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diff --git a/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm b/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index b05eed1..0000000 --- a/old/69732-h/69732-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2243 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> - <meta charset="UTF-8" /> - <title> - The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover" /> - <style> /* <![CDATA[ */ - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -h1.t { - display: block; - font-size: 4em; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 0em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - letter-spacing: 0.1em; - word-spacing: 0.3em; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } - -table.titletable { border-collapse: collapse; width: 78%;} -table.titletable td, -table.titletable th { padding: 4px; } - -.trd {font-size: 1%;} - -.borderbottom {border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-collapse: collapse;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.td26 {width: 26%;} -.doubleborder {border-bottom: double black;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - text-indent: 0; -} /* page numbers */ - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -.big {font-size: 1.25em;} - -.small {font-size: 0.85em;} - -.gesperrt -{ - letter-spacing: 0.2em; - margin-right: -0.2em; -} - -em.gesperrt -{ - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepadding { - padding-left: 1em; - padding-right: 1em; -} - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.flex-container { - display: flex; - justify-content: center; -} - - /* ]]> */ -hr.border {width: 80%; margin: 0 10%;} -ul {list-style-type: none;} -ul li {line-height: 180%;} -</style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, by Various</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 7, 2023 [eBook #69732]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY 1911 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<table class="titletable"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl big">VOLUME I, No. 7.</td> - <td class="tdr big">JULY, 1911</td> - </tr> -</table> - - <h1 class="t">THE REVIEW</h1> - -<p class="center big">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE<br /> -<b>NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</b></p> - -<p class="center small">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</p> -<hr class="border" /> -<table class="titletable"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl small">TEN CENTS A COPY.</td> - <td class="tdr small">SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="border" /> - -<div class="flex-container"> -<ul class="small"> -<li>E. F. Waite, President.</li> -<li>F. Emory Lyon, Vice President.</li> -<li>O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review.</li> -<li>E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -<li>A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TOC">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class="autotable smcap"> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdr">page</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>The Farm Treatment of Misdemeanants</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_FARM_TREATMENT_OF_MISDEMEANANTS">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>What Kansas City is Doing</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHAT_KANSAS_CITY_IS_DOING">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Organization of Systems of Probation and Parole</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#ORGANIZATION_OF_SYSTEMS_OF_PROBATION">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Events in Brief</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">8</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_FARM_TREATMENT_OF_MISDEMEANANTS">THE FARM TREATMENT OF MISDEMEANANTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">JAMES F. JACKSON</p> - -<p class="center">Superintendent of Charities and Correction, Cleveland, Ohio</p> - - -<p>The old type institution for misdemeanants -failed to accomplish satisfactory -results, mental, moral and physical. -It seemed incapable of developing industry; -it was unhygienic, without classification -and with no adequate facilities -for developing a man’s will or increasing -his capacity to do right. There was -no individualism. The old workhouse -was typical of the most intensified institutionalism, -and institutionalism for an -adult is an assured failure. Neither the -arrangements of the building nor the -manner of life nor the administration -were conducive to the rehabilitation of -the man. The old type of workhouse -was constructed to avenge the wrong -and not to correct the wrong doer.</p> - -<p>When the failure of that plan was -fully recognized, people cast about for a -remedy. They saw the success and satisfaction -attending the location of charitable -institutions in the country, and the -idea of similar locations for various -types of prisons occurred to them. And -the cry against prison-made goods gave -impetus to the movement.</p> - -<p>The prison did seem to be the last -place to make real the fact that “a man’s -a man for a’ that.” But when the plowshare -and the pruning hook began to supplant -the stripes and the dungeon, people -were certain that at last the dignity -of manhood would be realized and that -life and immortality were come to light.</p> - -<p>St. Paul and Minneapolis were among -the first to adopt the farm policy. Various -other corrective institutions were established -upon farms in foreign countries -and in this country, especially within -the past twenty years. One of the -best institutions for misdemeanants thus -established was located at Witzwyl, -Switzerland, in 1891. But I wish today -to speak with particular reference -to Cleveland’s situation, its old workhouse -and its new correction farm.</p> - -<p>The Cleveland workhouse was constructed -over forty years ago on the old -lines for 500 prisoners, two miles from -the centre of the city. In 1904 and -1905, about 750 acres were purchased -by the city nine miles from its centre. -Upon this land building was commenced -several years later. Thus far there is -built only the “service building” which -at present fulfills all purposes. Ultimately, -it is to be used for storerooms, -and shops. There are also to be built -dormitories for trusties and semi-trusties, -cell-blocks for the least tractable, -kitchens, dining rooms, a chapel, women’s -industrial building, school building -and a greenhouse, all within a high -wall enclosing eleven acres. The present -intention is that the buildings and -wall shall be constructed by the labor of -inmates. Unfortunately there are no -funds in sight to proceed with this construction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p> - -<p>All commitments are made to the -original workhouse in the city. There -the women remain, but about two-fifths -of the men are transferred to the correction -farm. On a recent day the 102 -men at the correction farm were assigned -to work as follows: on construction -of the sewage disposal plant, 24; -in the stone quarry, 7; on the farm, 10; -in the garden, 7; driving teams (working -the farm and hauling material to the -filter bed), 12; care of horses and stock, -10; to work on the adjoining infirmary -farm, 10; firemen, 2; carpenter, 1; barber, -1; and in the preparation and serving -of the meals and care of the buildings -and grounds, 18. Some of these -last eighteen are unable to do heavy -work, but all have fresh air and sunshine -daily. At other times men do concreting, -making artificial stone, fertilize -and drain the land, which is not fertile, -make roads on the farm and later they -will construct the wall and buildings, -plant trees and perform every sort of -labor that will develop the land, and -cause it to be highly productive and attractive -in appearance. I also hope that -later they will make and repair the -needed wagons, tools and all the smaller -farm implements; in fact they now do -some of that work, especially the repairing.