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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Henry James, Jr., by William Dean Howells
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Henry James, Jr.
+
+Author: William Dean Howells
+
+Posting Date: July 23, 2008 [EBook #723]
+Release Date: November, 1996
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRY JAMES, JR. ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Anthony J. Adam.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HENRY JAMES, JR.
+
+by
+
+William Dean Howells
+
+
+
+The events of Mr. James's life--as we agree to understand events--may
+be told in a very few words.  His race is Irish on his father's side
+and Scotch on his mother's, to which mingled strains the generalizer
+may attribute, if he likes, that union of vivid expression and
+dispassionate analysis which has characterized his work from the first.
+There are none of those early struggles with poverty, which render the
+lives of so many distinguished Americans monotonous reading, to record
+in his case:  the cabin hearth-fire did not light him to the youthful
+pursuit of literature; he had from the start all those advantages
+which, when they go too far, become limitations.
+
+He was born in New York city in the year 1843, and his first lessons in
+life and letters were the best which the metropolis--so small in the
+perspective diminishing to that date--could afford.  In his twelfth
+year his family went abroad, and after some stay in England made a long
+sojourn in France and Switzerland.  They returned to America in 1860,
+placing themselves at Newport, and for a year or two Mr. James was at
+the Harvard Law School, where, perhaps, he did not study a great deal
+of law.  His father removed from Newport to Cambridge in 1866, and
+there Mr. James remained till he went abroad, three years later, for
+the residence in England and Italy which, with infrequent visits home,
+has continued ever since.
+
+It was during these three years of his Cambridge life that I became
+acquainted with his work.  He had already printed a tale--"The Story of
+a Year"--in the "Atlantic Monthly," when I was asked to be Mr. Fields's
+assistant in the management, and it was my fortune to read Mr. James's
+second contribution in manuscript.  "Would you take it?" asked my
+chief.  "Yes, and all the stories you can get from the writer."  One is
+much securer of one's judgment at twenty-nine than, say, at forty-five;
+but if this was a mistake of mine I am not yet old enough to regret it.
+The story was called "Poor Richard," and it dealt with the conscience
+of a man very much in love with a woman who loved his rival.  He told
+this rival a lie, which sent him away to his death on the field,--in
+that day nearly every fictitious personage had something to do with the
+war,--but Poor Richard's lie did not win him his love.  It still seems
+to me that the situation was strongly and finely felt.  One's pity
+went, as it should, with the liar; but the whole story had a pathos
+which lingers in my mind equally with a sense of the new literary
+qualities which gave me such delight in it.  I admired, as we must in
+all that Mr. James has written, the finished workmanship in which there
+is no loss of vigor; the luminous and uncommon use of words, the
+originality of phrase, the whole clear and beautiful style, which I
+confess I weakly liked the better for the occasional gallicisms
+remaining from an inveterate habit of French.  Those who know the
+writings of Mr. Henry James will recognize the inherited felicity of
+diction which is so striking in the writings of Mr. Henry James, Jr.
+The son's diction is not so racy as the father's; it lacks its daring,
+but it is as fortunate and graphic; and I cannot give it greater praise
+than this, though it has, when he will, a splendor and state which is
+wholly its own.
+
+Mr. James is now so universally recognized that I shall seem to be
+making an unwarrantable claim when I express my belief that the
+popularity of his stories was once largely confined to Mr. Field's
+assistant.  They had characteristics which forbade any editor to refuse
+them; and there are no anecdotes of thrice-rejected manuscripts finally
+printed to tell of him; his work was at once successful with all the
+magazines.  But with the readers of "The Atlantic," of "Harper's," of
+"Lippincott's," of "The Galaxy," of "The Century," it was another
+affair.  The flavor was so strange, that, with rare exceptions, they
+had to "learn to like" it.  Probably few writers have in the same
+degree compelled the liking of their readers.  He was reluctantly
+accepted, partly through a mistake as to his attitude--through the
+confusion of his point of view with his private opinion--in the
+reader's mind.  This confusion caused the tears of rage which bedewed
+our continent in behalf of the "average American girl" supposed to be
+satirized in Daisy Miller, and prevented the perception of the fact
+that, so far as the average American girl was studied at all in Daisy
+Miller, her indestructible innocence, her invulnerable new-worldliness,
+had never been so delicately appreciated.  It was so plain that Mr.
+James disliked her vulgar conditions, that the very people to whom he
+revealed her essential sweetness and light were furious that he should
+have seemed not to see what existed through him.  In other words, they
+would have liked him better if he had been a worse artist--if he had
+been a little more confidential.
