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diff --git a/old/69732-0.txt b/old/69732-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a1526ba..0000000 --- a/old/69732-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1404 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911, -by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Review, Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: January 7, 2023 [eBook #69732] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Franciszek Skawiński and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust - Digital Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, -JULY 1911 *** - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - -Table of contents was created by the transcriber and is hereby -placed in the public domain. - -Obvious errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed. - -Any inconsistencies in spelling have been retained. - - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 7. JULY, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE - NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee. - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - - - - -CONTENTS - - PAGE - The Farm Treatment of Misdemeanants 1 - What Kansas City is Doing 4 - Organization of Systems of Probation - and Parole 6 - Events in Brief 8 - - - - -THE FARM TREATMENT OF MISDEMEANANTS - -JAMES F. JACKSON - -Superintendent of Charities and Correction, Cleveland, Ohio - - -The old type institution for misdemeanants failed to accomplish -satisfactory results, mental, moral and physical. It seemed incapable -of developing industry; it was unhygienic, without classification -and with no adequate facilities for developing a man’s will or -increasing his capacity to do right. There was no individualism. The -old workhouse was typical of the most intensified institutionalism, -and institutionalism for an adult is an assured failure. Neither -the arrangements of the building nor the manner of life nor the -administration were conducive to the rehabilitation of the man. The -old type of workhouse was constructed to avenge the wrong and not to -correct the wrong doer. - -When the failure of that plan was fully recognized, people cast about -for a remedy. They saw the success and satisfaction attending the -location of charitable institutions in the country, and the idea of -similar locations for various types of prisons occurred to them. And -the cry against prison-made goods gave impetus to the movement. - -The prison did seem to be the last place to make real the fact that “a -man’s a man for a’ that.” But when the plowshare and the pruning hook -began to supplant the stripes and the dungeon, people were certain that -at last the dignity of manhood would be realized and that life and -immortality were come to light. - -St. Paul and Minneapolis were among the first to adopt the farm policy. -Various other corrective institutions were established upon farms in -foreign countries and in this country, especially within the past -twenty years. One of the best institutions for misdemeanants thus -established was located at Witzwyl, Switzerland, in 1891. But I wish -today to speak with particular reference to Cleveland’s situation, its -old workhouse and its new correction farm. - -The Cleveland workhouse was constructed over forty years ago on the old -lines for 500 prisoners, two miles from the centre of the city. In 1904 -and 1905, about 750 acres were purchased by the city nine miles from -its centre. Upon this land building was commenced several years later. -Thus far there is built only the “service building” which at present -fulfills all purposes. Ultimately, it is to be used for storerooms, -and shops. There are also to be built dormitories for trusties and -semi-trusties, cell-blocks for the least tractable, kitchens, dining -rooms, a chapel, women’s industrial building, school building and a -greenhouse, all within a high wall enclosing eleven acres. The present -intention is that the buildings and wall shall be constructed by the -labor of inmates. Unfortunately there are no funds in sight to proceed -with this construction. - -All commitments are made to the original workhouse in the city. There -the women remain, but about two-fifths of the men are transferred to -the correction farm. On a recent day the 102 men at the correction -farm were assigned to work as follows: on construction of the sewage -disposal plant, 24; in the stone quarry, 7; on the farm, 10; in the -garden, 7; driving teams (working the farm and hauling material to -the filter bed), 12; care of horses and stock, 10; to work on the -adjoining infirmary farm, 10; firemen, 2; carpenter, 1; barber, 1; and -in the preparation and serving of the meals and care of the buildings -and grounds, 18. Some of these last eighteen are unable to do heavy -work, but all have fresh air and sunshine daily. At other times men -do concreting, making artificial stone, fertilize and drain the land, -which is not fertile, make roads on the farm and later they will -construct the wall and buildings, plant trees and perform every sort of -labor that will develop the land, and cause it to be highly productive -and attractive in appearance. I also hope that later they will make and -repair the needed wagons, tools and all the smaller farm implements; in -fact they now do some of that work, especially the repairing. - -An apple orchard and much small fruit have just been planted under the -direction of the state agricultural department. Last year by attention -to pruning, spraying and smudge fires on cold nights, ours was one of -the few orchards bearing fruit in all that region. Bee culture will -be introduced and scientific forestation is to be developed. We are -about to construct a dairy barn entirely by prison labor, that will be -a model of simplicity, sanitary construction and efficiency for the -neighboring country. - -We propose that the farm shall gradually become a model in all -respects. In fact, this year we will produce certified milk for -the city and the contagious disease hospitals. We plan, as soon as -possible, that the correction farm shall produce the meat, milk, -vegetables and fruit, both fresh and canned, for the entire workhouse -and the public hospitals, while the adjoining infirmary farm will -render similar service for its own use and that of the growing -tuberculosis sanatorium. - -From the standpoint of the prisoner, the farm policy is to give to each -man the largest degree of liberty consistent with the well-being of -others. The ultimate purpose is to employ as many without the walls as -possibly can be trusted, and to employ out-of-doors within the walls -all the remainder except those whose conduct imperatively demands -closest supervision. - -For years there will be work for all workers, no “idle-house” in any -sort of weather or trade conditions. Every working day from twelve -to twenty men are sent to work on the adjoining infirmary farm. Such -transfer was