</p> - -<p>An apple orchard and much small -fruit have just been planted under the -direction of the state agricultural department. -Last year by attention to -pruning, spraying and smudge fires on -cold nights, ours was one of the few orchards -bearing fruit in all that region. -Bee culture will be introduced and scientific -forestation is to be developed. We -are about to construct a dairy barn entirely -by prison labor, that will be a -model of simplicity, sanitary construction -and efficiency for the neighboring -country.</p> - -<p>We propose that the farm shall gradually -become a model in all respects. In -fact, this year we will produce certified -milk for the city and the contagious disease -hospitals. We plan, as soon as possible, -that the correction farm shall produce -the meat, milk, vegetables and -fruit, both fresh and canned, for the entire -workhouse and the public hospitals, -while the adjoining infirmary farm will -render similar service for its own use -and that of the growing tuberculosis -sanatorium.</p> - -<p>From the standpoint of the prisoner, -the farm policy is to give to each man -the largest degree of liberty consistent -with the well-being of others. The ultimate -purpose is to employ as many -without the walls as possibly can be -trusted, and to employ out-of-doors -within the walls all the remainder except -those whose conduct imperatively -demands closest supervision.</p> - -<p>For years there will be work for all -workers, no “idle-house” in any sort of -weather or trade conditions. Every -working day from twelve to twenty men -are sent to work on the adjoining infirmary -farm. Such transfer was one -of the purposes of placing the infirmary -on a great contiguous tract of land. But -the plan works to the detriment of the -correction farm which for years and -perhaps always can use to advantage the -labor of all men committed to its care. -No key is turned on these men during -the day. The night guard and the locked -door are more to remove temptation -than to prevent escape. You realize this -when you know that all these men, instead -of sleeping in stuffy cells, sleep in -large dormitories, giving them every facility -for overpowering the night watch -and making their escape. Prisoners arrive -a typical bridewell company, drunken, -dirty, diseased and discouraged. -They go away bronzed, with regular -habits of living, accustomed to work, -with a new determination and a new -grip. Of course some fail, and return. -But we do not assume to insure immunity -against all the wiles of the world, -the flesh and the devil.</p> - -<p>Americans seem in constant search -for a cure-all. There is a great demand -for some hobby for the alert philanthropist -to ride. In their order institutionalism, -organized charity, juvenile -courts, medical charities and country life -have had their turn in the spot light. -Each is efficient but all together are not -sufficient. It is urged that if a convict -be sent out under the blue sky to breathe -God’s pure air, behold green fields and -hear the birds sing from the swaying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -boughs he will become as one of the -best citizens, especially if he digs in the -dirt. But unfortunately the country does -not afford the alchemy which converts -men into angels. This is amply attested -by the record of most diabolical crimes -committed by country-bred men who -would not know an elevator from a subway. -The farm prison is no panacea, but -it is tremendously worth while.</p> - -<p>The men do not wear stripes in either -prison. Consideration is combined with -firmness in all our dealings, for it is the -purpose that every requirement shall appeal -to the fair-minded prisoner to be -in his interest and for his benefit.</p> - -<p>From the experience of the Cleveland -correction farm several rather obvious -deductions may be made; we are dealing -with men, free moral agents, and a good -physical environment does not guarantee -their reform any more than does instruction -in good rules for living.</p> - -<p>We have learned that men are sent to -the House of Correction for a purpose. -These men have faults to be corrected. -These defects in the human mind are to -be corrected and no ordinary workhouse -sentence will effect a cure of such defects -as are hereditary or fully acquired. -There is some concealed materialism -abroad under the guise of environment, -but the rankest exponent of environment -should not expect to cure twenty -years of bad surroundings accompanied -by indifferent or bad actions even by a -ninety day period on a farm. And ninety -days is in excess of the average period -of confinement, although Cleveland -“golden rule policies” do not burden us -with five, ten or fifteen day men.</p> - -<p>Our first appeal is to their sense of -honor. Their appreciation of the confidence -reposed in them often proves a -potent influence for good. The transfer -to the farm is such an expression of -confidence. But it is given with discretion. -Hardened criminals are not sent -on distant missions unattended. In fact -they are rarely transferred to the farm.</p> - -<p>As a part of their teaching the misdemeanants -need discipline. It is necessary -to keep the men on the farm for -some time if they are to receive the -needed development, especially the men -who are sent for intoxication. Discipline -is essential to instruction whether -in the day school, the home or any other -form of education. Many of these men -are committed because of their lack of -self-control and time is required for its -development. We have learned that the -men need to be taught the habit of industry -and how to do some particular -thing well. This is for their good while -they are on the farm, and it is essential -after they return to their homes. We -have learned that not all men can be -trusted, and we believe it has a bad influence -on a man to attempt to get away, -so we make him feel the bad result when -he is caught. And the police are faithful -to help catch deserters. Personality -is a big factor; one man will accomplish -far more with and for prisoners than another.</p> - -<p>The farm does build up the body of -the anaemic; it gives a good physical -development. Moreover, the habit of -industry can very much better be taught -where results are being achieved on the -farm than where work is being done at -little or no profit in a factory. And efficiency -is better developed on the farm. -The farm has a direct physical value -and an indirect mental and moral value. -It clears a man’s mind and allows him -to think straight. It affords a foundation -for developing the spiritual structure, -though of itself it will only slightly -develop one mentally or morally. The -man is now physically well, having had -lessons in life. Here is the opportunity -to further develop his will in order that -he may do right. Looking to that end, -we have introduced the regular presentation -of the gospel in an orderly way. -We intend to teach by example, but we -need an official who shall be recognized -by the prisoners as their friend, one who -shall know them and make it his exclusive -business to help them establish the -desire to do right and aid them to be -able to fulfill that desire. This seems -one of the unsolved problems in Cleveland -and in nearly all such institutions.