necks,’ a figurative expression, properly applied to + a wrestler who seizes another by the throat.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat53">53.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c302">[302]</a> ‘What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.’ + <i>Negotium sustinere</i>, ‘to be able to carry out a business,’ + representing the <i>negotium</i> as a burden. +<br><a class="bold" name="c303">[303]</a> Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the + circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of + individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world, + but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling + others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone + made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment + of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the + unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not + very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid + progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other + hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and + a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while + all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities. +<br><a class="bold" name="c304">[304]</a> <i>Effeta parentum</i>, the same as <i>effeta parens</i>, ‘a mother who has + had children, but can have no more.’ Respecting the partitive + genitive (as in <i>aliqui militum</i> for <i>aliqui milites</i>), see + Zumpt, § 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the + construction with which he began, and which ought to have been + continued thus: <i>Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit</i>, + for which he says, <i>Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit</i>. + This deviation from the construction may be explained still more + easily, if in our mind we add <i>facit</i> to the words <i>sicuti effeta + parentum</i>, ‘as is the case with an aged mother.’ <i>Multis + tempestatibus</i>, ‘during a long time.’ The singular <i>tempestas</i> in the + sense of ‘time’ is not uncommon, but the plural <i>tempestates</i> in the + sense of ‘periods of time’ occurs only in Sallust in this passage, + and <i>Jug</i>. <a href="#jug73">73</a>, <a href="#jug96">96</a>, and <a href="#jug108">108</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c305">[305]</a> <i>Quin</i> is used regularly for <i>ut non</i> after a negative clause: + ‘I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their + characters.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat54">54.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c306">[306]</a> ‘But the one a different one from the other.’ The Latin custom of + repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said <i>alia</i>, + to use <i>alii</i>, which, strictly speaking, should be <i>alteri</i>, as he is + speaking of only two persons. +<br><a class="bold" name="c307">[307]</a> ‘The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of + itself,’ so that <i>gloria</i> must be supplied.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat55">55.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c308">[308]</a> <i>Dicessit</i>; that is, after the senate, a division having taken + place, had decided in favour of Cato’s opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2 [<a href="#c245">note 245</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c309">[309]</a> Read <i>tresviros</i>; each one by himself was called <i>triumvir</i> ‘one of + the college of the three.’ These officers belonging to the + magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison, + and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their + complete title was <i>tresviri capitales</i>. The singular, <i>triumvir</i>, + does not justify the plural <i>triumviri</i>, since the ordinary + grammatical laws require <i>tres viri</i>. In manuscripts, we usually had + <i>III. viri</i>. Compare Zumpt, § 124. +<br><a class="bold" name="c310">[310]</a> The preposition <i>de</i> in this compound adds to the idea of the + simple verb <i>ducere</i>, that of the place to which a person is led, + and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the + expression <i>domum deducere</i>, ‘to take’ or ‘lead a person home.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c311">[311]</a> <i>Locus, quod</i>. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun, + see Zumpt, § 372. +<br><a class="bold" name="c312">[312]</a> The whole structure was called <i>carcer Mamertinus</i>, and its main + parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, <i>San Pietro + in carcere</i>. It is situated not far from the ancient <i>forum Romanum</i>, + to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to + Sallust’s description, persons on entering had to go down a few + steps leading to the entrance of the <i>Tullianum</i>, a subterraneous + apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this + was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were + afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining <i>Scalae Gemoniae</i>. + The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullius + Hostilius. +<br><a class="bold" name="c313">[313]</a> ‘The roof is bound together by arches of stone,’ to make it strong, + for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c314">[314]</a> <i>Incultus</i>, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting ‘want of + cleanliness,’ ‘the absence of care.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c315">[315]</a> ‘Punishers of capital offences’ is only a paraphrase for + <i>carnifices</i>, ‘executioners.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c316">[316]</a> <i>Cornelius Lentulus</i> had been consul as early as B.C. 71, but the + year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on + account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the + senate, he caused himself to become praetor a second time in this + year, B.C. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is + mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the + baseness of his character is attested also by other authors. +<br><a class="bold" name="c317">[317]</a> The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was + Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian + rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat56">56.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c318">[318]</a> A regular military force is more commonly called <i>copiae</i>, but + the singular, <i>copia</i>, also occurs in the sense of ‘army,’ especially + when it consists of an irregular mass of troops. +<br><a class="bold" name="c319">[319]</a> <i>Cohortes complet</i> cannot mean in this passage, ‘he makes the + cohorts complete,’ for such a completeness (consisting of at least + 420 men) is incompatible with the addition <i>pro numero militum</i>, + ‘according to the number of his soldiers’ in each cohort was not the + usual number of a complete cohort. <i>Complet</i> refers to the number + of cohorts, ten of which made a legion. Translate therefore, ‘he + makes the full number of cohorts.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c320">[320]</a> <i>Duobus milibus</i>, Sallust might have said <i>duo milia</i>, with the + ellipsis of <i>quam</i> so customary with <i>plus</i>, <i>amplius</i>, and <i>minus</i>. + See Zumpt, § 485. +<br><a class="bold" name="c321">[321]</a> <i>Sparus</i> is said to be a wooden kind of weapon, resembling a + shepherd’s staff, turned at the top; and <i>lancea</i> a spear with + a handle in the middle. Both these weapons were not used by Roman + soldiers, for the latter, besides the short and broad <i>gladius</i>, + used the <i>pilum</i>, as long as a man is high, and as thick as a + fist, the upper end of which was strongly provided with iron, and + sometimes the <i>hasta</i>, which was still longer, and had an + iron point. +<br><a class="bold" name="c322">[322]</a> <i>L. Antonius</i>, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, B.C. 63. +<br><a class="bold" name="c323">[323]</a> <i>Servitia, cujus magnae copiae</i>; a singular construction, which + cannot be explained otherwise than by taking <i>cujus</i> as a neuter, + ‘slaves, <i>of which</i> large numbers flocked to him.’ This explanation, + however, is supported by the consideration that slaves were regarded + as things, and were designated by names of the neuter gender, as + <i>servitia</i>, <i>mancipia</i>. In ordinary language, we should say + <i>cujus generis</i>, ‘of which class of men.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c324">[324]</a> <i>Videri</i> for <i>se videri</i>, ‘he thought it contrary to his interest + to appear to have maintained the cause of citizens with the aid of + runaway slaves.’ Respecting the omission of the subject of the + infinitive when it is a personal pronoun, see Zumpt, § 605.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat57">57.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c325">[325]</a> The territory of Pistoria, in the north of Etruria, not far from + Faesulae, and to the north of Florentia, is in the Apennines. The + regular road from Pisae to Genoa, and thence across the Alps into + Transalpine Gaul, ran along the sea-coast. Cisalpine Gaul was + likewise protected against Catiline by Metellus, so that he could + reach his goal (Transalpine Gaul) only by mountain passes. +<br><a class="bold" name="c326">[326]</a> Antonius followed the bands of Catiline, which were not + inconvenienced by baggage, as they were fleeing (<i>in fuga</i>; that is, + <i>fugientes</i>). Antonius’s army marched on smoother roads, but had + to carry heavier baggage. From all this, we see why Antonius, though + not far from the enemy, yet could not reach him. Respecting the + adverb <i>utpote</i>, see Zumpt, § 271. <i>Utpote qui</i>, ‘the which,’ is + used as a conjunction for <i>quippe qui</i>, generally with the + subjunctive, and indicates the cause of the preceding statement.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat58">58.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c327">[327]</a> <i>Officere</i> is properly ‘to oppose,’ ‘obstruct,’ <i>aliquid alicui + rei</i>; then omitting the object (<i>aliquid</i>) with the dative alone, ‘to + be an obstacle to,’ or ‘to hinder,’ therefore, <i>officia famae tuae</i>, + ‘I oppose something to your fame.’ ‘Internal fear is a hindrance to + the ear,’ so that admonitions are either not heard at all, or do not + penetrate into the mind. +<br><a class="bold" name="c328">[328]</a> Catiline assigns the circumstance that he had expected aid and + succours from Rome itself, as the cause of his not having set out for + Gaul earlier, when he might have accomplished his end. <i>Opperior</i>, + ‘I wait for,’ or <i>expecto dum aliquis veniat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c329">[329]</a> <i>Quo in loco</i>, ‘in which situation.’ The preposition <i>in</i> might + have been omitted. See Zumpt, § 481. +<br><a class="bold" name="c330">[330]</a> <i>Egestas</i>, ‘want,’ with the genitive of the thing wanted, is of + rare occurrence for <i>inopia</i> or <i>penuria</i>. <i>Egestas</i> is commonly used + absolutely in the sense of ‘poverty,’ ‘neediness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c331">[331]</a> <i>Haec</i> is here used in the general sense of ‘these circumstances;’ + that is, this honourable but difficult war. This we must infer from + the <i>haec</i> following. +<br><a class="bold" name="c332">[332]</a> For the construction of <i>mutare</i>, see Zumpt, § 456. +<br><a class="bold" name="c333">[333]</a> <i>Quis</i> for <i>quibus</i>. <i>Ea</i>, not <i>id</i>. Zumpt, § 372. +<br><a class="bold" name="c334">[334]</a> ‘Give me courage,’ or ‘give me hope,’ for <i>hortari</i> is applied to + persons doing good things, and <i>admonere</i> to persons doing bad ones: + <i>hortamur properantem, admonemus cunctantem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="c335">[335]</a> <i>Cavete — amittatis, neu trucidemeni</i> for <i>cavete, ne amittatis, + neve (neu) trucidemini</i>. See Zumpt, § 586.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat59">59.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c336">[336]</a> <i>Canere</i> is used in different ways: <i>tubicen canit signum</i>, ‘the + trumpeter blows the signal;’ <i>tubicen canit</i>, ‘the trumpeter blows + (his instrument);’ <i>signa canuntur</i>, ‘signals are blown’ or ‘given;’ + and lastly, <i>signa canunt</i>, ‘the signals sound.’ The last expression + is the one used in our passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="c337">[337]</a> <i>Rupe aspera</i>, &c. ‘For in accordance with the nature of the plain + between hills on the left-hand side, and on the right a rugged rock, + he drew up (only) eight cohorts in front.’ A simpler construction + would have been <i>et rupem asperam a dextra</i>, but the manuscripts are + decidedly in favour of the ablative, which must be considered as an + ablative absolute, and as forming a distinct clause. Other editions + have the correction <i>rupis aspera</i>, ‘the rough part of a rock’ + (<i>aspera</i> being the neut. plur.), but this is a poetical expression. + See Zumpt, § 435. +<br><a class="bold" name="c338">[338]</a> Literally, ‘The signals (<i>vexilla</i>) of the other cohorts he places + in the rear as a reserve, more closely together.’ <i>Signa</i> here + denotes the separate divisions of the troops; that is, the cohorts + and the three maniples in each cohort, which are distinguished from + one another by their flags or banners (<i>vexilla</i>). When an army was + drawn up in a spacious plain, a space was left between the several + divisions, but in this case, the plain being too narrow, there were + no such spaces. +<br><a class="bold" name="c339">[339]</a> ‘From among these who were drawn up as a reserve, he draws, for the + purpose of strengthening the van, all centurions, picked men (in + apposition), and the volunteers who had not been enlisted, as well as + the ablest of the common soldiers who were provided with arms.’ The + word <i>lectos</i> belonging to <i>centuriones</i>, shows that Catiline had + appointed to the office of centurions only chosen men who were + personally known to him as able soldiers. <i>Evocati</i> were those + soldiers in a Roman army who did not serve in the ranks of the other + common soldiers, but as a separate corps, and were exempt from + the ordinary military duties of standing as sentinels, making + fortifications, foraging, and the like. They derived their name from + the fact that they were invited (<i>evocare</i>) by the general to serve + in the army as volunteers; they, moreover, were generally more + advanced in years than the regular troops. +<br><a class="bold" name="c340">[340]</a> <i>Curare</i>, ‘to command.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="c341">[341]</a> Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most + faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is, + the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates. + The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their + estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their + freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters. +<br><a class="bold" name="c342">[342]</a> <i>Pedibus aeger</i>. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian + of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to + be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline. +<br><a class="bold" name="c343">[343]</a> A <i>legatus</i>, in this sense (for it also means ‘ambassador’), + supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the + <i>imperium</i>. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with + the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the + number of legions which they had under their command. The office of + legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy, + generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the + senate appointed them on the proposal of the commander-in-chief. + When there were several legates, the commander-in-chief might + intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the + commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate. +<br><a class="bold" name="c344">[344]</a> <i>Tumulti</i> for <i>tumultus</i>, as <i>senati</i> for <i>senatus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat60">60.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c345">[345]</a> <i>Ferentarii</i> are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with + javelins. +<br><a class="bold" name="c346">[346]</a> The banners being turned hostilely against one another. Respecting + <i>cum</i>, see Zumpt, § 473; for we also find <i>infestis signis + concurrere</i>, without <i>cum</i>, as an ablative of the instrument. +<br><a class="bold" name="c347">[347]</a> The <i>cohors praetoria</i> was a battalion which, in forming an army, + was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the bodyguard + of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in + contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it + to be. Under the emperors, the <i>cohortes praetoriae</i>, nine or + ten in number — the emperors having several armies under their + command — formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of + Rome.</P> + +<h4><a href="#cat61">61.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="c348">[348]</a> ‘There you might indeed have seen.’ See Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="c349">[349]</a> In the centre of the army where they were drawn up. +<br><a class="bold" name="c350">[350]</a> <i>Adversa vulnera</i>, ‘wounds in the breast,’ or ‘in the front part + of the body’ generally. <i>Aversa vulnera</i>, on the other hand, are + ‘wounds in the back,’ such as are inflicted on cowards that run away. +<br><a class="bold" name="c351">[351]</a> <i>Quisquam</i> for <i>ullus</i>. See Zumpt, § 676. +<br><a class="bold" name="c352">[352]</a> <i>Juxta</i>, ‘equally little.’ They had spared the life of their + enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3 [<a href="#c194">note 194</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="c353">[353]</a> These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not + in the regular way, for <i>gaudium</i> and <i>moeror</i> denote a joyous and sad + state of mind, ‘joy’ and ‘sadness;’ <i>laetitia</i> and <i>luctus</i> at the + same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief. + Accordingly, <i>laetitia</i> contrasts with <i>luctus</i>, and <i>gaudia</i> with + <i>moeror</i>. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing + contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, § 783.</P> + + + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="bj">C.</a> Sallustii Crispi</h2> + +<h2>Bellum Jugurthinum.</h2> + +<hr> + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug1">1</a>. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi +brevis<a class="sup" href="#j1">[1]</a> forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque +majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias,<a class="sup" href="#j2">[2]</a> magisque naturae industriam +hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitae +mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,<a class="sup" href="#j3">[3]</a> +abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe +probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere +cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates +corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper<a class="sup" href="#j4">[4]</a> usus, ubi per +socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas +accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt.<a class="sup" href="#j5">[5]</a> +Quodsi<a class="sup" href="#j6">[6]</a> hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio +aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa<a class="sup" href="#j7">[7]</a> petunt; neque +regerentur<a class="sup" href="#j8">[8]</a> magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis<a class="sup" href="#j9">[9]</a> +procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug2">2</a>. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res +cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis alia, alia animi<a class="sup" href="#j10">[10]</a> naturam +sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis +et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora +sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut +initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus +incorruptus<a class="sup" href="#j11">[11]</a> aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta +neque ipse habetur.<a class="sup" href="#j12">[12]</a> Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,<a class="sup" href="#j13">[13]</a> +qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt, +ceterum<a class="sup" href="#j14">[14]</a> ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura +mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim +tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug3">3</a>. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum +publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate<a class="sup" href="#j15">[15]</a> cupiunda videntur; quoniam +neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j16">[16]</a> +tuti aut eo magis honesti<a class="sup" href="#j17">[17]</a> sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut +parentes,<a class="sup" href="#j18">[18]</a> quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas,<a class="sup" href="#j19">[19]</a> tamen +importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam, +aliaque hostilia portendant,<a class="sup" href="#j20">[20]</a> frustra autem niti,<a class="sup" href="#j21">[21]</a> neque aliud se +fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte<a class="sup" href="#j22">[22]</a> +quem inhonesta et perniciosa libido<a class="sup" href="#j23">[23]</a> tenet, potentiae paucorum decus +atque libertatem suam gratificari.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug4">4</a>. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno +usui est memoria rerum gestarum:<a class="sup" href="#j24">[24]</a> cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, +praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam<a class="sup" href="#j25">[25]</a> quis existimet memet +studium meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi +procul a re publica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen +inertiae imponant: certe, quibus<a class="sup" href="#j26">[26]</a> maxima industria videtur salutare +plebem et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego +temporibus magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi +nequiverint,<a class="sup" href="#j27">[27]</a> et postea quae genera hominum in senatum pervenerint, +profecto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei +mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei +publicae venturum. Nam saepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum,<a class="sup" href="#j28">[28]</a> P. Scipionem, +praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum +majorum imagines<a class="sup" href="#j29">[29]</a> intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem +accendi. Scilicet<a class="sup" href="#j30">[30]</a> non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese +habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore +crescere neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam +adaequaverit.<a class="sup" href="#j31">[31]</a> At contra, quis est omnium his moribus,<a class="sup" href="#j32">[32]</a> quin +divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque<a class="sup" href="#j33">[33]</a> industria cum majoribus +suis contendat? Etiam homines novi,<a class="sup" href="#j34">[34]</a> qui antea per virtutem soliti +erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis +artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi<a class="sup" href="#j35">[35]</a> praetura et +consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica +sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. +Verum ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis morum piget +taedetque; nunc ad inceptum redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug5">5</a>. Bellum scripturus sum,<a class="sup" href="#j36">[36]</a> quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha rege +Numidarum gessit; primum quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit, +dein quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est; quae +contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit eoque vecordiae processit, +uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed +priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad +cognoscendum omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint.<a class="sup" href="#j37">[37]</a> Bello +Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post magnitudinem +nominis Romani<a class="sup" href="#j38">[38]</a> Italiae opes maxime attriverat, Masinissa rex +Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano<a class="sup" href="#j39">[39]</a> +cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa ei praeclara<a class="sup" href="#j40">[40]</a> rei militaris facinora +fecerat; ob quae victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in +Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit,<a class="sup" href="#j41">[41]</a> populus Romanus quascunque +urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae +bona atque honesta nobis permansit. Sed imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem +fuit. Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa +fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit, +Jugurthamque, filium Mastanabalis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex +concubina erat, privatum dereliquerat,<a class="sup" href="#j42">[42]</a> eodem cultu quo liberos suos +domi habuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug6">6</a>. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora facie, sed multo +maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu<a class="sup" href="#j43">[43]</a> neque inertiae corrumpendum +dedit, sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum +aequalibus certare, et quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus +esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras +primus aut in primis ferire, plurimum facere, minimum ipse de se loqui. +Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem +Jugurthae regno suo gloriae fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem +exacta sua aetate et parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit, +vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat +eum natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam animi +cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis,<a class="sup" href="#j44">[44]</a> quae +etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transversos agit;<a class="sup" href="#j45">[45]</a> ad hoc studia +Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis +interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug7">7</a>. His difficultatibus circumventus ubi videt neque per vim neque +insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat +Jugurtha manu promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum +objectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. Igitur bello +Numantino<a class="sup" href="#j46">[46]</a> Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia +mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum +occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res +longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque +acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum Romanis imperator +erat,<a class="sup" href="#j47">[47]</a> et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore multaque cura, +praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis in tantam +claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis +maximo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis<a class="sup" href="#j48">[48]</a> est, et +proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio; quorum alterum<a class="sup" href="#j49">[49]</a> ex +providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem affere plerumque +solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in +amicis habere, magis magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque +consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat.<a class="sup" href="#j50">[50]</a> Huc accedebat +munificentia animi et ingenii sollertia, quîs rebus sibi multos ex +Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug8">8</a>. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures novi atque nobiles, +quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant,<a class="sup" href="#j51">[51]</a> factiosi domi, +potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non +mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, +fore, uti solus imperio Numidiae potiretur, in ipso maximam virtutem, +Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio +dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum +magnifice pro contione<a class="sup" href="#j52">[52]</a> Jugurtham in praetorium abduxit ibique secreto +monuit, uti potius publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Romani coleret +neu quibus<a class="sup" href="#j53">[53]</a> largiri insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod +multorum esset: si permanere vellet in suis artibus,<a class="sup" href="#j54">[54]</a> ultro illi et +gloriam et regnum venturum, sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum +pecunia praecipitem casurum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug9">9</a>. Sic locutus cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum +sententia haec erat: ‘Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus +fuit, qnam rem tibi certo<a class="sup" href="#j55">[55]</a> scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus +est; ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem +pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo +Masinissa.’ Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris +imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri permotus +flexit animum suum et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est, +statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem +instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos morbo atque aetate confectus quum +sibi finem vitae adesse intellegeret, coram amicis et cognatis itemque +Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha +habuisse:<a class="sup" href="#j56">[56]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug10">10</a>. ‘Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe, sine opibus, in +meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob +beneficia carum fore; neque ea res falsum me habuit.<a class="sup" href="#j57">[57]</a> Nam, ut alia +magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime rediens Numantia meque regnumque +meum gloria honoravisti tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis +amicissimos<a class="sup" href="#j58">[58]</a> fecisti; in Hispania nomen familiae renovatum est, +postremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. +Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae facit, per hanc dexteram, per regni +fidem<a class="sup" href="#j59">[59]</a> moneo obtestorque, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, +beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros habeas, neu malis alienos adjungere<a class="sup" href="#j60">[60]</a> +quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia +regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas; +officio et fide pariuntur.<a class="sup" href="#j61">[61]</a> Quis autem amicior quam frater fratri? aut +quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis +regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia +parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos<a class="sup" href="#j62">[62]</a> +te, Jugurtha, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, +providere decet. Nam in omni certamine qui opulentior est, etiamsi +accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, +Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate<a class="sup" href="#j63">[63]</a> talem hunc virum, imitamini +virtutem et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam +genuisse.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug11">11</a>. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse +longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa +paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice +fecerant, reguli<a class="sup" href="#j64">[64]</a> in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis +disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et +jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat, +despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,<a class="sup" href="#j65">[65]</a> ne medius ex tribus, quod +apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati +concederet fatigatus<a class="sup" href="#j66">[66]</a> a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est. +Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias +res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam +per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem +Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis +annis<a class="sup" href="#j67">[67]</a> adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus +Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo +tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo +habere,<a class="sup" href="#j68">[68]</a> quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius +procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum +perficere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug12">12</a>. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter +dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis +constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad +pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius +alio<a class="sup" href="#j69">[69]</a> concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo +utebatur, qui proximus lictor<a class="sup" href="#j70">[70]</a> Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper +fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque, +uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas<a class="sup" href="#j71">[71]</a> paret +(nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se +ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti +doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes +irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes +interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu +omnia miscere; quum<a class="sup" href="#j72">[72]</a> interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio +mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae +caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug13">13</a>. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur; +Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in +duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum +alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat, +urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae +imperare parat.<a class="sup" href="#j73">[73]</a> Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum +docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine +militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus +ex proelio profugit in provinciam<a class="sup" href="#j74">[74]</a> ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum +Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio +facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus +iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. +Itaque paucis diebus<a class="sup" href="#j75">[75]</a> cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit, +quîs praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde +novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne +cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus +aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna +munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in +gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii +praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo<a class="sup" href="#j76">[76]</a> nitebantur, ne gravius +in eum consuleretur.<a class="sup" href="#j77">[77]</a> Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die +constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum +accepimus:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug14">14</a>. ‘Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti +regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem<a class="sup" href="#j78">[78]</a> existimarem meam, ceterum jus +et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam +maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium<a class="sup" href="#j79">[79]</a> +loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, +munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, +Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,<a class="sup" href="#j80">[80]</a> sceleratissimus contempto +imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque +amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres +conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,<a class="sup" href="#j81">[81]</a> vellem potius ob mea +quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime +deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si +desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.<a class="sup" href="#j82">[82]</a> Sed quoniam parum tuta per se +ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j83">[83]</a> Jugurtha qualis foret, ad +vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor +prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a +vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram +appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi +amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda +erat.<a class="sup" href="#j84">[84]</a> Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem +Masinissae<a class="sup" href="#j85">[85]</a> frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil +causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, +fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes +expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi<a class="sup" href="#j86">[86]</a> prohibere injuriam neque +pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus +sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus +una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi +erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu +me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,<a class="sup" href="#j87">[87]</a> ut, quem tu +parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis +tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit!<a class="sup" href="#j88">[88]</a> semperne +in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, +jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes +omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti +pacem agitabamus, quippe quîs hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos +jussissetis.<a class="sup" href="#j89">[89]</a> Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia, +scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo +suo<a class="sup" href="#j90">[90]</a> interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post, +ubi me iisdem dolis non quit<a class="sup" href="#j91">[91]</a> capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum +expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,<a class="sup" href="#j92">[92]</a> domo, +inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius<a class="sup" href="#j93">[93]</a> quam in meo +regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem +audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos +multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos<a class="sup" href="#j94">[94]</a> esse. Quod +in familia nostra fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j95">[95]</a> praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset +vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres +conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham, +beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, +alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum +infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti +necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,<a class="sup" href="#j96">[96]</a> +propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros +alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars +bestiis objecti sunt;<a class="sup" href="#j97">[97]</a> pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in +tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.<a class="sup" href="#j98">[98]</a> Si +omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j99">[99]</a> +incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos +implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et +injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque +omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?<a class="sup" href="#j100">[100]</a> +nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam +infesti sunt?<a class="sup" href="#j101">[101]</a> An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum +hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui +aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres +conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne +foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia +fore; si huic imperio<a class="sup" href="#j102">[102]</a> fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse. +Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda<a class="sup" href="#j103">[103]</a> et +obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum +illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita +transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare<a class="sup" href="#j104">[104]</a> +vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me +verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam<a class="sup" href="#j105">[105]</a> +illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec +simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales +rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox +atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem +nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas +reddat.<a class="sup" href="#j106">[106]</a> Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo +et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,<a class="sup" href="#j107">[107]</a> tamen laetandum magis quam +dolendum puto casum tuum;<a class="sup" href="#j108">[108]</a> non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium, +egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul +amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, +rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias +persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque +potestas ex opibus alienis<a class="sup" href="#j109">[109]</a> pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis +honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis +injuriae concessissem.<a class="sup" href="#j110">[110]</a> Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet +sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos<a class="sup" href="#j111">[111]</a> atque parentes +vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam +injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et +sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.’<a class="sup" href="#j112">[112]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug15">15</a>. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis +quam causa freti, paucis respondent: ‘Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab +Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara +superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab +senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu +verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.’<a class="sup" href="#j113">[113]</a> Deinde utrique curia +egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea +magna pars gratia depravata,<a class="sup" href="#j114">[114]</a> Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae +virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro +alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra +pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum +Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex +omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus +potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is +postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in +tali re solet, ne polluta licentia<a class="sup" href="#j115">[115]</a> invidiam accenderet, animum a +consueta libidine continuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug16">16</a>. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, quae vero pretium aut gratiam +anteferebat. Decretum fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Micipsa +obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cujus legationis +princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu potens, quia +consul, G. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam +nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat.<a class="sup" href="#j116">[116]</a> Eum Jugurtha tametsi Romae in +inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit, dando et pollicitando +multa perfecit, uti famae, fide,<a class="sup" href="#j117">[117]</a> postremo omnibus suis rebus +commodum regis anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus, +plerosque capit; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione, +quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, +Jugurthae traditur: illam alteram specie quam usu potiorem, quae +portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.<a class="sup" href="#j118">[118]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug17">17</a>. Res postulare videtur Africae siturn paucis exponere et eas gentes, +quibuscum nobis bellum aut amicitia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca +et nationes ob calorem aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus +frequentata<a class="sup" href="#j119">[119]</a> sunt, de iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera +quam paucissimis absolvam. