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+********The Project Gutenberg Etext of Henry James, Jr.********
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+Henry James, Jr. 
+
+by William Dean Howells  
+
+November, 1996 [Etext #723]
+
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+
+
+HENRY JAMES, JR.  
+
+by William Dean Howells 
+
+
+
+The events of Mr. James's life--as we agree to understand
+events--may be told in a very few words.  His race is Irish on
+his father's side and Scotch on his mother's, to which mingled
+strains the generalizer may attribute, if he likes, that union of
+vivid expression and dispassionate analysis which has
+characterized his work from the first.  There are none of those
+early struggles with poverty, which render the lives of so many
+distinguished Americans monotonous reading, to record in his
+case:  the cabin hearth-fire did not light him to the youthful
+pursuit of literature; he had from the start all those advantages
+which, when they go too far, become limitations.
+
+He was born in New York city in the year 1843, and his first
+lessons in life and letters were the best which the
+metropolis--so small in the perspective diminishing to that
+date--could afford.  In his twelfth year his family went abroad,
+and after some stay in England made a long sojourn in France and
+Switzerland.  They returned to America in 1860, placing
+themselves at Newport, and for a year or two Mr. James was at the
+Harvard Law School, where, perhaps, he did not study a great deal
+of law.  His father removed from Newport to Cambridge in 1866,
+and there Mr. James remained till he went abroad, three years
+later, for the residence in England and Italy which, with
+infrequent visits home, has continued ever since.
+
+It was during these three years of his Cambridge life that I
+became acquainted with his work.  He had already printed a
+tale--"The Story of a Year"--in the "Atlantic Monthly," when I
+was asked to be Mr. Fields's assistant in the management, and it
+was my fortune to read Mr. James's second contribution in
+manuscript.  "Would you take it?" asked my chief.  "Yes, and all
+the stories you can get from the writer."  One is much securer of
+one's judgment at twenty-nine than, say, at forty-five; but if
+this was a mistake of mine I am not yet old enough to regret it. 
+The story was called "Poor Richard," and it dealt with the
+conscience of a man very much in love with a woman who loved his
+rival.  He told this rival a lie, which sent him away to his
+death on the field,--in that day nearly every fictitious
+personage had something to do with the war,--but Poor Richard's
+lie did not win him his love.  It still seems to me that the
+situation was strongly and finely felt.  One's pity went, as it
+should, with the liar; but the whole story had a pathos which
+lingers in my mind equally with a sense of the new literary
+qualities which gave me such delight in it.  I admired, as we
+must in all that Mr. James has written, the finished workmanship
+in which there is no loss of vigor; the luminous and uncommon use
+of words, the originality of phrase, the whole clear and
+beautiful style, which I confess I weakly liked the better for
+the occasional gallicisms remaining from an inveterate habit of
+French.  Those who know the writings of Mr. Henry James will
+recognize the inherited felicity of diction which is so striking
+in the writings of Mr. Henry James, Jr.  The son's diction is not
+so racy as the father's; it lacks its daring, but it is as
+fortunate and graphic; and I cannot give it greater praise than
+this, though it has, when he will, a splendor and state which is
+wholly its own.
+
+Mr. James is now so universally recognized that I shall seem to
+be making an unwarrantable claim when I express my belief that
+the popularity of his stories was once largely confined to Mr.
+Field's assistant.  They had characteristics which forbade any
+editor to refuse them; and there are no anecdotes of
+thrice-rejected manuscripts finally printed to tell of him; his
+work was at once successful with all the magazines.  But with the
+readers of "The Atlantic," of "Harper's," of "Lippincott's," of
+"The Galaxy," of "The Century," it was another affair.  The
+flavor was so strange, that, with rare exceptions, they had to
+"learn to like" it.  Probably few writers have in the same degree
+compelled the liking of their readers.  He was reluctantly
+accepted, partly through a mistake as to his attitude--through
+the confusion of his point of view with his private opinion--in
+the reader's mind.  This confusion caused the tears of rage which
+bedewed our continent in behalf of the "average American girl"
+supposed to be satirized in Daisy Miller, and prevented the
+perception of the fact that, so far as the average American girl
+was studied at all in Daisy Miller, her indestructible innocence,
+her invulnerable new-worldliness, had never been so delicately
+appreciated.  It was so plain that Mr. James disliked her vulgar
+conditions, that the very people to whom he revealed her
+essential sweetness and light were furious that he should have
+seemed not to see what existed through him.  In other words, they
+would have liked him better if he had been a worse artist--if he
+had been a little more confidential.