</p> - -<p>We have the parole system in operation, -though there is not help enough -for its most efficient execution. There -is the Brotherhood Club for the men -who have no home to which to go, established -at the suggestion of a former<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> -prisoner. There a man may stay until -he appears strong enough to live a normal -life. The club is intended to be -self-sustaining.</p> - -<p>In my opinion, the country is the -place for the misdemeanant, for the -very obvious reason that it affords plenty -of light, pure air, a variety of good -food and wide opportunity for productive -occupation for the prisoners. There, -work is purposeful, not a time-killer. -They work, eat, sleep, have recreation -and religious teaching, all under approximately -normal conditions. Every -man is treated with kindness and consideration; -discipline is not on parade. -In short, the prisoner is treated like a -man and to the extent that there is -manhood in him it will come out. The -purpose is to develop honor and faithfulness, -to accustom every man to useful -occupation and to teach him to be -effective. The officers are not armed, -they are not even called guards. In fact, -they act as teachers, foremen, or farmers -as the occasion requires.</p> - -<p>There is so much work to do in developing, -enriching and cultivating the -land, in erecting buildings, in making -roads, that every feasible labor-saving -machine is used. This of itself speaks -to the man the appreciation of his work -as a man and not a substitute for a machine.</p> - -<p>The hope is that the farming and the -making of its equipment, and incidentally -the care of the prisoners and their -quarters, will profitably occupy practically -all the available labor in such manner -as to make a man not only fit but -anxious to work. It is hoped that a large -majority will be improved and many rehabilitated -in an environment which -favors giving every man all the chance -he will use to reform. Moreover, it -will thereby be apparent that the government -is not only strong, but so merciful -and so genuine in its fatherly desire -to help each man that in turn he will -cease to be “agin” the government; that -he will turn from being a consumer to -become a producer of taxes, turn from -being his own and other’s enemy to become -a friend to men.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHAT_KANSAS_CITY_IS_DOING">WHAT KANSAS CITY IS DOING</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">E. K. BINGHAM</p> - -<p class="center">Superintendent Helping Hand Institute, Kansas City, Mo.</p> - - -<p>Kansas City made great strides toward -a better handling of its misdemeanants -when it created a new municipal -department called the Board of -Public Welfare, and placed its correctional -institutions under its control. The -board at first was appointed by the -mayor, it is self-elective and some of its -members were social workers, some -broad-minded business men, and its first -president was a most excellent organizer, -a philanthropist and a man of great -personal devotion to the cause of humanity.</p> - -<p>The newspapers unanimously supported -its policies and consequently it -received the popular indorsement which -freed it from political handicaps. These -facts have been the combination which -accomplished results which were unusual -in its less than two years existence. -Its pivotal activity has been a -farm colony (which of course we all -agree is the indispensable feature of effective -correctional work). Of course, -also, like other farms, it builds up the -under-nourished, gives care to the -physically unfit, and also, whether by -farm work or in learning a trade, the -work habit which is acquired helps -largely in rekindling the spark of ambition -in the man whom repeated failure -has utterly robbed of the power of initiation -and confidence in himself. Another -help is that no man is ever released -penniless, but is allowed to earn -something during the last few days of -his imprisonment. But the greatest factor -which has contributed to a more successful -handling of cases has been the -emphasis placed upon the individual -man. A careful personal record system -with daily notations of a prisoner’s conduct -and facts concerning his mental,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -moral and physical condition permits a -scrutiny and a kind of helpfulness otherwise -impossible.</p> - -<p>The records also are examined by a -parole committee of three members -which meets weekly and recommends -certain paroles to be acted upon by the -Board of Welfare. A representative of -the parole committee visits the “holdovers” -at five o’clock each morning, -talks with each prisoner, and makes out -record cards which are taken into the -municipal court by this same representative, -who, sitting beside the judge, is -frequently asked for information when -prisoners are brought in, his record -often deciding the sentence imposed.</p> - -<p>Forty-six per cent. of the commitments -for 1910 were paroled—or 1,660 -persons—of whom 150 were returned to -custody. Nine parole officers confirm -the records by weekly visits to the -homes or places of employment, and a -woman friendly visitor looks after the -needs of prisoners’ families during their -imprisonment and also during the prisoner’s -parole. From non-support paroled -men $8,346.21 was collected and -paid over to the dependent families.</p> - -<p>During the past winter it occurred to -me that the city needed an inspector of -the unemployed, a policeman without a -club, who should go every day among -the homeless men in the lodging houses, -saloons and on the street and talk with -them, directing them to pay jobs if possible, -or if not, directing them to the -municipal quarries in the parks, which -were operated to provide work to the -unemployed, for 150 to 340 men a day -earning meal and lodging tickets there -at the usual rate paid for rock cracking. -Or if the man was found to be making -no effort to find work, after several days -this officer, being familiar with the -facts, could arrest for vagrancy. This -idea was suggested to a police commissioner -and an inspector of the unemployed -was appointed. In addition to -the above duties, he goes into municipal -court each day, appearing as an advocate -of many homeless men, a class so -often unjustly accused and arrested on -circumstantial evidence. His desk is in -the employment office which is financed -by the Board of Welfare, but is managed -by and is in the Helping Hand Institute -(a private charity which the -Board of Welfare uses as a municipal -lodging house for meals and lodging for -all dependent cases.) The seven hundred -men per day who lodge there are -practically under the eye of this inspector -of the unemployed, and the deterrent -effect for the misdemeanant is evident.</p> - -<p>Among other classes of misdemeanants -that Kansas City is reaching is the -lodging house keeper, his misdeeds being -brought to light by the housing inspection -now in progress.</p> - -<p>The endorsement of the Charities Bureau, -or rather the lack of its endorsement, -is eliminating the unwise free -soup charities and the soliciting frauds—these -are of course among the very -harmful offenders because of the shiftlessness -which they promote. At the -suggestion of this Bureau the police -have stopped the practice of women soliciting -money in saloons.