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in parte +tertia<a class="sup" href="#j120">[120]</a> Africam posuere, pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed +Africam in Europa.<a class="sup" href="#j121">[121]</a>Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et +Oceani,<a class="sup" href="#j122">[122]</a> ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem,<a class="sup" href="#j123">[123]</a> quem locum +Katabathmon incolae appellant. Mare saevum, importuosum, ager frugum +fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore infecundus, coelo terraque penuria +aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum; plerosque +senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere; nam morbus haud +saepe quemquam superat; ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed qui +mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo +inter se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, +diversum est, tamen uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis +dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores ejus +terrae putant, quam paucissimis dicam.<a class="sup" href="#j124">[124]</a> Ceterum fides ejus rei penes +auctores erit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug18">18</a>. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quîs +cibus erat caro ferina atque humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque +moribus neque lege aut imperio cujusquam regebantur; vagi, palantes, qua +nox coëgerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti +Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, +amisso duce ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus,<a class="sup" href="#j125">[125]</a> brevi +dilabitur. Ex eo numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Africam +transvecti, proximos nostro mari<a class="sup" href="#j126">[126]</a> locos occupavere. Sed Persae intra +Oceanum magis; hique alveos navium inverses pro tuguriis habuere, quia +neque materia in agris neque ab Hispanis emundi aut mutandi copia erat; +mare magnum et ignara<a class="sup" href="#j127">[127]</a> lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim per +connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere, et quia saepe temptantes agros<a class="sup" href="#j128">[128]</a> +alia, deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. +Ceterum adhuc aedificia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant, +oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt. Medi autem +et Armenii accessere Libyes<a class="sup" href="#j129">[129]</a> (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant, +Gaetuli sub sole magis, haud procul ab ardoribus) hique mature oppida +habuere; nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se instituerant. +Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro +Medis<a class="sup" href="#j130">[130]</a> appellantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea nomine +Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, +quae proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique<a class="sup" href="#j131">[131]</a> alteris +freti finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coëgere, nomen +gloriamque sibi addidere; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, +quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africae pars inferior +pleraque ab Numidis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem nomenque +imperantium concessere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug19">19</a>. Postea Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars +imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis,<a class="sup" href="#j132">[132]</a> +Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim<a class="sup" href="#j133">[133]</a> aliasque urbes in ora maritima +condidere, eaeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus suis<a class="sup" href="#j134">[134]</a> +praesidio, aliae decori fuere. Nam<a class="sup" href="#j135">[135]</a> de Carthagine silere melius puto +quam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad +Katabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari<a class="sup" href="#j136">[136]</a> +prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes,<a class="sup" href="#j137">[137]</a> +interque eas Leptis; deinde Philaenon arae,<a class="sup" href="#j138">[138]</a> quem locum Aegyptum +versus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses, post aliae Punicae urbes. +Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent; proxime Hispaniam Mauri +sunt. Super Numidiam<a class="sup" href="#j139">[139]</a> Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios +incultius vagos agitare, post eos Aethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis +ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines +Carthaginiensium, quos novissime<a class="sup" href="#j140">[140]</a> habuerant, populus Romanus +permagistratus administrabat, Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad +flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant, Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus +imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus<a class="sup" href="#j141">[141]</a> populi Romani, itemque +nobis neque bello neque pace antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad +necessitudinem rei satis dictum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug20">20</a>. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, et Jugurtha contra +timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex +amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et +illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, +in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem +petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens +magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu +invadit; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia +incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit, deinde cum omni +multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existimans dolore permotum +Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli causam fore. +At ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat et amicitia populi Romani +magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis +questum<a class="sup" href="#j142">[142]</a> misit; qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius +tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea +secus<a class="sup" href="#j143">[143]</a> cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur, quippe +qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum +praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere coepit et +aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat urbes, agros +vastare, praedas agere, suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug21">21</a>. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum +esset aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat et Jugurthae obvius +procedit. Interim haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum<a class="sup" href="#j144">[144]</a> utriusque +exercitus consedit, et quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. +Sed ubi plerumque<a class="sup" href="#j145">[145]</a> noctis processit, obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites +Jugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos partim,<a class="sup" href="#j146">[146]</a> +alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque; Adherbal cum paucis equitibus +Cirtam profugit, et ni multitudo togatorum<a class="sup" href="#j147">[147]</a> fuisset, quae Numidas +insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque +patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis +turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur, maxime +festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos ante proelium factum ab +Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum +accepit, tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, +senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient: ‘Velle et censere eos ab armis +discedere, de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare; ita +seque illisque<a class="sup" href="#j148">[148]</a> dignum esse.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug22">22</a>. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum +proficisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur; +sed is rumor clemens erat.<a class="sup" href="#j149">[149]</a> Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione +respondit: ‘Sibi neque majus quiequam neque carius auctoritate senatus +esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, ut ab optimo quoque probaretur; +virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes +ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum quo +plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus +tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset, +sceleri ejus obviam isse; populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono +facturum,<a class="sup" href="#j150">[150]</a> si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit; postremo de omnibus +rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.’ Ita utrique<a class="sup" href="#j151">[151]</a> digrediuntur. +Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug23">23</a>. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, neque propter loci +naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia +circumdat, turres extruit easque praesidiis firmat, praeterea dies +noctesque aut per vim aut dolis temptare, defensoribus moenium praemia +modo, modo formidinem ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere,<a class="sup" href="#j152">[152]</a> +prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal, ubi intellegit omnes suas +fortunas in extremo sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria +rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam +profugerant, duos maxime impigros delegit; eos multa pollicendo ac +miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad +proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. Numidae paucis diebus jussa +efficiunt; litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia haec +fuit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug24">24</a>. ‘Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres conscripti, sed vis +Jugurthae subigit, quem tanta libido extinguendi me invasit, ut neque vos +neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit. +Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus +teneor, neque mihi Micipsae patris mei beneficia neque vestra decreta +auxiliantur; ferro an fame acrius urguear incertus sum. Plura de Jugurtha +scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea; et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei +miseris esse. Nisi tamen intellego<a class="sup" href="#j153">[153]</a> illum supra quam ego sum petere, +neque simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare. Utrum gravius +existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam, initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem +meum, dein patrio regno me expulit; quae sane fuerint nostrae injuriae, +nihil ad vos.<a class="sup" href="#j154">[154]</a> Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos +imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet; legatorum verba quanti +fecerit, pericula mea declarant. Quid reliquum nisi vestra vis, quo +moveri possit? Nam ego quidem vellem et haec, quae scribo, et illa, quae +antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem +verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui +essem,<a class="sup" href="#j155">[155]</a> non jam mortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium et +crutiatus corporis deprecor.<a class="sup" href="#j156">[156]</a> Regno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti +libet consulite; me ex manibus impiis eripite per majestatem imperii, per +amicitiae fidem, si ulla apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug25">25</a>. His litteris recitatis fuere, qui exercitum in Africam mittendum +censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniundum; de Jugurtha interim uti +consuleretur,<a class="sup" href="#j157">[157]</a> quoniam legatis non paruisset. Sed ab iisdem illis +regis fautoribus summa ope enisum,<a class="sup" href="#j158">[158]</a> ne tale decretum fieret. Ita +bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. +Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in +quîs fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis et tum in +senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis +obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere, dein brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad +Jugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime<a class="sup" href="#j159">[159]</a> ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum +ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem +Romae pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, +metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni +paruisset legatis; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus +rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur exercita +circumdato summa vi Cirtam irrumpere<a class="sup" href="#j160">[160]</a> nititur, maxime sperans, +diducta manu hostium<a class="sup" href="#j161">[161]</a> aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoriae +inventurum. Quod ubi secus procedit neque quod intenderat efficere +potest, ut prius quam legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur; ne +amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis +equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minae +nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen oratione +consumpta legati frustra discessere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug26">26</a>. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute moenia +defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani +inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae +tradat, tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore. At +ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur,<a class="sup" href="#j162">[162]</a> tamen quia penes +eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant +Italici, deditionem facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum +necat, deinde omnes puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti +quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug27">27</a>. Quod postquam Romae cognitum est, et res in senatu agitari coepta, +iidem illi ministri regis interpellando<a class="sup" href="#j163">[163]</a> ac saepe gratia, interdum +jurgiis trahendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni G. Memmius, +tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, +populum Romanum edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos Jugurthae +scelus condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus +dilapsa foret: tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi +senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia<a class="sup" href="#j164">[164]</a> provinciae +futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae; consules declarati P. +Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius; Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia +obvenit;<a class="sup" href="#j165">[165]</a> deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur; +stipendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug28">28</a>. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum +ire<a class="sup" href="#j166">[166]</a> in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum +legatos mittit, hisque ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, +praecipit, omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Romam +adventabant,<a class="sup" href="#j167">[167]</a> senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legatos +Jugurthae recipi moenibus; iique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque deditum +venissent, uti in diebus proximis decem<a class="sup" href="#j168">[168]</a> Italia decederent. Consul +Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet; ita infectis rebus illi domum +discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, legat<a class="sup" href="#j169">[169]</a> sibi homines +nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore +sperabat; in quîs fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra<a class="sup" href="#j170">[170]</a> +memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et +corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia praepediebat; patiens laborum, acri +ingenio, satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula +et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,<a class="sup" href="#j171">[171]</a> +porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio, +paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales +et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug29">29</a>. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia temptare bellique quod +administrabat asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger avaritia<a class="sup" href="#j172">[172]</a> +facile conversus est. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum +assumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a principio,<a class="sup" href="#j173">[173]</a> plerisque ex factione +ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a +bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo +belli moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romae pretio aut +gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum accepit, +in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus +pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa mittitur a +consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam,<a class="sup" href="#j174">[174]</a> cujus rei +species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpurnius palam legatis +imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora induciae agitabantur.<a class="sup" href="#j175">[175]</a> Igitur +rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit, ac pauca praesenti consilio +locutus de invidia facti sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua +cum Bestia et Scauro secreta<a class="sup" href="#j176">[176]</a> transigit, dein postero die, quasi per +saturam sententiis exquisitis,<a class="sup" href="#j177">[177]</a> in deditionem accipitur. Sed uti pro +consilio<a class="sup" href="#j178">[178]</a> imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi +cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad +magistratus rogandos<a class="sup" href="#j179">[179]</a> proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro +pax agitabatur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug30">30</a>. Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent fama +divulgavit, Romae per omnes locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. +Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum +flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat.<a class="sup" href="#j180">[180]</a> Ac +maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a +vero bonoque impediebat. At G. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et +odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras +senatus contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem +publicam, ne libertatem suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia +facinora nobilitatis ostendere; prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum +accendebat. Sed quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia clara +pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus +perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in contione post reditum +Bestiae hujuscemodi verbis disseruit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug31">31</a>. ‘Multa me dehortantur a vobis,<a class="sup" href="#j181">[181]</a> Quirites, ni studium rei publicae +omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, +quod innocentiae plus periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget +dicere, his annis XV.<a class="sup" href="#j182">[182]</a> quam ludibrio fueritis superbiae paucorum, +quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri defensores, ut vobis animus ab +ignavia<a class="sup" href="#j183">[183]</a> atque socordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis +inimicis,<a class="sup" href="#j184">[184]</a> exsurgitis, atque etiamnunc timetis eos, quibus decet +terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis +potentiae animus subigit.<a class="sup" href="#j185">[185]</a> Certe ego libertatem, quae mihi a parente +meo tradita est, experiar; verum id frustra an ob rem<a class="sup" href="#j186">[186]</a> faciam, in +vestra manu situm est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saepe majores +vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil +secessione opus est: necesse est suomet ipsi more praecipites eant.<a class="sup" href="#j187">[187]</a> +Occisso Ti. Graccho, quem regnum parare ajebant, in plebem Romanam +quaestiones habitae sunt. Post G. Gracchi et M. Fulvi caedem item vestri +ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt; utriusque cladis non lex, +verum libido eorum finem fecit. Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua +restituere; quicquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum +sit.<a class="sup" href="#j188">[188]</a> Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, +reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, penes eosdem +et summam gloriam et maximas divitias esse; tamen haec talia facinora +impune suscepisse parum habuere.<a class="sup" href="#j189">[189]</a> Itaque postremo leges, majestas +vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque eos, qui ea +fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per ora vestra<a class="sup" href="#j190">[190]</a> magnifici, +sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi +ea honori non praedae habeant. Servi aera parati injusta imperia +dominorum non perferunt; vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo animo +servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi qui rem publicam oocupavere? Homines +sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque +superbissimi, quibus fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque +inhonesta omnia quaestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis, alii +quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro munimento +habent.<a class="sup" href="#j191">[191]</a> Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime<a class="sup" href="#j192">[192]</a> tutus est: +metum a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere;<a class="sup" href="#j193">[193]</a> quos omnes +eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coëgit.<a class="sup" href="#j194">[194]</a> Sed haec +inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quodsi tam vos libertatis +curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque +res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra<a class="sup" href="#j195">[195]</a> penes +optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et +majestatis constituendae gratia bis per secessionem armati Aventinum +occupavere,<a class="sup" href="#j196">[196]</a> vos pro libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa +ope nitemini?<a class="sup" href="#j197">[197]</a> atque eo vehementius, quo majus dedecus est parta +amittere quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: Quid igitur censes? +Vindicandum in eos,<a class="sup" href="#j198">[198]</a> qui hosti prodidere rem publicam? Non manu neque +vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum est, verum +quaestionibus<a class="sup" href="#j199">[199]</a> et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, qut si dediticius est, +profecto jussis vestris obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet +existimabitis, qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham +scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rem publicam +damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte<a class="sup" href="#j200">[200]</a> nondum etiam vos +dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et illa quam haec tempora magis +placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces, +postremo divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem, hoc est, +populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores omnium gentium, satis +habebatis animam retinere; nam servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare +audebat? Atque ego, tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune +injuriam accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, +quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, ni misericordia in perniciem +casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent,<a class="sup" href="#j201">[201]</a> parum est +impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, et vobis +aeterna sollicitudo remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse aut +permanus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut concordiae quae spes +est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse, facere illi injurias, vos +prohibere; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis +utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? Quare +moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. Non peculatus +aerarii factus est, neque per vim sociis ereptae pecuniae, quae quamquam +gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo +prodita senatus auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum, domi militiaeque +res publica venalis fuit. Quae nisi quaesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in +noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes +vivamus? Nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem<a class="sup" href="#j202">[202]</a> esse. Neque ego +vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam recte +fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum eatis.<a class="sup" href="#j203">[203]</a> Ad hoc in re +publica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii immemorem esse;<a class="sup" href="#j204">[204]</a> +bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si +injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug32">32</a>. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicundo Memmius populo persuadet, +uti L. Cassius, qui tum praetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur eumque +interposita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri +et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant,<a class="sup" href="#j205">[205]</a> delicta +patefierent. Dum haec Romae geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia +exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui plurima et +flagitiosissima facinora fecere. Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos +Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas +agebant; tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At +Cassius, perlata rogatione<a class="sup" href="#j206">[206]</a> a G. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate, +ad Jugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia diffidenti +rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam +misericordiam ejus experiri mallet. Privatim praeterea fidem suam +interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat; talis ea +tempestate fama de Cassio erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug33">33</a>. Igitur Jugurtha contra decus regium cultu quam maxime miserabili cum +Cassio Romam venit. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus +ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra +diximus, G. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impudentia +contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At G. Memmius, advocata +contione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars in vincula duci +jubebat, pars, ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste +supplicium sumi; dignitati quam irae magis consulens, sedare motus et +animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare, fidem publicam per sese<a class="sup" href="#j207">[207]</a> +inviolatam fore. Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba +facit; Romae Numidiaeque<a class="sup" href="#j208">[208]</a> facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem +fratresque ostendit. Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit, +quamquam intellegat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo +habere. Si verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem +illi sitam; sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore,<a class="sup" href="#j209">[209]</a> sed se suasque +spes corrupturum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug34">34</a>. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicundi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus +est, G. Baebius, tribunus plebis, quem pecunia corruptum supra diximus, +regem tacere jubet, ac tametsi multitudo, quae in contione aderat, +vehementer accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis +omnibus, quae ira fieri amat,<a class="sup" href="#j210">[210]</a> vicit tamen impudentia. Ita populus +ludibrio habitus ex contione discedit: Jugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris, +quos illa quaestio exagitabat, animi augescunt.<a class="sup" href="#j211">[211]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug35">35</a>. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae +filius, Masinissae nepos; qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae +adversus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa +abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio +Rufo consulatum gerebat,<a class="sup" href="#j212">[212]</a> persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae +sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat,<a class="sup" href="#j213">[213]</a> regnum +Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi moveri quam +senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia +evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare coepit, neque Jugurthae in amicis +satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et +timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat, +pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac +maxime<a class="sup" href="#j214">[214]</a> occulte, sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam interficiat. +Bomilcar mature regis mandata exequitur, et per homines talis negotii +artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca atque tempora cuncta +explorat, deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. Igitur unus ex eo +numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius Massivam +aggreditur; illum obtruncat, sed ipse deprehensus, multis hortantibus et +in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.<a class="sup" href="#j215">[215]</a> Fit reus magis ex +aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romam fide +publica venerat. At Jugurtha manifestus<a class="sup" href="#j216">[216]</a> tanti sceleris non prius +omisit contra verum niti, quam animum advertit,<a class="sup" href="#j217">[217]</a> supra gratiam atque +pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex +amicis quinquaginta vades dederat,<a class="sup" href="#j218">[218]</a> regno magis quam vadibus +consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne reliquos +populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum +foret. Et ipse paucis diebus<a class="sup" href="#j219">[219]</a> eodem profectus est, jussus a senatu +Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur saepe eo tacitus +respiciens postremo dixisse: ‘urbem venalem et mature perituram, si +emptorem invenerit.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug36">36</a>. Interim Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium aliaque, quae +militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare; ac statim ipse +profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus<a class="sup" href="#j220">[220]</a> haud longe aberat, armis +aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra Jugurtha +trahere omnia et alias deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri +deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne +sui diffiderent, instare; ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem +ludificare.<a class="sup" href="#j221">[221]</a> Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis +existimarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum +socordia magis quam dolo crederent.<a class="sup" href="#j222">[222]</a> Sed postquam dilapso tempore +comitiorum dies adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore +relicto Romam decessit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug37">37</a>. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res publica +agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus +collegis, continuare magistratum<a class="sup" href="#j223">[223]</a> nitebantur, quae dissensio totius +anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro +praetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut +terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capiundae, milites mense Januario ex +hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, +pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quamquam et +saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque obsideri poterat +(nam circum murum situm in praerupti montis extremo planities limosa +hiemalibus aquis paludem fecerat<a class="sup" href="#j224">[224]</a>), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo +regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi +potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui +forent, properare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug38">38</a>. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus +augere amentiam, missitare<a class="sup" href="#j225">[225]</a> supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi +vitabundus per saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum +spe pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones sese +veluti cedentem insequeretur; ‘ita delicta occultiora fore.’ Interea per +homines callidos die noctuque exercitum temptabat; centuriones ducesque +turmarum partim uti transfugerent corrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti +desererent.<a class="sup" href="#j226">[226]</a> Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de +improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani, +perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars +territos confirmare, trepidare<a class="sup" href="#j227">[227]</a> omnibus locis; vis magna hostium, +coelum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps,<a class="sup" href="#j228">[228]</a> postremo +fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos +paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum duabus turmis +Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transiere ad regem,<a class="sup" href="#j229">[229]</a> et +centurio primi pili<a class="sup" href="#j230">[230]</a> tertiae legionis per munitionem, quam uti +defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae +cuncti irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proximum +collem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum hostes, quo minus victoria +uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in +colloquio verba facit: ‘tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clausum +tenet,<a class="sup" href="#j231">[231]</a> tamen se memorem humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret, +incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum,<a class="sup" href="#j232">[232]</a> praeterea uti diebus decem +Numidia decederet.’ Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, +quia mortis metu mutabantur,<a class="sup" href="#j233">[233]</a> sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug39">39</a>. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus atque maeror civitatem +invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum +timere libertati,<a class="sup" href="#j234">[234]</a> Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello saepe +praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem +quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde +periculum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim +exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino<a class="sup" href="#j235">[235]</a> auxilia +accersere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat, +decernit, suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri. Consul +impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret, +paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur; nam omnis exercitus, uti +convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, +quamquam persequi Jugurtham et mederi fraternae invidiae animo ardebat, +cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia atque +lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum<a class="sup" href="#j236">[236]</a> statuit sibi nihil agitandum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug40">40</a>. Interim Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis rogationem ad +populum promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha +senati decreta neglexisset,<a class="sup" href="#j237">[237]</a> quique ab eo in legationibus aut +imperiis pecunias accepissent, qui elephantos quique perfugas +tradidissent, item qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones +fecissent. Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia +pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, quin illa et +alia talia placere sibi faterentur,<a class="sup" href="#j238">[238]</a> occulte per amicos ac maxime per +homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed +plebes incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit quantaque vi +rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit: magis odio nobilitatis, cui +mala illa parabantur, quam cura rei publicae; tanta libido in partibus +erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestiae +fuisse supra docuimus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida +etiamtum civitate quum ex Mamili regatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, +effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.<a class="sup" href="#j239">[239]</a> Sed quaestio exercita +aspere violenterque ex<a class="sup" href="#j240">[240]</a> rumore et libidine plebis; ut saepe +nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia +ceperat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug41">41</a>. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus factionum,<a class="sup" href="#j241">[241]</a> ac deinde +omnium malarum artium paucis ante annis Romae ortus est otio atque +abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt.<a class="sup" href="#j242">[242]</a> Nam ante +Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter +se rem publicam tractabant, neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen +inter cives erat; metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. +Sed ubi illa formido mentibus decessit, scilicet<a class="sup" href="#j243">[243]</a> ea, quae res +secundae amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis +rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit. +Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, populus libertatem in libidinem +vertere, sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes +abstracta sunt, res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum +nobilitas factione magis pollebat, plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in +multitudine minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, +penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique +erant; populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; praedas bellicas +imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes aut parvi liberi +militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.<a class="sup" href="#j244">[244]</a> +Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et +vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa +praecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram +gloriam injustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio +civilis quasi permixtio terrae<a class="sup" href="#j245">[245]</a> oriri coepit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug42">42</a>. Nam postquam Tiberius et G. Gracchus, quorum majores Punico atque +aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in +libertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque +eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites +Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus +obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem +ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis +deducendis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.<a class="sup" href="#j246">[246]</a> Et sane Gracchis +cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit: sed bono vinci +satius est quam malo more injuriam vincere.<a class="sup" href="#j247">[247]</a> Igitur ea victoria +nobilitas ex libidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga extinxit, +plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res +plerumque magnas civitates pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis +modo et victos acerbius<a class="sup" href="#j248">[248]</a> ulcisci volunt. Sed de studiis partium et +omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem +disserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret.<a class="sup" href="#j249">[249]</a> Quamobrem ad +inceptum redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug43">43</a>. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam, Metellus et +Silanus consules designati,<a class="sup" href="#j250">[250]</a> provincias inter se partiverant, +Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et quamquam adverso populi +partium,<a class="sup" href="#j251">[251]</a> fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum +magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, +quod gesturus erat, animum intendit.<a class="sup" href="#j252">[252]</a> Igitur diffidens veteri +exercitui, milites scribere, praesidia<a class="sup" href="#j253">[253]</a> undique accersere, arma, +tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc commeatum +affatim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui +esse solent. Ceteram ad ea patranda senatus auctoritate, socii nomenque +Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo +studio adnitebatur. Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis +compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium, quum propter +artes bonas, tum maxime, quod adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat, +et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes +contusae<a class="sup" href="#j254">[254]</a> hostiumque auctae erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug44">44</a>. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino pro +consule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua +quam manu promptior, praedator<a class="sup" href="#j255">[255]</a> ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium, +sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis +moribus sollicitudinis quam ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae +accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus<a class="sup" href="#j256">[256]</a> +comitiorum mora imminuerat, et expectatione eventus civium animos +intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere quam majorum disciplina +milites laborare coëgisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade +perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, quantum temporis +aestivorum in imperio fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j257">[257]</a> plerumque milites stativis castris +habebat, nisi quum odos<a class="sup" href="#j258">[258]</a> aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. +Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari vigiliae deducebantur; uti +cuique libebat, ab signis aberat: lixae permixti cum militibus die +noctuque vagabantur; palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et +mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus<a class="sup" href="#j259">[259]</a> +vino advectitio et aliis talibus; praeterea frumentum publice datum +vendere, panem in dies mercari; postremo, quaecunque dici aut fingi +queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, ea in illo exercitu cuncta fuere et +alia amplius.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug45">45</a>. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus hostilibus +magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior; tanta temperantia inter +ambitionem<a class="sup" href="#j260">[260]</a> saevitiamque moderatum: namque edicto primum adjumenta +ignaviae sustulisse, ne quisquam in castris panem aut quem alium coctum +cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in +castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet; ceteris arte modum +statuisse.