one of the purposes of placing the infirmary on a great -contiguous tract of land. But the plan works to the detriment of the -correction farm which for years and perhaps always can use to advantage -the labor of all men committed to its care. No key is turned on these -men during the day. The night guard and the locked door are more to -remove temptation than to prevent escape. You realize this when you -know that all these men, instead of sleeping in stuffy cells, sleep -in large dormitories, giving them every facility for overpowering -the night watch and making their escape. Prisoners arrive a typical -bridewell company, drunken, dirty, diseased and discouraged. They go -away bronzed, with regular habits of living, accustomed to work, with a -new determination and a new grip. Of course some fail, and return. But -we do not assume to insure immunity against all the wiles of the world, -the flesh and the devil. - -Americans seem in constant search for a cure-all. There is a great -demand for some hobby for the alert philanthropist to ride. In their -order institutionalism, organized charity, juvenile courts, medical -charities and country life have had their turn in the spot light. Each -is efficient but all together are not sufficient. It is urged that if -a convict be sent out under the blue sky to breathe God’s pure air, -behold green fields and hear the birds sing from the swaying boughs he -will become as one of the best citizens, especially if he digs in the -dirt. But unfortunately the country does not afford the alchemy which -converts men into angels. This is amply attested by the record of most -diabolical crimes committed by country-bred men who would not know -an elevator from a subway. The farm prison is no panacea, but it is -tremendously worth while. - -The men do not wear stripes in either prison. Consideration is combined -with firmness in all our dealings, for it is the purpose that every -requirement shall appeal to the fair-minded prisoner to be in his -interest and for his benefit. - -From the experience of the Cleveland correction farm several rather -obvious deductions may be made; we are dealing with men, free moral -agents, and a good physical environment does not guarantee their reform -any more than does instruction in good rules for living. - -We have learned that men are sent to the House of Correction for a -purpose. These men have faults to be corrected. These defects in the -human mind are to be corrected and no ordinary workhouse sentence will -effect a cure of such defects as are hereditary or fully acquired. -There is some concealed materialism abroad under the guise of -environment, but the rankest exponent of environment should not expect -to cure twenty years of bad surroundings accompanied by indifferent -or bad actions even by a ninety day period on a farm. And ninety days -is in excess of the average period of confinement, although Cleveland -“golden rule policies” do not burden us with five, ten or fifteen day -men. - -Our first appeal is to their sense of honor. Their appreciation of the -confidence reposed in them often proves a potent influence for good. -The transfer to the farm is such an expression of confidence. But it -is given with discretion. Hardened criminals are not sent on distant -missions unattended. In fact they are rarely transferred to the farm. - -As a part of their teaching the misdemeanants need discipline. It is -necessary to keep the men on the farm for some time if they are to -receive the needed development, especially the men who are sent for -intoxication. Discipline is essential to instruction whether in the -day school, the home or any other form of education. Many of these -men are committed because of their lack of self-control and time is -required for its development. We have learned that the men need to be -taught the habit of industry and how to do some particular thing well. -This is for their good while they are on the farm, and it is essential -after they return to their homes. We have learned that not all men can -be trusted, and we believe it has a bad influence on a man to attempt -to get away, so we make him feel the bad result when he is caught. And -the police are faithful to help catch deserters. Personality is a big -factor; one man will accomplish far more with and for prisoners than -another. - -The farm does build up the body of the anaemic; it gives a good -physical development. Moreover, the habit of industry can very much -better be taught where results are being achieved on the farm than -where work is being done at little or no profit in a factory. And -efficiency is better developed on the farm. The farm has a direct -physical value and an indirect mental and moral value. It clears a -man’s mind and allows him to think straight. It affords a foundation -for developing the spiritual structure, though of itself it will only -slightly develop one mentally or morally. The man is now physically -well, having had lessons in life. Here is the opportunity to further -develop his will in order that he may do right. Looking to that end, we -have introduced the regular presentation of the gospel in an orderly -way. We intend to teach by example, but we need an official who shall -be recognized by the prisoners as their friend, one who shall know -them and make it his exclusive business to help them establish the -desire to do right and aid them to be able to fulfill that desire. This -seems one of the unsolved problems in Cleveland and in nearly all such -institutions. - -We have the parole system in operation, though there is not help enough -for its most efficient execution. There is the Brotherhood Club for the -men who have no home to which to go, established at the suggestion of a -former prisoner. There a man may stay until he appears strong enough -to live a normal life. The club is intended to be self-sustaining. - -In my opinion, the country is the place for the misdemeanant, for -the very obvious reason that it affords plenty of light, pure air, a -variety of good food and wide opportunity for productive occupation -for the prisoners. There, work is purposeful, not a time-killer. They -work, eat, sleep, have recreation and religious teaching, all under -approximately normal conditions. Every man is treated with kindness -and consideration; discipline is not on parade. In short, the prisoner -is treated like a man and to the extent that there is manhood in him -it will come out. The purpose is to develop honor and faithfulness, -to accustom every man to useful occupation and to teach him to be -effective. The officers are not armed, they are not even called guards. -In fact, they act as teachers, foremen, or farmers as the occasion -requires. - -There is so much work to do in developing, enriching and cultivating -the land, in erecting buildings, in making roads, that every feasible -labor-saving machine is used. This of itself speaks to the man the -appreciation of his work as a man and not a substitute for a