diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69732-0.txt | 1404 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69732-0.zip | bin | 28363 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69732-h.zip | bin | 147820 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69732-h/69732-h.htm | 2243 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69732-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 179116 -> 0 bytes |
8 files changed, 17 insertions, 3647 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31dbb87 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69732 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69732) diff --git a/old/69732-0.txt b/old/69732-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a1526ba..0000000 --- a/old/69732-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1404 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, -by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: January 7, 2023 [eBook #69732] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, -JULY 1911 *** - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - -Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby -placed in the public domain. - -Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed. - -Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained. - - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 7. JULY, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee. - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - - - - -CONTENTS - - PAGE - The Farm Treatment of Misdemeanants 1 - What Kansas City is Doing 4 - Organization of Systems of Probation - and Parole 6 - Events in Brief 8 - - - - -THE FARM TREATMENT OF MISDEMEANANTS - -JAMES F. JACKSON - -Superintendent of Charities and Correction, Cleveland, Ohio - - -The old type institution for misdemeanants failed to accomplish -satisfactory results, mental, moral and physical. It seemed incapable -of developing industry; it was unhygienic, without classification -and with no adequate facilities for developing a man’s will or -increasing his capacity to do right. There was no individualism. The -old workhouse was typical of the most intensified institutionalism, -and institutionalism for an adult is an assured failure. Neither -the arrangements of the building nor the manner of life nor the -administration were conducive to the rehabilitation of the man. The -old type of workhouse was constructed to avenge the wrong and not to -correct the wrong doer. - -When the failure of that plan was fully recognized, people cast about -for a remedy. They saw the success and satisfaction attending the -location of charitable institutions in the country, and the idea of -similar locations for various types of prisons occurred to them. And -the cry against prison-made goods gave impetus to the movement. - -The prison did seem to be the last place to make real the fact that “a -man’s a man for a’ that.” But when the plowshare and the pruning hook -began to supplant the stripes and the dungeon, people were certain that -at last the dignity of manhood would be realized and that life and -immortality were come to light. - -St. Paul and Minneapolis were among the first to adopt the farm policy. -Various other corrective institutions were established upon farms in -foreign countries and in this country, especially within the past -twenty years. One of the best institutions for misdemeanants thus -established was located at Witzwyl, Switzerland, in 1891. But I wish -today to speak with particular reference to Cleveland’s situation, its -old workhouse and its new correction farm. - -The Cleveland workhouse was constructed over forty years ago on the old -lines for 500 prisoners, two miles from the centre of the city. In 1904 -and 1905, about 750 acres were purchased by the city nine miles from -its centre. Upon this land building was commenced several years later. -Thus far there is built only the “service building” which at present -fulfills all purposes. Ultimately, it is to be used for storerooms, -and shops. There are also to be built dormitories for trusties and -semi-trusties, cell-blocks for the least tractable, kitchens, dining -rooms, a chapel, women’s industrial building, school building and a -greenhouse, all within a high wall enclosing eleven acres. The present -intention is that the buildings and wall shall be constructed by the -labor of inmates. Unfortunately there are no funds in sight to proceed -with this construction. - -All commitments are made to the original workhouse in the city. There -the women remain, but about two-fifths of the men are transferred to -the correction farm. On a recent day the 102 men at the correction -farm were assigned to work as follows: on construction of the sewage -disposal plant, 24; in the stone quarry, 7; on the farm, 10; in the -garden, 7; driving teams (working the farm and hauling material to -the filter bed), 12; care of horses and stock, 10; to work on the -adjoining infirmary farm, 10; firemen, 2; carpenter, 1; barber, 1; and -in the preparation and serving of the meals and care of the buildings -and grounds, 18. Some of these last eighteen are unable to do heavy -work, but all have fresh air and sunshine daily. At other times men -do concreting, making artificial stone, fertilize and drain the land, -which is not fertile, make roads on the farm and later they will -construct the wall and buildings, plant trees and perform every sort of -labor that will develop the land, and cause it to be highly productive -and attractive in appearance. I also hope that later they will make and -repair the needed wagons, tools and all the smaller farm implements; in -fact they now do some of that work, especially the repairing. - -An apple orchard and much small fruit have just been planted under the -direction of the state agricultural department. Last year by attention -to pruning, spraying and smudge fires on cold nights, ours was one of -the few orchards bearing fruit in all that region. Bee culture will -be introduced and scientific forestation is to be developed. We are -about to construct a dairy barn entirely by prison labor, that will be -a model of simplicity, sanitary construction and efficiency for the -neighboring country. - -We propose that the farm shall gradually become a model in all -respects. In fact, this year we will produce certified milk for -the city and the contagious disease hospitals. We plan, as soon as -possible, that the correction farm shall produce the meat, milk, -vegetables and fruit, both fresh and canned, for the entire workhouse -and the public hospitals, while the adjoining infirmary farm will -render similar service for its own use and that of the growing -tuberculosis sanatorium. - -From the standpoint of the prisoner, the farm policy is to give to each -man the largest degree of liberty consistent with the well-being of -others. The ultimate purpose is to employ as many without the walls as -possibly can be trusted, and to employ out-of-doors within the walls -all the remainder except those whose conduct imperatively demands -closest supervision. - -For years there will be work for all workers, no “idle-house” in any -sort of weather or trade conditions. Every working day from twelve -to twenty men are sent to work on the adjoining infirmary farm. Such -transfer was one of the purposes of placing the infirmary on a great -contiguous tract of land. But the plan works to the detriment of the -correction farm which for years and perhaps always can use to advantage -the labor of all men committed to its care. No key is turned on these -men during the day. The night guard and the locked door are more to -remove temptation than to prevent escape. You realize this when you -know that all these men, instead of sleeping in stuffy cells, sleep -in large dormitories, giving them every facility for overpowering -the night watch and making their escape. Prisoners arrive a typical -bridewell company, drunken, dirty, diseased and discouraged. They go -away bronzed, with regular habits of living, accustomed to work, with a -new determination and a new grip. Of course some fail, and return. But -we do not assume to insure immunity against all the wiles of the world, -the flesh and the devil. - -Americans seem in constant search for a cure-all. There is a great -demand for some hobby for the alert philanthropist to ride. In their -order institutionalism, organized charity, juvenile courts, medical -charities and country life have had their turn in the spot light. Each -is efficient but all together are not sufficient. It is urged that if -a convict be sent out under the blue sky to breathe God’s pure air, -behold green fields and hear the birds sing from the swaying boughs he -will become as one of the best citizens, especially if he digs in the -dirt. But unfortunately the country does not afford the alchemy which -converts men into angels. This is amply attested by the record of most -diabolical crimes committed by country-bred men who would not know -an elevator from a subway. The farm prison is no panacea, but it is -tremendously worth while. - -The men do not wear stripes in either prison. Consideration is combined -with firmness in all our dealings, for it is the purpose that every -requirement shall appeal to the fair-minded prisoner to be in his -interest and for his benefit. - -From the experience of the Cleveland correction farm several rather -obvious deductions may be made; we are dealing with men, free moral -agents, and a good physical environment does not guarantee their reform -any more than does instruction in good rules for living. - -We have learned that men are sent to the House of Correction for a -purpose. These men have faults to be corrected. These defects in the -human mind are to be corrected and no ordinary workhouse sentence will -effect a cure of such defects as are hereditary or fully acquired. -There is some concealed materialism abroad under the guise of -environment, but the rankest exponent of environment should not expect -to cure twenty years of bad surroundings accompanied by indifferent -or bad actions even by a ninety day period on a farm. And ninety days -is in excess of the average period of confinement, although Cleveland -“golden rule policies” do not burden us with five, ten or fifteen day -men. - -Our first appeal is to their sense of honor. Their appreciation of the -confidence reposed in them often proves a potent influence for good. -The transfer to the farm is such an expression of confidence. But it -is given with discretion. Hardened criminals are not sent on distant -missions unattended. In fact they are rarely transferred to the farm. - -As a part of their teaching the misdemeanants need discipline. It is -necessary to keep the men on the farm for some time if they are to -receive the needed development, especially the men who are sent for -intoxication. Discipline is essential to instruction whether in the -day school, the home or any other form of education. Many of these -men are committed because of their lack of self-control and time is -required for its development. We have learned that the men need to be -taught the habit of industry and how to do some particular thing well. -This is for their good while they are on the farm, and it is essential -after they return to their homes. We have learned that not all men can -be trusted, and we believe it has a bad influence on a man to attempt -to get away, so we make him feel the bad result when he is caught. And -the police are faithful to help catch deserters. Personality is a big -factor; one man will accomplish far more with and for prisoners than -another. - -The farm does build up the body of the anaemic; it gives a good -physical development. Moreover, the habit of industry can very much -better be taught where results are being achieved on the farm than -where work is being done at little or no profit in a factory. And -efficiency is better developed on the farm. The farm has a direct -physical value and an indirect mental and moral value. It clears a -man’s mind and allows him to think straight. It affords a foundation -for developing the spiritual structure, though of itself it will only -slightly develop one mentally or morally. The man is now physically -well, having had lessons in life. Here is the opportunity to further -develop his will in order that he may do right. Looking to that end, we -have introduced the regular presentation of the gospel in an orderly -way. We intend to teach by example, but we need an official who shall -be recognized by the prisoners as their friend, one who shall know -them and make it his exclusive business to help them establish the -desire to do right and aid them to be able to fulfill that desire. This -seems one of the unsolved problems in Cleveland and in nearly all such -institutions. - -We have the parole system in operation, though there is not help enough -for its most efficient execution. There is the Brotherhood Club for the -men who have no home to which to go, established at the suggestion of a -former prisoner. There a man may stay until he appears strong enough -to live a normal life. The club is intended to be self-sustaining. - -In my opinion, the country is the place for the misdemeanant, for -the very obvious reason that it affords plenty of light, pure air, a -variety of good food and wide opportunity for productive occupation -for the prisoners. There, work is purposeful, not a time-killer. They -work, eat, sleep, have recreation and religious teaching, all under -approximately normal conditions. Every man is treated with kindness -and consideration; discipline is not on parade. In short, the prisoner -is treated like a man and to the extent that there is manhood in him -it will come out. The purpose is to develop honor and faithfulness, -to accustom every man to useful occupation and to teach him to be -effective. The officers are not armed, they are not even called guards. -In fact, they act as teachers, foremen, or farmers as the occasion -requires. - -There is so much work to do in developing, enriching and cultivating -the land, in erecting buildings, in making roads, that every feasible -labor-saving machine is used. This of itself speaks to the man the -appreciation of his work as a man and not a substitute for a machine. - -The hope is that the farming and the making of its equipment, and -incidentally the care of the prisoners and their quarters, will -profitably occupy practically all the available labor in such manner -as to make a man not only fit but anxious to work. It is hoped that -a large majority will be improved and many rehabilitated in an -environment which favors giving every man all the chance he will use -to reform. Moreover, it will thereby be