<a class="sup" href="#j261">[261]</a> Praeterea transversis itineribus cotidie castra movere, +juxta ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras +ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine in primis modo, +modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, +uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita +prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug46">46</a>. Interea Jugurtha, ubi quae Metellus agebat ex nuntiis accepit, simul +de innocentia ejus certior Romae factus, diffidere suis rebus ac tum +demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum +suppliciis<a class="sup" href="#j262">[262]</a> mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, +alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis +cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum +avidum esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur,<a class="sup" href="#j263">[263]</a> ac +paulatim temptando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo +persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime<a class="sup" href="#j264">[264]</a> vivum, sin id parum procedat, +necatum sibi traderent; ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent,<a class="sup" href="#j265">[265]</a> +regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus intento atque infesto +exercitu in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena +hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis et mapalibus +praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum +portare, postremo omnia, quae imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus +idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, +late explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere et insidiis +locum temptari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et +sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat, in postremo G. Marius +legatus cum equitibus curabat, in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites +tribunis legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his +permixti velites, quocunque accederent equitatus<a class="sup" href="#j266">[266]</a> hostium, +propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et +militiae erat, ut absens an praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior +esset, in incerto haberetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug47">47</a>. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum +Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime +celebratum,<a class="sup" href="#j267">[267]</a> ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis +multi mortales. Huc consul simul temptandi gratia, et si paterentur, +opportunitate loci, praesidium imposuit;<a class="sup" href="#j268">[268]</a> praeterea imperavit +frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare,<a class="sup" href="#j269">[269]</a> ratus id quod +res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum et +jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius +modo<a class="sup" href="#j270">[270]</a> legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam +liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul +illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat, regi pacem quam postulabat +neque abnuere neque polliceri et inter eas moras promissa legatorum +exspectare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug48">48</a>. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit ac se suis artibus +temptari animadvertit, quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re +bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, +animi popularium temptati, coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis +certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex +opportunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium generum parat ac +per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit.<a class="sup" href="#j271">[271]</a> Erat in ea parte +Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie, +nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme milia passuum viginti tractu +pari,<a class="sup" href="#j272">[272]</a> vastus ab natura et humano cultu. Sed ex eo medio quasi collis +oriebatur, in immensum pertingens,<a class="sup" href="#j273">[273]</a> vestitus oleastro ac murtetis +aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso<a class="sup" href="#j274">[274]</a> gignuntur. +Media autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini propinqua +loca; ea consita arbustis, pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug49">49</a>. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere porrectum docuimus, +Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,<a class="sup" href="#j275">[275]</a> consedit, elephantis et parti +copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet, quae ageret; ipse +propior montem<a class="sup" href="#j276">[276]</a> cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos +collocat. Dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque +obtestatur, uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque +suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant; cum iis certamen fore, quos antea +victos sub jugum miserint; ducem illis, non animum mutatum; quae ab +imperatore decuerint,<a class="sup" href="#j277">[277]</a> omnia suis provisa, locum superiorem, ut +prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus aut rudes cum bello +melioribus manum consererent; proinde parati intentique essent signo +dato Romanos invadere; illum diem aut omnes labores et victorias +confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum initium fore. Ad hoc viritim, uti +quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere +beneficii sui et eum ipsum aliis ostentare; postremo pro cujusque ingenio +pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium alio modo excitare; quum +interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu +conspicitur,<a class="sup" href="#j278">[278]</a> primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet (nam +inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant, neque plane occultati +humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,<a class="sup" href="#j279">[279]</a> quidnam esset, cum natura loci +tum dolo ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis +insidiis paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus,<a class="sup" href="#j280">[280]</a> in +dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem +instruxit, inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum +omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus aciem, +sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis<a class="sup" href="#j281">[281]</a> in planum deducit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug50">50</a>. Sed ubi Numidas quietos neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex +anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium +legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flumen, +uti locum castris antecaperet, existimans hostes crebro impetu et +transversis proeliis<a class="sup" href="#j282">[282]</a> iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis +diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum temptaturos.<a class="sup" href="#j283">[283]</a> Deinde ipse +pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere, Marium +post principia habere, ipse cum sinistrae alae equitibus esse, qui in +agmine principes facti erant.<a class="sup" href="#j284">[284]</a> At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen +Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum milium +peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus +adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dein repente signo dato +hostes invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere, pars a sinistra ac +dextera temptare, infensi adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Romanorum +ordines conturbare, quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus +fuerant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur, neque +contra feriundi aut conserendi manum copia erat; ante jam docti ab +Jugurtha equites, ubicunque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non +confertim neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime +diversi. Ita numero priores,<a class="sup" href="#j285">[285]</a> si ab persequendo hostes deterrere +nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant; sin +opportunior fugae collis quam campi fuerat, ea<a class="sup" href="#j286">[286]</a> vero consueti +Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et +insolentia loci retinebat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug51">51</a>. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda atque +miserabilis; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi, neque signa neque +ordines observare, ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac +propulsare, arma tela,<a class="sup" href="#j287">[287]</a> equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti, nihil +consilio neque imperio agi, fors omnia regere: itaque multum diei +processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique omnibus +labore et aestu languidis, Metellus ubi videt Numidas minus instare, +paulatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit et cohortes +legionarias quatuor adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars +superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari milites, ne +deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes vincere; neque illis<a class="sup" href="#j288">[288]</a> +castra esse neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent, in armis +omnia sita. Sed ne Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire, +hortari, renovare proelium et ipse cum delectis temptare omnia, subvenire +suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, eminus pugnando +retinere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug52">52</a>. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri certabant, ipsi pares, +ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus +adversus, Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani, +ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi +fieri (et jam diei<a class="sup" href="#j289">[289]</a> vesper erat) adverse colle, sicuti praeceptum +fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere, +plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j290">[290]</a> Interea +Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab +Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi cum Rutilius praetergressus est, paulatim +suos in aequum locum deducit ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus +erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat, neque +remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret,<a class="sup" href="#j291">[291]</a> explorare. Postquam Rutilium +consedisse jam et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio +clamorem augeri, veritus, ne legatus cognita re laborantibus suis auxilio +foret, aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat,<a class="sup" href="#j292">[292]</a> quo +hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra +procedit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug53">53</a>. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt; nam prospectum +ager arbustis consitus prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento +agitari, post ubi aequabilem manere et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis +magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re properantes arma capiunt ac pro +castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, +utrimque magno clamore concurritur. Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in +elephantis auxilium putant,<a class="sup" href="#j293">[293]</a> postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum +atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt ac plerique +abjectis armis collis aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio integri abeunt. +Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes numero quadraginta interfecti. At +Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi +lassique<a class="sup" href="#j294">[294]</a> erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, +instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languidi +neque remissi patiebatur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam haud procul +inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent,<a class="sup" href="#j295">[295]</a> alteri apud +alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, et paene imprudentia +admissum<a class="sup" href="#j296">[296]</a> facinus miserabile, ni utrimque praemissi equites rem +exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum, milites alius +alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt, sua quisque fortia +facta ad coelum fert. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel +ignavis gloriari licet, adversae res etiam bonos detractant.<a class="sup" href="#j297">[297]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug54">54</a>. Metellus in iisdem castris quatriduo<a class="sup" href="#j298">[298]</a> moratus, saucios cum cura +reficit, meritos in proeliis more militiae donat, universos in contione +laudat atque agit gratias; hortatur ad cetera, quae levia sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j299">[299]</a> +parem animum gerant; pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores +pro praeda fore. Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha +ubi gentium<a class="sup" href="#j300">[300]</a> aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an exercitum +haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca +saltuosa et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum numero +hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam +belli cultorem.<a class="sup" href="#j301">[301]</a> Id ea gratia<a class="sup" href="#j302">[302]</a> eveniebat, quod praeter regios +equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus +fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae ducitur; ita se mores +habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, +bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset,<a class="sup" href="#j303">[303]</a> +praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento illos +vinci quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio +more bellum gerundum. Itaque in Numidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros +vastat, multa castella et oppida temere<a class="sup" href="#j304">[304]</a> munita aut sine praesidio +capit incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum praedam +esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et +alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita, ubicunque res postulabat, +praesidium impositum. Quae negotia multo magis quam proelium male +pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant; quippe cui spes omnis in fuga sita +erat, sequi cogebatur, et qui sua loca<a class="sup" href="#j305">[305]</a> defendere nequiverat, in +alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex copia<a class="sup" href="#j306">[306]</a> quod optimum videbatur +consilium capit, exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet, ipse +cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus +ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique inermes +cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus profugit, et Numidae, +priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles +discedunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug55">55</a>. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque +et exercitum more majorum gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute +fuisset hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum<a class="sup" href="#j307">[307]</a> ex Auli +socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coëgisset habere. Itaque +senatus ob ea felicitur acta dis immortalibus supplicia<a class="sup" href="#j308">[308]</a> decernere, +civitas trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu laeta agere, fama de +Metello praeclara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus +modis festinare, cavere tamen, necubi<a class="sup" href="#j309">[309]</a> hosti opportunus fieret, +meminisse post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo clarior, eo magis anxius +erat, neque post insidias Jugurthae<a class="sup" href="#j310">[310]</a> effuso exercitu praedari; ubi +frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium +agitabant; exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis +quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra +faciebant; ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterum, quo fuga atque +formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles +sequi, tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere; qua venturum hostem audierat, +pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere; modo se +Metello, interdum Mario ostendere, postremo in agmine temptare ac statim +in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, neque proelium +facere neque otium pati, tantummodo hostem ab incepto retinere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug56">56</a>. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt neque ab hoste copiam +pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam et in ea parte qua sita erat arcem regni, +nomine Zamam,<a class="sup" href="#j311">[311]</a> statuit oppugnare, ratus id quod negotium poscebat +Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum ibique proelium fore. At +ille, quae parabantur a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum +antevenit, oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant, additis auxilio +perfugis, quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum +erat. Praeterea pollicetur in tempore<a class="sup" href="#j312">[312]</a> semet cum exercitu affore. Ita +compositis rebus in loca quam maxime occulta discedit ac post paulo +cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam +missum, quod oppidum primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat. +Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit et jam egredientibus Romanis in +porta pugnam facit; simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur, uti cohortes ab +tergo circumveniant; fortunam illis praeclari facinoris casum dare; si id +fecerint, postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem +acturos. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavisset, +profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent; tanta +mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini paulisper ab rege +sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes urguent, paucis amissis profugi +discedunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug57">57</a>. Marius ad Zamam pervenit; id oppidum in campo situm, magis opere quam +natura munitum erat, nullius idoneae rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. +Igitur Metellus pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus cuncta moenia +exercitu circumvenit, legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret. Deinde signo +dato undique simul clamor ingens oritur; neque ea res Numidas terret, +infensi intentique sine tumultu manent; proelium incipitur. Romani, pro +ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare; alii succedere +ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium in manibus +facere.<a class="sup" href="#j313">[313]</a> Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pila, +praeterea pice et sulfure taedam mixtam ardenti<a class="sup" href="#j314">[314]</a> mittere. Sed ne +illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat; nam +plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant, parique periculo, +sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug58">58</a>. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum +magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,<a class="sup" href="#j315">[315]</a> et omnia magis +quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu +perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma +capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non +amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo +quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela +eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;<a class="sup" href="#j316">[316]</a> sin +Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero<a class="sup" href="#j317">[317]</a> virtutem ostendere et eos +maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime +rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo +animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse. +Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium +cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem +publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve +hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha +munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, +alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in +loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, +in castra cum exercitu revertitur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug59">59</a>. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum +omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet, +portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum +atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto +repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi +perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere +quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu +facerent;<a class="sup" href="#j318">[318]</a> quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi, +dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare +aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug60">60</a>. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut +tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,<a class="sup" href="#j319">[319]</a> neque alius in alio magis quam +in sese<a class="sup" href="#j320">[320]</a> spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare +omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor +permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum +ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes +paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant, +eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos +animadverteres,<a class="sup" href="#j321">[321]</a> ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,<a class="sup" href="#j322">[322]</a> +monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,<a class="sup" href="#j323">[323]</a> +et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi +Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac +diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu<a class="sup" href="#j324">[324]</a> regis proelium +visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,<a class="sup" href="#j325">[325]</a> repente magna vi murum +aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum +oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri +primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui +supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci +integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium +nox diremit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug61">61</a>. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque +Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem +exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se<a class="sup" href="#j326">[326]</a> +defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit; +ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi +gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae +concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per +amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem, +qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece +judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi +erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se +colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum +aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua +omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,<a class="sup" href="#j327">[327]</a> tum +metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad +supplicium traderetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug62">62</a>. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem +fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando +sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus +proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos, +regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et +fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo<a class="sup" href="#j328">[328]</a> cunctante Numidae sibi +consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. +Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent +ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere. +Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet, +eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more +majorum<a class="sup" href="#j329">[329]</a> ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti +pondo<a class="sup" href="#j330">[330]</a> ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum +aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas +vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum +primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur +Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad +imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,<a class="sup" href="#j331">[331]</a> rursus coepit flectere animum suum et +ex mala conscientia digna<a class="sup" href="#j332">[332]</a> timere. Denique multis diebus per +dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello +potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in +servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam +perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis +consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.<a class="sup" href="#j333">[333]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug63">63</a>. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti, +magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo +agitabat,<a class="sup" href="#j334">[334]</a> fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, +cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido +exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia +abunde erant,<a class="sup" href="#j335">[335]</a> industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus +belli<a class="sup" href="#j336">[336]</a> ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, +tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini +altus,<a class="sup" href="#j337">[337]</a> ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, +non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter +artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum +militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,<a class="sup" href="#j338">[338]</a> facile +notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post +alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut +ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum<a class="sup" href="#j339">[339]</a> talis +vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non +audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se +per manus tradebat.<a class="sup" href="#j340">[340]</a> Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis +erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug64">64</a>. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido +animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem<a class="sup" href="#j341">[341]</a> rogat. Cui +quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,<a class="sup" href="#j342">[342]</a> tamen +inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque +primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam +monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non +omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo +caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam +haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi +primum potuisset per negotia publica,<a class="sup" href="#j343">[343]</a> facturum sese, quae peteret. +Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire; +satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore +contubernio patris<a class="sup" href="#j344">[344]</a> ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti; +quae res Marium cum pro<a class="sup" href="#j345">[345]</a> honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum +vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, +grassari,<a class="sup" href="#j346">[346]</a> neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo +ambitiosum<a class="sup" href="#j347">[347]</a> foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore +imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo +Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars +exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis +habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis<a class="sup" href="#j348">[348]</a> et regiae +superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora +videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo +cupienti nihil satis festinatur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug65">65</a>. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda, +Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum +heredem<a class="sup" href="#j349">[349]</a> scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum +imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item +postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat, +honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset, +praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos<a class="sup" href="#j350">[350]</a> foret, si equites Romani +satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque +hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori<a class="sup" href="#j351">[351]</a> cum suo auxilio poenas petat; +hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum +regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut +occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo<a class="sup" href="#j352">[352]</a> mature +posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum +et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores<a class="sup" href="#j353">[353]</a> alios ipse, plerosque +pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de +bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus +honestissima suffragatione<a class="sup" href="#j354">[354]</a> consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate +plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,<a class="sup" href="#j355">[355]</a> novos extollebat. Ita +Mario cuncta procedere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug66">66</a>. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna +cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se +defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,<a class="sup" href="#j356">[356]</a> communire +suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut +commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis +erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta +agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, +praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate +alienati,<a class="sup" href="#j357">[357]</a> principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti +plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque +discordiosum<a class="sup" href="#j358">[358]</a> erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. +Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is +festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam +formidinem ostentabat.<a class="sup" href="#j359">[359]</a> Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque +militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium +domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant; +postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die<a class="sup" href="#j360">[360]</a> ac sine +imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii +studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus +tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug67">67</a>. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum +facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, +praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc +mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum<a class="sup" href="#j361">[361]</a> saxa et alia, quae locus +praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,<a class="sup" href="#j362">[362]</a> neque a +fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique, +strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate, +saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus +ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an +pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in +tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque +videtur.<a class="sup" href="#j363">[363]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug68">68</a>. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e +conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima +cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam +plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos +educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam +planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos +itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia<a class="sup" href="#j364">[364]</a> docet oppidum Vagam non +amplius mille passuum<a class="sup" href="#j365">[365]</a> abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo +animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, +poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum +arrectis, equites in primo<a class="sup" href="#j366">[366]</a> late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa +occultare jubet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug69">69</a>. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, +uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros +vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum +Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque +repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas +festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam +lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas +magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.<a class="sup" href="#j367">[367]</a> Turpilius, quem +praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a +Metello causam dicere,<a class="sup" href="#j368">[368]</a> postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus +verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug70">70</a>. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam +metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas +res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare +animum;<a class="sup" href="#j369">[369]</a> denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, +hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui +plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus +erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant;<a class="sup" href="#j370">[370]</a> ex +quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis +statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa +ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne +ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.<a class="sup" href="#j371">[371]</a> Is postquam magnitudine facinoris +perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,<a class="sup" href="#j372">[372]</a> Bomilcar +simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere +consilio novum quaereret,<a class="sup" href="#j373">[373]</a> litteras ad eum per homines fideles +mittit, in quîs mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare,<a class="sup" href="#j374">[374]</a> testari deos, +per quos juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret; +Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id +modo agitari;<a class="sup" href="#j375">[375]</a> proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum +mallet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug71">71</a>. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,<a class="sup" href="#j376">[376]</a> forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore +fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, +deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,<a class="sup" href="#j377">[377]</a> somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam +negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi +novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex +consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum +introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere +positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem +pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit<a class="sup" href="#j378">[378]</a> +et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, +postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae +ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;<a class="sup" href="#j379">[379]</a> lacrimans +obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super<a class="sup" href="#j380">[380]</a> +tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug72">72</a>. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,<a class="sup" href="#j381">[381]</a> placide respondit. +Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum +cognoverat, interfectis iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio +seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum Jugurthae dies aut +nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut +tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, circumspectare +omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco +saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno +excitus arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi +vecordia exagitari.<a class="sup" href="#j382">[382]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug73">73</a>. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto<a class="sup" href="#j383">[383]</a> ex +perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat +festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et +offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, +litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo +de ambobus acceperant.<a class="sup" href="#j384">[384]</a> Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, +invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; +ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua +moderata.<a class="sup" href="#j385">[385]</a> Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum +omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,<a class="sup" href="#j386">[386]</a> Marii virtutem in majus +celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, +quorum res fidesque<a class="sup" href="#j387">[387]</a> in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus +frequentarent Marium<a class="sup" href="#j388">[388]</a> et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. +Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus +mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem +vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus +paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.<a class="sup" href="#j389">[389]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug74">74</a>. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse +necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum<a class="sup" href="#j390">[390]</a> +profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum +fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius +incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum +satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum +hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in +armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; +ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente +sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore +parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae +affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo +congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto +numero;<a class="sup" href="#j391">[391]</a> hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus +proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j392">[392]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug75">75</a>. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo<a class="sup" href="#j393">[393]</a> rebus suis diffidens cum +perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in +oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus +multus pueritiae cultus<a class="sup" href="#j394">[394]</a> erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, +quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta, +loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus +oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam +vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi +frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea<a class="sup" href="#j395">[395]</a> +portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti +pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta +ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam +Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque, +ubi praesto fuerint,<a class="sup" href="#j396">[396]</a> praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam +oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad +Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis +praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa +vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo<a class="sup" href="#j397">[397]</a> exercitui satis superque foret. +Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova +deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis +usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis +immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad +Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos +crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum +parare; idem nostri facere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug76">76</a>. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,<a class="sup" href="#j398">[398]</a> quippe qui omnia, +arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem +industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu +profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus +simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, +quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex +opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul +oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia +circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia<a class="sup" href="#j399">[399]</a> maxime idoneis vineas agere, +aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros +tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil +reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque +fatigati,<a class="sup" href="#j400">[400]</a> post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo +potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus +feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae +prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati, +illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus +poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.<a class="sup" href="#j401">[401]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug77">77</a>. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum +venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem +quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem +neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in +summo periculo suam salutem, illorum<a class="sup" href="#j402">[402]</a> socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam +inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam +miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata, +semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque +imperata nave<a class="sup" href="#j403">[403]</a> fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, +adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug78">78</a>. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob +discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter +duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in +extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae +praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,<a class="sup" href="#j404">[404]</a> alia in tempestate +vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum +arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis +simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.<a class="sup" href="#j405">[405]</a> Ejus civitatis lingua +modo<a class="sup" href="#j406">[406]</a> conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica, +quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem +agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug79">79</a>. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non +indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium +memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.<a class="sup" href="#j407">[407]</a> Qua tempestate Carthaginienses +pleraeque Africae imperitabant,<a class="sup" href="#j408">[408]</a> Cyrenenses quoque magni atque +opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque +mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque +bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe +fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne +mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias +sponsionem faciunt,<a class="sup" href="#j409">[409]</a> uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo +in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis +haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis +erat, maturavere iter pergere,<a class="sup" href="#j410">[410]</a> Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id +socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis +tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.<a class="sup" href="#j411">[411]</a> Nam ubi per loca +aequalia et nuda gignentium<a class="sup" href="#j412">[412]</a> ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea +magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito +morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob +rem corruptam<a class="sup" href="#j413">[413]</a> domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante +tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,<a class="sup" href="#j414">[414]</a> denique omnia malle quam +victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam, +peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,<a class="sup" href="#j415">[415]</a> ut vel illi, +quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi<a class="sup" href="#j416">[416]</a> vivi obruerentur, vel eadem +condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione +probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti. +Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique +illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug80">80</a>. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum +putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad +Gaetulos,<a class="sup" href="#j417">[417]</a> genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum +nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit +ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria +facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus +promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus +impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius +proniusque<a class="sup" href="#j418">[418]</a> fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam +miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto +bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quîs omnia honesta atque +inhonesta vendere mos erat.<a class="sup" href="#j419">[419]</a> Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi +nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia +singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures +habent, sed reges eo amplius.<a class="sup" href="#j420">[420]</a> Ita animus multitudine distrahitur, +nulla pro socia obtinet,<a class="sup" href="#j421">[421]</a> pariter omnes viles sunt.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug81">81</a>. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum<a class="sup" href="#j422">[422]</a> exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide +data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes +injustos, profunda avaritia,<a class="sup" href="#j423">[423]</a> communes omnium hostes esse; eandem +illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus, +libidinem imperitandi, quîs<a class="sup" href="#j424">[424]</a> omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,<a class="sup" href="#j425">[425]</a> +paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque +opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus +dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam +captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta +urbe<a class="sup" href="#j426">[426]</a> operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, +proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem +imminuere,<a class="sup" href="#j427">[427]</a> ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug82">82</a>. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti +saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam +facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur, +melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, +excommodo<a class="sup" href="#j428">[428]</a> pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit +provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quîs +rebus supra bonum atque honestum<a class="sup" href="#j429">[429]</a> perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere +neque moderari linguam;<a class="sup" href="#j430">[430]</a> vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter +aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii<a class="sup" href="#j431">[431]</a> bonum +ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex +manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii +quam injuria sua<a class="sup" href="#j432">[432]</a> excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si +adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug83">83</a>. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae<a class="sup" href="#j433">[433]</a> videbatur alienam +rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine +causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum<a class="sup" href="#j434">[434]</a> magnam copiam +societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam +opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;<a class="sup" href="#j435">[435]</a> +omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;<a class="sup" href="#j436">[436]</a> non in ejusdem +potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, +licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo +consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea +rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae +fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,<a class="sup" href="#j437">[437]</a> omnia conventura. +Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare +partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis +tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug84">84</a>. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe<a class="sup" href="#j438">[438]</a> consul factus, +postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus +nobilitati, tum vero multus<a class="sup" href="#j439">[439]</a> atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo +universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia +cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, +quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum, +auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio +fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et +ambiundo cogere<a class="sup" href="#j440">[440]</a> homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque +illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; +ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia +volenti<a class="sup" href="#j441">[441]</a> putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi +amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi +plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum +rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,<a class="sup" href="#j442">[442]</a> et eos non paulum +oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, +decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti +consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo +disseruit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug85">85</a>. ‘Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis +petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, +modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi +contra ea videtur; nam<a class="sup" href="#j443">[443]</a> quo pluris est universa res publica quam +consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti +debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio<a class="sup" href="#j444">[444]</a> negotii +sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam +eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter +invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.<a class="sup" href="#j445">[445]</a> +Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, +cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio +adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et +innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, +omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene +facta rei publicae procedunt,<a class="sup" href="#j446">[446]</a> nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. +Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra +sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula +consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti +accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est +in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; +mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex +consuetudine in naturam vertit.<a class="sup" href="#j447">[447]</a> Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha +jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum +animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo +nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris +prosapiae<a class="sup" href="#j448">[448]</a> ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in +tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo +monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem +jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, +qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria +praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri +tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.<a class="sup" href="#j449">[449]</a> Comparate nunc, Quirites, +cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, +eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego +militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. +Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis +probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium +existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.<a class="sup" href="#j450">[450]</a> Ac si jam ex +patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni +maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos +voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant<a class="sup" href="#j451">[451]</a> idem majoribus suis, +quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo +invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec +illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi +vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae +illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae +voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu +verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia +facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita +illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita +se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque +mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei<a class="sup" href="#j452">[452]</a> ego inopiam fateor. +Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet<a class="sup" href="#j453">[453]</a> facta mihi +dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi +arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo +et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam +acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere +velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo +vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non +placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.<a class="sup" href="#j454">[454]</a> Nam me +quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera +necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed +quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum +negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum +sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus +majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, +phaleras, alia militaria dona,<a class="sup" href="#j455">[455]</a> praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. +Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa +illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt +composita mea verba; parum id facio;<a class="sup" href="#j456">[456]</a> ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; +illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras +Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem +doctoribus nihil profuerunt.<a class="sup" href="#j457">[457]</a> At illa multo optima rei publicae +doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,<a class="sup" href="#j458">[458]</a> nihil metuere nisi +turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem +tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, +neque illos arte colam,<a class="sup" href="#j459">[459]</a> me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem +illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per +mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,<a class="sup" href="#j460">[460]</a> id est dominum, non +imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque +publicam celebravere.<a class="sup" href="#j461">[461]</a> Quîs nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, +nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi +debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. +Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, +memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola +neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, +quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris +pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.<a class="sup" href="#j462">[462]</a> Quae mihi libet confiteri, +Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, +munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere +plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. +Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;<a class="sup" href="#j463">[463]</a> +ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in +conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem +et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum +noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum +praemia ereptum eunt.<a class="sup" href="#j464">[464]</a> Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae +artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae +cladi sunt.<a class="sup" href="#j465">[465]</a> Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum +flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium +de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus +Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,<a class="sup" href="#j466">[466]</a> avaritiam, imperitiam atque +superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis +strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum +attrita est.<a class="sup" href="#j467">[467]</a> Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini +mecum et capessite rem publicam,<a class="sup" href="#j468">[468]</a> neque quemquam ex calamitate +aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in +proelio consultor idem<a class="sup" href="#j469">[469]</a> et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque +vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.<a class="sup" href="#j470">[470]</a> Et profecto dis juvantibus +omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul +essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.<a class="sup" href="#j471">[471]</a> Etenim +nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti +aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. +Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis +abunde dictum puto.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug86">86</a>. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos +videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; +cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites +scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido +erat, capite censos plerosque.<a class="sup" href="#j472">[472]</a> Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii +per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus +auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque +opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,<a class="sup" href="#j473">[473]</a> quippe quae nulla sunt, et +omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto<a class="sup" href="#j474">[474]</a> +majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus +Uticam<a class="sup" href="#j475">[475]</a> advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam +Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus +tolerare nequiverat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug87">87</a>. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum +fertilem et praeda onustum<a class="sup" href="#j476">[476]</a> proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus +donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; +proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi +milites sine metu pugnae adesse,<a class="sup" href="#j477">[477]</a> videre fugientes capi aut occidi, +fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et +alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi +veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de +adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita +Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos +sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.<a class="sup" href="#j478">[478]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug88">88</a>. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem<a class="sup" href="#j479">[479]</a> suam laetissimis +animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta +carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter +attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare +itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se +remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex +sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, +ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.<a class="sup" href="#j480">[480]</a> Quae +postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi<a class="sup" href="#j481">[481]</a> cognovit, statuit urbes, +quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae +erant,<a class="sup" href="#j482">[482]</a> singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis +nudatum,<a class="sup" href="#j483">[483]</a> si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus +nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab +se hostile timeret.<a class="sup" href="#j484">[484]</a> Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior +accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum +exploratum est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug89">89</a>. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim +vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo +mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus +venturum.<a class="sup" href="#j485">[485]</a> Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum +accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.<a class="sup" href="#j486">[486]</a> Erat inter +ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,<a class="sup" href="#j487">[487]</a> +cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham +immunes,<a class="sup" href="#j488">[488]</a> levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti +adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo +magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, +inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum<a class="sup" href="#j489">[489]</a> vis sicuti +omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa +perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium +maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera +videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud +dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus +aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi +aqua;<a class="sup" href="#j490">[490]</a> ceterâ pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae +procul a mari incultius agebat,<a class="sup" href="#j491">[491]</a> eo facilius tolerabatur, quia +Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque +alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque +sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug90">90</a>. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas +difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti +inopia temptabatur,<a class="sup" href="#j492">[492]</a> quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo +student,<a class="sup" href="#j493">[493]</a> et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita +contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam +aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter +exornat;<a class="sup" href="#j494">[494]</a> pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, +equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum +cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum +locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem +venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug91">91</a>. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas +<br><a class="bold" name="j495">[495]</a> aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat; +simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui +forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium +effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque, +uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus +sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam +tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit; +idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in +locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum<a class="sup" href="#j496">[496]</a> milium intervallo; ibique +quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies +coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente +omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam +et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque +milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res +trepidae,<a class="sup" href="#j497">[497]</a> metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra +moenia in hostium potestate, coëgere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum +oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati, +praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque +scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis +aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio +neque metu coërcitum.<a class="sup" href="#j498">[498]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug92">92</a>. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit, +magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene +consulta in virtutem trahebantur,<a class="sup" href="#j499">[499]</a> milites modesto imperio habiti +simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere, +postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse +aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.<a class="sup" href="#j500">[500]</a> Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, +ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta +propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia +complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento, +aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,<a class="sup" href="#j501">[501]</a> ceterum +haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod +Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons +saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno +perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia<a class="sup" href="#j502">[502]</a> natura velut opere atque +consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, +summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta. +Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,<a class="sup" href="#j503">[503]</a> et +fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus +importunus, iter castellanorum<a class="sup" href="#j504">[504]</a> angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum. +Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo +processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere +consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo +administrare;<a class="sup" href="#j505">[505]</a> optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus +augeri.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug93">93</a>. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum +animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam +opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies +noctesque aestuans<a class="sup" href="#j506">[506]</a> agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,<a class="sup" href="#j507">[507]</a> ex cohortibus +auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab +latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter +saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures +peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus +est.<a class="sup" href="#j508">[508]</a> Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido +difficilia faciundi animum vertit.<a class="sup" href="#j509">[509]</a> Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex +coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in +altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo +eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,<a class="sup" href="#j510">[510]</a> quod +cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.<a class="sup" href="#j511">[511]</a> Exploratis omnibus, +quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, +sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta +edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet; +pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa +ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;<a class="sup" href="#j512">[512]</a> quorum uti cujusque ingenium +erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen +paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque +quam velocissimos delegit,<a class="sup" href="#j513">[513]</a> et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor +centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem +constituit.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug94">94</a>. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad +locum pergit.<a class="sup" href="#j514">[514]</a> Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce, +arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus +nisusque per saxa facilius foret;<a class="sup" href="#j515">[515]</a> super terga gladii et scuta, verum +ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius +streperent.<a class="sup" href="#j516">[516]</a> Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate +radices eminebant,<a class="sup" href="#j517">[517]</a> laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites +facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu, +ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, +deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur, +potissimus temptare,<a class="sup" href="#j518">[518]</a> ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein +statim digrediens,<a class="sup" href="#j519">[519]</a> ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque +fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes +sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae +Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas +habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus, +testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et +funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum +subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro +muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam +objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus +feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, +magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute +certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri, +qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat, +postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani +instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum +corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam +omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa +invenit.<a class="sup" href="#j520">[520]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug95">95</a>. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in +castra venit, quos<a class="sup" href="#j521">[521]</a> uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus +erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,<a class="sup" href="#j522">[522]</a> idoneum visum est de +natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus +dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res +dixere, persecutus,<a class="sup" href="#j523">[523]</a> parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur +Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum +ignavia,<a class="sup" href="#j524">[524]</a> litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque +doctissime,<a class="sup" href="#j525">[525]</a> eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae +cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas +remorata, nisi quod<a class="sup" href="#j526">[526]</a> de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus, +callidus et amicitia facilis;<a class="sup" href="#j527">[527]</a> ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii +incredibilis;<a class="sup" href="#j528">[528]</a> multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque +illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam +fortuna fuit,<a class="sup" href="#j529">[529]</a> multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam +postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug96">96</a>. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in +castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, +sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus<a class="sup" href="#j530">[530]</a> factus est. Ad hoc +milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare +beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, +ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,<a class="sup" href="#j531">[531]</a> ut illi quam plurimi +deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine +atque ad vigilias multus adesse,<a class="sup" href="#j532">[532]</a> neque interim, quod prava ambitio +solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque +consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quîs rebus +et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug97">97</a>. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi +utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, +quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. +Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes +trahere,<a class="sup" href="#j533">[533]</a> rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique +Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, +aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus +Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu +conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte +die<a class="sup" href="#j534">[534]</a> reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi +munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,<a class="sup" href="#j535">[535]</a> quia locorum +scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem +fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi +hostes aderant<a class="sup" href="#j536">[536]</a> et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas +colligere, denique antequam signum<a class="sup" href="#j537">[537]</a> aut imperium ullum accipere +quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, +sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; +qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma +capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos +ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio<a class="sup" href="#j538">[538]</a> magis quam proelio +similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; +caedere alios, alios obtruncare;<a class="sup" href="#j539">[539]</a> multos, contra adversos acerrime +pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, +quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani +veteres novique et ob ea<a class="sup" href="#j540">[540]</a> scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus +conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et +instructi hostium vim sustentabant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug98">98</a>. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea +demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam +familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis +succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu +consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. +Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,<a class="sup" href="#j541">[541]</a> +atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum +Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus +esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris +parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna +parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.<a class="sup" href="#j542">[542]</a> Ceterum apud +aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos +milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,<a class="sup" href="#j543">[543]</a> in unum contrahit, dein +cunctos pleno gradu<a class="sup" href="#j544">[544]</a> in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate +coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, +utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris +ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, +strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro<a class="sup" href="#j545">[545]</a> +victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis +facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug99">99</a>. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum +silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, +canere,<a class="sup" href="#j546">[546]</a> deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo +ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, +legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere +atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu +repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut +providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo +subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi +vecordia ceperat.<a class="sup" href="#j547">[547]</a> Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa +militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus +interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug100">100</a>. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter +commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria +socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium +quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,<a class="sup" href="#j548">[548]</a> in +sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea +cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis +tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari<a class="sup" href="#j549">[549]</a> et regionum scientissimi, +hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,<a class="sup" href="#j550">[550]</a> omnia +providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus +intentusque, item milites cogebat;<a class="sup" href="#j551">[551]</a> neque secus, atque iter facere, +castra munire,<a class="sup" href="#j552">[552]</a> excubitum in porta<a class="sup" href="#j553">[553]</a> cohortes ex legionibus, pro +castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in +munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, +quae<a class="sup" href="#j554">[554]</a> imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore +labos volentibus esset.<a class="sup" href="#j555">[555]</a> Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus +Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo<a class="sup" href="#j556">[556]</a> exercitum coërcebat; quod +multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam +duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi +tamen<a class="sup" href="#j557">[557]</a> res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore +gesta.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug101">101</a>. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul +speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.<a class="sup" href="#j558">[558]</a> +Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem +significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo +ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham +spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex +omnibus aeque<a class="sup" href="#j559">[559]</a> aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, +quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime +confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,<a class="sup" href="#j560">[560]</a> ceteri in loco +manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus +venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum +peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in +itinere morati, affuerant,<a class="sup" href="#j561">[561]</a> postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum +Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. +Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites +convertit;<a class="sup" href="#j562">[562]</a> ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat: +‘nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;’ simul +gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso +pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate +rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in +perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum +Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum<a class="sup" href="#j563">[563]</a> ierat, rediens ab latere +Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare +suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab +equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus<a class="sup" href="#j564">[564]</a> occisis, solus inter tela hostium +vitabundus<a class="sup" href="#j565">[565]</a> erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit +auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. +Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi +capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere +posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia, +qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus +infecta sanguine.<a class="sup" href="#j566">[566]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug102">102</a>. Post ea loci<a class="sup" href="#j567">[567]</a> consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum +Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.<a class="sup" href="#j568">[568]</a> Eo post diem quintum quam +iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis +verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de +suo et de populi Romani commodo<a class="sup" href="#j569">[569]</a> cum iis disserere. Ille statim L. +Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen +placuit<a class="sup" href="#j570">[570]</a> verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent +aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae, +non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus:</P> + +<P>‘Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere, +uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium +Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam +necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi. +Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos +quaerere; tutiusque rati<a class="sup" href="#j571">[571]</a> volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi +vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in +quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod +parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis +fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo +Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus +es.<a class="sup" href="#j572">[572]</a> Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet +placuisse<a class="sup" href="#j573">[573]</a> et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per +illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna +habes,<a class="sup" href="#j574">[574]</a> quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus +tuum demitte,<a class="sup" href="#j575">[575]</a> nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam +bello quid valeat, tute scis.’</P> + +<P>Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba +facit: ‘Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam +Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,<a class="sup" href="#j576">[576]</a> jure belli suam +factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam +legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,<a class="sup" href="#j577">[577]</a> si +per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.’ Dein, copia facta,<a class="sup" href="#j578">[578]</a> +animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae +et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug103">103</a>. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis<a class="sup" href="#j579">[579]</a> composito, cum +expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola, +obsessum turrim<a class="sup" href="#j580">[580]</a> regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium +imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis +venerant,<a class="sup" href="#j581">[581]</a> seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha +reliquerat,<a class="sup" href="#j582">[582]</a> ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et +fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si +placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli +componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum +proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi +spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in +expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.<a class="sup" href="#j583">[583]</a> Eos ille non pro +vanis hostibus,<a class="sup" href="#j584">[584]</a> uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter +habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob +munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota +erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,<a class="sup" href="#j585">[585]</a> dona omnia in +benignitate habebantur.<a class="sup" href="#j586">[586]</a> Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt; +simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem, +magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae<a class="sup" href="#j587">[587]</a> +esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, +quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies +quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug104">104</a>. Marius postquam confecto negotio, quo intenderat, Cirtam redit, de +adventu legatorum certior factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet,<a class="sup" href="#j588">[588]</a> +item L. Bellienum praetorum Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii +ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi Romam +fit ab consule; interea induciae postulabantur. Ea<a class="sup" href="#j589">[589]</a> Sullae et +plerisque placuere; pauci ferocius decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum +rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur.<a class="sup" href="#j590">[590]</a> Ceterum +Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti cum Gn. Octavio Rufo,<a class="sup" href="#j591">[591]</a> +qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat; duo ad regem redeunt. Ex +his Bocchus quum cetera, tum maxime benignitatem et studium Sullae libens +accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam errasse regem et Jugurthae scelere +lapsura deprecati sunt,<a class="sup" href="#j592">[592]</a> amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo +respondetur:</P> + +<P>‘Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esse solet. +Ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam facit;<a class="sup" href="#j593">[593]</a> foedus et +amicitia dabantur, quum meruerit.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug105">105</a>. Quîs rebus cognitis Bocchus per litteras a Mario petivit, uti Sullam +ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.<a class="sup" href="#j594">[594]</a> +Is missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, funditorum Balearium;<a class="sup" href="#j595">[595]</a> +praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, +itineris properandi causa, neque his secus atque aliis armis adversum +tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. Sed in itinere quinto denique +die Volux filius Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non +amplius<a class="sup" href="#j596">[596]</a> equitibus sese ostendit, qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae +aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero et hostilem metum efficiebant. +Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela temptare, intendere,<a class="sup" href="#j597">[597]</a> +timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, +quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praemissi rem uti +erat<a class="sup" href="#j598">[598]</a> quietam nuntiant.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug106">106</a>. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque se a patre Boccho +obviam illis simul et praesidio missum. Deinde eum et proximum diem sine +metu conjuncti eunt. Post ubi castra locata et diei vesper erat; repente +Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit dicitque sibi ex +speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse; simul, uti noctu +clam secum profugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat se +toties fusum Numidam pertimescere; virtuti suorum satis credere;<a class="sup" href="#j599">[599]</a> +etiamsi certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius quam proditis, quos +ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post paulo morbo interiturae +vitae parceret.<a class="sup" href="#j600">[600]</a> Ceterum ab eodem monitus, uti noctu +proficiscerentur, consilium approbat, ac statim milites coenatos esse, in +castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi +jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus Sulla pariter cum ortu +solis castra metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter +duum milium intervallo ante eos<a class="sup" href="#j601">[601]</a> consedisse. Quod postquam auditum +est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit; credere se proditos a Voluce +et insidiis circumventos. Ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum neque +apud illum tantum scelus inultum relinquendum.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug107">107</a>. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen ab injuria Maurum +prohibet;<a class="sup" href="#j602">[602]</a> suos hortatur, uti fortem animum gererent; saepe ante +paucis strenuis<a class="sup" href="#j603">[603]</a> adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in +proelio minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore, nec quemquam decere, qui +manus armaverit, ab inermis<a class="sup" href="#j604">[604]</a> pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu +nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere. Deinde Volucem, quoniam +hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidiae +Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille lacrimans orare, ne +ea crederet; nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui +videlicet speculanti iter suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque +ingentem multitudinem haberet et spes opesque ejus ex patre suo +penderent, credere illum nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse filius testis +adesset; quare optimum factu<a class="sup" href="#j605">[605]</a> videri per media ejus castra palam +transire; sese vel praemissis vet ibidem relictis Mauris solum cum Sulla +iturum. Ea res ut in tali negotio<a class="sup" href="#j606">[606]</a> probata; ac statim profecti, quia +de improviso acciderant,<a class="sup" href="#j607">[607]</a> dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, incolumes +transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug108">108</a>. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, multum et familiariter +agebat, praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, +orator<a class="sup" href="#j608">[608]</a> et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia; praeterea Dabar, +Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum materno genere impar +(nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingenii multa bona +carus acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante +tempestatibus expertus illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit paratum sese +facere, quae populus Romanus vellet; colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse +delegeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;<a class="sup" href="#j609">[609]</a> neu +Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius +gereretur;<a class="sup" href="#j610">[610]</a> nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri<a class="sup" href="#j611">[611]</a> nequivisse. Sed +ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide<a class="sup" href="#j612">[612]</a> quam ob ea, quae +praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque cum +animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis an illi Sullam traderet; +libidinem<a class="sup" href="#j613">[613]</a> adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug109">109</a>. Igitur Sulla respondit, pauca coram Aspare locuturum, cetera occulte +aut nullo aut quam paucissimis praesentibus; simul edocet, quae sibi +responderentur. Postquam sicuti voluerat congressi, dicit se missum a +consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. Tum +rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decimum redire jubet, ac nihil +etiamnunc<a class="sup" href="#j614">[614]</a> decrevisse, sed illo die responsurum. Dein ambo in sua +castra digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho +occulte accersitur; ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur, +praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus.<a class="sup" href="#j615">[615]</a> +Ac statim sic rex incipit:</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug110">110</a>. ‘Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus in hac terra et omnium, +quos novi, privato homini<a class="sup" href="#j616">[616]</a> gratiam deberem. Et mehercule, Sulla, ante +te cognitum multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius +indigui.<a class="sup" href="#j617">[617]</a> Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor; fuerit +mihi eguisse<a class="sup" href="#j618">[618]</a> aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud animum meum nihil +carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet:<a class="sup" href="#j619">[619]</a> arma, viros, pecuniam, +postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere; et quoad vives, nunquam tibi +redditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra<a class="sup" href="#j620">[620]</a> erit; denique +nihil me sciente frustra voles. Nam, ut ego aestimo, regem armis quam +munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum est.<a class="sup" href="#j621">[621]</a> Ceterum de re publica +vestra, cujus curator huc missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo +Romano neque feci neque factum umquam volui:<a class="sup" href="#j622">[622]</a> fines meos adversum +armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet; gerite +quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulucham, quod inter me et +Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque id intrare Jugurtham sinam. Praeterea +si quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis.<a class="sup" href="#j623">[623]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug111">111</a>. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et de communibus +rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, ‘quod polliceatur, +senatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in +gratiam habituros;<a class="sup" href="#j624">[624]</a> faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua +rettulisse videretur; id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam +haberet; quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, ut illi plurimum deberetur; +amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro +adventuram.’<a class="sup" href="#j625">[625]</a> Rex primo negitare;<a class="sup" href="#j626">[626]</a> affinitatem, cognationem, +praeterea foedus intervenisse; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus +popularium animos averteret, quîs et Jugurtha carus et Romani invisi +erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate Sullae omnia se +facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus Numida defessus +bello avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita composito dolo +digrediuntur.</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug112">112</a>. At rex postero die Asparem Jugurthae legatum appellat dicitque sibi +per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse condicionibus bellum poni;<a class="sup" href="#j627">[627]</a> +quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret. Ille laetus in castra +Jugurthae venit; dein ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere post diem +octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei denuntiat, ‘Jugurtham cupere omnia, quae +imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere; saepe antea cum +imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam<a class="sup" href="#j628">[628]</a> frustra fuisse. Ceterum +Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una +ab omnibus quasi de pace in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam +traderet; quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,<a class="sup" href="#j629">[629]</a> tum fore, uti +jussu senatus populique Romani foedus fieret, neque hominem nobilem non +sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam<a class="sup" href="#j630">[630]</a> in hostium potestate relictum iri.’</P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug113">113</a>. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo an +vere cunctatus, parum comperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut +vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae.<a class="sup" href="#j631">[631]</a> Postea tempore +et loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam +modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem ambobus +polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, +quae proxima fuit ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis +ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris,<a class="sup" href="#j632">[632]</a> dicitur secum ipse +multa agitavisse, vultu <a class="sup" href="#j633">[633]</a> corporis pariter atque animo varius, quae +scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam +accersi jubet et ex ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi +dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul abesse, cum paucis +amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum +facillimum visu insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis +suis inermis, uti dictum erat,<a class="sup" href="#j634">[634]</a> accedit ac statim, signo dato, +undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullae +vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.<a class="sup" href="#j635">[635]</a></P> + + +<P><a class="bold" name="jug114">114</a>. Per idem tempus<a class="sup" href="#j636">[636]</a> adversura Gallos ab ducibus nostris Q. Caepione +et Gn. Manlio male pugnatum; quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. +Illique<a class="sup" href="#j637">[637]</a> et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere, alia +omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria, +certare.<a class="sup" href="#j638">[638]</a> Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum et Jugurtham +Romam vinctum adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus et ei +decreta provincia Gallia; isque Kalendis Januariis<a class="sup" href="#j639">[639]</a> magna gloria +consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo +sitae.</P> + + +<hr> + +<h3>Footnotes for <i>Bellum Jugurthinum</i></h3> + +<h4><a href="#jug1">1.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j1">[1]</a> <i>Aevi brevis</i>, ‘of short duration.’ <i>Aevum</i>, in the sense of <i>aetas</i>, + is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period; + whence the common expression <i>medium aevum</i>, ‘the middle ages,’ is + not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j2">[2]</a> <i>Invenias</i>; supply <i>quam naturam humanam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j3">[3]</a> <i>Grassatur</i>, the same as <i>ingreditur</i>, ‘advances towards;’ but + <i>grassari</i> has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence + it is often used to mark the progress of something bad. +<br><a class="bold" name="j4">[4]</a> <i>Paulisper</i>, ‘for a short time.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j5">[5]</a> <i>Auctores</i> contains a whole clause — ‘every one transfers his own + fault, <i>though he himself is the author of it</i>, to circumstances;’ + that is, to the things which he himself has done. +<br><a class="bold" name="j6">[6]</a> <i>Quodsi</i>, ‘if, however.’ Zumpt, § 807. +<br><a class="bold" name="j7">[7]</a> ‘And at the same time very dangerous.’ In many cases one feels + inclined to assign to the adverb <i>multum</i> the meaning of ‘often,’ + but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="j8">[8]</a> <i>Regerentur</i>; supply <i>casibus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j9">[9]</a> <i>Eo magnitudinis</i>; that is, <i>ad eam magnitudinem</i>, ‘to that + greatness.’ See Zumpt, § 434.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug2">2.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j10">[10]</a> According to the common arrangement of words, it would be <i>alia + corporis, alia animi</i>; but Sallust abandons this order just because + it is common. For the same reason he prefers <i>alii — pars</i> to + <i>alii — alii</i>. <i>Naturam corporis</i> (or <i>animi</i>) <i>sequuntur</i>, ‘they + follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and + mind.’ Regarding the change of <i>anima</i> into <i>animus</i>, it must be + observed that <i>anima</i> is ‘the soul,’ the seat and basis of <i>animus</i> + (mind), which is the activity of the <i>anima</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j11">[11]</a> ‘But the mind is not subject to corruption’ (that is, to dissolution + and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix + in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually + expressed by adjectives ending in <i>ilis</i> or <i>bilis</i>; as <i>invictus + miles</i>, an invincible soldier. +<br><a class="bold" name="j12">[12]</a> ‘The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;’ that + is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase, + <i>εχω, ουκ εχομαι</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j13">[13]</a> <i>Admirari</i> signifies not only ‘to admire,’ but also ‘to wonder,’ at + anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense + it is the same as <i>mirari</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j14">[14]</a> Respecting <i>ceterum </i> as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt, + § 349.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug3">3.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j15">[15]</a> <i>Hac tempestate</i>, the same as <i>hoc tempore</i>. Sallust frequently uses + <i>tempestas</i> in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints + in such dark colours — namely, the period after the murder of Caesar, + in B.C. 44 — was an agitated and stormy one. +<br><a class="bold" name="j16">[16]</a> ‘Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,’ + <i>quibus honos contigit</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j17">[17]</a> <i>Honestus</i>, ‘honoured,’ or ‘honourable;’ for <i>honestus</i> (from + <i>honor</i>) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office, + and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken + of were <i>honesti</i> in the first, but not in the second sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j18">[18]</a> It might seem doubtful as to whether <i>parentes</i> here means ‘obeying + persons’ — that is, subjects of the Roman state — or ‘kinsmen,’ + ‘relatives.’ We believe the latter to be the case, because to control + subjects by force was not deemed improper by the ancients. Sallust + elsewhere also combines <i>patria et parentes</i> (<a href="#cat6"><i>Catil.</i> 6</a>, <a href="#jug87"><i>Jug.</i> 87</a>), + thereby expressing the idea of a free and equal <i>civitas</i>, which is + to be convinced, not forced, and to be governed by magistrates chosen + by itself, and not by a despotic ruler. The word <i>importunus</i> + properly characterises the rudeness and unbearableness of a despot or + tyrant. +<br><a class="bold" name="j19">[19]</a> ‘Even if you have the power, and intend to punish actual crimes + in the state’ — whereby Sallust intimates that a tyrannical government + may actually introduce improvements, as history proves to have been + the case at all times. The subjunctive is used with <i>quamquam</i>, + because the author speaks only of a possibility, and also because an + indefinite person is addressed by the second person singular. Compare + Zumpt, § 831, 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="j20">[20]</a> <i>Portendere</i> is here the same as ‘to bring with one’s self,’ or ‘to + be followed by.’ It is a very sound remark, that by violent changes + in a constitution, improvements may indeed be effected, but that at + the same time these are accompanied or followed by many acts of + injustice and crime. +<br><a class="bold" name="j21">[21]</a> <i>Frustra niti</i>, ‘to strive in vain (namely, to effect improvements), + if, after all, nothing but hatred is incurred by it, is extreme + folly.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j22">[22]</a> <i>Nisi forte</i>, ‘unless perhaps’ — which surely cannot be the case + with any sensible man. Respecting this use of <i>nisi forte</i>, + expressing an improbable supposition, see Zumpt, § 526. +<br><a class="bold" name="j23">[23]</a> <i>Libido — gratificari</i>, ‘the inclination to gratify;’ for <i>libido + tenet</i> is only a paraphrase for <i>libet</i>. This statement is striking, + and but too true, for there are men who think it an honour to + sacrifice their own conviction and independence for the purpose of + pleasing persons in power.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug4">4.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j24">[24]</a> <i>Memoria rerum gestarum</i>, ‘the recording of events ;’ that is, the + writing of history, the usefulness (<i>virtus</i>) of which is + acknowledged. +<br><a class="bold" name="j25">[25]</a> The words <i>per insolentiam</i> belong to <i>laudando extollere</i>, + and the meaning is, ‘that no one may believe me to extol my own + occupation with excessive praise.’ <i>Per insolentiam</i> is the same as + <i>insolenter</i>, <i>per</i> expressing manner. +<br><a class="bold" name="j26">[26]</a> ‘At least <i>those</i> to whom it appears to be a lofty occupation,’ &c. + Respecting the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before the + relative, even when they are in different cases, see Zumpt, § 765. +<br><a class="bold" name="j27">[27]</a> ‘And what distinguished men were unable to attain such a + distinction.’ Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the + senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of + difficulty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain + either. But at the same time he adds the remark, that afterwards many + undeserving persons were introduced into the senate, to + co-operate with whom was no honour. <i>Quae genera hominum</i> refers to + the filling up of the senate with persons from the lower classes, and + even with such as were not free-born. This connivance at ambitious + upstarts, or rather this recklessness in filling up the vacancies in + the supreme council of Rome, was shown not only by the dictator J. + Caesar, but by his successors in power, M. Antony and Octavianus. In + consequence of such things, Sallust adds, it will be evident that he + was justified in withdrawing from public life. +<br><a class="bold" name="j28">[28]</a> That is, the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, who + distinguished himself by his prudence in the second Punic War. + P. Scipio is the elder Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. + We might indeed imagine that Sallust is speaking of Scipio Africanus + the younger, but his being mentioned along with Fabius Maximus must + lead every reader to think of the elder Scipio. +<br><a class="bold" name="j29">[29]</a> The images (<i>imagines</i>) of ancestors might indeed be statues, but + from the mention of wax in the next sentence, it is evident that we + have to understand the wax masks which constituted the greatest + ornament in the vestibule of the house of a noble family. The busts + (portraits) of those ancestors who had been invested with a curule + office were made of wax, and their descendants used these wax + portraits to dress up persons representing in public processions the + illustrious deceased, adorned with all the insignia of the offices + with which they had been invested. Such processions, especially at + public funerals (a real kind of masquerade), were intended to keep + alive in the memory of the Romans not only the names and exploits + of their illustrious statesmen and warriors, but even their bodily + appearance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j30">[30]</a> <i>Scilicet</i>, in this passage, is not a conjunction as usual, but, as + in the earlier Latinity of Plautus and Terence, it is used for <i>scire + licet</i>, ‘one may perceive,’ or ‘it is self-evident,’ and is + accordingly followed by the accusative with the infinitive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j31">[31]</a> ‘The flame of their noble ambition did not become extinguished until their + merit had obtained the fame and glory’ (namely, of those ancestors). +<br><a class="bold" name="j32">[32]</a> <i>His moribus</i>, ‘in the present state of morality;’ an ablative + absolute. +<br><a class="bold" name="j33">[33]</a> Instead of <i>neque</i>, the author might have used <i>aut</i>, for both + particles are used to continue a negative statement. See Zumpt, + § 337. +<br><a class="bold" name="j34">[34]</a> <i>Homines novi</i>, ‘new men,’ so called by the Romans, were those + persons who were the first of their family to rise to curule offices, + as Cato Censorius, and at a later time Cicero. In former times, + Sallust says, such <i>homines novi</i> distinguished themselves by their + ability, while now they rise by base means, especially by party + strife and party interest, which he contemptuously calls + <i>latrocinium</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j35">[35]</a> <i>Proinde quasi</i>, ‘just as if,’ and afterwards <i>perinde habentur ut</i>, + ‘they are considered as of equal value.’ Compare Zumpt, §§ 282 and + 340.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug5">5.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j36">[36]</a> Respecting the special meaning of this periphrastic conjugation, + see Zumpt, § 498. Sallust states that he wishes to describe this + war separately, because during its progress there was kindled at + Rome that struggle between the populares and the optimates, which + was in the end carried on with such senseless vehemence, that only + the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil discord (<i>studiis + civilibus</i>), and that only a military despotism (first of Caesar, and + afterwards of the triumvirs) was able to restore peace. This part of + the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of the + greatest importance, in forming a correct idea of the history of Rome + at that time. +<br><a class="bold" name="j37">[37]</a> The same meaning might have been expressed by <i>ut omnia ad + cognoscendum illustriora et apertiora sint</i>. See Zumpt, § 106. +<br><a class="bold" name="j38">[38]</a> That is, ‘after the Roman name had become great;’ for in earlier + times the Roman people had suffered still greater reverses, + especially when the Gauls took and burned the city of Rome itself. + But the author purposely avoids speaking of those early periods. +<br><a class="bold" name="j39">[39]</a> <i>Africano</i>. See Zumpt, § 421. +<br><a class="bold" name="j40">[40]</a> About <i>et</i> after <i>multa</i>, see Zumpt, § 756. +<br><a class="bold" name="j41">[41]</a> <i>Magnum atque late</i>, the connection of an adjective and adverb is + somewhat singular — ‘the dominion of Syphax existed as a large one, + and had a wide extent;’ for he possessed the whole of western + Numidia, being the hereditary king of the people of the Massaesyli, + while Masinissa had only the smaller, eastern, part, and the tribe + of the Massyli. +<br><a class="bold" name="j42">[42]</a> ‘He had left him behind in a private station;’ that is, he had not + appointed him in his will ruler of any portion of his dominions. But + his uncle Micipsa gave him that which his grandfather Masinissa + had refused to him; namely, he recognised him as a prince of the + royal family.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug6">6.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j43">[43]</a> <i>Luxu</i> for <i>luxui</i>. See Zumpt, § 81. +<br><a class="bold" name="j44">[44]</a> ‘The favourable opportunity of his advanced age, and of the tender + age of his children.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j45">[45]</a> Opportunities are apt to lead ordinary persons (not endowed with + great mental powers) away from the right path. <i>Transversus</i>, ‘that + which turns away to one side.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug7">7.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j46">[46]</a> ‘In the war against Numantia.’ Numantia was the capital of the + Arevaci, a tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated + on the upper Durius (now Duero), in the mountainous district whence + the Durius and Tagus flow westward, and other rivers eastward, + into the Iberus (Ebro), and southward into the Mediterranean. This + city carried on a desperate war against Rome to defend its own + independence. After a brave resistance of many years, it was taken + and destroyed, B. C. 133, by Scipio the younger, the destroyer of + Carthage. Its ruins are believed to be in the neighbourhood of the + modern Soria. +<br><a class="bold" name="j47">[47]</a> <i>Qui tum erat</i> — that is, <i>quem tum Romani imperatorem habebant</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j48">[48]</a> <i>Difficillimum in primis</i>, like <i>difficillimum omnium</i>; that is, the + most difficult among those that were the first or foremost in + difficulty. +<br><a class="bold" name="j49">[49]</a> The one — namely, to be good in council — usually produces + timidity; the other — namely, to be bold in battle — rashness. + <i>Alterum — alterum</i>, takes up the things mentioned before, but in an + inverse order; respecting which, see Zumpt, § 700, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j50">[50]</a> <i>Erat</i> for the usual subjunctive <i>esset</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug8">8.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j51">[51]</a> ‘To whom wealth was of more importance than that which is good and + noble.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j52">[52]</a> For the meaning of <i>pro</i> in this and similar expressions, see + Zumpt, § 311. +<br><a class="bold" name="j53">[53]</a> Not to make presents to individuals, <i>quibus</i> being used for + <i>aliquibus</i>. Scipio must have seen with displeasure the intimacy + between Jugurtha and certain young ambitious Romans of an equivocal + character. +<br><a class="bold" name="j54">[54]</a> ‘In his own mode of acting,’ must be understood here of his + honourable mode of acting; though there are also <i>malae artes</i>, such + as faithlessness, cunning, flattery, and the like.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug9">9.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j55">[55]</a> <i>Certo scio</i>; we also find <i>certe scio</i>. See Zumpt, § 266, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j56">[56]</a> <i>Verba habere</i> is sometimes used in the sense of <i>orationem habere</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug10">10.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j57">[57]</a> <i>Me falsum habuit</i> for <i>me fefellit</i>. We remarked before (<a href="#c253">Cat. 51</a>) + that Sallust is fond of using <i>habere</i> in certain phrases. +<br><a class="bold" name="j58">[58]</a> <i>Amicissimos.</i> See Zumpt, § 410. +<br><a class="bold" name="j59">[59]</a> <i>Per regni fidem</i>, ‘by the conscientiousness which is observed in + governing, and must be observed;’ so that it is almost the same as + <i>per regiam fidem</i>, or <i>per fidem regum</i>, which kings owe to one + another. +<br><a class="bold" name="j60">[60]</a> <i>Adjungere</i>; supply <i>tibi</i>, ‘connect yourself with strangers,’ as + opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his + friends and kinsmen. +<br><a class="bold" name="j61">[61]</a> Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said <i>parantur</i>, + but <i>parere</i> also occurs in other authors in the sense of <i>parare</i>, + or ‘to acquire.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j62">[62]</a> <i>Ante hos</i>, ‘in preference to these.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j63">[63]</a> <i>Observare</i> has a sense similar to that of <i>colere</i>, ‘to honour’ and + refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially + in the external relations of social life.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug11">11.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j64">[64]</a> <i>Reguli</i> may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young + kings — that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning. +<br><a class="bold" name="j65">[65]</a> <i>Adherbalem assedit</i>, or <i>Adherbali assedit</i>, ‘he sat himself down + at the right-hand side of Adherbal.’ See Zumpt, § 386, note. There + accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of + Adherbal — that is, the least honourable of the three places. +<br><a class="bold" name="j66">[66]</a> <i>Fatigatus</i> is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to + be supplied (<i>precibus</i>); but without such an addition, <i>fatigare</i> + signifies ‘to importune a person with prayers and requests.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j67">[67]</a> ‘Within the last three years;’ but as the author is here speaking + of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of + <i>ante triennium</i>, or <i>triennio ante</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j68">[68]</a> <i>Cum animo habere</i>, the same as <i>cum</i>, or <i>in animo agitare</i>, + <i>volvere</i>, <i>reputare</i>. Here, again, we must attend to the use of + <i>habere</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug12">12.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j69">[69]</a> <i>Alius alio</i>, ‘one in one direction, and the other in another.’ See + Zumpt, § 289. +<br><a class="bold" name="j70">[70]</a> <i>Proximus lictor</i> is the one of the lictors who, when they precede + the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his + commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the + highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were + imitated at the courts of allied princes. +<br><a class="bold" name="j71">[71]</a> <i>Claves adulterinae</i>, ‘imitation keys.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j72">[72]</a> Respecting the <i>quum</i> in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded + by <i>interea</i>, or <i>interim</i>, see Zumpt, § 580.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug13">13.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j73">[73]</a> <i>Parat</i>, in the sense of <i>se parat</i>, ‘he prepares himself,’ or ‘sets + about;’ and thus <i>parare</i> is not unfrequently used by Sallust + absolutely in the sense of <i>statuere</i> and <i>instituere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j74">[74]</a> <i>Provincia</i> here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the + territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the + towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was + gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs + to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia, + in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the + kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is + possessed by the French. +<br><a class="bold" name="j75">[75]</a> <i>Paucis diebus</i>, ‘within a few days;’ that is, a few days after. + See Zumpt, § 480. +<br><a class="bold" name="j76">[76]</a> <i>Singulos ambire</i>, ‘to go about addressing individual persons,’ has + at the same time the meaning of ‘attempting to gain them over by + intreaties or promises.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j77">[77]</a> ‘That no severe decree might be passed against him,’ <i>ne gravius + consilium in eum caperetur</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug14">14.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j78">[78]</a> Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to + him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome — the + language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself + to the protection of the senate. +<br><a class="bold" name="j79">[79]</a> <i>Affines</i> are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas + <i>cognati</i> are relations by blood. +<br><a class="bold" name="j80">[80]</a> <i>Sustinere</i> is here the same as <i>ferre</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j81">[81]</a> ‘As I was to come to such misery;’ that is, as it had been ordained + by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, § 498. +<br><a class="bold" name="j82">[82]</a> Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in + consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors; + he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable + that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in + want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he + requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter + sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out — namely, his + wish to have done good services (<i>beneficia</i>) to the Romans. <i>Vellem</i> + in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the + infinitive (<i>posse</i>, to which <i>me</i> is to be supplied, and <i>beneficia + deberi</i>), and then by a clause with <i>ut</i> (<i>uti;</i> that is, + <i>ut — uterer</i>). <i>Secundum ea</i>, ‘next to,’ or ‘next after this,’ + according to the etymology of <i>secundum</i> from <i>sequor</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j83">[83]</a> <i>In manu fuit</i>, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; <i>in + manu alicujus est</i>, ‘it is in a person’s power.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j84">[84]</a> ‘At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so + desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and + trustworthiness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j85">[85]</a> ‘Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.’ <i>Me</i> in this + sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first + <i>progeniem</i>, and then <i>nepotem Masinissae</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j86">[86]</a> Observe the unusual combination <i>Romani populi</i> for <i>populi Romani</i>, + which is to be explained by the fact, that here <i>Romani</i> is the more + emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other + nations. +<br><a class="bold" name="j87">[87]</a> ‘O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good + services led!’ For the accusative <i>me miserum</i>, see Zumpt, § 402; and + for the double suffix in <i>hucine</i>, § 132. +<br><a class="bold" name="j88">[88]</a> ‘Never, then, will our family be at peace!’ an exclamation to which + afterwards an interrogative sentence with <i>ne</i> is appended. The + former also might have been expressed by <i>numquamne ergo</i>, &c. +<br><a class="bold" name="j89">[89]</a> The subjunctive <i>jussissetis</i> indicates a repeated action. See + Zumpt, § 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war + and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the + allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom + the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not + long since, the Numantines. +<br><a class="bold" name="j90">[90]</a> ‘Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.’ Respecting + this use of the pronoun <i>idem</i>, when the two predicates are added to + one subject, see Zumpt, § 697. +<br><a class="bold" name="j91">[91]</a> <i>Non queo</i>; that is, <i>nequeo</i>, or <i>non possum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j92">[92]</a> <i>Extorris</i> (from <i>terra</i>), as <i>exsul</i> from <i>solum</i>, ‘homeless.’ + Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt, + § 468. +<br><a class="bold" name="j93">[93]</a> <i>Tutius</i>; the adjective <i>tutior</i> also might have been used. + Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, § 365. +<br><a class="bold" name="j94">[94]</a> <i>Maxime tutos</i>; that is, <i>omnium tutissimos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j95">[95]</a> ‘Whatever was in the power of our family;’ <i>quod per familiam + nostram stetit</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j96">[96]</a> This inserted clause belongs to the following <i>propinquus</i>. The + demonstrative <i>id</i> (or <i>is</i>) is omitted, and the relative clause + precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, §§ 765, 813. +<br><a class="bold" name="j97">[97]</a> <i>Pars — pars</i>; that is, <i>alii — alii</i>; whence the verb is in the + plural. +<br><a class="bold" name="j98">[98]</a> <i>Exigere vitam</i> for <i>agere vitam</i>, but implying a long and sorrowful + life. +<br><a class="bold" name="j99">[99]</a> ‘Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.’ + The neuter <i>necessaria</i> also comprises the persons who are termed + <i>necessarii</i>, ‘persons connected by ties of relationship or + friendship;’ such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of + the speaker. +<br><a class="bold" name="j100">[100]</a> ‘Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?’ + Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes + from Sallust <i>quo accidam?</i> ‘whither shall I turn myself for + assistance?’ but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this + passage. +<br><a class="bold" name="j101">[101]</a> He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and + had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially + the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of + Mauritania. +<br><a class="bold" name="j102">[102]</a> Sallust might have said <i>hujus imperii</i>, but he prefers the dative, + which is a dativus incommodi. +<br><a class="bold" name="j103">[103]</a> <i>Secundus</i>, ‘favourable,’ according to its derivation from + <i>sequor</i>, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the + general sense of ‘assisting,’ or ‘devoted to.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j104">[104]</a> <i>Fatigare</i>, ‘to importune a person with prayers.’ See note <a href="#jug3">chap. 3</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j105">[105]</a> <i>Quodutinam</i> connects this sentence in an animated manner with the + preceding, otherwise <i>utinam</i> alone might be used. ‘Yes, would that I + could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j106">[106]</a> <i>Nae ille — reddat</i>; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence + forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: ‘would that I could see + him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened + their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for + his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.’ + The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same + tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future + indicative. See Zumpt, § 524, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j107">[107]</a> ‘Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity, + and by a person who should have done it least of all.’ <i>Unde</i>, + the more general relative, is here used for <i>a quo homine</i>. In like + manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant + <i>unde petitur</i>; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded. +<br><a class="bold" name="j108">[108]</a> <i>Doleo</i>, ‘I grieve at,’ is construed with <i>de</i>, as <i>de casu tuo</i>, + with the ablative alone, <i>casu tuo</i>, and also as a transitive verb + with the accusative, <i>doleo casum tuum</i>. <i>Laetari</i> here follows the + construction of <i>doleo</i>, for it is generally followed by <i>de</i>, or the + ablative alone. See Zumpt, § 383. +<br><a class="bold" name="j109">[109]</a> Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends + upon the power of Jugurtha. +<br><a class="bold" name="j110">[110]</a> Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may + terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in + contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these + things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares + for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must + live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts + of the senators, expressed as they are by a king. +<br><a class="bold" name="j111">[111]</a> <i>Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros</i>. The words <i>per liberos</i> + belong together; to <i>vos</i> supply <i>oro</i>. See Zumpt, § 794. Adherbal + intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha + has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others + read <i>per vos per liberos vestros</i>; but this is wrong, and the + repetition of <i>per</i> is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves, + but by something that is dear to them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j112">[112]</a> <i>Tabescere</i>, ‘to waste away,’ ‘perish;’ the proper meaning is, ‘to + be consumed by some disease.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug15">15.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j113">[113]</a> <i>Ante facta</i>, &c. It would have been more common to say <i>factis + suis anteponerent</i>. In Cicero, <i>ante</i> is not used to denote + preference as in Sallust, <a href="#cat53"><i>Cat.</i> 53</a>: <i>Graeci ante Romanos fuere</i> for + <i>Graeci Romanis praestabant</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j114">[114]</a> According to Sallust’s mode of speaking, we should have expected + <i>depravati</i>, <i>pars</i> being only another form for <i>alii</i>. But nothing + can be said against the grammatical agreement <i>pars depravata</i>, it + being that form which, according to grammar, should be used. +<br><a class="bold" name="j115">[115]</a> Scaurus dreaded the stained audacity of those who accepted bribes + from Jugurtha without any scruple or shame, and would have liked to + stir up against them the hatred and envy of others. <i>Licentia</i> is the + conduct of a man who thinks he is allowed to do anything, and + accordingly here signifies to accept bribes by which statesmen + disgrace themselves. The adjective which properly refers to men + (<i>pollutus</i>) is here transferred to <i>licentia</i>. Sallust describes + Aemelius Scaurus, one of the most eminent men of his age (he was + twice consul and princeps senatus), as a prudent aristocrat, anxious + to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much + as possible; although in secret he, too, had recourse to unfair means + to obtain influence and wealth. The events which Sallust has related + hitherto, the murder of Hiempsal, the expulsion of Adherbal by + Jugurtha, and Adherbal’s flight to Rome, belong to the year B.C. 116, + a time when, if we except some trifling wars against barbarous tribes + on the frontiers, the Roman Republic was not engaged in any military + undertaking.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug16">16.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j116">[116]</a> Opimius had been consul in B.C. 121, and in that year he had, + with the authority of the senate, crushed the democratical party of + G. Gracchus by force of arms. In consequence of that victory, + several very harsh measures had been adopted by the aristocracy + to strengthen and increase the power of the senate and the nobility. + Opimius, too, was a statesman of loose principles, as is clear from + the narrative of Sallust. +<br><a class="bold" name="j117">[117]</a> <i>Fide</i> for <i>fidei</i>. See Zumpt, § 85, note 3. +<br><a class="bold" name="j118">[118]</a> <i>Possedit</i>, ‘he took possession of.’ The present <i>possideo</i> only + means ‘to possess;’ but the past tenses, <i>possedi</i>, <i>possessum</i>, at + the same time have the meaning of ‘taking possession,’ as if they + were formed from a present <i>possido</i>, <i>possidere</i>. Compare the + similarly-formed compounds of <i>sido</i>, <i>sidere</i>, in Zumpt, § 189.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug17">17.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j119">[119]</a> <i>Frequentata sunt</i>, ‘they have been frequented.’ The participle is + in the neuter, the subjects being both animate and inanimate. + <i>Asperitas</i> refers to the inaccessible nature of mountainous + districts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j120">[120]</a> Other editions have <i>in partem tertiam</i>, and this deviation from + the common mode of speaking (which is to use <i>pono</i> with <i>in</i> and the + ablative) commentators explain by the remark, that the division was + not yet made, but only supposed. But the Latin language knows of no + such distinction. +<br><a class="bold" name="j121">[121]</a> In the earliest times, before the earth was divided into three + parts, it was rather customary to consider Africa, especially Egypt + and the countries about the Nile, as belonging to Asia. To connect + Africa with Europe could only have been an idea of those who divided + the earth into an eastern and a western half, and did not know the + vast extent of Africa to the south. +<br><a class="bold" name="j122">[122]</a> <i>Fretum</i>, &c.; that is, the Fretum Herculeum, or the Straits of + Gibraltar. It is clear that Sallust wants to state only the northern + frontier of Africa on the Mediterranean, and the frontiers in the + east and west. The extent of Africa southward was too little known to + him to speak about it. +<br><a class="bold" name="j123">[123]</a> ‘The inclined plain,’ or, as the geographer Mela says, ‘the valley + which inclines towards Egypt.’ The length of this valley extends from + south to north as far as the Mediterranean, and in the upper part it + separates the immense desert in the west from the oasis in the east, + which is considered as a part of Egypt. The easternmost country in + Africa on the Mediterranean was Cyrenaica. It is therefore quite + clear that Sallust does not include Egypt in Africa. +<br><a class="bold" name="j124">[124]</a> Sallust wants to give a short account of the original inhabitants + of Africa, and their amalgamation with new immigrants, such as it + was translated for him from the Punic books of King Hiempsal. This + Hiempsal is not the same as the one already mentioned, who had been + murdered by Jugurtha, but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled + after Jugurtha, and was still alive in the days of Cicero, about + B. C. 60. <i>Interpretatum est</i>, in a passive sense. See Zumpt, § 632.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug18">18.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j125">[125]</a> Within the clause expressed by the ablative absolute + (<i>multis — petentibus</i>) there is inserted another stating that each + did so for himself, and that in the nominative case, because <i>multis + petentibus</i> is, after all, only a different form for <i>quum multi + peterent</i>. Grammatically speaking, it ought to be <i>sibi quoque</i>; but + no Latin would have understood this, since he would have taken + <i>quoque</i> as an adverb. See Zumpt, § 710. <i>Passim</i>, ‘in different + places,’ ‘scattered everywhere,’ but not ‘here and there.’ The + tradition of the immense conquests extending to the western + extremities of the known earth, which are ascribed to Hercules + (Heracles), who occurs in the traditions of various nations, runs + through the whole of ancient history. +<br><a class="bold" name="j126">[126]</a> <i>Nostrum mare</i> is the Mediterranean, the African coast of which + was occupied by the parts of Hercules’ army here mentioned; and + the Persae, it is farther stated, occupied that coast which is more + within (that is, ‘on this side,’ as a person writing at Rome would + say) the ocean. +<br><a class="bold" name="j127">[127]</a> <i>Gnarus</i> and <i>ignarus</i> have most commonly an active meaning, + denoting ‘one who does know,’ or ‘one does not know;’ but sometimes, + and especially in Sallust and Tacitus, they have a passive meaning, + ‘he who is known,’ and ‘he who is not known.’ So here <i>ignara lingua</i> + is the same as <i>ignota lingua</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j128">[128]</a> ‘They tried the fields;’ that is, ‘the soil,’ as to whether it was + fruitful, and in this manner they sometimes inhabited one place, + and sometimes another. <i>Alia, deinde alia</i>, is the same as <i>alia + atque alia</i>, as in <a href="#jug26">chap. 26</a>. Hence they were called in Greek + <i>Νομαδες</i>, and the Greek accusative of this word, <i>Nomadas</i> for + <i>Nomades</i>, is used by Sallust in the next sentence. See Zumpt, § 74. +<br><a class="bold" name="j129">[129]</a> The Medes and Armenians in the army of Hercules joined the + Libyans, the ancient inhabitants of Africa. <i>Libyes</i> is the + accusative, for <i>accedere</i> is joined with the accusative as well as + the dative of the person whom one joins. See Zumpt, § 386, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j130">[130]</a> This derivation of the name <i>Mauri</i> is very improbable. The Mauri + are the inhabitants of the western part of the African coast of the + Mediterranean. They lived to the west of the mouth of the river + Mulucha (which separated them from the Numidians), opposite Malaga + and Cadiz, and also on the coast of the ocean extending southward as + far as those countries were known to the ancients. The modern name of + Moors is derived from the ancient Mauri. +<br><a class="bold" name="j131">[131]</a> <i>Utrique</i> refers to <i>parentes</i> and their descendants, the Numidae. + One part of the nation trusted to the other (<i>alteris freti</i>), and + was supported by it.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug19">19.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j132">[132]</a> To <i>aliis — avidis</i> supply <i>sollicitatis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j133">[133]</a> All three are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards + became the province of Africa. Hippo with the surname of Diarrhytus, + (there being another town, Hippo Regius, on the coast of Numidia,) is + said to be the modern Bizerta; Hadrumetum, southeast of Carthage, and + Leptis, surnamed minor (there being another town, Leptis magna, more + to the east), are now in ruins. +<br><a class="bold" name="j134">[134]</a> ‘To their origin;’ that is, to their mother country Phoenicia, + whence the settlers had come. +<br><a class="bold" name="j135">[135]</a> The transition to Carthage by the conjunction <i>nam</i> presupposes + the ellipsis of some such sentiment as — ‘I only meant to mention + these Phoenician settlements on the African coast, <i>for</i> it is well + known that Carthage also was a settlement of the Phoenicians.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j136">[136]</a> <i>Secundo mari</i>, ‘along the sea,’ is said according to the analogy + of <i>secundo flumine</i> (see Caes. <i>Bell. Gall.</i> vii. 58) <i>secundo + flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit</i>. The sea has indeed no + current like a river, but the direction is determined by the person + travelling on the coast, and in this case it is the direction from + east to west. <i>Theraei</i> are the inhabitants of the island of Thera, + in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus, whence the first + Greek settlers at Cyrene proceeded in B. C. 631, under the leadership + of Battus. Respecting the Greek genitive <i>on</i>, instead of <i>orum</i>, see + Zumpt, § 52, 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j137">[137]</a> <i>Syrtis major</i> and <i>Syrtis minor</i> are two large sandbanks near the + coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage. They were very + dangerous to navigation, and between them lay the route to Leptis + magna, a city of considerable importance. Compare <a href="#jug78">chap. 78</a>, where + Sallust describes these sandbanks and the bays named after them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j138">[138]</a> The origin of the name of this place is stated by Sallust, <a href="#jug79">chap. + 79</a>. As it was situated above the great, that is, the eastern Syrtis, + it is clear that <i>deinde</i> is used somewhat vaguely, since only the + great Syrtis, but not the town of Leptis and the small Syrtis, + precede the place Arae Philaenon in the order of succession. +<br><a class="bold" name="j139">[139]</a> ‘Above Numidia;’ that is, southward, towards the inland, the + coast being always, or at least being always conceived to be, lower + than the inland districts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j140">[140]</a> <i>Novissime</i>, ‘latterly;’ that is, at the beginning of the third + Punic war, the result of which was, that Carthage and its territory + became a Roman province. +<br><a class="bold" name="j141">[141]</a> <i>Cetera ignarus</i>, ‘otherwise unknown.’ Compare p. 87, note 4 + [<a href="#j127">note 127</a>]; and on <i>cetera</i>, Zumpt, § 459.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug20">20.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j142">[142]</a> <i>Questum</i>, the supine, ‘in order to complain’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j143">[143]</a> ‘The war previously undertaken had turned out unsuccessfully.’ + About <i>secus</i>, see Zumpt, § 283.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug21">21.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j144">[144]</a> <i>Cirta</i>, the capital of Numidia, situated in that part of the + country nearest to Carthage, or the Roman province. It is said to be + ‘not far from the sea,’ only in consideration of the vast extent of + Numidia to the south. Cirta is the modern Constantina, which name it + received in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and is situated at a + distance of four days’ march from Bona, the ancient Hippo Regius. +<br><a class="bold" name="j145">[145]</a> <i>Plerumque</i> for the more common <i>plurimum</i>, ‘the greater part.’ + See Zumpt, § 103. +<br><a class="bold" name="j146">[146]</a> As Sallust in other passages connects <i>pars</i> and <i>alii</i>, so here + <i>partim</i> and <i>alios</i>, <i>partim</i> being the same as <i>partem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j147">[147]</a> <i>Togati</i> are Roman citizens, for they alone wore the peculiar and + privileged dress called <i>toga</i>. But it may be that other Italians + also are comprised under the name; for Romans and Italians resided in + great numbers in all the towns subject to the Roman dominion, for + the sake of commerce, and in them they formed a distinct <i>conventus</i>. + <i>Moenibus prohibere</i>. See Zumpt, § 468. +<br><a class="bold" name="j148">[148]</a> It would be more in accordance with the ordinary usage to say, + <i>et se et illis</i>. See Zumpt, § 338.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug22">22.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j149">[149]</a> Literally, ‘but this report was mild;’ that is, it spoke of the + battle and siege as if they had been mild or moderate; which was not + the case, as Jugurtha carried them on with all his energy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j150">[150]</a> <i>Pro bono facere</i>; literally, ‘to act in accordance with what is + good,’ and hence ‘to act well,’ <i>bene agere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j151">[151]</a> <i>Utrique</i> refers to both parties — the Roman ambassadors on the one + hand, and Jugurtha on the other. The ambassadors were not allowed to + speak with Adherbal.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug23">23.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j152">[152]</a> <i>Arrigere</i>, the same as <i>excitare</i>; hence frequently <i>animum + arrigere</i>, ‘to rouse courage.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug24">24.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j153">[153]</a> <i>Nisi tamen intellego</i> refers to the preceding <i>plura scribere + nolo</i>, and expresses an exception, as is always the case with <i>nisi</i> + after a negative: he will write nothing else, but still add the + remark that Jugurtha aimed at something beyond the kingdom of + Adherbal; namely, that he intended afterwards to attack the Romans + themselves, because he saw that the acquisition of the kingdom of + Adherbal was irreconcilable with the friendship of Rome. <i>Plura non + scribam nisi hoc intellego</i> is an elliptical expression, equivalent + to <i>plura non scribam, nisi hoc scribam, me intellegere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j154">[154]</a> ‘Whatever may have been our mutual acts of injustice, it is no + concern of yours;’ that is, they must be indifferent to you. Consider + only the fact, that he has taken possession of the kingdom of your + ally. +<br><a class="bold" name="j155">[155]</a> Adherbal, for the purpose of exciting the sympathy of the senate, + represents it as a fact that he is born only to exhibit (endure) the + crimes of Jugurtha. Respecting the dative <i>ostentui</i>, see Zumpt, + §§ 90 and 422. +<br><a class="bold" name="j156">[156]</a> Adherbal prays the senate to <i>prevent (deprecor)</i> his enemy from + acquiring the sole sovereignty, and from killing him amid tortures.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug25">25.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j157">[157]</a> <i>Consuleretur</i>; supply <i>senatus</i>; ‘that the subject of the + disobedience shown by Jugurtha should be brought for decision before + the senate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j158">[158]</a> <i>Enisum est</i>, ‘it was carried.’ Observe the passive meaning of the + deponent verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j159">[159]</a> <i>Quam ocissime</i>, ‘as speedily as possible.’ The positive of + <i>ocissime</i> is not in use in Latin. Zumpt, § 293, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j160">[160]</a> <i>Cirtam irrumpere</i> is a peculiarity in the style of Sallust, the + common expression being, <i>in urbem irrumpere</i>. See Zumpt, § 386, + note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j161">[161]</a> By engaging the enemy’s troops in different places, and thus + dividing them. This is the meaning of the inseparable particle <i>dis</i> + or <i>di</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug26">26.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j162">[162]</a> ‘Although he considered everything else to be of more weight than + the faithfulness (promise) of Jugurtha.’ The conquest of Cirta, and + the putting to death of Adherbal, belong to the year B. C. 112.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug27">27.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j163">[163]</a> <i>Interpellando</i>, ‘by interrupting the speakers, and introducing + other topics.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j164">[164]</a> By this law of the tribune G. Sempronius Gracchus, in the year + B. C. 122, it had been ordained that every year previous to the + election of the consuls for the next year, the senate should + determine those provinces which should be assigned to the consuls + about to be elected, after the expiration of the year of their + office. As two provinces were thus fixed upon, the consuls afterwards + determined by lot which should have the one, and which the other. The + object of this law was to prevent intrigues in the senate, which + would be carried on by the ruling consuls if they had to choose their + own provinces. +<br><a class="bold" name="j165">[165]</a> <i>Obvenit</i>, ‘fell to the lot.’ Whenever Italy is called a province, + it is implied that the consul undertaking its administration was to + remain at Rome, and was to be ready for any other war which might + break out. For in the first place, there were now no wars in Italy, + and in the second place, Italy was not a province in the ordinary + sense of the term. The consuls here mentioned entered upon their + office on the 1st January, B. C. 111.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug28">28.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j166">[166]</a> <i>Venum eo</i>, or contracted <i>veneo</i>, infinitive <i>venire</i>, ‘to go to + be sold,’ or ‘to be sold;’ the passive of <i>vendo</i> (I sell) is not in + use. Zumpt, § 187. +<br><a class="bold" name="j167">[167]</a> <i>Adventabant</i>, with the accusative, see Zumpt, § 489. +<br><a class="bold" name="j168">[168]</a> <i>In diebus</i>, &c.; for <i>in</i>, with words denoting time, see Zumpt, + § 479. <i>Deditum</i> is a supine. +<br><a class="bold" name="j169">[169]</a> <i>Legare</i> properly signifies ‘to despatch,’ and ‘to add to;’ whence + the word <i>legatus</i> means both ‘an ambassador,’ and ‘a person added + to an officer,’ who, when necessary, supplies his place. See <a href="#cat59"><i>Catil.</i> + chap. 59</a>. It was the business of the senate to supply such legates + to a magistrate (<i>senatus legat aliquem alicui</i>), but as this was + commonly done on the proposal or recommendation of the magistrate + himself, we also read <i>legat sibi</i>, ‘he chooses some one to be his + legate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j170">[170]</a> <i>Supra</i>. See <a href="#jug15">chap. 15</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j171">[171]</a> Respecting the omission of <i>in</i> before <i>Siciliam</i>, see Zumpt, + § 398, note 1.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug29">29.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j172">[172]</a> <i>Aeger avaritia</i>, ‘sick with avarice;’ a very appropriate + expression, describing moral defects as a disease. +<br><a class="bold" name="j173">[173]</a> <i>A principio</i>; that is, <i>in principio</i>. See Zumpt, § 304. The + faction of Scaurus is that of the nobility or aristocracy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j174">[174]</a> <i>Vaga</i>, a considerable town in Numidia, to the south-east of Cirta. +<br><a class="bold" name="j175">[175]</a> ‘A truce was observed on account of (or during) the delay of the + surrender,’ which Jugurtha had promised, but which could not yet be + carried into effect. +<br><a class="bold" name="j176">[176]</a> <i>Secreta</i> refers to <i>reliqua</i>, so that the other negotiations were + secret, whereas the proposal to surrender had been made in presence + of the war council. It would have been more in accordance with + ordinary usage to employ the adverb <i>secreto</i> belonging to the verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j177">[177]</a> The opinions of the persons invited to the war council were asked + only <i>en masse (per saturam)</i>. The Latin expression is taken from + <i>lanx satura</i>, a dish offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and + containing different kinds of fruit. Its figurative application to + other mixtures is here indicated by <i>quasi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j178">[178]</a> <i>Pro consilio</i>; that is, <i>in consilio</i>. See Zumpt, § 311. +<br><a class="bold" name="j179">[179]</a> To cause the magistrates for the year B.C. 110 to be elected. + The president in the elective assembly <i>rogat populum</i> (requests the + people) to appoint new officers; hence <i>rogare</i>, the usual term.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug30">30.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j180">[180]</a> <i>Parum constabat</i>, ‘was not firmly determined upon;’ namely, <i>iis, + patribus</i> — that is, they had not yet made up their minds.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug31">31.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j181">[181]</a> <i>Dehortantur a vobis</i> — that is, <i>ad causam vestram suscipiendam</i>, + ‘many things dissuade me to undertake your cause.’ According to + the context, the expression might, or rather should be, <i>multa me + dehortantur, ni superaret</i>; but the present represents the act of + <i>superare</i> as an actual fact, and is at the same time more + impressive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j182">[182]</a> The number XV., which is found in all good manuscripts, points + to the year B. C. 125, in which the aristocracy gained a decisive + victory through the praetor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of + Fregellae, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian + allies (<i>socii</i>) to obtain the Roman franchise. It may be supposed + that this attempt of the allies was even then supported by the Roman + plebs, as was the case afterwards in the time of Marius. +<br><a class="bold" name="j183">[183]</a> <i>Ab ignavia</i> is to be taken in the sense of ‘in consequence of,’ or + ‘on account of your cowardice.’ See Zumpt, § 305. +<br><a class="bold" name="j184">[184]</a> ‘When your political enemies (in consequence of the crime which + they have committed) are deserving of punishment, and in your hands.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j185">[185]</a> <i>Animus subigit</i>. ‘My feelings compel me to stand out against + the faction (of the optimates), in spite of your lukewarmness.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j186">[186]</a> <i>Ob rem</i>, ‘effectually,’ ‘with success.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j187">[187]</a> ‘They must ruin themselves.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j188">[188]</a> ‘I will grant that everything has been done with justice, which + cannot be punished without again shedding the blood of citizens;’ + that is, the cruelties then committed by the optimates in crushing + Tib. and G. Gracchus may be considered as legitimate, since the + perpetrators cannot be punished without fresh executions. <i>Ulciscor</i>, + usually a deponent, is here used in a passive sense, just as the + participle <i>ultus</i> is sometimes used in the sense of <i>vindicatus</i>. + For the same reason, the passive form <i>nequitur</i> has been chosen; + respecting which, see Zumpt, § 216. +<br><a class="bold" name="j189">[189]</a> <i>Parum habuere</i>, ‘they considered it too little’ (this is the + meaning of <i>parum</i>): it was not enough for them that they had + committed such disgraceful acts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j190">[190]</a> <i>Incedere per ora hominum</i>, ‘to walk in the eyes’ or ‘in the sight + of men.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j191">[191]</a> ‘The cruelties committed against the defenders of the plebs, serve + them as a bulwark;’ that is, make them only the more audacious. +<br><a class="bold" name="j192">[192]</a> About <i>quam maxime — tam maxime</i>, expressing a proportionate + increase, see Zumpt, § 725. +<br><a class="bold" name="j193">[193]</a> A complicated expression — ‘they have transferred their fear, which + they ought to have on account of their crime, to your cowardice;’ + that is, to you who are cowards, or whom they consider as cowards. +<br><a class="bold" name="j194">[194]</a> <i>In unum coëgit</i>; that is, <i>conjunxit, copulavit</i>. The infinitives + here are the subjects of the sentence: the same fear and the same + greediness have united all your opponents into one league. Compare + <a href="#cat20"><i>Cat.</i> 20</a>: <i>idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia + est</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j195">[195]</a> <i>Benejicia vestra</i>; that is, <i>honores, magistratus, imperia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j196">[196]</a> The speaker refers to the two most important secessions of the + Roman plebs — the one in which they obtained their tribunes in B.C. + 510, and the other, which was undertaken in B.C. 449. to restore + the consulate and the tribuneship after the overthrow of the + tyrannical rule of the decemvirs. Both led to the establishment of a + legitimate state of things (<i>jus</i>), and the latter, in particular, to + the establishment of the decisive authority of the people against the + magistrates and the patricians. This sovereignty of the Roman + people was termed <i>majestas</i>. These secessions, according to the + statements of the ancients, were made to the Mons Sacer, and not + to the Aventine; but Sallust here follows other ancient authorities; + and it is probable enough that the plebs may have occupied both + hills. +<br><a class="bold" name="j197">[197]</a> Respecting the form of this sentence, see Zumpt, § 781. The answer + to this question is contained in the clause <i>atque eo vehementius</i>, + to which we must supply <i>nitendum vobis est</i>. <i>Atque</i> introduces the + answer with emphasis. +<br><a class="bold" name="j198">[198]</a> <i>Vindicare</i> is construed with <i>in</i> and the accusative, as well as + <i>vindicare scelus in aliquo</i> and <i>vindicare aliquam rem</i>. <i>Vindicare + in aliquem</i>, ‘to use force against a person for the purpose of taking + revenge.’ <i>Vindicare sibi rem</i>, ‘to claim a thing for one’s self,’ or + ‘to appropriate a thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j199">[199]</a> <i>Quaestio</i>, ‘a judicial inquiry into a crime,’ ‘a criminal trial.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j200">[200]</a> <i>Nisi forte</i> supposes, with a strong irony, a case which cannot be + conceived. See Zumpt, § 526. +<br><a class="bold" name="j201">[201]</a> <i>Quantum importunitatis habent</i>, ‘according to the high degree of + impudence and arrogance which they possess.’ Sallust might have said, + <i>quae eorum importunitas est</i>, or <i>pro eorum importunitate</i>. See + Zumpt, § 705. +<br><a class="bold" name="j202">[202]</a> <i>Rex</i>, according to Roman notions, always contains the idea of an + absolute ruler, and is therefore frequently used in the sense of ‘a + tyrant.’ The idea of a constitutional or limited monarchy was not + known in antiquity, except perhaps at Sparta. +<br><a class="bold" name="j203">[203]</a> <i>Perditum eatis</i>; that is, <i>perdatis</i>. See Zumpt, § 669. +<br><a class="bold" name="j204">[204]</a> Practically, it is quite correct, that in the administration of a + state it is more necessary to punish criminals than to reward good + services; for it is impossible that all good citizens should be + rewarded with external distinctions; but if a criminal remains + unpunished, he does harm by his example, and undermines the organism + of the state.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug32">32.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j205">[205]</a> <i>Arcessere</i>, ‘to summon before a court of justice,’ governs the + genitive of the thing for which a person is summoned. +<br><a class="bold" name="j206">[206]</a> <i>Rogatio</i>, ‘a proposal to the people,’ because, in making a + proposal, as well as at elections of magistrates, the people were + requested (<i>rogabatur</i>) to pass a resolution.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug33">33.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j207">[207]</a> <i>Per sese</i>, ‘as far as lay in him,’ ‘as much as he could,’ as in + the phrase <i>per me licet</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j208">[208]</a> Respecting <i>Romae Numidiaeque</i>, where <i>Numidiae</i> by a kind of + attraction takes the same case as <i>Romae</i>, instead of <i>in Numidia</i>, + see Zumpt, § 398, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j209">[209]</a> ‘He (Jugurtha) would not, indeed, thereby be a safety to his + accomplices, but destroy his own hope (of obtaining pardon).’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug34">34.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j210">[210]</a> The words <i>quae ira fieri amat</i> are very surprising, but were + regarded by the ancients themselves as a Graecism of Sallust, from + whom Quinctilian quotes the words <i>quae vulgus amat fieri</i>, which + occurred in a work of Sallust that is lost. In both cases, we must + construe <i>ira (vulgus) amat</i> with an accusative with the infinitive + after it: ‘anger likes that this or that should happen.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j211">[211]</a> <i>Animus augescit</i>, ‘courage grows’ or ‘increases.’ For the plural + <i>animi</i>, see Zumpt, § 92.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug35">35.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j212">[212]</a> We here enter the year B.C. 110. +<br><a class="bold" name="j213">[213]</a> <i>Urgueat</i>, ‘presses Jugurtha;’ that is, he is hindered by the + indignation on account of his past crimes, and at the same time by + the apprehension with which the Roman people regard him. +<br><a class="bold" name="j214">[214]</a> He would like best that it should be done in secret; but if this + should not succeed, he would like it to be done in any way, whatever + it might be. Instead of <i>maxime</i>, the author might have said + <i>potissimum</i>. See the same expression <a href="#jug46">chap. 46</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j215">[215]</a> <i>Profiteri indicium</i>, ‘to declare that you will state everything.’ + We must understand that in the defective administration of justice + at Rome, the <i>index</i> (informer) received a promise of impunity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j216">[216]</a> <i>Manifestus</i>, with the genitive of the crime, is a person <i>qui mani + festo tenetur</i>, or against whom there is most decisive evidence. +<br><a class="bold" name="j217">[217]</a> <i>Animum adverto</i>, the same as the compound <i>animadverto</i>, like + <i>venum eo</i> for <i>veneo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j218">[218]</a> Jugurtha had given fifty sureties in the name of Bomilcar, in order + that he might remain at liberty. These sureties were of course fifty + Roman citizens. As Bomilcar fled, those sureties had to pay the money + with which each guaranteed his appearance, and there can be no doubt + but that Jugurtha secretly paid the money. +<br><a class="bold" name="j219">[219]</a> <i>Paucis diebus.</i> See Zumpt, § 480.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug36">36.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j220">[220]</a> This season was usually the middle of the year, but was frequently + delayed until the autumn. The consul Albinus seems to have been + commissioned to preside at the elections, because his colleague, who + had obtained Macedonia, was at a still greater distance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j221">[221]</a> Jugurtha protracted the war, delayed the negotiations for peace, + and in this manner thwarted the consul. We have here restored the + active form <i>ludificare</i>, because it exists in all the manuscripts. + It is found also in Cicero, though the deponent <i>ludificari</i> is more + frequent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j222">[222]</a> Some were convinced that after the hurry which the consul had + shown at the beginning, the war was protracted, not so much by his + carelessness, as by his cunning designs. <i>Non magis quam</i> is + expressed in modern languages as if the Latin were <i>dolo magis quam + socordia</i>: ‘they believed that the war was protracted by his cunning + designs rather than by his carelessness.’ See Zumpt, § 725.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug37">37.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j223">[223]</a> <i>Continuare magistratum</i>, ‘to continue for another year in a + magistracy which has been given for only one year.’ In the case of + some magistracies this was forbidden by law; in that of tribunes of + the people, it occurs rather frequently in the early times, that they + were re-elected twice or oftener in successive years. The last in + stance of a tribuneship lasting for two years is that of G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 123 and 122; and even then this re-election was the cause of + violent commotions, and it was impossible to carry it for the third + year. +<br><a class="bold" name="j224">[224]</a> Around the wall, which had been built on the extreme edge of a + precipitous rock, the clayey soil had formed a marsh. Respecting + <i>extremum</i> used substantively, see Zumpt, § 435.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug38">38.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j225">[225]</a> Respecting the frequentatives <i>ductare</i> and <i>missitare</i>, which last + is a secondary derivative from <i>mittere</i> (as <i>currere, cursare, + cursitare</i>), see Zumpt, § 231; and about <i>vitabundus</i>, § 248. +<br><a class="bold" name="j226">[226]</a> The usual arrangement of the words would be: <i>corrumpere, ut alii + (partim) transfugerent, alii — desererent</i>. The <i>ut</i> is here repeated + in the second clause, which is rather unusual. +<br><a class="bold" name="j227">[227]</a> <i>Trepidare</i>, in its proper sense, is, ‘to run about with fear and + trembling.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j228">[228]</a> <i>Anceps</i>, ‘twofold,’ on the part of the enemy and of that of + nature. +<br><a class="bold" name="j229">[229]</a> The author here distinguishes the infantry (<i>cohors</i>) and cavalry + (<i>turma</i>) of the auxiliaries, and the common soldiers from the Roman + legions. +<br><a class="bold" name="j230">[230]</a> The <i>primus pilus</i> in a Roman legion is the first company + (<i>manipulus</i>) of the third class of legionaries, who were called + <i>pilani</i> or <i>triarii</i>, and were employed in battle as a reserve, + while the two other classes of legionaries, the <i>hastati</i> and + <i>principes</i>, began the engagement. A legion thus contained ten + maniples of every class; that is, altogether thirty maniples, each of + which consisted of two <i>centuriae</i>, and each <i>centuria</i> was commanded + by a <i>centurio</i>. Out of these sixty centurions of a legion, the two + commanding the <i>primus pilus</i> (they themselves also were called, like + their companies, <i>primi pili</i>) were the first in rank, and again the + <i>ductor prioris centuriae primi pili</i> was the principal centurion in + a legion. The treachery of such an officer, therefore, is the more + surprising. To the pronoun <i>ea</i> supply <i>via</i>; <i>ea</i>, with this + ellipsis, is used as an adverb in the sense of ‘there.’ See Zumpt, + § 207, 288. +<br><a class="bold" name="j231">[231]</a> In accordance with the rules on the oratio obliqua, Sallust ought + to have written <i>teneat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j232">[232]</a> A <i>jugum</i> was formed by two lances fixed in the ground, and a + third fastened across them so as to form a gate. When an army + confessed itself to be conquered, and after capitulating, was allowed + to depart, the troops had to march under a yoke of this description. +<br><a class="bold" name="j233">[233]</a> Literally: ‘because the disgrace was exchanged for the fear of + death;’ that is, by enduring it, they became free from the fear of + death.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug39">39.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j234">[234]</a> <i>Dolere pro gloria</i>, ‘to be grieved for reputation;’ that is, as + they were interested in the glory of their country, they were grieved + at the disgrace (<i>dedecore</i> or <i>propter dedecus</i>) they had suffered. + <i>Timere libertati</i>, ‘to be afraid of losing one’s freedom,’ it + appearing to be in danger. See Zumpt, § 414. +<br><a class="bold" name="j235">[235]</a> <i>Nomen Latinum</i> is the same as <i>socii Latini</i>, or <i>Latini</i> alone. + The expression properly signifies those who are called Latins; for + this class of people comprised not only those who really belonged to + the nation of the Latins — such as the inhabitants of the ancient + Latin towns of Tibur and Praeneste — but those also whose towns + subsequently received the same privileges. The latter were termed + coloniae Latinae — such as Alba in the country of the Marsians, + Beneventum in Samnium, Cremona and Placentia on the Po. +<br><a class="bold" name="j236">[236]</a> <i>Ex copia rerum</i>, ‘according to his present resources,’ ‘according + to the state of affairs.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug40">40.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j237">[237]</a> In a few manuscripts we read <i>neglegisset</i>, respecting which see + Zumpt, § 195. +<br><a class="bold" name="j238">[238]</a> <i>Quin faterentur</i>, ‘without confessing.’ See Zumpt, § 539. +<br><a class="bold" name="j239">[239]</a> M. Scaurus, who, as Sallust stated before, was himself bribed + by Jugurtha, had availed himself of the time when the people were + rejoicing at his victory, when the city was still under apprehensions + respecting the war, and when many other nobles, from a consciousness + of guilt, kept back; and there can be no doubt that, through the + influence of his friends, he contrived to be himself elected one of + the commissioners who had to institute inquiries about these + briberies, and thus escaped being tried himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j240">[240]</a> <i>Ex</i> here signifies ‘with respect to.’ The people after this + victory were insolent, so that the commissioners yielded to the + wishes of the multitude.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug41">41.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j241">[241]</a> ‘The custom of (forming) parties among the people, and of factions + in the senate;’ the people are divided into <i>partes</i>, the senate + into <i>factiones</i>; the latter evidently implies intriguing + combinations. +<br><a class="bold" name="j242">[242]</a> ‘From the abundance of those things which mortals deem of the + first importance.’ <i>Prima</i> is used substantively, and with it the + relative pronoun (<i>quae</i>) agrees. Sallust might have said + <i>quas — primas</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j243">[243]</a> <i>Scilicet</i>, ‘naturally,’ is used here as an adverb. See Zumpt, + § 271. +<br><a class="bold" name="j244">[244]</a> The annexation of small free farms to the adjoining large estates, + is described by all the ancient authors as the cause of the great + misery of the Roman state, and, as Sallust remarks, it was + facilitated by the absence of many of the free citizens who were + serving in the armies; for their fathers or children, who were left + behind, were easily induced to sell their small farm to a wealthy and + powerful neighbour. For force was certainly not always applied, and + <i>pellere</i> here signifies ‘to displace,’ rather than ‘to expel.’ The + large estates thus formed were called <i>latifundia</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j245">[245]</a> <i>Permixtio terrae</i> is said figuratively, as is indicated by + <i>quasi</i>, ‘a chaos — a mixture of elements.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug42">42.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j246">[246]</a> Tib. Gracchus was slain in B.C. 133, and his brother, G. Gracchus, + in B.C. 121. Sallust here states that the faction of the optimates + threw obstacles in the way of the two brothers, sometimes by means of + the <i>socii</i> (in Italy), and sometimes by means of the Roman equites, + who had been drawn into the senate by the popular party. This + refers, in the first place, to the opposition made, through the + instrumentality of the Latins, to the scheme of the Gracchi to + settle poor Roman citizens in Latin colonies; and secondly, to the + ingratitude of the equites, to whom G. Gracchus had transferred + the administration of justice, after having taken it from the senate. + Respecting <i>modo — interdum</i>, instead of <i>modo — modo</i>, see Zumpt, + § 723. +<br><a class="bold" name="j247">[247]</a> Sallust admits that the Gracchi went somewhat too far, but blames + the violence with which the faction of the optimates took + vengeance upon them; ‘for,’ says he, ‘a good man prefers being + conquered, to taking revenge for injury done to him in a violent + manner’ — intimating that the optimates ought to have borne the + injury done to them by the Gracchi, rather than avenge it with + murder and assassination. +<br><a class="bold" name="j248">[248]</a> <i>Acerbius</i>; that is, <i>nimis acerbe</i>, or <i>acerbius quam par est</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j249">[249]</a> <i>Omnis civitatis</i> for <i>totius civitatis</i>, in opposition to the + patres. <i>Parem</i>; that is, <i>velim</i>, which is followed in the apodosis + by the same subjunctive present, or the future indicative. See Zumpt, + § 524, note 1. <i>Res</i>, the same as <i>materia</i>, <i>argumentum</i>, ‘subject.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug43">43.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j250">[250]</a> The consuls here mentioned entered upon their office on the 1st + of January, 109 B.C. The preparation for the campaign accordingly + belongs to the latter part of the year 110. +<br><a class="bold" name="j251">[251]</a> ‘An opponent of the popular party;’ <i>adversus</i> being used as a + substantive, in the sense of <i>adversarius</i>; as an adjective, it is + construed with the dative. +<br><a class="bold" name="j252">[252]</a> <i>Cum collega</i>, a short expression for <i>conjuncta cum collega</i>, + ‘everything else he considered as common between himself and his + colleague, but to the Numidian war he alone directed his attention, + as though it were his own exclusive business.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j253">[253]</a> <i>Praesidia</i> is generally ‘resources;’ but here the same as + <i>auxilia</i>, ‘auxiliary troops.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j254">[254]</a> <i>Contusae</i>, from <i>contundere</i>, for <i>imminutae</i>, <i>debilitatae</i>, + <i>fractae</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug44">44.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j255">[255]</a> <i>Praedator</i>, belonging to <i>exercitus</i>, is the same as <i>praedas + agens</i>, ‘carrying off booty.’ See Zumpt, § 102, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j256">[256]</a> <i>Aestivorum tempus</i> is the time suited for the campaign. To + <i>aestivorum</i> supply <i>castrorum</i>, ‘a summer-camp,’ and ‘a campaign + made in summer;’ hence, also, ‘a campaign’ in general, inasmuch as + warlike operations were but rarely carried on in winter. +<br><a class="bold" name="j257">[257]</a> <i>Albinus</i>, during a portion of the summer of the year 109 B. C., + continued to command as proconsul, while the consul Metellus was + detained at Rome by the election of the consuls for the year + B. C. 108. +<br><a class="bold" name="j258">[258]</a> <i>Odos</i> for <i>odor</i>. See Zumpt, § 7. +<br><a class="bold" name="j259">[259]</a> <i>Cum mercatoribus</i>, ‘in intercourse with merchants.’ The + merchandise, in return for which another commodity is given, is + expressed by the ablative. See Zumpt, § 456.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug45">45.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j260">[260]</a> <i>Ambitio</i>, ‘courting favour;’ hence here in the sense of + ‘indulgence,’ ‘connivance,’ these being the ordinary means to obtain + the favour of the multitude. +<br><a class="bold" name="j261">[261]</a> <i>Ceteris arte modum statuisse</i> still depends upon <i>comperior</i>, ‘I + learn (that is, we are informed) that for the rest (of the wants) he + fixed the measure in a close (niggardly) manner;’ for <i>arte</i> is the + adverb of <i>artus</i>, which is frequently, though not correctly, written + <i>arcte</i>. It must not be confounded with <i>arte</i> from <i>ars</i>. Sallust + might have said, <i>ceteris (rebus) artum modum statuisse</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug46">46.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j262">[262]</a> <i>Supplicia</i> here, as elsewhere, are <i>supplices preces</i>, ‘humble + prayers,’ or ‘petitions.’ Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j263">[263]</a> ‘He applies to the ambassadors one by one;’ that is, he tries them + one by one, <i>temptat singulos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j264">[264]</a> <i>Maxime</i>, the same as <i>potissimum</i>. Compare <a href="#jug35">chap. 35</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j265">[265]</a> ‘What would be in accordance with his wish;’ namely, the granting + of his request. +<br><a class="bold" name="j266">[266]</a> The plural <i>equitatus</i> is rare; here it refers to different troops + of cavalry, as in Caesar, <i>Bell. Civ.</i> i. 61. To <i>propulsarent</i> + supply <i>eos</i>. See Zumpt, § 766.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug47">47.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j267">[267]</a> ‘Most frequented;’ for <i>celeber</i>, <i>bris</i>, <i>bre</i>, is commonly used + of densely peopled or much frequented places. +<br><a class="bold" name="j268">[268]</a> Metellus placed a garrison in the city, partly to test the + sentiments of the inhabitants, and partly on account of the + advantages offered to him by the nature of the place, in case the + inhabitants should not object to a garrison of the Romans. The common + reading, <i>si paterentur opportunitates loci</i>, must be rejected, for + the words <i>si paterentur</i> must refer to the inhabitants of the place, + and explain the preceding <i>temptandi gratia</i>. Another reading, + <i>opportunitatis</i>, to which <i>gratia</i> must be supplied by the mind, has + the same meaning as <i>opportunitate</i>, the ablative of cause. +<br><a class="bold" name="j269">[269]</a> ‘He believed that the great number of merchants (in the town) + and the corn would be of use to the army, and protect the provisions + (of the Roman army) already accumulated,’ so that the Roman stores + might be saved. +<br><a class="bold" name="j270">[270]</a> <i>Impensius modo</i>; that is, <i>praeter modum</i>, ‘beyond measure,’ + ‘immoderately;’ literally, ‘stronger than the measure observed in + such matters.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug48">48.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j271">[271]</a> <i>Exercitum antevenit</i>. See Zumpt, § 386, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j272">[272]</a> ‘In an equal direction;’ that is, likewise extending from south + to north. +<br><a class="bold" name="j273">[273]</a> In the midst of this range there arose another group, extending + far and wide; and, as will be seen hereafter (<a href="#jug49">chapter 49</a>), in a + transverse direction (<i>transverso itinere</i>) from the range to the + river running parallel with it. <i>In immensum</i>, however, must be + understood relatively of a very great extent, and not absolutely of + an infinite extent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j274">[274]</a> ‘On dry and sandy ground’ is a very singular expression, and + has been noticed as such by the Roman grammarians themselves; + for <i>humi</i> (on the ground) is otherwise used without an adjective as + an adverb. The adjective is here put in the ablative, to denote the + place where, and in the neuter gender, <i>humi</i> being regarded as + indeclinable. In ordinary language, it would be <i>in humo arida</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug49">49.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j275">[275]</a> ‘The battle-line being long, but not deep.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j276">[276]</a> <i>Montem</i>, the same as <i>monti</i>. See Zumpt, § 411. +<br><a class="bold" name="j277">[277]</a> <i>Decuerint</i>. Sallust might have written <i>decuerit</i> in the singular. + Compare Zumpt, § 226. +<br><a class="bold" name="j278">[278]</a> <i>Quum interim Metellus — conspicitur</i>, is the apodosis. ‘Then, + in the meantime, Metellus appears.’ Respecting this use of <i>quum</i> + with the present indicative, see Zumpt, § 580, 2; for the + circumstance of <i>interim</i> being used here, where we might expect + <i>subito</i>, does not alter the case, and only expresses that Jugurtha + was yet engaged in encouraging his army when Metellus became visible. +<br><a class="bold" name="j279">[279]</a> <i>Incerti</i> is here used passively and personally, ‘uncertain what it + might be,’ for <i>de quibus incertum erat, quidnam esset</i>; and the + neuter <i>quidnam</i> is used in the sense of the masculine plural, ‘it + was uncertain whether they were men, and what sort of men.’ In like + manner we have seen (<a href="#jug18">chapter 18</a>) <i>ignarus</i> used passively. +<br><a class="bold" name="j280">[280]</a> ‘With an alteration in the ranks,’ those soldiers who had before + marched by the side of one another now being placed behind one + another, as the man who had till then been on the right wing of his + detachment suddenly turned to the right, with his face towards the + hill. On the right of the whole marching army, he now formed the + front towards the enemy (<i>aciem</i>), and strengthened by a threefold + reserve. +<br><a class="bold" name="j281">[281]</a> ‘The <i>principia</i> standing transversely’ (to the direction in which + till then the column had been). The march of the Roman army + was from east to west; the enemy appeared on the right flank, and + the Roman vanguard (<i>principia</i>) therefore turned round to face them + (that is, turning its face to the north), and it is this direction + which is expressed by <i>transversus</i>. <i>Principia</i> is the vanguard, + because in a Roman legion the ten companies of <i>principes</i> formed the + front line, while the <i>hastati</i> constituted the second, and the + <i>triarii</i> the third. In this manner the <i>principes</i> here faced the + enemy, while the other divisions of the army drew up behind them as + a reserve.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug50">50.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j282">[282]</a> <i>Transversis proeliis</i>, ‘by attacks on the flanks’ — namely, if the + Roman army should resume its march westward. +<br><a class="bold" name="j283">[283]</a> <i>Temptare lassitudinem militum</i>, the same as <i>lassos milites + aggredi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j284">[284]</a> The army was drawn up in battle array facing the north, so that, + if it resumed its march westward, the part which formed the left + wing became the head of the column (<i>agmen</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="j285">[285]</a> <i>Priores</i>; that is, <i>superiores</i>, ‘superior.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j286">[286]</a> <i>Ea</i>, ‘on this road,’ or ‘there.’ <i>Evadere</i>, ‘to ascend.’ <i>Vero</i> in + the apodosis renders it strong and emphatic. See Zumpt, § 716.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug51">51.