+
+But that artistic impartiality which puzzled so many in the
+treatment of Daisy Miller is one of the qualities most valuable
+in the eyes of those who care how things are done, and I am not
+sure that it is not Mr. James's most characteristic quality.  As
+"frost performs the effect of fire," this impartiality comes at
+last to the same result as sympathy.  We may be quite sure that
+Mr. James does not like the peculiar phase of our civilization
+typified in Henrietta Stackpole; but he treats her with such
+exquisite justice that he lets US like her.  It is an extreme
+case, but I confidently allege it in proof.
+
+His impartiality is part of the reserve with which he works in
+most respects, and which at first glance makes us say that he is
+wanting in humor.  But I feel pretty certain that Mr. James has
+not been able to disinherit himself to this degree.  We Americans
+are terribly in earnest about making ourselves, individually and
+collectively; but I fancy that our prevailing mood in the face of
+all problems is that of an abiding faith which can afford to be
+funny.  He has himself indicated that we have, as a nation, as a
+people, our joke, and every one of us is in the joke more or
+less.  We may, some of us, dislike it extremely, disapprove it
+wholly, and even abhor it, but we are in the joke all the same,
+and no one of us is safe from becoming the great American
+humorist at any given moment.  The danger is not apparent in Mr.
+James's case, and I confess that I read him with a relief in the
+comparative immunity that he affords from the national
+facetiousness.  Many of his people are humorously imagined, or
+rather humorously SEEN, like Daisy Miller's mother, but these do
+not give a dominant color; the business in hand is commonly
+serious, and the droll people are subordinated.  They abound,
+nevertheless, and many of them are perfectly new finds, like Mr.
+Tristram in "The American," the bill-paying father in the
+"Pension Beaurepas," the anxiously Europeanizing mother in the
+same story, the amusing little Madame de Belgarde, Henrietta
+Stackpole, and even Newman himself.  But though Mr. James
+portrays the humorous in character, he is decidedly not on
+humorous terms with his reader; he ignores rather than recognizes
+the fact that they are both in the joke.
+
+If we take him at all we must take him on his own ground, for
+clearly he will not come to ours.  We must make concessions to
+him, not in this respect only, but in several others, chief among
+which is the motive for reading fiction.  By example, at least,
+he teaches that it is the pursuit and not the end which should
+give us pleasure; for he often prefers to leave us to our own
+conjectures in regard to the fate of the people in whom he has
+interested us.  There is no question, of course, but he could
+tell the story of Isabel in "The Portrait of a Lady" to the end,
+yet he does not tell it.  We must agree, then, to take what seems
+a fragment instead of a whole, and to find, when we can, a name
+for this new kind in fiction.  Evidently it is the character, not
+the fate, of his people which occupies him; when he has fully
+developed their character he leaves them to what destiny the
+reader pleases.
+
+The analytic tendency seems to have increased with him as his
+work has gone on.  Some of the earlier tales were very dramatic:
+"A Passionate Pilgrim," which I should rank above all his other
+short stories, and for certain rich poetical qualities, above
+everything else that he has done, is eminently dramatic.  But I
+do not find much that I should call dramatic in "The Portrait of
+a Lady," while I do find in it an amount of analysis which I
+should call superabundance if it were not all such good
+literature.  The novelist's main business is to possess his
+reader with a due conception of his characters and the situations
+in which they find themselves.  If he does more or less than this
+he equally fails.  I have sometimes thought that Mr. James's
+danger was to do more, but when I have been ready to declare this
+excess an error of his method I have hesitated.  Could anything
+be superfluous that had given me so much pleasure as I read? 
+Certainly from only one point of view, and this a rather narrow,
+technical one.  It seems to me that an enlightened criticism will
+recognize in Mr. James's fiction a metaphysical genius working to
+aesthetic results, and will not be disposed to deny it any method
+it chooses to employ.  No other novelist, except George Eliot,
+has dealt so largely in analysis of motive, has so fully
+explained and commented upon the springs of action in the persons
+of the drama, both before and after the facts.  These novelists
+are more alike than any others in their processes, but with
+George Eliot an ethical purpose is dominant, and with Mr. James
+an artistic purpose.  I do not know just how it should be stated
+of two such noble and generous types of character as Dorothea and
+Isabel Archer, but I think that we sympathize with the former in
+grand aims that chiefly concern others, and with the latter in
+beautiful dreams that primarily concern herself.  Both are
+unselfish and devoted women, sublimely true to a mistaken ideal
+in their marriages; but, though they come to this common
+martyrdom, the original difference in them remains.  Isabel has
+her great weaknesses, as Dorothea had, but these seem to me, on
+the whole, the most nobly imagined and the most nobly intentioned
+women in modern fiction; and I think Isabel is the more subtly
+divined of the two.  If we speak of mere characterization, we
+must not fail to acknowledge the perfection of Gilbert Osmond. 
+It was a profound stroke to make him an American by birth.  No
+European could realize so fully in his own life the ideal of a
+European dilettante in all the meaning of that cheapened word; as
+no European could so deeply and tenderly feel the sweetness and
+loveliness of the English past as the sick American, Searle, in
+"The Passionate Pilgrim."