apparent that the government -is not only strong, but so merciful and so genuine in its fatherly -desire to help each man that in turn he will cease to be “agin” the -government; that he will turn from being a consumer to become a -producer of taxes, turn from being his own and other’s enemy to become -a friend to men. - - - - -WHAT KANSAS CITY IS DOING - -E. K. BINGHAM - -Superintendent Helping Hand Institute, Kansas City, Mo. - - -Kansas City made great strides toward a better handling of its -misdemeanants when it created a new municipal department called the -Board of Public Welfare, and placed its correctional institutions -under its control. The board at first was appointed by the mayor, it -is self-elective and some of its members were social workers, some -broad-minded business men, and its first president was a most excellent -organizer, a philanthropist and a man of great personal devotion to the -cause of humanity. - -The newspapers unanimously supported its policies and consequently -it received the popular indorsement which freed it from political -handicaps. These facts have been the combination which accomplished -results which were unusual in its less than two years existence. -Its pivotal activity has been a farm colony (which of course we all -agree is the indispensable feature of effective correctional work). -Of course, also, like other farms, it builds up the under-nourished, -gives care to the physically unfit, and also, whether by farm work or -in learning a trade, the work habit which is acquired helps largely in -rekindling the spark of ambition in the man whom repeated failure has -utterly robbed of the power of initiation and confidence in himself. -Another help is that no man is ever released penniless, but is allowed -to earn something during the last few days of his imprisonment. But the -greatest factor which has contributed to a more successful handling of -cases has been the emphasis placed upon the individual man. A careful -personal record system with daily notations of a prisoner’s conduct and -facts concerning his mental, moral and physical condition permits a -scrutiny and a kind of helpfulness otherwise impossible. - -The records also are examined by a parole committee of three members -which meets weekly and recommends certain paroles to be acted upon by -the Board of Welfare. A representative of the parole committee visits -the “holdovers” at five o’clock each morning, talks with each prisoner, -and makes out record cards which are taken into the municipal court by -this same representative, who, sitting beside the judge, is frequently -asked for information when prisoners are brought in, his record often -deciding the sentence imposed. - -Forty-six per cent. of the commitments for 1910 were paroled--or -1,660 persons--of whom 150 were returned to custody. Nine parole -officers confirm the records by weekly visits to the homes or places -of employment, and a woman friendly visitor looks after the needs of -prisoners’ families during their imprisonment and also during the -prisoner’s parole. From non-support paroled men $8,346.21 was collected -and paid over to the dependent families. - -During the past winter it occurred to me that the city needed an -inspector of the unemployed, a policeman without a club, who should -go every day among the homeless men in the lodging houses, saloons -and on the street and talk with them, directing them to pay jobs if -possible, or if not, directing them to the municipal quarries in the -parks, which were operated to provide work to the unemployed, for 150 -to 340 men a day earning meal and lodging tickets there at the usual -rate paid for rock cracking. Or if the man was found to be making no -effort to find work, after several days this officer, being familiar -with the facts, could arrest for vagrancy. This idea was suggested to a -police commissioner and an inspector of the unemployed was appointed. -In addition to the above duties, he goes into municipal court each -day, appearing as an advocate of many homeless men, a class so often -unjustly accused and arrested on circumstantial evidence. His desk is -in the employment office which is financed by the Board of Welfare, but -is managed by and is in the Helping Hand Institute (a private charity -which the Board of Welfare uses as a municipal lodging house for meals -and lodging for all dependent cases.) The seven hundred men per day -who lodge there are practically under the eye of this inspector of the -unemployed, and the deterrent effect for the misdemeanant is evident. - -Among other classes of misdemeanants that Kansas City is reaching is -the lodging house keeper, his misdeeds being brought to light by the -housing inspection now in progress. - -The endorsement of the Charities Bureau, or rather the lack of its -endorsement, is eliminating the unwise free soup charities and the -soliciting frauds--these are of course among the very harmful offenders -because of the shiftlessness which they promote. At the suggestion of -this Bureau the police have stopped the practice of women soliciting -money in saloons. - -Another class is handled by the Recreation Department of the Board of -Welfare, as evidenced by the dance hall inspection. For every public -dance a license must be secured from this recreation department. This -department then sends an inspector to each dance to learn if all its -rules are being observed. These inspectors also keep a sharp lookout -for young girls and learn their names and addresses. These names are -turned over the next morning to the supervisor of police matrons who -sends one of her assistants to call on the parents of the girl to -inform them where their daughter was the evening previous. Many times -the parents had not known of the facts, or had been deceived by the -girls. Such supervision can but bring about good results. - -The Free Legal Aid Bureau averages about 400 cases per month, -prosecutes wife deserters and has brought them in many instances home -from other states. The Welfare Loan Agency during its few months of -existence has eliminated several of those detestable misdemeanants, -loan sharks. - -Perhaps I’ve spoken of many more varieties of law-breakers than Dr. -Lewis had in mind when he asked me to speak a few moments on this -subject, but it was hard not to go a little further and mention these -different agencies which are making some degree of progress along this -line in Kansas City. - - - - -ORGANIZATION OF SYSTEMS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE - -CHARLES A. DE COWRCY - -Judge of the Superior Court, Massachusetts - - -The two essentials of success in probation work are:--judges who have -an intelligent and sympathetic interest in the problem, and probation -officers fitted by temperament and training to secure the best possible -results. - -To further define these essentials, we need judges who will not -discredit the system by extending probation to persons not likely to -profit by it, and who will apply it wherever it can be done with due -regard to the protection of the community, and where the past history -and present disposition of the person investigated indicate that -he may reasonably be expected to reform without punishment. And we -need probation officers who possess not only sympathy and zeal, but -knowledge of human nature, tact, firmness and patience. - -How shall we secure such judges and officers? The active friends of -probation can influence public opinion in the election or appointment -of persons able and willing to consider probation on its merits. It -is such a human problem that it is difficult to conceive of a man -otherwise fitted for judicial position who will not apply probation -with intelligent sympathy when its possibilities are called to his -attention. - -But much can be done to secure uniform standards and improved methods -by conferences among the judges, and between them and the probation -commission of the State. These conferences also enable those judges who -have a whole-souled interest in the work to enkindle the enthusiasm of -their associates. This is all the more important in the states where -the judges appoint the probation officers. - -How to secure suitable probation officers is the most important problem -in the probation system. In states where judges are appointed for life, -as in Massachusetts, the method of appointment by the judge under -whom the officer acts has worked well. But even here are found some -judges, happily few in number, who persist in retaining officers little -adapted for the work. Where judges persist in such conduct, after being -shown its blighting effect on probation work in their district, it is -usually because the judge himself takes no interest in probation. To -prevent such injustice, no appointment of a probation officer by a -judge should be effective until the state probation commission, after -proper examination, certifies that the candidate is qualified properly -to perform the duties of the office. - -The New York system of a civil service examination, specially adapted -for probation duties, has much to recommend it. Whatever the method -of selection, no person should be appointed who does not secure the -approval of the state board; and the board might well be given power of -removal, after a hearing, upon written charges. - -In the organization of a system of probation an essential element is -a central state board. As probation is a part of the judicial system, -I favor the Massachusetts method of having the members of the board -appointed by the chief justice of the superior or trial court. And if a -majority of its members are judges, the efforts of the board are most -likely to secure the co-operation of the judges throughout the state. - -The state board should have power to prescribe forms of records and -reports, to suggest uniform and efficient methods of work by the -officers, and promote co-ordination among them; and, in general, it -should have ample authority to supervise the probation work throughout -the state. Where this central board has also authority in the matter -of appointments and removals above mentioned, the organization of the -probation system seems complete. In order to maintain a high standard -of probation work, the executive officer of the state board should -periodically investigate the work of every probation officer; and there -should be frequent conferences of the judges and of the probation -officers conducted by members of the state board. - -As to the organization of a parole system--for the present the -machinery of the probation system might well be utilized for this -work. The vital point in parole work is the appointment of a suitable -board to determine to whom and when parole shall be granted, and on -what terms. This question is closely associated with the indeterminate -sentence and state control of prisons. I have not had sufficient -experience with parole problems to make specific recommendations. - -We should agree upon the meaning of our terms. Probation and parole -are often used synonymously, while, in fact, authorities and -prison officials recognize a distinction. Probation applies to one -conditionally released after conviction but before entering upon his -sentence. Parole is understood to be the conditional release of a -prisoner from an institution after the serving of sentence has been -begun. - -In Indiana the law authorizes the board of trustees acting as a parole -board, or the Governor, to release on parole persons who have been -confined under commitment in five institutions: the State Prison, the -Reformatory, the Woman’s Prison, Girls’ School and Boys’ School; to -all of these, sentences are in effect indeterminate except for murder -or treason. Prisoners so released are under supervision and accurate -records are kept. - -The Indiana probation law applies in three different ways, respectively, -to felons, to misdemeanors, to juvenile delinquents. A person who is -convicted of a felony is sentenced to a state prison or a reformatory. -Sentence may be suspended and he be released on probation. The committal -is sent to the institution to which he is committed and he is placed -under the supervision of the agents of that institution exactly the same -as if he were paroled therefrom. - -If the offense is a misdemeanor, the court may suspend judgment and -release the offender upon such terms and conditions as in his judgment -and discretion seem right and proper. The prisoner is placed under -the supervision of the probation officer authorized in each county by -the juvenile court law or under the oversight of some other probation -officer designated by the court. In either case the law makes proper -provision for such subsequent action by the court as the behavior of -the convicted person merits. - -The juvenile court law provides for a juvenile court in every county -in the state. There is a special juvenile court in Marion County, -containing the city of Indianapolis. In all other counties the judge -of the circuit court is ex-officio the judge of the juvenile court. -Provision is made for the appointment of at least one paid probation -officer in every county and for such volunteer officers as will agree -to perform the service without pay. - -Juvenile delinquents may be released by the court upon probation and -placed under the care of these officers. They make reports to the Board -of State Charities. They should understand thoroughly that their work -should properly be divided into three phases: (1) before the trial; (2) -at the trial; (3) after the trial. The first contemplates a complete -investigation of the child’s history. It should include everything -that can be learned of it and its surroundings. The second involves -presenting to the court all learned facts together with the conclusions -and recommendations of the officer. The third contemplates complete -supervision of the child after it is released upon probation. It is not -necessary to state that in all this the best interests of the child -alone should determine the action to be taken. What has been worked -out in one place and another as to the best methods and practice in -the case of children is being applied to adults who are subjects for -probation. Our experience is now great enough to enable us to say that -many men and women offenders can be reclaimed to useful lives without -imprisonment, by correct probationary treatment. - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.] - - -_Immigration and Crime._--That lax immigration laws are to a great -degree responsible for many of the criminal cases calling for the -attention of the courts, is the opinion of Major Richard Sylvester, of -Washington, D. C., president of the international association of police -chiefs, which held its nineteenth annual convention in Rochester in -June. Several years ago the association memorialized Congress to define -anarchy and more carefully restrict undesirable immigration. - -Referring to the large number of alien criminals, Major Sylvester said: -“Many of these subjects come from climates where capital punishment -does not prevail, where the least respect for law and life is had. -If certificates of good character from the authorities at places of -departure in foreign lands and a year’s means of support were made -legal requirements for presentation at our doors by each individual, -the disadvantages might not be so great or so many.” - - * * * * * - -_Hospitals For Inebriates._--The special committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides for the establishment of a -board of inebriety and a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City. - -The committee made an exhaustive investigation of conditions before -reaching a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 persons arrested in New -York last year and arraigned in the magistrates’ courts on the charge -of public intoxication constituted more than one-sixth of all the -arrests made for all causes. The records disclose that, of the 20,291 -held for trial, about 15,600 were committed to workhouses, either -directly or in default of payment of fine. Commenting on these and -other statistics the report says: - -Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very large percentage of those who -keep the police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ courts, and -fill the workhouses and jails. It furnishes also a very large number -of cases for treatment in our public hospitals. Seven thousand male -drunkards are treated annually in the alcoholic ward of Bellevue and -allied hospitals. Carefully compiled records show that in the one year -ended May 1, 1909, 498 men were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from four to twelve times, and that -in the course of a few years some individuals have been treated in -the alcoholic ward over twenty times and have been committed to the -workhouse over sixty times. - -The committee does not overlook the moral effects of the treatment of -inebriates under the plan which it has approved, but it especially -points out the economic features. It finds that New York is spending -annually on Blackwell’s Island the amount of $80,000 for cases -committed for intoxication, and in addition there is the cost of two -overflow wards at Bellevue, amounting to not less than $65,000 per -annum. The proportion of expenses in maintaining magistrates’ courts -chargeable to intoxication is at least $125,000 a year, and a large -additional expense is incurred in maintaining police officers for -the city prison and for the alcoholic wards in hospitals. To use the -language of the report: “As a result of all these expenses under the -present system there is a complete lack of accomplishment. There is no -pretense even that the individual is helped; quite the contrary, he is -rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety and is permanently fastened -on the community as an expense and as a bad example.” - - * * * * * - -_A Prison Farm Proposed for Iowa._--According to the Dubuque, Iowa, -Telegraph-Herald, Warden Marquis Barr of the Iowa State Reformatory, is -of the opinion that it would be a wise move for the state to purchase -a large farm and work the prisoners upon it, turning the money which -they make over to their respective families. He declares that this age -must solve the great problem of justly punishing a man for his wrongs -without at the same time taking from his family its only means of -support. - -The logical thing for a state to do is to purchase a farm of about a -thousand acres, with barracks for the prisoners to eat and sleep in. -Over one-third of the men in the prisons of Iowa could be set to work -upon this farm, raising grains and garden truck. They could be paid a -certain wage and board in the same manner as the farmer pays his hired -help, but every cent of these earnings should be turned over to the -wife and children of the man who earns it. Not a penny should be given -to him. - -Warden Barr also said that he believed that if men knew that they would -be compelled to work and work hard at a fair wage without themselves -getting a penny of it, that there would be less crime. Many men during -the fall commit crimes solely for the purpose of getting a warm place -to stay during the winter and three good meals per day. They allow -their families to shift for themselves. For the state to encourage this -sort of a thing Mr. Barr says is absolutely wrong. - - * * * * * - -_Charting Juvenile Crime._--The juvenile court of Detroit is reported -to be greatly assisted in its campaign of saving girls and boys, by a -chart which shows how many children are under the watchful care of the -judge and his probation and truant officers, and how crime recedes and -advances among the young at different seasons of the year; also what -effect a big convention has on the city’s morality, and how greatly -parks and playgrounds help in the fight for decency. - -The 600 boys and 170 girls are represented on the chart by cloth-headed -tacks of different colors: red for bad boys, blue for bad girls, and -white for children who are only truants or neglected. Each tack bears -a bit of cardboard with a number which refers one to a filing cabinet -where may be found the entire record of the boy or girl. Little groups -of dots on the chart show where the gangs are, and indicate that bad -boys are more gregarious than bad girls, who usually go alone or in -couples. The chart also shows more plainly than any magazine article -the evil results of congestion. The probation officers are not using -this chart as an interesting sort of game, but as a valuable aid in -their work for good citizenship. - - * * * * * - -_London’s Beggar Army._--Walter Weyl, a well-known writer on social -and economic subjects, has the following to say in the “National Post” -on London’s army of the unemployed. It is of special significance -to Americans who are facing the impending problems of vagrancy and -mendicancy in urban centers. - -“As I started to call a cab,” writes Walter Weyl, “suddenly there arose -out of the darkness, as though evoked by some Aladdins lamp, four -tattered, pale-faced men of the underworld. The four sprang forward to -render me this slight service. One, quicker than his fellows, tore open -the cab door and received his penny. Then the men vanished, slinking -into the gray mist. - -“Whence come these men? What manner of city was this that wasted -able-bodied men on so paltry a task? - -“Later that evening, when in the crossing currents of the streets, -my cab came to a halt, I caught another fleeting glance at London -misery. A naked, dirt-caked arm, thrust from a sleeveless coat, touched -my shoulder; a haggard face peered into the cab window, and a voice -harsh with anxiety asked, ‘Can I ’ave the luggage, sir?’ As the cab -wound through the mazes of the London traffic, I saw this tattered man -doggedly running behind us. Not once did he lose sight of the cab. At -the hotel he was waiting, breathless. - -“‘It’s mine, sir,’ he panted. ‘You promised me the luggage, sir.’ - -“For the chance of earning a shilling at work which did not need him, -this wretched man had followed me through tortuous miles of London -streets. What a city it was! - -“I did not wish to see deeper into this abyss,” writes Mr. Weyl. -“I had not come to England to view bottomless misery. But what is -everywhere cannot be hid. On the following days I saw in street -after street workless, homeless miserable men with broken shoes and -dropping rags of clothes. I saw abject women, with trailing, bedraggled -skirts, and with a flat sterile vacancy of expression, more tragic -than despair. There were drunken men, too, and sodden women, and -files of men--or of what had once been men--waiting outside bakers’ -and butchers’ shops for crusts and refuse. The halt, the blind, the -unemployed, the shifty beggars, and the wretches too timid to beg, -passed in an unending procession. Long before sunset the lines had been -formed for admission to the casual wards of the almshouses. - -“‘It’s deplorable,’ commented my English friend (he was a doctor with -a fashionable practice and aristocratic pro-possessions), ‘still every -country has its poverty. Even in the States----’ - -“‘Yes,’ I admitted, ‘It is not for us to throw stones.’ - -“Later, however, as on our silent homeward walk I summed up all the -dismal impressions of the day. I began to feel that after all there -was a difference. American poverty was overwhelming, but it was not -everywhere, and it was not so hopeless. Men did escape from American -slums, and their children escaped. - -“But the English slum was a prison, in which the fallen man and his -children and grandchildren rotted. There was a droop, a sagging to -these people; an inexpressible indifference to surroundings, an utter -self-abandonment. You could seek out poverty anywhere, but in London -it obtruded itself--stark, menacing, unescapable, like the naked, -dirt-caked arm of the superfluous wretch who had followed my hansom.” - - * * * * * - -_Prisoners to Build Roads._--It is an assured fact, according to the -New Orleans Picayune, that a model road built by convict labor will -be constructed connecting New Orleans with Kenner. This will take off -four miles from the present railroad and other routes to this thriving -section. - -The state board of engineers will make the surveys as soon as possible -and once started the work will be rapidly pushed. - -Nothing but the best material will be used, and the drainage of the -roadway will be given attention. It is expected either shells or some -other substantial “topping” will be put on the thoroughfare. - - * * * * * - -_New Jersey Adopts the State-Use Plan._--By the signing by Governor -Wilson, the bill abolishing the present system of convict labor at -the termination of the existing state prison contracts, all convict -labor in the state and county prisons in New Jersey may be employed -in the manufacture of articles for use in the institutions of the -state and its subdivisions. The convicts are to be employed for nine -hours, except on Sundays and public holidays. They may be employed -in the construction or repair of prison institutions, and the labor -of the convicts must be so directed as to produce “the greatest -amount of actual product of articles and supplies” for all state and -local institutions, the buildings and departments or offices of the -state, “or in any public institution or department owned, managed and -controlled by the state or public sub-division thereof.” Convicts may -be employed in agriculture, horticulture and floriculture, and “all -surplus product of this convict labor is to be disposed of at public -sale to the highest bidder.” The new law extends the prison labor -system from the state prison to all county prisons, and makes city and -county departments, offices and institutions, as well as the state -institutions, its beneficiaries. The sum of 50 cents a day is to be -paid to the families of the convicts. - - * * * * * - -_Parole in Maryland._--That Maryland will save at least $5,000 a year -in earnings through the institution of the modern practice of paroling -prisoners is stated by Charles D. Reid, of the Maryland Prisoners’ -Aid Society. Heretofore in Maryland the practice has been but seldom -resorted to in this state, with the result, says Mr. Reid, of failure -to suppress crime, loss to the state and failure to encourage right -living among the criminal class. - -“Last year,” said Mr. Reid, “the amount of money taken in by fathers -of families who have been paroled and thus saved in resource to the -state was only $600. The parole system was then started by arrangement -between Judge Duffy and myself. Already in one month $400 has been -saved and the prospects are that at least $5,000 will be saved during -the year.” - - * * * * * - -_Uncle Sam and His Delinquents._--According to the Meriden (Conn.) -Journal, modern and advanced ideas upon penology will be introduced -into the army method of handling garrison prisoners, according to -orders just issued by Major General Leonard Wood, chief of staff. The -new regulations will not apply to military convicts, but only to those -sentenced to confinement and hard labor without being discharged from -the service. - -The purpose behind the new regulations is to give the prisoner every -opportunity to make good, instead of discouraging all effort toward -good behavior. Under the new orders, garrison prisoners will be allowed -an abatement of five days of their terms of confinement for each period -of twenty-five days of good conduct, when serving sentences of one -month and not more than three months. On sentences exceeding three -months they will be allowed the five days’ abatement for the first -month, and thereafter ten days abatement for each period of twenty -days’ good conduct. Abatements thus authorized may be forfeited wholly -or in part by subsequent misconduct. - -A garrison prisoner who has served one half of a sentence of ten days -or more, according to the new orders, may submit a request to be put -on probation for the remainder of the sentence, and if his request is -granted, may be restored to duty on condition that if his conduct is -not good while on probation he will be required to serve the remainder -of his sentence. - -The new orders also make important changes in the methods of working -garrison prisoners at military posts. These changes have been outlined -in the following letter, sent to the commanders of the several -departments: - -“The present system of working prisoners under sentinels conveys a -false impression as to the character of the prisoners, gives the public -the erroneous idea that the army is full of bad characters requiring -forcible handling, is injurious to the self-respect of the prisoners, -discourages enlistments, and lowers the military service in public -opinion. In addition to these objections, the system constitutes a -heavy drain upon the command furnishing the necessary guard. - -“It is deemed advisable and in the interests of the service, to adopt a -different method of handling these garrison prisoners who are confined -for comparatively short periods of time, to the end that the fewest -practicable number of prisoners may be required to work under guard. - -“It is therefore directed that as far as is practicable, as may be -determined by post commanders in accordance with the above policy, -garrison prisoners will be paroled for work under the