machine. - -The hope is that the farming and the making of its equipment, and -incidentally the care of the prisoners and their quarters, will -profitably occupy practically all the available labor in such manner -as to make a man not only fit but anxious to work. It is hoped that -a large majority will be improved and many rehabilitated in an -environment which favors giving every man all the chance he will use -to reform. Moreover, it will thereby be apparent that the government -is not only strong, but so merciful and so genuine in its fatherly -desire to help each man that in turn he will cease to be “agin” the -government; that he will turn from being a consumer to become a -producer of taxes, turn from being his own and other’s enemy to become -a friend to men. - - - - -WHAT KANSAS CITY IS DOING - -E. K. BINGHAM - -Superintendent Helping Hand Institute, Kansas City, Mo. - - -Kansas City made great strides toward a better handling of its -misdemeanants when it created a new municipal department called the -Board of Public Welfare, and placed its correctional institutions -under its control. The board at first was appointed by the mayor, it -is self-elective and some of its members were social workers, some -broad-minded business men, and its first president was a most excellent -organizer, a philanthropist and a man of great personal devotion to the -cause of humanity. - -The newspapers unanimously supported its policies and consequently -it received the popular indorsement which freed it from political -handicaps. These facts have been the combination which accomplished -results which were unusual in its less than two years existence. -Its pivotal activity has been a farm colony (which of course we all -agree is the indispensable feature of effective correctional work). -Of course, also, like other farms, it builds up the under-nourished, -gives care to the physically unfit, and also, whether by farm work or -in learning a trade, the work habit which is acquired helps largely in -rekindling the spark of ambition in the man whom repeated failure has -utterly robbed of the power of initiation and confidence in himself. -Another help is that no man is ever released penniless, but is allowed -to earn something during the last few days of his imprisonment. But the -greatest factor which has contributed to a more successful handling of -cases has been the emphasis placed upon the individual man. A careful -personal record system with daily notations of a prisoner’s conduct and -facts concerning his mental, moral and physical condition permits a -scrutiny and a kind of helpfulness otherwise impossible. - -The records also are examined by a parole committee of three members -which meets weekly and recommends certain paroles to be acted upon by -the Board of Welfare. A representative of the parole committee visits -the “holdovers” at five o’clock each morning, talks with each prisoner, -and makes out record cards which are taken into the municipal court by -this same representative, who, sitting beside the judge, is frequently -asked for information when prisoners are brought in, his record often -deciding the sentence imposed. - -Forty-six per cent. of the commitments for 1910 were paroled--or -1,660 persons--of whom 150 were returned to custody. Nine parole -officers confirm the records by weekly visits to the homes or places -of employment, and a woman friendly visitor looks after the needs of -prisoners’ families during their imprisonment and also during the -prisoner’s parole. From non-support paroled men $8,346.21 was collected -and paid over to the dependent families. - -During the past winter it occurred to me that the city needed an -inspector of the unemployed, a policeman without a club, who should -go every day among the homeless men in the lodging houses, saloons -and on the street and talk with them, directing them to pay jobs if -possible, or if not, directing them to the municipal quarries in the -parks, which were operated to provide work to the unemployed, for 150 -to 340 men a day earning meal and lodging tickets there at the usual -rate paid for rock cracking. Or if the man was found to be making no -effort to find work, after several days this officer, being familiar -with the facts, could arrest for vagrancy. This idea was suggested to a -police commissioner and an inspector of the unemployed was appointed. -In addition to the above duties, he goes into municipal court each -day, appearing as an advocate of many homeless men, a class so often -unjustly accused and arrested on circumstantial evidence. His desk is -in the employment office which is financed by the Board of Welfare, but -is managed by and is in the Helping Hand Institute (a private charity -which the Board of Welfare uses as a municipal lodging house for meals -and lodging for all dependent cases.) The seven hundred men per day -who lodge there are practically under the eye of this inspector of the -unemployed, and the deterrent effect for the misdemeanant is evident. - -Among other classes of misdemeanants that Kansas City is reaching is -the lodging house keeper, his misdeeds being brought to light by the -housing inspection now in progress. - -The endorsement of the Charities Bureau, or rather the lack of its -endorsement, is eliminating the unwise free soup charities and the -soliciting frauds--these are of course among the very harmful offenders -because of the shiftlessness which they promote. At the suggestion of -this Bureau the police have stopped the practice of women soliciting -money in saloons. - -Another class is handled by the Recreation Department of the Board of -Welfare, as evidenced by the dance hall inspection. For every public -dance a license must be secured from this recreation department. This -department then sends an inspector to each dance to learn if all its -rules are being observed. These inspectors also keep a sharp lookout -for young girls and learn their names and addresses. These names are -turned over the next morning to the supervisor of police matrons who -sends one of her assistants to call on the parents of the girl to -inform them where their daughter was the evening previous. Many times -the parents had not known of the facts, or had been deceived by the -girls. Such supervision can but bring about good results. - -The Free Legal Aid Bureau averages about 400 cases per month, -prosecutes wife deserters and has brought them in many instances home -from other states. The Welfare Loan Agency during its few months of -existence has eliminated several of those detestable misdemeanants, -loan sharks. - -Perhaps I’ve spoken of many more varieties of law-breakers than Dr. -Lewis had in mind when he asked me to speak a few moments on this -subject, but it was hard not to go a little further and mention these -different agencies which are making some degree of progress along this -line in Kansas City. - - - - -ORGANIZATION OF SYSTEMS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE - -CHARLES