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diff --git a/723-h/723-h.htm b/723-h/723-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f697933 --- /dev/null +++ b/723-h/723-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,821 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta content="pg2html (binary v0.17)" name="linklinkgenerator" /> + <title> + Henry James, Jr., by William Dean Howells + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + body { margin:15%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; text-align: justify; font-size: 80%; font-style: italic;} + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + .xx-small {font-size: 60%;} + .x-small {font-size: 75%;} + .small {font-size: 85%;} + .large {font-size: 115%;} + .x-large {font-size: 130%;} + .indent5 { margin-left: 5%;} + .indent10 { margin-left: 10%;} + .indent15 { margin-left: 15%;} + .indent20 { margin-left: 20%;} + .indent25 { margin-left: 25%;} + .indent30 { margin-left: 30%;} + .indent35 { margin-left: 35%;} + .indent40 { margin-left: 40%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; right: 1%; font-size: 0.6em; + font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; + text-align: right; background-color: #FFFACD; + border: 1px solid; padding: 0.3em;text-indent: 0em;} + .side { float: left; font-size: 75%; width: 15%; padding-left: 0.8em; + border-left: dashed thin; text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; + font-weight: bold; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: solid 1px;} + .head { float: left; font-size: 90%; width: 98%; padding-left: 0.8em; + border-left: dashed thin; text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; + font-weight: bold; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: solid 1px;} + p.pfirst, p.noindent {text-indent: 0} + span.dropcap { float: left; margin: 0 0.1em 0 0; line-height: 0.8 } + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Henry James, Jr., by William Dean Howells + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Henry James, Jr. + +Author: William Dean Howells + +Posting Date: July 23, 2008 [EBook #723] +Release Date: November, 1996 +Last Updated: August 26, 2018 + + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRY JAMES, JR. *** + + + + +Etext produced by Anthony J. Adam. + +HTML file produced by David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + HENRY JAMES, JR. + </h1> + <h2> + By William Dean Howells + </h2> + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /> + <hr /> + <br /> + </div> + <p> + The events of Mr. James's life—as we agree to understand events—may + be told in a very few words. His race is Irish on his father's side and + Scotch on his mother's, to which mingled strains the generalizer may + attribute, if he likes, that union of vivid expression and dispassionate + analysis which has characterized his work from the first. There are none + of those early struggles with poverty, which render the lives of so many + distinguished Americans monotonous reading, to record in his case: the + cabin hearth-fire did not light him to the youthful pursuit of literature; + he had from the start all those advantages which, when they go too far, + become limitations. + </p> + <p> + He was born in New York city in the year 1843, and his first lessons in + life and letters were the best which the metropolis—so small in the + perspective diminishing to that date—could afford. In his twelfth + year his family went abroad, and after some stay in England made a long + sojourn in France and Switzerland. They returned to America in 1860, + placing themselves at Newport, and for a year or two Mr. James was at the + Harvard Law School, where, perhaps, he did not study a great deal of law. + His father removed from Newport to Cambridge in 1866, and there Mr. James + remained till he went abroad, three years later, for the residence in + England and Italy which, with infrequent visits home, has continued ever + since. + </p> + <p> + It was during these three years of his Cambridge life that I became + acquainted with his work. He had already printed a tale—"The Story + of a Year"—in the "Atlantic Monthly," when I was asked to be Mr. + Fields's assistant in the management, and it was my fortune to read Mr. + James's second contribution in manuscript. "Would you take it?" asked my + chief. "Yes, and all the stories you can get from the writer." One is much + securer of one's judgment at twenty-nine than, say, at forty-five; but if + this was a mistake of mine I am not yet old enough to regret it. The story + was called "Poor Richard," and it dealt with the conscience of a man very + much in love with a woman who loved his rival. He told this rival a lie, + which sent him away to his death on the field,—in that day nearly + every fictitious personage had something to do with the war,—but + Poor Richard's lie did not win him his love. It still seems to me that the + situation was strongly and finely felt. One's pity went, as it should, + with the liar; but the whole