+
+But that artistic impartiality which puzzled so many in the treatment
+of Daisy Miller is one of the qualities most valuable in the eyes of
+those who care how things are done, and I am not sure that it is not
+Mr. James's most characteristic quality.  As "frost performs the effect
+of fire," this impartiality comes at last to the same result as
+sympathy.  We may be quite sure that Mr. James does not like the
+peculiar phase of our civilization typified in Henrietta Stackpole; but
+he treats her with such exquisite justice that he lets US like her.  It
+is an extreme case, but I confidently allege it in proof.
+
+His impartiality is part of the reserve with which he works in most
+respects, and which at first glance makes us say that he is wanting in
+humor.  But I feel pretty certain that Mr. James has not been able to
+disinherit himself to this degree.  We Americans are terribly in
+earnest about making ourselves, individually and collectively; but I
+fancy that our prevailing mood in the face of all problems is that of
+an abiding faith which can afford to be funny.  He has himself
+indicated that we have, as a nation, as a people, our joke, and every
+one of us is in the joke more or less.  We may, some of us, dislike it
+extremely, disapprove it wholly, and even abhor it, but we are in the
+joke all the same, and no one of us is safe from becoming the great
+American humorist at any given moment.  The danger is not apparent in
+Mr. James's case, and I confess that I read him with a relief in the
+comparative immunity that he affords from the national facetiousness.
+Many of his people are humorously imagined, or rather humorously SEEN,
+like Daisy Miller's mother, but these do not give a dominant color; the
+business in hand is commonly serious, and the droll people are
+subordinated.  They abound, nevertheless, and many of them are
+perfectly new finds, like Mr. Tristram in "The American," the
+bill-paying father in the "Pension Beaurepas," the anxiously
+Europeanizing mother in the same story, the amusing little Madame de
+Belgarde, Henrietta Stackpole, and even Newman himself.  But though Mr.
+James portrays the humorous in character, he is decidedly not on
+humorous terms with his reader; he ignores rather than recognizes the
+fact that they are both in the joke.
+
+If we take him at all we must take him on his own ground, for clearly
+he will not come to ours.  We must make concessions to him, not in this
+respect only, but in several others, chief among which is the motive
+for reading fiction.  By example, at least, he teaches that it is the
+pursuit and not the end which should give us pleasure; for he often
+prefers to leave us to our own conjectures in regard to the fate of the
+people in whom he has interested us.  There is no question, of course,
+but he could tell the story of Isabel in "The Portrait of a Lady" to
+the end, yet he does not tell it.  We must agree, then, to take what
+seems a fragment instead of a whole, and to find, when we can, a name
+for this new kind in fiction.  Evidently it is the character, not the
+fate, of his people which occupies him; when he has fully developed
+their character he leaves them to what destiny the reader pleases.
+
+The analytic tendency seems to have increased with him as his work has
+gone on.  Some of the earlier tales were very dramatic: "A Passionate
+Pilgrim," which I should rank above all his other short stories, and
+for certain rich poetical qualities, above everything else that he has
+done, is eminently dramatic.  But I do not find much that I should call
+dramatic in "The Portrait of a Lady," while I do find in it an amount
+of analysis which I should call superabundance if it were not all such
+good literature.  The novelist's main business is to possess his reader
+with a due conception of his characters and the situations in which
+they find themselves.  If he does more or less than this he equally
+fails.  I have sometimes thought that Mr. James's danger was to do
+more, but when I have been ready to declare this excess an error of his
+method I have hesitated.  Could anything be superfluous that had given
+me so much pleasure as I read?  Certainly from only one point of view,
+and this a rather narrow, technical one.  It seems to me that an
+enlightened criticism will recognize in Mr. James's fiction a
+metaphysical genius working to aesthetic results, and will not be
+disposed to deny it any method it chooses to employ.  No other
+novelist, except George Eliot, has dealt so largely in analysis of
+motive, has so fully explained and commented upon the springs of action
+in the persons of the drama, both before and after the facts.  These
+novelists are more alike than any others in their processes, but with
+George Eliot an ethical purpose is dominant, and with Mr. James an
+artistic purpose.  I do not know just how it should be stated of two
+such noble and generous types of character as Dorothea and Isabel
+Archer, but I think that we sympathize with the former in grand aims
+that chiefly concern others, and with the latter in beautiful dreams
+that primarily concern herself.  Both are unselfish and devoted women,
+sublimely true to a mistaken ideal in their marriages; but, though they
+come to this common martyrdom, the original difference in them remains.
+Isabel has her great weaknesses, as Dorothea had, but these seem to me,
+on the whole, the most nobly imagined and the most nobly intentioned
+women in modern fiction; and I think Isabel is the more subtly divined
+of the two.  If we speak of mere characterization, we must not fail to
+acknowledge the perfection of Gilbert Osmond.  It was a profound stroke
+to make him an American by birth.  No European could realize so fully
+in his own life the ideal of a European dilettante in all the meaning
+of that cheapened word; as no European could so deeply and tenderly
+feel the sweetness and loveliness of the English past as the sick
+American, Searle, in "The Passionate Pilgrim."