general -supervision of the officer or non-commissioned officer in charge of -prisoners; and that prisoners whose character of offenses are of such -a nature as to require that they be kept under armed guard shall be -assigned tasks, as far as practicable, which will make the presence in -the service of this class of men as little conspicuous as possible.” - - * * * * * - -_Convicts to Build Road._--“The State of Utah,” according to a -statement of Major M. P. Hackett, of Ogden, “is going to build an -improved highway, 500 miles in length, stretching clear across Utah to -Idaho at one end, and to the Arizona boundary at the other. The road is -to be built entirely _with_ convict labor, in accordance with a late -law authorizing such use of the felons. - -“But there is a humane side to the enterprise, that may well be copied -by other states. For every day’s work performed by the men each will -have one day subtracted from his sentence. To a convict who is in -for a long time this deduction is of big importance and it will be a -great inducement for them to toil cheerfully and to the best of their -ability.” - - * * * * * - -_A Report From Texas Prisons._--A statement has been recently made by -Ben. E. Cabell, chairman of the board of prison commissioners of Texas, -that at this time Texas has between 600 and 700 prisoners at Huntsville -and Rusk within the walls, and about 1,100 on her own state farms. -About 1,000 are on share farms, where the state supplies the labor and -gets part of the crop. - -“At the beginning of the year about 800 convicts were being worked on -farms and railroads. Within the last thirty days the railroad contracts -have expired and have not been renewed. Some of the men were moved -within the walls and others sent to the farms owned by the state. The -present commissioners are in thorough harmony with Gov. Colquitt, -who made it known that he wanted the contract and share farm system -abolished as soon as practicable, and that all the convicts should be -worked on state account. To this end the prison commissioners gave -notice to all whose contracts expired with the end of this year that -the contracts would not be renewed. This will leave very few men on -share farms and none on contracts at the end of this year. - -“The state has about 10,000 acres of land beside the 17,000 now in -cultivation. This 10,000 acres will be put in cultivation for the -year 1912. It is the intention of the prison commission (and has -already been done) to put the farms and farm buildings in first-class -condition, to make the buildings comfortable and healthful, to -have good sanitation and wholesome conditions and all reasonable -arrangements for the comfort of the convicts.” - - * * * * * - -_New York’s Campaign For a Farm Colony._--The “farm colony plan” -has progressed further toward success in this year’s session of -the legislature than ever before. For several years charitable and -correctional organizations have urged the state legislature to -establish a farm and industrial colony for tramps and vagrants. At the -present writing the bill has passed the lower house and is now in the -order of third reading in the senate. Governor Dix is reported to have -stated frequently his interest in this bill. - -The bill, which has general interest in all states where the farm -colony plan has been contemplated, provides for a state industrial -farm colony for the detention, humane discipline, instruction and -reformation of male adults committed thereto as tramps or vagrants. The -colony shall be under the control and management of a board of seven -managers, to serve without compensation. The board shall appoint the -superintendent and other employes, establish rules and regulations -including the classification, parole, discharge and retaking of -inmates. The board shall, if possible, utilize lands now owned by the -state, if such lands are suitable as a site for the state farm colony. -In case no lands now owned by the state are found to be suitable, the -board of managers shall select a site of not less than 500 acres. The -term of detention in the colony shall be not longer than 18 months with -the exception that an inmate who has been manifestly committed to an -institution after the age of 16 may be detained not longer than two -years. There is no minimum term of commitment, nor shall any person -under the age of 22 be committed to said colony. A significant clause -in the act provides that it is the intent and meaning of this act that -reputable workmen, temporarily out of work and seeking employment, -shall not be deemed tramps or vagrants, nor be admitted to the said -colony. Persons committed as vagrants to the farm shall be local -charges, and those committed as tramps shall be maintained at the -expense of the state. In no event shall any locality be charged a -greater amount for the care of vagrants than the actual per capita cost -for their maintenance in such state industrial farm colony. - -An excellent campaign of publicity has been carried on this year for -this bill by the charity organization society, and the association for -improving the condition of the poor in New York through their joint -application bureau. Rarely has any bill before the legislature found so -much favor in editorials and news columns. - - * * * * * - -_Hospitals for Inebriates._--The special committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides for the establishment of a -board of inebriety and a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City. - -The committee made an exhaustive investigation of conditions before -reaching a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 persons arrested in New -York last year and arraigned in the magistrates’ courts on the charge -of public intoxication constituted more than one-sixth of all the -arrests made for all causes. The records disclose that, of the 20,291 -held for trial, about 15,600 were committed to workhouses, either -directly or in default of payment of fine. Commenting on these and -other statistics the report says: - -Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very large percentage of those who -keep the police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ courts, and -fill the workhouses and jails. It furnishes also a very large number -of cases for treatment in our public hospitals. Seven thousand male -drunkards are treated annually in the alcoholic ward of Bellevue and -allied hospitals. Carefully compiled records show that in the one year -ended May 1, 1909, 498 men were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from four to twelve times, and that -in the course of a few years some individuals have been treated in -the alcoholic ward over twenty times and have been committed to the -workhouse over sixty times. - -The committee does not overlook the moral effects of the treatment of -inebriates under the plan which it has approved, but it especially -points out the economic features. It finds that New York is spending -annually on Blackwell’s Island the amount of $80,000 for cases -committed for intoxication, and in addition there is the cost of two -overflow wards at Bellevue, amounting to not less than $65,000 per -annum. The proportion of expenses in maintaining magistrates’ courts -chargeable to intoxication is at least $125,000 a year, and a large -additional expense is incurred in maintaining police officers for the -city prison and for the alcoholic wards in hospitals. To use the -language of the report: “As a result of all these expenses under the -present system there is a complete lack of accomplishment. There is no -pretense even that the individual is helped; quite the contrary, he is -rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety and is permanently fastened -on the community as an expense and as a bad example.” - - * * * * * - -The New York Times recently published the following book review: - -_Tramps in the Making._--“The laboratory method in philanthropic -work has never had more signal demonstration than in Alice Willard -Solenberger’s “One Thousand Homeless Men,” (New York: Charities -Publication Committee, $1.25) a study of original methods in the true -scientific manner and spirit. The author was for four years in charge -of a district of the Chicago Bureau of Charities and during that time -compiled, in the regular course of her work, the statistics whose -analysis and discussion make up this work. She endeavored also to trace -the later histories of her subjects and, whenever this was possible, -she had included it in her data. Mrs. Solenberger’s untimely death, -before she had written the final chapter in which she has purposed to -sum up the conclusions to which she had been led by her long study and -intimate knowledge of the homeless-man problem, lessens somewhat the -interest of her book for the general reader. But her analysis of her -tables of statistics and her discussions of the inferences to be drawn -from them are so lucid and so practical that philanthropic workers will -find the volume valuable alike for its facts and for its suggestions.” - -“Perhaps the most striking of the phases of the vagrancy problem -brought out by Mrs. Solenberger’s figures is the extent to which it is -a native problem. Of the group of confirmed tramps, more than a fifth -of the whole number of cases studied, 76 per cent. are native born. Of -the vagrant runaway boys, nearly all were born on American soil and of -American parents. The chapter devoted to these boys is particularly -notable for its sympathetic but level-headed treatment of the causes -which lead to boyish vagrancy, of its results, and of the methods by -which it might be combined. Among these methods she thinks the most -important would be the satisfying of adolescent “wanderlust” by normal, -wholesome means and the closing of the railways to vagrants. - -“Indeed the whole tramp problem she believes could be well-nigh solved -if vagrants of all ages could be kept off railway trains. It has been -estimated by several authorities, working independently, that there are -in the United States at least half a million tramps. In her book Mrs. -Solenberger studies the genesis, character, and previous environment of -220, and comes to the conclusion that in the huge army of which these -are typical examples the variations of character and of inducing causes -are so great that they call for much variety in methods of treatment. -But the basic characteristic of all of them is the abnormal propensity -for incessant wandering. - -“‘It is the mere accessibility of the railroads, more than anything -else,’ she writes, ‘that is manufacturing tramps today. * * * When we -succeed in absolutely closing these highways to any but persons having -a legitimate right to be on them, we shall check at its source the -largest single contributary cause of vagrancy, and the problem of the -tramps, as such, will practically be solved.’ - -“She thinks the problem should be dealt with by states, and that if -several of the most populous and most tramp-ridden would deal with it -adequately, for which she makes a number of practical suggestions, the -rest would be driven, in self-defense, to follow their example. - -“Other subjects treated by this same scientific method of study of -actual cases, with all the preceding and following data that could -be gathered, and then discussed in their general implications, are -chronic beggars, seasonal and casual labor, interstate migration of -paupers, homeless old men, the crippled, the defective, and industrial -accidents. A number of appendices contain much statistical information -and some articles on lodging houses. The book is published under the -auspices of the Russell Sage Foundation.” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY -1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: - -• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - -• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - -• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you “AS-IS”, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ - -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/69732-0.zip b/old/69732-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 12156de..0000000 --- a/old/69732-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69732-h.zip b/old/69732-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index debc4bf..0000000 --- a/old/69732-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm b/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index b05eed1..0000000 --- a/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2243 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -h1.t { - display: block; - font-size: 4em; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 0em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0.1em; - word-spacing: 0.3em; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } - -table.titletable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 78%;} -table.titletable td, -table.titletable th { padding: 4px; } - -.trd {font-size: 1%;} - -.borderbottom {border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-collapse: collapse;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.td26 {width: 26%;} -.doubleborder {border-bottom: double black;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} /* page numbers */ - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -.big {font-size: 1.25em;} - -.small {font-size: 0.85em;} - -.gesperrt -{ - letter-spacing: 0.2em; - margin-right: -0.2em; -} - -em.gesperrt -{ - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepadding { - padding-left: 1em; - padding-right: 1em; -} - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.flex-container { - display: flex; - justify-content: center; -} - - /* ]]> */ -hr.border {width: 80%; margin: 0 10%;} -ul {list-style-type: none;} -ul li {line-height: 180%;} -</style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, by Various</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 7, 2023 [eBook #69732]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY 1911 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<table class="titletable"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl big">VOLUME I, No. 7.</td> - <td class="tdr big">JULY, 1911</td> - </tr> -</table> - - <h1 class="t">THE REVIEW</h1> - -<p class="center big">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE<br /> -<b>NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</b></p> - -<p class="center small">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</p> -<hr class="border" /> -<table class="titletable"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl small">TEN CENTS A COPY.