</p> - -<p>Another class is handled by the Recreation -Department of the Board of Welfare, -as evidenced by the dance hall inspection. -For every public dance a -license must be secured from this recreation -department. This department -then sends an inspector to each dance to -learn if all its rules are being observed. -These inspectors also keep a sharp lookout -for young girls and learn their -names and addresses. These names are -turned over the next morning to the -supervisor of police matrons who sends -one of her assistants to call on the parents -of the girl to inform them where -their daughter was the evening previous. -Many times the parents had not known -of the facts, or had been deceived by -the girls. Such supervision can but -bring about good results.</p> - -<p>The Free Legal Aid Bureau averages -about 400 cases per month, prosecutes -wife deserters and has brought them in -many instances home from other states. -The Welfare Loan Agency during its -few months of existence has eliminated -several of those detestable misdemeanants, -loan sharks.</p> - -<p>Perhaps I’ve spoken of many more -varieties of law-breakers than Dr. Lewis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -had in mind when he asked me to speak -a few moments on this subject, but it -was hard not to go a little further and -mention these different agencies which -are making some degree of progress -along this line in Kansas City.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ORGANIZATION_OF_SYSTEMS_OF_PROBATION">ORGANIZATION OF SYSTEMS OF PROBATION -AND PAROLE</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">CHARLES A. DE COWRCY</p> - -<p class="center">Judge of the Superior Court, Massachusetts</p> - - -<p>The two essentials of success in probation -work are:—judges who have an -intelligent and sympathetic interest in -the problem, and probation officers fitted -by temperament and training to secure -the best possible results.</p> - -<p>To further define these essentials, we -need judges who will not discredit the -system by extending probation to persons -not likely to profit by it, and who -will apply it wherever it can be done -with due regard to the protection of the -community, and where the past history -and present disposition of the person investigated -indicate that he may reasonably -be expected to reform without punishment. -And we need probation officers -who possess not only sympathy -and zeal, but knowledge of human nature, -tact, firmness and patience.</p> - -<p>How shall we secure such judges and -officers? The active friends of probation -can influence public opinion in the -election or appointment of persons able -and willing to consider probation on its -merits. It is such a human problem that -it is difficult to conceive of a man otherwise -fitted for judicial position who will -not apply probation with intelligent sympathy -when its possibilities are called to -his attention.</p> - -<p>But much can be done to secure uniform -standards and improved methods -by conferences among the judges, and -between them and the probation commission -of the State. These conferences -also enable those judges who have a -whole-souled interest in the work to enkindle -the enthusiasm of their associates. -This is all the more important in -the states where the judges appoint the -probation officers.</p> - -<p>How to secure suitable probation officers -is the most important problem in -the probation system. In states where -judges are appointed for life, as in -Massachusetts, the method of appointment -by the judge under whom the officer -acts has worked well. But even -here are found some judges, happily few -in number, who persist in retaining officers -little adapted for the work. Where -judges persist in such conduct, after being -shown its blighting effect on probation -work in their district, it is usually -because the judge himself takes no interest -in probation. To prevent such injustice, -no appointment of a probation -officer by a judge should be effective -until the state probation commission, -after proper examination, certifies that -the candidate is qualified properly to -perform the duties of the office.</p> - -<p>The New York system of a civil service -examination, specially adapted for -probation duties, has much to recommend -it. Whatever the method of selection, -no person should be appointed -who does not secure the approval of the -state board; and the board might well -be given power of removal, after a hearing, -upon written charges.</p> - -<p>In the organization of a system of -probation an essential element is a central -state board. As probation is a part -of the judicial system, I favor the Massachusetts -method of having the members -of the board appointed by the chief -justice of the superior or trial court. -And if a majority of its members are -judges, the efforts of the board are most -likely to secure the co-operation of the -judges throughout the state.</p> - -<p>The state board should have power to -prescribe forms of records and reports, -to suggest uniform and efficient methods -of work by the officers, and promote -co-ordination among them; and, in general, -it should have ample authority to -supervise the probation work throughout -the state. Where this central board -has also authority in the matter of appointments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -and removals above mentioned, -the organization of the probation -system seems complete. In order -to maintain a high standard of probation -work, the executive officer of the -state board should periodically investigate -the work of every probation officer; -and there should be frequent conferences -of the judges and of the probation -officers conducted by members of the -state board.</p> - -<p>As to the organization of a parole system—for -the present the machinery of -the probation system might well be utilized -for this work. The vital point in -parole work is the appointment of a suitable -board to determine to whom and -when parole shall be granted, and on -what terms. This question is closely -associated with the indeterminate sentence -and state control of prisons. I -have not had sufficient experience with -parole problems to make specific recommendations.</p> - -<p>We should agree upon the meaning -of our terms. Probation and parole are -often used synonymously, while, in fact, -authorities and prison officials recognize -a distinction. Probation applies to one -conditionally released after conviction -but before entering upon his sentence. -Parole is understood to be the conditional -release of a prisoner from an institution -after the serving of sentence -has been begun.</p> - -<p>In Indiana the law authorizes the -board of trustees acting as a parole -board, or the Governor, to release on -parole persons who have been confined -under commitment in five institutions: -the State Prison, the Reformatory, the -Woman’s Prison, Girls’ School and -Boys’ School; to all of these, sentences -are in effect indeterminate except for -murder or treason. Prisoners so released -are under supervision and accurate -records are kept.</p> - -<p>The Indiana probation law applies in -three different ways, respectively, to -felons, to misdemeanors, to juvenile delinquents. -A person who is convicted -of a felony is sentenced to a state prison -or a reformatory. Sentence may be suspended -and he be released on probation. -The committal is sent to the institution -to which he is committed and he is -placed under the supervision of the -agents of that institution exactly the -same as if he were paroled therefrom.