story had a pathos which lingers in my mind + equally with a sense of the new literary qualities which gave me such + delight in it. I admired, as we must in all that Mr. James has written, + the finished workmanship in which there is no loss of vigor; the luminous + and uncommon use of words, the originality of phrase, the whole clear and + beautiful style, which I confess I weakly liked the better for the + occasional gallicisms remaining from an inveterate habit of French. Those + who know the writings of Mr. Henry James will recognize the inherited + felicity of diction which is so striking in the writings of Mr. Henry + James, Jr. The son's diction is not so racy as the father's; it lacks its + daring, but it is as fortunate and graphic; and I cannot give it greater + praise than this, though it has, when he will, a splendor and state which + is wholly its own. + </p> + <p> + Mr. James is now so universally recognized that I shall seem to be making + an unwarrantable claim when I express my belief that the popularity of his + stories was once largely confined to Mr. Field's assistant. They had + characteristics which forbade any editor to refuse them; and there are no + anecdotes of thrice-rejected manuscripts finally printed to tell of him; + his work was at once successful with all the magazines. But with the + readers of "The Atlantic," of "Harper's," of "Lippincott's," of "The + Galaxy," of "The Century," it was another affair. The flavor was so + strange, that, with rare exceptions, they had to "learn to like" it. + Probably few writers have in the same degree compelled the liking of their + readers. He was reluctantly accepted, partly through a mistake as to his + attitude—through the confusion of his point of view with his private + opinion—in the reader's mind. This confusion caused the tears of + rage which bedewed our continent in behalf of the "average American girl" + supposed to be satirized in Daisy Miller, and prevented the perception of + the fact that, so far as the average American girl was studied at all in + Daisy Miller, her indestructible innocence, her invulnerable + new-worldliness, had never been so delicately appreciated. It was so plain + that Mr. James disliked her vulgar conditions, that the very people to + whom he revealed her essential sweetness and light were furious that he + should have seemed not to see what existed through him. In other words, + they would have liked him better if he had been a worse artist—if he + had been a little more confidential. + </p> + <p> + But that artistic impartiality which puzzled so many in the treatment of + Daisy Miller is one of the qualities most valuable in the eyes of those + who care how things are done, and I am not sure that it is not Mr. James's + most characteristic quality. As "frost performs the effect of fire," this + impartiality comes at last to the same result as sympathy. We may be quite + sure that Mr. James does not like the peculiar phase of our civilization + typified in Henrietta Stackpole; but he treats her with such exquisite + justice that he lets US like her. It is an extreme case, but I confidently + allege it in proof. + </p> + <p> + His impartiality is part of the reserve with which he works in most + respects, and which at first glance makes us say that he is wanting in + humor. But I feel pretty certain that Mr. James has not been able to + disinherit himself to this degree. We Americans are terribly in earnest + about making ourselves, individually and collectively; but I fancy that + our prevailing mood in the face of all problems is that of an abiding + faith which can afford to be funny. He has himself indicated that we have, + as a nation, as a people, our joke, and every one of us is in the joke + more or less. We may, some of us, dislike it extremely, disapprove it + wholly, and even abhor it, but we are in the joke all the same, and no one + of us is safe from becoming the great American humorist at any given + moment. The danger is not apparent in Mr. James's case, and I confess that + I read him with a relief in the comparative immunity that he affords from + the national facetiousness. Many of his people are humorously imagined, or + rather humorously SEEN, like Daisy Miller's mother, but these do not give + a dominant color; the business in hand is commonly serious, and the droll + people are subordinated. They abound, nevertheless, and many of them are + perfectly new finds, like Mr. Tristram in "The American," the bill-paying + father in the "Pension Beaurepas," the anxiously Europeanizing mother in + the same story, the amusing little Madame de Belgarde, Henrietta + Stackpole, and even Newman himself. But though Mr. James portrays the + humorous in character, he is decidedly not on humorous terms with his + reader; he ignores rather than recognizes the fact that they are both in + the joke. + </p> + <p> + If we take him at all we must take him on his own ground, for clearly he + will not come to ours. We must make concessions to him, not in this + respect