</td> - <td class="tdr small">SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="border" /> - -<div class="flex-container"> -<ul class="small"> -<li>E. F. Waite, President.</li> -<li>F. Emory Lyon, Vice President.</li> -<li>O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review.</li> -<li>E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TOC">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="autotable smcap"> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdr">page</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>The Farm Treatment of Misdemeanants</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_FARM_TREATMENT_OF_MISDEMEANANTS">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>What Kansas City is Doing</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHAT_KANSAS_CITY_IS_DOING">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Organization of Systems of Probation and Parole</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#ORGANIZATION_OF_SYSTEMS_OF_PROBATION">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Events in Brief</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">8</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_FARM_TREATMENT_OF_MISDEMEANANTS">THE FARM TREATMENT OF MISDEMEANANTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">JAMES F. JACKSON</p> - -<p class="center">Superintendent of Charities and Correction, Cleveland, Ohio</p> - - -<p>The old type institution for misdemeanants -failed to accomplish satisfactory -results, mental, moral and physical. -It seemed incapable of developing industry; -it was unhygienic, without classification -and with no adequate facilities -for developing a man’s will or increasing -his capacity to do right. There was -no individualism. The old workhouse -was typical of the most intensified institutionalism, -and institutionalism for an -adult is an assured failure. Neither the -arrangements of the building nor the -manner of life nor the administration -were conducive to the rehabilitation of -the man. The old type of workhouse -was constructed to avenge the wrong -and not to correct the wrong doer.</p> - -<p>When the failure of that plan was -fully recognized, people cast about for a -remedy. They saw the success and satisfaction -attending the location of charitable -institutions in the country, and the -idea of similar locations for various -types of prisons occurred to them. And -the cry against prison-made goods gave -impetus to the movement.</p> - -<p>The prison did seem to be the last -place to make real the fact that “a man’s -a man for a’ that.” But when the plowshare -and the pruning hook began to supplant -the stripes and the dungeon, people -were certain that at last the dignity -of manhood would be realized and that -life and immortality were come to light.</p> - -<p>St. Paul and Minneapolis were among -the first to adopt the farm policy. Various -other corrective institutions were established -upon farms in foreign countries -and in this country, especially within -the past twenty years. One of the -best institutions for misdemeanants thus -established was located at Witzwyl, -Switzerland, in 1891. But I wish today -to speak with particular reference -to Cleveland’s situation, its old workhouse -and its new correction farm.</p> - -<p>The Cleveland workhouse was constructed -over forty years ago on the old -lines for 500 prisoners, two miles from -the centre of the city. In 1904 and -1905, about 750 acres were purchased -by the city nine miles from its centre. -Upon this land building was commenced -several years later. Thus far there is -built only the “service building” which -at present fulfills all purposes. Ultimately, -it is to be used for storerooms, -and shops. There are also to be built -dormitories for trusties and semi-trusties, -cell-blocks for the least tractable, -kitchens, dining rooms, a chapel, women’s -industrial building, school building -and a greenhouse, all within a high -wall enclosing eleven acres. The present -intention is that the buildings and -wall shall be constructed by the labor of -inmates. Unfortunately there are no -funds in sight to proceed with this construction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p> - -<p>All commitments are made to the -original workhouse in the city. There -the women remain, but about two-fifths -of the men are transferred to the correction -farm. On a recent day the 102 -men at the correction farm were assigned -to work as follows: on construction -of the sewage disposal plant, 24; -in the stone quarry, 7; on the farm, 10; -in the garden, 7; driving teams (working -the farm and hauling material to the -filter bed), 12; care of horses and stock, -10; to work on the adjoining infirmary -farm, 10; firemen, 2; carpenter, 1; barber, -1; and in the preparation and serving -of the meals and care of the buildings -and grounds, 18. Some of these -last eighteen are unable to do heavy -work, but all have fresh air and sunshine -daily. At other times men do concreting, -making artificial stone, fertilize -and drain the land, which is not fertile, -make roads on the farm and later they -will construct the wall and buildings, -plant trees and perform every sort of -labor that will develop the land, and -cause it to be highly productive and attractive -in appearance. I also hope that -later they will make and repair the -needed wagons, tools and all the smaller -farm implements; in fact they now do -some of that work, especially the repairing.</p> - -<p>An apple orchard and much small -fruit have just been planted under the -direction of the state agricultural department. -Last year by attention to -pruning, spraying and smudge fires on -cold nights, ours was one of the few orchards -bearing fruit in all that region. -Bee culture will be introduced and scientific -forestation is to be developed. We -are about to construct a dairy barn entirely -by prison labor, that will be a -model of simplicity, sanitary construction -and efficiency for the neighboring -country.</p> - -<p>We propose that the farm shall gradually -become a model in all respects. In -fact, this year we will produce certified -milk for the city and the contagious disease -hospitals. We plan, as soon as possible, -that the correction farm shall produce -the meat, milk, vegetables and -fruit, both fresh and canned, for the entire -workhouse and the public hospitals, -while the adjoining infirmary farm will -render similar service for its own use -and that of the growing tuberculosis -sanatorium.</p> - -<p>From the standpoint of the prisoner, -the farm policy is to give to each man -the largest degree of liberty consistent -with the well-being of others. The ultimate -purpose is to employ as many -without the walls as possibly can be -trusted, and to employ out-of-doors -within the walls all the remainder except -those whose conduct imperatively -demands closest supervision.</p> - -<p>For years there will be work for all -workers, no “idle-house” in any sort of -weather or trade conditions. Every -working day from twelve to twenty men -are sent to work on the adjoining infirmary -farm. Such transfer was one -of the purposes of placing the infirmary -on a great contiguous tract of land. But -the plan works to the detriment of the -correction farm which for years and -perhaps always can use to advantage the -labor of all men committed to its care. -No key is turned on these men during -the day. The night guard and the locked -door are more to remove temptation -than to prevent escape. You realize this -when you know that all these men, instead -of sleeping in stuffy cells, sleep in -large dormitories, giving them every facility -for overpowering the night watch -and making their escape. Prisoners arrive -a typical bridewell company, drunken, -dirty, diseased and discouraged. -They go away bronzed, with regular -habits of living, accustomed to work, -with a new determination and a new -grip. Of course some fail, and return. -But we do not assume to insure immunity -against all the wiles of the world, -the flesh and the devil.</p> - -<p>Americans seem in constant search -for a cure-all. There is a great demand -for some hobby for the alert philanthropist -to ride. In their order institutionalism, -organized charity, juvenile -courts, medical charities and country life -have had their turn in the spot light. -Each is efficient but all together are not -sufficient. It is urged that if a convict -be sent out under the blue sky to breathe -God’s pure air, behold green fields and -hear the birds sing from the swaying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -boughs he will become as one of the -best citizens, especially if he digs in the -dirt. But unfortunately the country does -not afford the alchemy which converts -men into angels. This is amply attested -by the record of most diabolical crimes -committed by country-bred men who -would not know an elevator from a subway. -The farm prison is no panacea, but -it is tremendously worth while.</p> - -<p>The men do not wear stripes in either -prison. Consideration is combined with -firmness in all our dealings, for it is the -purpose that every requirement shall appeal -to the fair-minded prisoner to be -in his interest and for his benefit.</p> - -<p>From the experience of the Cleveland -correction farm several rather obvious -deductions may be made; we are dealing -with men, free moral agents, and a good -physical environment does not guarantee -their reform any more than does instruction -in good rules for living.</p> - -<p>We have learned that men are sent to -the House of Correction for a purpose. -These men have faults to be corrected. -These defects in the human mind are to -be corrected and no ordinary workhouse -sentence will effect a cure of such defects -as are hereditary or fully acquired. -There is some concealed materialism -abroad under the guise of environment, -but the rankest exponent of environment -should not expect to cure twenty -years of bad surroundings accompanied -by indifferent or bad actions even by a -ninety day period on a farm. And ninety -days is in excess of the average period -of confinement, although Cleveland -“golden rule policies” do not burden us -with five, ten or fifteen day men.</p> - -<p>Our first appeal is to their sense of -honor. Their appreciation of the confidence -reposed in them often proves a -potent influence for good. The transfer -to the farm is such an expression of -confidence. But it is given with discretion. -Hardened criminals are not sent -on distant missions unattended. In fact -they are rarely transferred to the farm.</p> - -<p>As a part of their teaching the misdemeanants -need discipline. It is necessary -to keep the men on the farm for -some time if they are to receive the -needed development, especially the men -who are sent for intoxication. Discipline -is essential to instruction whether -in the day school, the home or any other -form of education. Many of these men -are committed because of their lack of -self-control and time is required for its -development. We have learned that the -men need to be taught the habit of industry -and how to do some particular -thing well. This is for their good while -they are on the farm, and it is essential -after they return to their homes. We -have learned that not all men can be -trusted, and we believe it has a bad influence -on a man to attempt to get away, -so we make him feel the bad result when -he is caught. And the police are faithful -to help catch deserters. Personality -is a big factor; one man will accomplish -far more with and for prisoners than another.</p> - -<p>The farm does build up the body of -the anaemic; it gives a good physical -development. Moreover, the habit of -industry can very much better be taught -where results are being achieved on the -farm than where work is being done at -little or no profit in a factory. And efficiency -is better developed on the farm. -The farm has a direct physical value -and an indirect mental and moral value. -It clears a man’s mind and allows him -to think straight. It affords a foundation -for developing the spiritual structure, -though of itself it will only slightly -develop one mentally or morally. The -man is now physically well, having had -lessons in life. Here is the opportunity -to further develop his will in order that -he may do right. Looking to that end, -we have introduced the regular presentation -of the gospel in an orderly way. -We intend to teach by example, but we -need an official who shall be recognized -by the prisoners as their friend, one who -shall know them and make it his exclusive -business to help them establish the -desire to do right and aid them to be -able to fulfill that desire. This seems -one of the unsolved problems in Cleveland -and in nearly all such institutions.</p> - -<p>We have the parole system in operation, -though there is not help enough -for its most efficient execution. There -is the Brotherhood Club for the men -who have no home to which to go, established -at the suggestion of a former<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> -prisoner. There a man may stay until -he appears strong enough to live a normal -life. The club is intended to be -self-sustaining.</p> - -<p>In my opinion, the country is the -place for the misdemeanant, for the -very obvious reason that it affords plenty -of light, pure air, a variety of good -food and wide opportunity for productive -occupation for the prisoners. There, -work is purposeful, not a time-killer. -They work, eat, sleep, have recreation -and religious teaching, all under approximately -normal conditions. Every -man is treated with kindness and consideration; -discipline is not on parade. -In short, the prisoner is treated like a -man and to the extent that there is -manhood in him it will come out. The -purpose is to develop honor and faithfulness, -to accustom every man to useful -occupation and to teach him to be -effective. The officers are not armed, -they are not even called guards. In fact, -they act as teachers, foremen, or farmers -as the occasion requires.</p> - -<p>There is so much work to do in developing, -enriching and cultivating the -land, in erecting buildings, in making -roads, that every feasible labor-saving -machine is used. This of itself speaks -to the man the appreciation of his work -as a man and not a substitute for a machine.</p> - -<p>The hope is that the farming and the -making of its equipment, and incidentally -the care of the prisoners and their -quarters, will profitably occupy practically -all the available labor in such manner -as to make a man not only fit but -anxious to work. It is hoped that a large -majority will be improved and many rehabilitated -in an environment which -favors giving every man all the chance -he will use to reform. Moreover, it -will thereby be apparent that the government -is not only strong, but so merciful -and so genuine in its fatherly desire -to help each man that in turn he will -cease to be “agin” the government; that -he will turn from being a consumer to -become a producer of taxes, turn from -being his own and other’s enemy to become -a friend to men.