+
+What is called the international novel is popularly dated from
+the publication of "Daisy Miller," though "Roderick Hudson" and
+"The American" had gone before; but it really began in the
+beautiful story which I have just named.  Mr. James, who invented
+this species in fiction, first contrasted in the "Passionate
+Pilgrim" the New World and Old World moods, ideals, and
+prejudices, and he did it there with a richness of poetic effect
+which he has since never equalled.  I own that I regret the loss
+of the poetry, but you cannot ask a man to keep on being a poet
+for you; it is hardly for him to choose; yet I compare rather
+discontentedly in my own mind such impassioned creations as
+Searle and the painter in "The Madonna of the Future" with "Daisy
+Miller," of whose slight, thin personality I also feel the
+indefinable charm, and of the tragedy of whose innocence I
+recognize the delicate pathos.  Looking back to those early
+stories, where Mr. James stood at the dividing ways of the novel
+and the romance, I am sometimes sorry that he declared even
+superficially for the former.  His best efforts seem to me those
+of romance; his best types have an ideal development, like Isabel
+and Claire Belgarde and Bessy Alden and poor Daisy and even
+Newman.  But, doubtless, he has chosen wisely; perhaps the
+romance is an outworn form, and would not lend itself to the
+reproduction of even the ideality of modern life.  I myself waver
+somewhat in my preference--if it is a preference--when I think of
+such people as Lord Warburton and the Touchetts, whom I take to
+be all decidedly of this world.  The first of these especially
+interested me as a probable type of the English nobleman, who
+amiably accepts the existing situation with all its possibilities
+of political and social change, and insists not at all upon the
+surviving feudalities, but means to be a manly and simple
+gentleman in any event.  An American is not able to pronounce as
+to the verity of the type; I only know that it seems probable and
+that it is charming.  It makes one wish that it were in Mr.
+James's way to paint in some story the present phase of change in
+England.  A titled personage is still mainly an inconceivable
+being to us; he is like a goblin or a fairy in a storybook.  How
+does he comport himself in the face of all the changes and
+modifications that have taken place and that still impend?  We
+can hardly imagine a lord taking his nobility seriously; it is
+some hint of the conditional frame of Lord Warburton's mind that
+makes him imaginable and delightful to us.
+
+It is not my purpose here to review any of Mr. James's books; I
+like better to speak of his people than of the conduct of his
+novels, and I wish to recognize the fineness with which he has
+touched-in the pretty primness of Osmond's daughter and the mild
+devotedness of Mr. Rosier.  A masterly hand is as often manifest
+in the treatment of such subordinate figures as in that of the
+principal persons, and Mr. James does them unerringly.  This is
+felt in the more important character of Valentin Belgarde, a
+fascinating character in spite of its defects,--perhaps on
+account of them--and a sort of French Lord Warburton, but
+wittier, and not so good.  "These are my ideas," says his
+sister-in-law, at the end of a number of inanities.  "Ah, you
+call them ideas!" he returns, which is delicious and makes you
+love him.  He, too, has his moments of misgiving, apparently in
+regard to his nobility, and his acceptance of Newman on the basis
+of something like "manhood suffrage" is very charming.  It is of
+course difficult for a remote plebeian to verify the pictures of
+legitimist society in "The American," but there is the probable
+suggestion in them of conditions and principles, and want of
+principles, of which we get glimpses in our travels abroad; at
+any rate, they reveal another and not impossible world, and it is
+fine to have Newman discover that the opinions and criticisms of
+our world are so absolutely valueless in that sphere that his
+knowledge of the infamous crime of the mother and brother of his
+betrothed will have no effect whatever upon them in their own
+circle if he explodes it there.  This seems like aristocracy
+indeed! and one admires, almost respects, its survival in our
+day.  But I always regretted that Newman's discovery seemed the
+precursor of his magnanimous resolution not to avenge himself; it
+weakened the effect of this, with which it had really nothing to
+do.  Upon the whole, however, Newman is an adequate and
+satisfying representative of Americanism, with his generous
+matrimonial ambition, his vast good-nature, and his thorough good
+sense and right feeling.  We must be very hard to please if we
+are not pleased with him.  He is not the "cultivated American"
+who redeems us from time to time in the eyes of Europe; but he is
+unquestionably more national, and it is observable that his
+unaffected fellow-countrymen and women fare very well at Mr.
+James's hand always; it is the Europeanizing sort like the
+critical little Bostonian in the "Bundle of Letters," the ladies
+shocked at Daisy Miller, the mother in the "Pension Beaurepas"
+who goes about trying to be of the "native" world everywhere,
+Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond, Miss Light and her mother, who
+have reason to complain, if any one has.  Doubtless Mr. James
+does not mean to satirize such Americans, but it is interesting
+to note how they strike such a keen observer.  We are certainly
+not allowed to like them, and the other sort find somehow a place
+in our affections along with his good Europeans.  It is a little
+odd, by the way, that in all the printed talk about Mr.