A. DE COWRCY - -Judge of the Superior Court, Massachusetts - - -The two essentials of success in probation work are:--judges who have -an intelligent and sympathetic interest in the problem, and probation -officers fitted by temperament and training to secure the best possible -results. - -To further define these essentials, we need judges who will not -discredit the system by extending probation to persons not likely to -profit by it, and who will apply it wherever it can be done with due -regard to the protection of the community, and where the past history -and present disposition of the person investigated indicate that -he may reasonably be expected to reform without punishment. And we -need probation officers who possess not only sympathy and zeal, but -knowledge of human nature, tact, firmness and patience. - -How shall we secure such judges and officers? The active friends of -probation can influence public opinion in the election or appointment -of persons able and willing to consider probation on its merits. It -is such a human problem that it is difficult to conceive of a man -otherwise fitted for judicial position who will not apply probation -with intelligent sympathy when its possibilities are called to his -attention. - -But much can be done to secure uniform standards and improved methods -by conferences among the judges, and between them and the probation -commission of the State. These conferences also enable those judges who -have a whole-souled interest in the work to enkindle the enthusiasm of -their associates. This is all the more important in the states where -the judges appoint the probation officers. - -How to secure suitable probation officers is the most important problem -in the probation system. In states where judges are appointed for life, -as in Massachusetts, the method of appointment by the judge under -whom the officer acts has worked well. But even here are found some -judges, happily few in number, who persist in retaining officers little -adapted for the work. Where judges persist in such conduct, after being -shown its blighting effect on probation work in their district, it is -usually because the judge himself takes no interest in probation. To -prevent such injustice, no appointment of a probation officer by a -judge should be effective until the state probation commission, after -proper examination, certifies that the candidate is qualified properly -to perform the duties of the office. - -The New York system of a civil service examination, specially adapted -for probation duties, has much to recommend it. Whatever the method -of selection, no person should be appointed who does not secure the -approval of the state board; and the board might well be given power of -removal, after a hearing, upon written charges. - -In the organization of a system of probation an essential element is -a central state board. As probation is a part of the judicial system, -I favor the Massachusetts method of having the members of the board -appointed by the chief justice of the superior or trial court. And if a -majority of its members are judges, the efforts of the board are most -likely to secure the co-operation of the judges throughout the state. - -The state board should have power to prescribe forms of records and -reports, to suggest uniform and efficient methods of work by the -officers, and promote co-ordination among them; and, in general, it -should have ample authority to supervise the probation work throughout -the state. Where this central board has also authority in the matter -of appointments and removals above mentioned, the organization of the -probation system seems complete. In order to maintain a high standard -of probation work, the executive officer of the state board should -periodically investigate the work of every probation officer; and there -should be frequent conferences of the judges and of the probation -officers conducted by members of the state board. - -As to the organization of a parole system--for the present the -machinery of the probation system might well be utilized for this -work. The vital point in parole work is the appointment of a suitable -board to determine to whom and when parole shall be granted, and on -what terms. This question is closely associated with the indeterminate -sentence and state control of prisons. I have not had sufficient -experience with parole problems to make specific recommendations. - -We should agree upon the meaning of our terms. Probation and parole -are often used synonymously, while, in fact, authorities and -prison officials recognize a distinction. Probation applies to one -conditionally released after conviction but before entering upon his -sentence. Parole is understood to be the conditional release of a -prisoner from an institution after the serving of sentence has been -begun. - -In Indiana the law authorizes the board of trustees acting as a parole -board, or the Governor, to release on parole persons who have been -confined under commitment in five institutions: the State Prison, the -Reformatory, the Woman’s Prison, Girls’ School and Boys’ School; to -all of these, sentences are in effect indeterminate except for murder -or treason. Prisoners so released are under supervision and accurate -records are kept. - -The Indiana probation law applies in three different ways, respectively, -to felons, to misdemeanors, to juvenile delinquents. A person who is -convicted of a felony is sentenced to a state prison or a reformatory. -Sentence may be suspended and he be released on probation. The committal -is sent to the institution to which he is committed and he is placed -under the supervision of the agents of that institution exactly the same -as if he were paroled therefrom. - -If the offense is a misdemeanor, the court may suspend judgment and -release the offender upon such terms and conditions as in his judgment -and discretion seem right and proper. The prisoner is placed under -the supervision of the probation officer authorized in each county by -the juvenile court law or under the oversight of some other probation -officer designated by the court. In either case the law makes proper -provision for such subsequent action by the court as the behavior of -the convicted person merits. - -The juvenile court law provides for a juvenile court in every county -in the state. There is a special juvenile court in Marion County, -containing the city of Indianapolis. In all other counties the judge -of the circuit court is ex-officio the judge of the juvenile court. -Provision is made for the appointment of at least one paid probation -officer in every county and for such volunteer officers as will agree -to perform the service without pay. - -Juvenile delinquents may be released by the court upon probation and -placed under the care of these officers. They make reports to the Board -of State Charities. They should understand thoroughly that their work -should properly be divided into three phases: (1) before