</p> - -<p>If the offense is a misdemeanor, the -court may suspend judgment and release -the offender upon such terms and conditions -as in his judgment and discretion -seem right and proper. The prisoner -is placed under the supervision of -the probation officer authorized in each -county by the juvenile court law or -under the oversight of some other probation -officer designated by the court. -In either case the law makes proper provision -for such subsequent action by the -court as the behavior of the convicted -person merits.</p> - -<p>The juvenile court law provides for -a juvenile court in every county in the -state. There is a special juvenile court -in Marion County, containing the city -of Indianapolis. In all other counties -the judge of the circuit court is ex-officio -the judge of the juvenile court. -Provision is made for the appointment -of at least one paid probation officer in -every county and for such volunteer officers -as will agree to perform the service -without pay.</p> - -<p>Juvenile delinquents may be released -by the court upon probation and placed -under the care of these officers. They -make reports to the Board of State -Charities. They should understand -thoroughly that their work should properly -be divided into three phases: (1) -before the trial; (2) at the trial; (3) -after the trial. The first contemplates a -complete investigation of the child’s history. -It should include everything that -can be learned of it and its surroundings. -The second involves presenting to -the court all learned facts together with -the conclusions and recommendations of -the officer. The third contemplates -complete supervision of the child after it -is released upon probation. It is not -necessary to state that in all this the -best interests of the child alone should -determine the action to be taken. What -has been worked out in one place and -another as to the best methods and practice -in the case of children is being applied -to adults who are subjects for probation. -Our experience is now great -enough to enable us to say that many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -men and women offenders can be reclaimed -to useful lives without imprisonment, -by correct probationary treatment.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> -</div> - -<p>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</p> - - -<p><i>Immigration and Crime.</i>—That lax -immigration laws are to a great degree -responsible for many of the -criminal cases calling for the attention -of the courts, is the opinion of Major -Richard Sylvester, of Washington, D. -C., president of the international association -of police chiefs, which held its -nineteenth annual convention in Rochester -in June. Several years ago the -association memorialized Congress to define -anarchy and more carefully restrict -undesirable immigration.</p> - -<p>Referring to the large number of alien -criminals, Major Sylvester said: “Many -of these subjects come from climates -where capital punishment does not prevail, -where the least respect for law and -life is had. If certificates of good character -from the authorities at places of -departure in foreign lands and a year’s -means of support were made legal requirements -for presentation at our doors -by each individual, the disadvantages -might not be so great or so many.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Hospitals For Inebriates.</i>—The special -committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment -has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides -for the establishment of a board of -inebriety and a hospital and industrial -colony for inebriates for New York City.</p> - -<p>The committee made an exhaustive investigation -of conditions before reaching -a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 -persons arrested in New York last -year and arraigned in the magistrates’ -courts on the charge of public intoxication -constituted more than one-sixth of -all the arrests made for all causes. The -records disclose that, of the 20,291 held -for trial, about 15,600 were committed to -workhouses, either directly or in default -of payment of fine. Commenting on -these and other statistics the report says:</p> - -<p>Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very -large percentage of those who keep the -police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ -courts, and fill the workhouses and jails. -It furnishes also a very large number of -cases for treatment in our public hospitals. -Seven thousand male drunkards -are treated annually in the alcoholic ward -of Bellevue and allied hospitals. Carefully -compiled records show that in the -one year ended May 1, 1909, 498 men -were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from -four to twelve times, and that in the -course of a few years some individuals -have been treated in the alcoholic ward -over twenty times and have been committed -to the workhouse over sixty -times.</p> - -<p>The committee does not overlook the -moral effects of the treatment of inebriates -under the plan which it has approved, -but it especially points out the -economic features. It finds that New -York is spending annually on Blackwell’s -Island the amount of $80,000 for -cases committed for intoxication, and in -addition there is the cost of two overflow -wards at Bellevue, amounting to -not less than $65,000 per annum. The -proportion of expenses in maintaining -magistrates’ courts chargeable to intoxication -is at least $125,000 a year, and -a large additional expense is incurred -in maintaining police officers for the city -prison and for the alcoholic wards in -hospitals. To use the language of the -report: “As a result of all these expenses -under the present system there is -a complete lack of accomplishment. There -is no pretense even that the individual -is helped; quite the contrary, he is rather -confirmed in his habits of inebriety and -is permanently fastened on the community -as an expense and as a bad example.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>A Prison Farm Proposed for Iowa.</i>—According -to the Dubuque, Iowa, Telegraph-Herald, -Warden Marquis Barr -of the Iowa State Reformatory, is of -the opinion that it would be a wise move<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -for the state to purchase a large farm -and work the prisoners upon it, turning -the money which they make over to their -respective families. He declares that -this age must solve the great problem -of justly punishing a man for his wrongs -without at the same time taking from -his family its only means of support.</p> - -<p>The logical thing for a state to do is -to purchase a farm of about a thousand -acres, with barracks for the prisoners to -eat and sleep in. Over one-third of the -men in the prisons of Iowa could be -set to work upon this farm, raising grains -and garden truck. They could be paid -a certain wage and board in the same -manner as the farmer pays his hired -help, but every cent of these earnings -should be turned over to the wife and -children of the man who earns it. Not a -penny should be given to him.</p> - -<p>Warden Barr also said that he believed -that if men knew that they would be -compelled to work and work hard at a -fair wage without themselves getting a -penny of it, that there would be less -crime. Many men during the fall commit -crimes solely for the purpose of getting -a warm place to stay during the -winter and three good meals per day. -They allow their families to shift for -themselves. For the state to encourage -this sort of a thing Mr. Barr says is absolutely -wrong.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Charting Juvenile Crime.