+James--and there has been no end of it--his power of engaging
+your preference for certain of his people has been so little
+commented on.  Perhaps it is because he makes no obvious appeal
+for them; but one likes such men as Lord Warburton, Newman,
+Valentin, the artistic brother in "The Europeans," and Ralph
+Touchett, and such women as Isabel, Claire Belgarde, Mrs.
+Tristram, and certain others, with a thoroughness that is one of
+the best testimonies to their vitality.  This comes about through
+their own qualities, and is not affected by insinuation or by
+downright petting, such as we find in Dickens nearly always and
+in Thackeray too often.
+
+The art of fiction has, in fact, become a finer art in our day
+than it was with Dickens and Thackeray.  We could not suffer the
+confidential attitude of the latter now, nor the mannerism of the
+former, any more than we could endure the prolixity of Richardson
+or the coarseness of Fielding.  These great men are of the
+past--they and their methods and interests; even Trollope and
+Reade are not of the present.  The new school derives from
+Hawthorne and George Eliot rather than any others; but it studies
+human nature much more in its wonted aspects, and finds its
+ethical and dramatic examples in the operation of lighter but not
+really less vital motives.  The moving accident is certainly not
+its trade; and it prefers to avoid all manner of dire
+catastrophes.  it is largely influenced by French fiction in
+form; but it is the realism of Daudet rather than the realism of
+Zola that prevails with it, and it has a soul of its own which is
+above the business of recording the rather brutish pursuit of a
+woman by a man, which seems to be the chief end of the French
+novelist.  This school, which is so largely of the future as well
+as the present, finds its chief exemplar in Mr. James; it is he
+who is shaping and directing American fiction, at least.  It is
+the ambition of the younger contributors to write like him; he
+has his following more distinctly recognizable than that of any
+other English-writing novelist.  Whether he will so far control
+this following as to decide the nature of the novel with us
+remains to be seen.  Will the reader be content to accept a novel
+which is an analytic study rather than a story, which is apt to
+leave him arbiter of the destiny of the author's creations?  Will
+he find his account in the unflagging interest of their
+development?  Mr. James's growing popularity seems to suggest
+that this may be the case; but the work of Mr. James's imitators
+will have much to do with the final result.
+
+In the meantime it is not surprising that he has his imitators. 
+Whatever exceptions we take to his methods or his results, we
+cannot deny him a very great literary genius.  To me there is a
+perpetual delight in his way of saying things, and I cannot
+wonder that younger men try to catch the trick of it.  The
+disappointing thing for them is that it is not a trick, but an
+inherent virtue.  His style is, upon the whole, better than that
+of any other novelist I know; it is always easy, without being
+trivial, and it is often stately, without being stiff; it gives a
+charm to everything he writes; and he has written so much and in
+such various directions, that we should be judging him very
+incompletely if we considered him only as a novelist.  His book
+of European sketches must rank him with the most enlightened and
+agreeable travelers; and it might be fitly supplemented from his
+uncollected papers with a volume of American sketches.  In his
+essays on modern French writers he indicates his critical range
+and grasp; but he scarcely does more, as his criticisms in "The
+Atlantic" and "The Nation" and elsewhere could abundantly
+testify.
+
+There are indeed those who insist that criticism is his true
+vocation, and are impatient of his devotion to fiction; but I
+suspect that these admirers are mistaken.  A novelists he is not,
+after the old fashion, or after any fashion but his own; yet
+since he has finally made his public in his own way of
+story-telling--or call it character-painting if you prefer,--it
+must be conceded that he has chosen best for himself and his
+readers in choosing the form of fiction for what he has to say. 
+It is, after all, what a writer has to say rather than what he
+has to tell that we care for nowadays.  In one manner or other
+the stories were all told long ago; and now we want merely to
+know what the novelist thinks about persons and situations.  Mr.
+James gratifies this philosophic desire.  If he sometimes
+forbears to tell us what he thinks of the last state of his
+people, it is perhaps because that does not interest him, and a
+large-minded criticism might well insist that it was childish to
+demand that it must interest him.
+
+I am not sure that any criticism is sufficiently large-minded for
+this.  I own that I like a finished story; but then also I like
+those which Mr. James seems not to finish.  This is probably the
+position of most of his readers, who cannot very logically
+account for either preference.  We can only make sure that we
+have here an annalist, or analyst, as we choose, who fascinates
+us from his first page to his last, whose narrative or whose
+comment may enter into any minuteness of detail without fatiguing
+us, and can only truly grieve us when it ceases.    
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Etext of Henry James, Jr., by Howells
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