the trial; (2) -at the trial; (3) after the trial. The first contemplates a complete -investigation of the child’s history. It should include everything -that can be learned of it and its surroundings. The second involves -presenting to the court all learned facts together with the conclusions -and recommendations of the officer. The third contemplates complete -supervision of the child after it is released upon probation. It is not -necessary to state that in all this the best interests of the child -alone should determine the action to be taken. What has been worked -out in one place and another as to the best methods and practice in -the case of children is being applied to adults who are subjects for -probation. Our experience is now great enough to enable us to say that -many men and women offenders can be reclaimed to useful lives without -imprisonment, by correct probationary treatment. - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.] - - -_Immigration and Crime._--That lax immigration laws are to a great -degree responsible for many of the criminal cases calling for the -attention of the courts, is the opinion of Major Richard Sylvester, of -Washington, D. C., president of the international association of police -chiefs, which held its nineteenth annual convention in Rochester in -June. Several years ago the association memorialized Congress to define -anarchy and more carefully restrict undesirable immigration. - -Referring to the large number of alien criminals, Major Sylvester said: -“Many of these subjects come from climates where capital punishment -does not prevail, where the least respect for law and life is had. -If certificates of good character from the authorities at places of -departure in foreign lands and a year’s means of support were made -legal requirements for presentation at our doors by each individual, -the disadvantages might not be so great or so many.” - - * * * * * - -_Hospitals For Inebriates._--The special committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides for the establishment of a -board of inebriety and a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City. - -The committee made an exhaustive investigation of conditions before -reaching a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 persons arrested in New -York last year and arraigned in the magistrates’ courts on the charge -of public intoxication constituted more than one-sixth of all the -arrests made for all causes. The records disclose that, of the 20,291 -held for trial, about 15,600 were committed to workhouses, either -directly or in default of payment of fine. Commenting on these and -other statistics the report says: - -Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very large percentage of those who -keep the police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ courts, and -fill the workhouses and jails. It furnishes also a very large number -of cases for treatment in our public hospitals. Seven thousand male -drunkards are treated annually in the alcoholic ward of Bellevue and -allied hospitals. Carefully compiled records show that in the one year -ended May 1, 1909, 498 men were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from four to twelve times, and that -in the course of a few years some individuals have been treated in -the alcoholic ward over twenty times and have been committed to the -workhouse over sixty times. - -The committee does not overlook the moral effects of the treatment of -inebriates under the plan which it has approved, but it especially -points out the economic features. It finds that New York is spending -annually on Blackwell’s Island the amount of $80,000 for cases -committed for intoxication, and in addition there is the cost of two -overflow wards at Bellevue, amounting to not less than $65,000 per -annum. The proportion of expenses in maintaining magistrates’ courts -chargeable to intoxication is at least $125,000 a year, and a large -additional expense is incurred in maintaining police officers for -the city prison and for the alcoholic wards in hospitals. To use the -language of the report: “As a result of all these expenses under the -present system there is a complete lack of accomplishment. There is no -pretense even that the individual is helped; quite the contrary, he is -rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety and is permanently fastened -on the community as an expense and as a bad example.” - - * * * * * - -_A Prison Farm Proposed for Iowa._--According to the Dubuque, Iowa, -Telegraph-Herald, Warden Marquis Barr of the Iowa State Reformatory, is -of the opinion that it would be a wise move for the state to purchase -a large farm and work the prisoners upon it, turning the money which -they make over to their respective families. He declares that this age -must solve the great problem of justly punishing a man for his wrongs -without at the same time taking from his family its only means of -support. - -The logical thing for a state to do is to purchase a farm of about a -thousand acres, with barracks for the prisoners to eat and sleep in. -Over one-third of the men in the prisons of Iowa could be set to work -upon this farm, raising grains and garden truck. They could be paid a -certain wage and board in the same manner as the farmer pays his hired -help, but every cent of these earnings should be turned over to the -wife and children of the man who earns it. Not a penny should be given -to him. - -Warden Barr also said that he believed that if men knew that they would -be compelled to work and work hard at a fair wage without themselves -getting a penny of it, that there would be less crime. Many men during -the fall commit crimes solely for the purpose of getting a warm place -to stay during the winter and three good meals per day. They allow -their families to shift for themselves. For the state to encourage this -sort of a thing Mr. Barr says is absolutely wrong. - - * * * * * - -_Charting Juvenile Crime._--The juvenile court of Detroit is reported -to be greatly assisted in its campaign of saving girls and boys, by a -chart which shows how many children are under the watchful care of the -judge and his probation and truant officers, and how crime recedes and -advances among the young at different seasons of the year; also what -effect a big convention has on the city’s morality, and how greatly -parks and playgrounds help in the fight for decency. - -The 600 boys and 170 girls are represented on the chart by cloth-headed -tacks of different colors: red for bad boys, blue for bad girls, and -white for children who are only truants or neglected. Each tack bears -a bit of cardboard with a number which refers one to a filing cabinet -where may be found the entire record of the boy or girl. Little groups -of dots on the chart show where the gangs are, and indicate that bad -boys are more gregarious than bad girls, who usually go alone or in -couples. The chart also shows more plainly than any