only, but in several others, chief among which is the motive for + reading fiction. By example, at least, he teaches that it is the pursuit + and not the end which should give us pleasure; for he often prefers to + leave us to our own conjectures in regard to the fate of the people in + whom he has interested us. There is no question, of course, but he could + tell the story of Isabel in "The Portrait of a Lady" to the end, yet he + does not tell it. We must agree, then, to take what seems a fragment + instead of a whole, and to find, when we can, a name for this new kind in + fiction. Evidently it is the character, not the fate, of his people which + occupies him; when he has fully developed their character he leaves them + to what destiny the reader pleases. + </p> + <p> + The analytic tendency seems to have increased with him as his work has + gone on. Some of the earlier tales were very dramatic: "A Passionate + Pilgrim," which I should rank above all his other short stories, and for + certain rich poetical qualities, above everything else that he has done, + is eminently dramatic. But I do not find much that I should call dramatic + in "The Portrait of a Lady," while I do find in it an amount of analysis + which I should call superabundance if it were not all such good + literature. The novelist's main business is to possess his reader with a + due conception of his characters and the situations in which they find + themselves. If he does more or less than this he equally fails. I have + sometimes thought that Mr. James's danger was to do more, but when I have + been ready to declare this excess an error of his method I have hesitated. + Could anything be superfluous that had given me so much pleasure as I + read? Certainly from only one point of view, and this a rather narrow, + technical one. It seems to me that an enlightened criticism will recognize + in Mr. James's fiction a metaphysical genius working to aesthetic results, + and will not be disposed to deny it any method it chooses to employ. No + other novelist, except George Eliot, has dealt so largely in analysis of + motive, has so fully explained and commented upon the springs of action in + the persons of the drama, both before and after the facts. These novelists + are more alike than any others in their processes, but with George Eliot + an ethical purpose is dominant, and with Mr. James an artistic purpose. I + do not know just how it should be stated of two such noble and generous + types of character as Dorothea and Isabel Archer, but I think that we + sympathize with the former in grand aims that chiefly concern others, and + with the latter in beautiful dreams that primarily concern herself. Both + are unselfish and devoted women, sublimely true to a mistaken ideal in + their marriages; but, though they come to this common martyrdom, the + original difference in them remains. Isabel has her great weaknesses, as + Dorothea had, but these seem to me, on the whole, the most nobly imagined + and the most nobly intentioned women in modern fiction; and I think Isabel + is the more subtly divined of the two. If we speak of mere + characterization, we must not fail to acknowledge the perfection of + Gilbert Osmond. It was a profound stroke to make him an American by birth. + No European could realize so fully in his own life the ideal of a European + dilettante in all the meaning of that cheapened word; as no European could + so deeply and tenderly feel the sweetness and loveliness of the English + past as the sick American, Searle, in "The Passionate Pilgrim." + </p> + <p> + What is called the international novel is popularly dated from the + publication of "Daisy Miller," though "Roderick Hudson" and "The American" + had gone before; but it really began in the beautiful story which I have + just named. Mr. James, who invented this species in fiction, first + contrasted in the "Passionate Pilgrim" the New World and Old World moods, + ideals, and prejudices, and he did it there with a richness of poetic + effect which he has since never equalled. I own that I regret the loss of + the poetry, but you cannot ask a man to keep on being a poet for you; it + is hardly for him to choose; yet I compare rather discontentedly in my own + mind such impassioned creations as Searle and the painter in "The Madonna + of the Future" with "Daisy Miller," of whose slight, thin personality I + also feel the indefinable charm, and of the tragedy of whose innocence I + recognize the delicate pathos. Looking back to those early stories, where + Mr. James stood at the dividing ways of the novel and the romance, I am + sometimes sorry that he declared even superficially for the former. His + best efforts seem to me those of romance; his best types have an ideal + development, like Isabel and Claire Belgarde and Bessy Alden and poor + Daisy and even Newman. But, doubtless, he has chosen wisely; perhaps the + romance is an outworn form, and would not lend itself to the reproduction + of even the ideality of modern life. I myself waver somewhat