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j287">[287]</a> Respecting the omission of <i>et</i>, see Zumpt, § 782. <i>Arma</i> and + <i>tela</i> are the two kinds of arms, the one being used in a close + contest, and the other at a distance; the use of either of them + depended on chance (<i>fors regebat</i>). <i>Itaque</i> in the next clause is + the same as et <i>ita</i>, and not the conjunction <i>itaque = igitur</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j288">[288]</a> They had no camp, no fortifications into which they could retreat. + <i>Illis</i> refers to the Romans addressed, and is rendered by the + emphatic they; instead of <i>illis</i>, the speaker might have used + <i>ipsis</i> whereby he would have included himself, whereas now he is + speaking only of the soldiers. Compare Zumpt, § 702.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug52">52.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j289">[289]</a> <i>Diei</i>; other editions have <i>die</i>, an obsolete form of the fifth + declension. <i>Adverso colle evadunt</i>, ‘they worked their way up the + opposite hill.’ The author might have said <i>in adversum collem,</i> + ‘they ascended it.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j290">[290]</a> The neuter predicate <i>tutata sunt</i> here refers to two feminine + nouns, instead of <i>tutatae sunt</i>; but it is quite in accordance with + the custom of Sallust. See Zumpt, § 377. +<br><a class="bold" name="j291">[291]</a> ‘What the enemy were doing in every place;’ for <i>ubique</i> signifies + ‘in every place;’ not absolutely, but in every one of the places + where anything was done by the enemy. <i>Ubique</i> stands to <i>ubivis</i> + in the same relation as <i>quisque</i> to <i>quivis</i>. Compare Zumpt, § 710. +<br><a class="bold" name="j292">[292]</a> ‘He had drawn up his corps close together.’ About <i>arte</i>, see + <a href="#cat59"><i>Cat.</i>, chap. 59</a>, and p. 110, note 4 [<a href="#j261">note 261</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug53">53.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j293">[293]</a> ‘They held out only so long as they believed that they had an + assistance in their elephants.’ When they were disappointed in this + hope, they took to flight; for <i>fugam facere</i> is here the same as + <i>fugere</i>, though generally it is equivalent to <i>fugare</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j294">[294]</a> ‘Tired and worn out.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j295">[295]</a> The two detachments of the Roman army approaching each other, threw + each other into fear and confusion by the noise of their march, as + they imagined lhat the enemy was approaching. We have retained + <i>adventarent</i>, the reading of the early editions; the one now + generally received, <i>adventare</i>, must be rendered, ‘when they were + not far from one another, they approached in a noisy manner, like + enemies, (and) filled each other mutually with fear.’ But here + the verb <i>adventare</i> is offensive, it having already been said that + they were not far from one another; so also is the mere ablative + <i>strepitu adventare</i> and the omission of <i>et</i>, for which we cannot + see any reason. +<br><a class="bold" name="j296">[296]</a> Supply <i>esset</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j297">[297]</a> ‘Misfortunes lower even good men;’ that is, diminish their + reputation.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug54">54.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j298">[298]</a> Duration of time is properly expressed by the accusative, but the + ablative also is not unfrequently employed. See Zumpt, § 396. +<br><a class="bold" name="j299">[299]</a> <i>Sunt</i> here changes the oratio obiiqua into the oratio recta; + according to the grammatical rule, it ought to be <i>sint</i> or <i>essent</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j300">[300]</a> <i>Gentium</i> is added to increase the expression of uncertainty. See + Zumpt, § 434. +<br><a class="bold" name="j301">[301]</a> A bold combination of terms: soldiers who were in the habit of + being more concerned about the cattle and the field than about war. + Respecting the substantive <i>cultor</i>, instead of the participle + <i>colens</i>, see p. 109, note 5 [<a href="#j255">note 255</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j302">[302]</a> <i>Ea gratia</i>, a concise expression for <i>ejus (rei) gratia</i>, ‘on this + account.’ In like manner we find <i>hac, ea causa</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j303">[303]</a> ‘Which could not be carried on otherwise than according to his + pleasure;’ because, considering the number and condition of his + irregular troops, he had it in his power both to attack and to + retreat, and thus to draw the Romans hither and thither. +<br><a class="bold" name="j304">[304]</a> <i>Temere</i> signifies that which is done without any lasting effect, + without serious consideration, or what is suggested by mere accident + or chance. +<br><a class="bold" name="j305">[305]</a> <i>Sua loca</i> are ‘convenient’ or ‘favourable places;’ <i>aliena</i>, + ‘inconvenient ;’ that is, such as he would not have chosen himself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j306">[306]</a> ‘According to circumstances,’ as in <a href="#jug39">chap. 39</a>: <i>ex copia rerum</i>, + ‘according to the state of circumstances.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug55">55.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j307">[307]</a> <i>Magnificus</i>, ‘boasting,’ ‘insolent,’ as in <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>: <i>incedunt per + ora, vestra magnifci</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j308">[308]</a> Such a public thanksgiving ordered by the senate is commonly called + <i>supplicatio</i>, and was a sign that the general was likely to be + honoured with a triumph. +<br><a class="bold" name="j309">[309]</a> <i>Necubi</i> for <i>ne alicubi</i>, ‘in order that not somewhere.’ See + Zumpt, § 136. +<br><a class="bold" name="j310">[310]</a> <i>Post insidias Jugurthae</i>, ‘after he had once experienced attacks + made from an ambuscade.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug56">56.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j311">[311]</a> <i>Zama</i>, a town celebrated for the victory gained, about one hundred + years before, by Scipio over Hannibal. It was situated, according + to Polybius, five days’ march south of Carthage. +<br><a class="bold" name="j312">[312]</a> <i>In tempore</i>, ‘in due time,’ ‘in proper time.’ Zumpt, § 475, note.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug57">57.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j313">[313]</a> <i>Proelium facere in manibus</i>, the same as <i>pugnare cominus, manus + conserere</i>, ‘to be engaged in close combat.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j314">[314]</a> ‘Torches mixed of burning pitch and sulphur;’ that is, burning + torches of pitch and sulphur. The singular <i>taedam</i> is used in a + collective sense for the plural <i>taedas</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug58">58.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j315">[315]</a> ‘Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss’ + (careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of <i>remissus</i>, taken from a + bow when it is not stretched. +<br><a class="bold" name="j316">[316]</a> ‘As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among + the many.’ The deponent <i>frustari</i> here has a reflective meaning, + ‘to exert one’s self in vain,’ ‘to deceive one’s self,’ and must be + conceived to come from the active <i>frustrare</i>, ‘to frustrate.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j317">[317]</a> ‘Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,’ &c. Respecting <i>vero</i> in + the apodosis, see note on <a href="#jug50">chap. 50</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug59">59.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j318">[318]</a> ‘The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not + their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage’ + (among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though + the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, § 525. The Numidian + horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making + a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in + such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood + head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by + procuring a respite for their struggling infantry.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug60">60.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j319">[319]</a> ‘There they exerted themselves most actively,’ <i>eo</i> having the + meaning of <i>eo loco</i>, or <i>ibi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j320">[320]</a> ‘More upon themselves than upon others.’ See Zumpt, § 725. +<br><a class="bold" name="j321">[321]</a> ‘One might observe them.’ Zumpt, § 528, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j322">[322]</a> <i>Sicuti — possent</i>, ‘just as if,’ as <i>sicut</i>, like <i>quasi</i>, is used + for <i>velut</i>. See <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>. For it is not possible that the two places + of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the + Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one + another, or even distinctly see the separate charges. +<br><a class="bold" name="j323">[323]</a> <i>Niti corporibus</i>, ‘to exert one’s self bodily,’ inasmuch as the + body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes + backward. The plural <i>corpora</i> is as common in Latin as <i>animi</i>, when + several persons are spoken of. +<br><a class="bold" name="j324">[324]</a> <i>Sine tumultu</i>, ‘without disturbance’ or ‘hindrance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j325">[325]</a> <i>Astrictus</i>, ‘fixed intent,’ whose attention was entirely directed + to the contest at a distance. <i>Occupatis</i> also might have been used.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug61">61.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j326">[326]</a> <i>Ad eum</i>, or <i>ad illum</i>, would have been strictly grammatical; and + as Sallust uses <i>ad se</i>, it would have been more consistent to use + the subjunctive <i>defecissent</i>; but the indicative is necessary, + because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed + by <i>ad ipsum</i>, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from + the secondary subject, <i>urbes</i>, and direct it to the leading subject, + Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun + where <i>is</i> or <i>sui</i>, <i>sibi</i>, <i>se</i>, can be employed. Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>, + and Zumpt, § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j327">[327]</a> That is, <i>Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug62">62.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j328">[328]</a> <i>Ne illo</i>, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, ‘if he hesitated still longer.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j329">[329]</a> <i>More majorum</i> refers to the custom according to which Roman + generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace + according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a + council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior + officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the + praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also + took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a + purely military nature. +<br><a class="bold" name="j330">[330]</a> <i>Pondo</i>, ‘pound,’ properly <i>librarum pondo</i> (depending upon + <i>milia</i>). See Zumpt, § 87. As in the time of the Roman republic + eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and + twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus, + the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi + aurei. +<br><a class="bold" name="j331">[331]</a> ‘When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.’ There + is an ancient military expression, <i>Ad imperium vocari</i>, or <i>adesse</i>, + by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry + into effect. See Zumpt, § 658. +<br><a class="bold" name="j332">[332]</a> <i>Digna</i>, ‘what is due to him;’ here of course bodily suffering or + punishment. +<br><a class="bold" name="j333">[333]</a> We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in + which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged + his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year + as proconsul.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug63">63.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j334">[334]</a> <i>Agitabat</i> does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if + so, the verb would be in the subjunctive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j335">[335]</a> Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a + candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not + a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium + of Arpinum. The term ‘ancient family’ means one which had <i>imagines</i>, + or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices + of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country + gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property + enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of + rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render + to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank, + which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might + be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member + of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as + he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his + praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus. +<br><a class="bold" name="j336">[336]</a> <i>Belli</i>; that is, <i>in bello</i>, on account of the following <i>domi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j337">[337]</a> <i>Altus</i>; that is, <i>alitus</i>. See Zumpt, § 198. +<br><a class="bold" name="j338">[338]</a> That is, <i>quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen + notus factus</i>, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished + services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was + communicated by one person to another. +<br><a class="bold" name="j339">[339]</a> <i>Ad id locorum</i>, ‘until then,’ ‘until that time,’ as in <a href="#jug72">chap. 72</a>: + <i>post id locorum</i>. See Zumpt, § 434. Marius did not venture to aspire + to the consulship; for <i>appetere</i> is not the same as <i>petere</i>, the + latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not + yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious + superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him. +<br><a class="bold" name="j340">[340]</a> The <i>nobiles</i> transmitted the consulship to one another <i>per + manus</i>; that is, after one <i>nobilis</i> had been invested with it, it + was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that + no <i>homo novus</i> should come forward as a candidate.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug64">64.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j341">[341]</a> His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return + to the service, he would have asked <i>commeatum</i>, ‘leave of absence.’ + He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be + successful. +<br><a class="bold" name="j342">[342]</a> <i>Superabant</i>; that is, <i>supererant, abunde erant</i>. + Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at + the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly + born. +<br><a class="bold" name="j343">[343]</a> ‘He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so + consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j344">[344]</a> <i>Contubernio patris</i> for <i>in contubernio patris</i>, as + <i>contubernalis</i> of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for + young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites + in the suite, and as attachés (adjutants) to a general, whereas other + less favoured Romans served <i>in ordine</i>; that is, enlisted in some + detachment of cavalry or infantry. +<br><a class="bold" name="j345">[345]</a> <i>Pro</i>, ‘in regard to,’ ‘in consideration of.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j346">[346]</a> <i>Grassari</i>, ‘to go on,’ ‘proceed;’ but at the same time contains + the idea of excitement or vehemence. +<br><a class="bold" name="j347">[347]</a> <i>Ambitio</i>, ‘courting favour;’ <i>ambitiosum</i>, something the object + or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence ‘winning,’ + ‘captivating.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j348">[348]</a> <i>Inanis</i>, ‘empty.’ Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance, + one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with + it; hence ‘vain,’ ‘superficial.’ <i>Vanus</i> also is used in the same + sense. <i>Regia superbia</i>. See <a href="#jug31">chap. 31</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug65">65.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j349">[349]</a> <i>Secundus heres</i> is the person who is pointed out in a will to + supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable + or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his + death without leaving any issue. +<br><a class="bold" name="j350">[350]</a> <i>In eos</i>; that is, <i>in equites Romanos</i>, referring to what follows. +<br><a class="bold" name="j351">[351]</a> <i>Imperatori</i>, a dativus incommodi, <i>cui poena imponantur</i>, ‘that + with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the + general in return for the insults offered to him.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j352">[352]</a> ‘This might happen even very soon.’ <i>Adeo</i> points out that which is + essential in a thing. See Zumpt, § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="j353">[353]</a> The words <i>milites et negotiatiores</i> are in apposition to <i>equites + Romanos</i>, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in + the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on + business (<i>negotiabantur</i>) in the towns. If the sentence were to be + understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been + omitted before <i>milites</i>. See Zumpt, § 783. The <i>milites gregarii</i> + and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons + had little or no communication with their friends at Rome. +<br><a class="bold" name="j354">[354]</a> <i>Suffragatio</i>, the inclination to give one’s vote in favour of a + person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence ‘the + support given to a person’s election.’ A vote is <i>suffragium</i>, and + <i>suffragari</i>, to vote for a person. +<br><a class="bold" name="j355">[355]</a> This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation + into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in + <a href="#jug40">chap. 40</a>, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was + terrified by it.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug66">66.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j356">[356]</a> <i>Affectare</i>, ‘to try to obtain a thing,’ ‘to exert one’s self for a + thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j357">[357]</a> <i>Voluntate alienati</i>; that is, <i>sua sponte alienati</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j358">[358]</a> <i>Discordiosus</i>, ‘quarrelsome;’ a very rare word, but formed with + perfect correctness. Zumpt, § 252. +<br><a class="bold" name="j359">[359]</a> ‘The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather + than apprehension and terror;’ namely, to the Romans or the Roman + garrison. +<br><a class="bold" name="j360">[360]</a> <i>In tali die</i>. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by + the addition <i>tali</i>, indicating the particular circumstances of that + day of joy. See Zumpt, § 475, note. <i>Inermos</i> is much more rare than + <i>inermes</i>. See Zumpt, § 101, note.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug67">67.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j361">[361]</a> <i>Pro tectis</i>, ‘on the edge of the roofs.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j362">[362]</a> <i>Anceps malum</i>, ‘the double attack;’ namely, the one made on even + ground, and that from the roofs. +<br><a class="bold" name="j363">[363]</a> Respecting the connection of <i>nisi</i> — <i>videtur</i>, instead of the + complete expression <i>nisi hoc constat</i> — <i>eum videri</i>, see p. 92, + note 2 [<a href="#j153">note 153</a>]. <i>Intestabilis</i>, properly, ‘a person unfit to give + his evidence, and incapable of making a will;’ hence, according to + Roman usage, equivalent to ‘infamous;’ <i>detestabilis</i>, which also + properly signifies ‘one deserving to be excluded in the will,’ or ‘to + be disinherited.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug68">68.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j364">[364]</a> ‘Declining everything;’ that is, refusing to obey any order that + was given them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j365">[365]</a> <i>Passuum</i> might also be <i>passus</i>. See Zumpt, § 116, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j366">[366]</a> <i>In primo</i>, ‘at the head,’ or ‘in front,’ the line being spread out + (<i>late</i>), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug69">69.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j367">[367]</a> ‘The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.’ We cannot say + <i>urbs poenae fuit</i> alone; but the dative <i>poenae</i> is explained + by the common expression <i>praedae fuit</i>, with which it is connected. +<br><a class="bold" name="j368">[368]</a> ‘Ordered to defend himself’ against the charge of treachery + which was brought against him. For a <i>reus</i> (a person standing + accused of a crime) <i>causam dicit</i>; that is, conducts his case, or + defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid + the forfeit with his life, after having previously been scourged. + This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound + to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been + abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 52, note 5 + [<a href="#c260">note 260</a>]. + For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that Turpilius was a citizen + from Latium; that is, he did not possess the full Roman franchise, + but only that part of it which was not incompatible with his + retaining the franchise in some Latin town. Such half-citizens or + Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given in this manner, + that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the territory of + Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they renounced + their Latin franchise, were at that time still very numerous; + but they ceased to exist in B.C. 91, when what were called + the Latin towns received the Roman franchise.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug70">70.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j369">[369]</a> ‘He tormented himself day and night with the thought.’ Respecting + this paraphrase of one’s own person by the word <i>animus</i>, see Zumpt, + § 678. +<br><a class="bold" name="j370">[370]</a> <i>Quae Jugurthae</i> — <i>superaverant</i>, ‘which had been left for + Jugurtha;’ that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish. +<br><a class="bold" name="j371">[371]</a> ‘That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy + in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished’ (<i>inultis</i>). +<br><a class="bold" name="j372">[372]</a> <i>Metusque</i> — <i>impediebat</i>. The imperfect describes the lasting + condition of the matter, while the perfect, <i>venit</i>, expresses the + momentary act, and the clause <i>metus impediebat</i> represents an + inserted clause denoting cause: <i>metus enim rem impediebat</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j373">[373]</a> Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown + by Nabdalsa. +<br><a class="bold" name="j374">[374]</a> <i>In quîs</i> — <i>accusare</i>. The historical infinitive in a relative + clause is very rare, but <i>in quîs</i> here supplies the place of <i>et in + his</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j375">[375]</a> ‘The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their + (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa’s) valour, or by that of Metellus,’ + since his doom was fixed at all events. <i>Id agitari</i> for <i>id agi</i>, + which in this sense is far more frequent.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug71">71.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j376">[376]</a> <i>Allatae</i>; supply <i>essent</i>, an ellipsis, which is not very common + after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. +<br><a class="bold" name="j377">[377]</a> <i>Solet</i>, supply <i>capere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j378">[378]</a> <i>Repperit</i>; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, § 22. +<br><a class="bold" name="j379">[379]</a> <i>Res praevenitur</i>, ‘a thing is anticipated,’ or ‘something is done + previously,’ is found very rarely instead of <i>occupatur</i>. <i>Homo + praevenitur</i>, ‘a person is anticipated in a thing,’ is more common. +<br><a class="bold" name="j380">[380]</a> <i>Super</i>, the same as <i>de</i>. See Zumpt, § 320.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug72">72.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j381">[381]</a> ‘Differently from what he carried in his mind;’ that is, from what + he intended in his mind. +<br><a class="bold" name="j382">[382]</a> A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of + his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have + paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug73">73.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j383">[383]</a> <i>Indicio patefacto</i> is a kind of pleonasm, as <i>indicio facto</i> would + be sufficient; for <i>indicium fit, res ipsa</i> (that is, <i>conjuratio</i>) + <i>patefit</i> — ‘the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j384">[384]</a> <i>Plebs — acceperant</i> for <i>acceperat</i>, <i>plebs</i> being a collective + noun. Zumpt, § 366. +<br><a class="bold" name="j385">[385]</a> ‘However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than + either their virtues or their faults.’ <i>Moderata sunt</i>, from the + deponent <i>moderor</i>, ‘I determine,’ ‘I guide;’ as in Cicero, <i>mens + moderatur omnia</i>, ‘the mind determines everything.’ <i>Sua bona aut + mala</i>, ‘their own virtues or vices,’ in apposition to the party-zeal + of others. <i>Suus</i> here is not reflective, but only designates + something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, + § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j386">[386]</a> <i>Arcessere</i>, ‘to summon before a court of justice,’ with the + genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms <i>arcessere</i> and + <i>accersere</i> have the same meaning, but <i>arcessere</i> is more frequent + in the sense of ‘to summon,’ or ‘to accuse.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j387">[387]</a> <i>Res fidesque</i>, ‘property and credit.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j388">[388]</a> ‘Crowded around Marius,’ whenever he appeared in public, to show + him their attachment. <i>Post honorem Marii ducerent</i>, the same, as + <i>postponerent honori Marii</i>, the preposition in this sense being + commonly joined to the verb. Compare <a href="#cat23"><i>Cat</i>. chap. 23</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j389">[389]</a> From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign + in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon + to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was + customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current + administration of foreign affairs.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug74">74.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j390">[390]</a> <i>Bocchus</i>, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as + far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the + modern empire of Fez and Morocco. +<br><a class="bold" name="j391">[391]</a> ‘The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of + standards.’ The adjective <i>aliquantus</i>, with the exception of the + neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe + the varying construction of <i>potior</i>. See Zumpt, §§ 465, 466. Sallust + often prefers variety to uniformity. +<br><a class="bold" name="j392">[392]</a> <i>Tuta sunt</i> might also be <i>tuentur</i>; for the perfect is here used + of things which usually happened, and still happen. <i>Tuta</i> is less + common than <i>tuita</i> or <i>tutata</i>, which in this passage is found in + some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug75">75.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j393">[393]</a> <i>Impensius modo</i> may be ‘still more strongly,’ his despondency + having already been mentioned; or <i>modo</i> is the ablative, and + <i>impensius modo</i> is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, + beyond measure, <i>ultra modum</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j394">[394]</a> <i>Cultus</i> is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart + from eating and drinking; so that <i>pueritiae cultus</i> comprises the + regulations for a youth’s residence, his education, and the things + and persons by whom he is surrounded. +<br><a class="bold" name="j395">[395]</a> ‘And other things fit to contain water;’ probably vessels to keep + water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with + vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. +<br><a class="bold" name="j396">[396]</a> ‘Where they should be assembled.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j397">[397]</a> <i>Modo</i> is commonly used only to denote that something is less + than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of ‘that alone,’ + or ‘even that alone.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug76">76.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j398">[398]</a> ‘That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,’ the perfect + participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility — as + <i>invictus</i>, invincible; <i>incorruptus</i>, incorruptible; <i>inaccessus</i>, + inaccessible. See Zumpt, § 328. +<br><a class="bold" name="j399">[399]</a> <i>Ex copia</i>, ‘according to circumstances,’ here referring especially + to the different nature of the locality. <i>Vinea</i>, properly ‘a bower + formed of vines;’ hence ‘a protecting roof,’ under which the soldiers + attacked the fortifications of the enemy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j400">[400]</a> ‘After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:’ + <i>ante</i> here is superfluous. +<br><a class="bold" name="j401">[401]</a> <i>Poenas pendere</i>, the same as <i>poenas solvere</i>, ‘to pay a penalty.’ + In <i>corrumpunt</i> we may notice a zeugma, as out of <i>corrumpunt</i> we + have to take <i>interficiunt</i>. See Zumpt, § 775.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug77">77.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j402">[402]</a> <i>Illorum</i>; that is, <i>Romanorum</i>. Respecting the situation of Leptis + magna, see <a href="#jug19">chap. 19</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j403">[403]</a> <i>Nave</i> or <i>naviter</i> (‘actively’) is the correct orthography, for + which other editions have <i>gnave</i>. See Zumpt, § 12. Its case is the + same as that of <i>natus</i>, which in composition takes the <i>g</i> — as + <i>cognatus</i>, <i>agnatus</i>; and also <i>narus</i>, <i>ignarus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug78">78.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j404">[404]</a> <i>Alta</i>; supply <i>in alia tempestate</i>, ‘sometimes deep, and sometimes + shallow.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j405">[405]</a> ‘They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws + other things along with it;’ for the Greek <i>συρειν</i> signifies + ‘to draw,’ or ‘drag along.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j406">[406]</a> It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had + experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections + with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved + their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated + from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was + also the reason of the Numidian king’s seldom residing at Leptis, + although the town belonged to his kingdom.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug79">79.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j407">[407]</a> <i>Admonere</i> is here construed in an unusual manner with two + accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the + latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun + in the accusative is not uncommon — as <i>hoc, id, illud te admoneo</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j408">[408]</a> <i>Imperare</i> and <i>imperitare</i> are construed with the dative of that + over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative + or ablative. +<br><a class="bold" name="j409">[409]</a> <i>Sponsionem facere</i> here has the general sense, ‘to make a + contract,’ otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is + given, which is lost by him who is condemned. +<br><a class="bold" name="j410">[410]</a> ‘They hastened to get through their journey.’ The intransitive + <i>pergere</i> (like <i>ire</i>) containing the notion of an uninterrupted + continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same + derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive + meaning. See Zumpt, § 384. +<br><a class="bold" name="j411">[411]</a> <i>Retinere</i>; supply <i>proficiscentes</i> or <i>iter facientes</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j412">[412]</a> ‘Devoid of,’ or ‘without products;’ for <i>gignere</i> is used of those + things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like + themselves. +<br><a class="bold" name="j413">[413]</a> ‘Because they had spoiled the affair;’ as by quick travelling they + might have traversed a considerable extent of country. +<br><a class="bold" name="j414">[414]</a> <i>Conturbare</i>, ‘to disturb,’ or ‘to try to throw into confusion;’ + namely, the agreement. +<br><a class="bold" name="j415">[415]</a> ‘The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,’ for <i>dant optionem + Carthaginiensibus</i>. The genitive <i>Carthaginiensium</i> occurs in most, + and in the best manuscripts. +<br><a class="bold" name="j416">[416]</a> <i>Ibi</i>; that is, <i>in illis finibus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug80">80.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j417">[417]</a> The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, + in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern + countries inhabited by real negroes. +<br><a class="bold" name="j418">[418]</a> <i>Pronum</i>, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without + obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an + inclined plane. +<br><a class="bold" name="j419">[419]</a> The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before + they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the + Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of + friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j420">[420]</a> ‘But kings so much the more;’ namely, surpass others in the + numbers of their wives. +<br><a class="bold" name="j421">[421]</a> ‘None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;’ that is, none + is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life + and rank.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug81">81.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j422">[422]</a> <i>In locum placitum</i>, ‘at a fixed place,’ at a place where it had + been agreed to meet. The participle <i>placitus</i> is formed irregularly + from the neuter verb <i>placeo</i>, as such verbs generally have no + passive voice. But <i>placeo</i> is used also as an impersonal verb, + <i>placet</i>, and, as such, its perfect is either <i>placuit</i> or <i>placitum + est</i>, ‘it pleased,’ or ‘was decreed.’ The same is the case with other + impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form + gradually ceased to be offensive, <i>placitus, a, um</i>, came to be used + in the sense of <i>is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit</i>. Compare Zumpt, + §§ 142, 225. +<br><a class="bold" name="j423">[423]</a> ‘Of an insatiable avarice;’ for <i>profundus</i> is often used + figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. +<br><a class="bold" name="j424">[424]</a> <i>Quis</i> (<i>quibus</i>) refers to the preceding <i>illos</i>; that is, + <i>Romanos</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j425">[425]</a> <i>Tum, sese</i>; supply <i>hostem Romanis esse</i>, which infinitive must be + taken from the following <i>fore</i>. The <i>tum</i> must be rendered in + English by ‘now,’ as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, § 732; and + regarding <i>Persen</i> for <i>Perseum</i>, § 52. +<br><a class="bold" name="j426">[426]</a> <i>Capta urbe</i>, ‘if the town were taken,’ it would be worth while. +<br><a class="bold" name="j427">[427]</a> <i>Pacem imminuere</i>, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus + intended to conclude with the Romans.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug82">82.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j428">[428]</a> ‘According to his advantage;’ that is, if a favourable opportunity + should offer. +<br><a class="bold" name="j429">[429]</a> ‘More than is just and fair.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j430">[430]</a> According to the language of Cicero, the dative <i>linguae</i> would + have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, § 414. +<br><a class="bold" name="j431">[431]</a> <i>Alii</i>; supply from what precedes <i>interpretabantur</i>, ‘they + accounted for his sensibility by,’ &c. +<br><a class="bold" name="j432">[432]</a> <i>Injuria sua</i> has a passive sense; ‘by the injustice done to him.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug83">83.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j433">[433]</a> <i>Stultitiae</i> might have been <i>stultilia</i> for the genitive. See + Zumpt, § 448, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j434">[434]</a> <i>Tum</i>. See page 137, note 3 + [<a href="#j425">note 425</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j435">[435]</a> <i>Incerta mutare</i>, ‘to obtain uncertain things in exchange for + others, or for certain things;’ but it might also mean, ‘to give + uncertain things for certain ones.’ See Zumpt, § 456, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j436">[436]</a> <i>Desinere</i> is used here for the sake of variety, instead of + <i>finire</i>, <i>deponi</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j437">[437]</a> ‘If the same power were granted to him’ (Jugurtha), namely, to + conclude peace, ‘an agreement might easily be come to.’ <i>Res convenit + inter nos</i> is the same as <i>convenimus de re</i>, ‘we agree upon the + matter.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug84">84.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j438">[438]</a> ‘The plebs being most desirous.’ The participle <i>cupiens</i>, with + its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not + contrary to grammar. +<br><a class="bold" name="j439">[439]</a> <i>Multus instare</i> is rather a poetical phrase for <i>multum</i>, + ‘greatly,’ or ‘repeatedly.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j440">[440]</a> <i>Ambiundo cogere</i>, ‘to oblige a person by flattering words;’ a very + expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is + effected by flattery and intreaties. +<br><a class="bold" name="j441">[441]</a> For the expression <i>aliquid mihi volenti est</i>, ‘a thing accords + with my wishes,’ see Zumpt, § 420, note. <i>Neque</i> corresponds with + <i>et</i>: on the one hand, it was <i>not</i> believed that the service in the + army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it <i>was</i> + believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military + service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would + lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. +<br><a class="bold" name="j442">[442]</a> <i>Traho animo</i>, or <i>cum animo meo</i>, ‘I am incessantly occupied in my + mind with something.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug85">85.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j443">[443]</a> From what precedes, supply <i>mihi videtur</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j444">[444]</a> Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, + calls his appointment to the consulship a <i>beneficium</i>, ‘a favour,’ + of the Roman people. +<br><a class="bold" name="j445">[445]</a> ‘Is more difficult;’ namely, than is commonly believed, quam + <i>opinio</i> est. +<br><a class="bold" name="j446">[446]</a> <i>Procedunt</i>, ‘benefit the state,’ ‘promote the general good.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j447">[447]</a> <i>Vertit</i>, intransitively, ‘has become changed;’ the same as <i>vertit + se</i>, or <i>versum est</i>. See Zumpt, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="j448">[448]</a> <i>Prosapia</i> for <i>familia</i>, an ancient and obsolete word, and + intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the + pretensions of the nobility. +<br><a class="bold" name="j449">[449]</a> Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted + with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, + <i>praeposteri homines</i>; that is, ‘men who do afterwards that which + they ought to do before;’ for, he adds, it is true one must first be + appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active + preparation ought to precede. +<br><a class="bold" name="j450">[450]</a> ‘I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make + this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.’ By <i>quamquam</i>, + Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, + § 341); <i>sed</i> introduces a new distinction between men; namely that + of merit. +<br><a class="bold" name="j451">[451]</a> <i>Faciant idem</i>, ‘let them despise their own ancestors likewise.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j452">[452]</a> <i>Hujusce rei</i>; that is, <i>commemorationis majorum meorum</i>, ‘I cannot + speak of my ancestors.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j453">[453]</a> <i>Meamet</i>, commonly with the addition of <i>ipse</i>. Zumpt, § 139, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j454">[454]</a> ‘That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious + of my own weakness and want of ability.’ Modesty often shows + itself mainly in silence. <i>Conscientia</i> is the consciousness of a + person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. + <i>Ducere in aliquid</i>, ‘to consider a thing as;’ ‘to interpret a thing + as:’ compare <a href="#jug82">chap. 82</a>: <i>vertere in superbiam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j455">[455]</a> <i>Militaria dona</i> are presents which a general gives publicly to + brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable + distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such + presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. + Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn + round the neck (<i>torques</i>), bracelets (<i>armillae</i>), pins or brooches + (<i>fibulae</i>) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (<i>coronae</i>). It was less + common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (<i>vexillum</i>) attached + to a pole. +<br><a class="bold" name="j456">[456]</a> ‘I consider this as something too unimportant.’ <i>Parum</i> is used + substantively. +<br><a class="bold" name="j457">[457]</a> ‘Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the + Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:’ inasmuch as the Greek + states had been unable to protect their political liberty either + against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. <i>Virtus</i> signifies + especially ‘bravery,’ ‘valour;’ but it has also a more general + meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one’s + own advantages. +<br><a class="bold" name="j458">[458]</a> <i>Praesidia agitare</i>, ‘to keep watch,’ to maintain the posts + intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of + enemies. +<br><a class="bold" name="j459">[459]</a> <i>Arte colere</i>, ‘to keep close;’ <i>opulenter colere</i>, ‘to treat + liberally.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j460">[460]</a> ‘To compel by bodily punishment.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j461">[461]</a> <i>Celebravere</i>; that is, <i>extulerunt</i>, <i>auxerunt</i>. <i>Celebrare</i> + properly signifies ‘to make or render frequent;’ that is, to bring + into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other + objects. +<br><a class="bold" name="j462">[462]</a> ‘I have no cook worth more than a steward.’ Marius here assails + the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more + than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the + <i>villicus</i> was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged + in agriculture on the estate (<i>villa</i>) of a Roman noble. <i>Coquus</i> is + also spelled <i>cocus</i>. See Zumpt, § 5. +<br><a class="bold" name="j463">[463]</a> <i>Quin ergo — faciant</i>, ‘why, then, will they not do?’ This form + of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The + subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon <i>quin</i>, but upon the + optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, § 542. +<br><a class="bold" name="j464">[464]</a> <i>Ereptum eunt</i>, ‘they endeavour to snatch away,’ or ‘they snatch + away.