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHAT_KANSAS_CITY_IS_DOING">WHAT KANSAS CITY IS DOING</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">E. K. BINGHAM</p> - -<p class="center">Superintendent Helping Hand Institute, Kansas City, Mo.</p> - - -<p>Kansas City made great strides toward -a better handling of its misdemeanants -when it created a new municipal -department called the Board of -Public Welfare, and placed its correctional -institutions under its control. The -board at first was appointed by the -mayor, it is self-elective and some of its -members were social workers, some -broad-minded business men, and its first -president was a most excellent organizer, -a philanthropist and a man of great -personal devotion to the cause of humanity.</p> - -<p>The newspapers unanimously supported -its policies and consequently it -received the popular indorsement which -freed it from political handicaps. These -facts have been the combination which -accomplished results which were unusual -in its less than two years existence. -Its pivotal activity has been a -farm colony (which of course we all -agree is the indispensable feature of effective -correctional work). Of course, -also, like other farms, it builds up the -under-nourished, gives care to the -physically unfit, and also, whether by -farm work or in learning a trade, the -work habit which is acquired helps -largely in rekindling the spark of ambition -in the man whom repeated failure -has utterly robbed of the power of initiation -and confidence in himself. Another -help is that no man is ever released -penniless, but is allowed to earn -something during the last few days of -his imprisonment. But the greatest factor -which has contributed to a more successful -handling of cases has been the -emphasis placed upon the individual -man. A careful personal record system -with daily notations of a prisoner’s conduct -and facts concerning his mental,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -moral and physical condition permits a -scrutiny and a kind of helpfulness otherwise -impossible.</p> - -<p>The records also are examined by a -parole committee of three members -which meets weekly and recommends -certain paroles to be acted upon by the -Board of Welfare. A representative of -the parole committee visits the “holdovers” -at five o’clock each morning, -talks with each prisoner, and makes out -record cards which are taken into the -municipal court by this same representative, -who, sitting beside the judge, is -frequently asked for information when -prisoners are brought in, his record -often deciding the sentence imposed.</p> - -<p>Forty-six per cent. of the commitments -for 1910 were paroled—or 1,660 -persons—of whom 150 were returned to -custody. Nine parole officers confirm -the records by weekly visits to the -homes or places of employment, and a -woman friendly visitor looks after the -needs of prisoners’ families during their -imprisonment and also during the prisoner’s -parole. From non-support paroled -men $8,346.21 was collected and -paid over to the dependent families.</p> - -<p>During the past winter it occurred to -me that the city needed an inspector of -the unemployed, a policeman without a -club, who should go every day among -the homeless men in the lodging houses, -saloons and on the street and talk with -them, directing them to pay jobs if possible, -or if not, directing them to the -municipal quarries in the parks, which -were operated to provide work to the -unemployed, for 150 to 340 men a day -earning meal and lodging tickets there -at the usual rate paid for rock cracking. -Or if the man was found to be making -no effort to find work, after several days -this officer, being familiar with the -facts, could arrest for vagrancy. This -idea was suggested to a police commissioner -and an inspector of the unemployed -was appointed. In addition to -the above duties, he goes into municipal -court each day, appearing as an advocate -of many homeless men, a class so -often unjustly accused and arrested on -circumstantial evidence. His desk is in -the employment office which is financed -by the Board of Welfare, but is managed -by and is in the Helping Hand Institute -(a private charity which the -Board of Welfare uses as a municipal -lodging house for meals and lodging for -all dependent cases.) The seven hundred -men per day who lodge there are -practically under the eye of this inspector -of the unemployed, and the deterrent -effect for the misdemeanant is evident.</p> - -<p>Among other classes of misdemeanants -that Kansas City is reaching is the -lodging house keeper, his misdeeds being -brought to light by the housing inspection -now in progress.</p> - -<p>The endorsement of the Charities Bureau, -or rather the lack of its endorsement, -is eliminating the unwise free -soup charities and the soliciting frauds—these -are of course among the very -harmful offenders because of the shiftlessness -which they promote. At the -suggestion of this Bureau the police -have stopped the practice of women soliciting -money in saloons.</p> - -<p>Another class is handled by the Recreation -Department of the Board of Welfare, -as evidenced by the dance hall inspection. -For every public dance a -license must be secured from this recreation -department. This department -then sends an inspector to each dance to -learn if all its rules are being observed. -These inspectors also keep a sharp lookout -for young girls and learn their -names and addresses. These names are -turned over the next morning to the -supervisor of police matrons who sends -one of her assistants to call on the parents -of the girl to inform them where -their daughter was the evening previous. -Many times the parents had not known -of the facts, or had been deceived by -the girls. Such supervision can but -bring about good results.</p> - -<p>The Free Legal Aid Bureau averages -about 400 cases per month, prosecutes -wife deserters and has brought them in -many instances home from other states. -The Welfare Loan Agency during its -few months of existence has eliminated -several of those detestable misdemeanants, -loan sharks.</p> - -<p>Perhaps I’ve spoken of many more -varieties of law-breakers than Dr. Lewis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -had in mind when he asked me to speak -a few moments on this subject, but it -was hard not to go a little further and -mention these different agencies which -are making some degree of progress -along this line in Kansas City.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ORGANIZATION_OF_SYSTEMS_OF_PROBATION">ORGANIZATION OF SYSTEMS OF PROBATION -AND PAROLE</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">CHARLES A. DE COWRCY</p> - -<p class="center">Judge of the Superior Court, Massachusetts</p> - - -<p>The two essentials of success in probation -work are:—judges who have an -intelligent and sympathetic interest in -the problem, and probation officers fitted -by temperament and training to secure -the best possible results.</p> - -<p>To further define these essentials, we -need judges who will not discredit the -system by extending probation to persons -not likely to profit by it, and who -will apply it wherever it can be done -with due regard to the protection of the -community, and where the past history -and present disposition of the person investigated -indicate that he may reasonably -be expected to reform without punishment. -And we need probation officers -who possess not only sympathy -and zeal, but knowledge of human nature, -tact, firmness and patience.</p> - -<p>How shall we secure such judges and -officers? The active friends of probation -can influence public opinion in the -election or appointment of persons able -and willing to consider probation on its -merits. It is such a human problem that -it is difficult to conceive of a man otherwise -fitted for judicial position who will -not apply probation with intelligent sympathy -when its possibilities are called to -his attention.</p> - -<p>But much can be done to secure uniform -standards and improved methods -by conferences among the judges, and -between them and the probation commission -of the State. These conferences -also enable those judges who have a -whole-souled interest in the work to enkindle -the enthusiasm of their associates. -This is all the more important in -the states where the judges appoint the -probation officers.</p> - -<p>How to secure suitable probation officers -is the most important problem in -the probation system. In states where -judges are appointed for life, as in -Massachusetts, the method of appointment -by the judge under whom the officer -acts has worked well. But even -here are found some judges, happily few -in number, who persist in retaining officers -little adapted for the work. Where -judges persist in such conduct, after being -shown its blighting effect on probation -work in their district, it is usually -because the judge himself takes no interest -in probation. To prevent such injustice, -no appointment of a probation -officer by a judge should be effective -until the state probation commission, -after proper examination, certifies that -the candidate is qualified properly to -perform the duties of the office.</p> - -<p>The New York system of a civil service -examination, specially adapted for -probation duties, has much to recommend -it. Whatever the method of selection, -no person should be appointed -who does not secure the approval of the -state board; and the board might well -be given power of removal, after a hearing, -upon written charges.</p> - -<p>In the organization of a system of -probation an essential element is a central -state board. As probation is a part -of the judicial system, I favor the Massachusetts -method of having the members -of the board appointed by the chief -justice of the superior or trial court. -And if a majority of its members are -judges, the efforts of the board are most -likely to secure the co-operation of the -judges throughout the state.</p> - -<p>The state board should have power to -prescribe forms of records and reports, -to suggest uniform and efficient methods -of work by the officers, and promote -co-ordination among them; and, in general, -it should have ample authority to -supervise the probation work throughout -the state. Where this central board -has also authority in the matter of appointments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -and removals above mentioned, -the organization of the probation -system seems complete. In order -to maintain a high standard of probation -work, the executive officer of the -state board should periodically investigate -the work of every probation officer; -and there should be frequent conferences -of the judges and of the probation -officers conducted by members of the -state board.</p> - -<p>As to the organization of a parole system—for -the present the machinery of -the probation system might well be utilized -for this work. The vital point in -parole work is the appointment of a suitable -board to determine to whom and -when parole shall be granted, and on -what terms. This question is closely -associated with the indeterminate sentence -and state control of prisons. I -have not had sufficient experience with -parole problems to make specific recommendations.</p> - -<p>We should agree upon the meaning -of our terms. Probation and parole are -often used synonymously, while, in fact, -authorities and prison officials recognize -a distinction. Probation applies to one -conditionally released after conviction -but before entering upon his sentence. -Parole is understood to be the conditional -release of a prisoner from an institution -after the serving of sentence -has been begun.</p> - -<p>In Indiana the law authorizes the -board of trustees acting as a parole -board, or the Governor, to release on -parole persons who have been confined -under commitment in five institutions: -the State Prison, the Reformatory, the -Woman’s Prison, Girls’ School and -Boys’ School; to all of these, sentences -are in effect indeterminate except for -murder or treason. Prisoners so released -are under supervision and accurate -records are kept.</p> - -<p>The Indiana probation law applies in -three different ways, respectively, to -felons, to misdemeanors, to juvenile delinquents. -A person who is convicted -of a felony is sentenced to a state prison -or a reformatory. Sentence may be suspended -and he be released on probation. -The committal is sent to the institution -to which he is committed and he is -placed under the supervision of the -agents of that institution exactly the -same as if he were paroled therefrom.</p> - -<p>If the offense is a misdemeanor, the -court may suspend judgment and release -the offender upon such terms and conditions -as in his judgment and discretion -seem right and proper. The prisoner -is placed under the supervision of -the probation officer authorized in each -county by the juvenile court law or -under the oversight of some other probation -officer designated by the court. -In either case the law makes proper provision -for such subsequent action by the -court as the behavior of the convicted -person merits.</p> - -<p>The juvenile court law provides for -a juvenile court in every county in the -state. There is a special juvenile court -in Marion County, containing the city -of Indianapolis. In all other counties -the judge of the circuit court is ex-officio -the judge of the juvenile court. -Provision is made for the appointment -of at least one paid probation officer in -every county and for such volunteer officers -as will agree to perform the service -without pay.</p> - -<p>Juvenile delinquents may be released -by the court upon probation and placed -under the care of these officers. They -make reports to the Board of State -Charities. They should understand -thoroughly that their work should properly -be divided into three phases: (1) -before the trial; (2) at the trial; (3) -after the trial. The first contemplates a -complete investigation of the child’s history. -It should include everything that -can be learned of it and its surroundings. -The second involves presenting to -the court all learned facts together with -the conclusions and recommendations of -the officer. The third contemplates -complete supervision of the child after it -is released upon probation. It is not -necessary to state that in all this the -best interests of the child alone should -determine the action to be taken. What -has been worked out in one place and -another as to the best methods and practice -in the case of children is being applied -to adults who are subjects for probation. -Our experience is now great -enough to enable us to say that many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -men and women offenders can be reclaimed -to useful lives without imprisonment, -by correct probationary treatment.