magazine article -the evil results of congestion. The probation officers are not using -this chart as an interesting sort of game, but as a valuable aid in -their work for good citizenship. - - * * * * * - -_London’s Beggar Army._--Walter Weyl, a well-known writer on social -and economic subjects, has the following to say in the “National Post” -on London’s army of the unemployed. It is of special significance -to Americans who are facing the impending problems of vagrancy and -mendicancy in urban centers. - -“As I started to call a cab,” writes Walter Weyl, “suddenly there arose -out of the darkness, as though evoked by some Aladdins lamp, four -tattered, pale-faced men of the underworld. The four sprang forward to -render me this slight service. One, quicker than his fellows, tore open -the cab door and received his penny. Then the men vanished, slinking -into the gray mist. - -“Whence come these men? What manner of city was this that wasted -able-bodied men on so paltry a task? - -“Later that evening, when in the crossing currents of the streets, -my cab came to a halt, I caught another fleeting glance at London -misery. A naked, dirt-caked arm, thrust from a sleeveless coat, touched -my shoulder; a haggard face peered into the cab window, and a voice -harsh with anxiety asked, ‘Can I ’ave the luggage, sir?’ As the cab -wound through the mazes of the London traffic, I saw this tattered man -doggedly running behind us. Not once did he lose sight of the cab. At -the hotel he was waiting, breathless. - -“‘It’s mine, sir,’ he panted. ‘You promised me the luggage, sir.’ - -“For the chance of earning a shilling at work which did not need him, -this wretched man had followed me through tortuous miles of London -streets. What a city it was! - -“I did not wish to see deeper into this abyss,” writes Mr. Weyl. -“I had not come to England to view bottomless misery. But what is -everywhere cannot be hid. On the following days I saw in street -after street workless, homeless miserable men with broken shoes and -dropping rags of clothes. I saw abject women, with trailing, bedraggled -skirts, and with a flat sterile vacancy of expression, more tragic -than despair. There were drunken men, too, and sodden women, and -files of men--or of what had once been men--waiting outside bakers’ -and butchers’ shops for crusts and refuse. The halt, the blind, the -unemployed, the shifty beggars, and the wretches too timid to beg, -passed in an unending procession. Long before sunset the lines had been -formed for admission to the casual wards of the almshouses. - -“‘It’s deplorable,’ commented my English friend (he was a doctor with -a fashionable practice and aristocratic pro-possessions), ‘still every -country has its poverty. Even in the States----’ - -“‘Yes,’ I admitted, ‘It is not for us to throw stones.’ - -“Later, however, as on our silent homeward walk I summed up all the -dismal impressions of the day. I began to feel that after all there -was a difference. American poverty was overwhelming, but it was not -everywhere, and it was not so hopeless. Men did escape from American -slums, and their children escaped. - -“But the English slum was a prison, in which the fallen man and his -children and grandchildren rotted. There was a droop, a sagging to -these people; an inexpressible indifference to surroundings, an utter -self-abandonment. You could seek out poverty anywhere, but in London -it obtruded itself--stark, menacing, unescapable, like the naked, -dirt-caked arm of the superfluous wretch who had followed my hansom.” - - * * * * * - -_Prisoners to Build Roads._--It is an assured fact, according to the -New Orleans Picayune, that a model road built by convict labor will -be constructed connecting New Orleans with Kenner. This will take off -four miles from the present railroad and other routes to this thriving -section. - -The state board of engineers will make the surveys as soon as possible -and once started the work will be rapidly pushed. - -Nothing but the best material will be used, and the drainage of the -roadway will be given attention. It is expected either shells or some -other substantial “topping” will be put on the thoroughfare. - - * * * * * - -_New Jersey Adopts the State-Use Plan._--By the signing by Governor -Wilson, the bill abolishing the present system of convict labor at -the termination of the existing state prison contracts, all convict -labor in the state and county prisons in New Jersey may be employed -in the manufacture of articles for use in the institutions of the -state and its subdivisions. The convicts are to be employed for nine -hours, except on Sundays and public holidays. They may be employed -in the construction or repair of prison institutions, and the labor -of the convicts must be so directed as to produce “the greatest -amount of actual product of articles and supplies” for all state and -local institutions, the buildings and departments or offices of the -state, “or in any public institution or department owned, managed and -controlled by the state or public sub-division thereof.” Convicts may -be employed in agriculture, horticulture and floriculture, and “all -surplus product of this convict labor is to be disposed of at public -sale to the highest bidder.” The new law extends the prison labor -system from the state prison to all county prisons, and makes city and -county departments, offices and institutions, as well as the state -institutions, its beneficiaries. The sum of 50 cents a day is to be -paid to the families of the convicts. - - * * * * * - -_Parole in Maryland._--That Maryland will save at least $5,000 a year -in earnings through the institution of the modern practice of paroling -prisoners is stated by Charles D. Reid, of the Maryland Prisoners’ -Aid Society. Heretofore in Maryland the practice has been but seldom -resorted to in this state, with the result, says Mr. Reid, of failure -to suppress crime, loss to the state and failure to encourage right -living among the criminal class. - -“Last year,” said Mr. Reid, “the amount of money taken in by fathers -of families who have been paroled and thus saved in resource to the -state was only $600. The parole system was then started by arrangement -between Judge Duffy and myself. Already in one month $400 has been -saved and the prospects are that at least $5,000 will be saved during -the year.” - - * * * * * - -_Uncle Sam and His Delinquents._--According to the Meriden (Conn.) -Journal, modern and advanced ideas upon penology will be introduced -into the army method of handling garrison prisoners, according to -orders just issued by Major General Leonard Wood, chief of staff. The -new regulations will not apply to military convicts, but only to those -sentenced to confinement and hard labor without being discharged from -the service. - -The purpose behind the new regulations is to give the prisoner every -opportunity to make good, instead of discouraging all effort toward -good behavior. Under the new orders, garrison