in my + preference—if it is a preference—when I think of such people + as Lord Warburton and the Touchetts, whom I take to be all decidedly of + this world. The first of these especially interested me as a probable type + of the English nobleman, who amiably accepts the existing situation with + all its possibilities of political and social change, and insists not at + all upon the surviving feudalities, but means to be a manly and simple + gentleman in any event. An American is not able to pronounce as to the + verity of the type; I only know that it seems probable and that it is + charming. It makes one wish that it were in Mr. James's way to paint in + some story the present phase of change in England. A titled personage is + still mainly an inconceivable being to us; he is like a goblin or a fairy + in a storybook. How does he comport himself in the face of all the changes + and modifications that have taken place and that still impend? We can + hardly imagine a lord taking his nobility seriously; it is some hint of + the conditional frame of Lord Warburton's mind that makes him imaginable + and delightful to us. + </p> + <p> + It is not my purpose here to review any of Mr. James's books; I like + better to speak of his people than of the conduct of his novels, and I + wish to recognize the fineness with which he has touched-in the pretty + primness of Osmond's daughter and the mild devotedness of Mr. Rosier. A + masterly hand is as often manifest in the treatment of such subordinate + figures as in that of the principal persons, and Mr. James does them + unerringly. This is felt in the more important character of Valentin + Belgarde, a fascinating character in spite of its defects,—perhaps + on account of them—and a sort of French Lord Warburton, but wittier, + and not so good. "These are my ideas," says his sister-in-law, at the end + of a number of inanities. "Ah, you call them ideas!" he returns, which is + delicious and makes you love him. He, too, has his moments of misgiving, + apparently in regard to his nobility, and his acceptance of Newman on the + basis of something like "manhood suffrage" is very charming. It is of + course difficult for a remote plebeian to verify the pictures of + legitimist society in "The American," but there is the probable suggestion + in them of conditions and principles, and want of principles, of which we + get glimpses in our travels abroad; at any rate, they reveal another and + not impossible world, and it is fine to have Newman discover that the + opinions and criticisms of our world are so absolutely valueless in that + sphere that his knowledge of the infamous crime of the mother and brother + of his betrothed will have no effect whatever upon them in their own + circle if he explodes it there. This seems like aristocracy indeed! and + one admires, almost respects, its survival in our day. But I always + regretted that Newman's discovery seemed the precursor of his magnanimous + resolution not to avenge himself; it weakened the effect of this, with + which it had really nothing to do. Upon the whole, however, Newman is an + adequate and satisfying representative of Americanism, with his generous + matrimonial ambition, his vast good-nature, and his thorough good sense + and right feeling. We must be very hard to please if we are not pleased + with him. He is not the "cultivated American" who redeems us from time to + time in the eyes of Europe; but he is unquestionably more national, and it + is observable that his unaffected fellow-countrymen and women fare very + well at Mr. James's hand always; it is the Europeanizing sort like the + critical little Bostonian in the "Bundle of Letters," the ladies shocked + at Daisy Miller, the mother in the "Pension Beaurepas" who goes about + trying to be of the "native" world everywhere, Madame Merle and Gilbert + Osmond, Miss Light and her mother, who have reason to complain, if any one + has. Doubtless Mr. James does not mean to satirize such Americans, but it + is interesting to note how they strike such a keen observer. We are + certainly not allowed to like them, and the other sort find somehow a + place in our affections along with his good Europeans. It is a little odd, + by the way, that in all the printed talk about Mr. James—and there + has been no end of it—his power of engaging your preference for + certain of his people has been so little commented on. Perhaps it is + because he makes no obvious appeal for them; but one likes such men as + Lord Warburton, Newman, Valentin, the artistic brother in "The Europeans," + and Ralph Touchett, and such women as Isabel, Claire Belgarde, Mrs. + Tristram, and certain others, with a thoroughness that is one of the best + testimonies to their vitality. This comes about through their own + qualities, and is not affected by insinuation or by downright petting, + such as we find in Dickens nearly always and in Thackeray too often. + </p> + <p> + The art of fiction has, in fact, become a finer art in our day than it was + with Dickens and