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j465">[465]</a> <i>Cladi sunt</i>, ‘they are a destruction;’ the same as <i>calamitosae, + perniciosae sunt</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j466">[466]</a> That is, ‘you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, + and haughty commanders.’ Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, + Albinus, and Metellus. +<br><a class="bold" name="j467">[467]</a> <i>Attrito</i>, ‘worn away,’ ‘annihilated,’ ‘sacrificed.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j468">[468]</a> ‘Serve the republic,’ ‘devote yourselves to the public good.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j469">[469]</a> ‘Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.’ <i>Idem</i> indicates the + union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, § 697. +<br><a class="bold" name="j470">[470]</a> ‘I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j471">[471]</a> <i>Decebat</i>, a peculiarity of the Latin language for <i>deceret</i>. See + Zumpt, § 518.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug86">86.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j472">[472]</a> In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military + affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first + five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those + persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of + the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the + legions. They were <i>capite censi</i>, because, when the censors made + out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal + existence or name for registration. Their being called ‘the sixth + class’ is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, + <i>classis</i> signifies only ‘a property class.’ As the number of persons + of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, + and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in + the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive + privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered + themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and + accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to + this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the + service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the + time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from + the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, + those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen’s life, + and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of + ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. +<br><a class="bold" name="j473">[473]</a> <i>Sua curae</i>; another reading is <i>cura sunt</i>, the sense of which is + nearly the same. <i>Sua</i>, ‘a person’s own property,’ or ‘all that + belongs to him,’ including the state itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j474">[474]</a> ‘With a considerably larger army.’ About this meaning of + <i>aliquanto</i> with a comparative, see Zumpt, §§ 108, 488. +<br><a class="bold" name="j475">[475]</a> <i>Utica</i>, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was + a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second + Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded + by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is + Biserta, north-west of Tunis.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug87">87.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j476">[476]</a> ‘Laden with booty;’ that is, filled with things which can be taken + as booty. +<br><a class="bold" name="j477">[477]</a> <i>Pugnae adesse</i> belong together, ‘to take part in the battle.’ + Marius’s plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with + courage before leading them to labour and hardship. +<br><a class="bold" name="j478">[478]</a> <i>Futuros</i>; supply <i>esse</i>, ‘they would behave;’ hence the adverbs. + See Zumpt, § 365.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug88">88.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j479">[479]</a> ‘Contrary to his expectation;’ for <i>spes</i> is often used in the + general sense of ‘expecting,’ or ‘looking forward to’ anything, + whether good or bad. +<br><a class="bold" name="j480">[480]</a> <i>Armis exuere,</i> ‘to disarm;’ here the same as ‘conquer’ or + ‘defeat;’ intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their + arms behind. +<br><a class="bold" name="j481">[481]</a> ‘Not calculated to bring the war to a close.’ See Zumpt, § 662. +<br><a class="bold" name="j482">[482]</a> <i>Adversum se erant</i> is a combination of two constructions + — <i>adversum se essent</i> and <i>adversum eum erant</i> — of which we have + already observed several instances. Compare <a href="#jug66">chap. 66</a>, and p. 122, + note 1 [<a href="#j326">note 326</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j483">[483]</a> To <i>nudatum</i> supply <i>fore</i>, which is to be taken out of the + following <i>esse</i>; ‘he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of + his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j484">[484]</a> <i>Ne quid — timeret</i>, ‘(requesting him) not to fear anything;’ the + imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by + the subjunctive. See Zumpt, § 603.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug89">89.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j485">[485]</a> <i>In manus venire</i>, ‘to come within reach,’ ‘engage in close + combat;’ for <i>manus conserere</i>, which is much more frequent. +<br><a class="bold" name="j486">[486]</a> ‘It seemed to be time;’ that is, it seemed to be a favourable + moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive <i>aggredi</i>. + Zumpt, § 659, note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j487">[487]</a> <i>Capsa</i>, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river + Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, + and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of + Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, + by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a + Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal + scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. +<br><a class="bold" name="j488">[488]</a> <i>Immunis</i>, ‘exempt from taxes.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j489">[489]</a> Other editions have <i>quarum</i> instead of <i>quorum</i>. See Zumpt, § 78, + note. +<br><a class="bold" name="j490">[490]</a> <i>Jugis aqua</i>, ‘running water,’ or ‘a well perpetually flowing.’ + The other water which they used was rain water, and to <i>pluvia</i> we + must supply <i>aqua</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j491">[491]</a> <i>Africa — incultius agebat</i>, ‘Africa, which was in a state of + greater want of cultivation;’ an unusual transfer of the verb <i>agere</i> + (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the + country itself.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug90">90.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j492">[492]</a> ‘He was brought into danger’ or ‘difficulty.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j493">[493]</a> ‘They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j494">[494]</a> <i>Exornat</i>; supply <i>rem, expeditionem</i>, ‘the undertaking or + campaign.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug91">91.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j495">[495]</a> <i>Per</i> implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. +<br><a class="bold" name="j496">[496]</a> <i>Duum</i> for <i>duorum</i> occurs most frequently in connection with + <i>milium</i>. See Zumpt, § 115, note 2. +<br><a class="bold" name="j497">[497]</a> <i>Res trepidae</i>, ‘a dangerous situation.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j498">[498]</a> Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a + town which had surrendered at discretion.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug92">92.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j499">[499]</a> ‘All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted + as good services,’ so that to <i>non</i> we have to supply <i>modo</i>. For the + phrase <i>in virtutem trahere</i>, see <a href="#jug85">chap. 85</a>: <i>ducere in conscientiam</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j500">[500]</a> ‘He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything + was revealed to him by divine inspiration.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j501">[501]</a> <i>Capsensium</i>; supply <i>res</i>, ‘the undertaking against Capsa;’ for + the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the + town itself. +<br><a class="bold" name="j502">[502]</a> ‘For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, + and purposely.’ The accusative <i>omnia</i> is to be taken adverbially, + ‘on all sides,’ just as we frequently find <i>cetera</i> and <i>reliqua</i>. + See Zumpt, § 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have <i>per + omnia</i>, <i>omni parte</i>, <i>omnis</i>, all of which are only attempts to + explain the true reading. +<br><a class="bold" name="j503">[503]</a> ‘For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and + provisions.’ This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern + editions <i>et</i> is omitted, and the passage is given with the following + punctuation: <i>nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis + frumenti</i>, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but + violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction + must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. +<br><a class="bold" name="j504">[504]</a> ‘The road of the inhabitants of the castle;’ that is, the only + road which led up to the castle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j505">[505]</a> ‘Do their work ;’ namely, break through the wall.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug93">93.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j506">[506]</a> <i>Aestuans</i> is here used figuratively of one who is in care and + anxiety. +<br><a class="bold" name="j507">[507]</a> <i>Ligus</i>, ‘a Ligurian,’ belonging to the country of Liguria, which + was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital + of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman + army were mentioned in <a href="#jug77">chap. 77</a>, and those auxiliaries were no doubt + of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were + accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from + their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, + perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in + which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j508">[508]</a> <i>Egressus est</i>, the same as <i>escendit</i> or <i>evasit</i>, ‘he got up.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j509">[509]</a> ‘The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,’ + inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack + upon the castle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j510">[510]</a> ‘He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,’ as from his + high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose + that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; + but <i>perscribit</i> may possibly mean only to mark such points as + would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality + after his return to the camp. +<br><a class="bold" name="j511">[511]</a> ‘The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being + with them.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j512">[512]</a> ‘Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of + the Ligurian.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j513">[513]</a> ‘Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.’ + <i>Numero</i> is almost superfluous.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug94">94.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j514">[514]</a> <i>Pergit</i>; namely, <i>Ligus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j515">[515]</a> ‘That it might proceed more easily.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j516">[516]</a> ‘In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make + less noise.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j517">[517]</a> ‘And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;’ + for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such + knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. +<br><a class="bold" name="j518">[518]</a> ‘He himself foremost (<i>potissimus</i>) tried those places which it + was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j519">[519]</a> ‘And then immediately withdrawing;’ namely, in order to make room + for those who followed. +<br><a class="bold" name="j520">[520]</a> ‘The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable + fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, <i>correcta</i>) by + chance, found praise instead of blame.’ The sudden terror of the + Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in + their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the + Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had + despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few + Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions + for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly + small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these + centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug95">95.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j521">[521]</a> <i>Quos</i> refers to the <i>equites</i> implied in the word <i>equitatus</i>. + This is a construction <i>ad sensum</i>, of which many examples occur in + Sallust (compare <a href="#cat7"><i>Cat.</i> 7</a>), though the present case is rather + unusual. +<br><a class="bold" name="j522">[522]</a> <i>Res</i>, ‘the subject,’ ‘the present discussion,’ or ‘the context of + the narrative.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j523">[523]</a> <i>Persecutus</i>; supply <i>Sullae naturam cultumque</i>. L. Sisenna, an + early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war + between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and + therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. +<br><a class="bold" name="j524">[524]</a> The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. + The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in + consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, + applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a + physical decay of the family. +<br><a class="bold" name="j525">[525]</a> <i>Atque doctissime</i>, ‘and that very profoundly;’ the same as <i>et + doctissime quidem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j526">[526]</a> <i>Nisi quod</i> adds a limitation or exception to something stated + before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the + remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved + better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the + spur of a momentary passion. <i>Potuit consuli</i>; supply <i>ab eo</i>; that + is, <i>potuisset consulere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j527">[527]</a> <i>Amicitia facilis</i>, ‘pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or + friendly intercourse.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j528">[528]</a> <i>Altitudo animi</i>, the unfathomableness of a man’s character and + designs — a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going + on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become + hypocritical, <i>ad simulationem et dissimulationem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j529">[529]</a> ‘His good fortune was never greater than his activity;’ that is, + his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved + all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are + utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither + good-luck nor activity.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug96">96.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j530">[530]</a> For <i>intra breves tempestates</i>, see note 3, page 59 + [<a href="#c304">note 304 in Cat.</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j531">[531]</a> <i>Id laboro</i>. See Zumpt, § 385. <i>Ut illi deberent</i> should properly + be <i>sibi</i> or <i>ipsi</i>; but see Zumpt, § 550. +<br><a class="bold" name="j532">[532]</a> <i>Multus adesse</i>, ‘he was present in many places,’ multiplying, as + it were, his own person. Compare <a href="#jug84">chap. 84</a>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug97">97.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j533">[533]</a> <i>Rationes trahere</i> implies slow and careful deliberation, as in + chaps. <a href="#jug34">34</a> and <a href="#jug93">93</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j534">[534]</a> <i>Die</i> for <i>diei</i>. See page 115, note 3 [<a href="#j289">note 289</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j535">[535]</a> ‘The night would not he an obstacle to them’ (in their pursuit). + <i>Nullo</i> obsolete for <i>nulli</i>. See Zumpt, § 140. +<br><a class="bold" name="j536">[536]</a> <i>Simul cognovit</i> — <i>et hostes aderant</i>, ‘he at once learned — and the + enemy was there;’ that is, between the receiving of the information + and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. <i>Sarcinas + colligere</i>; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put + together in a heap, as in Caes. <i>Bell</i>. <i>Gall</i>. vii. 18. +<br><a class="bold" name="j537">[537]</a> <i>Signum</i> here is ‘the watchword,’ which is given out by the + general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling + another. Sometimes <i>signum</i> is the signal given by a <i>cornu</i> or + <i>tuba</i>. To make the former known throughout an army required some + time, but not so the latter. <i>Signa</i> afterwards are the standards of + the maniples, cohorts, and legions. +<br><a class="bold" name="j538">[538]</a> <i>Latrocinium</i>, ‘a predatory attack,’ as opposed to a regular + battle. +<br><a class="bold" name="j539">[539]</a> <i>Obtruncare</i> in opposition to <i>caedere</i> (cut down) signifies ‘to + mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.’ The word <i>multos</i> is chosen + here only for variety’s sake, instead of <i>alios</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j540">[540]</a> The words <i>veteres novique</i> express a whole sentence: ‘as old + and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and + cohorts) of the army;’ and it is to this meaning that <i>ob ea</i> (for + this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers + were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the + old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say <i>squares</i>), which + was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a + superior enemy.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug98">98.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j541">[541]</a> <i>Quam tamen</i> — <i>nihil remittere</i>, ‘while the barbarians nevertheless + did not leave off.’ For <i>quum</i> with the historical infinitive, see + Zumpt, § 582. <i>Pro se</i>, ‘favourable to them.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j542">[542]</a> Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to + have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as + it required only to be slightly fortified. <i>Quaerebat</i> for + <i>requirebat</i>, which is more common in this sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j543">[543]</a> ‘As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;’ so that + <i>neque</i>, being properly used for <i>et non</i>, must here be taken for + <i>etiam non</i> or <i>ne</i> — <i>quidem</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j544">[544]</a> <i>Pleno gradu</i>, ‘at a quick pace,’ which, however, is not running. + This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had + been worsted in the attack. +<br><a class="bold" name="j545">[545]</a> <i>Fugere, ut pro</i>, is the reading of the manuscripts, ‘as they did + not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.’ <i>Ut pro</i> + signifies ‘both as victors and as if they were,’ the <i>ut</i> and <i>pro</i> + signifying nearly the same thing.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug99">99.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j546">[546]</a> ‘Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually + heard at the different night watches.’ The night was divided by + the Romans into four watches (<i>vigiliae</i>), the beginning of which was + announced by a horn (<i>buccina</i>). <i>Canere</i> is here used + intransitively, ‘to sound,’ as in <a href="#cat59"><i>Cat</i>. chap. 59</a> Below, it is used + transitively, in the sense of ‘to blow,’ or ‘give a signal.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j547">[547]</a> The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in + some parts very minute. <i>Formido</i> is the highest degree of fear + (<i>timor</i>), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition <i>quasi + vecordia</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug100">100.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j548">[548]</a> The superlative <i>dextimus</i> does not differ in meaning from the + positive <i>dexter</i>. See Zumpt, § 114, note 1. +<br><a class="bold" name="j549">[549]</a> <i>Minime cari</i>; that is, <i>maxime viles</i>, ‘who were most + indifferent,’ or ‘valueless to him,’ whose lives he was least + inclined to spare. +<br><a class="bold" name="j550">[550]</a> ‘As if he had not placed (there) any commander.’ <i>Imponere</i>, used + absolutely, ‘to appoint;’ namely, in the place spoken of. <i>Nullo</i> for + <i>nemine</i>, the ablative as well as the genitive of <i>nemo</i> not being in + use. +<br><a class="bold" name="j551">[551]</a> <i>Cogebat</i>; supply <i>armatos intentosque esse</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j552">[552]</a> Construe <i>neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere</i>; that is, + his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed + in marching. +<br><a class="bold" name="j553">[553]</a> The singular <i>in porta</i> is here used because the author is speaking + especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the <i>porta praetoria</i> + opposite the <i>porta decumana</i>). At this gate a strong body of + outposts (<i>excubitores</i>) was stationed, consisting of the most + trustworthy soldiers. +<br><a class="bold" name="j554">[554]</a> <i>Futurum, quae imperavisset</i>, an old-fashioned mode of speaking + for <i>futura esse, quae</i>. Besides this passage, there is no other + certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of + Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that + in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. +<br><a class="bold" name="j555">[555]</a> ‘Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) + by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.’ <i>Aliquid + mihi est volenti</i>. See p. 139, note 1 [<a href="#j441">note 441</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j556">[556]</a> <i>Malum</i> is here the same as ‘punishment,’ or <i>poena</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j557">[557]</a> <i>Nisi tamen</i> introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt + expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius’s indulgence. + Compare p. 92, note 2 [<a href="#j153">note 153</a>].</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug101">101.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j558">[558]</a> <i>Hostes adesse intellegitur</i> is a nominative with the infinitive, + for <i>intellegunt hostem adesse</i>. See Zumpt, § 607. It is, however, + not impossible that <i>hostis</i> may be the accusative plural for + <i>hostes</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j559">[559]</a> <i>Aeque</i>, ‘equally;’ for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his + detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not + know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his + detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. +<br><a class="bold" name="j560">[560]</a> The meaning is — Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the + right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual + enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders + alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, + and attacked the enemy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j561">[561]</a> <i>Neque — affuerant</i>, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, + being the subject, should be in the nominative, for <i>sed — qui non + affuerant</i>, or <i>neque ii — affuerant</i>. The omission is singular, but + not without other examples. See Zumpt, § 806. The <i>prior pugna</i> is + the one described in chaps. <a href="#jug97">97</a>-<a href="#jug99">99</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j562">[562]</a> ‘He rode secretly, with few companions,’ to another place, where + the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. + <i>Convertit</i> for <i>convertit se</i>. See Zumpt, § 145. +<br><a class="bold" name="j563">[563]</a> Respecting the position of <i>quos adversum</i>, instead of <i>adversum + quos</i>, see Zumpt, § 324. +<br><a class="bold" name="j564">[564]</a> That is, <i>ipsius comitibus</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j565">[565]</a> ‘By making a skilful movement with his body,’ <i>dum corpore evitat + tela</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j566">[566]</a> A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting + is over. <i>Afflicti</i>, ‘thrust down to the ground,’ implying the notion + of persons being severely wounded. <i>Niti</i>, ‘to attempt to rise.’ + <i>Qua visus erat</i>, ‘as far as one could see.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug102">102.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j567">[567]</a> <i>Post ea loci</i>, ‘afterwards.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j568">[568]</a> ‘Whither he had at first directed his march. ‘<i>Profectus</i> might + have been omitted, but its meaning is, ‘having once set out on his + march.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j569">[569]</a> ‘About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j570">[570]</a> <i>Placuit</i>; supply <i>eos</i>, which might also have been expressed by + the relative pronoun, <i>quos placuit</i>. See Zumpt, § 804. The + ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his + proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they + probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not + favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him + over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his + designs. +<br><a class="bold" name="j571">[571]</a> <i>Rati</i>; namely, <i>Romani</i>, which must be taken out of <i>populo + Romano</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j572">[572]</a> The manuscripts have <i>esses</i>, which can be explained only by an + amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form + of politeness which is not contained in <i>perpessus es</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j573">[573]</a> The infinitive <i>placuisse</i> depends on <i>scilicet</i>, which is here + quite the same as <i>scire licet</i>, as in chaps. <a href="#jug4">4</a> and <a href="#jug113">113</a>. In ordinary + language, <i>scilicet</i> is a mere adverb, ‘evidently,’ ‘forsooth.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j574">[574]</a> ‘You have many opportunities;’ consequently the same as <i>magnam + opportunitatem</i>. See Zumpt, § 756. +<br><a class="bold" name="j575">[575]</a> <i>Demittere in pectus</i>, ‘to impress upon one’s mind,’ <i>sibi + persuadere</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j576">[576]</a> This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed + no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of + Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised + to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in + recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part + of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, <a href="#jug111">chap. 111</a>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j577">[577]</a> <i>Tum</i>, ‘now.’ See Zumpt, § 732. +<br><a class="bold" name="j578">[578]</a> Namely, <i>legates mittendi</i>, ‘after he had obtained permission to + despatch an embassy to Rome.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug103">103.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j579">[579]</a> <i>Hibernacula</i>, ‘a winter-camp;’ the same as <i>hiberna</i>, + ‘winter-quarters;’ for in <a href="#jug100">chap. 100</a> it was stated that Marius ordered + quarters to be taken in the maritime towns. It is, however, doubtful + whether he placed the whole army in those towns, or whether he + ordered a portion to spend the winter in barracks, or leathern tents + made for the purpose. If the latter — <i>in hibernaculis</i> is used in its + proper sense. +<br><a class="bold" name="j580">[580]</a> <i>Turrim</i> is here the same as <i>castellum</i>. <i>Perfugae omnes</i> are not + ‘all the deserters,’ but ‘nothing but deserters,’ or ‘all deserters;’ + for all the soldiers of the garrison consisted of deserters. +<br><a class="bold" name="j581">[581]</a> <i>Venerant</i> has the meaning of <i>evenerant</i>. Respecting <i>sibi</i> for + <i>ipsi</i>, see p. 121, note 2 [<a href="#j320">note 320</a>]. +<br><a class="bold" name="j582">[582]</a> <i>Reliquerat</i>, not ‘he had left them behind,’ which is the usual + meaning of <i>relinquo</i>, but ‘he had left them unbribed:’ that is, he + had neglected to bribe them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j583">[583]</a> That is, he had given him the praetorian imperium during his + absence, and thereby appointed him independent commander. +<br><a class="bold" name="j584">[584]</a> ‘He did not treat them as untrustworthy enemies;’ for they + were still enemies engaged in war with the Roman people, no peace + having yet been concluded. The epithet <i>vani</i> belongs to them, + because their master had hitherto shown himself irresolute, sometimes + suing for peace, and sometimes carrying on war. <i>Accurate</i>, ‘with + care,’ ‘with respect.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j585">[585]</a> <i>Volens</i> expresses a hearty inclination to do that which one does. +<br><a class="bold" name="j586">[586]</a> ‘Were considered as acts of kindness,’ as parts or proofs of a + kindly disposition. +<br><a class="bold" name="j587">[587]</a> <i>Benevolentiae sunt</i>, ‘are calculated to produce good-will’ towards + the king.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug104">104.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j588">[588]</a> Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the Mauretanian frontier; + that is, in the extreme west; as the ambassador of Bocchus fled to + him. Marius summoned him to his head-quarters, Cirta, whither he also + summoned the praetor Bellienus from Utica. This praetor was no doubt + propraetor of the province of Africa, sent thither from Rome to + undertake the regular administration, but he was at the same time + placed at the disposal of the consul Marius; for as a propraetor had + the <i>jus praetorem</i> in his province, he was sometimes simply called + praetor; thus Verres is often called praetor of Sicily. All the other + military commanders who happened to be in the province, and were of + senatorial rank, were likewise summoned to Cirta, in order to give + weight and dignity to the preliminary negotiations for peace, for its + real conclusion rested with the senate. +<br><a class="bold" name="j589">[589]</a> <i>Ea</i>, the neuter plural, though referring to <i>induciae</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j590">[590]</a> Namely, when previously they have been successful, as had hitherto + been the case with the Roman war. +<br><a class="bold" name="j591">[591]</a> The manuscripts have <i>Rufone</i>, which unusual name must be + corrected either into <i>Rufo</i> or <i>Rusone</i>. We prefer <i>Rufo</i>, because + Suetonius, in his life of Octavianus, mentions the <i>Octavii Rufi</i> as + a senatorial family of the time here spoken of. +<br><a class="bold" name="j592">[592]</a> <i>Deprecati sunt</i>; that is, <i>deprecantes dixerunt</i>; for <i>deprecari</i> + properly signifies ‘to avert something by prayers.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j593">[593]</a> <i>Gratiam facere</i>, ‘to grant pardon for something.’ To <i>quoniam + poenitet</i> we must supply <i>eum</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug105">105.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j594">[594]</a> ‘By whose decision a final determination might be come to + respecting the common affairs.’ Respecting the ablative <i>arbitratu</i>, + see Zumpt, § 190. +<br><a class="bold" name="j595">[595]</a> The infantry which, besides an escort of Roman cavalry, was + sent to accompany Sulla, consisted of light-armed troops, who were + prepared both to march through uncultivated districts, and to fight + with the barbarians. Roman infantry could not have kept up with + the cavalry. The inhabitants of the Balearian Islands (Majorca, + Minorca, and Iviza) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers; and + as <i>socii</i> of the Romans, they furnished slingers for the Roman + armies. Their weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden balls + were thrown, with great skill and accuracy, at a distance of 500 + paces. The <i>Pelignians</i> are a people of central Italy, not far from + the Adriatic, with two important towns, Corfinium and Sulmo. All + the Italian nations which had then not yet received the Roman + franchise furnished their auxiliary cohorts of 400, 500, or 800 men + to the Roman army. Whether the Pelignians always bore <i>arma + velitaria</i> (a round shield, a short sword, and a light javelin), or + whether they did so only on this occasion, is doubtful; but it seems + that this was their proper armour. +<br><a class="bold" name="j596">[596]</a> <i>Non amplius</i>. See Zumpt, § 485. +<br><a class="bold" name="j597">[597]</a> ‘They tried (tested) their arms and darts, and directed them + against the supposed enemy,’ but without making actual use of them. +<br><a class="bold" name="j598">[598]</a> ‘As was in reality the case;’ namely, that the approaching cavalry + had no hostile intentions.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug106">106.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j599">[599]</a> To this and the following infinitive we must supply <i>dicit</i>, which + is to be taken out of the preceding <i>negat</i>. See Zumpt, § 774. +<br><a class="bold" name="j600">[600]</a> <i>Mansurum potius, quam — vitae parceret</i> is correctly said, though + it might also be <i>quam vitae parsurum</i>. See Zumpt, § 603, 2. The + indicative <i>quos ducebat</i> is a remark of the historian; <i>quos + duceret</i> would be a remark of the speaker, which would here have been + the regular form. <i>Coenatos esse</i>, ‘they were to have finished + dining.’ See Zumpt, § 148. +<br><a class="bold" name="j601">[601]</a> <i>Ante eos</i>, ‘before them;’ that is, on the road along which they + had to march.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug107">107.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j602">[602]</a> ‘He protects the Mauretanian against violence.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j603">[603]</a> A dative. See Zumpt, § 419. +<br><a class="bold" name="j604">[604]</a> The same as <i>inermibus</i>. See Zumpt, § 101. <i>Nudum et caecum + corpus</i>, ‘the undefended part of the body, and not provided with + eyes;’ that is, the back, which a person ought not to turn towards + the enemy, if he wants to be safe. +<br><a class="bold" name="j605">[605]</a> ‘It seemed to him to be the most advisable.’ Instead of <i>factu</i>, + other editions have <i>factum</i>, ‘it seemed to him to be the best + thing.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j606">[606]</a> ‘As the matter stood,’ a limitation suggesting that, under other + circumstances, that dangerous way would not have been chosen. +<br><a class="bold" name="j607">[607]</a> ‘As they had come upon him unexpectedly;’ for Jugurtha had + not imagined that the Romans would thus, without negotiation, pass + through his lines.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug108">108.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j608">[608]</a> ‘As ambassador with a public commission,’ though at the same time + he privately acted the part of a spy. +<br><a class="bold" name="j609">[609]</a> ‘That he kept firmly and unalterably everything which had been + previously determined upon with Sulla.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j610">[610]</a> ‘In order that the common business might be conducted the more + carelessly.’ The laying aside of fear in the presence of Jugurtha’s + ambassador was to induce Sulla to carry on the negotiations for peace + more openly, frankly, and incautiously, since, under the influence of + fear, he would have been cautious and mistrustful. <i>Non pertimescere</i> + are joined together as one idea, somewhat in the sense of + <i>contemnere</i>, ‘he should disregard’ the ambassador, and accordingly + act with Bocchus more confidentially. +<br><a class="bold" name="j611">[611]</a> The infinitive of the impersonal passive <i>cavetur ab insidiis</i>, + ‘precaution is taken against snares.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j612">[612]</a> <i>Punica fides</i> is proverbially the same as <i>mala fides</i>, the + Carthaginians being generally regarded by the Romans as perfidious + double-dealers. <i>Attinere</i> is the same as <i>morari</i>, ‘to detain.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j613">[613]</a> ‘His inclination.’</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug109">109.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j614">[614]</a> ‘And <i>says</i> (which must be taken from the preceding <i>jubet</i>) that + as yet he had determined upon nothing.’ As past time is here + spoken of, it should properly not be <i>etiamnunc</i>, but <i>etiamtunc</i>; + and it is doubtful as to whether the reading of some manuscripts <i>tum + etiam</i> ought not to be received into the text. If <i>etiamnunc</i> is + correct, we must explain it by supposing that the historian abandons + the character of a narrator of past events, and transfers himself to + the present. +<br><a class="bold" name="j615">[615]</a> ‘A conscientious (trustworthy) man, and acceptable to both’ (Sulla + and Bocchus).</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug110">110.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j616">[616]</a> The king calls the quaestor Sulla a private person, being + unwilling, as a king, to allow any one a public character who is not, + like himself, a king. But in the opinion of the Romans, the quaestor + Sulla was by no means a private person. +<br><a class="bold" name="j617">[617]</a> ‘I have assisted many at their request, and others of my own accord + (unasked), while I myself was in need of no man’s assistance.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j618">[618]</a> <i>Fuerit mihi eguisse</i>, the concessive mood: ‘granting that it was + the case that I needed,’ might also have been expressed simly by + <i>eguerim</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j619">[619]</a> ‘This you may try at once.’ For this meaning of <i>adeo</i>, whereby + that which precedes is confirmed by the result, see Zumpt, § 281. +<br><a class="bold" name="j620">[620]</a> ‘Unimpaired,’ ‘in the same condition.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j621">[621]</a> We should express the same idea rather thus: <i>regem munificentia + vinci flagitiosius est, quam armis</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j622">[622]</a> About <i>factum volui</i>, see Zumpt, § 611. +<br><a class="bold" name="j623">[623]</a> ‘Your wish will not be refused by me.’ Bocchus no doubt here + alludes to the surrender of Jugurtha, but he is yet doubtful as to + whether it is worthy of himself.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug111">111.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j624">[624]</a> ‘What he promised them, they would not consider as a favour (as a + thing for which they owed him gratitude); that he must do something + beyond, something that might appear to be their interest more than + his.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j625">[625]</a> ‘Would then come to him,’ implying an advantage gained without + exertion. +<br><a class="bold" name="j626">[626]</a> <i>Negitare</i>, a rare word, but very expressive; for the simple + <i>negare</i>, in a case like this, is stronger than a repeated assertion + that you cannot, or will not, do a certain thing. The <i>affinitas</i> + (connexion by marriage) refers to what is mentioned <a href="#jug80">chap. 80</a>, a + daughter of Bocchus being married to Jugurtha. Respecting their + <i>cognatio</i> (relation by blood) nothing is known, but there must have + been a family connexion between the neighbouring kings. + <i>Intervenisse</i> — that is, <i>factum esse</i> — referring especially to + <i>foedus</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug112">112.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j627">[627]</a> ‘That the war could be brought to a close by mutual concessions.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j628">[628]</a> <i>Pax conventa</i>, ‘the peace which is agreed upon.’ Observe the + rare use of the passive participle; for <i>convenire</i> is commonly + intransitive — as <i>pax convenit</i>, a ‘peace is concluded.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j629">[629]</a> <i>In potestatem habere</i> is ungrammatical for <i>in potestate habere</i>, + but is found now and then. See Zumpt, § 316. +<br><a class="bold" name="j630">[630]</a> The expression is somewhat contorted; for the inserted clause + <i>non sua ignavia sed ob rem publicam</i> should have a verb of its own, + which, however, would be a part of the leading verb — namely, <i>qui + in hostium potestate esset</i>.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug113">113.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j631">[631]</a> ‘In contradiction with themselves,’ ‘contradictory.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j632">[632]</a> ‘The king first summoned his councillors, then dismissed them + immediately, and for a long time meditated by himself.’ <i>Ceteris</i> + refers to the preceding <i>amicis</i>, but is used instead of <i>iis</i>, to + form antithesis to himself: ‘after the removal of all the rest, he + deliberated by himself.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j633">[633]</a> <i>Vultus</i>, chiefly ‘the look of the eyes,’ but also ‘the features of + the countenance,’ by which the inward emotions are manifested; + hence Sallust here, by the addition of <i>corporis</i>, opposes the + outward expression to the emotions of the mind: ‘He changed (varied) + in the expression of his bodily features as much as in his + sentiments.’ <i>Quae scilicet patefecisse</i>, ‘which, as could be seen, + revealed his mental emotions.’ <i>Quae</i> is the neuter plural, and + <i>scilicet</i> contains the leading verb. +<br><a class="bold" name="j634">[634]</a> That is, <i>ut praeceptum erat</i>, and not <i>dictum</i> in the sense of + <i>edictum</i>; for according to the deceitful agreement, the <i>condiciones + pacis</i> were to be determined peaceably. +<br><a class="bold" name="j635">[635]</a> Sallust passes very rapidly over the catastrophe of a king who + had worn out, by simulation and war, the Roman armies for six + years. He was taken prisoner in B.C. 106, when Marius was no + longer consul, but yet remained in Africa as proconsul. Sulla + considered the capture of Jugurtha to be an event so important, and + to himself so glorious, that he had it engraved on his sealing ring.</P> + +<h4><a href="#jug114">114.</a></h4> + +<p class="note"><a class="bold" name="j636">[636]</a> ‘During the same time;’ that is, the time during which Marius, + as proconsul, was still in Africa, occupied no doubt with the + regulation of the affairs which, owing to the long war, had fallen + into disorder. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia, as far as + the river Ampsaga; and Numidia was divided between Hiempsal + and Hiarbas, two princes of the family of Masinissa. These and + other matters detained Marius in Africa during the year B.C. 105, + in which the Romans under the consul Gn. Manlius and the proconsul + Q. Caepio, suffered a great defeat from the Cimbri, on the + river Rhodanus. This led to the second consulship of Marius, in + B.C. 104. The people whom Sallust here calls Gauls (<i>Galli</i>) are + the Cimbri and Teutones, German tribes coming from the countries + about the Elbe. This mistake must be accounted for by the general + difficulty of distinguishing Celtic (Gallic) from Germanic tribes, + and also by the circumstance that the Cimbri had for many years been + wandering about in Gaul. +<br><a class="bold" name="j637">[637]</a> <i>Illique</i>; that is, the Romans then living, as opposed to those in + the time of Sallust. <i>Sic habuere</i>, ‘entertained this opinion.’ +<br><a class="bold" name="j638">[638]</a> <i>Certare</i>; supply <i>se</i>; unless we read <i>certari</i>, to which it is + easier to supply a <i>se</i>. +<br><a class="bold" name="j639">[639]</a> On the 1st of January B.C. 104. We may here observe, that + Jugurtha, after he had adorned the triumphal procession at Rome, + was put to death in the public prison near the Forum — which is + described by Sallust, <a href="#cat55"><i>Cat.</i> 55</a> — at the same hour in which Marius + offered up his thanksgiving to Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the + Capitol.</P> +<hr> + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino +by Caius Sallustii Crispi (Sallustius) + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO *** + +This file should be named debcj10h.htm or debcj10h.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, debcj11h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, debcj10ah.htm + +Produced by David Starner, Thomas Berger +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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