prisoners will be allowed -an abatement of five days of their terms of confinement for each period -of twenty-five days of good conduct, when serving sentences of one -month and not more than three months. On sentences exceeding three -months they will be allowed the five days’ abatement for the first -month, and thereafter ten days abatement for each period of twenty -days’ good conduct. Abatements thus authorized may be forfeited wholly -or in part by subsequent misconduct. - -A garrison prisoner who has served one half of a sentence of ten days -or more, according to the new orders, may submit a request to be put -on probation for the remainder of the sentence, and if his request is -granted, may be restored to duty on condition that if his conduct is -not good while on probation he will be required to serve the remainder -of his sentence. - -The new orders also make important changes in the methods of working -garrison prisoners at military posts. These changes have been outlined -in the following letter, sent to the commanders of the several -departments: - -“The present system of working prisoners under sentinels conveys a -false impression as to the character of the prisoners, gives the public -the erroneous idea that the army is full of bad characters requiring -forcible handling, is injurious to the self-respect of the prisoners, -discourages enlistments, and lowers the military service in public -opinion. In addition to these objections, the system constitutes a -heavy drain upon the command furnishing the necessary guard. - -“It is deemed advisable and in the interests of the service, to adopt a -different method of handling these garrison prisoners who are confined -for comparatively short periods of time, to the end that the fewest -practicable number of prisoners may be required to work under guard. - -“It is therefore directed that as far as is practicable, as may be -determined by post commanders in accordance with the above policy, -garrison prisoners will be paroled for work under the general -supervision of the officer or non-commissioned officer in charge of -prisoners; and that prisoners whose character of offenses are of such -a nature as to require that they be kept under armed guard shall be -assigned tasks, as far as practicable, which will make the presence in -the service of this class of men as little conspicuous as possible.” - - * * * * * - -_Convicts to Build Road._--“The State of Utah,” according to a -statement of Major M. P. Hackett, of Ogden, “is going to build an -improved highway, 500 miles in length, stretching clear across Utah to -Idaho at one end, and to the Arizona boundary at the other. The road is -to be built entirely _with_ convict labor, in accordance with a late -law authorizing such use of the felons. - -“But there is a humane side to the enterprise, that may well be copied -by other states. For every day’s work performed by the men each will -have one day subtracted from his sentence. To a convict who is in -for a long time this deduction is of big importance and it will be a -great inducement for them to toil cheerfully and to the best of their -ability.” - - * * * * * - -_A Report From Texas Prisons._--A statement has been recently made by -Ben. E. Cabell, chairman of the board of prison commissioners of Texas, -that at this time Texas has between 600 and 700 prisoners at Huntsville -and Rusk within the walls, and about 1,100 on her own state farms. -About 1,000 are on share farms, where the state supplies the labor and -gets part of the crop. - -“At the beginning of the year about 800 convicts were being worked on -farms and railroads. Within the last thirty days the railroad contracts -have expired and have not been renewed. Some of the men were moved -within the walls and others sent to the farms owned by the state. The -present commissioners are in thorough harmony with Gov. Colquitt, -who made it known that he wanted the contract and share farm system -abolished as soon as practicable, and that all the convicts should be -worked on state account. To this end the prison commissioners gave -notice to all whose contracts expired with the end of this year that -the contracts would not be renewed. This will leave very few men on -share farms and none on contracts at the end of this year. - -“The state has about 10,000 acres of land beside the 17,000 now in -cultivation. This 10,000 acres will be put in cultivation for the -year 1912. It is the intention of the prison commission (and has -already been done) to put the farms and farm buildings in first-class -condition, to make the buildings comfortable and healthful, to -have good sanitation and wholesome conditions and all reasonable -arrangements for the comfort of the convicts.” - - * * * * * - -_New York’s Campaign For a Farm Colony._--The “farm colony plan” -has progressed further toward success in this year’s session of -the legislature than ever before. For several years charitable and -correctional organizations have urged the state legislature to -establish a farm and industrial colony for tramps and vagrants. At the -present writing the bill has passed the lower house and is now in the -order of third reading in the senate. Governor Dix is reported to have -stated frequently his interest in this bill. - -The bill, which has general interest in all states where the farm -colony plan has been contemplated, provides for a state industrial -farm colony for the detention, humane discipline, instruction and -reformation of male adults committed thereto as tramps or vagrants. The -colony shall be under the control and management of a board of seven -managers, to serve without compensation. The board shall appoint the -superintendent and other employes, establish rules and regulations -including the classification, parole, discharge and retaking of -inmates. The board shall, if possible, utilize lands now owned by the -state, if such lands are suitable as a site for the state farm colony. -In case no lands now owned by the state are found to be suitable, the -board of managers shall select a site of not less than 500 acres. The -term of detention in the colony shall be not longer than 18 months with -the exception that an inmate who has been manifestly committed to an -institution after the age of 16 may be detained not longer than two -years. There is no minimum term of commitment, nor shall any person -under the age of 22 be committed to said colony. A significant clause -in the act provides that it is the intent and meaning of this act that -reputable workmen, temporarily out of work and seeking employment, -shall not be deemed tramps or vagrants, nor be admitted to the said -colony. Persons committed as vagrants to the farm shall be local -charges, and those committed as tramps shall be maintained at the -expense of the state. In no event shall any locality be charged a -greater amount for the care of vagrants than the actual per capita cost -for their maintenance in such state industrial farm colony. - -An