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> -</div> - -<p>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</p> - - -<p><i>Immigration and Crime.</i>—That lax -immigration laws are to a great degree -responsible for many of the -criminal cases calling for the attention -of the courts, is the opinion of Major -Richard Sylvester, of Washington, D. -C., president of the international association -of police chiefs, which held its -nineteenth annual convention in Rochester -in June. Several years ago the -association memorialized Congress to define -anarchy and more carefully restrict -undesirable immigration.</p> - -<p>Referring to the large number of alien -criminals, Major Sylvester said: “Many -of these subjects come from climates -where capital punishment does not prevail, -where the least respect for law and -life is had. If certificates of good character -from the authorities at places of -departure in foreign lands and a year’s -means of support were made legal requirements -for presentation at our doors -by each individual, the disadvantages -might not be so great or so many.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Hospitals For Inebriates.</i>—The special -committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment -has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides -for the establishment of a board of -inebriety and a hospital and industrial -colony for inebriates for New York City.</p> - -<p>The committee made an exhaustive investigation -of conditions before reaching -a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 -persons arrested in New York last -year and arraigned in the magistrates’ -courts on the charge of public intoxication -constituted more than one-sixth of -all the arrests made for all causes. The -records disclose that, of the 20,291 held -for trial, about 15,600 were committed to -workhouses, either directly or in default -of payment of fine. Commenting on -these and other statistics the report says:</p> - -<p>Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very -large percentage of those who keep the -police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ -courts, and fill the workhouses and jails. -It furnishes also a very large number of -cases for treatment in our public hospitals. -Seven thousand male drunkards -are treated annually in the alcoholic ward -of Bellevue and allied hospitals. Carefully -compiled records show that in the -one year ended May 1, 1909, 498 men -were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from -four to twelve times, and that in the -course of a few years some individuals -have been treated in the alcoholic ward -over twenty times and have been committed -to the workhouse over sixty -times.</p> - -<p>The committee does not overlook the -moral effects of the treatment of inebriates -under the plan which it has approved, -but it especially points out the -economic features. It finds that New -York is spending annually on Blackwell’s -Island the amount of $80,000 for -cases committed for intoxication, and in -addition there is the cost of two overflow -wards at Bellevue, amounting to -not less than $65,000 per annum. The -proportion of expenses in maintaining -magistrates’ courts chargeable to intoxication -is at least $125,000 a year, and -a large additional expense is incurred -in maintaining police officers for the city -prison and for the alcoholic wards in -hospitals. To use the language of the -report: “As a result of all these expenses -under the present system there is -a complete lack of accomplishment. There -is no pretense even that the individual -is helped; quite the contrary, he is rather -confirmed in his habits of inebriety and -is permanently fastened on the community -as an expense and as a bad example.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>A Prison Farm Proposed for Iowa.</i>—According -to the Dubuque, Iowa, Telegraph-Herald, -Warden Marquis Barr -of the Iowa State Reformatory, is of -the opinion that it would be a wise move<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -for the state to purchase a large farm -and work the prisoners upon it, turning -the money which they make over to their -respective families. He declares that -this age must solve the great problem -of justly punishing a man for his wrongs -without at the same time taking from -his family its only means of support.</p> - -<p>The logical thing for a state to do is -to purchase a farm of about a thousand -acres, with barracks for the prisoners to -eat and sleep in. Over one-third of the -men in the prisons of Iowa could be -set to work upon this farm, raising grains -and garden truck. They could be paid -a certain wage and board in the same -manner as the farmer pays his hired -help, but every cent of these earnings -should be turned over to the wife and -children of the man who earns it. Not a -penny should be given to him.</p> - -<p>Warden Barr also said that he believed -that if men knew that they would be -compelled to work and work hard at a -fair wage without themselves getting a -penny of it, that there would be less -crime. Many men during the fall commit -crimes solely for the purpose of getting -a warm place to stay during the -winter and three good meals per day. -They allow their families to shift for -themselves. For the state to encourage -this sort of a thing Mr. Barr says is absolutely -wrong.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Charting Juvenile Crime.</i>—The juvenile -court of Detroit is reported -to be greatly assisted in its campaign -of saving girls and boys, by a -chart which shows how many children -are under the watchful care of the judge -and his probation and truant officers, -and how crime recedes and advances -among the young at different seasons of -the year; also what effect a big convention -has on the city’s morality, and how -greatly parks and playgrounds help in -the fight for decency.</p> - -<p>The 600 boys and 170 girls are represented -on the chart by cloth-headed tacks -of different colors: red for bad boys, -blue for bad girls, and white for children -who are only truants or neglected. Each -tack bears a bit of cardboard with a -number which refers one to a filing cabinet -where may be found the entire record -of the boy or girl. Little groups of -dots on the chart show where the gangs -are, and indicate that bad boys are more -gregarious than bad girls, who usually -go alone or in couples. The chart also -shows more plainly than any magazine -article the evil results of congestion. The -probation officers are not using this chart -as an interesting sort of game, but as a -valuable aid in their work for good citizenship.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>London’s Beggar Army.</i>—Walter -Weyl, a well-known writer on social -and economic subjects, has the following -to say in the “National Post” on -London’s army of the unemployed. It is -of special significance to Americans who -are facing the impending problems of -vagrancy and mendicancy in urban centers.</p> - -<p>“As I started to call a cab,” writes -Walter Weyl, “suddenly there arose out -of the darkness, as though evoked by -some Aladdins lamp, four tattered, pale-faced -men of the underworld. The four -sprang forward to render me this slight -service. One, quicker than his fellows, -tore open the cab door and received his -penny. Then the men vanished, slinking -into the gray mist.</p> - -<p>“Whence come these men? What -manner of city was this that wasted able-bodied -men on so paltry a task?</p> - -<p>“Later that evening, when in the crossing -currents of the streets, my cab came -to a halt, I caught another fleeting glance -at London misery. A naked, dirt-caked -arm, thrust from a sleeveless coat, -touched my shoulder; a haggard face -peered into the cab window, and a voice -harsh with anxiety asked, ‘Can I ’ave -the luggage, sir?’ As the cab wound -through the mazes of the London traffic, -I saw this tattered man doggedly -running behind us. Not once did he lose -sight of the cab. At the hotel he was -waiting, breathless.</p> - -<p>“‘It’s mine, sir,’ he panted. ‘You -promised me the luggage, sir.’</p> - -<p>“For the chance of earning a shilling -at work which did not need him, this -wretched man had followed me through -tortuous miles of London streets. What -a city it was!</p> - -<p>“I did not wish to see deeper into this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -abyss,” writes Mr. Weyl. “I had not -come to England to view bottomless -misery. But what is everywhere cannot -be hid. On the following days I saw in -street after street workless, homeless -miserable men with broken shoes and -dropping rags of clothes. I saw abject -women, with trailing, bedraggled skirts, -and with a flat sterile vacancy of expression, -more tragic than despair. There -were drunken men, too, and sodden -women, and files of men—or of what -had once been men—waiting outside bakers’ -and butchers’ shops for crusts and -refuse. The halt, the blind, the unemployed, -the shifty beggars, and the -wretches too timid to beg, passed in an -unending procession. Long before sunset -the lines had been formed for admission -to the casual wards of the almshouses.</p> - -<p>“‘It’s deplorable,’ commented my English -friend (he was a doctor with a fashionable -practice and aristocratic pro-possessions), -‘still every country has its poverty. -Even in the States——’</p> - -<p>“‘Yes,’ I admitted, ‘It is not for us -to throw stones.’</p> - -<p>“Later, however, as on our silent -homeward walk I summed up all the dismal -impressions of the day. I began to -feel that after all there was a difference. -American poverty was overwhelming, -but it was not everywhere, and it was not -so hopeless. Men did escape from American -slums, and their children escaped.</p> - -<p>“But the English slum was a prison, -in which the fallen man and his children -and grandchildren rotted. There was a -droop, a sagging to these people; an inexpressible -indifference to surroundings, -an utter self-abandonment. You could -seek out poverty anywhere, but in London -it obtruded itself—stark, menacing, -unescapable, like the naked, dirt-caked -arm of the superfluous wretch who had -followed my hansom.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Prisoners to Build Roads.</i>—It is -an assured fact, according to the New -Orleans Picayune, that a model road -built by convict labor will be constructed -connecting New Orleans with Kenner. -This will take off four miles from the -present railroad and other routes to this -thriving section.</p> - -<p>The state board of engineers will -make the surveys as soon as possible -and once started the work will be rapidly -pushed.</p> - -<p>Nothing but the best material will be -used, and the drainage of the roadway -will be given attention. It is expected -either shells or some other substantial -“topping” will be put on the thoroughfare.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>New Jersey Adopts the State-Use Plan.</i>—By -the signing by Governor Wilson, -the bill abolishing the present system of -convict labor at the termination of the -existing state prison contracts, all convict -labor in the state and county prisons -in New Jersey may be employed in the -manufacture of articles for use in the -institutions of the state and its subdivisions. -The convicts are to be employed -for nine hours, except on Sundays and -public holidays. They may be employed -in the construction or repair of prison -institutions, and the labor of the convicts -must be so directed as to produce “the -greatest amount of actual product of -articles and supplies” for all state and -local institutions, the buildings and departments -or offices of the state, “or in -any public institution or department -owned, managed and controlled by the -state or public sub-division thereof.” -Convicts may be employed in agriculture, -horticulture and floriculture, and “all -surplus product of this convict labor is -to be disposed of at public sale to the -highest bidder.” The new law extends -the prison labor system from the state -prison to all county prisons, and makes -city and county departments, offices and -institutions, as well as the state institutions, -its beneficiaries. The sum of 50 -cents a day is to be paid to the families -of the convicts.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Parole in Maryland.</i>—That Maryland -will save at least $5,000 a -year in earnings through the institution -of the modern practice of paroling -prisoners is stated by Charles D. Reid, -of the Maryland Prisoners’ Aid Society. -Heretofore in Maryland the practice has -been but seldom resorted to in this state, -with the result, says Mr. Reid, of failure -to suppress crime, loss to the state<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -and failure to encourage right living -among the criminal class.</p> - -<p>“Last year,” said Mr. Reid, “the -amount of money taken in by fathers of -families who have been paroled and thus -saved in resource to the state was only -$600. The parole system was then -started by arrangement between Judge -Duffy and myself. Already in one month -$400 has been saved and the prospects -are that at least $5,000 will be saved during -the year.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Uncle Sam and His Delinquents.</i>—According -to the Meriden (Conn.) -Journal, modern and advanced ideas upon -penology will be introduced into the army -method of handling garrison prisoners, -according to orders just issued by Major -General Leonard Wood, chief of -staff. The new regulations will not apply -to military convicts, but only to those -sentenced to confinement and hard labor -without being discharged from the service.</p> - -<p>The purpose behind the new regulations -is to give the prisoner every opportunity -to make good, instead of discouraging -all effort toward good behavior. -Under the new orders, garrison prisoners -will be allowed an abatement of five -days of their terms of confinement for -each period of twenty-five days of good -conduct, when serving sentences of one -month and not more than three months. -On sentences exceeding three months -they will be allowed the five days’ abatement -for the first month, and thereafter -ten days abatement for each period of -twenty days’ good conduct. Abatements -thus authorized may be forfeited wholly -or in part by subsequent misconduct.