</i>—The juvenile -court of Detroit is reported -to be greatly assisted in its campaign -of saving girls and boys, by a -chart which shows how many children -are under the watchful care of the judge -and his probation and truant officers, -and how crime recedes and advances -among the young at different seasons of -the year; also what effect a big convention -has on the city’s morality, and how -greatly parks and playgrounds help in -the fight for decency.</p> - -<p>The 600 boys and 170 girls are represented -on the chart by cloth-headed tacks -of different colors: red for bad boys, -blue for bad girls, and white for children -who are only truants or neglected. Each -tack bears a bit of cardboard with a -number which refers one to a filing cabinet -where may be found the entire record -of the boy or girl. Little groups of -dots on the chart show where the gangs -are, and indicate that bad boys are more -gregarious than bad girls, who usually -go alone or in couples. The chart also -shows more plainly than any magazine -article the evil results of congestion. The -probation officers are not using this chart -as an interesting sort of game, but as a -valuable aid in their work for good citizenship.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>London’s Beggar Army.</i>—Walter -Weyl, a well-known writer on social -and economic subjects, has the following -to say in the “National Post” on -London’s army of the unemployed. It is -of special significance to Americans who -are facing the impending problems of -vagrancy and mendicancy in urban centers.</p> - -<p>“As I started to call a cab,” writes -Walter Weyl, “suddenly there arose out -of the darkness, as though evoked by -some Aladdins lamp, four tattered, pale-faced -men of the underworld. The four -sprang forward to render me this slight -service. One, quicker than his fellows, -tore open the cab door and received his -penny. Then the men vanished, slinking -into the gray mist.</p> - -<p>“Whence come these men? What -manner of city was this that wasted able-bodied -men on so paltry a task?</p> - -<p>“Later that evening, when in the crossing -currents of the streets, my cab came -to a halt, I caught another fleeting glance -at London misery. A naked, dirt-caked -arm, thrust from a sleeveless coat, -touched my shoulder; a haggard face -peered into the cab window, and a voice -harsh with anxiety asked, ‘Can I ’ave -the luggage, sir?’ As the cab wound -through the mazes of the London traffic, -I saw this tattered man doggedly -running behind us. Not once did he lose -sight of the cab. At the hotel he was -waiting, breathless.</p> - -<p>“‘It’s mine, sir,’ he panted. ‘You -promised me the luggage, sir.’</p> - -<p>“For the chance of earning a shilling -at work which did not need him, this -wretched man had followed me through -tortuous miles of London streets. What -a city it was!</p> - -<p>“I did not wish to see deeper into this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -abyss,” writes Mr. Weyl. “I had not -come to England to view bottomless -misery. But what is everywhere cannot -be hid. On the following days I saw in -street after street workless, homeless -miserable men with broken shoes and -dropping rags of clothes. I saw abject -women, with trailing, bedraggled skirts, -and with a flat sterile vacancy of expression, -more tragic than despair. There -were drunken men, too, and sodden -women, and files of men—or of what -had once been men—waiting outside bakers’ -and butchers’ shops for crusts and -refuse. The halt, the blind, the unemployed, -the shifty beggars, and the -wretches too timid to beg, passed in an -unending procession. Long before sunset -the lines had been formed for admission -to the casual wards of the almshouses.</p> - -<p>“‘It’s deplorable,’ commented my English -friend (he was a doctor with a fashionable -practice and aristocratic pro-possessions), -‘still every country has its poverty. -Even in the States——’</p> - -<p>“‘Yes,’ I admitted, ‘It is not for us -to throw stones.’</p> - -<p>“Later, however, as on our silent -homeward walk I summed up all the dismal -impressions of the day. I began to -feel that after all there was a difference. -American poverty was overwhelming, -but it was not everywhere, and it was not -so hopeless. Men did escape from American -slums, and their children escaped.</p> - -<p>“But the English slum was a prison, -in which the fallen man and his children -and grandchildren rotted. There was a -droop, a sagging to these people; an inexpressible -indifference to surroundings, -an utter self-abandonment. You could -seek out poverty anywhere, but in London -it obtruded itself—stark, menacing, -unescapable, like the naked, dirt-caked -arm of the superfluous wretch who had -followed my hansom.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Prisoners to Build Roads.</i>—It is -an assured fact, according to the New -Orleans Picayune, that a model road -built by convict labor will be constructed -connecting New Orleans with Kenner. -This will take off four miles from the -present railroad and other routes to this -thriving section.</p> - -<p>The state board of engineers will -make the surveys as soon as possible -and once started the work will be rapidly -pushed.</p> - -<p>Nothing but the best material will be -used, and the drainage of the roadway -will be given attention. It is expected -either shells or some other substantial -“topping” will be put on the thoroughfare.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>New Jersey Adopts the State-Use Plan.</i>—By -the signing by Governor Wilson, -the bill abolishing the present system of -convict labor at the termination of the -existing state prison contracts, all convict -labor in the state and county prisons -in New Jersey may be employed in the -manufacture of articles for use in the -institutions of the state and its subdivisions. -The convicts are to be employed -for nine hours, except on Sundays and -public holidays. They may be employed -in the construction or repair of prison -institutions, and the labor of the convicts -must be so directed as to produce “the -greatest amount of actual product of -articles and supplies” for all state and -local institutions, the buildings and departments -or offices of the state, “or in -any public institution or department -owned, managed and controlled by the -state or public sub-division thereof.” -Convicts may be employed in agriculture, -horticulture and floriculture, and “all -surplus product of this convict labor is -to be disposed of at public sale to the -highest bidder.” The new law extends -the prison labor system from the state -prison to all county prisons, and makes -city and county departments, offices and -institutions, as well as the state institutions, -its beneficiaries. The sum of 50 -cents a day is to be paid to the families -of the convicts.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Parole in Maryland.</i>—That Maryland -will save at least $5,000 a -year in earnings through the institution -of the modern practice of paroling -prisoners is stated by Charles D. Reid, -of the Maryland Prisoners’ Aid Society. -Heretofore in Maryland the practice has -been but seldom resorted to in this state, -with the result, says Mr. Reid, of failure -to suppress crime, loss to the state<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -and failure to encourage right living -among the criminal class.</p> - -<p>“Last year,” said Mr. Reid, “the -amount of money taken in by fathers of -families who have been paroled and thus -saved in resource to the state was only -$600. The parole system was then -started by arrangement between Judge -Duffy and myself. Already in one month -$400 has been saved and the prospects -are that at least $5,000 will be saved during -the year.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Uncle Sam and His Delinquents.