excellent campaign of publicity has been carried on this year for -this bill by the charity organization society, and the association for -improving the condition of the poor in New York through their joint -application bureau. Rarely has any bill before the legislature found so -much favor in editorials and news columns. - - * * * * * - -_Hospitals for Inebriates._--The special committee of the New York -Board of Estimate and Apportionment has unanimously reported in favor -of carrying into effect a law which provides for the establishment of a -board of inebriety and a hospital and industrial colony for inebriates -for New York City. - -The committee made an exhaustive investigation of conditions before -reaching a conclusion. It found that the 29,461 persons arrested in New -York last year and arraigned in the magistrates’ courts on the charge -of public intoxication constituted more than one-sixth of all the -arrests made for all causes. The records disclose that, of the 20,291 -held for trial, about 15,600 were committed to workhouses, either -directly or in default of payment of fine. Commenting on these and -other statistics the report says: - -Inebriety, therefore, furnishes a very large percentage of those who -keep the police officers busy, clog the magistrates’ courts, and -fill the workhouses and jails. It furnishes also a very large number -of cases for treatment in our public hospitals. Seven thousand male -drunkards are treated annually in the alcoholic ward of Bellevue and -allied hospitals. Carefully compiled records show that in the one year -ended May 1, 1909, 498 men were treated for intoxication more than -once in that ward, and over 100 from four to twelve times, and that -in the course of a few years some individuals have been treated in -the alcoholic ward over twenty times and have been committed to the -workhouse over sixty times. - -The committee does not overlook the moral effects of the treatment of -inebriates under the plan which it has approved, but it especially -points out the economic features. It finds that New York is spending -annually on Blackwell’s Island the amount of $80,000 for cases -committed for intoxication, and in addition there is the cost of two -overflow wards at Bellevue, amounting to not less than $65,000 per -annum. The proportion of expenses in maintaining magistrates’ courts -chargeable to intoxication is at least $125,000 a year, and a large -additional expense is incurred in maintaining police officers for the -city prison and for the alcoholic wards in hospitals. To use the -language of the report: “As a result of all these expenses under the -present system there is a complete lack of accomplishment. There is no -pretense even that the individual is helped; quite the contrary, he is -rather confirmed in his habits of inebriety and is permanently fastened -on the community as an expense and as a bad example.” - - * * * * * - -The New York Times recently published the following book review: - -_Tramps in the Making._--“The laboratory method in philanthropic -work has never had more signal demonstration than in Alice Willard -Solenberger’s “One Thousand Homeless Men,” (New York: Charities -Publication Committee, $1.25) a study of original methods in the true -scientific manner and spirit. The author was for four years in charge -of a district of the Chicago Bureau of Charities and during that time -compiled, in the regular course of her work, the statistics whose -analysis and discussion make up this work. She endeavored also to trace -the later histories of her subjects and, whenever this was possible, -she had included it in her data. Mrs. Solenberger’s untimely death, -before she had written the final chapter in which she has purposed to -sum up the conclusions to which she had been led by her long study and -intimate knowledge of the homeless-man problem, lessens somewhat the -interest of her book for the general reader. But her analysis of her -tables of statistics and her discussions of the inferences to be drawn -from them are so lucid and so practical that philanthropic workers will -find the volume valuable alike for its facts and for its suggestions.” - -“Perhaps the most striking of the phases of the vagrancy problem -brought out by Mrs. Solenberger’s figures is the extent to which it is -a native problem. Of the group of confirmed tramps, more than a fifth -of the whole number of cases studied, 76 per cent. are native born. Of -the vagrant runaway boys, nearly all were born on American soil and of -American parents. The chapter devoted to these boys is particularly -notable for its sympathetic but level-headed treatment of the causes -which lead to boyish vagrancy, of its results, and of the methods by -which it might be combined. Among these methods she thinks the most -important would be the satisfying of adolescent “wanderlust” by normal, -wholesome means and the closing of the railways to vagrants. - -“Indeed the whole tramp problem she believes could be well-nigh solved -if vagrants of all ages could be kept off railway trains. It has been -estimated by several authorities, working independently, that there are -in the United States at least half a million tramps. In her book Mrs. -Solenberger studies the genesis, character, and previous environment of -220, and comes to the conclusion that in the huge army of which these -are typical examples the variations of character and of inducing causes -are so great that they call for much variety in methods of treatment. -But the basic characteristic of all of them is the abnormal propensity -for incessant wandering. - -“‘It is the mere accessibility of the railroads, more than anything -else,’ she writes, ‘that is manufacturing tramps today. * * * When we -succeed in absolutely closing these highways to any but persons having -a legitimate right to be on them, we shall check at its source the -largest single contributary cause of vagrancy, and the problem of the -tramps, as such, will practically be solved.’ - -“She thinks the problem should be dealt with by states, and that if -several of the most populous and most tramp-ridden would deal with it -adequately, for which she makes a number of practical suggestions, the -rest would be driven, in self-defense, to follow their example. - -“Other subjects treated by this same scientific method of study of -actual cases, with all the preceding and following data that could -be gathered, and then discussed in their general implications, are -chronic beggars, seasonal and casual labor, interstate migration of -paupers, homeless old men, the crippled, the defective, and industrial -accidents. A number of appendices contain much statistical information -and some articles on lodging houses. The book is published under the -auspices of the Russell Sage Foundation.” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, VOL. 1, NO. 7, JULY -1911 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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