</p> - -<p>A garrison prisoner who has served -one half of a sentence of ten days or -more, according to the new orders, may -submit a request to be put on probation -for the remainder of the sentence, and if -his request is granted, may be restored -to duty on condition that if his conduct -is not good while on probation he will -be required to serve the remainder of his -sentence.</p> - -<p>The new orders also make important -changes in the methods of working garrison -prisoners at military posts. These -changes have been outlined in the following -letter, sent to the commanders of the -several departments:</p> - -<p>“The present system of working prisoners -under sentinels conveys a false impression -as to the character of the prisoners, -gives the public the erroneous idea -that the army is full of bad characters -requiring forcible handling, is injurious -to the self-respect of the prisoners, discourages -enlistments, and lowers the military -service in public opinion. In addition -to these objections, the system constitutes -a heavy drain upon the command -furnishing the necessary guard.</p> - -<p>“It is deemed advisable and in the interests -of the service, to adopt a different -method of handling these garrison prisoners -who are confined for comparatively -short periods of time, to the end -that the fewest practicable number of -prisoners may be required to work under -guard.</p> - -<p>“It is therefore directed that as far as -is practicable, as may be determined by -post commanders in accordance with the -above policy, garrison prisoners will be -paroled for work under the general supervision -of the officer or non-commissioned -officer in charge of prisoners; and -that prisoners whose character of offenses -are of such a nature as to require -that they be kept under armed guard -shall be assigned tasks, as far as practicable, -which will make the presence in -the service of this class of men as little -conspicuous as possible.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Convicts to Build Road.</i>—“The State -of Utah,” according to a statement -of Major M. P. Hackett, of Ogden, -“is going to build an improved highway, -500 miles in length, stretching -clear across Utah to Idaho at one end, -and to the Arizona boundary at the -other. The road is to be built entirely -<i>with</i> convict labor, in accordance with a -late law authorizing such use of the -felons.</p> - -<p>“But there is a humane side to the -enterprise, that may well be copied by -other states. For every day’s work performed -by the men each will have one -day subtracted from his sentence. To a -convict who is in for a long time this -deduction is of big importance and it will -be a great inducement for them to toil<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -cheerfully and to the best of their ability.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>A Report From Texas Prisons.</i>—A -statement has been recently made by -Ben. E. Cabell, chairman of the board -of prison commissioners of Texas, that -at this time Texas has between 600 -and 700 prisoners at Huntsville and Rusk -within the walls, and about 1,100 on her -own state farms. About 1,000 are on -share farms, where the state supplies the -labor and gets part of the crop.</p> - -<p>“At the beginning of the year about -800 convicts were being worked on farms -and railroads. Within the last thirty -days the railroad contracts have expired -and have not been renewed. Some of -the men were moved within the walls and -others sent to the farms owned by the -state. The present commissioners are in -thorough harmony with Gov. Colquitt, -who made it known that he wanted the -contract and share farm system abolished -as soon as practicable, and that all the -convicts should be worked on state account. -To this end the prison commissioners -gave notice to all whose contracts -expired with the end of this year that -the contracts would not be renewed. This -will leave very few men on share farms -and none on contracts at the end of this -year.</p> - -<p>“The state has about 10,000 acres of -land beside the 17,000 now in cultivation. -This 10,000 acres will be put in cultivation -for the year 1912. It is the intention -of the prison commission (and has already -been done) to put the farms and -farm buildings in first-class condition, to -make the buildings comfortable and -healthful, to have good sanitation and -wholesome conditions and all reasonable -arrangements for the comfort of the -convicts.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>New York’s Campaign For a Farm -Colony.</i>—The “farm colony plan” has -progressed further toward success in this -year’s session of the legislature than -ever before. For several years charitable -and correctional organizations have -urged the state legislature to establish -a farm and industrial colony for tramps -and vagrants. At the present writing -the bill has passed the lower house and -is now in the order of third reading in -the senate. Governor Dix is reported to -have stated frequently his interest in -this bill.</p> - -<p>The bill, which has general interest in -all states where the farm colony plan has -been contemplated, provides for a state -industrial farm colony for the detention, -humane discipline, instruction and reformation -of male adults committed -thereto as tramps or vagrants. The colony -shall be under the control and management -of a board of seven managers, to -serve without compensation. The board -shall appoint the superintendent and -other employes, establish rules and regulations -including the classification, parole, -discharge and retaking of inmates. -The board shall, if possible, utilize lands -now owned by the state, if such lands -are suitable as a site for the state farm -colony. In case no lands now owned by -the state are found to be suitable, the -board of managers shall select a site of -not less than 500 acres. The term of detention -in the colony shall be not longer -than 18 months with the exception that -an inmate who has been manifestly committed -to an institution after the age of -16 may be detained not longer than two -years. There is no minimum term of -commitment, nor shall any person under -the age of 22 be committed to said colony. -A significant clause in the act provides -that it is the intent and meaning -of this act that reputable workmen, temporarily -out of work and seeking employment, -shall not be deemed tramps or -vagrants, nor be admitted to the said colony. -Persons committed as vagrants to -the farm shall be local charges, and those -committed as tramps shall be maintained -at the expense of the state. In no event -shall any locality be charged a greater -amount for the care of vagrants than the -actual per capita cost for their maintenance -in such state industrial farm colony.</p> - -<p>An excellent campaign of publicity has -been carried on this year for this bill by -the charity organization society, and the -association for improving the condition -of the poor in New York through their -joint application bureau. Rarely has any -bill before the legislature found so much -favor in editorials and news columns.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Hospitals for Inebriates.</i>—The special -committee of the New York Board of -Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously -reported in favor of carrying -into effect a law which provides for the -establishment of a board of inebriety and -a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City.</p> - -<p>The committee made an exhaustive investigation -of conditions before reaching -a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 -persons arrested in New York last -year and arraigned in the magistrates’ -courts on the charge of public intoxication -constituted more than one-sixth of -all the arrests made for all causes. The -records disclose that, of the 20,291 held -for trial, about 15,600 were committed -to workhouses, either directly or in default -of payment of fine. Commenting -on these and other statistics the report -says:</p> - -<p>Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very -large percentage of those who keep the -police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ -courts, and fill the workhouses and jails. -It furnishes also a very large number of -cases for treatment in our public hospitals. -Seven thousand male drunkards -are treated annually in the alcoholic -ward of Bellevue and allied hospitals. -Carefully compiled records show that in -the one year ended May 1, 1909, 498 men -were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from -four to twelve times, and that in the -course of a few years some individuals -have been treated in the alcoholic ward -over twenty times and have been committed -to the workhouse over sixty times.</p> - -<p>The committee does not overlook the -moral effects of the treatment of inebriates -under the plan which it has approved, -but it especially points out the -economic features. It finds that New -York is spending annually on Blackwell’s -Island the amount of $80,000 for -cases committed for intoxication, and in -addition there is the cost of two overflow -wards at Bellevue, amounting to -not less than $65,000 per annum. The -proportion of expenses in maintaining -magistrates’ courts chargeable to intoxication -is at least $125,000 a year, and -a large additional expense is incurred in -maintaining police officers for the city -prison and for the alcoholic wards in -hospitals. To use the language of the -report: “As a result of all these expenses -under the present system there -is a complete lack of accomplishment. -There is no pretense even that the individual -is helped; quite the contrary, he -is rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety -and is permanently fastened on -the community as an expense and as a -bad example.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The New York Times recently published -the following book review:</p> - -<p><i>Tramps in the Making.</i>—“The laboratory -method in philanthropic work has -never had more signal demonstration -than in Alice Willard Solenberger’s -“One Thousand Homeless Men,” (New -York: Charities Publication Committee, -$1.25) a study of original methods in -the true scientific manner and spirit. -The author was for four years in charge -of a district of the Chicago Bureau of -Charities and during that time compiled, -in the regular course of her work, the -statistics whose analysis and discussion -make up this work. She endeavored also -to trace the later histories of her subjects -and, whenever this was possible, -she had included it in her data. Mrs. -Solenberger’s untimely death, before she -had written the final chapter in which -she has purposed to sum up the conclusions -to which she had been led by her -long study and intimate knowledge of -the homeless-man problem, lessens somewhat -the interest of her book for the -general reader. But her analysis of her -tables of statistics and her discussions of -the inferences to be drawn from them -are so lucid and so practical that philanthropic -workers will find the volume valuable -alike for its facts and for its suggestions.”</p> - -<p>“Perhaps the most striking of the -phases of the vagrancy problem brought -out by Mrs. Solenberger’s figures is the -extent to which it is a native problem. -Of the group of confirmed tramps, more -than a fifth of the whole number of cases -studied, 76 per cent. are native born. Of -the vagrant runaway boys, nearly all -were born on American soil and of -American parents. The chapter devoted -to these boys is particularly notable for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -its sympathetic but level-headed treatment -of the causes which lead to boyish -vagrancy, of its results, and of the methods -by which it might be combined. -Among these methods she thinks the -most important would be the satisfying -of adolescent “wanderlust” by normal, -wholesome means and the closing of the -railways to vagrants.</p> - -<p>“Indeed the whole tramp problem she -believes could be well-nigh solved if vagrants -of all ages could be kept off railway -trains. It has been estimated by -several authorities, working independently, -that there are in the United States -at least half a million tramps. In her -book Mrs. Solenberger studies the genesis, -character, and previous environment -of 220, and comes to the conclusion -that in the huge army of which -these are typical examples the variations -of character and of inducing causes are -so great that they call for much variety -in methods of treatment. But the basic -characteristic of all of them is the abnormal -propensity for incessant wandering.</p> - -<p>“‘It is the mere accessibility of the -railroads, more than anything else,’ she -writes, ‘that is manufacturing tramps today. -* * * When we succeed in absolutely -closing these highways to any -but persons having a legitimate right to -be on them, we shall check at its source -the largest single contributary cause of -vagrancy, and the problem of the tramps, -as such, will practically be solved.’</p> - -<p>“She thinks the problem should be -dealt with by states, and that if several -of the most populous and most tramp-ridden -would deal with it adequately, for -which she makes a number of practical -suggestions, the rest would be driven, in -self-defense, to follow their example.</p> - -<p>“Other subjects treated by this same -scientific method of study of actual -cases, with all the preceding and following -data that could be gathered, and -then discussed in their general implications, -are chronic beggars, seasonal and -casual labor, interstate migration of -paupers, homeless old men, the crippled, -the defective, and industrial accidents. -A number of appendices contain much -statistical information and some articles -on lodging houses. The book is published -under the auspices of the Russell -Sage Foundation.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="center">Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p class="center">Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed.</p> - -<p class="center">Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY 1911 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin-top:1em; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE</div> -<div style='text-align:center;font-size:0.9em'>PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/69732-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/69732-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d8feafe..0000000 --- a/old/69732-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null |