+
+What is called the international novel is popularly dated from the
+publication of "Daisy Miller," though "Roderick Hudson" and "The
+American" had gone before; but it really began in the beautiful story
+which I have just named.  Mr. James, who invented this species in
+fiction, first contrasted in the "Passionate Pilgrim" the New World and
+Old World moods, ideals, and prejudices, and he did it there with a
+richness of poetic effect which he has since never equalled.  I own
+that I regret the loss of the poetry, but you cannot ask a man to keep
+on being a poet for you; it is hardly for him to choose; yet I compare
+rather discontentedly in my own mind such impassioned creations as
+Searle and the painter in "The Madonna of the Future" with "Daisy
+Miller," of whose slight, thin personality I also feel the indefinable
+charm, and of the tragedy of whose innocence I recognize the delicate
+pathos.  Looking back to those early stories, where Mr. James stood at
+the dividing ways of the novel and the romance, I am sometimes sorry
+that he declared even superficially for the former.  His best efforts
+seem to me those of romance; his best types have an ideal development,
+like Isabel and Claire Belgarde and Bessy Alden and poor Daisy and even
+Newman.  But, doubtless, he has chosen wisely; perhaps the romance is
+an outworn form, and would not lend itself to the reproduction of even
+the ideality of modern life.  I myself waver somewhat in my
+preference--if it is a preference--when I think of such people as Lord
+Warburton and the Touchetts, whom I take to be all decidedly of this
+world.  The first of these especially interested me as a probable type
+of the English nobleman, who amiably accepts the existing situation
+with all its possibilities of political and social change, and insists
+not at all upon the surviving feudalities, but means to be a manly and
+simple gentleman in any event.  An American is not able to pronounce as
+to the verity of the type; I only know that it seems probable and that
+it is charming.  It makes one wish that it were in Mr. James's way to
+paint in some story the present phase of change in England.  A titled
+personage is still mainly an inconceivable being to us; he is like a
+goblin or a fairy in a storybook.  How does he comport himself in the
+face of all the changes and modifications that have taken place and
+that still impend?  We can hardly imagine a lord taking his nobility
+seriously; it is some hint of the conditional frame of Lord Warburton's
+mind that makes him imaginable and delightful to us.
+
+It is not my purpose here to review any of Mr. James's books; I like
+better to speak of his people than of the conduct of his novels, and I
+wish to recognize the fineness with which he has touched-in the pretty
+primness of Osmond's daughter and the mild devotedness of Mr. Rosier.
+A masterly hand is as often manifest in the treatment of such
+subordinate figures as in that of the principal persons, and Mr. James
+does them unerringly.  This is felt in the more important character of
+Valentin Belgarde, a fascinating character in spite of its
+defects,--perhaps on account of them--and a sort of French Lord
+Warburton, but wittier, and not so good.  "These are my ideas," says
+his sister-in-law, at the end of a number of inanities.  "Ah, you call
+them ideas!" he returns, which is delicious and makes you love him.
+He, too, has his moments of misgiving, apparently in regard to his
+nobility, and his acceptance of Newman on the basis of something like
+"manhood suffrage" is very charming.  It is of course difficult for a
+remote plebeian to verify the pictures of legitimist society in "The
+American," but there is the probable suggestion in them of conditions
+and principles, and want of principles, of which we get glimpses in our
+travels abroad; at any rate, they reveal another and not impossible
+world, and it is fine to have Newman discover that the opinions and
+criticisms of our world are so absolutely valueless in that sphere that
+his knowledge of the infamous crime of the mother and brother of his
+betrothed will have no effect whatever upon them in their own circle if
+he explodes it there.  This seems like aristocracy indeed! and one
+admires, almost respects, its survival in our day.  But I always
+regretted that Newman's discovery seemed the precursor of his
+magnanimous resolution not to avenge himself; it weakened the effect of
+this, with which it had really nothing to do.  Upon the whole, however,
+Newman is an adequate and satisfying representative of Americanism,
+with his generous matrimonial ambition, his vast good-nature, and his
+thorough good sense and right feeling.  We must be very hard to please
+if we are not pleased with him.  He is not the "cultivated American"
+who redeems us from time to time in the eyes of Europe; but he is
+unquestionably more national, and it is observable that his unaffected
+fellow-countrymen and women fare very well at Mr. James's hand always;
+it is the Europeanizing sort like the critical little Bostonian in the
+"Bundle of Letters," the ladies shocked at Daisy Miller, the mother in
+the "Pension Beaurepas" who goes about trying to be of the "native"
+world everywhere, Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond, Miss Light and her
+mother, who have reason to complain, if any one has.  Doubtless Mr.