</i>—According -to the Meriden (Conn.) -Journal, modern and advanced ideas upon -penology will be introduced into the army -method of handling garrison prisoners, -according to orders just issued by Major -General Leonard Wood, chief of -staff. The new regulations will not apply -to military convicts, but only to those -sentenced to confinement and hard labor -without being discharged from the service.</p> - -<p>The purpose behind the new regulations -is to give the prisoner every opportunity -to make good, instead of discouraging -all effort toward good behavior. -Under the new orders, garrison prisoners -will be allowed an abatement of five -days of their terms of confinement for -each period of twenty-five days of good -conduct, when serving sentences of one -month and not more than three months. -On sentences exceeding three months -they will be allowed the five days’ abatement -for the first month, and thereafter -ten days abatement for each period of -twenty days’ good conduct. Abatements -thus authorized may be forfeited wholly -or in part by subsequent misconduct.</p> - -<p>A garrison prisoner who has served -one half of a sentence of ten days or -more, according to the new orders, may -submit a request to be put on probation -for the remainder of the sentence, and if -his request is granted, may be restored -to duty on condition that if his conduct -is not good while on probation he will -be required to serve the remainder of his -sentence.</p> - -<p>The new orders also make important -changes in the methods of working garrison -prisoners at military posts. These -changes have been outlined in the following -letter, sent to the commanders of the -several departments:</p> - -<p>“The present system of working prisoners -under sentinels conveys a false impression -as to the character of the prisoners, -gives the public the erroneous idea -that the army is full of bad characters -requiring forcible handling, is injurious -to the self-respect of the prisoners, discourages -enlistments, and lowers the military -service in public opinion. In addition -to these objections, the system constitutes -a heavy drain upon the command -furnishing the necessary guard.</p> - -<p>“It is deemed advisable and in the interests -of the service, to adopt a different -method of handling these garrison prisoners -who are confined for comparatively -short periods of time, to the end -that the fewest practicable number of -prisoners may be required to work under -guard.</p> - -<p>“It is therefore directed that as far as -is practicable, as may be determined by -post commanders in accordance with the -above policy, garrison prisoners will be -paroled for work under the general supervision -of the officer or non-commissioned -officer in charge of prisoners; and -that prisoners whose character of offenses -are of such a nature as to require -that they be kept under armed guard -shall be assigned tasks, as far as practicable, -which will make the presence in -the service of this class of men as little -conspicuous as possible.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Convicts to Build Road.</i>—“The State -of Utah,” according to a statement -of Major M. P. Hackett, of Ogden, -“is going to build an improved highway, -500 miles in length, stretching -clear across Utah to Idaho at one end, -and to the Arizona boundary at the -other. The road is to be built entirely -<i>with</i> convict labor, in accordance with a -late law authorizing such use of the -felons.</p> - -<p>“But there is a humane side to the -enterprise, that may well be copied by -other states. For every day’s work performed -by the men each will have one -day subtracted from his sentence. To a -convict who is in for a long time this -deduction is of big importance and it will -be a great inducement for them to toil<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -cheerfully and to the best of their ability.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>A Report From Texas Prisons.</i>—A -statement has been recently made by -Ben. E. Cabell, chairman of the board -of prison commissioners of Texas, that -at this time Texas has between 600 -and 700 prisoners at Huntsville and Rusk -within the walls, and about 1,100 on her -own state farms. About 1,000 are on -share farms, where the state supplies the -labor and gets part of the crop.</p> - -<p>“At the beginning of the year about -800 convicts were being worked on farms -and railroads. Within the last thirty -days the railroad contracts have expired -and have not been renewed. Some of -the men were moved within the walls and -others sent to the farms owned by the -state. The present commissioners are in -thorough harmony with Gov. Colquitt, -who made it known that he wanted the -contract and share farm system abolished -as soon as practicable, and that all the -convicts should be worked on state account. -To this end the prison commissioners -gave notice to all whose contracts -expired with the end of this year that -the contracts would not be renewed. This -will leave very few men on share farms -and none on contracts at the end of this -year.</p> - -<p>“The state has about 10,000 acres of -land beside the 17,000 now in cultivation. -This 10,000 acres will be put in cultivation -for the year 1912. It is the intention -of the prison commission (and has already -been done) to put the farms and -farm buildings in first-class condition, to -make the buildings comfortable and -healthful, to have good sanitation and -wholesome conditions and all reasonable -arrangements for the comfort of the -convicts.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>New York’s Campaign For a Farm -Colony.</i>—The “farm colony plan” has -progressed further toward success in this -year’s session of the legislature than -ever before. For several years charitable -and correctional organizations have -urged the state legislature to establish -a farm and industrial colony for tramps -and vagrants. At the present writing -the bill has passed the lower house and -is now in the order of third reading in -the senate. Governor Dix is reported to -have stated frequently his interest in -this bill.</p> - -<p>The bill, which has general interest in -all states where the farm colony plan has -been contemplated, provides for a state -industrial farm colony for the detention, -humane discipline, instruction and reformation -of male adults committed -thereto as tramps or vagrants. The colony -shall be under the control and management -of a board of seven managers, to -serve without compensation. The board -shall appoint the superintendent and -other employes, establish rules and regulations -including the classification, parole, -discharge and retaking of inmates. -The board shall, if possible, utilize lands -now owned by the state, if such lands -are suitable as a site for the state farm -colony. In case no lands now owned by -the state are found to be suitable, the -board of managers shall select a site of -not less than 500 acres. The term of detention -in the colony shall be not longer -than 18 months with the exception that -an inmate who has been manifestly committed -to an institution after the age of -16 may be detained not longer than two -years. There is no minimum term of -commitment, nor shall any person under -the age of 22 be committed to said colony. -A significant clause in the act provides -that it is the intent and meaning -of this act that reputable workmen, temporarily -out of work and seeking employment, -shall not be deemed tramps or -vagrants, nor be admitted to the said colony. -Persons committed as vagrants to -the farm shall be local charges, and those -committed as tramps shall be maintained -at the expense of the state. In no event -shall any locality be charged a greater -amount for the care of vagrants than the -actual per capita cost for their maintenance -in such state industrial farm colony.