Thackeray. We could not suffer the confidential attitude + of the latter now, nor the mannerism of the former, any more than we could + endure the prolixity of Richardson or the coarseness of Fielding. These + great men are of the past—they and their methods and interests; even + Trollope and Reade are not of the present. The new school derives from + Hawthorne and George Eliot rather than any others; but it studies human + nature much more in its wonted aspects, and finds its ethical and dramatic + examples in the operation of lighter but not really less vital motives. + The moving accident is certainly not its trade; and it prefers to avoid + all manner of dire catastrophes. It is largely influenced by French + fiction in form; but it is the realism of Daudet rather than the realism + of Zola that prevails with it, and it has a soul of its own which is above + the business of recording the rather brutish pursuit of a woman by a man, + which seems to be the chief end of the French novelist. This school, which + is so largely of the future as well as the present, finds its chief + exemplar in Mr. James; it is he who is shaping and directing American + fiction, at least. It is the ambition of the younger contributors to write + like him; he has his following more distinctly recognizable than that of + any other English-writing novelist. Whether he will so far control this + following as to decide the nature of the novel with us remains to be seen. + Will the reader be content to accept a novel which is an analytic study + rather than a story, which is apt to leave him arbiter of the destiny of + the author's creations? Will he find his account in the unflagging + interest of their development? Mr. James's growing popularity seems to + suggest that this may be the case; but the work of Mr. James's imitators + will have much to do with the final result. + </p> + <p> + In the meantime it is not surprising that he has his imitators. Whatever + exceptions we take to his methods or his results, we cannot deny him a + very great literary genius. To me there is a perpetual delight in his way + of saying things, and I cannot wonder that younger men try to catch the + trick of it. The disappointing thing for them is that it is not a trick, + but an inherent virtue. His style is, upon the whole, better than that of + any other novelist I know; it is always easy, without being trivial, and + it is often stately, without being stiff; it gives a charm to everything + he writes; and he has written so much and in such various directions, that + we should be judging him very incompletely if we considered him only as a + novelist. His book of European sketches must rank him with the most + enlightened and agreeable travelers; and it might be fitly supplemented + from his uncollected papers with a volume of American sketches. In his + essays on modern French writers he indicates his critical range and grasp; + but he scarcely does more, as his criticisms in "The Atlantic" and "The + Nation" and elsewhere could abundantly testify. + </p> + <p> + There are indeed those who insist that criticism is his true vocation, and + are impatient of his devotion to fiction; but I suspect that these + admirers are mistaken. A novelists he is not, after the old fashion, or + after any fashion but his own; yet since he has finally made his public in + his own way of story-telling—or call it character-painting if you + prefer,—it must be conceded that he has chosen best for himself and + his readers in choosing the form of fiction for what he has to say. It is, + after all, what a writer has to say rather than what he has to tell that + we care for nowadays. In one manner or other the stories were all told + long ago; and now we want merely to know what the novelist thinks about + persons and situations. Mr. James gratifies this philosophic desire. If he + sometimes forbears to tell us what he thinks of the last state of his + people, it is perhaps because that does not interest him, and a + large-minded criticism might well insist that it was childish to demand + that it must interest him. + </p> + <p> + I am not sure that any criticism is sufficiently large-minded for this. I + own that I like a finished story; but then also I like those which Mr. + James seems not to finish. This is probably the position of most of his + readers, who cannot very logically account for either preference. We can + only make sure that we have here an annalist, or analyst, as we choose, + who fascinates us from his first page to his last, whose narrative or + whose comment may enter into any minuteness of detail without fatiguing + us, and can only truly grieve us when it ceases. + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Henry James, Jr., by William Dean Howells + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRY JAMES, JR. *** + +***** This file should be named 723-h.htm or 723-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/7/2/723/ + +Etext produced by Anthony J. 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