+James does not mean to satirize such Americans, but it is interesting
+to note how they strike such a keen observer.  We are certainly not
+allowed to like them, and the other sort find somehow a place in our
+affections along with his good Europeans.  It is a little odd, by the
+way, that in all the printed talk about Mr. James--and there has been
+no end of it--his power of engaging your preference for certain of his
+people has been so little commented on.  Perhaps it is because he makes
+no obvious appeal for them; but one likes such men as Lord Warburton,
+Newman, Valentin, the artistic brother in "The Europeans," and Ralph
+Touchett, and such women as Isabel, Claire Belgarde, Mrs. Tristram, and
+certain others, with a thoroughness that is one of the best testimonies
+to their vitality.  This comes about through their own qualities, and
+is not affected by insinuation or by downright petting, such as we find
+in Dickens nearly always and in Thackeray too often.
+
+The art of fiction has, in fact, become a finer art in our day than it
+was with Dickens and Thackeray.  We could not suffer the confidential
+attitude of the latter now, nor the mannerism of the former, any more
+than we could endure the prolixity of Richardson or the coarseness of
+Fielding.  These great men are of the past--they and their methods and
+interests; even Trollope and Reade are not of the present.  The new
+school derives from Hawthorne and George Eliot rather than any others;
+but it studies human nature much more in its wonted aspects, and finds
+its ethical and dramatic examples in the operation of lighter but not
+really less vital motives.  The moving accident is certainly not its
+trade; and it prefers to avoid all manner of dire catastrophes.  It is
+largely influenced by French fiction in form; but it is the realism of
+Daudet rather than the realism of Zola that prevails with it, and it
+has a soul of its own which is above the business of recording the
+rather brutish pursuit of a woman by a man, which seems to be the chief
+end of the French novelist.  This school, which is so largely of the
+future as well as the present, finds its chief exemplar in Mr. James;
+it is he who is shaping and directing American fiction, at least.  It
+is the ambition of the younger contributors to write like him; he has
+his following more distinctly recognizable than that of any other
+English-writing novelist.  Whether he will so far control this
+following as to decide the nature of the novel with us remains to be
+seen.  Will the reader be content to accept a novel which is an
+analytic study rather than a story, which is apt to leave him arbiter
+of the destiny of the author's creations?  Will he find his account in
+the unflagging interest of their development?  Mr. James's growing
+popularity seems to suggest that this may be the case; but the work of
+Mr. James's imitators will have much to do with the final result.
+
+In the meantime it is not surprising that he has his imitators.
+Whatever exceptions we take to his methods or his results, we cannot
+deny him a very great literary genius.  To me there is a perpetual
+delight in his way of saying things, and I cannot wonder that younger
+men try to catch the trick of it.  The disappointing thing for them is
+that it is not a trick, but an inherent virtue.  His style is, upon the
+whole, better than that of any other novelist I know; it is always
+easy, without being trivial, and it is often stately, without being
+stiff; it gives a charm to everything he writes; and he has written so
+much and in such various directions, that we should be judging him very
+incompletely if we considered him only as a novelist.  His book of
+European sketches must rank him with the most enlightened and agreeable
+travelers; and it might be fitly supplemented from his uncollected
+papers with a volume of American sketches.  In his essays on modern
+French writers he indicates his critical range and grasp; but he
+scarcely does more, as his criticisms in "The Atlantic" and "The
+Nation" and elsewhere could abundantly testify.
+
+There are indeed those who insist that criticism is his true vocation,
+and are impatient of his devotion to fiction; but I suspect that these
+admirers are mistaken.  A novelists he is not, after the old fashion,
+or after any fashion but his own; yet since he has finally made his
+public in his own way of story-telling--or call it character-painting
+if you prefer,--it must be conceded that he has chosen best for himself
+and his readers in choosing the form of fiction for what he has to say.
+It is, after all, what a writer has to say rather than what he has to
+tell that we care for nowadays.  In one manner or other the stories
+were all told long ago; and now we want merely to know what the
+novelist thinks about persons and situations.  Mr. James gratifies this
+philosophic desire.  If he sometimes forbears to tell us what he thinks
+of the last state of his people, it is perhaps because that does not
+interest him, and a large-minded criticism might well insist that it
+was childish to demand that it must interest him.
+
+I am not sure that any criticism is sufficiently large-minded for this.
+I own that I like a finished story; but then also I like those which
+Mr. James seems not to finish.  This is probably the position of most
+of his readers, who cannot very logically account for either
+preference.  We can only make sure that we have here an annalist, or
+analyst, as we choose, who fascinates us from his first page to his
+last, whose narrative or whose comment may enter into any minuteness of
+detail without fatiguing us, and can only truly grieve us when it
+ceases.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Henry James, Jr., by William Dean Howells
+
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