</p> - -<p>An excellent campaign of publicity has -been carried on this year for this bill by -the charity organization society, and the -association for improving the condition -of the poor in New York through their -joint application bureau. Rarely has any -bill before the legislature found so much -favor in editorials and news columns.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>Hospitals for Inebriates.</i>—The special -committee of the New York Board of -Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously -reported in favor of carrying -into effect a law which provides for the -establishment of a board of inebriety and -a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City.</p> - -<p>The committee made an exhaustive investigation -of conditions before reaching -a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 -persons arrested in New York last -year and arraigned in the magistrates’ -courts on the charge of public intoxication -constituted more than one-sixth of -all the arrests made for all causes. The -records disclose that, of the 20,291 held -for trial, about 15,600 were committed -to workhouses, either directly or in default -of payment of fine. Commenting -on these and other statistics the report -says:</p> - -<p>Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very -large percentage of those who keep the -police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ -courts, and fill the workhouses and jails. -It furnishes also a very large number of -cases for treatment in our public hospitals. -Seven thousand male drunkards -are treated annually in the alcoholic -ward of Bellevue and allied hospitals. -Carefully compiled records show that in -the one year ended May 1, 1909, 498 men -were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from -four to twelve times, and that in the -course of a few years some individuals -have been treated in the alcoholic ward -over twenty times and have been committed -to the workhouse over sixty times.</p> - -<p>The committee does not overlook the -moral effects of the treatment of inebriates -under the plan which it has approved, -but it especially points out the -economic features. It finds that New -York is spending annually on Blackwell’s -Island the amount of $80,000 for -cases committed for intoxication, and in -addition there is the cost of two overflow -wards at Bellevue, amounting to -not less than $65,000 per annum. The -proportion of expenses in maintaining -magistrates’ courts chargeable to intoxication -is at least $125,000 a year, and -a large additional expense is incurred in -maintaining police officers for the city -prison and for the alcoholic wards in -hospitals. To use the language of the -report: “As a result of all these expenses -under the present system there -is a complete lack of accomplishment. -There is no pretense even that the individual -is helped; quite the contrary, he -is rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety -and is permanently fastened on -the community as an expense and as a -bad example.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The New York Times recently published -the following book review:</p> - -<p><i>Tramps in the Making.</i>—“The laboratory -method in philanthropic work has -never had more signal demonstration -than in Alice Willard Solenberger’s -“One Thousand Homeless Men,” (New -York: Charities Publication Committee, -$1.25) a study of original methods in -the true scientific manner and spirit. -The author was for four years in charge -of a district of the Chicago Bureau of -Charities and during that time compiled, -in the regular course of her work, the -statistics whose analysis and discussion -make up this work. She endeavored also -to trace the later histories of her subjects -and, whenever this was possible, -she had included it in her data. Mrs. -Solenberger’s untimely death, before she -had written the final chapter in which -she has purposed to sum up the conclusions -to which she had been led by her -long study and intimate knowledge of -the homeless-man problem, lessens somewhat -the interest of her book for the -general reader. But her analysis of her -tables of statistics and her discussions of -the inferences to be drawn from them -are so lucid and so practical that philanthropic -workers will find the volume valuable -alike for its facts and for its suggestions.”</p> - -<p>“Perhaps the most striking of the -phases of the vagrancy problem brought -out by Mrs. Solenberger’s figures is the -extent to which it is a native problem. -Of the group of confirmed tramps, more -than a fifth of the whole number of cases -studied, 76 per cent. are native born. Of -the vagrant runaway boys, nearly all -were born on American soil and of -American parents. The chapter devoted -to these boys is particularly notable for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -its sympathetic but level-headed treatment -of the causes which lead to boyish -vagrancy, of its results, and of the methods -by which it might be combined. -Among these methods she thinks the -most important would be the satisfying -of adolescent “wanderlust” by normal, -wholesome means and the closing of the -railways to vagrants.</p> - -<p>“Indeed the whole tramp problem she -believes could be well-nigh solved if vagrants -of all ages could be kept off railway -trains. It has been estimated by -several authorities, working independently, -that there are in the United States -at least half a million tramps. In her -book Mrs. Solenberger studies the genesis, -character, and previous environment -of 220, and comes to the conclusion -that in the huge army of which -these are typical examples the variations -of character and of inducing causes are -so great that they call for much variety -in methods of treatment. But the basic -characteristic of all of them is the abnormal -propensity for incessant wandering.</p> - -<p>“‘It is the mere accessibility of the -railroads, more than anything else,’ she -writes, ‘that is manufacturing tramps today. -* * * When we succeed in absolutely -closing these highways to any -but persons having a legitimate right to -be on them, we shall check at its source -the largest single contributary cause of -vagrancy, and the problem of the tramps, -as such, will practically be solved.’</p> - -<p>“She thinks the problem should be -dealt with by states, and that if several -of the most populous and most tramp-ridden -would deal with it adequately, for -which she makes a number of practical -suggestions, the rest would be driven, in -self-defense, to follow their example.</p> - -<p>“Other subjects treated by this same -scientific method of study of actual -cases, with all the preceding and following -data that could be gathered, and -then discussed in their general implications, -are chronic beggars, seasonal and -casual labor, interstate migration of -paupers, homeless old men, the crippled, -the defective, and industrial accidents. -A number of appendices contain much -statistical information and some articles -on lodging houses. The book is published -under the auspices of the Russell -Sage Foundation.”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="center">Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p class="center">Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed.</p> - -<p class="center">Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY 1911 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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